text: In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event, Sonar is a member of Deathstroke's pirates. After being broken out of a floating prison by Deathstroke, Clayface tells Deathstroke about how Sonar could use his abilities to detect sunken treasures. He is not in the prison due to a superhuman trade, but Deathstroke catches up with him. He was imprisoned in Deathstroke's ship and used as a living radar system. After an attack by Aquaman and Ocean Master, Sonar asked Icicle to free him and then tells Deathstroke that he can save him from critical wounds, in return for being made second in command, which Deathstroke agrees to. Using his sonic abilities, Sonar removes a piece of Aquaman's trident from Deathstroke's chest, allowing his healing factor to restore him. After Warlord's ships were destroyed by Jenny Blitz, Sonar joined in a mutiny against Deathstroke, but Deathstroke and Blitz overheard this and kills the crew members for their treachery. Sonar manages to contact another pirate fleet led by the Caretaker before Deathstroke shot him.

text: In the alternate timeline of the

entity_name: Flashpoint (comics)

text: Flashpoint

text: event, Sonar is a member of

entity_name: Deathstroke

text: Deathstroke

text: 's pirates. After being broken out of a floating prison by Deathstroke, Clayface tells Deathstroke about how Sonar could use his abilities to detect sunken treasures. He is not in the prison due to a superhuman trade, but Deathstroke catches up with him. He was imprisoned in Deathstroke's ship and used as a living radar system. After an attack by

entity_name: Aquaman

text: Aquaman

text: and

entity_name: Ocean Master

text: Ocean Master

text: , Sonar asked

entity_name: Icicle (comics)

text: Icicle

text: to free him and then tells Deathstroke that he can save him from critical wounds, in return for being made second in command, which Deathstroke agrees to. Using his sonic abilities, Sonar removes a piece of Aquaman's trident from Deathstroke's chest, allowing his healing factor to restore him. After

entity_name: Warlord (comics)

text: Warlord

text: 's ships were destroyed by Jenny Blitz, Sonar joined in a mutiny against Deathstroke, but Deathstroke and Blitz overheard this and kills the crew members for their treachery. Sonar manages to contact another pirate fleet led by the Caretaker before Deathstroke shot him.

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text: Carotid ultrasonography is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique to reveal structural details of the carotid arteries, so as to look for blood clots, atherosclerotic plaque buildup, and other blood flow problems.

text: Carotid ultrasonography is an

entity_name: Ultrasound

text: ultrasound

text: -based diagnostic imaging technique to reveal structural details of the

entity_name: Common carotid artery

text: carotid arteries

text: , so as to look for

entity_name: Thrombus

text: blood clot

text: s,

entity_name: Atheroma

text: atherosclerotic plaque

text: buildup, and other blood flow problems.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

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answers: Ultrasonography

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often used in medicine. In the nondestructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and to accelerate chemical processes. Animals such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles.  Scientist are also studying ultrasound using graphene diaphragms as a method of communication.

text: Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances.

entity_name: Medical ultrasound

text: Ultrasound imaging

text: or sonography is often used in

entity_name: Medicine

text: medicine

text: . In the

entity_name: Nondestructive testing

text: nondestructive testing

text: of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and to accelerate chemical processes. Animals such as

entity_name: Bat

text: bat

text: s and

entity_name: Porpoise

text: porpoise

text: s use ultrasound for locating

entity_name: Predation

text: prey

text: and obstacles.  Scientist are also studying ultrasound using

entity_name: Graphene

text: graphene

entity_name: Diaphragm (acoustics)

text: diaphragms

text: as a method of communication.

method: UNH-qee

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answers: Ultrasound

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answers: Ultrasound imaging

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 2

text: Therapeutic applications use ultrasound to deliver heat or agitation into the body; much higher energies are used than in diagnostic ultrasound. In many cases the frequencies used are different. Specific therapeutic applications of ultrasound include this non-exhaustive list:

text: Therapeutic applications use ultrasound to deliver heat or agitation into the body; much higher energies are used than in

text: diagnostic ultrasound

text: . In many cases the frequencies used are different. Specific therapeutic applications of ultrasound include this non-exhaustive list:

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text: Sonar has a counterpart in the anti-matter universe of the Crime Syndicate of America named Lady Sonar, who is a member of the Justice Underground.

text: Sonar has a counterpart in the anti-matter universe of the

entity_name: Crime Syndicate of America

text: Crime Syndicate of America

text: named Lady Sonar, who is a member of the

entity_name: Secret Society of Super Villains

text: Justice Underground

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text: It is unknown what later proof or disproof there has been of speculations such as appeared in a book about Cousteau written by Philippe Diole around 1960, about underwater ultrasound guns making an ultrasound beam powerful enough to disintegrate a diver into the water except the metal parts of his kit.

text: It is unknown what later proof or disproof there has been of speculations such as appeared in a book about

entity_name: Jacques Cousteau

text: Cousteau

text: written by

text: Philippe Diole

text: around 1960, about underwater

text: ultrasound guns

text: making an

text: ultrasound

text: beam powerful enough to disintegrate a diver into the water except the metal parts of his kit.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Liver function test is normal apart from an increased serum bilirubin in the event of pancreaticobiliary reflux. Serum amylase is normal outside episodes of acute pancreatitis. It is difficult to diagnose HP because the bleeding is usually intermittent. Endoscopy is essential in ruling out other causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and in rare cases; active bleeding can be seen from the duodenal ampulla. Even though endoscopy may be normal, it helps to rule out other causes of upper digestive bleeding (erosive gastritis, peptic ulcers, and oesophageal and gastric fundus varices, etc.). Ultrasonography can be used to visualize pancreatic pseudocysts or aneurysm of the peripancreatic arteries. Doppler ultrasound or dynamic ultrasound has been reported to be diagnostic. Contrast-enhanced CT is an excellent modality for demonstrating the pancreatic pathology and can also demonstrate features of chronic pancreatitis, pseudocysts, and pseudoaneurysms. On precontrast CT, the characteristic finding of clotted blood in the pancreatic duct, known as the sentinel clot, is seldom seen. Computed tomography may show simultaneous opacification of an aneurysmal artery and pseudocyst or persistence of contrast within a pseudocyst after the arterial phase. Again, these findings are only suggestive of the diagnosis. Ultimately, angiography is the diagnostic reference standard. Angiography identifies the causative artery and allows for delineation of the arterial anatomy and therapeutic intervention.

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answers: Doppler ultrasound

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answers: the causative artery

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answers: Doppler ultrasound or dynamic ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: Angiography identifies the causative artery

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Modern general purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) are considered as having an excellent throughput on vector operations and numeric manipulations through a high degree of parallel computations. While processing digital signals, particularly multidimensional signals, often involves a series of vector operations on massive amount of independent data samples, GPGPUs are now widely employed to accelerate multidimensional DSP, such as image processing, video codecs, radar signal analysis, sonar signal processing, and ultrasound scanning. Conceptually, using GPGPU devices to perform multidimensional DSP is able to dramatically reduce the computation complexity compared with central processing units (CPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other FPGA accelerators.

text: Modern

entity_name: General-purpose computing on graphics processing units

text: general purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs)

text: are considered as having an excellent throughput on vector operations and numeric manipulations through a high degree of parallel computations. While processing digital signals, particularly multidimensional signals, often involves a series of vector operations on massive amount of independent data samples, GPGPUs are now widely employed to accelerate multidimensional DSP, such as

text: image processing

text: video codecs

text: radar signal analysis

text: sonar signal processing

text: , and

text: ultrasound scan

text: ning. Conceptually, using GPGPU devices to perform multidimensional DSP is able to dramatically reduce the computation complexity compared with

text: central processing units (CPUs)

text: digital signal processors (DSPs)

text: , or other

text: FPGA

text: accelerators.

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answers: Conceptually

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answers: 1437 m/s

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Archaeoceti ("ancient whales"), or Zeuglodontes in older literature, is a paraphyletic group of primitive cetaceans that lived from the Early Eocene to the late Oligocene (). Representing the earliest cetacean radiation, they include the initial amphibious stages in cetacean evolution and are thus the ancestors of both modern cetacean suborders, Mysticeti and Odontoceti. This initial diversification occurred in the shallow waters that separated India and Asia , resulting in some 30 species adapted to a fully oceanic life; though both echolocation and filter-feeding evolved during a second radiation .

text: Archaeoceti ("ancient whales"), or Zeuglodontes in older literature, is a

text: paraphyletic

text: group of primitive

text: cetacea

text: ns that lived from the

text: Early Eocene

text: to the late

text: Oligocene

text: (). Representing the earliest cetacean

text: radiation

text: , they include the initial amphibious stages in

text: cetacean evolution

text: and are thus the ancestors of both modern cetacean suborders,

text: Mysticeti

text: and

text: Odontoceti

text: . This initial diversification occurred in the shallow waters that separated India and Asia , resulting in some 30 species adapted to a fully oceanic life; though both echolocation and filter-feeding evolved during a second radiation .

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Piezoelectric speakers are frequently used to generate sound in digital quartz watches and other electronic devices, and are sometimes used as tweeters in less-expensive speaker systems, such as computer speakers and portable radios. They are also used for producing ultrasound in sonar systems.  Piezoelectric speakers have several advantages over conventional loudspeakers: they are resistant to overloads that would normally destroy most high frequency drivers, and they can be used without a crossover due to their electrical properties. There are also disadvantages: some amplifiers can oscillate when driving capacitive loads like most piezoelectrics, which results in distortion or damage to the amplifier. Additionally, their frequency response, in most cases, is inferior to that of other technologies, especially with regards to bass and midrange. This is why they are generally used in applications where volume and high pitch are more important than sound quality.

text: Piezoelectric speakers are frequently used to generate sound in

text: digital

text: quartz

text: watch

text: es and other electronic devices, and are sometimes used as tweeters in less-expensive speaker systems, such as computer speakers and portable radios. They are also used for producing

text: ultrasound

text: in

text: sonar

text: systems.  Piezoelectric speakers have several advantages over conventional loudspeakers: they are resistant to overloads that would normally destroy most high frequency drivers, and they can be used without a

text: crossover

text: due to their electrical properties. There are also disadvantages: some amplifiers can oscillate when driving capacitive loads like most piezoelectrics, which results in distortion or damage to the amplifier. Additionally, their frequency response, in most cases, is inferior to that of other technologies, especially with regards to bass and midrange. This is why they are generally used in applications where volume and high pitch are more important than sound quality.

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answers: Sonar systems

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answers: Sonar systems

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: bottom of the water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Sonar systems

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Many USCT systems are designed for soft tissue imaging and for breast cancer diagnosis specifically. As ultrasound based method with low sound pressures, USCT is a harmless and risk-free imaging method, suitable for periodical screening. As USCT setups are fixed or motor moved without direct contact with the breast the reproduction of images is easier as with common, manually guided methods (e.g. Breast ultrasound) which rely on the individual examiners performance and experience. In comparison with conventional screening methods like mammography, USCT systems offer potentially an increased specificity for breast cancer detection, as multiple breast cancer characteristic properties are imaged at the same time: speed-of-sound, attenuation and morphology.

text: Many USCT systems are designed for soft tissue imaging and for

text: breast cancer

text: diagnosis

text: specifically. As ultrasound based method with low

text: sound pressure

text: s, USCT is a harmless and risk-free imaging method, suitable for periodical

text: screening

text: . As USCT setups are fixed or motor moved without direct contact with the breast the reproduction of images is easier as with common, manually guided methods (e.g.

text: Breast ultrasound

text: ) which rely on the individual examiners performance and experience. In comparison with conventional screening methods like

text: mammography

text: , USCT systems offer potentially an increased

text: specificity

text: for breast cancer detection, as multiple breast cancer characteristic properties are imaged at the same time: speed-of-sound, attenuation and morphology.

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answers: USCT

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: USCT

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As with all imaging modalities, ultrasonography has its list of positive and negative attributes.

text: As with all imaging modalities, ultrasonography has its list of positive and negative attributes.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: positive and negative

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answers: positive

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answers: negative

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound-Enhanced Systemic Thrombolysis is a medical technology that utilizes transcranial doppler ultrasonography to treat stroke-causing blood clots. It is thought that transcranial doppler ultrasonography aimed at residual obstructive intracranial blood flow may help expose thrombi to tissue plasminogen activator or other thrombolytic drugs.

text: Ultrasound-Enhanced Systemic Thrombolysis is a medical technology that utilizes

text: transcranial doppler ultrasonography

text: to treat stroke-causing blood clots. It is thought that

text: transcranial doppler ultrasonography

text: aimed at residual obstructive intracranial blood flow may help expose thrombi to

text: tissue plasminogen activator

text: or other

text: thrombolytic drug

text: s.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018743

answers: transcranial doppler ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: blood flow

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: doppler

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: transcranial

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Dimensions of the cranium or its structures are determined with the ultrasound “time-of-the-flight” technique that measures the transit time of an ultrasound wave and its (potentially multiple) echoes on their path through the cranium and calculates the corresponding distance(s) using known ultrasound propagation velocities in different tissues (e.g. bone, brain, or fluid). Unfortunately, a reproducible quantitative relationship between the diameter of the cranium and ICP could not be established because ICP-induced changes in the cranium diameter are very small compared to the inter-individual variability of skull sizes, shapes and thicknesses.

text: Dimensions of the cranium or its structures are determined with the ultrasound “time-of-the-flight” technique that measures the transit time of an

text: ultrasound

text: wave and its (potentially multiple) echoes on their path through the

text: cranium

text: and calculates the corresponding distance(s) using known ultrasound propagation velocities in different tissues (e.g. bone, brain, or fluid). Unfortunately, a reproducible quantitative relationship between the diameter of the cranium and ICP could not be established because ICP-induced changes in the cranium diameter are very small compared to the inter-individual variability of

text: skull

text: sizes, shapes and thicknesses.

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text: Furthermore, hardhead catfish are the first indicator that steichthyes possibly could use directional hearing to detect obstacles.  Through observation, researchers noted that emissions of low-frequency sounds were related to the detection and avoidance of close by obstacles.  Individuals within the group who produced sound avoided obstacles, whereas silent individuals crashed into obstacles frequently.  Many fish have been associated with sound production for alarm, territorial, and courtship purposes, but sound probing of surroundings seems to be only be seen in hardhead catfish.  So far, there is no evidence for far-field echolocation, such as seen in bats or toothed whales.  The signal parameters have low frequency and amplitude, so it is unlikely that far-field reverberations would be useful.  If echolocation exists, it is likely only useful in the near field by the catfish.

text: Furthermore, hardhead catfish are the first indicator that

text: steichthyes

text: possibly could use directional hearing to detect obstacles.  Through observation, researchers noted that emissions of low-frequency sounds were related to the detection and avoidance of close by obstacles.  Individuals within the group who produced sound avoided obstacles, whereas silent individuals crashed into obstacles frequently.  Many fish have been associated with sound production for alarm, territorial, and courtship purposes, but sound probing of surroundings seems to be only be seen in hardhead catfish.  So far, there is no evidence for far-field

text: echolocation

text: , such as seen in bats or toothed whales.  The signal parameters have low frequency and amplitude, so it is unlikely that far-field reverberations would be useful.  If

text: echolocation

text: exists, it is likely only useful in the near field by the catfish.

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text: Firstly, the proposed reclamation of 650 hectares for the third runway will severely reduce the size of their marine habitat and limit their sphere of activities. The reclaimed area is at the heart of three CWDs hotspots: Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau, Southwest Lantau and the Brothers Islands. Therefore, their habitat will be destroyed.[11][12] Second, their lives will be disrupted during the construction. During the peak reclamation construction period, the maximum number of construction-related vessel movements will be 120 per day. The opportunity of dolphins being collided by vessels is high when both of them pass through the Lung Kwu Chau. As dolphins rely on echolocation to navigate and fish, the noise generated by the vessel movements and underwater construction interfere with their echolocation.[12]

text: Firstly, the proposed reclamation of 650 hectares for the third runway will severely reduce the size of their marine habitat and limit their sphere of activities. The reclaimed area is at the heart of three CWDs hotspots: Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau, Southwest Lantau and the Brothers Islands. Therefore, their habitat will be destroyed.[11][12] Second, their lives will be disrupted during the construction. During the peak reclamation construction period, the maximum number of construction-related vessel movements will be 120 per day. The opportunity of dolphins being collided by vessels is high when both of them pass through the Lung Kwu Chau. As dolphins rely on echolocation to navigate and fish, the noise generated by the vessel movements and underwater construction interfere with their echolocation.[12]

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text: The use of ultrasound imaging devices for producing fetal keepsake videos is viewed as an unapproved use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).  "When ultrasound enters the body, it heats the tissues slightly. In some cases, it can also produce small pockets of gas in body fluids or tissues."  Phillips [FDA Spokesman] says the long-term effects of tissue heating and of the formation of partial vacuums in a liquid by high-intensity sound waves (cavitation) are not known."Performing prenatal ultrasounds without medical oversight may put a mother and her unborn baby at risk," says Phillips [FDA Spokesman]. "The bottom line is: Why take a chance with your baby's health for the sake of a video?"  Fetal keepsake videos are viewed as a problem because there is no medical benefit derived from the exposure. Further, there is no control on how long a single imaging session will take or how many sessions will occur.  FDA is aware of entrepreneurs that are commercializing ultrasonic imaging of fetuses by making keepsake videos. In some cases, the ultrasound machine may be used for as long as an hour to get a video of the fetus.

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answers: ultrasound

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answers: How long a single imaging session will take

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound imaging devices

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Mechanical index (MI) is an ultrasound metric. It is defined as

text: Mechanical index (MI) is an

text: ultrasound

text: metric. It is defined as

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: Mechanical index

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed and time

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: If an underwater object is moving relative to an underwater receiver, the frequency of the received sound is different from that of the sound radiated (or reflected) by the object.  This change in frequency is known as a Doppler shift.  The shift can be easily observed in active sonar systems, particularly narrow-band ones, because the transmitter frequency is known, and the relative motion between sonar and object can be calculated.  Sometimes the frequency of the radiated noise (a tonal) may also be known, in which case the same calculation can be done for passive sonar.   For active systems the change in frequency is 0.69 Hz per knot per kHz and half this for passive systems as propagation is only one way.  The shift corresponds to an increase in frequency for an approaching target.

text: If an underwater object is moving relative to an underwater receiver, the frequency of the received sound is different from that of the sound radiated (or reflected) by the object.  This change in frequency is known as a

text: Doppler shift

text: .  The shift can be easily observed in active

text: sonar

text: systems, particularly narrow-band ones, because the transmitter frequency is known, and the relative motion between sonar and object can be calculated.  Sometimes the frequency of the radiated noise (a

text: tonal

text: ) may also be known, in which case the same calculation can be done for passive sonar.   For active systems the change in frequency is 0.69 Hz per

text: knot

text: per kHz and half this for passive systems as propagation is only one way.  The shift corresponds to an increase in frequency for an approaching target.

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answers: The shift corresponds to an increase in frequency

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: relative motion

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: relative motion

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Doppler shift

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Bats have evolved to use echolocation to detect and catch their prey. Moths have in turn evolved to detect the echolocation calls of hunting bats, and evoke evasive flight maneuvers, or reply with their own ultrasonic clicks to confuse the bat's echolocation. The Arctiidae subfamily of Noctuid moths uniquely respond to bat echolocation in three prevailing hypotheses: startle, sonar jamming, and acoustic aposematic defense. All these differences depend on specific environmental settings and the type of echolocation call; however, these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and can be used by the same moth for defense. The different defense mechanisms have been shown to be directly responsive to bat echolocation through sympatry studies. In places with spatial or temporal isolation between bats and their prey, the moth species hearing mechanism tends to regress. Fullard et al. (2004) compared adventive and endemic Noctiid moth species in a bat-free habitat to ultrasound and found that all of the adventive species reacted to the ultrasound by slowing their flight times, while only one of the endemic species reacted to the ultrasound signal, indicating a loss of hearing over time in the endemic population. However, the degree of loss or regression depends on the amount of evolutionary time and whether or not the moth species has developed secondary uses for hearing. Some bats are known to use clicks at frequencies above or below moths' hearing ranges. This is known as the allotonic frequency hypothesis. It argues that the auditory systems in moths have driven their bat predators to use higher or lower frequency echolocation to circumvent the moth hearing.Barbastelle bats have evolved to use a quieter mode of echolocation, calling at a reduced volume and further reducing the volume of their clicks as they close in on prey moths. The lower volume of clicks reduces the effective successful hunting range, but results in a significantly higher number of moths caught than other, louder bat species. Moths have further evolved the ability to discriminate between high and low echolocation click rates, which indicates whether the bat has just detected their presence or is actively pursuing them. This allows them to decide whether or not defensive ultrasonic clicks are worth the time and energy expenditure.

text: Bat

text: Barbastelle

text: bats have evolved to use a quieter mode of echolocation, calling at a reduced volume and further reducing the volume of their clicks as they close in on prey moths. The lower volume of clicks reduces the effective successful hunting range, but results in a significantly higher number of moths caught than other, louder bat species. Moths have further evolved the ability to discriminate between high and low echolocation click rates, which indicates whether the bat has just detected their presence or is actively pursuing them. This allows them to decide whether or not defensive ultrasonic clicks are worth the time and energy expenditure.

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answers: The lower volume of clicks reduces the effective successful hunting range

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answers: speed and time

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: lower frequency echolocation

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Microbats and toothed whales including oceanic dolphins vocalize both socially and in echolocation.

text: Microbat

text: s and

text: toothed whale

text: s including

text: oceanic dolphin

text: s vocalize both socially and in

text: echolocation

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answers: echolocation

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answers: echolocation

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answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Home ultrasound machines operate within the range of frequencies of therapeutic ultrasound, as opposed to the more commonly known diagnostic ultrasound, or Diagnostic sonography. Typical diagnostic ultrasound machines operate in the frequency range of 2-18 megahertz, whereas home ultrasound machines and therapeutic ultrasound machines operate in the frequency range of .7-3.3 megahertz. Diagnostic sonography is typically used to create an audio "image", such as during pregnancy to visualize the developing baby.

text: Home ultrasound machines operate within the range of frequencies of therapeutic ultrasound, as opposed to the more commonly known diagnostic ultrasound, or

text: Diagnostic sonography

text: . Typical diagnostic ultrasound machines operate in the frequency range of 2-18 megahertz, whereas home ultrasound machines and therapeutic ultrasound machines operate in the frequency range of .7-3.3 megahertz. Diagnostic sonography is typically used to create an audio "image", such as during pregnancy to visualize the developing baby.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 2-18 megahertz

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 7-3.3 megahertz

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Diagnostic sonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In general, three different types of sounds are produced by dolphins (and other toothed whales). These are click trains, which are made of numerous individual clicks, usually broadband signals that change from low value to high value quickly, burst pulses, which are individual clicks with high repetition and can be heard by humans only as a buzzing sound, and whistles, which are signals that are pure-tones and whose frequency varies depending on the time. Dusky dolphins produce all three sounds, but most commonly make burst pulses. Whistling is more common when dusky dolphins mingle with other dolphin species such as common dolphins. Their echolocation signals are broadband and of short duration, much like those other whistle-producing toothed whales. They tend to have bimodal frequency spectra which peak between 40 and 50 kHz at low frequency and between 80 and 110 kHz at high frequency. The species' echolocation signals are about 9–12 dB lower than for the larger white-beaked dolphin.

text: In general, three different types of sounds are produced by dolphins (and other

text: toothed whales

text: ). These are click trains, which are made of numerous individual clicks, usually broadband signals that change from

text: low value to high value

text: quickly, burst pulses, which are individual clicks with high repetition and can be heard by humans only as a buzzing sound, and whistles, which are signals that are pure-tones and whose frequency varies depending on the time. Dusky dolphins produce all three sounds, but most commonly make burst pulses. Whistling is more common when dusky dolphins mingle with other dolphin species such as

text: common dolphin

text: s. Their

text: echolocation

text: signals are broadband and of short duration, much like those other whistle-producing toothed whales. They tend to have bimodal frequency spectra which peak between 40 and 50 kHz at low frequency and between 80 and 110 kHz at high frequency. The species' echolocation signals are about 9–12

text: dB

text: lower than for the larger

text: white-beaked dolphin

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answers: Whales

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: frequency

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: dB

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: between 80 and 110 kHz

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound biomicroscopy is a type of ultrasound eye exam that makes a more detailed image than regular ultrasound. High-energy sound waves are bounced off the inside of the eye and the echo patterns are shown on the screen of an ultrasound machine. This makes a picture called a sonogram.  It is useful in glaucoma, cysts and neoplasms of the eye, as well as the evaluation of trauma and foreign bodies of the eye.

text: Ultrasound biomicroscopy is a type of

text: ultrasound

text: eye exam

text: that makes a more detailed

text: image

text: than regular ultrasound. High-energy

text: sound waves

text: are bounced off the inside of the

text: eye

text: and the

text: echo

text: patterns are shown on the screen of an ultrasound machine. This makes a picture called a

text: sonogram

text: .  It is useful in

text: glaucoma

text: , cysts and neoplasms of the eye, as well as the evaluation of trauma and foreign bodies of the eye.

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answers: NDQ_018745

answers: High-energy sound waves are bounced off the inside of the eye

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: High-energy sound waves

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: sonogram

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It is adapted to life in the Arctic, so has anatomical and physiological characteristics that differentiate it from other cetaceans. Amongst these are its all-white colour and the absence of a dorsal fin. It possesses a distinctive protuberance at the front of its head which houses an echolocation organ called the melon, which in this species is large and deformable. The beluga's body size is between that of a dolphin's and a true whale's, with males growing up to  long and weighing up to . This whale has a stocky body. A large percentage of its weight is blubber, as is true of many cetaceans. Its sense of hearing is highly developed and its echolocation allows it to move about and find blowholes under sheet ice.

text: It is adapted to life in the Arctic, so has anatomical and physiological characteristics that differentiate it from other cetaceans. Amongst these are its all-white colour and the absence of a

text: dorsal fin

text: . It possesses a distinctive protuberance at the front of its head which houses an

text: echolocation

text: organ called the

text: melon

text: , which in this species is large and deformable. The beluga's body size is between that of a dolphin's and a true whale's, with males growing up to  long and weighing up to . This whale has a stocky body. A large percentage of its weight is blubber, as is true of many cetaceans. Its sense of hearing is highly developed and its

text: echolocation

text: allows it to move about and find blowholes under

text: sheet ice

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: blowholes

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: under sheet ice

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: echolocation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Sonar appeared in JLA/Avengers #3 as the leader of a group of villains under the villain Krona's control. Sonar helps the Silver Swan and Silver Banshee defeat the Vision with sonics and magic, however is disarmed by Captain America. He is entrapped by Wonder Woman's magic lasso and unwittingly spills the truth about Krona, though calls him 'the Master'.

text: Sonar appeared in

text: JLA/Avengers

text: #3 as the leader of a group of villains under the villain

text: Krona

text: 's control. Sonar helps the

text: Silver Swan

text: and

text: Silver Banshee

text: defeat the

text: Vision

text: with sonics and magic, however is disarmed by

text: Captain America

text: . He is entrapped by

text: Wonder Woman

text: 's magic lasso and unwittingly spills the truth about Krona, though calls him 'the Master'.

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answers: Sonar

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: Krona's control

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed = time

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Sonar

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Home ultrasound is the provision of therapeutic ultrasound via the use of a portable or home ultrasound machine. This method of medical ultrasound therapy can be used for various types of pain relief and physical therapy.

text: Home ultrasound is the provision of

text: therapeutic ultrasound

text: via the use of a portable or home

text: ultrasound

text: machine. This method of medical ultrasound therapy can be used for various types of

text: pain relief

text: and

text: physical therapy

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: In 2007, Pelagique, LLC received Phase I funding from the Small Business Innovation Development Act’s SBIR program through the US Department of Defense. It was to address governmental need for ultrasound education, specifically within the United States military for combat casualty care providers. Pelagique’s Phase I work began that same year,  there was a need for hand-carried ultrasonography as a frontline tool for military care providers in Iraq and Afghanistan.

text: In 2007, Pelagique, LLC received Phase I funding from the

text: Small Business Innovation Development Act

text: ’s

text: SBIR

text: program through the

text: US Department of Defense

text: . It was to address governmental need for ultrasound education, specifically within the

text: United States military

text: for combat casualty care providers. Pelagique’s Phase I work began that same year,  there was a need for

text: hand-carried ultrasonography

text: as a frontline tool for military care providers in Iraq and Afghanistan.

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answers: ultrasound

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Breast ultrasound is the use of medical ultrasonography to perform imaging of the breast. It can be considered either a diagnostic or a screening procedure. It may be used either with or without a mammogram.

text: Breast ultrasound is the use of

text: medical ultrasonography

text: to perform imaging of the

text: breast

text: . It can be considered either a

text: diagnostic

text: or a

text: screening

text: procedure. It may be used either with or without a mammogram.

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answers: Ultrasonography

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answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: For 15 minutes, beginning at 13:15, 46 minutes after the scheduled time, Greeneville performed a series of drastic maneuvers, including high-speed, full-rudder, 35-degree turns side to side, as well as rapid up-and-down movements.  Waddle personally directed the maneuvers.  According to Waddle, the DVs "were loving it."  Waddle adds, "I could barely suppress a smile as I watched the expressions of joy and amazement on the faces of our distinguished visitors." During the maneuvers, several civilians in the sonar room conversed with the sonar technicians, who were at the same time trying to keep track of any sonar contacts in the vicinity.

text: For 15 minutes, beginning at 13:15, 46 minutes after the scheduled time, Greeneville performed a series of drastic maneuvers, including high-speed, full-rudder, 35-degree turns side to side, as well as rapid up-and-down movements.  Waddle personally directed the maneuvers.  According to Waddle, the DVs "were loving it."  Waddle adds, "I could barely suppress a smile as I watched the expressions of joy and amazement on the faces of our distinguished visitors." During the maneuvers, several civilians in the sonar room conversed with the sonar technicians, who were at the same time trying to keep track of any sonar contacts in the vicinity.

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answers: 46 minutes

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answers: ocean

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answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Because ultrasound imaging techniques do not employ ionizing radiation to generate images (unlike radiography, and CT scans), they are generally considered safer and are therefore more common in obstetrical imaging. The progression of pregnancies can be thoroughly evaluated with less concern about damage from the techniques employed, allowing early detection and diagnosis of many fetal anomalies. Growth can be assessed over time, important in patients with chronic disease or pregnancy-induced disease, and in multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.). Color-flow Doppler ultrasound measures the severity of peripheral vascular disease and is used by cardiologists for dynamic evaluation of the heart, heart valves and major vessels. Stenosis, for example, of the carotid arteries may be a warning sign for an impending stroke. A clot, embedded deep in one of the inner veins of the legs, can be found via ultrasound before it dislodges and travels to the lungs, resulting in a potentially fatal pulmonary embolism. Ultrasounds is useful as a guide to performing biopsies to minimise damage to surrounding tissues and in drainages such as thoracentesis. Small, portable ultrasound devices now replace peritoneal lavage in trauma wards by non-invasively assessing for the presence of internal bleeding and any internal organ damage. Extensive internal bleeding or injury to the major organs may require surgery and repair.

text: Because ultrasound imaging techniques do not employ ionizing radiation to generate images (unlike radiography, and CT scans), they are generally considered safer and are therefore more common in

text: obstetrical imaging

text: . The progression of pregnancies can be thoroughly evaluated with less concern about damage from the techniques employed, allowing early detection and diagnosis of many fetal anomalies. Growth can be assessed over time, important in patients with chronic disease or pregnancy-induced disease, and in multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.). Color-flow Doppler ultrasound measures the severity of

text: peripheral vascular disease

text: and is used by cardiologists for dynamic evaluation of the heart, heart valves and major vessels.

text: Stenosis

text: , for example, of the

text: carotid arteries

text: may be a warning sign for an impending

text: stroke

text: . A

text: clot

text: , embedded deep in one of the inner veins of the legs, can be found via ultrasound before it dislodges and travels to the lungs, resulting in a potentially fatal

text: pulmonary embolism

text: . Ultrasounds is useful as a guide to performing

text: biopsies

text: to minimise damage to surrounding tissues and in drainages such as

text: thoracentesis

text: . Small, portable ultrasound devices now replace

text: peritoneal lavage

text: in

text: trauma

text: wards by non-invasively assessing for the presence of internal

text: bleeding

text: and any internal organ damage. Extensive internal bleeding or injury to the major organs may require surgery and repair.

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answers: Doppler ultrasound

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answers: severity of peripheral vascular disease

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Growth can be assessed over time

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: deep

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answers: Doppler ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Echolocation, also called bio sonar, is the biological sonar used by several kinds of animals.Echolocating animals emit calls out to the environment and listen to the echoes of those calls that return from various objects near them. They use these echoes to locate and identify the objects. Echolocation is used for navigation and for foraging (or hunting) in various environments. Some blind humans have learned to find their way using clicks produced by a device or by mouth.

text: Echolocation, also called bio sonar, is the biological

text: sonar

text: used by several kinds of

text: animals

text: .Echolocating animals emit calls out to the environment and listen to the

text: echoes

text: of those calls that return from various objects near them. They use these echoes to locate and identify the objects. Echolocation is used for

text: navigation

text: and for

text: foraging

text: (or hunting) in various environments. Some blind

text: humans

text: have learned to find their way using clicks produced by a device or by mouth.

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answers: echolocating animals emit calls out to the environment

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answers: various environments

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Physicians and medical practices whom hold the distinction of Endocrine Certification in Neck Ultrasound (ECNU) professional certification are highly specialized thyroidologist. in the field of neck ultrasonography for physicians who perform consultations and diagnostic evaluations for thyroid and parathyroid disorders through both diagnostic ultrasound and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (UGFNA).

text: Physicians and medical practices whom hold the distinction of Endocrine Certification in Neck Ultrasound (ECNU) professional certification are highly specialized thyroidologist. in the field of neck ultrasonography for physicians who perform consultations and diagnostic evaluations for thyroid and parathyroid disorders through both diagnostic ultrasound and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (UGFNA).

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answers: neck ultrasound

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answers: neck ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasonography is also used for detection of hemothorax and other pleural effusions, particularly in the critical care and trauma settings, because it  provides rapid, reliable results in order to make a diagnosis in an emergency situation. Computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans can detect much smaller amounts of fluid than chest radiography, but computed tomography is not a primary method of diagnosis with in the trauma setting, due to the time required for imaging, the requirement that a patient remain supine, and the need to transport a critically ill patient to the scanner.

text: Ultrasonography

text: is also used for detection of hemothorax and other pleural effusions, particularly in the critical care and trauma settings, because it  provides rapid, reliable results in order to make a diagnosis in an emergency situation.

text: Computed tomography

text: (CT or CAT) scans can detect much smaller amounts of fluid than chest radiography, but computed tomography is not a primary method of diagnosis with in the trauma setting, due to the time required for imaging, the requirement that a patient remain supine, and the need to transport a critically ill patient to the scanner.

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answers: Ultrasonography

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include: pelvic inflammatory disease, often due to Chlamydia infection, tobacco smoking, prior tubal surgery, a history of infertility, and the use of assisted reproductive technology. Those who have previously had an ectopic pregnancy are at much higher risk of having another one. Most ectopic pregnancies (90%) occur in the Fallopian tube which are known as tubal pregnancies. Implantation can also occur on the cervix, ovaries, or within the abdomen. Detection of ectopic pregnancy is typically by blood tests for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and ultrasound. This may require testing on more than one occasion. Ultrasound works best when performed from within the vagina. Other causes of similar symptoms include: miscarriage, ovarian torsion, and acute appendicitis.

text: Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include:

text: pelvic inflammatory disease

text: , often due to

text: Chlamydia infection

text: tobacco smoking

text: , prior tubal surgery, a history of

text: infertility

text: , and the use of

text: assisted reproductive technology

text: . Those who have previously had an ectopic pregnancy are at much higher risk of having another one. Most ectopic pregnancies (90%) occur in the

text: Fallopian tube

text: which are known as tubal pregnancies. Implantation can also occur on the

text: cervix

text: ovaries

text: , or within the

text: abdomen

text: . Detection of ectopic pregnancy is typically by blood tests for

text: human chorionic gonadotropin

text: (hCG) and

text: ultrasound

text: . This may require testing on more than one occasion. Ultrasound works best when

text: performed from within the vagina

text: . Other causes of similar symptoms include:

text: miscarriage

text: ovarian torsion

text: , and

text: acute appendicitis

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answers: the speed of sound waves through ocean water is 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: It was found that the moths' responses vary according to ultrasound intensity, diving towards the ground if the pulse was of a high amplitude, or flying directly away from the sound source if the sound amplitude was low (if the sound was softer). Acoustic sensory receptors in noctuid moths are mechanoreceptors located in a chamber formed by the wall of the abdomen and the tympanic membrane, are most sensitive to lower frequencies of ultrasound (between 20–30 kHz.).

text: It was found that the moths' responses vary according to ultrasound intensity, diving towards the ground if the pulse was of a high amplitude, or flying directly away from the sound source if the sound amplitude was low (if the sound was softer). Acoustic

text: sensory receptors

text: in noctuid moths are

text: mechanoreceptors

text: located in a chamber formed by the wall of the abdomen and the tympanic membrane, are most sensitive to lower frequencies of

text: ultrasound

text: (between 20–30 kHz.).

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound also has therapeutic applications, which can be highly beneficial when used with dosage precautions Relatively high power ultrasound can break up stony deposits or tissue, accelerate the effect of drugs in a targeted area, assist in the measurement of the elastic properties of tissue, and can be used to sort cells or small particles for research.

text: Ultrasound also has therapeutic applications, which can be highly beneficial when used with dosage precautions Relatively high power ultrasound can break up stony deposits or tissue, accelerate the effect of drugs in a targeted area, assist in the measurement of the elastic properties of tissue, and can be used to sort cells or small particles for research.

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answers: echolocation

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answers: 1437 m

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text: In monostatic sonar the receiver is listening to the echo which is reflected (scattered) right back from the target.Bistatic sonar can work in two ways: by utilizing either the target backscattering or forward scattering. Backscattering bistatic sonar is the sonar in which the bistatic angle φ is less than 90°.Forward scattering is the physical phenomena based on Babinet's principle. Forward scattering bistatic sonar is the sonar in which the bistatic angle φ is greater than 90°.

text: In monostatic sonar the receiver is listening to the echo which is reflected (scattered) right back from the target.Bistatic sonar can work in two ways: by utilizing either the target backscattering or forward scattering. Backscattering bistatic sonar is the sonar in which the

text: bistatic angle

text: φ is less than 90°.Forward scattering is the physical phenomena based on

text: Babinet's principle

text: . Forward scattering bistatic sonar is the sonar in which the bistatic angle φ is greater than 90°.

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answers: The receiver is listening to the echo which is reflected (scattered) right back from the target

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answers: Forward scattering

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answers: 90°

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text: Geoffroy's rousette and Leschenault's rousette, both dog-faced fruit bats, are the only megabats in China that can echolocate. Unlike microbats, which generate ultrasound with their larynx, rousettes generate sonar sound waves with tongue clicks.

text: Geoffroy's rousette

text: and

text: Leschenault's rousette

text: , both dog-faced fruit bats, are the only megabats in China that can echolocate. Unlike microbats, which generate ultrasound with their larynx, rousettes generate sonar sound waves with tongue clicks.

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text: The Ultrasound Imaging Systems division develops and manufactures a complex medical ultrasound imaging solution including B/W, color Doppler, volume 4D imaging & veterinary ultrasound products.

text: The Ultrasound Imaging Systems division develops and manufactures a complex medical ultrasound imaging solution including B/W, color Doppler, volume 4D imaging & veterinary ultrasound products.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018743

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018743

answers: Doppler

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: color Doppler

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Doppler

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound imaging

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: T cell– T-3– T-cell depletion– T-cell lymphoma– T138067– T4N5 liposomal lotion– T900607– TAC-101– tacrolimus– TAG-72 antigen– talampanel– talaporfin sodium– tamoxifen– tariquidar– taurolidine– taxane– technetium tc 99m dextran– technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid– tegafur– teicoplanin– telangiectasia– temoporfin– temozolomide– teniposide– TENS– teratoma– terminal disease– tetanus toxoid– tetrahydrouridine– TG4010– theophylline– thermal ablation– thermography– thiotepa– third-line therapy– thoracentesis– thoracoscopy– thoracotomy– thrombocyte– thrombocytopenia– thrombohemorrhagic event– thrombophlebitis– thrombopoietin– thymidine– thymidylate synthase inhibitor– thymoma– Thyrogen– thyroglobulin– thyroid follicular cell– thyroid hormone– thyroid-stimulating hormone– thyroidectomy– thyrotropin alfa– tiazofurin– time to progression– tin ethyl etiopurpurin– tin Sn 117m DTPA– tinidazole– tioguanine– tipifarnib– tirapazamine– tissue plasminogen activator– TLK286– TM– TNF– TNFerade– TNM staging system– TNP-470– tocladesine– tomography– topical chemotherapy– topoisomerase inhibitor– topotecan– toremifene– tositumomab– total androgen blockade– total estrogen blockade– total nodal irradiation– total parenteral nutrition– total-body irradiation– TP-38 immunotoxin– tPA– TPA– trabecular cancer– transabdominal ultrasound– transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation– transdermal– transferrin-CRM107– transitional cell– transitional cell carcinoma– transperineal biopsy– transrectal biopsy– transrectal ultrasound– transurethral biopsy– transurethral needle ablation– transurethral resection– transurethral resection of the prostate– transvaginal ultrasound– trastuzumab– Traumeel S– treosulfan– tretinoin– triacetyluridine– triamcinolone– Triapine– tributyrin– trichothiodystrophy– triiodothyronine– trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole– trimetrexate glucuronate– triptorelin– troglitazone– tropisetron– troxacitabine– TRUS– tuberous sclerosis– tubulovillous adenoma– tumor– tumor antigen vaccine– tumor board review– tumor burden– tumor debulking– tumor infiltrating lymphocyte– tumor load– tumor marker– tumor model– tumor necrosis factor– tumor suppressor gene– tumor-derived– tumor-specific antigen– TUR– TURP– TVS– tympanites– Type I and type II errors– tyrosinase peptide– tyrosine kinase inhibitor– TZT-1027

text: T cell

text: T-cell depletion

text: T-cell lymphoma

text: T4N5 liposomal lotion

text: tacrolimus

text: TAG-72 antigen

text: talampanel

text: talaporfin sodium

text: tamoxifen

text: tariquidar

text: taurolidine

text: taxane

text: technetium tc 99m dextran

text: technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid

text: tegafur

text: teicoplanin

text: telangiectasia

text: temoporfin

text: temozolomide

text: teniposide

entity_name: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

text: TENS

text: teratoma

text: terminal disease

text: tetanus toxoid

text: tetrahydrouridine

text: theophylline

text: thermal ablation

text: thermography

text: thiotepa

text: third-line therapy

text: thoracentesis

text: thoracoscopy

text: thoracotomy

text: thrombocyte

text: thrombocytopenia

text: thrombohemorrhagic event

text: thrombophlebitis

text: thrombopoietin

text: thymidine

text: thymidylate synthase inhibitor

text: thymoma

text: Thyrogen

text: thyroglobulin

text: thyroid follicular cell

text: thyroid hormone

text: thyroid-stimulating hormone

text: thyroidectomy

text: thyrotropin alfa

text: tiazofurin

text: time to progression

text: tin ethyl etiopurpurin

text: tin Sn 117m DTPA

text: tinidazole

text: tioguanine

text: tipifarnib

text: tirapazamine

text: tissue plasminogen activator

text: TM

text: TNF

text: TNFerade

text: TNM staging system

text: tocladesine

text: tomography

text: topical chemotherapy

text: topoisomerase inhibitor

text: topotecan

text: toremifene

text: tositumomab

text: total androgen blockade

text: total estrogen blockade

text: total nodal irradiation

text: total parenteral nutrition

text: total-body irradiation

text: TP-38 immunotoxin

text: tPA

text: TPA

text: trabecular cancer

text: transabdominal ultrasound

text: transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation

text: transdermal

text: transitional cell

text: transitional cell carcinoma

text: transperineal biopsy

text: transrectal biopsy

text: transrectal ultrasound

text: transurethral biopsy

entity_name: Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate

text: transurethral needle ablation

text: transurethral resection

text: transurethral resection of the prostate

text: transvaginal ultrasound

text: trastuzumab

text: Traumeel S

text: treosulfan

text: tretinoin

text: triacetyluridine

text: triamcinolone

text: Triapine

text: tributyrin

text: trichothiodystrophy

text: triiodothyronine

text: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

text: trimetrexate glucuronate

text: triptorelin

text: troglitazone

text: tropisetron

text: troxacitabine

text: TRUS

text: tuberous sclerosis

text: tubulovillous adenoma

text: tumor

text: tumor antigen vaccine

text: tumor board review

text: tumor burden

text: tumor debulking

text: tumor infiltrating lymphocyte

text: tumor load

text: tumor marker

text: tumor model

text: tumor necrosis factor

text: tumor suppressor gene

text: tumor-derived

text: tumor-specific antigen

text: TUR

text: TURP

text: TVS

text: tympanites

text: Type I and type II errors

text: tyrosinase peptide

text: tyrosine kinase inhibitor

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1056/T_4947/e3ad184620fb8ed0beafe17b56f6559a

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018743

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018743

answers: TAC-101– tacrolimus– TAG-72 antigen– talampanel– talaporfin sodium– tamoxifen– tariquidar– taurolidine– taxane– technetium tc 99m dextran– technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid– tegafur– teicoplanin– telangiectasia– temoporfin– temozolomide– teniposide– TENS– teratoma– terminal disease– tetanus toxoid– tetrahydrouridine– TG4010– theophylline– thermal ablation– thermography– thiotepa– third-line therapy– thoracentesis– thoracoscopy– thoracotomy– thrombocyte– thrombocytopenia– thrombohemorrhagic event– thrombopoietin– thymidine– thymidylate synthase inhibitor– thymoma– Thyrogen– thyroglobulin– thyroid follicular cell– thyroid hormone– thyroid-stimulating hormone– thyroidectomy– thyrotropin alfa– tiazofurin– time to progression– tin ethyl etiopurpurin– tin Sn 117m DTPA– tinidazole– tioguanine– tipifarnib– tirapazamine– tissue plasminogen activator– TLK286– TNM staging system– TNP-470– tocladesine– tomography– topical chemotherapy– topoisomerase inhibitor– topote

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: TNM staging system– TNP-470– tomography– topical chemotherapy– topoisomerase inhibitor– topotecan– to

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: TAC-101– tacrolimus– TAG-72 antigen– talampanel– talaporfin sodium– tamoxifen– tariquidar– taurolidine– taxane– technetium tc 99m dextran– technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid– tegafur– teicoplanin– telangiectasia– temoporfin– temozolomide– teniposide– TENS– teratoma– terminal disease– tetanus toxoid– tetrahydrouridine– TG4010– theophylline– thermal ablation– thermography– thiotepa– third-line therapy– thoracentesis– thoracoscopy– thoracotomy– thrombocyte– thrombocytopenia– thrombohemorrhagic event– thrombopoietin– thymidine– thymidylate synthase inhibitor– thymoma– Thyrogen– thyroglobulin– thyroid follicular cell– thyroid hormone– thyroid-stimulating hormone– thyroidectomy– thyrotropin alfa– tiazofurin– time to progression

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: TAC-101– tacrolimus– TAG-72 antigen– talampanel– talaporfin sodium– tamoxifen– tariquidar– taurolidine– taxane– technetium tc 99m dextran– technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid– tegafur– teicoplanin– telangiectasia– temoporfin– temozolomide– teniposide– TENS– teratoma– terminal disease– tetanus toxoid– tetrahydrouridine– TG4010– theophylline– thermal ablation– thermography– thiotepa– third-line therapy– thoracentesis– thoracoscopy– thoracotomy– thrombocyte– thrombocytopenia– thrombohemorrhagic event– thrombopoietin– thymidine– thymidylate synthase inhibitor– thymoma– Thyrogen– Thyroglobulin– thyroid follicular cell– thyroid hormone– thyroid-stimulating hormone– thyroidectomy– thyrotropin alfa– tiazofurin– time to progression– tin ethyl etiopurpurin– tin Sn 117m DTPA– tinidazole– tioguanine– tipifarnib– tirapazamine– tissue plasminogen activator– TLK286

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography is the use of reflected ultrasound waves to create images of organs inside the body.

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Both of these techniques, when used in water, are known as sonar; passive sonar and active sonar are both widely used.

text: Both of these techniques, when used in water, are known as

text: sonar

text: ; passive sonar and active sonar are both widely used.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 1

answers: tqa2:L_1056/T_4947/7159b36b77304b8bed38eac0b543812d

answers: 0

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1056/T_4948/f6b9d90e0ef297f448889c8a4cc6a5be

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1056/T_4948/9708893c7ab6fd0caedcec8ceabf7f66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1056/T_4948/3f60099ffece2734b3f3458860a3ad7e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1056/T_4948/6ca0a7791736ec18c3540a94f18bd7d0

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018743

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018743

answers: active sonar

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: techniques

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: active sonar

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: sonar

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Human echolocation is a learned ability for humans to sense their environment from echoes. This ability is used by some blind people to navigate their environment and sense their surroundings in detail. Studies in 2010 and 2011 using functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques have shown that parts of the brain associated with visual processing are adapted for the new skill of echolocation. Studies with blind patients, for example, suggest that the click-echoes heard by these patients were processed by brain regions devoted to vision rather than audition.

text: Human echolocation

text: is a learned ability for humans to sense their environment from echoes. This ability is used by some

text: blind

text: people to navigate their environment and sense their surroundings in detail. Studies in 2010 and 2011 using

text: functional magnetic resonance imaging

text: techniques have shown that parts of the brain associated with visual processing are adapted for the new skill of echolocation. Studies with blind patients, for example, suggest that the click-echoes heard by these patients were processed by brain regions devoted to vision rather than audition.

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answers: Yes

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answers: Human echolocation

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answers: Human echolocation

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answers: the bottom of the ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Most cases can be diagnosed by ultrasound. The diagnosis however may be missed with ultrasound depending on the operator's skill.

text: Most cases can be diagnosed by

text: ultrasound

text: . The diagnosis however may be missed with ultrasound depending on the operator's skill.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: diagnosis

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The active sonar used in such operations is often of "mid-frequency", approximately 3.5 kHz. Because of the quietening of submarines, resulting in shorter passive detection ranges, there has been interest in low frequency active for ocean surveillance. However, there have been protests about the use of medium and low frequency high-powered active sonar because of its effects on whales. Others argue the high power level of some LFA (Low Frequency Active)  sonars is actually detrimental to sonar performance in that such sonars are reverberation limited.

text: The active sonar used in such operations is often of "mid-frequency", approximately 3.5 kHz. Because of the quietening of submarines, resulting in shorter passive detection ranges, there has been interest in low frequency active for ocean surveillance. However, there have been protests about the use of medium and low frequency high-powered active sonar because of its effects on whales. Others argue the high power level of some LFA (Low Frequency Active)  sonars is actually detrimental to sonar performance in that such sonars are reverberation limited.

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answers: whales

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answers: active sonar

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answers: passive detection ranges

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Sonar

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: With its increased availability, ultrasound is now frequently used more in code situations, in which a person have lost most or all signs of life. Practitioners may use the ultrasound to see if the heart is moving, beating in organized fashion or if it has a pericardial effusion or fluid around it. Pericardiocentesis, a procedure in which a needle is used to drain the effusion, can utilize ultrasound guidance of a needle to decrease the risk of hitting lungs, heart or other vital organs

text: With its increased availability, ultrasound is now frequently used more in

text: code

text: situations, in which a person have lost most or all signs of life. Practitioners may use the ultrasound to see if the heart is moving, beating in organized fashion or if it has a

text: pericardial effusion

text: or fluid around it.

text: Pericardiocentesis

text: , a procedure in which a needle is used to drain the effusion, can utilize ultrasound guidance of a needle to decrease the risk of hitting lungs, heart or other vital organs

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Ultrasound is used when characterizing particulates through the technique of ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy or by observing electroacoustic phenomena or by transcranial pulsed ultrasound.

text: Ultrasound is used when characterizing particulates through the technique of

text: ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy

text: or by observing

text: electroacoustic phenomena

text: or by

text: transcranial pulsed ultrasound

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answers: Electroacoustic phenomena

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answers: Ultrasound

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Because sighted individuals learn about their environments using vision, they often do not readily perceive echoes from nearby objects. This is due to an echo suppression phenomenon brought on by the precedence effect. However, with training, sighted individuals with normal hearing can learn to avoid obstacles using only sound, showing that echolocation is a general human ability.

text: Because sighted individuals learn about their environments using vision, they often do not readily perceive echoes from nearby objects. This is due to an echo suppression phenomenon brought on by the

text: precedence effect

text: . However, with training, sighted individuals with normal hearing can learn to avoid obstacles using only sound, showing that echolocation is a general human ability.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Further research has shown that many species of moths are sensitive to ultrasound. Sensitivities for ultrasound change according to the environment the moth thrives in, and the moth can even change its own sensitivity if it is preyed upon by bats with different echolocating calls. Such is the case of the Australian noctuid moth, Speiredonia spectans, which adapts its acoustic sensitivity according to the characteristics of the call of the bat inside the cave with them.

text: Further research has shown that many species of moths are sensitive to ultrasound. Sensitivities for ultrasound change according to the environment the moth thrives in, and the moth can even change its own sensitivity if it is preyed upon by bats with different echolocating calls. Such is the case of the Australian noctuid moth,

text: Speiredonia spectans

text: , which adapts its acoustic sensitivity according to the characteristics of the call of the bat inside the cave with them.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coleman has been an officer of every major ultrasound medical society throughout the world, including the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, the Societas Internationalis de Diagnostica Ultrasonica en Ophthalmologia and the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, Inc.  He is past President of the American Retina Society and past President of the Club Jules Gonin of the International Retina Society. Coleman has authored over 200 peer-reviewed papers as well as numerous chapters in ophthalmology textbooks and has recently published the second edition of his textbook, Ultrasonography of the Eye and Orbit.

text: Coleman has been an officer of every major ultrasound medical society throughout the world, including the

entity_name: American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine

text: American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine

text: , the Societas Internationalis de Diagnostica Ultrasonica en Ophthalmologia and the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, Inc.  He is past President of the American Retina Society and past President of the

text: Club Jules Gonin

text: of the International Retina Society. Coleman has authored over 200 peer-reviewed papers as well as numerous chapters in ophthalmology textbooks and has recently published the second edition of his textbook, Ultrasonography of the Eye and Orbit.

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answers: Ultrasonography

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answers: Acceleration

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answers: ocean

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It has been reported that brown rats use ultrasound for echolocation. The frequencies heard by rodents differ between species. The table below shows the hearing ranges of several species.

text: It has been reported that brown rats use ultrasound for

text: echolocation

text: . The frequencies heard by rodents differ between species. The table below shows the hearing ranges of several species.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: frequencies heard by rodents

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Humans may jam echolocating animals deliberately or accidentally. Recent efforts have been made to develop acoustic jamming deterrents to exclude bats from buildings or bridges, or to keep bats away from wind turbines where large numbers of mortalities occur. These deterrents have been shown to reduce bat activity over a small area. However, scaling up acoustic deterrents to large volumes for applications such as keeping bats away from wind turbines is difficult because of the high atmospheric attenuation of ultrasound.

text: Humans may jam echolocating animals deliberately or accidentally. Recent efforts have been made to develop acoustic jamming deterrents to exclude bats from buildings or bridges, or to keep bats away from wind turbines where large numbers of mortalities occur. These deterrents have been shown to reduce bat activity over a small area. However, scaling up acoustic deterrents to large volumes for applications such as keeping bats away from wind turbines is difficult because of the high atmospheric attenuation of

text: ultrasound

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answers: echolocating animals

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answers: high atmospheric attenuation

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answers: speed and time

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound computer tomography (USCT), sometimes also Ultrasound computed tomography, Ultrasound computerized tomography or just Ultrasound tomography, is a form of medical ultrasound tomography utilizing ultrasound waves as physical phenomenon for imaging. It is mostly in use for soft tissue medical imaging, especially breast imaging.

text: Ultrasound computer tomography (USCT), sometimes also Ultrasound computed tomography, Ultrasound computerized tomography or just Ultrasound tomography, is a form of

text: medical ultrasound

text: tomography

text: utilizing

text: ultrasound

text: wave

text: s as

text: physical phenomenon

text: for

text: imaging

text: . It is mostly in use for

text: soft tissue

text: medical imaging, especially

text: breast imaging

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answers: ultrasound waves

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answers: ultrasound waves

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answers: Ultrasound tomography

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answers: 1437 m

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answers: ultrasound tomography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is the application of ultrasound contrast medium to traditional medical sonography.  Ultrasound contrast agents rely on the different ways in which sound waves are reflected from interfaces between substances. This may be the surface of a small air bubble or a more complex structure. Commercially available contrast media are gas-filled microbubbles that are administered intravenously to the systemic circulation.  Microbubbles have a high degree of echogenicity (the ability of an object to reflect ultrasound waves).  There is a great difference in echogenicity between the gas in the microbubbles and the soft tissue surroundings of the body.  Thus, ultrasonic imaging using microbubble contrast agents enhances the ultrasound backscatter, (reflection) of the ultrasound waves, to produce a sonogram with increased contrast due to the high echogenicity difference.  Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be used to image blood perfusion in organs, measure blood flow rate in the heart and other organs, and for other applications.

text: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is the application of

text: ultrasound

text: contrast medium

text: to traditional

text: medical sonography

text: .  Ultrasound contrast agents rely on the different ways in which sound waves are reflected from interfaces between substances. This may be the surface of a small air bubble or a more complex structure. Commercially available contrast media are gas-filled

text: microbubbles

text: that are administered intravenously to the

text: systemic circulation

text: .  Microbubbles have a high degree of echogenicity (the ability of an object to reflect ultrasound waves).  There is a great difference in echogenicity between the gas in the microbubbles and the soft

text: tissue

text: surroundings of the body.  Thus,

text: ultrasonic imaging

text: using microbubble contrast agents enhances the ultrasound

text: backscatter

text: , (reflection) of the ultrasound waves, to produce a

text: sonogram

text: with increased contrast due to the high echogenicity difference.  Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be used to image blood

text: perfusion

text: in organs, measure

text: blood flow

text: rate in the

text: heart

text: and other organs, and for other applications.

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answers: sonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Mine Countermeasure (MCM) Sonar, sometimes called "Mine and Obstacle Avoidance Sonar (MOAS)", is a specialized type of sonar used for detecting small objects.  Most MCM sonars are hull mounted but a few types are VDS design.  An example of a hull mounted MCM sonar is the Type 2193 while the SQQ-32 Mine-hunting sonar and Type 2093 systems are VDS designs. See also Minesweeper (ship)

text: Mine Countermeasure (MCM) Sonar, sometimes called "Mine and Obstacle Avoidance Sonar (MOAS)", is a specialized type of sonar used for detecting small objects.  Most MCM sonars are hull mounted but a few types are VDS design.  An example of a hull mounted MCM sonar is the

text: Type 2193

text: while the

text: SQQ-32 Mine-hunting sonar

text: and

text: Type 2093

text: systems are VDS designs. See also

text: Minesweeper (ship)

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text: A bat detector is a device used to detect the presence of bats by converting their echolocation ultrasound signals, as they are emitted by the bats, to audible frequencies, usually about 300 Hz to 5 kHz. There are other types of detector which record bat calls so that they can be analysed afterwards, but these are more commonly referred to by their particular function.

text: A bat detector is a device used to detect the presence of

text: bat

text: s by converting their

text: echolocation

text: ultrasound

text: signals, as they are emitted by the bats, to audible

text: frequencies

text: , usually about 300

text: Hz

text: to 5 kHz. There are

text: other types of detector

text: which record bat calls so that they can be analysed afterwards, but these are more commonly referred to by their particular function.

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answers: bats

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answers: bats

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answers: bat detector

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 300 Hz to 5 kHz

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: NC House Bill 854 is also known as "Women's Right to Know Act".  The Bill states that it is "an act to require a twenty-four hour waiting period and the informed consent of a pregnant woman before an abortion may be performed".  Section 90-21.82 is labeled "Informed consent to abortion" and it outlines the steps a physician must take 24 hours prior to performing an abortion.  "At least 24 hours prior to the abortion, a physician or qualified professional has orally informed the woman, by telephone or in person, of all of the following: the particular medical risks associated with the particular abortion procedure to be employed, including risks of infection, hemorrhage, cervical tear or uterine perforation, danger to subsequent pregnancies, including the ability to carry a child to full term, and any adverse psychological effects associated with the abortion."  The potential patient must also be informed of "the probable gestational age of the unborn child at the time the abortion is to be performed."  The legislation also requires "that ultrasound imaging and heart tone monitoring that enable the pregnant woman to view her unborn child or listen to the heartbeat of the unborn child are available to the woman". It goes on to say, the physician must inform the pregnant woman "that medical assistance benefits may be available for prenatal care, childbirth, and neonatal care.". It is also the physicians responsibility to inform the patient that, "the father is liable to assist in the support of the child" and "the woman has other alternatives to abortion, including keeping the baby or placing the baby for adoption."  The State is also required by the Bill to provide printed information and maintain a State website containing the following information: "geographically indexed materials designed to inform a woman of public and private agencies and services available to assist her through pregnancy, upon childbirth, and while child is dependent, including adoption agencies" and "materials designed to inform the woman of the probable anatomical and physiological characterisitics of the unborn child at two-week gestational increments". The Bill outlines specifications to meet the ultrasound requirement in Section 90-21.85.  The requirements to be met by the physician are as follows, "perform an obstetric ultrasound, provide a simultaneous explanation of what the ultrasound is depicting, the opportunity to hear the fetal heart tone, display the ultra sound images so that the pregnant woman may view them and obtain written certification that the requirements of the section have been complied with." Section 90-21.85 also states, "Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent a pregnant woman from averting her eyes from the ultrasound images required to be provided to and reviewed with her.  Neither the physician nor the pregnant woman shall be subject to any penalty if she declines to look at the presented ultrasound images." Other sections in the Bill include, Procedure in case of medical emergency, informed consent for a minor, reporting requirements, civil remedies, protection of privacy in court proceedings, assurance of informed consent and consent is freely given and severability." The ratified version of NC House Bill 854 changed the "ultrasound requirement" to the "Display of real-time view requirement"."

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answers: ultrasound imaging and heart tone monitoring

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: ultrasound imaging and heart tone monitoring

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 24 hours prior to the abortion

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: gestational age of the unborn child

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound imaging

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The long-eared myotis is an insectivore, whose robust molars and highly placed articular process allow it be especially good at hunting beetles.  A high articular process allows for more crushing force while the bat is chewing.  This is advantageous because it allows penetration of the hard carapace found on many beetles. The long-eared myotis feeds by both substrate-gleaning of the ground or of trees, and by aerial-hawking.  Prey is always detected through echolocation when aerial-hawking.  When gleaning, the bats use echolocation less often and at a lower frequency due to the energetic cost of echolocation calls.

text: The long-eared myotis is an insectivore, whose robust molars and highly placed articular process allow it be especially good at hunting beetles.  A high articular process allows for more crushing force while the bat is chewing.  This is advantageous because it allows penetration of the hard carapace found on many beetles. The long-eared myotis feeds by both substrate-gleaning of the ground or of trees, and by aerial-hawking.  Prey is always detected through

text: echolocation

text: when aerial-hawking.  When gleaning, the bats use echolocation less often and at a lower frequency due to the energetic cost of echolocation calls.

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answers: When aerial-hawking

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: Prey

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: aerial-hawking

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: substrate-gleaning

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: echolocation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Ultrasonography is an ideal method of diagnosing patients in early stages of arteritis when inflammation in the vessel walls occurs.  It can also show the blood flow within the blood vessels. Ultrasonography is a popular first-line investigation for diagnosis because it is relatively quick, cheap, noninvasive, and does not expose patients to radiation.  It is also used for long-term monitoring of disease progression in Takayasu arteritis. Not all vascular lesions are visible on ultrasound, and the accuracy of the scan depends, to some extent, on the person reading the scan, as the results are observed in real time.

text: Ultrasonography is an ideal method of diagnosing patients in early stages of arteritis when inflammation in the vessel walls occurs.  It can also show the blood flow within the blood vessels. Ultrasonography is a popular first-line investigation for diagnosis because it is relatively quick, cheap, noninvasive, and does not expose patients to radiation.  It is also used for long-term monitoring of disease progression in Takayasu arteritis. Not all vascular lesions are visible on ultrasound, and the accuracy of the scan depends, to some extent, on the person reading the scan, as the results are observed in real time.

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answers: It can also show the blood flow within the blood vessels

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answers: blood flow within the blood vessels

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answers: speed

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: There is the further difficulty inherent in the devices delivering energy. Regional devices may not uniformly heat a target area, even without taking into account compensatory mechanisms of the body. A great deal of current research focuses on how one might precisely position heat-delivery devices (catheters, microwave and ultrasound applicators, etc.) using ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging, as well as developing new types of nanoparticles that can more evenly distribute heat within a target tissue.

text: There is the further difficulty inherent in the devices delivering energy. Regional devices may not uniformly heat a target area, even without taking into account compensatory mechanisms of the body. A great deal of current research focuses on how one might precisely position heat-delivery devices (catheters, microwave and ultrasound applicators, etc.) using ultrasound or

text: magnetic resonance imaging

text: , as well as developing new types of nanoparticles that can more evenly distribute heat within a target tissue.

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answers: no

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Ultrasonography is the primary method to evaluate autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD),particularly in  the perinatal and neonatal.

text: Ultrasonography

text: is the primary method to evaluate autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD),particularly in  the perinatal and neonatal.

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answers: Yes

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answers: Ultrasonography

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A variety of large-scale medical studies are being conducted in space by the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Study, in which astronauts (including former ISS Commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. Usually there is no physician on board the International Space Station, and diagnosis of medical conditions is challenging. Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including decompression sickness, barotrauma, immunodeficiencies, loss of bone and muscle, orthostatic intolerance due to volume loss, sleep disturbances, and radiation injury. Ultrasound offers a unique opportunity to monitor these conditions in space. This study's techniques are now being applied to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in populations such as medical and high school students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations, where access to a trained physician is often rare.

text: A variety of large-scale medical studies are being conducted in space by the

entity_name: National Space Biomedical Research Institute

text: National Space Biomedical Research Institute

text: (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the

entity_name: Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity

text: Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity

text: Study, in which astronauts (including former ISS Commanders

text: Leroy Chiao

text: and

text: Gennady Padalka

text: ) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. Usually there is no physician on board the International Space Station, and

text: diagnosis of medical conditions

text: is challenging. Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including

text: decompression sickness

text: , barotrauma, immunodeficiencies, loss of bone and muscle, orthostatic intolerance due to volume loss,

entity_name: Fatigue and sleep loss during spaceflight

text: sleep disturbances

text: , and radiation injury.

text: Ultrasound

text: offers a unique opportunity to monitor these conditions in space. This study's techniques are now being applied to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in populations such as medical and high school students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations, where access to a trained physician is often rare.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: ISS Commanders

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Microgravity

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound scans

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In addition to anti-submarine warfare missions, these simple yet effective units are also capable of a wide variety of missions such as mine laying and patrol. These boats were first equipped with Soviet Tamir-11 (MG-11,  NATO reporting name: Stag Hoof) hull mounted sonars which had a typical range of 3 km, but in the 1970s, they were superseded by domestic Chinese SJD-3 sonar, which is modification of original MG-11: instead of being fixed to the hull, SJD-3 has a telescoping arm, so when not in use, the sonar is stored in the hull, and when deployed, the sonar is lowered into water several meter below the hull, thus increased detection range by avoiding baffles generated by the hull.

text: In addition to

text: anti-submarine warfare

text: missions, these simple yet effective units are also capable of a wide variety of missions such as mine laying and patrol. These boats were first equipped with Soviet Tamir-11 (MG-11,  NATO reporting name: Stag Hoof) hull mounted sonars which had a typical range of 3 km, but in the 1970s, they were superseded by domestic Chinese SJD-3 sonar, which is modification of original MG-11: instead of being fixed to the hull, SJD-3 has a telescoping arm, so when not in use, the sonar is stored in the hull, and when deployed, the sonar is lowered into water several meter below the hull, thus increased detection range by avoiding baffles generated by the hull.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: range

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 3 km

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: several meter

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Sonar

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Researchers at Harvard University have created a brain-to-brain interface (BBI) between a human and a Sprague-Dawley rat. Simply by thinking the appropriate thought, the BBI allows the human to control the rat's tail. The human wears an EEG-based brain-to-computer interface (BCI), while the anesthetised rat is equipped with a focused ultrasound (FUS) computer-to-brain interface (CBI). FUS is a technology that allows the researchers to excite a specific region of neurons in the rat's brain using an ultrasound signal (350 kHz ultrasound frequency, tone burst duration of 0.5 ms, pulse repetition frequency of 1 kHz, given for 300 ms duration). The main advantage of FUS is that, unlike most brain-stimulation techniques, it is non-invasive. Whenever the human looks at a specific pattern (strobe light flicker) on a computer screen, the BCI communicates a command to the rat's CBI, which causes ultrasound to be beamed into the region of the rat's motor cortex responsible for tail movement. The researchers report that the human BCI has an accuracy of 94%, and that it generally takes around 1.5 s from the human looking at the screen to movement of the rat's tail.

text: Researchers at Harvard University have created a brain-to-brain interface (BBI) between a human and a

text: Sprague-Dawley

text: rat. Simply by thinking the appropriate thought, the BBI allows the human to control the rat's tail. The human wears an

text: EEG

text: -based brain-to-computer interface (BCI), while the anesthetised rat is equipped with a focused ultrasound (FUS) computer-to-brain interface (CBI). FUS is a technology that allows the researchers to excite a specific region of neurons in the rat's brain using an ultrasound signal (350 kHz ultrasound frequency, tone burst duration of 0.5 ms, pulse repetition frequency of 1 kHz, given for 300 ms duration). The main advantage of FUS is that, unlike most brain-stimulation techniques, it is non-invasive. Whenever the human looks at a specific pattern (strobe light flicker) on a computer screen, the BCI communicates a command to the rat's CBI, which causes ultrasound to be beamed into the region of the rat's

text: motor cortex

text: responsible for tail movement. The researchers report that the human BCI has an accuracy of 94%, and that it generally takes around 1.5 s from the human looking at the screen to movement of the rat's tail.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: 350 kHz ultrasound frequency

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: s

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 350 kHz

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: focused ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The sonoluminescence effect was first discovered at the University of Cologne in 1934 as a result of work on sonar. H. Frenzel and H. Schultes put an ultrasound transducer in a tank of photographic developer fluid. They hoped to speed up the development process. Instead, they noticed tiny dots on the film after developing and realized that the bubbles in the fluid were emitting light with the ultrasound turned on. It was too difficult to analyze the effect in early experiments because of the complex environment of a large number of short-lived bubbles. (This experiment is also ascribed to N. Marinesco and J. J. Trillat in 1933, which also credits them with independent discovery). This phenomenon is now referred to as multi-bubble sonoluminescence (MBSL).

text: The sonoluminescence effect was first discovered at the

text: University of Cologne

text: in 1934 as a result of work on

text: sonar

text: H. Frenzel

text: and

text: H. Schultes

text: put an ultrasound

text: transducer

text: in a tank of photographic

text: developer fluid

text: . They hoped to speed up the development process. Instead, they noticed tiny dots on the film after developing and realized that the bubbles in the fluid were emitting light with the ultrasound turned on. It was too difficult to analyze the effect in early experiments because of the complex environment of a large number of short-lived bubbles. (This experiment is also ascribed to N. Marinesco and J. J. Trillat in 1933, which also credits them with independent discovery). This phenomenon is now referred to as multi-bubble sonoluminescence (MBSL).

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answers: NDQ_018743

answers: The sonoluminescence effect

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: sonoluminescence effect

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound transducer

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Because of the fact that ultrasonic frequencies are beyond the audible range and the amplitude of movement emitted by an ultrasonic toothbrush is typically too small to be perceived, the ultrasound is imperceptible to humans and it may not be apparent that a brush running in pure ultrasound is turned on. Ultrasonic toothbrushes may include an indicator to notify the patient that ultrasound is being emitted.

text: Because of the fact that ultrasonic frequencies are beyond the

text: audible range

text: and the amplitude of movement emitted by an ultrasonic toothbrush is typically too small to be perceived, the ultrasound is imperceptible to humans and it may not be apparent that a brush running in pure ultrasound is turned on. Ultrasonic toothbrushes may include an indicator to notify the patient that ultrasound is being emitted.

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answers: echolocation

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answers: amplitude of movement

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answers: amplitude

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answers: 1437 m/s

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Medical ultrasonography should not be performed without a medical indication to perform it. To do otherwise would be to perform unnecessary health care to patients, which bring unwarranted costs and may lead to other testing. Overuse of ultrasonography is reported in the United States, especially as routine screening for deep vein thrombosis after orthopedic surgeries in patients who are not at heightened risk for having that condition.<ref name="AAOSfive">, which cites

text: Medical ultrasonography should not be performed without a medical indication to perform it. To do otherwise would be to perform

text: unnecessary health care

text: to patients, which bring unwarranted costs and may lead to other testing. Overuse of ultrasonography is reported in the United States, especially as routine screening for deep vein thrombosis after orthopedic surgeries in patients who are not at heightened risk for having that condition.<ref name="AAOSfive">, which cites

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answers: echolocation

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answers: a medical indication

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Ultrasonography

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: deep vein thrombosis

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Some blind people are skilled at echolocating silent objects simply by producing mouth clicks and listening to the returning echoes, for example Ben Underwood.  Although few studies have been performed on the neural basis of human echolocation, those studies report activation of primary visual cortex during echolocation in blind expert echolocators. The driving mechanism of this brain region remapping phenomenon is known as neuroplasticity.

text: Some blind people are skilled at echolocating silent objects simply by producing mouth clicks and listening to the returning echoes, for example Ben Underwood.  Although few studies have been performed on the neural basis of human echolocation, those studies report activation of

text: primary visual cortex

text: during echolocation in blind expert echolocators. The driving mechanism of this brain region remapping phenomenon is known as

text: neuroplasticity

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answers: echoes

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: primary visual cortex

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: echolocation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Shrews are unusual among mammals in a number of respects. Unlike most mammals, some species of shrews are venomous. Shrew venom is not conducted into the wound by fangs, but by grooves in the teeth. The venom contains various compounds, and the contents of the venom glands of the American short-tailed shrew are sufficient to kill 200 mice by intravenous injection. One chemical extracted from shrew venom may be potentially useful in the treatment of high blood pressure, while another compound may be useful in the treatment of some neuromuscular diseases and migraines. The saliva of the northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) contains soricidin, a peptide which has been studied for use in treating ovarian cancer. Also, along with the bats and toothed whales, some species of shrews use echolocation. Unlike most other mammals, shrews lack zygomatic bones (also called the jugals), so have incomplete zygomatic arches.

text: Shrews are unusual among mammals in a number of respects. Unlike most mammals, some species of shrews are

text: venom

text: ous. Shrew venom is not conducted into the wound by fangs, but by grooves in the teeth. The venom contains various compounds, and the contents of the venom glands of the

text: American short-tailed shrew

text: are sufficient to kill 200 mice by intravenous injection. One chemical extracted from shrew venom may be potentially useful in the treatment of high blood pressure, while another compound may be useful in the treatment of some

text: neuromuscular disease

text: s and

text: migraine

text: s. The saliva of the

text: northern short-tailed shrew

text: (Blarina brevicauda) contains

text: soricidin

text: , a

text: peptide

text: which has been studied for use in treating

text: ovarian cancer

text: . Also, along with the

text: bat

text: s and

text: toothed whale

text: s, some species of shrews use

text: echolocation

text: . Unlike most other mammals, shrews lack

text: zygomatic bone

text: s (also called the

text: jugal

text: s), so have incomplete

text: zygomatic arch

text: es.

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text: The future of contrast ultrasonography is in molecular imaging with potential clinical applications expected in cancer screening to detect malignant tumors at their earliest stage of appearance. Molecular ultrasonography (or ultrasound molecular imaging) uses targeted microbubbles originally designed by Dr Alexander Klibanov in 1997; such targeted microbubbles specifically bind or adhere to tumoral microvessels by targeting biomolecular cancer expression (overexpression of certain biomolecules occurs during  neo-angiogenesis or inflammation processes in malignant tumors). As a result, a few minutes after their injection in blood circulation, the targeted microbubbles accumulate in the malignant tumor; facilitating its localization in a unique ultrasound contrast image. In 2013, the very first exploratory clinical trial in humans for prostate cancer was completed at Amsterdam in the Netherlands by Dr Hessel Wijkstra.

text: The future of contrast ultrasonography is in

text: molecular imaging

text: with potential clinical applications expected in

text: cancer screening

text: to detect

text: malignant tumor

text: s at their earliest stage of appearance. Molecular ultrasonography (or ultrasound molecular imaging) uses targeted microbubbles originally designed by Dr

text: Alexander Klibanov

text: in 1997; such targeted microbubbles specifically bind or adhere to tumoral microvessels by targeting

text: biomolecular

text: cancer expression (overexpression of certain biomolecules occurs during

text: neo-angiogenesis

text: or

text: inflammation

text: processes in malignant tumors). As a result, a few minutes after their injection in blood circulation, the targeted microbubbles accumulate in the malignant tumor; facilitating its localization in a unique ultrasound contrast image. In 2013, the very first exploratory

text: clinical trial

text: in humans for

text: prostate cancer

text: was completed at

text: Amsterdam

text: in the

text: Netherlands

text: by Dr Hessel Wijkstra.

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text: Ultrasound measures the reflection of high frequency sound waves off of tissues. Different tissues absorb or reflect ultrasonic waves to different degrees, which may be picked up by the machine and turned into an image. Because ultrasound does not easily cross bone or air, it is best used for the evaluation soft-tissue structures. It is therefore a complementary imaging modality to radiographs, and is most commonly used to look for injury to ligaments and tendons, and the navicular bursa, although muscle damage and arterial blood flow have also been evaluated with ultrasound in cases of lameness.  Ultrasound is especially useful for determining the size and shape of lesions within structures, allowing quantification of an injury. Ultrasound may be used after diagnosis, to monitor the progression of healing of a lesion. It is also used to guide injections of treatments (steroids, stems cells, platelet rich plasma) directly into a lesion.

text: Ultrasound measures the reflection of high frequency sound waves off of tissues. Different tissues absorb or reflect ultrasonic waves to different degrees, which may be picked up by the machine and turned into an image. Because ultrasound does not easily cross bone or air, it is best used for the evaluation soft-tissue structures. It is therefore a complementary imaging modality to radiographs, and is most commonly used to look for injury to ligaments and tendons, and the navicular bursa, although muscle damage and arterial blood flow have also been evaluated with ultrasound in cases of lameness.  Ultrasound is especially useful for determining the size and shape of lesions within structures, allowing quantification of an injury. Ultrasound may be used after diagnosis, to monitor the progression of healing of a lesion. It is also used to guide injections of treatments (steroids, stems cells, platelet rich plasma) directly into a lesion.

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answers: ultrasound measures the reflection of high frequency sound waves off of tissues

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answers: Ultrasound

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answers: ocean water

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answers: Ultrasonography

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text: Sonographer is the preferred term for the specialised healthcare worker who performs diagnostic medical sonography, or diagnostic ultrasound.  The alternative term ultrasonographer is in much less common use. The terms ultrasound technologist and ultrasound technician are deprecated.

text: Sonographer is the preferred term for the specialised healthcare worker who performs

text: diagnostic medical sonography

text: , or diagnostic

text: ultrasound

text: .  The alternative term ultrasonographer is in much less common use. The terms ultrasound technologist and ultrasound technician are deprecated.

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answers: Sonographer

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answers: sonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: This moth was used in the insignia of the RAF 360 squadron, a unit meant to confuse enemy radar during the second world war. The inspiration was the observation that Melese laodamia produces ultrasound when handled. The ultrasound was thought to jam the sonar of insectivorous bats.

text: This moth was used in the insignia of the

text: RAF 360 squadron

text: , a unit meant to confuse enemy radar during the second world war. The inspiration was the observation that Melese laodamia produces ultrasound when handled. The ultrasound was thought to jam the sonar of insectivorous bats.

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answers: insectivorous

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answers: 360

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound has diagnostic accuracy similar to that of examination by an ophthalmologist. The recent meta-analysis shows the diagnostic accuracy of emergency department (ED) ocular ultrasonography is high. The sensitivity and specificity ranged from 97% to 100% and 83% to 100%. The typical feature of retinal detachment when viewed on ultrasound is "flying angel sign". It shows the detached retina moving with a fixed point under the B mode, linear probe 10MHz.

text: Ultrasound has diagnostic accuracy similar to that of examination by an ophthalmologist. The recent meta-analysis shows the diagnostic accuracy of emergency department (ED) ocular ultrasonography is high. The sensitivity and specificity ranged from 97% to 100% and 83% to 100%. The typical feature of retinal detachment when viewed on ultrasound is "flying angel sign". It shows the detached retina moving with a fixed point under the B mode, linear probe 10MHz.

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answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 10MHz

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Obstetric ultrasound is primarily used to:

text: Obstetric ultrasound is primarily used to:

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: find prey

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: Obstetric ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed up the delivery process

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: depth of the ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Obstetric ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Failed obliteration of the processus vaginalis allows serous fluid to collect around the testes via a communicating connection between the tunica vaginalis and the peritoneum. The resulting hydrocele presents as a painless enlargement of the scrotum, similar to what may be encountered with testicular neoplasms. A convenient method to differentiate the conditions is to transilluminate the scrotum, as the hydrocele will appear a soft red while a solid tumor will not transmit light. Any uncertainty should be followed up with an ultrasound.

text: Failed obliteration of the processus vaginalis allows serous fluid to collect around the testes via a communicating connection between the tunica vaginalis and the peritoneum. The resulting

text: hydrocele

text: presents as a painless enlargement of the scrotum, similar to what may be encountered with testicular neoplasms. A convenient method to differentiate the conditions is to transilluminate the scrotum, as the hydrocele will appear a soft red while a solid tumor will not transmit light. Any uncertainty should be followed up with an ultrasound.

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answers: transilluminate

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: Before any treatment of leg telangectasia (spider veins) is considered, it is essential to have duplex ultrasonography, the test that has replaced Doppler ultrasound. The reason for this is that there is a clear association between leg telangectasia (spider veins) and underlying venous reflux. Research has shown that 88-89% of women with telangectasia (spider veins) have refluxing reticular veins close, and 15% have incompetent perforator veins nearby. As such, it is essential to both find and treat underlying venous reflux before considering any treatment at all.

text: Before any treatment of leg telangectasia (spider veins) is considered, it is essential to have

text: duplex ultrasonography

text: , the test that has replaced Doppler ultrasound. The reason for this is that there is a clear association between leg telangectasia (spider veins) and underlying venous reflux. Research has shown that 88-89% of women with telangectasia (spider veins) have refluxing reticular veins close, and 15% have incompetent

text: perforator vein

text: s nearby. As such, it is essential to both find and treat underlying venous reflux before considering any treatment at all.

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answers: Doppler ultrasound

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answers: 1437 m/s

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The ships employ the AN/SQQ-32 advanced minehunting and classification sonar from Raytheon and Thales Underwater Systems (formerly Thomson Marconi Sonar). The system has two sonars fitted in a small submersible pod towed under the ship. When not deployed the submersible is housed in a trunk below the deck of the ship. The sonars are a Raytheon search and detection sonar and a Thales high-resolution, high-frequency, target-classification sonar. The deployment and retrieval system for the submersible was designed by the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory in Massachusetts.

text: The ships employ the

text: advanced minehunting and classification

text: sonar

text: from Raytheon and

text: Thales Underwater Systems

text: (formerly

text: Thomson Marconi Sonar

text: ). The system has two sonars fitted in a small submersible pod towed under the ship. When not deployed the submersible is housed in a trunk below the deck of the ship. The sonars are a Raytheon search and detection sonar and a Thales high-resolution, high-frequency, target-classification sonar. The deployment and retrieval system for the submersible was designed by the

text: Charles Stark Draper Laboratory

text: in Massachusetts.

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answers: When not deployed

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The editor-in-chief is Christy K. Holland at the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease at the University of Cincinnati.  The founding editor is Denis N. White and the emeritus editor is Peter N. T. Wells of Cardiff University.  Gail ter Haar of the Institute for Cancer Research at the Royal Marsden Hospital is the deputy editor and associate editor for therapeutic applications of ultrasound.  Jonathan M. Rubin of the University of Michigan and Mark L. Palmeri of Duke University are the associate editors for clinical applications of ultrasound.  F. Stuart Foster of the University of Toronto is the associate editor for image processing and instrumentation.  Pai Chi Li of the National Taiwan University is the associate editor for imaging physics and blood flow measurements.  Nico de Jong of Erasmus University Rotterdam Medical Center is the associate editor for ultrasound contrast agents. Eleanor Stride of the University of Oxford is the associate editor for online subject index.    Robert J. Eckersley of Imperial College London  is the associate editor for book reviews.  The managing editor is Rose M. Randolph.

text: The editor-in-chief is Christy K. Holland at the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease at the

text: University of Cincinnati

text: .  The founding editor is Denis N. White and the emeritus editor is Peter N. T. Wells of

text: Cardiff University

text: .  Gail ter Haar of the Institute for Cancer Research at the

text: Royal Marsden Hospital

text: is the deputy editor and associate editor for therapeutic applications of ultrasound.  Jonathan M. Rubin of the

text: University of Michigan

text: and Mark L. Palmeri of

text: Duke University

text: are the associate editors for clinical applications of ultrasound.  F. Stuart Foster of the

text: University of Toronto

text: is the associate editor for image processing and instrumentation.  Pai Chi Li of the

text: National Taiwan University

text: is the associate editor for imaging physics and blood flow measurements.  Nico de Jong of

text: Erasmus University Rotterdam

text: Medical Center is the associate editor for ultrasound contrast agents. Eleanor Stride of the

text: University of Oxford

text: is the associate editor for online subject index.    Robert J. Eckersley of

text: Imperial College London

text: is the associate editor for book reviews.  The managing editor is Rose M. Randolph.

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answers: clinical applications of ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

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text: UltrasoundObstetric ultrasounds are most commonly performed during the second trimester at approximately week 20. Ultrasounds are considered relatively safe and have been used for over 35 years for monitoring pregnancy.Among other things, ultrasounds are used to:

text: Ultrasound

text: Obstetric ultrasound

text: s are most commonly performed during the second trimester at approximately week 20. Ultrasounds are considered relatively safe and have been used for over 35 years for monitoring pregnancy.Among other things, ultrasounds are used to:

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answers: monitor pregnancy

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answers: monitor pregnancy

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answers: monitor pregnancy

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answers: monitor pregnancy

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Medical imaging physics is also known as diagnostic and interventional radiology physics.Clinical (both "in-house" and "consulting") physicists typically deal with areas of testing, optimization, and quality assurance of diagnostic radiology physics areas such as radiographic X-rays, fluoroscopy, mammography, angiography, and computed tomography, as well as non-ionizing radiation modalities such as ultrasound, and MRI. They may also be engaged with radiation protection issues such as radiation exposure monitoring and dosimetry. In addition, many imaging physicists are often also involved with nuclear medicine systems, including single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET).Sometimes, imaging physicists may be engaged in clinical areas, but for research and teaching purposes, such as e.g. quantifying intravascular ultrasound as a possible method of imaging a particular vascular object.

text: Medical imaging physics is also known as diagnostic and interventional radiology physics.Clinical (both "in-house" and "consulting") physicists typically deal with areas of testing, optimization, and quality assurance of

text: diagnostic radiology

text: physics areas such as radiographic

text: X-ray

text: s,

text: fluoroscopy

text: mammography

text: angiography

text: , and

text: computed tomography

text: , as well as

text: non-ionizing radiation

text: modalities such as

text: ultrasound

text: , and

text: MRI

text: . They may also be engaged with radiation protection issues such as

text: radiation exposure monitoring

text: and dosimetry. In addition, many imaging physicists are often also involved with

text: nuclear medicine

text: systems, including

entity_name: Single-photon emission computed tomography

text: single photon emission computed tomography

text: (SPECT) and

text: positron emission tomography

text: (PET).Sometimes, imaging physicists may be engaged in clinical areas, but for research and teaching purposes, such as e.g. quantifying

text: intravascular ultrasound

text: as a possible method of imaging a particular vascular object.

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answers: intravascular ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The frequencies of sonars range from infrasonic to above a megahertz. Generally, the lower frequencies have longer range, while the higher frequencies offer better resolution, and smaller size for a given directionality.

text: The frequencies of sonars range from infrasonic to above a megahertz. Generally, the lower frequencies have longer range, while the higher frequencies offer better resolution, and smaller size for a given directionality.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Dr. Olenski is forced to deliver Sky Mangel's (Stephanie McIntosh) baby during a fire at the hospital, due to Sky's advanced labour. Once the baby is born, Dr. Olenski moves them to another part of the hospital. Six months later, Dr. Olenski treats Pepper Steiger (Nicky Whelan) for stage 2 cervical dysplasia and incorrectly diagnosis Susan Kennedy (Jackie Woodburne) with the menopause, when she is really suffering from Multiple sclerosis. When Carmella Cammeniti suffers pains during her pregnancy, she is rushed to hospital where Dr. Olenski performs an ultrasound and assures Carmella that there is nothing to be alarmed about. Carmella later goes into premature labour and Dr. Olenski delivers her daughter by caesarean section. During Rosetta Cammeniti (Natalie Saleeba) and Frazer Yeats's (Ben Lawson) first ultrasound, Dr. Olenski cannot find their baby's heartbeat and believes that Rosie has experienced a false pregnancy. Frazer later asks Dr. Olenski if there is a chance that Rosie could still be pregnant, and she offers to perform another ultrasound. Dr. Olenski finds a heartbeat and tells Rosie and Frazer that they are expecting a baby after all.

text: Dr. Olenski is forced to deliver

text: Sky Mangel

text: 's (

text: Stephanie McIntosh

text: ) baby during a fire at the hospital, due to Sky's advanced labour. Once the baby is born, Dr. Olenski moves them to another part of the hospital. Six months later, Dr. Olenski treats

text: Pepper Steiger

text: Nicky Whelan

text: ) for stage 2

text: cervical dysplasia

text: and incorrectly diagnosis

text: Susan Kennedy

text: Jackie Woodburne

text: ) with the

text: menopause

text: , when she is really suffering from

text: Multiple sclerosis

text: . When

text: Carmella Cammeniti

text: suffers pains during her pregnancy, she is rushed to hospital where Dr. Olenski performs an ultrasound and assures Carmella that there is nothing to be alarmed about. Carmella later goes into premature labour and Dr. Olenski delivers her daughter by

text: caesarean section

text: . During

text: Rosetta Cammeniti

text: Natalie Saleeba

text: ) and

text: Frazer Yeats

text: 's (

text: Ben Lawson

text: ) first ultrasound, Dr. Olenski cannot find their baby's heartbeat and believes that Rosie has experienced a false pregnancy. Frazer later asks Dr. Olenski if there is a chance that Rosie could still be pregnant, and she offers to perform another ultrasound. Dr. Olenski finds a heartbeat and tells Rosie and Frazer that they are expecting a baby after all.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: World Health Organizations technical report series 875 (1998). supports that ultrasound is harmless:"Diagnostic ultrasound is recognized as a safe, effective, and highly flexible imaging modality capable of providing clinically relevant information about most parts of the body in a rapid and cost-effective fashion". Although there is no evidence ultrasound could be harmful for the fetus, US Food and Drug Administration views promotion, selling, or leasing of ultrasound equipment for making "keepsake fetal videos" to be an unapproved use of a medical device.

text: World Health Organizations technical report series 875 (1998). supports that ultrasound is harmless:"Diagnostic ultrasound is recognized as a safe, effective, and highly flexible imaging modality capable of providing clinically relevant information about most parts of the body in a rapid and cost-effective fashion". Although there is no evidence ultrasound could be harmful for the fetus, US Food and Drug Administration views promotion, selling, or leasing of ultrasound equipment for making "keepsake fetal videos" to be an unapproved use of a medical device.

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answers: Diagnostic ultrasound

answer: Yes

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answer: Yes

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text: Frequencies capable of being heard by humans are called audio or sonic.  The range is typically considered to be between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.  Frequencies higher than audio are referred to as ultrasonic, while frequencies below audio are referred to as infrasonic. Some bats use ultrasound for echolocation while in flight. Dogs are able to hear ultrasound, which is the principle of 'silent' dog whistles. Snakes sense infrasound through their jaws, and baleen whales, giraffes, dolphins and elephants use it for communication. Some fish have the ability to hear more sensitively due to a well-developed, bony connection between the ear and their swim bladder. The "aid to the deaf" of fishes appears in some species such as carp and herring.

text: Frequencies capable of being heard by humans are called

text: audio

text: or sonic.  The range is typically considered to be between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.  Frequencies higher than audio are referred to as

text: ultrasonic

text: , while frequencies below audio are referred to as

text: infrasonic

text: . Some

text: bats

text: use ultrasound for

text: echolocation

text: while in flight.

text: Dog

text: s are able to hear ultrasound, which is the principle of 'silent'

text: dog whistle

text: s.

text: Snake

text: s sense infrasound through their jaws, and baleen

text: whale

text: s,

text: giraffe

text: s,

text: dolphin

text: s and

text: elephant

text: s use it for communication. Some

text: fish

text: have the ability to hear more sensitively due to a well-developed, bony connection between the ear and their swim bladder. The "aid to the deaf" of fishes appears in some species such as

text: carp

text: and

text: herring

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text: One area of research in which attenuation figures strongly is in ultrasound physics. Attenuation in ultrasound is the reduction in amplitude of the ultrasound beam as a function of distance through the imaging medium. Accounting for attenuation effects in ultrasound is important because a reduced signal amplitude can affect the quality of the image produced. By knowing the attenuation that an ultrasound beam experiences traveling through a medium, one can adjust the input signal amplitude to compensate for any loss of energy at the desired imaging depth.

text: One area of research in which attenuation figures strongly is in

text: ultrasound

text: physics. Attenuation in ultrasound is the reduction in amplitude of the ultrasound beam as a function of distance through the imaging medium. Accounting for attenuation effects in ultrasound is important because a reduced signal amplitude can affect the quality of the image produced. By knowing the attenuation that an ultrasound beam experiences traveling through a medium, one can adjust the input signal amplitude to compensate for any loss of energy at the desired imaging depth.

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answers: desired imaging depth

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Upon completion of his Air Force service, Whit was recruited and hired as a new professional at the Naval Undersea Center in San Diego, California.  Part of the new professional program was to expose newly hired professionals to the various types of programs going on at the San Diego Laboratory and also at its "skunk works" facility on the Kaneohe Marine Corps Air Station in Hawai'i. Being Hawaii-raised, Whit took the opportunity to step down out of the ionosphere and to take a quick look toward the ocean at the biosonar or echolocation performance of the Navy's "secret" dolphins. It can't be said for certain how much Whit's fascination for understanding the dolphin's echolocation, or his love of the Islands, influenced his decision, but he decided to join the biosonar research group at the Hawaii Laboratory of the Naval Undersea Center. He then was quickly advanced to the head of its Biosonar Branch.

text: Upon completion of his Air Force service, Whit was recruited and hired as a new professional at the

text: Naval Undersea Center

text: in

text: San Diego

text: , California.  Part of the new professional program was to expose newly hired professionals to the various types of programs going on at the San Diego Laboratory and also at its "

text: skunk works

text: " facility on the Kaneohe Marine Corps Air Station in Hawai'i. Being Hawaii-raised, Whit took the opportunity to step down out of the ionosphere and to take a quick look toward the ocean at the biosonar or echolocation performance of the Navy's "secret" dolphins. It can't be said for certain how much Whit's fascination for understanding the dolphin's echolocation, or his love of the Islands, influenced his decision, but he decided to join the biosonar research group at the Hawaii Laboratory of the Naval Undersea Center. He then was quickly advanced to the head of its Biosonar Branch.

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answers: NDQ_018748

answers: biosonar

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasonography uses sound waves to create an image. It may show where fluid is located in the chest. It also can show some tumors. Although ultrasound may detect fluid around the lungs, also known as a pleural effusion, sound waves are scattered by air. Therefore, an actual picture of the lungs cannot be obtained with ultrasonography.

text: Ultrasonography

text: uses sound waves to create an image. It may show where fluid is located in the chest. It also can show some tumors. Although ultrasound may detect fluid around the lungs, also known as a pleural effusion, sound waves are scattered by air. Therefore, an actual picture of the lungs cannot be obtained with ultrasonography.

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answers: NDQ_018743

answers: sound waves are scattered by air

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: fluid is located

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Ultrasonography

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: sound waves to create an image

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasonography of leg veins is a risk-free, non-invasive procedure that uses ultrasound technology to give information about the anatomy, physiology and pathology of both the superficial and the deep venous systems, (SVS) and (DVS). It is indicated mainly on the study of two  pathologies: venous thrombosis and venous insufficiency. As with heart ultrasound (echocardiography) studies, venous ultrasonography requires an understanding of hemodynamics in order to give useful examination reports. In chronic venous insufficiency, sonographic examination is of most benefit; in confirming varicose disease, making an assessment of the hemodynamics, and charting the progression of the disease and its response to treatment. It has become the reference standard for examining the condition and hemodynamics of the lower limb veins.

text: Ultrasonography

text: of leg veins is a risk-free, non-invasive procedure that uses

text: ultrasound

text: technology to give information about the

text: anatomy

text: physiology

text: and

text: pathology

text: of both the

text: superficial

text: and the

text: deep

text: venous system

text: s, (SVS) and (DVS). It is indicated mainly on the study of two

text: pathologies

text: venous thrombosis

text: and

text: venous insufficiency

text: . As with heart ultrasound (

text: echocardiography

text: ) studies, venous ultrasonography requires an understanding of

text: hemodynamics

text: in order to give useful examination reports. In

text: chronic venous insufficiency

text: , sonographic examination is of most benefit; in confirming

text: varicose

text: disease, making an assessment of the hemodynamics, and charting the progression of the disease and its response to treatment. It has become the reference standard for examining the condition and hemodynamics of the lower limb veins.

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answers: Ultrasonography

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Human echolocation is the ability of humans to detect objects in their environment by sensing echoes from those objects, by actively creating sounds – for example, by tapping their canes, lightly stomping their foot, snapping their fingers, or making clicking noises with their mouths – people trained to orient by echolocation can interpret the sound waves reflected by nearby objects, accurately identifying their location and size. This ability is used by some blind people for acoustic wayfinding, or navigating within their environment using auditory rather than visual cues. It is similar in principle to active sonar and to animal echolocation, which is employed by bats, dolphins and toothed whales to find prey.

text: Human echolocation is the ability of humans to detect objects in their environment by sensing echoes from those objects, by actively creating sounds – for example, by tapping their

text: canes

text: , lightly stomping their foot, snapping their fingers, or making clicking noises with their mouths – people trained to orient by echolocation can interpret the

text: sound

text: waves reflected by nearby objects, accurately identifying their location and size. This ability is used by some

text: blind

text: people for

text: acoustic wayfinding

text: , or navigating within their environment using auditory rather than visual cues. It is similar in principle to active

text: sonar

text: and to

text: animal echolocation

text: , which is employed by

text: bats

text: , dolphins and toothed whales to find prey.

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answers: bats, dolphins and toothed whales

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answers: location and size

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: location

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The name of the Naval Undersea Center's Hawaii Laboratory changed many times and in 1993 the then-named Naval Ocean Systems Center's Hawaii Laboratory was closed by Congress. While the entire group had the opportunity to move to San Diego and join the Space Warfare Systems Center's program, Au had an offer to move over to the University of Hawaii's Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology on Coconut Island in Kaneohe Bay to join the marine mammal research program. Au did not hesitate; he immediately took the opportunity to become a faculty member and continue echolocation and hearing research with dolphins and small whales in Hawaii. His research effort did not decline; in fact, his productivity, as evidenced in the number and breadth of publications, has accelerated. He has taken on several students and expanded work to include the acoustics of wild spotted and bottlenose dolphins echolocating through sediments in the Bahamas, the acoustics of wild spinner dolphins off of the Eastern Coast of Oahu, and singing humpback whales off of Maui. He was invited to review the biological acoustics laboratories for the Danish National Research Foundation and has been collaborating on the echolocation of harbor porpoises in the Netherlands.

text: The name of the Naval Undersea Center's Hawaii Laboratory changed many times and in 1993 the then-named Naval Ocean Systems Center's Hawaii Laboratory was closed by Congress. While the entire group had the opportunity to move to San Diego and join the Space Warfare Systems Center's program, Au had an offer to move over to the University of Hawaii's

text: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology

text: on

text: Coconut Island

text: in

text: Kaneohe Bay

text: to join the marine mammal research program. Au did not hesitate; he immediately took the opportunity to become a faculty member and continue echolocation and hearing research with dolphins and small whales in Hawaii. His research effort did not decline; in fact, his productivity, as evidenced in the number and breadth of publications, has accelerated. He has taken on several students and expanded work to include the acoustics of wild

text: spotted

text: and

text: bottlenose dolphin

text: s echolocating through sediments in

text: the Bahamas

text: , the acoustics of wild

text: spinner dolphins

text: off of the Eastern Coast of

text: Oahu

text: , and singing

text: humpback whale

text: s off of Maui. He was invited to review the biological acoustics laboratories for the Danish National Research Foundation and has been collaborating on the echolocation of

text: harbor porpoise

text: s in the

text: Netherlands

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answers: Kaneohe Bay

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The system was developed to solve the problem of the target submarine disappearing from the attacking ship's ASDIC when the ship came within the sonar's minimum range. Due to the speed of sound in water, the time taken for the 'ping' echo to return to the attacking ship from the target submarine became too short to allow the human operator to distinguish the returning audible echo from that of the initial sound pulse emitted by the sonar - the so-called 'Instantaneous echo', where the output sound pulse and returning echo merge. This 'blind spot' allowed the submarine to make evasive manoeuvres undetected while the ship was still out of range for depth charge attack, the submarine being effectively invisible to the sonar as the ship came within the sonar's minimum range. The solution was a weapon mounted on the foredeck that discharged the projectiles up and over that carrying ship's bow, to land in the water some distance in front of the ship while the submarine was still outside the sonar's minimum range.

text: The system was developed to solve the problem of the target submarine disappearing from the attacking ship's

text: ASDIC

text: when the ship came within the sonar's minimum range. Due to the

text: speed of sound in water

text: , the time taken for the 'ping' echo to return to the attacking ship from the target submarine became too short to allow the human operator to distinguish the returning audible echo from that of the initial sound pulse emitted by the sonar - the so-called 'Instantaneous echo', where the output sound pulse and returning echo merge. This 'blind spot' allowed the submarine to make evasive manoeuvres undetected while the ship was still out of range for depth charge attack, the submarine being effectively invisible to the sonar as the ship came within the sonar's minimum range. The solution was a weapon mounted on the

text: foredeck

text: that discharged the projectiles up and over that carrying ship's bow, to land in the water some distance in front of the ship while the submarine was still outside the sonar's minimum range.

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answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: sonar

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Pneumothorax (for central lines placed in the chest); the incidence is thought to be higher with subclavian vein catheterization. In catheterization of the internal jugular vein, the risk of pneumothorax is minimized by the use of ultrasound guidance. For experienced clinicians, the incidence of pneumothorax is about 1.5-3.1%. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (UK) and other medical organizations recommend the routine use of ultrasonography to minimize complications.

text: Pneumothorax

text: (for central lines placed in the chest); the incidence is thought to be higher with subclavian vein catheterization. In catheterization of the internal jugular vein, the risk of pneumothorax is minimized by the use of

text: ultrasound

text: guidance. For experienced clinicians, the

text: incidence

text: of pneumothorax is about 1.5-3.1%. The

entity_name: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

text: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

text: (UK) and other medical organizations recommend the routine use of ultrasonography to minimize complications.

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answers: ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: internal jugular vein

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Pneumothorax

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1.5-3.1%

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Sonar also uses beamforming to compensate for the significant problem of the slower propagation speed of sound as compared to that of electromagnetic radiation. In side-look-sonars, the speed of the towing system or vehicle carrying the sonar is moving at sufficient speed to move the sonar out of the field of the returning sound "ping". In addition to focusing algorithms intended to improve reception, many side scan sonars also employ beam steering to look forward and backward to "catch" incoming pulses that would have been missed by a single sidelooking beam.

text: Sonar also uses beamforming to compensate for the significant problem of the slower propagation speed of sound as compared to that of electromagnetic radiation. In side-look-sonars, the speed of the towing system or vehicle carrying the sonar is moving at sufficient speed to move the sonar out of the field of the returning sound "ping". In addition to focusing algorithms intended to improve reception, many side scan sonars also employ beam steering to look forward and backward to "catch" incoming pulses that would have been missed by a single sidelooking beam.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: faster propagation speed of sound

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Sonar

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Anal sac adenocarcinomas are often suspected due to location (palpable masse in anal sac) and behavior, but a biopsy and histopathology is necessary for a definitive diagnosis.  Fine needle aspiration and cytology is a common first step.  Cytopathology reveals clusters of cells with uniform round nuclei.  These cells do not have many of the features usually associated with malignancy, such as a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio or prominent nucleoli.  Ultrasonography and radiography are performed to look for metastasis.

text: Anal sac adenocarcinomas are often suspected due to location (palpable masse in anal sac) and behavior, but a

text: biopsy

text: and

text: histopathology

text: is necessary for a definitive diagnosis.

text: Fine needle aspiration

text: and

text: cytology

text: is a common first step.

text: Cytopathology

text: reveals clusters of

text: cell

text: s with uniform round

text: nuclei

text: .  These cells do not have many of the features usually associated with malignancy, such as a high nucleus to

text: cytoplasm

text: ratio or prominent

text: nucleoli

text: Ultrasonography

text: and

text: radiography

text: are performed to look for metastasis.

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answers: Ultrasonography

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answers: Ultrasonography

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answers: Nucleus to cytoplasm ratio

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answers: 1437 m/s

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: Ultrasound is also a common tool for determining viability. A lower than expected heart rate or missed development milestones may indicate a problem with the pregnancy. Diagnosis should not be made from a single ultrasound, however. Inaccurate estimations of fetal age and inaccuracies inherent in ultrasonic examination may cause a scan to be interpreted negatively. If results from the first ultrasound scan indicate a problem, repeating the scan 7–10 days later is reasonable practice.

text: Ultrasound

text: is also a common tool for determining viability. A lower than expected heart rate or missed development milestones may indicate a problem with the pregnancy. Diagnosis should not be made from a single ultrasound, however. Inaccurate estimations of fetal age and inaccuracies inherent in ultrasonic examination may cause a scan to be interpreted negatively. If results from the first ultrasound scan indicate a problem, repeating the scan 7–10 days later is reasonable practice.

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answers: Ultrasonic examination

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answers: viability

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answers: Speed and time

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answers: 7–10 days later

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Advances in high resolution ultrasound scanning have enabled surveillance of metastatic burden to the sentinel lymph nodes. The Screening and Surveillance of Ultrasound in Melanoma trial (SUNMEL) is evaluating ultrasound as an alternative to invasive surgical methods.

text: Advances in high resolution ultrasound scanning have enabled surveillance of metastatic burden to the sentinel lymph nodes. The Screening and Surveillance of Ultrasound in Melanoma trial (SUNMEL) is evaluating ultrasound as an alternative to invasive surgical methods.

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answers: ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: high resolution ultrasound scanning

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound scanning

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The extra-aural (unrelated to hearing) bioeffects on various internal organs and the central nervous system included auditory shifts, vibrotactile sensitivity change, muscle contraction, cardiovascular function change, central nervous system effects, vestibular (inner ear) effects, and chest wall/lung tissue effects.  Researchers found that low frequency sonar exposure could result in significant cavitations, hypothermia, and tissue shearing.  No follow on experiments were recommended.  Tests performed on mice show the threshold for both lung and liver damage occurs at about 184 dB.  Damage increases rapidly as intensity is increased.  The American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM)has stated that there have been no proven biological effects associated with an unfocused sound beam with intensities below 100 mW/cm² SPTA or focused sound beams below an intensity level of 1 mW/cm² SPTA.

text: The extra-aural (unrelated to hearing) bioeffects on various internal organs and the central nervous system included auditory shifts, vibrotactile sensitivity change, muscle contraction, cardiovascular function change, central nervous system effects, vestibular (inner ear) effects, and chest wall/lung tissue effects.  Researchers found that low frequency sonar exposure could result in significant cavitations, hypothermia, and tissue shearing.  No follow on experiments were recommended.  Tests performed on mice show the threshold for both lung and liver damage occurs at about 184 dB.  Damage increases rapidly as intensity is increased.  The American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM)has stated that there have been no proven biological effects associated with an unfocused sound beam with intensities below 100 mW/cm² SPTA or focused sound beams below an intensity level of 1 mW/cm² SPTA.

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answers: Tests performed on mice

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: threshold for both lung and liver damage occurs at about 184 dB

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: SPTA

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Echolocating animals include some mammals and a few birds; most notably microchiropteran bats and odontocetes (toothed whales and dolphins), but also in simpler form in other groups such as shrews, one genus of megachiropteran bats (Rousettus) and two cave dwelling bird groups, the so-called cave swiftlets in the genus Aerodramus (formerly Collocalia) and the unrelated Oilbird Steatornis caripensis.

text: Echolocating animals include some mammals and a few birds; most notably

text: microchiroptera

text: n

text: bat

text: s and

text: odontocetes

text: (toothed whales and dolphins), but also in simpler form in other groups such as

text: shrew

text: s, one genus of

text: megachiroptera

text: n bats (

text: Rousettus

text: ) and two cave dwelling

text: bird

text: groups, the so-called cave

text: swiftlet

text: s in the genus

text: Aerodramus

text: (formerly Collocalia) and the unrelated

text: Oilbird

text: Steatornis caripensis.

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answers: Some mammals and a few birds

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: echolocating

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: echolocating

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: echolocating

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The launch of ultrasonography technology in India too occurred in 1979, but its expansion was slower than China. Ultrasound sex discernment technologies were first introduced in major cities of India in the 1980s, its use expanded in India's urban regions in the 1990s, and became widespread in the 2000s.

text: The launch of ultrasonography technology in India too occurred in 1979, but its expansion was slower than China. Ultrasound sex discernment technologies were first introduced in major cities of India in the 1980s, its use expanded in India's urban regions in the 1990s, and became widespread in the 2000s.

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answers: echolocation

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answers: sex

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 1980s

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 35 and 108 kHz. Its echolocation calls have the most energy at 61 kHz, and have an average duration of 3.3 ms. Most of its echolocation is in the 50–60 kHz range.

text: The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 35 and 108 kHz. Its echolocation calls have the most energy at 61 kHz, and have an average duration of 3.3 ms. Most of its echolocation is in the 50–60 kHz range.

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answers: bat species

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: frequencies

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 3.3 ms

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 50–60 kHz

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Before insertion, the patient is first assessed by reviewing relevant labs and indication for CVC placement, in order to minimize risks and complications of the procedure.  Next, the area of skin over the planned insertion site is cleaned. A local anesthetic is applied if necessary. The location of the vein is identified by landmarks or with the use of a small ultrasound device. A hollow needle is advanced through the skin until blood is aspirated. The color of the blood and the rate of its flow help distinguish it from arterial blood (suggesting that an artery has been accidentally punctured). Within North American and Europe, ultrasound use now represents the gold standard for central venous access and skills, with diminishing use of landmark techniques. Recent evidence shows that ultrasound-guidance for subclavian vein catheterization leads to a reduction in adverse events.

text: Before insertion, the patient is first assessed by reviewing relevant labs and indication for CVC placement, in order to minimize risks and complications of the procedure.  Next, the area of skin over the planned insertion site is cleaned. A

text: local anesthetic

text: is applied if necessary. The location of the vein is identified by landmarks or with the use of a

text: small ultrasound device

text: . A hollow needle is advanced through the skin until blood is aspirated. The color of the blood and the rate of its flow help distinguish it from

text: arterial

text: blood (suggesting that an artery has been accidentally punctured). Within North American and Europe, ultrasound use now represents the gold standard for central venous access and skills, with diminishing use of landmark techniques. Recent evidence shows that ultrasound-guidance for subclavian vein catheterization leads to a reduction in adverse events.

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answers: 1437 m

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Interventional ultrasonography is the use of ultrasound to guide invasive procedures.

text: Interventional ultrasonography is the use of

text: ultrasound

text: to guide invasive procedures.

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answers: ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018747

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answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: Unlike the arterial ultrasound study, when the sonographer studies venous insufficiency, the vein wall itself has no relevance and attention will be focused on the direction of blood flow. The objective of the examination is to see how the veins drain. In this way, venous ultrasonography has at times become a hemodynamic examination which is reserved for experienced sonographers who have completed hemodynamic studies and training and have acquired a deep knowledge of this subject.

text: Unlike the arterial ultrasound study, when the

text: sonographer

text: studies venous insufficiency, the vein wall itself has no relevance and attention will be focused on the direction of blood flow. The objective of the examination is to see how the veins drain. In this way, venous ultrasonography has at times become a hemodynamic examination which is reserved for experienced sonographers who have completed hemodynamic studies and training and have acquired a deep knowledge of this subject.

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answers: direction

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answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound energy is transferred based on the frequency and power output of the ultrasonic waves that an ultrasound machine or device creates. Home ultrasound machines and doctor's office machines both operate between 1 and 5 megahertz, however, home machines utilize pulsed ultrasonic waves while professional ultrasound machines in a doctor's office use continuous waves.

text: Ultrasound energy is transferred based on the frequency and power output of the ultrasonic waves that an ultrasound machine or device creates. Home ultrasound machines and doctor's office machines both operate between 1 and 5

text: megahertz

text: , however, home machines utilize

text: pulsed

text: ultrasonic waves while professional ultrasound machines in a doctor's office use

text: continuous

text: waves.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: frequency and power output

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Cancers of the gallbladder are typically adenocarcinomas, and are common in elderly women. Gallbladder cancer is strongly associated with gallstones, a porcelain gallbladder appearance on ultrasound, and the presence of polyps within the gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer may manifest with weight loss, jaundice, and pain in the upper right of. It is typically diagnosed with ultrasound and staged with CT. The prognosis for gallbladder cancer is poor.

text: Cancers of the gallbladder are typically adenocarcinomas, and are common in elderly women. Gallbladder cancer is strongly associated with

text: gallstone

text: s, a

text: porcelain gallbladder

text: appearance on

text: ultrasound

text: , and the presence of polyps within the gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer may manifest with weight loss, jaundice, and pain in the upper right of. It is typically diagnosed with

text: ultrasound

text: and staged with

text: CT

text: . The prognosis for gallbladder cancer is poor.

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answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: gallbladder

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: When the ultrasonography is performed, we can see it running across the anterior face of the thigh in a plan outside the femoral vessels, the GSV being at the inside of those vessels.

text: When the

text: ultrasonography

text: is performed, we can see it running across the anterior face of the thigh in a plan outside the femoral vessels, the GSV being at the inside of those vessels.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: GSV

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Narahari Sonar's chief hagiographical account is found in the Bhaktavijaya by Mahipati (1715 - 1790). Narahari Sonar was a staunch Shaiva (sect which considers the god Shiva as the Supreme Being), who lived in Pandharpur, where the chief temple of Vithoba stands. Vithoba is a form of the god Vishnu and the patron god of the Varkari sect, part of the Vishnu-worshipping Vaishnava sect and a rival sect of the Shaivas. Narahari Sonar worshipped at the Mallikarjuna temple, the Shiva temple located in the southwest part of the town. He is described as "bigoted" and "fanatic". He worshipped only one god, Shiva. He never visited the famous shrine of Vithoba even once and even refused to look at the shikhara (pinnacle) of the temple.

text: Narahari Sonar's chief hagiographical account is found in the

text: Bhaktavijaya

text: by

text: Mahipati

text: (1715 - 1790). Narahari Sonar was a staunch

text: Shaiva

text: (sect which considers the god

text: Shiva

text: as the Supreme Being), who lived in

text: Pandharpur

text: , where the chief temple of

text: Vithoba

text: stands. Vithoba is a form of the god

text: Vishnu

text: and the patron god of the

text: Varkari

text: sect, part of the Vishnu-worshipping

text: Vaishnava

text: sect and a rival sect of the Shaivas. Narahari Sonar worshipped at the Mallikarjuna temple, the Shiva temple located in the southwest part of the town. He is described as "bigoted" and "fanatic". He worshipped only one god, Shiva. He never visited the famous shrine of Vithoba even once and even refused to look at the

text: shikhara

text: (pinnacle) of the temple.

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text: Recently, techniques have been developed to enable CT, MRI and ultrasound scanning software to produce 3D images for the physician. Traditionally CT and MRI scans produced 2D static output on film. To produce 3D images, many scans are made, then combined by computers to produce a 3D model, which can then be manipulated by the physician. 3D ultrasounds are produced using a somewhat similar technique.In diagnosing disease of the viscera of abdomen, ultrasound is particularly sensitive on imaging of biliary tract, urinary tract and female reproductive organs (ovary, fallopian tubes).  As for example, diagnosis of gall stone by dilatation of common bile duct and stone in common bile duct.With the ability to visualize important structures in great detail, 3D visualization methods are a valuable resource for the diagnosis and surgical treatment of many pathologies. It was a key resource for the famous, but ultimately unsuccessful attempt by Singaporean surgeons to separate Iranian twins Ladan and Laleh Bijani in 2003. The 3D equipment was used previously for similar operations with great success.

text: Recently, techniques have been developed to enable CT, MRI and ultrasound scanning software to produce 3D images for the physician. Traditionally CT and MRI scans produced 2D static output on film. To produce 3D images, many scans are made, then combined by computers to produce a 3D model, which can then be manipulated by the physician. 3D ultrasounds are produced using a somewhat similar technique.In diagnosing disease of the viscera of abdomen, ultrasound is particularly sensitive on imaging of biliary tract, urinary tract and female reproductive organs (ovary, fallopian tubes).  As for example, diagnosis of gall stone by dilatation of common bile duct and stone in common bile duct.With the ability to visualize important structures in great detail, 3D visualization methods are a valuable resource for the diagnosis and surgical treatment of many pathologies. It was a key resource for the famous, but ultimately unsuccessful attempt by Singaporean surgeons to separate Iranian twins

text: Ladan and Laleh Bijani

text: in 2003. The 3D equipment was used previously for similar operations with great success.

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answers: 1437 m/s

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: A carotid duplex is a carotid ultrasonography carried out by duplex ultrasonography.  A duplex carotid ultrasound may include a Doppler ultrasound, a special test able to reveal the movement of blood cells through the carotid arteries.

text: A carotid duplex is a carotid ultrasonography carried out by

text: duplex ultrasonography

text: .  A duplex carotid ultrasound may include a Doppler ultrasound, a special test able to reveal the movement of blood cells through the carotid arteries.

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answers: Doppler ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: carotid

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Doppler ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The cystic nature of a breast lump can be confirmed by ultrasound examination, aspiration (removal of contents with needle), or mammogram. Ultrasound can also show if the cyst contains solid nodules, a sign that the lesion may be pre-cancerous or cancerous. Examination by a cytopathologist of the fluid aspirated from the cyst may also help with this diagnosis. In particular, it should be sent to a laboratory for testing if it is blood-stained.

text: The cystic nature of a

text: breast lump

text: can be confirmed by

text: ultrasound

text: examination,

text: aspiration

text: (removal of contents with needle), or

text: mammogram

text: . Ultrasound can also show if the cyst contains solid nodules, a sign that the lesion may be

text: pre-cancerous

text: or

text: cancer

text: ous. Examination by a

text: cytopathologist

text: of the fluid aspirated from the cyst may also help with this diagnosis. In particular, it should be sent to a laboratory for testing if it is blood-stained.

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answers: Ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: The cystic nature of a breast lump

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: mammogram

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: On a similar note, the Center for Reproductive Rights has stated that there is some inconsistency with regard to these laws; specifically, "The Arkansas law requires providers to do so with an abdominal ultrasound, and the North Dakota one by any technology available, including a transvaginal probe, which can detect a heartbeat weeks earlier than an abdominal ultrasound." With specific regard to the North Dakota law, detecting a fetus' heartbeat at six weeks into a pregnancy requires the use of a transvaginal ultrasound, which some members of the pro-choice movement say is unnecessarily invasive. Furthermore, while the pro-life movement claims that bills mandating a woman listen to her fetus' heartbeat would increase the likelihood of them changing their mind, the pro-choice community, with the support of the Pennsylvania Medical Society, opposes "informed-consent" bills because they threaten to, if passed, "significantly jeopardize the open dialogue within the physician-patient relationship."

text: On a similar note, the Center for Reproductive Rights has stated that there is some inconsistency with regard to these laws; specifically, "The Arkansas law requires providers to do so with an abdominal ultrasound, and the North Dakota one by any technology available, including a transvaginal probe, which can detect a heartbeat weeks earlier than an abdominal ultrasound." With specific regard to the North Dakota law, detecting a fetus' heartbeat at six weeks into a pregnancy requires the use of a

text: transvaginal ultrasound

text: , which some members of the pro-choice movement say is unnecessarily invasive. Furthermore, while the pro-life movement claims that bills mandating a woman listen to her fetus' heartbeat would increase the likelihood of them changing their mind, the pro-choice community, with the support of the

text: Pennsylvania Medical Society

text: , opposes "informed-consent" bills because they threaten to, if passed, "significantly jeopardize the open dialogue within the

text: physician-patient relations

text: hip."

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasonography is generally considered a safe imaging modality.

text: Ultrasonography is generally considered a safe imaging modality.

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answers: Ultrasonography

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Abdominal ultrasonography (also called abdominal ultrasound imaging or abdominal sonography) is a form of medical ultrasonography (medical application of ultrasound technology) to visualise abdominal anatomical structures. It uses transmission and reflection of ultrasound waves to visualise internal organs through the abdominal wall (with the help of gel which helps transmission of the sound waves). For this reason, the procedure is also called a transabdominal ultrasound, in contrast with endoscopic ultrasound, the latter combining ultrasound with endoscopy through visualize internal structures from within hollow organs.

text: Abdominal ultrasonography (also called abdominal ultrasound imaging or abdominal sonography) is a form of

text: medical ultrasonography

text: medical

text: application of

text: ultrasound

text: technology) to visualise

text: abdominal

text: anatomical

text: structures. It uses transmission and reflection of ultrasound waves to visualise internal organs through the

text: abdominal wall

text: (with the help of gel which helps transmission of the sound waves). For this reason, the procedure is also called a transabdominal ultrasound, in contrast with

text: endoscopic ultrasound

text: , the latter combining ultrasound with

text: endoscopy

text: through visualize internal structures from within hollow organs.

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answers: NDQ_018747

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answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: Active sonar, the transmission equipment used on some ships to assist with navigation, is detrimental to the health and livelihood of some marine animals. Research has recently shown that beaked and blue whales are sensitive to mid-frequency active sonar and move rapidly away from the source of the sonar, a response that disrupts their feeding and can cause mass strandings.  Some marine animals, such as whales and dolphins, use echolocation or "biosonar" systems to locate predators and prey. It is conjectured that active sonar transmitters could confuse these animals and interfere with basic biological functions such as feeding and mating. Study has shown whales experience decompression sickness, a disease that forces nitrogen into gas bubbles in the tissues and is caused by rapid and prolonged surfacing. Although whales were originally thought to be immune to this disease, sonar has been implicated in causing behavioral changes that can lead to decompression sickness.

text: Active

text: sonar

text: , the transmission equipment used on some ships to assist with

text: navigation

text: , is detrimental to the health and livelihood of some

text: marine animals

text: . Research has recently shown that

text: beaked

text: and

text: blue whales

text: are sensitive to mid-frequency active sonar and move rapidly away from the source of the sonar, a response that disrupts their feeding and can cause mass strandings.  Some marine animals, such as

text: whale

text: s and

text: dolphin

text: s, use

text: echolocation

text: or "biosonar" systems to locate

text: predator

text: s and prey. It is conjectured that active sonar

text: transmitters

text: could confuse these animals and interfere with basic biological functions such as feeding and mating. Study has shown whales experience decompression sickness, a disease that forces nitrogen into gas bubbles in the tissues and is caused by rapid and prolonged surfacing. Although whales were originally thought to be immune to this disease, sonar has been implicated in causing behavioral changes that can lead to decompression sickness.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: There are several advantages of ultrasound. It is relatively cheap, does not emit any radiation, is accessible, is capable of visualizing tissue function in real time and allows to the performing of provocative maneuvers in order to replicate the patient’s pain.  Those benefits have helped ultrasound become a common initial choice for assessing tendons and soft tissues. Limitations include, for example, the high degree of operator dependence and the inability to define pathologies in bones.  One also has to have an extensive anatomical knowledge of the examined region and keep an open mind to normal variations and artifacts created during the scan.

text: There are several advantages of ultrasound. It is relatively cheap, does not emit any radiation, is accessible, is capable of visualizing tissue function in real time and allows to the performing of provocative maneuvers in order to replicate the patient’s pain.  Those benefits have helped ultrasound become a common initial choice for assessing tendons and soft tissues. Limitations include, for example, the high degree of operator dependence and the inability to define pathologies in bones.  One also has to have an extensive anatomical knowledge of the examined region and keep an open mind to normal variations and artifacts created during the scan.

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answers: does not emit any radiation

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answers: ultrasound

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Ultrasound is also increasingly being used in trauma and first aid cases, with emergency ultrasound becoming a staple of most EMT response teams. Furthermore, ultrasound is used in remote diagnosis cases where teleconsultation is required, such as scientific experiments in space or mobile sports team diagnosis.

text: Ultrasound is also increasingly being used in trauma and first aid cases, with

text: emergency ultrasound

text: becoming a staple of most EMT response teams. Furthermore, ultrasound is used in remote diagnosis cases where

text: teleconsultation

text: is required, such as scientific experiments in space or mobile sports team diagnosis.

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answers: Ultrasound

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Audio can be propagated by modulated ultrasound.

text: Audio can be propagated by

text: modulated ultrasound

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Early studies showed that subtle effects of neurological damage linked to ultrasound were implicated by an increased incidence in left-handedness in boys (a marker for brain problems when not hereditary) and speech delays. Then in August 2006, Pasko Rakic, chair of Yale School of Medicine's Department of Neurobiology, announced the results of a study in which pregnant mice underwent various durations of ultrasound. The brains of the offspring showed damage consistent with that found in the brains of people with autism. The research, funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, also implicated ultrasound in neurodevelopmental problems in children, such as dyslexia, epilepsy, mental retardation and schizophrenia, and showed that damage to brain cells increased with longer exposures.

text: Early studies showed that subtle effects of neurological damage linked to ultrasound were implicated by an increased incidence in

text: left-handedness

text: in boys (a marker for brain problems when not hereditary) and speech delays. Then in August 2006, Pasko Rakic, chair of Yale School of Medicine's Department of Neurobiology, announced the results of a study in which pregnant mice underwent various durations of ultrasound. The brains of the offspring showed damage consistent with that found in the brains of people with autism. The research, funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, also implicated ultrasound in neurodevelopmental problems in children, such as dyslexia, epilepsy, mental retardation and schizophrenia, and showed that damage to brain cells increased with longer exposures.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Many other conditions can also be identified by cranial ultrasound.  These include:

text: Many other conditions can also be identified by cranial ultrasound.  These include:

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: cranial ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A typical manned torpedo has a propeller and hydroplanes at the rear, side hydroplanes in front, and a control panel and controls for its front rider. It usually has two riders who sit facing forwards. It has navigation aids such as a compass, and nowadays modern aids such as sonar and GPS positioning and modulated ultrasound communications gear. It may have an air (or other breathing gas) supply so its riders do not have to drain their own apparatus while they are riding it. In some the riders' seats are enclosed; in others the seats are open at the sides as in sitting astride a horse. The seat design includes room for the riders' swimfins (if used). There are flotation tanks (typically four: left fore, right fore, left aft, right aft), which can be flooded or blown empty to adjust buoyancy and attitude.

text: A typical manned torpedo has a propeller and

text: hydroplanes

text: at the rear, side hydroplanes in front, and a control panel and controls for its front rider. It usually has two riders who sit facing forwards. It has

text: navigation

text: aids such as a

text: compass

text: , and nowadays modern aids such as

text: sonar

text: and

text: GPS

text: positioning and

text: modulated ultrasound

text: communications gear. It may have an air (or other

text: breathing gas

text: ) supply so its riders do not have to drain their own apparatus while they are riding it. In some the riders' seats are enclosed; in others the seats are open at the sides as in sitting astride a horse. The seat design includes room for the riders'

text: swimfins

text: (if used). There are

text: flotation tanks

text: (typically four: left fore, right fore, left aft, right aft), which can be flooded or blown empty to adjust

text: buoyancy

text: and

text: attitude

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answers: sonar

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answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text:
+ bronze medal in Sonar at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
+ Competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics
+ gold medal in 2.4m at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
+ bronze medal in Sonar at the 2016 Summer Paralympics

text: + bronze medal in

text: Sonar

text: at the

text: 2000 Summer Paralympics

text: <br>+ Competed in the

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text: <br>+ gold medal in

text: at the

text: 2008 Summer Paralympics

text: <br>+ bronze medal in

text: Sonar

text: at the

text: 2016 Summer Paralympics

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text: Ultrasonography is the preferred method of diagnosis.  A chorionic hematoma appears on ultrasound as a hypoechoic crescent adjacent to the gestational sac.  The hematoma is considered small if it is under 20% of the size of the sac and large if it is over 50%.

text: Ultrasonography

text: is the preferred method of diagnosis.  A chorionic hematoma appears on ultrasound as a hypoechoic crescent adjacent to the

text: gestational sac

text: .  The hematoma is considered small if it is under 20% of the size of the sac and large if it is over 50%.

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answers: Hypoechoic

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answers: chorionic hematoma

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answers: speed

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: As with other toothed whales, the skull of the sperm whale is asymmetrical so as to aid echolocation. Sound waves that strike the whale from different directions will not be channeled in the same way. Within the basin of the cranium, the openings of the bony narial tubes (from which the nasal passages spring) are skewed towards the left side of the skull.

text: As with other

text: toothed whale

text: s, the skull of the sperm whale is asymmetrical so as to aid

text: echolocation

text: . Sound waves that strike the whale from different directions will not be channeled in the same way. Within the basin of the cranium, the openings of the bony narial tubes (from which the nasal passages spring) are skewed towards the left side of the skull.

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answers: Sound waves

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answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: China launched its first ultrasonography machine in 1979. Chinese health care clinics began introducing ultrasound technologies that could be used to determine prenatal sex in 1982. By 1991, Chinese companies were producing 5,000 ultrasonography machines per year. Almost every rural and urban hospital and family planning clinics in China had a good quality sex discernment equipment by 2001.

text: China launched its first ultrasonography machine in 1979. Chinese health care clinics began introducing ultrasound technologies that could be used to determine prenatal sex in 1982. By 1991, Chinese companies were producing 5,000 ultrasonography machines per year. Almost every rural and urban hospital and family planning clinics in China had a good quality sex discernment equipment by 2001.

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answers: echolocation

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answers: sex

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answers: 1437 m

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Sonar (originally an acronym for SOund Navigation And Ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name "sonar": passive sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels; active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar. Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and SODAR (an upward looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term sonar is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low (infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is known as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics.

text: Sonar (originally an

text: acronym

text: for SOund Navigation And Ranging) is a technique that uses

text: sound

text: propagation (usually underwater, as in

text: submarine navigation

text: ) to

text: navigate

text: , communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name "sonar": passive sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels; active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of

text: acoustic location

text: and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of

text: radar

text: . Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and

text: SODAR

text: (an upward looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term sonar is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low (

text: infrasonic

text: ) to extremely high (

text: ultrasonic

text: ). The study of underwater sound is known as

text: underwater acoustics

text: or

text: hydroacoustics

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answers: active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes

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answers: echo characteristics

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answers: Sonar

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answers: usually underwater

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The use of echolocation was once used to separate Aerodramus from the other non-echolocating cave swiftlet genera Collocalia and Hydrochous (virtually nothing is known about Schoutedenapus). However, recently, the pygmy swiftlet, Collocalia troglodytes, was discovered making similar clicking noises both inside and outside its roosting cave.

text: The use of echolocation was once used to separate Aerodramus from the other non-echolocating

text: cave swiftlet

text: genera Collocalia and

text: Hydrochous

text: (virtually nothing is known about

text: Schoutedenapus

text: ). However, recently, the

text: pygmy swiftlet

text: , Collocalia troglodytes, was discovered making similar clicking noises both inside and outside its roosting cave.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The ultrasound beam can be focused in these ways:

text: The ultrasound beam can be focused in these ways:

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Automated whole-breast ultrasound (AWBU) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to obtain volumetric ultrasound data of the entire breast.

text: Automated whole-breast ultrasound (AWBU) is a

text: medical imaging

text: technique used in radiology to obtain volumetric

text: ultrasound

text: data of the entire

text: breast

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answers: volumetric ultrasound data

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: volumetric

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Side-scan sonars can be used to derive maps of seafloor topography (bathymetry) by moving the sonar across it just above the bottom. Low frequency sonars such as GLORIA have been used for continental shelf wide surveys while high frequency sonars are used for more detailed surveys of smaller areas.

text: Side-scan sonar

text: s can be used to derive maps of seafloor topography (

text: bathymetry

text: ) by moving the sonar across it just above the bottom. Low frequency sonars such as

text: GLORIA

text: have been used for continental shelf wide surveys while high frequency sonars are used for more detailed surveys of smaller areas.

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answers: Side-scan

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: seafloor topography

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: moving the sonar

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: the bottom

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: unanswerable

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Radiography started in 1895 with the discovery of X-rays (later also called Röntgen rays after the man who first described their properties in rigorous detail), a type of electromagnetic radiation. Soon these found various applications, from helping to find shoes that fit, to the more lasting medical uses. X-rays were put to diagnostic use very early, before the dangers of ionising radiation were discovered.  Initially, many groups of staff conducted radiography in hospitals, including physicists, photographers, doctors, nurses, and engineers. The medical speciality of radiology grew up around the new technology, and this lasted many years. When new diagnostic tests involving X-rays were developed, it was natural for the radiographers to be trained and adopt this new technology. This happened first with fluoroscopy, computed tomography (1960s), and mammography. Ultrasound (1970s) and magnetic resonance imaging (1980s) was added to the list of skills used by radiographers because they are also medical imaging, but these disciplines do not use ionising radiation or X-rays. Although a nonspecialist dictionary might define radiography quite narrowly as "taking X-ray images", this has only been part of the work of radiographers, and radiologists for a very long time. X-rays are also exploited by industrial radiographers in the field of nondestructive testing, where the newer technology of ultrasound is also used.

text: Radiography started in 1895 with the discovery of

text: X-ray

text: s (later also called

text: Röntgen

text: rays after the man who first described their properties in rigorous detail), a type of

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: . Soon these found various applications, from helping to find shoes that fit, to the more lasting medical uses. X-rays were put to diagnostic use very early, before the

text: dangers of ionising radiation

text: were discovered.  Initially, many groups of staff conducted radiography in hospitals, including physicists, photographers, doctors, nurses, and engineers. The medical speciality of

text: radiology

text: grew up around the new technology, and this lasted many years. When new diagnostic tests involving X-rays were developed, it was natural for the

text: radiographer

text: s to be trained and adopt this new technology. This happened first with

text: fluoroscopy

text: computed tomography

text: (1960s), and

text: mammography

text: Ultrasound

text: (1970s) and

text: magnetic resonance imaging

text: (1980s) was added to the list of skills used by radiographers because they are also

text: medical imaging

text: , but these disciplines do not use ionising radiation or X-rays. Although a nonspecialist dictionary might define radiography quite narrowly as "taking X-ray images", this has only been part of the work of

text: radiographers

text: , and

text: radiologists

text: for a very long time. X-rays are also exploited by industrial radiographers in the field of

text: nondestructive testing

text: , where the newer technology of

text: ultrasound

text: is also used.

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answers: X-rays

answers: NDQ_018745

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answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Röntgen

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: X-rays

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Autocommunication is a type of communication in which the sender and receiver are the same individual. The sender emits a signal that is altered by the environment and eventually is received by the same individual. The altered signal provides information that can indicate food, predators or conspecifics. Because the sender and receiver are the same animal, selection pressure maximizes signal efficacy, i.e. the degree to which an emitted signal is correctly identified by a receiver despite propagation distortion and noise.  There are two types of autocommunication.  The first is active electrolocation found in the electric fish Gymnotiformes (knifefishes) and Mormyridae (elephantfish) and also in the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus).  The second type of autocommunication is echolocation, found in bats and Odontoceti.

text: Autocommunication is a type of communication in which the sender and receiver are the same individual. The sender emits a signal that is altered by the environment and eventually is received by the same individual. The altered signal provides information that can indicate food, predators or conspecifics. Because the sender and receiver are the same animal,

text: selection pressure

text: maximizes signal efficacy, i.e. the degree to which an emitted signal is correctly identified by a receiver despite propagation distortion and noise.  There are two types of autocommunication.  The first is active

text: electrolocation

text: found in the

text: electric fish

text: Gymnotiformes

text: (knifefishes) and

text: Mormyridae

text: (elephantfish) and also in the

text: platypus

text: (Ornithorhynchus anatinus).  The second type of autocommunication is

text: echolocation

text: , found in

text: bats

text: and

text: Odontoceti

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answers: echolocation

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answers: predators or conspecifics

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answers: propagation

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: The altered signal provides information that can indicate food, predators or conspecifics

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Three hypotheses are considered to describe how echolocation evolved in the genus Aerodramus and, as determined more recently, other taxa in the Apodidae.  One hypothesis states that echolocation evolved from an ancestral species of swiftlets and was lost in the genera which lack echolocation.  A second hypothesis is that echolocation evolved independently several times.  The third scenario involves a combination of the first two, i.e. a gain-loss-regain scenario.

text: Three hypotheses are considered to describe how echolocation evolved in the genus Aerodramus and, as determined more recently, other taxa in the Apodidae.  One hypothesis states that echolocation evolved from an ancestral species of swiftlets and was lost in the genera which lack echolocation.  A second hypothesis is that echolocation evolved independently several times.  The third scenario involves a combination of the first two, i.e. a gain-loss-regain scenario.

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answers: 1437 m/s

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answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: At this point, the narrative ends and Grisham acknowledges that eventually, the cancerous brain tumor will kill Paul. But the extension of Paul's life and greatly reduced medical bills is worth it. Following this, Grisham explains the details of focused ultrasound therapy, including how it works, how far along the research and testing is for its application in various medical diagnoses, and what obstacles remain for its widespread adoption. The book concludes with an introduction to the Focused Ultrasound Foundation and an appeal for support from the reader.

text: At this point, the narrative ends and Grisham acknowledges that eventually, the cancerous brain tumor will kill Paul. But the extension of Paul's life and greatly reduced medical bills is worth it. Following this, Grisham explains the details of focused ultrasound therapy, including how it works, how far along the research and

text: testing

text: is for its application in various medical diagnoses, and what obstacles remain for its widespread adoption. The book concludes with an introduction to the Focused Ultrasound Foundation and an appeal for support from the reader.

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answers: focused ultrasound therapy

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Ultrasonography will show collection in subphrenic or subhepatic space.

text: Ultrasonography

text: will show collection in subphrenic or subhepatic space.

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answers: Ultrasonography

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answers: 1437 m/s

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Symptoms of congenital PSS usually appear by six months of age and include failure to gain weight, vomiting, and signs of hepatic encephalopathy (a condition where toxins normally removed by the liver accumulate in the blood and impair the function of brain cells) such as seizures, depression, tremors, drooling, and head pressing.  Urate bladder stones may form because of increased amounts of uric acid in circulation and excreted by the kidneys.  Initial diagnosis of PSS is through laboratory bloodwork showing either elevated serum bile acids after eating or elevation of fasting blood ammonia levels, which has been shown to have a higher sensitivity and specificity than the bile acids test.  Various diagnostic imaging techniques are used to demonstrate PSS. Ultrasonography is a rapid, convenient, non-invasive, and accurate method for diagnosis of PSS. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of congenital PSS depends on finding an anomalous vessel either in the liver or just caudal to the liver in the dorsal abdomen, usually draining into the caudal vena cava. Ultrasonography can also be used to estimate hepatic volume and vascularity, and to identify related lesions affecting other abdominal structures, such as urinary calculi. Computed tomography (CT) may be considered when ultrasound expertise is lacking or ultrasonography is considered sub-optimal (e.g. because of the conformation of the patient). Control of respiration and careful timing of CT acquisition after contrast injection is necessary for optimal depiction of PSS. Rectal portal scintigraphy using technetium pertechnetate, a technique of imaging involving detection of gamma rays emitted by radionuclides absorbed through the rectum and into the bloodstream, demonstrates the blood vessel bypassing the liver.  In certain institutions, scintigraphy is the preferred diagnostic technique, but this leaves the patient radioactive for 24h, which may be inconvenient depending on nursing needs. Portal venography is the definitive method for demonstrating PSS, but is invasive, hence it is best reserved for animals with a known shunt or those considered highly likely to have a shunt that was not detectable by ultrasonography.

text: Symptoms of congenital PSS usually appear by six months of age and include failure to gain weight, vomiting, and signs of

text: hepatic encephalopathy

text: (a condition where toxins normally removed by the liver accumulate in the blood and impair the function of brain cells) such as

text: seizure

text: s, depression, tremors, drooling, and

text: head pressing

text: .  Urate

text: bladder stone

text: s may form because of increased amounts of

text: uric acid

text: in circulation and excreted by the kidneys.  Initial diagnosis of PSS is through laboratory bloodwork showing either elevated serum

text: bile acid

text: s after eating or elevation of fasting blood ammonia levels, which has been shown to have a higher

text: sensitivity

text: and

text: specificity

text: than the bile acids test.  Various diagnostic imaging techniques are used to demonstrate PSS. Ultrasonography is a rapid, convenient, non-invasive, and accurate method for diagnosis of PSS. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of congenital PSS depends on finding an anomalous vessel either in the liver or just caudal to the liver in the dorsal abdomen, usually draining into the caudal vena cava. Ultrasonography can also be used to estimate hepatic volume and vascularity, and to identify related lesions affecting other abdominal structures, such as urinary calculi. Computed tomography (CT) may be considered when ultrasound expertise is lacking or ultrasonography is considered sub-optimal (e.g. because of the conformation of the patient). Control of respiration and careful timing of CT acquisition after contrast injection is necessary for optimal depiction of PSS. Rectal portal

text: scintigraphy

text: using

text: technetium pertechnetate

text: , a technique of imaging involving detection of

text: gamma ray

text: s emitted by

text: radionuclide

text: s absorbed through the rectum and into the bloodstream, demonstrates the blood vessel bypassing the liver.  In certain institutions, scintigraphy is the preferred diagnostic technique, but this leaves the patient radioactive for 24h, which may be inconvenient depending on nursing needs. Portal venography is the definitive method for demonstrating PSS, but is invasive, hence it is best reserved for animals with a known shunt or those considered highly likely to have a shunt that was not detectable by ultrasonography.

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answers: Diagnostic imaging techniques are used to demonstrate PSS

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: hepatic volume and vascularity

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Ultrasonography

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Echogenicity (misspelled sometimes as echogenecity) is the ability to bounce an echo, e.g. return the signal in ultrasound examinations. In other words, echogenicity is higher when the surface bouncing the sound echo reflects increased sound waves. Tissues that have higher echogenicity are called "hyperechogenic" and are usually represented with lighter colors on images in medical ultrasonography. In contrast, tissues with lower echogenicity are called "hypoechogenic" and are usually represented with darker colors. Areas that lack echogenicity are called "anechogenic" and are usually displayed as completely dark.

text: Echogenicity (misspelled sometimes as echogenecity) is the ability to bounce an echo, e.g. return the signal in

text: ultrasound

text: examinations. In other words, echogenicity is higher when the surface bouncing the sound echo reflects increased sound waves.

text: Tissues

text: that have higher echogenicity are called "hyperechogenic" and are usually represented with lighter colors on images in

text: medical ultrasonography

text: . In contrast, tissues with lower echogenicity are called "hypoechogenic" and are usually represented with darker colors. Areas that lack echogenicity are called "anechogenic" and are usually displayed as completely dark.

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answers: Tissues that have higher echogenicity

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: Echogenicity

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answers: Tissues

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound examinations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Medical ultrasonography uses high frequency broadband sound waves in the megahertz range that are reflected by tissue to varying degrees to produce (up to 3D) images. This is commonly associated with imaging the fetus in pregnant women. Uses of ultrasound are much broader, however.  Other important uses include imaging the abdominal organs, heart, breast, muscles, tendons, arteries and veins.  While it may provide less anatomical detail than techniques such as CT or MRI, it has several advantages which make it ideal in numerous situations, in particular that it studies the function of moving structures in real-time, emits no ionizing radiation, and contains speckle that can be used in elastography. Ultrasound is also used as a popular research tool for capturing raw data, that can be made available through an ultrasound research interface, for the purpose of tissue characterization and implementation of new image processing techniques. The concepts of ultrasound differ from other medical imaging modalities in the fact that it is operated by the transmission and receipt of sound waves. The high frequency sound waves are sent into the tissue and depending on the composition of the different tissues; the signal will be attenuated and returned at separate intervals.  A path of reflected sound waves in a multilayered structure can be defined by an input acoustic impedance (ultrasound sound wave) and the Reflection and transmission coefficients of the relative structures. It is very safe to use and does not appear to cause any adverse effects. It is also relatively inexpensive and quick to perform. Ultrasound scanners can be taken to critically ill patients in intensive care units, avoiding the danger caused while moving the patient to the radiology department. The real time moving image obtained can be used to guide drainage and biopsy procedures. Doppler capabilities on modern scanners allow the blood flow in arteries and veins to be assessed.

text: Medical ultrasonography

text: uses high frequency

text: broadband

text: sound waves in the

text: megahertz

text: range that are reflected by tissue to varying degrees to produce (up to 3D) images. This is commonly associated with imaging the

text: fetus

text: in pregnant women. Uses of ultrasound are much broader, however.  Other important uses include imaging the abdominal organs, heart, breast, muscles, tendons, arteries and veins.  While it may provide less anatomical detail than techniques such as CT or MRI, it has several advantages which make it ideal in numerous situations, in particular that it studies the function of moving structures in real-time, emits no

text: ionizing radiation

text: , and contains

text: speckle

text: that can be used in

text: elastography

text: . Ultrasound is also used as a popular research tool for capturing raw data, that can be made available through an

text: ultrasound research interface

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answers: Doppler capabilities on modern scanners

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answers: fetus

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answers: Doppler

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answers: Medical ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In his book "L'investigation vasculaire par ultrasonographie Doppler" (Ed Masson, 1977)  Dr Claude Franceschi laid down the Doppler Ultrasound  fundamentals of the hemodynamics semiotics, which are still in use in current Doppler arterial and venous Duplex Ultrasound investigations.

text: In his book "L'investigation vasculaire par ultrasonographie Doppler" (Ed Masson, 1977)  Dr

text: Claude Franceschi

text: laid down the Doppler Ultrasound  fundamentals of the hemodynamics semiotics, which are still in use in current Doppler arterial and venous Duplex Ultrasound investigations.

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answers: semiotics

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: Vascular

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Doppler

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: Doppler Ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is no different from 'normal' (audible) sound in its physical properties, except in that humans cannot hear it. This limit varies from person to person and is approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz) in healthy, young adults. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.

text: Ultrasound is

text: sound wave

text: s with

text: frequencies

text: higher than the upper audible limit of human

text: hearing

text: . Ultrasound is no different from 'normal' (audible) sound in its physical properties, except in that humans cannot hear it. This limit varies from person to person and is approximately 20

text: kilohertz

text: (20,000 hertz) in healthy, young adults. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.

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answers: Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: upper audible limit

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 20,000 hertz

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 20,000 hertz

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Walfish has worked at Mount Sinai Hospital since 1964 as a scientist and a clinician. He helped pioneer techniques of early thyroid cancer detection using fine-needle biopsies and ultrasounds.

text: Walfish has worked at

text: Mount Sinai Hospital

text: since 1964 as a scientist and a clinician. He helped pioneer techniques of early thyroid cancer detection using fine-needle biopsies and ultrasounds.

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answers: thyroid cancer

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answers: ultrasounds

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Tissue Doppler echocardiography (Also called Tissue Doppler Imaging - TDI or Tissue Velocity Imaging - TVI) is a Medical ultrasound technology mainly used in Echocardiography that measures the velocity of the heart muscle or myocardium through the phases of one or more heartbeats by the Doppler effect (frequency shift) of the reflected ultrasound. The technique is the same as for Doppler echocardiography, measuring flow velocities. Tissue signals however, have higher amplitude and lower velocities, and the signals are extracted by using different filter and gain settings. Like Doppler flow, Tissue Doppler can be acquired both by spectral analysis (Spectral density estimation) as pulsed Doppler  and by the  Autocorrelation technique as colour Tissue Doppler  (Duplex ultrasonography). While pulsed Doppler only acquires the velocity at one point at a time, colour Doppler can acquire simultaneous pixel velocity values across the whole imaging field. Pulsed Doppler on the other hand, is more robust against noise, as peak values are measured on top of the spectrum, and are unaffected of the presence of clutter (stationary reverberation noise).

text: Tissue Doppler echocardiography (Also called Tissue Doppler Imaging - TDI or Tissue Velocity Imaging - TVI) is a

text: Medical ultrasound

text: technology mainly used in

text: Echocardiography

text: that measures the velocity of the heart muscle or

text: myocardium

text: through the phases of one or more heartbeats by the

text: Doppler effect

text: (frequency shift) of the reflected ultrasound. The technique is the same as for

text: Doppler echocardiography

text: , measuring flow velocities. Tissue signals however, have higher amplitude and lower velocities, and the signals are extracted by using different filter and gain settings. Like Doppler flow, Tissue Doppler can be acquired both by spectral analysis (

text: Spectral density estimation

text: ) as pulsed Doppler  and by the

text: Autocorrelation

text: technique as colour Tissue Doppler  (

text: Duplex ultrasonography

text: ). While pulsed Doppler only acquires the velocity at one point at a time, colour Doppler can acquire simultaneous pixel velocity values across the whole imaging field. Pulsed Doppler on the other hand, is more robust against noise, as peak values are measured on top of the spectrum, and are unaffected of the presence of clutter (stationary reverberation noise).

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Ultrasonography can be used to guide procedures such as treatment for kidney stones with Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, needle biopsies or paracentesis (needle drainage of free fluid inside the abdominal cavity).

text: Ultrasonography can be used to guide procedures such as treatment for kidney stones with

text: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

text: , needle

text: biopsies

text: or

text: paracentesis

text: (needle drainage of free fluid inside the

text: abdominal cavity

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answers: Ultrasonography

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answers: Ultrasonography

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: For example, in chemical kinetics, it has been observed that ultrasound can greatly enhance chemical reactivity in a number of systems by as much as a million-fold; effectively acting as a catalyst by exciting the atomic and molecular modes of the system (such as the vibrational, rotational, and translational modes). In addition, in reactions that use solids, ultrasound breaks up the solid pieces from the energy released from the bubbles created by cavitation collapsing through them. This gives the solid reactant a larger surface area for the reaction to proceed over, increasing the observed rate of reaction.

text: For example, in

text: chemical kinetics

text: , it has been observed that ultrasound can greatly enhance chemical reactivity in a number of systems by as much as a million-fold; effectively acting as a catalyst by exciting the atomic and molecular modes of the system (such as the vibrational, rotational, and translational modes). In addition, in reactions that use solids, ultrasound breaks up the solid pieces from the energy released from the bubbles created by cavitation collapsing through them. This gives the solid reactant a larger surface area for the reaction to proceed over, increasing the observed rate of reaction.

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answers: chemical kinetics

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: kinetics

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On top of the strengths mentioned in the medical sonography entry, contrast-enhanced ultrasound adds these additional advantages:

text: On top of the strengths mentioned in the

text: medical sonography

text: entry, contrast-enhanced ultrasound adds these additional advantages:

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answers: NDQ_018743

answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: strengths

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed and time

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: sonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A medical imaging device that uses ultrasound for diagnostic purposes and is smaller and lighter than the console style ultrasound machines that preceded them. In most cases these mobile ultrasound systems could be carried by hand and in some cases even operated for a time on battery power alone. The first portable ultrasound machines arrived in the early 1980s but battery powered systems that could be easily carried did not arrive until the late 1990s.

text: A

text: medical imaging

text: device that uses

text: ultrasound for diagnostic purposes

text: and is smaller and lighter than the console style ultrasound machines that preceded them. In most cases these mobile ultrasound systems could be carried by hand and in some cases even operated for a time on battery power alone. The first portable ultrasound machines arrived in the early 1980s but battery powered systems that could be easily carried did not arrive until the late 1990s.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: smaller and lighter

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: The first portable ultrasound machines

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: diagnostic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The auditory system of a land mammal typically works via the transfer of sound waves through the ear canals. Ear canals in seals, sea lions, and walruses are similar to those of land mammals and may function the same way. In whales and dolphins, it is not entirely clear how sound is propagated to the ear, but some studies strongly suggest that sound is channeled to the ear by tissues in the area of the lower jaw. One group of whales, the Odontocetes (toothed whales), use echolocation to determine the position of objects such as prey. The toothed whales are also unusual in that the ears are separated from the skull and placed well apart, which assists them with localizing sounds, an important element for echolocation.

text: The auditory system of a land mammal typically works via the transfer of sound waves through the ear canals. Ear canals in

text: seals

text: sea lions

text: , and

text: walruses

text: are similar to those of land mammals and may function the same way. In whales and dolphins, it is not entirely clear how sound is propagated to the ear, but some studies strongly suggest that sound is channeled to the ear by tissues in the area of the lower jaw. One group of whales, the

text: Odontocetes

text: (toothed whales), use echolocation to determine the position of objects such as prey. The toothed whales are also unusual in that the ears are separated from the skull and placed well apart, which assists them with localizing sounds, an important element for echolocation.

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answers: whales, the Odontocetes

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: position of objects

answers: NDQ_018746

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answers: NDQ_018747

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answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: There is a concomitant monitoring, including frequently checking the estradiol level and, by means of gynecologic ultrasonography, follicular growth. Cycle monitoring by ultrasound plus serum estradiol compared to monitoring by ultrasound only does not increase live birth or pregnancy rates, but may be useful in preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), and may therefore be a used in a subset of women to identify those at high risk of OHSS.

text: There is a concomitant monitoring, including frequently checking the

text: estradiol

text: level and, by means of

text: gynecologic ultrasonography

text: , follicular growth. Cycle monitoring by ultrasound plus serum estradiol compared to monitoring by ultrasound only does not increase live birth or pregnancy rates, but may be useful in preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), and may therefore be a used in a subset of women to identify those at high risk of OHSS.

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answers: 1437 m

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Another advantage of PCI over ultrasound biometry is that the axial length measurement is performed through the visual axis since the patient is asked to fixate into the laser spot. In highly myopic or staphylomatous eyes, this can be particularly advantageous since it can sometimes be difficult to measure the true axial length through the visual axis with an ultrasound probe. PCI is also superior to ultrasound in the measurement of pseudophakic and silicone oil-filled eyes. For optical biometry, it is not as critical how the media change because the correction factor that must be applied is much smaller than in ultrasound biometry. It should be noted that the axial length obtained from PCI may be slightly longer than that obtained from ultrasound. This is due to PCI measuring the distance from the corneal surface to the RPE while ultrasound measures to the anterior retinal surface. Therefore, many IOL measurement machines require refined IOL constants unique to their mechanism.

text: Another advantage of PCI over ultrasound biometry is that the axial length measurement is performed through the visual axis since the patient is asked to fixate into the laser spot. In highly myopic or staphylomatous eyes, this can be particularly advantageous since it can sometimes be difficult to measure the true axial length through the visual axis with an ultrasound probe. PCI is also superior to ultrasound in the measurement of

text: pseudophakic

text: and silicone oil-filled eyes. For optical biometry, it is not as critical how the media change because the correction factor that must be applied is much smaller than in ultrasound biometry. It should be noted that the axial length obtained from PCI may be slightly longer than that obtained from ultrasound. This is due to PCI measuring the distance from the corneal surface to the RPE while ultrasound measures to the anterior retinal surface. Therefore, many IOL measurement machines require refined IOL constants unique to their mechanism.

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answers: The axial length obtained from PCI may be slightly longer than that obtained from ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: axial length

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: distance from the corneal surface to the RPE while ultrasound measures to the anterior retinal surface

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: the axial length obtained from PCI may be slightly longer than that obtained from ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound biometry

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As a sensory adaptation, echolocation has evolved several times, in cetaceans (dolphins and whales), as well as bats. Surprisingly, humans actually are capable of echolocation with training.

text: As a sensory adaptation,

text: echolocation

text: has evolved several times, in

text: cetaceans

text: (dolphins and whales), as well as bats. Surprisingly, humans actually are capable of echolocation with training.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: echolocation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Ultrasonix Medical Corporation is a sonography equipment company specializing in high quality medical ultrasound equipment. Founded in 2000, the company developed the first Open Research Ultrasound Platform called OpenSonix. In 2009, Ultrasonix introduced the SonixTouch Ultrasound System, a leading system configurable for emerging Ultrasound Applications.

text: Ultrasonix Medical Corporation is a

text: sonography

text: equipment company specializing in high quality medical

text: ultrasound

text: equipment. Founded in 2000, the company developed the first Open Research Ultrasound Platform called OpenSonix. In 2009, Ultrasonix introduced the SonixTouch Ultrasound System, a leading system configurable for emerging Ultrasound Applications.

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text: Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a medical imaging methodology using a specially designed catheter with a miniaturized ultrasound probe attached to the distal end of the catheter.  The proximal end of the catheter is attached to computerized ultrasound equipment. It allows the application of ultrasound technology, such as piezoelectric transducer or CMUT, to see from inside blood vessels out through the surrounding blood column, visualizing the endothelium (inner wall) of blood vessels in living individuals.

text: Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a

text: medical imaging

text: methodology using a specially designed

text: catheter

text: with a miniaturized

text: ultrasound

text: probe attached to the distal end of the catheter.  The proximal end of the

text: catheter

text: is attached to computerized

text: ultrasound

text: equipment. It allows the application of

text: ultrasound

text: technology, such as

text: piezoelectric transducer

text: or

entity_name: Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers

text: CMUT

text: , to see from inside

text: blood vessel

text: s out through the surrounding

text: blood

text: column, visualizing the

text: endothelium

text: (inner wall) of

text: blood vessel

text: s in living individuals.

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answers: distal end

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answers: ocean

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answers: IVUS

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: By contrast, studies have shown the value of ultrasonography in diagnosing Hill–Sachs lesions. In a population with recurrent dislocation using findings at surgery as the gold standard, a sensitivity of 96% was demonstrated. In a second study of patients with continuing shoulder instability after trauma, and using double contrast CT as a gold standard, a sensitivity of over 95% was demonstrated for ultrasound. It should be borne in mind that in both those studies, patients were having continuing problems after initial injury, and therefore the presence of a Hill–Sachs lesion was more likely. Nevertheless, ultrasonography, which is noninvasive and free from radiation,  offers important advantages.

text: By contrast, studies have shown the value of

text: ultrasonography

text: in diagnosing Hill–Sachs lesions. In a population with recurrent dislocation using findings at surgery as the gold standard, a sensitivity of 96% was demonstrated. In a second study of patients with continuing shoulder instability after trauma, and using double contrast CT as a gold standard, a sensitivity of over 95% was demonstrated for ultrasound. It should be borne in mind that in both those studies, patients were having continuing problems after initial injury, and therefore the presence of a Hill–Sachs lesion was more likely. Nevertheless, ultrasonography, which is noninvasive and free from radiation,  offers important advantages.

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answers: ultrasonography

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answers: Hill–Sachs lesions

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answers: noninvasive and free from radiation

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Marnix Van Holsbeeck is the director of musculoskeletal radiology in the Department of Radiology and director of radiology in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the Henry Ford Health System. He is an authority in the field of musculoskeletal radiology. He received his undergraduate degree in medical sciences, and post-graduate degree at the renowned Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium. He completed a residency in radiology, followed by a fellowship in musculoskeletal radiology at the University Hospitals in Gasthuisberg, Belgium.  Dr. Van Holsbeeck was a senior lecturer at the Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium and a visiting assistant professor of radiology at the University of Michigan. He serves as primary diagnostic consultant for numerous professional sports teams including the Detroit Tigers, Detroit Red Wings, and Detroit Lions. He has investigated the use of dynamic ultrasonography to detect sports hernia injuries and is the primary investigator for an ongoing, collaborative research project with the United States Olympic Committee and Henry Ford Hospital, which is evaluating the use of ultrasound to diagnose sports injuries in female hockey players. He is also a consultant and co-researcher for NASA and the National Space and Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) in the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Project, which involves teaching ultrasound to the astronaut and cosmonaut crews of the International Space Station to use for medical emergencies. This work has been modified for use on the Earth where his team supports the on-site care of professional sports teams and United States Olympic Committee athletes, Summer and Winter Olympic Games, and the Wayne State University School of Medicine. Van Holsbeeck has been elected to numerous professional organizations and national positions including the Radiologic Society of North America, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, International Skeletal Society, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Society, and the Society of Skeletal Radiologists. Van Holsbeeck has received numerous teaching and professional awards including the President's Medal of the International Skeletal Society and the Belgian Radiologic Society. He serves as a senior reviewer for numerous medical journals and on the editorial board for Ultrasound Quarterly and the Journal of Clinical Ultrasound. He has written over 100 peer-reviewed articles, and is the first author for a leading radiology textbook, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound.

text: Marnix Van Holsbeeck is the director of musculoskeletal radiology in the Department of

text: Radiology

text: and director of radiology in the Department of

text: Orthopaedic Surgery

text: at the

text: Henry Ford Health System

text: . He is an authority in the field of musculoskeletal radiology. He received his undergraduate degree in medical sciences, and post-graduate degree at the renowned

text: Catholic University of Louvain

text: , Belgium. He completed a residency in radiology, followed by a fellowship in musculoskeletal radiology at the University Hospitals in Gasthuisberg, Belgium.  Dr. Van Holsbeeck was a senior lecturer at the Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium and a visiting assistant professor of radiology at the

text: University of Michigan

text: . He serves as primary diagnostic consultant for numerous professional sports teams including the

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Detroit Red Wings

text: , and

text: Detroit Lions

text: . He has investigated the use of dynamic ultrasonography to detect sports hernia injuries and is the primary investigator for an ongoing, collaborative research project with the United States Olympic Committee and

text: Henry Ford Hospital

text: , which is evaluating the use of ultrasound to diagnose sports injuries in female hockey players. He is also a consultant and co-researcher for NASA and the National Space and Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) in the

text: Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity

text: Project, which involves teaching ultrasound to the astronaut and cosmonaut crews of the International Space Station to use for medical emergencies. This work has been modified for use on the Earth where his team supports the on-site care of professional sports teams and United States Olympic Committee athletes, Summer and Winter Olympic Games, and the

entity_name: Wayne State University School of Medicine

text: Wayne State University School of Medicine

text: . Van Holsbeeck has been elected to numerous professional organizations and national positions including the Radiologic Society of North America, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, International Skeletal Society, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Society, and the Society of Skeletal Radiologists. Van Holsbeeck has received numerous teaching and professional awards including the President's Medal of the International Skeletal Society and the Belgian Radiologic Society. He serves as a senior reviewer for numerous medical journals and on the editorial board for

text: Ultrasound Quarterly

text: and the

text: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound

text: . He has written over 100 peer-reviewed articles, and is the first author for a leading radiology textbook, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound.

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answers: Echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: sports injuries in female hockey players

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Society

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Endoscopic ultrasonography is most commonly used in the upper digestive tract and in the respiratory system. The procedure is performed by gastroenterologists or pulmonologists who have had extensive training. For the patient, the procedure feels almost identical to the endoscopic procedure without the ultrasound part, unless ultrasound-guided biopsy of deeper structures is performed.

text: Endoscopic ultrasonography is most commonly used in the upper digestive tract and in the respiratory system. The procedure is performed by

text: gastroenterologist

text: s or

text: pulmonologist

text: s who have had extensive training. For the patient, the procedure feels almost identical to the endoscopic procedure without the ultrasound part, unless ultrasound-guided biopsy of deeper structures is performed.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018743

answers: Endoscopic ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: upper digestive tract and in the respiratory system

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Endoscopic ultrasonography

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Professor Tim Leighton at the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research], University of Southampton, U.K. produced an 83-page paper entitled "What is Ultrasound?" (2007), in which he expressed concern about the growth in commercial products which exploit the discomforting effects of in-air ultrasound (to pests for whom it is within their audible frequency range, or to humans for whom it is not, but who can experience unpleasant subjective effects and, potentially, shifts in the hearing threshold). Leighton claims that commercial products are often advertised with cited levels which cannot be critically accepted due to lack of accepted measurement standards for ultrasound in air, and little understanding of the mechanism by which they may represent a hazard.

text: Professor Tim Leighton at the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research], University of Southampton, U.K. produced an 83-page paper entitled "What is Ultrasound?" (2007), in which he expressed concern about the growth in commercial products which exploit the discomforting effects of in-air ultrasound (to pests for whom it is within their audible frequency range, or to humans for whom it is not, but who can experience unpleasant subjective effects and, potentially, shifts in the hearing threshold). Leighton claims that commercial products are often advertised with cited levels which cannot be critically accepted due to lack of accepted measurement standards for ultrasound in air, and little understanding of the mechanism by which they may represent a hazard.

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answers: Pests

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: frequency range

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Leighton

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Sonar itself has many applications, such as wide-area-search-and-ranging, underwater imaging sonars such as side-scan sonar and acoustic cameras.

text: Sonar itself has many applications, such as wide-area-search-and-ranging, underwater imaging sonars such as

text: side-scan sonar

text: and

text: acoustic cameras

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answers: NDQ_018743

answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: wide-area

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Side-scan

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Unlike arterial ultrasonography, venous ultrasonography is carried out with the probe in a transversal position, (perpendicular to the vein axis).  All collateral veins are better detected this way, including perforator veins, but of most importance is the detection of venous thrombosis. The most reliable sign of thrombosis (even when a good image and color is present) is the absence of compressibility. However, if the probe is parallel to the vein axis, when the examiner compresses it, the probe can slide to the right or to the left giving a false negative for thrombosis as the probe has moved away and the vein will not then be evident. Nevertheless, when the examiner needs to show the head thrombus in a printout, the probe will be presented parallel to the vein axis.

text: Unlike

text: arterial

text: ultrasonography, venous ultrasonography is carried out with the probe in a

text: transversal

text: position, (

text: perpendicular

text: to the vein axis).  All collateral veins are better detected this way, including

text: perforator vein

text: s, but of most importance is the detection of venous

text: thrombosis

text: . The most reliable sign of thrombosis (even when a good image and color is present) is the absence of compressibility. However, if the probe is parallel to the vein axis, when the examiner compresses it, the probe can slide to the right or to the left giving a

text: false negative

text: for thrombosis as the probe has moved away and the vein will not then be evident. Nevertheless, when the examiner needs to show the head thrombus in a printout, the probe will be presented parallel to the vein axis.

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answers: perpendicular

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answers: parallel to the vein axis

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answers: ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Similarly as the 3D ultrasound technique used for pregnant women, AWBU allows to obtain volumetric image data from ultrasound sonography.

text: Similarly as the

text: 3D ultrasound

text: technique used for pregnant women, AWBU allows to obtain volumetric image data from ultrasound sonography.

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answers: echolocation

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answers: volumetric image

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answers: volumetric

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answers: 1437 m

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answers: ultrasound sonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Contrast echocardiography, or Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is the addition of ultrasound contrast medium, or imaging agent, to traditional ultrasonography. The ultrasound contrast is made up of tiny microbubbles filled with a gas core and protein shell. This allows the microbubbles to circulate through the cardiovascular system and return the ultrasound waves creating a highly reflective image. The most commonly used types of ultrasound contrast are known as: Definity® (definityimaging.com) and Optison® (optisonimaging.com). Both have been approved by the FDA. There are multiple applications in which contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be useful. The most commonly used application is in the enhancement of LV endocardial borders for assessment of global and regional systolic function. Contrast may also be used to enhance visualization of wall thickening during stress echocardiography, for the assessment of LV thrombus, or for the assessment of other masses in the heart. Contrast echocardiography has also been used to assess blood perfusion throughout myocardium in the case of coronary artery disease. The Contrast Echo Box developed by the European Association of Echocardiography, and the American Society of Echocardiography Contrast Zone  both offer a complete review of Contrast Echocardiography.

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answers: Contrast echocardiography

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: This allows the microbubbles to circulate through the cardiovascular system and return the ultrasound waves

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: echocardiography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Spit testing with an intact male is generally free and is usually accurate. However, some hormonal conditions in females can make them reject a male when they are in fact not pregnant, and, more rarely, accept a male when they are pregnant. Progesterone tests can give a high reading in some females with a hormonal problem that are in fact not pregnant. Neither of the previous methods, nor palpation, can give a reasonably accurate idea of the age of the fetus, while an ultrasound procedure can. In addition, an ultrasound procedure can distinguish between pregnancy and misleading physical conditions, or between a live and dead fetus. The disadvantages of an ultrasound procedure are cost, some training in the use of ultrasound equipment is required, and not all veterinarians have the equipment needed to perform the examination.

text: Spit testing with an intact male is generally free and is usually accurate. However, some hormonal conditions in females can make them reject a male when they are in fact not pregnant, and, more rarely, accept a male when they are pregnant. Progesterone tests can give a high reading in some females with a hormonal problem that are in fact not pregnant. Neither of the previous methods, nor palpation, can give a reasonably accurate idea of the age of the fetus, while an ultrasound procedure can. In addition, an ultrasound procedure can distinguish between pregnancy and misleading physical conditions, or between a live and dead fetus. The disadvantages of an ultrasound procedure are cost, some training in the use of ultrasound equipment is required, and not all veterinarians have the equipment needed to perform the examination.

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answers: Yes

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answers: age of the fetus

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answers: Speed

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answers: 1437 m/s

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: If the system is used only in the Obstetrics Application, the ultrasound energy is limited by the manufacturer below FDA limits for obstetrical ultrasound, whether scanning 2, 3 or 4 dimensionally. (The FDA limit for obstetrical ultrasound is 94 mW/cm.)  While there has been no conclusive evidence for harmful effects of 3D ultrasounds on a developing fetus, there still remains controversy over its use in non-medical situations, and generally, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) recommends that 3D ultrasounds should be undertaken with the understanding that a risk may exist.

text: If the system is used only in the Obstetrics Application, the ultrasound energy is limited by the manufacturer below FDA limits for obstetrical ultrasound, whether scanning 2, 3 or 4 dimensionally. (The FDA limit for obstetrical ultrasound is 94

text: mW

text: /cm.)  While there has been no conclusive evidence for harmful effects of 3D ultrasounds on a developing fetus, there still remains controversy over its use in non-medical situations, and generally, the

text: American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine

text: (AIUM) recommends that 3D ultrasounds should be undertaken with the understanding that a risk may exist.

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answers: echolocation

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answers: FDA limit

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answers: 94 mW/cm

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Claude Franceschi then tried to decipher more deeply and in detail the hemodynamic meaning of the Doppler signal wave from normal and diseased vessels. He published the results at numerous conferences  and in the French book « L’Investigation vasculaire par ultrasonographie Doppler » (Eng. Vascular Doppler ultrasound investigation) in 1977.

text: Claude Franceschi

text: then tried to decipher more deeply and in detail the hemodynamic meaning of the Doppler signal wave from normal and diseased

text: vessels

text: . He published the results at numerous conferences  and in the French book « L’Investigation vasculaire par ultrasonographie Doppler » (Eng. Vascular Doppler ultrasound investigation) in 1977.

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answers: Doppler signal

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answers: the hemodynamic meaning

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Doppler

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The lesser horseshoe bat is one of the world's smallest bats, weighing only 5 to 9 grams, with a wingspan of 192–254 mm and a body length of 35–45 mm. It has strong feet that it uses to grasp rocks and branches, and can see well in spite of its small eyes. Like most bats, lesser horseshoe bats live in colonies and hunt their prey by echolocation, emitting ultrasound from specialized round pads in their mouth.

text: The lesser horseshoe bat is one of the world's smallest bats, weighing only 5 to 9 grams, with a wingspan of 192–254 mm and a body length of 35–45 mm. It has strong feet that it uses to grasp rocks and branches, and can see well in spite of its small eyes. Like most bats, lesser horseshoe bats live in

text: colonies

text: and hunt their prey by

text: echolocation

text: , emitting

text: ultrasound

text: from specialized round pads in their mouth.

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answers: specialized round pads in their mouth

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answers: 254 mm

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Sonography (ultrasonography) is widely used in medicine. It is possible to perform both diagnosis and therapeutic procedures, using ultrasound to guide interventional procedures (for instance biopsies or drainage of fluid collections). Sonographers are medical professionals who perform scans which are then typically interpreted by themselves or the radiologists, physicians who specialize in the application and interpretation of a wide variety of medical imaging modalities, or by cardiologists in the case of cardiac ultrasonography (echocardiography). Sonographers typically use a hand-held probe (called a transducer) that is placed directly on and moved over the patient. Increasingly, clinicians (physicians and other healthcare professionals who provide direct patient care) are using ultrasound in their office and hospital practices.

text: Sonography (ultrasonography) is widely used in

text: medicine

text: . It is possible to perform both

text: diagnosis

text: and therapeutic procedures, using ultrasound to guide interventional procedures (for instance

text: biopsies

text: or drainage of fluid collections).

text: Sonographer

text: s are medical professionals who perform scans which are then typically interpreted by themselves or the radiologists, physicians who specialize in the application and interpretation of a wide variety of medical imaging modalities, or by cardiologists in the case of cardiac ultrasonography (echocardiography). Sonographers typically use a hand-held probe (called a transducer) that is placed directly on and moved over the patient. Increasingly, clinicians (physicians and other healthcare professionals who provide direct patient care) are using ultrasound in their office and hospital practices.

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answers: to guide interventional procedures

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: transducer

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answers: ocean

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answers: echocardiography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Dolphins (and other odontocetes) rely on echolocation to aid in detecting, identifying, localizing, and capturing prey. Dolphin sonar signals are well suited for localizing multiple, small targets in a three‐dimensional aquatic environment by utilizing highly directional (3 dB beamwidth of about 10 deg), broadband (3 dB bandwidth typically of about 40 kHz; peak frequencies between 40 kHz and 120 kHz), short duration clicks (about 40 μs). Dolphins can localize sounds both passively and actively (echolocation) with a resolution of about 1 deg. Cross‐modal matching (between vision and echolocation) suggests dolphins perceive the spatial structure of complex objects interrogated through echolocation, a feat that likely requires spatially resolving individual object features and integration into a holistic representation of object shape. Although dolphins are sensitive to small, binaural intensity and time differences, mounting evidence suggests dolphins employ position‐dependent spectral cues derived from well developed head‐related transfer functions, for sound localization in both the horizontal and vertical planes. A very small temporal integration time (264 μs) allows localization of multiple targets at varying distances. Localization adaptations include pronounced asymmetry of the skull, nasal sacks, and specialized lipid structures in the forehead and jaws, as well as acoustically isolated middle and inner ears.

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answers: Dolphins and other odontocetes

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answers: a three dimensional aquatic environment

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answers: 264  s

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answers: 1437 m/s

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answers: sonar signals

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: All the future inductions planned by the Indian navy are to be fitted with NPOL designed sonars. The  sonars under development are HUMSA NG (upgrade of the HUMSA sonar), the submarine sonars USHUS (for the Sindhugosh class) and PAYAL for the Arihant class.

text: All the future inductions planned by the Indian navy are to be fitted with NPOL designed sonars. The  sonars under development are HUMSA NG (upgrade of the HUMSA sonar), the submarine sonars USHUS (for the Sindhugosh class) and PAYAL for the Arihant class.

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answers: sonar

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: class

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: HUMSA

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: sonars

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Medical research improves knowledge about the effects of long-term space exposure on the human body, including muscle atrophy, bone loss, and fluid shift. This data will be used to determine whether lengthy human spaceflight and space colonisation are feasible. , data on bone loss and muscular atrophy suggest that there would be a significant risk of fractures and movement problems if astronauts landed on a planet after a lengthy interplanetary cruise, such as the six-month interval required to travel to Mars.Medical studies are conducted aboard the ISS on behalf of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity study in which astronauts perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts. The study considers the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions in space. Usually, there is no physician on board the ISS and diagnosis of medical conditions is a challenge. It is anticipated that remotely guided ultrasound scans will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations where access to a trained physician is difficult.

text: Medical research improves knowledge about the effects of long-term space exposure on the human body, including

text: muscle atrophy

text: bone loss

text: , and fluid shift. This data will be used to determine whether lengthy

text: human spaceflight

text: and

text: space colonisation

text: are feasible. , data on bone loss and muscular atrophy suggest that there would be a significant risk of fractures and movement problems if astronauts landed on a planet after a lengthy interplanetary cruise, such as the six-month interval required to

text: travel to Mars

text: .Medical studies are conducted aboard the ISS on behalf of the

text: National Space Biomedical Research Institute

text: (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the

text: Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity

text: study in which astronauts perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts. The study considers the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions in space. Usually, there is no physician on board the ISS and diagnosis of medical conditions is a challenge. It is anticipated that remotely guided ultrasound scans will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations where access to a trained physician is difficult.

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answers: diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions in space

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Mars

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answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound scans

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Blockage of the main parotid duct, or one of its branches, is often a primary cause of acute parotitis, with further inflammation secondary to bacterial superinfection.  The blockage may be from a salivary stone, a mucous plug, or, more rarely, by a tumor, usually benign.  Salivary stones (also called sialolithiasis, or salivary duct calculus) are mainly made of calcium, but do not indicate any kind of calcium disorder. Stones may be diagnosed via X-ray (with a success rate of about 80%), a computed tomography (CT) scan or Medical ultrasonography.  Stones may be removed by manipulation in the doctor's office, or, in the worst cases, by surgery.  Lithotripsy, also known as "shock wave"  treatment, is best known for its use breaking up kidney stones.  Lithotripsy can now be used on salivary stones as well.  Ultrasound waves break up the stones, and the fragments flush out of the salivary duct.

text: Blockage of the main parotid duct, or one of its branches, is often a primary cause of acute parotitis, with further inflammation secondary to

text: bacteria

text: l

text: superinfection

text: .  The blockage may be from a salivary stone, a

text: mucous

text: plug, or, more rarely, by a tumor, usually benign.  Salivary stones (also called

text: sialolithiasis

text: , or salivary duct calculus) are mainly made of

text: calcium

text: , but do not indicate any kind of calcium disorder. Stones may be diagnosed via

text: X-ray

text: (with a success rate of about 80%), a

text: computed tomography

text: (CT) scan or

text: Medical ultrasonography

text: .  Stones may be removed by manipulation in the doctor's office, or, in the worst cases, by surgery.

text: Lithotripsy

text: , also known as "shock wave"  treatment, is best known for its use breaking up

text: kidney stone

text: s.  Lithotripsy can now be used on salivary stones as well.  Ultrasound waves break up the stones, and the fragments flush out of the salivary duct.

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answers: Ultrasound waves

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: Salivary stones

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: One challenge that ultrasound operators face is keeping the transducer positioned over the part of the fetus the operator is trying to visualize. When fetuses move away from the stream of high-frequency sound waves, they may be feeling vibrations, heat or both. The FDA warned in 2004, "ultrasound is a form of energy, and even at low levels, laboratory studies have shown it can produce physical effect in tissue, such as mechanical vibrations and a rise in temperature." This is consistent with research conducted in 2001 in which an ultrasound transducer aimed directly at a miniature hydrophone placed in a woman's uterus recorded sound "as loud as a subway train coming into the station."

text: One challenge that ultrasound operators face is keeping the transducer positioned over the part of the fetus the operator is trying to visualize. When fetuses move away from the stream of high-frequency sound waves, they may be feeling vibrations, heat or both. The FDA warned in 2004, "ultrasound is a form of energy, and even at low levels, laboratory studies have shown it can produce physical effect in tissue, such as mechanical vibrations and a rise in temperature." This is consistent with research conducted in 2001 in which an ultrasound transducer aimed directly at a miniature hydrophone placed in a woman's uterus recorded sound "as loud as a subway train coming into the station."

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answers: The FDA warned in 2004

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On 18 March, a surface search in the southern Indian Ocean, led by Australia, began; it continued until 28 April and searched  of ocean. On 24 March 2014, Malaysia's Prime Minister announced that Flight 370 ended in the southern Indian Ocean with no survivors. In early April, an effort to find the signals emitted from underwater locator beacons (ULBs) attached to the aircraft's flight recorders, which have a 30- to 40-day battery life, was made. Some possible ULB detections were made and a seafloor sonar survey in the vicinity of the detections to scan the seafloor was initiated. The seafloor sonar survey ended on 28 May and scanned  of seafloor. Neither the surface search nor the seafloor sonar survey found any objects related to Flight 370.

text: On 18 March, a surface search in the southern Indian Ocean, led by Australia, began; it continued until 28 April and searched  of ocean. On 24 March 2014, Malaysia's Prime Minister announced that Flight 370 ended in the southern Indian Ocean with no survivors. In early April, an effort to find the signals emitted from

text: underwater locator beacon

text: s (ULBs) attached to the aircraft's

text: flight recorder

text: s, which have a 30- to 40-day battery life, was made. Some possible ULB detections were made and a seafloor sonar survey in the vicinity of the detections to scan the seafloor was initiated. The seafloor sonar survey ended on 28 May and scanned  of seafloor. Neither the surface search nor the seafloor sonar survey found any objects related to Flight 370.

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answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: In A-scan ultrasound biometry, a crystal oscillates to generate a high-frequency sound wave that penetrates into the eye. When the sound wave encounters a media interface, part of the sound wave is reflected back toward the probe. These echoes allow us to calculate the distance between the probe and various structures in the eye. Ultrasonography does not measure the distance but rather the time required for a sound pulse to travel from the cornea to the retina. The speed of sound varies in different parts of the eye. The eye is divided ultrasonographically into four components:Cornea, Anterior chamber, Lens thickness and Vitreous cavity. The velocity of sound in these compartments are 1620, 1532, 1641, 1532 m/s respectively. Through normal eyes an average velocity of 1555 m/s is accepted for calculation. Modern instruments use separate sound velocities for the different eye components to obtain the total axial length.  The measured transit time is converted to a distance using the formula d=t/v Where d is the distance, t is the time and v is the velocity.

text: In A-scan ultrasound biometry, a crystal oscillates to generate a high-frequency sound wave that penetrates into the eye. When the sound wave encounters a media interface, part of the sound wave is reflected back toward the probe. These echoes allow us to calculate the distance between the probe and various structures in the eye. Ultrasonography does not measure the distance but rather the time required for a sound pulse to travel from the cornea to the

text: retina

text: . The speed of sound varies in different parts of the eye. The eye is divided ultrasonographically into four components:Cornea, Anterior chamber, Lens thickness and Vitreous cavity. The velocity of sound in these compartments are 1620, 1532, 1641, 1532 m/s respectively. Through normal eyes an average velocity of 1555 m/s is accepted for calculation. Modern instruments use separate sound velocities for the different eye components to obtain the total axial length.  The measured transit time is converted to a distance using the formula d=t/v Where d is the distance, t is the time and v is the velocity.

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answers: d=t/v

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answers: ultrasound biometry

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In physics, the term "ultrasound" applies to all acoustic energy with a frequency above the audible range of human hearing. The audible range of sound is 20 hertz – 20 kilohertz. Ultrasound frequency is greater than 20 kilohertz.

text: In physics, the term "ultrasound" applies to all acoustic energy with a frequency above the audible range of human hearing. The audible range of sound is 20 hertz – 20

text: kilohertz

text: . Ultrasound frequency is greater than 20 kilohertz.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: audible range

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 20 hertz

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Bat detectors are used to detect the presence of bats and also help form conclusions about their species. Some bat calls are distinct and easy to recognise such as the Horseshoe bats; other calls are less distinct between similar species. While bats can vary their calls as they fly and hunt, the ear can be trained to recognise species according to the frequency ranges and repetition rates of the echolocation calls. Bats also emit social calls (non-echolocation calls) at ultrasound frequencies.

text: Bat detectors are used to detect the presence of bats and also help form conclusions about their species. Some bat calls are distinct and easy to recognise such as the

text: Horseshoe bat

text: s; other calls are less distinct between similar species. While bats can vary their calls as they fly and hunt, the ear can be trained to recognise species according to the frequency ranges and repetition rates of the echolocation calls. Bats also emit social calls (non-echolocation calls) at ultrasound frequencies.

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answers: bats

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answers: Bats also emit social calls

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: bats can vary their calls as they fly and hunt

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answers: 1437 m/s

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound can also be used, particularly to identify the health of blood vessels, and a Doppler ultrasound of the carotid arteries or Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs can be used to evaluate for narrowing of the carotid arteries or thrombus formation in the legs, respectively.

text: Ultrasound

text: can also be used, particularly to identify the health of blood vessels, and a

text: Doppler ultrasound

text: of the

text: carotid arteries

text: or

text: Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs

text: can be used to evaluate for narrowing of the carotid arteries or

text: thrombus

text: formation in the legs, respectively.

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answers: Doppler ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: health of blood vessels

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Doppler ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound is commonly used in the evaluation of people who have sustained physical trauma, for example with the FAST protocol. Ultrasound may be more sensitive than chest X-rays in the identification of pneumothorax after blunt trauma to the chest. Ultrasound may also provide a rapid diagnosis in other emergency situations, and allow the quantification of the size of the pneumothorax. Several particular features on ultrasonography of the chest can be used to confirm or exclude the diagnosis.

text: Ultrasound

text: is commonly used in the evaluation of people who have sustained physical trauma, for example with the

entity_name: Focused assessment with sonography for trauma

text: FAST protocol

text: . Ultrasound may be more sensitive than chest X-rays in the identification of pneumothorax after

text: blunt trauma

text: to the chest. Ultrasound may also provide a rapid diagnosis in other emergency situations, and allow the quantification of the size of the pneumothorax. Several particular features on ultrasonography of the chest can be used to confirm or exclude the diagnosis.

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answers: Ultrasonography

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: pneumothorax

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: FAST protocol

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Sonar Technicians are separated into two categories, STG (sonar technician surface) who are on surface ships and STS (sonar technician submarine) who operate on submarines.

text: Sonar Technicians are separated into two categories, STG (sonar technician surface) who are on surface ships and STS (sonar technician submarine) who operate on

text: submarine

text: s.

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answers: NDQ_018743

answers: Sonar

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: STS

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Sonar

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The two modern parvorders of cetaceans – Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales) – are thought to have separated from each other, and the archaeocetes, around 28-33 million years ago in a second cetacean radiation, the first occurring with the archaeocetes. The adaptation of echolocation in toothed whales distinguishes them from fully aquatic archaeocetes and early baleen whales. The presence of baleen in baleen whales occurred gradually, with earlier varieties having very little baleen, and their size is linked to baleen dependence (and subsequent increase in filter feeding).

text: The two modern

text: parvorder

text: s of cetaceans –

text: Mysticeti

text: (baleen whales) and

text: Odontoceti

text: (toothed whales) – are thought to have separated from each other, and the

text: archaeocetes

text: , around 28-33 million years ago in a second cetacean

text: radiation

text: , the first occurring with the archaeocetes. The adaptation of echolocation in toothed whales distinguishes them from fully aquatic archaeocetes and

text: early baleen whales

text: . The presence of

text: baleen

text: in baleen whales occurred gradually, with earlier varieties having very little baleen, and their size is linked to baleen dependence (and subsequent increase in filter feeding).

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answers: echolocation

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 28-33 million years ago

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 28-33 million years

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: echolocation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Arriving in New York City, Sonar is able to use the sounds of Manhattan against Green Lantern Kyle Rayner. The battle was joined when the Flash tracked the villain to the Big Apple. Sonar is defeated when the Flash accelerates him faster than sound. Rayner takes Sonar to the Slabside Island Maximum Security Prison.

text: Arriving in

text: New York City

text: , Sonar is able to use the sounds of Manhattan against Green Lantern

text: Kyle Rayner

text: . The battle was joined when the Flash tracked the villain to the Big Apple. Sonar is defeated when the Flash accelerates him faster than sound. Rayner takes Sonar to the Slabside Island Maximum Security Prison.

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answers: Sonar

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: battle

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: faster than sound

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Sonar

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The bulk modulus is defined by short range molecular interaction forces and depends mainly on molecular composition of tissue which is typically 75% water with little variation. In contrast to that, the shear modulus is defined by long range interactions and is highly sensitive to structural changes.  The wide range of variability makes the shear elasticity modulus and, respectively, the shear wave speed, highly sensitive to physiological and pathological structural changes of tissue. For this reason, the use of shear waves in new diagnostic methods and devices has been extensively investigated over the last two decades. Numerous new methods were developed most notable of which are Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging (SWEI), Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE), Supersonic Shear Imaging  (SSI), Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV), Harmonic Motion Imaging (HMI), Comb-push Ultrasound Shear Elastography (CUSE), and Spatially Modulated Ultrasound Radiation Force (SMURF).

text: The bulk modulus is defined by short range molecular interaction forces and depends mainly on molecular composition of tissue which is typically 75% water with little variation. In contrast to that, the shear modulus is defined by long range interactions and is highly sensitive to structural changes.  The wide range of variability makes the shear elasticity modulus and, respectively, the shear wave speed, highly sensitive to physiological and pathological structural changes of tissue. For this reason, the use of shear waves in new diagnostic methods and devices has been extensively investigated over the last two decades. Numerous new methods were developed most notable of which are

text: Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging

text: (SWEI),

text: Magnetic Resonance Elastography

text: (MRE), Supersonic Shear Imaging  (SSI), Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV), Harmonic Motion Imaging (HMI), Comb-push Ultrasound Shear Elastography (CUSE), and Spatially Modulated Ultrasound Radiation Force (SMURF).

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answers: Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: shear wave speed

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: spatially

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Medical sonography (ultrasonography) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic medical imaging technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and many internal organs, to capture their size, structure and any pathological lesions with real time tomographic images. Ultrasound has been used by radiologists and sonographers to image the human body for at least 50 years and has become a widely used diagnostic tool. The technology is relatively inexpensive and portable, especially when compared with other techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). Ultrasound is also used to visualize fetuses during routine and emergency prenatal care. Such diagnostic applications used during pregnancy are referred to as obstetric sonography. As currently applied in the medical field, properly performed ultrasound poses no known risks to the patient. Sonography does not use ionizing radiation, and the power levels used for imaging are too low to cause adverse heating or pressure effects in tissue.Although the long-term effects due to ultrasound exposure at diagnostic intensity are still unknown, currently most doctors feel that the benefits to patients outweigh the risks. The ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle has been advocated for an ultrasound examination – that is, keeping the scanning time and power settings as low as possible but consistent with diagnostic imaging – and that by that principle non-medical uses, which by definition are not necessary, are actively discouraged.

text: Medical sonography (ultrasonography) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic

text: medical imaging

text: technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and many internal organs, to capture their size, structure and any pathological

text: lesion

text: s with real time tomographic images. Ultrasound has been used by

text: radiologists

text: and

text: sonographer

text: s to image the human body for at least 50 years and has become a widely used diagnostic tool. The technology is relatively inexpensive and portable, especially when compared with other techniques, such as

text: magnetic resonance imaging

text: (MRI) and

text: computed tomography

text: (CT). Ultrasound is also used to visualize fetuses during routine and emergency

text: prenatal care

text: . Such diagnostic applications used during

text: pregnancy

text: are referred to as

text: obstetric sonography

text: . As currently applied in the medical field, properly performed ultrasound poses no known risks to the patient. Sonography does not use

text: ionizing radiation

text: , and the power levels used for imaging are too low to cause adverse heating or pressure effects in tissue.Although the long-term effects due to ultrasound exposure at diagnostic intensity are still unknown, currently most doctors feel that the benefits to patients outweigh the risks. The ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle has been advocated for an ultrasound examination – that is, keeping the scanning time and power settings as low as possible but consistent with diagnostic imaging – and that by that principle non-medical uses, which by definition are not necessary, are actively discouraged.

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answers: relatively inexpensive and portable

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answers: echolocation

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answers: to visualize muscles, tendons, and many internal organs

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answers: ALARA

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answers: 1437 m

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answers: Medical sonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The insects advertise these defenses with aposematic bright coloration, unusual postures, odours, or, in adults, ultrasonic vibrations. Some mimic moths that are poisonous or wasps that sting. The ultrasound signals help nocturnal predators to learn to avoid the moths, and for some species can jam bat echolocation.

text: The insects advertise these defenses with

text: aposematic

text: bright coloration, unusual postures, odours, or, in adults, ultrasonic vibrations. Some

text: mimic

text: moths that are poisonous or

text: wasp

text: s that sting. The ultrasound signals help nocturnal predators to learn to avoid the moths, and for some species can

text: jam bat echolocation

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answers: Adults

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: As a discipline and in its widest sense, it is part of biological imaging and incorporates radiology which uses the imaging technologies of X-ray radiography, magnetic resonance imaging,  medical ultrasonography or ultrasound, endoscopy, elastography, tactile imaging, thermography, medical photography and nuclear medicine functional imaging techniques as positron emission tomography (PET) and Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

text: As a discipline and in its widest sense, it is part of

text: biological imaging

text: and incorporates

text: radiology

text: which uses the imaging technologies of X-ray

text: radiography

text: magnetic resonance imaging

text: medical ultrasonography

text: or ultrasound,

text: endoscopy

text: elastography

text: tactile imaging

text: thermography

text: medical photography

text: and

text: nuclear medicine

text: functional imaging

text: techniques as

text: positron emission tomography

text: (PET) and

text: Single-photon emission computed tomography

text: SPECT

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answers: SPECT

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answers: ocean

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answers: endoscopy

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Echolocation has been further  developed by Daniel Kish, who works with the blind, leading blind teenagers hiking and mountain-biking through the wilderness and teaching them how to navigate new locations safely, with a technique that he calls "FlashSonar", through the non-profit organization World Access for the Blind. Kish had his eyes removed at the age of 13 months due to retinal cancer. He learned to make palatal clicks with his tongue when he was still a child—and now trains other blind people in the use of echolocation and in what he calls "Perceptual Mobility".  Though at first resistant to using a cane for mobility, seeing it as a "handicapped" device, and considering himself "not handicapped at all", Kish developed a technique using his white cane combined with echolocation to further expand his mobility.

text: Echolocation has been further  developed by Daniel Kish, who works with the blind, leading blind teenagers hiking and mountain-biking through the wilderness and teaching them how to navigate new locations safely, with a technique that he calls "FlashSonar", through the non-profit organization

text: World Access for the Blind

text: . Kish had his eyes removed at the age of 13 months due to

text: retinal cancer

text: . He learned to make

text: palatal clicks

text: with his tongue when he was still a child—and now trains other blind people in the use of echolocation and in what he calls "Perceptual Mobility".  Though at first resistant to using a cane for mobility, seeing it as a "handicapped" device, and considering himself "not handicapped at all", Kish developed a technique using his white cane combined with echolocation to further expand his mobility.

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answers: Echolocation

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answers: locations safely

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answers: Hiking

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answers: 1437 m/s

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The marine animals of Oligocene oceans resembled today's fauna, such as the bivalves. Calcareous cirratulids appeared in the Oligocene. The fossil record of marine mammals is a little spotty during this time, and not as well known as the Eocene or Miocene, but some fossils have been found. The baleen whales and toothed whales had just appeared, and their ancestors, the archaeocete cetaceans began to decrease in diversity due to their lack of echolocation, which was very useful as the water became colder and cloudier. Other factors to their decline could include climate changes and competition with today's modern cetaceans and the carcharhinid sharks, which also appeared in this epoch. Early desmostylians, like Behemotops, are known from the Oligocene. Pinnipeds appeared near the end of the epoch from an otter-like ancestor.

text: The marine animals of Oligocene oceans resembled today's fauna, such as the

text: bivalves

text: . Calcareous

text: cirratulids

text: appeared in the Oligocene. The fossil record of marine mammals is a little spotty during this time, and not as well known as the Eocene or Miocene, but some fossils have been found. The

text: baleen whale

text: s and

text: toothed whales

text: had just appeared, and their ancestors, the

text: archaeocete

text: cetacean

text: s began to decrease in diversity due to their lack of echolocation, which was very useful as the water became colder and cloudier. Other factors to their decline could include climate changes and competition with today's modern cetaceans and the

text: carcharhinid

text: shark

text: s, which also appeared in this epoch. Early

text: desmostylia

text: ns, like

text: Behemotops

text: , are known from the Oligocene.

text: Pinnipeds

text: appeared near the end of the epoch from an

text: otter

text: -like ancestor.

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answers: Oligocene

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answers: Oligocene

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Upon gynecologic ultrasound, a potential finding is tubo-ovarian complex, which is edematous and dilated pelvic structures as evidenced by vague margins, but without abscess formation.

text: Upon

text: gynecologic ultrasound

text: , a potential finding is tubo-ovarian complex, which is

text: edema

text: tous and dilated pelvic structures as evidenced by vague margins, but without

text: abscess

text: formation.

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answers: vague margins

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: tubo-ovarian

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Therapeutic ultrasound refers generally to any type of ultrasonic procedure that uses ultrasound for therapeutic benefit.  This includes HIFU, lithotripsy, targeted ultrasound drug delivery, trans-dermal ultrasound drug delivery, ultrasound hemostasis, cancer therapy, and ultrasound assisted thrombolysis It may use focused ultrasound (FUS) or unfocused ultrasound.

text: Therapeutic ultrasound refers generally to any type of ultrasonic procedure that uses

text: ultrasound

text: for

text: therapeutic

text: benefit.  This includes

text: HIFU

text: lithotripsy

text: , targeted ultrasound drug delivery, trans-dermal ultrasound drug delivery, ultrasound

text: hemostasis

text: cancer therapy

text: , and ultrasound assisted

text: thrombolysis

text: It may use focused ultrasound (FUS) or unfocused ultrasound.

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answers: unfocused ultrasound

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The prevention or reduction of background noise is important in the field of active noise control. It is an important consideration with the use of ultrasound (e.g. for medical diagnosis or imaging), sonar and sound reproduction.

text: The prevention or reduction of background noise is important in the field of

text: active noise control

text: . It is an important consideration with the use of

text: ultrasound

text: (e.g. for medical diagnosis or imaging),

text: sonar

text: and

text: sound reproduction

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answers: Sonar

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answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The combination of oxalic acid with ultrasound fully degrades chrysotile asbestos fibers.

text: The combination of

text: oxalic acid

text: with

text: ultrasound

text: fully degrades chrysotile asbestos fibers.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: fully degrades

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed = time

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: There is no universal agreement on what should be the standard way of treating the condition. In a recent review article, antibiotics treatment, ultrasound evaluation and, if fluid is present, ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of the abscess with an 18 gauge needle, under saline lavage until clear, has been suggested as initial line of treatment for breast abscess in puerperal and non-puerperal cases including central (subareolar) abscess (see breast abscess for details). Elsewhere, it has been stated that treatment of subareolar abscess is unlikely to work if it does not address the ducts as such.

text: There is no universal agreement on what should be the standard way of treating the condition. In a recent review article, antibiotics treatment, ultrasound evaluation and, if fluid is present,

text: ultrasound

text: -guided

text: fine needle aspiration

text: of the abscess with an

text: 18 gauge

text: needle

text: , under saline lavage until clear, has been suggested as initial line of treatment for breast abscess in puerperal and non-puerperal cases including central (subareolar) abscess (see

text: breast abscess

text: for details). Elsewhere, it has been stated that treatment of subareolar abscess is unlikely to work if it does not address the ducts as such.

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answers: ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: no universal agreement

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: breast abscess

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A transvaginal ultrasound can reveal the condition.

text: A transvaginal ultrasound can reveal the condition.

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answers: echolocation

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answers: transvaginal

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: The term echolocation was coined by Donald Griffin, whose work with Robert Galambos was the first to conclusively demonstrate its existence in bats in 1938.As Griffin described in his book, the 18th century Italian scientist Lazzaro Spallanzani had, by means of a series of elaborate experiments, concluded that bats navigate by hearing and not by vision. In 1912, Sir Hiram Maxim had independently proposed that bats used sound below the human auditory range to avoid obstacles.  In 1920, the English physiologist Hartridge proposed instead that bats used frequencies above the range of human hearing, which ultimately proved to be the case

text: The term echolocation was coined by

text: Donald Griffin

text: , whose work with

text: Robert Galambos

text: was the first to conclusively demonstrate its existence in bats in 1938.As Griffin described in his book, the 18th century Italian scientist

text: Lazzaro Spallanzani

text: had, by means of a series of elaborate experiments, concluded that bats navigate by hearing and not by vision. In 1912, Sir Hiram Maxim had independently proposed that bats used sound below the human auditory range to avoid obstacles.  In 1920, the English physiologist Hartridge proposed instead that bats used frequencies above the range of human hearing, which ultimately proved to be the case

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answers: below the human auditory range

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answers: Ultrasonography

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answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: As part of the TERMES project, the Harvard team designed each robot to perform a few simple behaviors: to move forward, move backward, turn, move up or down a step the size of a specially designed brick, and to move while carrying a brick on top of it. To perform these locomotor behaviors, each robot was equipped with whegs. To detect features of its environment and other robots, each robot was equipped with the following sensors: seven infrared sensors to detect black and white patterns for navigation; an accelerometer to detect tilt angle for climbing; and five ultrasound sonar detectors for determining distance from the perimeter and to nearby robots. To lift, lower, and place the specially designed bricks, each robot had an arm with a spring-loaded gripper to hold a brick while carried. The project's specially designed construction bricks were 21.5 cm × 21.5 cm × 4.5 cm, which was bigger than the footprint (17.5 cm × 11.0 cm) of the robots.

text: As part of the TERMES project, the Harvard team designed each robot to perform a few simple behaviors: to move forward, move backward, turn, move up or down a step the size of a specially designed brick, and to move while carrying a brick on top of it. To perform these locomotor behaviors, each robot was equipped with

text: whegs

text: . To detect features of its environment and other robots, each robot was equipped with the following sensors: seven

text: infrared sensors

text: to detect black and white patterns for navigation; an

text: accelerometer

text: to detect tilt angle for climbing; and five

text: ultrasound

text: sonar

text: detectors for determining distance from the perimeter and to nearby robots. To lift, lower, and place the specially designed bricks, each robot had an arm with a spring-loaded gripper to hold a brick while carried. The project's specially designed construction bricks were 21.5 cm × 21.5 cm × 4.5 cm, which was bigger than the footprint (17.5 cm × 11.0 cm) of the robots.

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answers: echolocation

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answers: distance from the perimeter

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answers: Accelerometer

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 17.5 cm  11.0 cm

answers: NDQ_018748

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Because bats use echolocation to orient themselves and to locate objects, their auditory systems are adapted for this purpose, highly specialized for sensing and interpreting the stereotyped echolocation calls characteristic of their own species.  This specialization is evident from the inner ear up to the highest levels of information processing in the auditory cortex.

text: Because bats use echolocation to orient themselves and to locate objects, their auditory systems are adapted for this purpose, highly specialized for sensing and interpreting the stereotyped echolocation calls characteristic of their own species.  This specialization is evident from the inner ear up to the highest levels of information processing in the auditory cortex.

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answer: No

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text: Female foeticide has been linked to the arrival, in the early 1990s, of affordable ultrasound technology and its widespread adoption in India. Obstetric ultrasonography, either transvaginally or transabdominally, checks for various markers of fetal sex. It can be performed at or after week 12 of pregnancy. At this point,  of fetal sexes can be correctly determined, according to a 2001 study. Accuracy for males is approximately 50% and for females almost 100%. When performed after week 13 of pregnancy, ultrasonography gives an accurate result in almost 100% of cases.

text: Female foeticide has been linked to the arrival, in the early 1990s, of affordable

text: ultrasound

text: technology and its widespread adoption in India.

text: Obstetric ultrasonography

text: , either transvaginally or transabdominally, checks for various markers of fetal sex. It can be performed at or after week 12 of pregnancy. At this point,  of fetal sexes can be correctly determined, according to a 2001 study. Accuracy for males is approximately 50% and for females almost 100%. When performed after week 13 of pregnancy, ultrasonography gives an accurate result in almost 100% of cases.

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answer: Yes

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text: The term "echolocation" was coined by zoologist Donald Griffin in 1944; however, reports of blind humans being able to locate silent objects date back to 1749. Human echolocation has been known and formally studied since at least the 1950s. In earlier times, human echolocation was sometimes described as "facial vision" or "obstacle sense," as it was believed that the proximity of nearby objects caused pressure changes on the skin. Only in the 1940s did a series of experiments performed in the Cornell Psychological Laboratory show that sound and hearing, rather than pressure changes on the skin, were the mechanisms driving this ability. The field of human and animal echolocation was surveyed in book form as early as 1959. See also White, et al. (1970)

text: The term "echolocation" was coined by zoologist Donald Griffin in 1944; however, reports of blind humans being able to locate silent objects date back to 1749. Human echolocation has been known and formally studied since at least the 1950s. In earlier times, human echolocation was sometimes described as "facial vision" or "obstacle sense," as it was believed that the proximity of nearby objects caused pressure changes on the skin. Only in the 1940s did a series of experiments performed in the Cornell Psychological Laboratory show that sound and hearing, rather than pressure changes on the skin, were the mechanisms driving this ability. The field of human and animal echolocation was surveyed in book form as early as 1959. See also White, et al. (1970)

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answers: Animal echolocation was surveyed in book form as early as 1959.

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answers: Ultrasonography

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text: Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and transcranial color Doppler (TCCD) are types of Doppler ultrasonography that measure the velocity of blood flow through the brain's blood vessels by measuring the echoes of ultrasound waves moving transcranially (through the cranium). These modes of medical imaging conduct a spectral analysis of the acoustic signals they receive and can therefore be classified as methods of active acoustocerebrography. They are used as tests to help diagnose emboli, stenosis, vasospasm from a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding from a ruptured aneurysm), and other problems. These relatively quick and inexpensive tests are growing in popularity. The tests are effective for detecting sickle cell disease, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, subarachnoid hemorrhage, arteriovenous malformations, and cerebral circulatory arrest. The tests are possibly useful for perioperative monitoring and meningeal infection. The equipment used for these tests is becoming increasingly portable, making it possible for a clinician to travel to a hospital, to a doctor's office, or to a nursing home for both inpatient and outpatient studies. The tests are often used in conjunction with other tests such as MRI, MRA, carotid duplex ultrasound and CT scans. The tests are also used for research in cognitive neuroscience (see Functional transcranial Doppler, below).

text: Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and transcranial color Doppler (TCCD) are types of

text: Doppler ultrasonography

text: that measure the velocity of

text: blood flow

text: through the

text: brain

text: 's

text: blood vessel

text: s by measuring the echoes of

text: ultrasound

text: waves moving transcranially (through the

text: cranium

text: ). These modes of

text: medical imaging

text: conduct a spectral analysis of the acoustic signals they receive and can therefore be classified as methods of active

text: acoustocerebrography

text: . They are used as

text: tests

text: to help diagnose

text: emboli

text: stenosis

text: vasospasm

text: from a subarachnoid

text: hemorrhage

text: (bleeding from a ruptured

text: aneurysm

text: ), and other problems. These relatively quick and inexpensive tests are growing in popularity. The tests are effective for detecting

text: sickle cell disease

text: ischemic

text: cerebrovascular disease,

text: subarachnoid hemorrhage

text: arteriovenous malformations

text: , and

text: cerebral circulatory arrest

text: . The tests are possibly useful for

text: perioperative

text: monitoring and

text: meningeal infection

text: . The equipment used for these tests is becoming increasingly portable, making it possible for a clinician to travel to a hospital, to a doctor's office, or to a nursing home for both inpatient and outpatient studies. The tests are often used in conjunction with other tests such as

text: MRI

text: MRA

text: carotid

text: duplex

text: ultrasound

text: and

text: CT scan

text: s. The tests are also used for research in

text: cognitive neuroscience

text: (see Functional transcranial Doppler, below).

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As the Scientific Advisor of ESAOTE Company, Claude Franceschi participated in technological and ergonomic advances of Doppler ultrasound machines. In addition, he produced invention patents to improve the diagnosis and care of patients.

text: As the Scientific Advisor of ESAOTE Company, Claude Franceschi participated in technological and

text: ergonomic

text: advances of Doppler ultrasound machines. In addition, he produced invention patents to improve the diagnosis and care of patients.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Cycnia tenera, the dogbane tiger moth or delicate cycnia, is a moth in the family Erebidae. It occurs throughout North America, from southern British Columbia to Nova Scotia southwards to Arizona and Florida. The species is distasteful and there is evidence that it emits aposematic ultrasound signals; these may also jam bat echolocation, as the functions are not mutually exclusive.

text: Cycnia tenera, the dogbane tiger moth or delicate cycnia, is a

text: moth

text: in the family

text: Erebidae

text: . It occurs throughout North America, from southern

text: British Columbia

text: to Nova Scotia southwards to Arizona and Florida. The species is distasteful and there is evidence that it emits

text: aposematic

text: ultrasound signals; these may also jam bat

text: echolocation

text: , as the functions are not mutually exclusive.

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answers: echolocation

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answers: aposematic ultrasound signals

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Erebidae

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound signals

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are several ways to focus ultrasound—via a lens (for example, a polystyrene lens), a curved transducer, a phased array, or any combination of the three. This concentrates it into a small focal zone; it is similar in concept to focusing light through a magnifying glass. This can be determined using an exponential model of ultrasound attenuation. The ultrasound intensity profile is bounded by an exponentially decreasing function where the decrease in ultrasound is a function of distance traveled through tissue:

text: There are several ways to

text: focus

text: ultrasound—via a lens (for example, a

text: polystyrene

text: lens), a curved

text: transducer

text: , a

text: phased array

text: , or any combination of the three. This concentrates it into a small focal zone; it is similar in concept to focusing light through a

text: magnifying glass

text: . This can be determined using an exponential model of

text: ultrasound attenuation

text: . The ultrasound intensity profile is bounded by an exponentially decreasing function where the decrease in ultrasound is a function of distance traveled through tissue:

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answers: echolocation

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answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound cephalometry is useful for determining baby growth in utero.  Cephalometry can also determine if an unborn child will pass through the birth canal.  Certain 3D imaging applications are now used in obstetric cephalometry. In 1961, Donald and Brown employed ultrasound technique for measurement of the fetal head. Other scientists tried the method and found that the ultrasound technique was 3mm different than the post-natal measurement with calipers. This method requires that the transponder be placed on the maternal abdomen over the area of the fetal head. The transponder is moved until a pair of echos are strong and equal. This indicates that the parietals are perpendicular to the transmitting beam. The distance of the reflections equal the biparietal diameter. From this, the size of the head and the fetal weight can be determined with incredible accuracy.  The use of ultrasound cephalometry is meant to be used in addition to other radiographic techniques. Thus far, no ill effects have been reported to the fetus or the mother using the ultrasound fetal cephalometry.

text: Ultrasound

text: cephalometry is useful for determining baby growth

text: in utero

text: .  Cephalometry can also determine if an unborn child will pass through the birth canal.  Certain

text: imaging applications are now used in obstetric cephalometry. In 1961, Donald and Brown employed ultrasound technique for measurement of the fetal head. Other scientists tried the method and found that the ultrasound technique was 3mm different than the post-natal measurement with calipers. This method requires that the transponder be placed on the maternal abdomen over the area of the fetal head. The transponder is moved until a pair of echos are strong and equal. This indicates that the parietals are perpendicular to the transmitting beam. The distance of the reflections equal the biparietal diameter. From this, the size of the head and the fetal weight can be determined with incredible accuracy.  The use of ultrasound cephalometry is meant to be used in addition to other radiographic techniques. Thus far, no ill effects have been reported to the fetus or the mother using the ultrasound fetal cephalometry.

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answers: The distance of the reflections equal the biparietal diameter

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: fetal head

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: The distance of the reflections

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: The distance of the reflections equal the biparietal diameter

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: 3D imaging

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The advent of practical, widespread portable ultrasonography (point-of-care ultrasonography) in the late 1990s to early 2000s led some physicians to ask how soon it would be before stethoscopes would become obsolete. Others answered that they thought the relationship of the various tools (stethoscopes and digital devices) would change but that it would be a long time before stethoscopes were obsolete. A decade later, in 2016, the same two sides of the coin are still recognized. One cardiologist said, "the stethoscope is dead", but a pediatrician said, "We are not at the place, and probably won't be for a very long time", where stethoscopes were obsolete. One consideration is that it depends on the segment of health care (emergency medical services, nursing, medicine) and the specialty. "Stethoscopes retain their value for listening to lungs and bowels for clues of disease, experts agree." But for the cardiovascular system, "auscultation is superfluous", one cardiologist said. Thus, it could be that cardiology in the secondary and tertiary care settings may abandon the stethoscope many years before primary care, pediatrics, and physical therapy do.

text: The advent of practical, widespread

text: portable ultrasonography

text: (point-of-care ultrasonography) in the late 1990s to early 2000s led some physicians to ask how soon it would be before stethoscopes would become

text: obsolete

text: . Others answered that they thought the relationship of the various tools (stethoscopes and digital devices) would change but that it would be a long time before stethoscopes were obsolete. A decade later, in 2016, the same two sides of the coin are still recognized. One

text: cardiologist

text: said, "the stethoscope is dead", but a pediatrician said, "We are not at the place, and probably won't be for a very long time", where stethoscopes were obsolete. One consideration is that it depends on the segment of

text: health care

text: emergency medical services

text: nursing

text: medicine

text: ) and the

text: specialty

text: . "Stethoscopes retain their value for listening to

text: lung

text: s and

text: bowels

text: for clues of disease, experts agree." But for the

text: cardiovascular system

text: , "auscultation is superfluous", one cardiologist said. Thus, it could be that cardiology in the

text: secondary

text: and

text: tertiary care

text: settings may abandon the stethoscope many years before

text: primary care

text: pediatrics

text: , and

text: physical therapy

text: do.

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answers: The advent of practical, widespread portable ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: point-of-care ultrasonography

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: One consideration is that it depends on the segment of health care

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: It could be that cardiology in the secondary and tertiary care settings may abandon the stethoscope many years before primary care, pediatrics, and physical therapy

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: point-of-care

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Medical ultrasound (also known as diagnostic sonography or ultrasonography) is a diagnostic imaging technique based on the application of ultrasound. It is used to see internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, vessels and internal organs. Its aim is often to find a source of a disease or to exclude any pathology. The practice of examining pregnant women using ultrasound is called obstetric ultrasound, and is widely used.

text: Medical ultrasound (also known as diagnostic sonography or ultrasonography) is a

text: diagnostic imaging

text: technique based on the application of

text: ultrasound

text: . It is used to see internal body structures such as

text: tendons

text: muscles

text: , joints, vessels and internal organs. Its aim is often to find a source of a disease or to exclude any

text: pathology

text: . The practice of examining

text: pregnant

text: women using ultrasound is called

text: obstetric ultrasound

text: , and is widely used.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: source of a disease

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Ultrasonography

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Diagnostic sonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: The Challenger Deep is the deepest surveyed point of all of Earth's oceans; it is located at the southern end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands group. The depression is named after HMS Challenger, whose researchers made the first recordings of its depth on 23 March 1875 at station 225. The reported depth was 4,475 fathoms (8184 meters) based on two separate soundings. On 1 June 2009, sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 multibeam sonar bathymetry system aboard the R/V Kilo Moana indicated a maximum depth of 10971 meters (6.82 miles). The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, with an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth (this is an error of about 22 meters at this depth).

text: The

text: Challenger Deep

text: is the deepest surveyed point of all of Earth's oceans; it is located at the southern end of the

text: Mariana Trench

text: near the

text: Mariana Islands

text: group. The depression is named after HMS Challenger, whose researchers made the first recordings of its depth on 23 March 1875 at station 225. The reported depth was 4,475

text: fathom

text: s (8184 meters) based on two separate soundings. On 1 June 2009, sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the

text: Simrad

text: multibeam sonar bathymetry

text: system aboard the

text: R/V Kilo Moana

text: indicated a maximum depth of 10971 meters (6.82 miles). The sonar system uses

text: phase

text: and

text: amplitude

text: bottom detection, with an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth (this is an error of about 22 meters at this depth).

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answers: It is named after HMS Challenger

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 6.82 miles

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 10971 meters

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: sonar

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The use of ultrasound for needle guidance can minimize the complication rate.

text: The use of

text: ultrasound

text: for needle guidance can minimize the complication rate.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018743

answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: complication rate

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A study suggested that the echolocation subunits were mainly located in the central nervous system, while the subunits in the vocal apparatus were already present and capable of use before echolocation even evolved.  This study supports the  hypothesis of independent evolution of echolocation in Aerodramus and Collocalia, with the subsequent evolution of complex behaviour needed to complement the physical echolocation system, or just possibly that the vocal apparatus-parts of the echolocation system might even be inherited from some prehistoric nocturnal ancestor.

text: A study suggested that the echolocation subunits were mainly located in the

text: central nervous system

text: , while the subunits in the vocal apparatus were already present and capable of use before echolocation even evolved.  This study supports the  hypothesis of independent evolution of echolocation in Aerodramus and Collocalia, with the subsequent evolution of complex behaviour needed to complement the physical echolocation system, or just possibly that the vocal apparatus-parts of the echolocation system might even be inherited from some

text: prehistoric

text: nocturnal

text: ancestor.

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answers: NDQ_018746

answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: prehistoric nocturnal ancestor

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: echolocation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The application of high-resolution ultrasound in preclinical development opens the possibility of using ultrasound more frequently as a component of clinical trials by translating the techniques developed in the animal models directly into the clinic. The key areas of high-frequency ultrasound include:

text: The application of high-resolution ultrasound in preclinical development opens the possibility of using ultrasound more frequently as a component of clinical trials by translating the techniques developed in the animal models directly into the clinic. The key areas of high-frequency ultrasound include:

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answers: clinical trials

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Between 5% and 42% of women seen for ultrasound assessment with a positive pregnancy test have a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL), that is a positive pregnancy test but no pregnancy visualized at transvaginal ultrasonography. Between 6 and 20% of PUL are subsequently diagnosed with actual ectopic pregnancy.

text: Between 5% and 42% of women seen for ultrasound assessment with a positive pregnancy test have a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL), that is a positive pregnancy test but no pregnancy visualized at

text: transvaginal ultrasonography

text: . Between 6 and 20% of PUL are subsequently diagnosed with actual ectopic pregnancy.

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answers: 5% and 42%

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answers: between 5% and 42%

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Terason, a division of Teratech Corporation, is a global medical ultrasound imaging company headquartered in Burlington, Massachusetts USA. Terason was the first to patent color portable ultrasound and is a market leader in ultrasound-guided venous intervention. Terason produces portable ultrasound products and technologies and has provided ultrasound systems to clinicians, hospitals, outpatient centers and OEM partners since 2000.

text: Terason, a division of Teratech Corporation, is a global

text: medical ultrasound imaging

text: company headquartered in Burlington, Massachusetts USA. Terason was the first to patent color portable ultrasound and is a market leader in ultrasound-guided venous intervention. Terason produces portable ultrasound products and technologies and has provided ultrasound systems to clinicians, hospitals, outpatient centers and

text: OEM

text: partners since 2000.

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answers: color portable ultrasound

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answers: Terason

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answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound imaging

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: World Access for the Blind (WAFTB) is an international non-profit, non-governmental and educational organisation based in California, US. The organisation was started to strengthen the physical, mental and personal development of people with all forms of blindness, and to increase public awareness about the strengths and capabilities of blind people. It was founded by Daniel Kish of Long Beach, California, in 2000. The primary work of the non-profit is to encourage and teach blind people the technique of echolocation for their movement, so as to minimise their inhibition with respect to people with normal sight. Their innovative training is called FlashSonar, which involves using sound for navigation. Their strategic campaigns are based on the philosophical stand: No Limits. The organisation participated in the medical study of human echolocation in 2011.

text: World Access for the Blind (WAFTB) is an international

text: non-profit

text: non-governmental

text: and

text: educational organisation

text: based in

text: California

text: US

text: . The organisation was started to strengthen the physical, mental and personal development of people with all forms of

text: blindness

text: , and to increase public awareness about the strengths and capabilities of blind people. It was founded by

text: Daniel Kish

text: of

text: Long Beach, California

text: , in 2000. The primary work of the non-profit is to encourage and teach blind people the technique of

text: echolocation

text: for their movement, so as to minimise their inhibition with respect to people with normal sight. Their innovative training is called FlashSonar, which involves using

text: sound for navigation

text: . Their strategic campaigns are based on the philosophical stand: No Limits. The organisation participated in the medical study of

text: human echolocation

text: in 2011.

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answers: Ultrasonography

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text: Terason is the has the third largest market share in ultrasound point-of-care business in U.S., currently targeting in the following therapeutic markets:

text: Terason is the has the third largest market share in ultrasound point-of-care business in U.S., currently targeting in the following therapeutic markets:

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Both echolocation and flight are energetically expensive processes for bats. The nature of the flight and echolocation mechanism of bats allows for creation of echolocation pulses with minimal energy use. Energetic coupling of these two processes is thought to have allowed for both energetically expensive processes to evolve in bats. The loss of echolocation may be due to the uncoupling of flight and echolocation in megabats. The larger average body size of megabats compared to echolocating bats suggests that a larger body size disrupts the flight-echolocation coupling and made echolocation too energetically expensive to be conserved in megabats.

text: Both echolocation and flight are energetically expensive processes for bats. The nature of the flight and echolocation mechanism of bats allows for creation of echolocation pulses with minimal energy use. Energetic coupling of these two processes is thought to have allowed for both energetically expensive processes to evolve in bats. The loss of echolocation may be due to the uncoupling of flight and echolocation in megabats. The larger average body size of megabats compared to echolocating bats suggests that a larger body size disrupts the flight-echolocation coupling and made echolocation too energetically expensive to be conserved in megabats.

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answers: Ultrasonography

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answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: In 1975, the Radiology Department introduced Ultrasound Laminography to the facility.

text: In 1975, the Radiology Department introduced Ultrasound Laminography to the facility.

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answers: Ultrasound Laminography

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answers: Laminography

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answers: Laminography

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Laminography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: With an average weight of 36 g. the Honduran fruit eating bat is one of the smaller Neotropical bats, which typically range from 10-85 g. It displays the characteristic lack of tail and narrow patagium seen in fruit bats, and also has a very densely furred uropatagium, which distinguishes A. hirsutus and A. inopinatus from many other species in the genus. Like most bats, they are nocturnal, roosting during the day, and use echolocation for navigation at night. The bats are in the family Phyllostomidae, also referred to as the New World leaf-nosed bats. This group tends to have distinct pointed, or "leaf shaped" snouts which assist them in echolocation.

text: With an average weight of 36 g. the Honduran fruit eating bat is one of the smaller Neotropical bats, which typically range from 10-85 g. It displays the characteristic lack of tail and narrow patagium seen in fruit bats, and also has a very densely furred uropatagium, which distinguishes A. hirsutus and A. inopinatus from many other species in the genus. Like most bats, they are nocturnal, roosting during the day, and use echolocation for navigation at night. The bats are in the family Phyllostomidae, also referred to as the New World leaf-nosed bats. This group tends to have distinct pointed, or "leaf shaped" snouts which assist them in echolocation.

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answers: echolocation for navigation at night

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Ultrasonography is based on the principle that sound can pass through human body tissues and is reflected by the tissue interfaces in the same way that light can reflect back on itself, from a mirror. Tissue in the body will offer varying degrees of resistance, known as acoustic impedance, to the path of the ultrasound beam. When there is a high impedance difference between two tissues, the interface between them will strongly reflect the sound. When the ultrasound beam meets air, or solid tissue such as bone, their  impedance difference is so great that most of the acoustic energy is reflected making it impossible to see any underlying structures. The examiner will see just a shadow, instead of the image expected. Air will impede sound waves which is why a gel is used. The gel prevents air bubbles from forming between the probe, and the patient's skin and so helps the conduction of the sound waves from the transducer into the body. The watery medium also helps to conduct the sound waves. Liquids, including blood have a low impedance, which means that little energy will be reflected and no visualization possible. One of the important exceptions is that when the blood flow is very slow it can in fact be seen, in what is termed "spontaneous contrast".

text: Ultrasonography is based on the principle that

text: sound

text: can pass through human body tissues and is reflected by the tissue interfaces in the same way that light can reflect back on itself, from a mirror. Tissue in the body will offer varying degrees of resistance, known as

text: acoustic impedance

text: , to the path of the ultrasound beam. When there is a high impedance difference between two tissues, the interface between them will strongly reflect the sound. When the ultrasound beam meets air, or solid tissue such as bone, their  impedance difference is so great that most of the acoustic energy is reflected making it impossible to see any underlying structures. The examiner will see just a shadow, instead of the image expected. Air will impede sound waves which is why a gel is used. The gel prevents air bubbles from forming between the probe, and the patient's skin and so helps the conduction of the sound waves from the transducer into the body. The watery medium also helps to conduct the sound waves. Liquids, including blood have a low impedance, which means that little energy will be reflected and no visualization possible. One of the important exceptions is that when the blood flow is very slow it can in fact be seen, in what is termed "spontaneous contrast".

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answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: One specific type of echolocation, narrow-band high frequency (NBHF) clicks, evolved at least four times in groups of odontocetes, including the pygmy sperm whale (Kogiidae) and porpoise (Phocoenidae) families, Pontoporia blainvillei, the genus Cephalorhynchus, and part of the genus Lagenorhynchus. These high frequency clicks likely evolved as adaptation of predator avoidance, as they inhabit areas that have many killer whales and the signals are inaudible to killer whales due to the absence of energy below 100 kHz.

text: One specific type of echolocation, narrow-band high frequency (NBHF) clicks, evolved at least four times in groups of odontocetes, including the pygmy sperm whale (

text: Kogiidae

text: ) and porpoise (

text: Phocoenidae

text: ) families,

text: Pontoporia blainvillei

text: , the genus

text: Cephalorhynchus

text: , and part of the genus

text: Lagenorhynchus

text: . These high frequency clicks likely evolved as adaptation of predator avoidance, as they inhabit areas that have many killer whales and the signals are inaudible to killer whales due to the absence of energy below 100 kHz.

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answers: echolocation

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answers: 100 kHz

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answers: 100 kHz

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answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Jolesz pioneered, and with his colleagues, introduced the first MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgical (MRgFUS) procedure, a completely non-invasive procedure that can, by thermo-coagulation induced by local ultrasound, destroy solid tumors. MRgFUS has wide potential application to surgery, radiation oncology, pharmacology, and the neurosciences due to its non-invasive nature and the fact that the positioning of the ultrasound's focus and response of tissue to ultrasound heating can be continuously monitored by MRI.

text: Jolesz pioneered, and with his colleagues, introduced the first MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgical (MRgFUS) procedure, a completely non-invasive procedure that can, by thermo-coagulation induced by local ultrasound, destroy solid tumors. MRgFUS has wide potential application to surgery, radiation oncology, pharmacology, and the neurosciences due to its non-invasive nature and the fact that the positioning of the ultrasound's focus and response of tissue to ultrasound heating can be continuously monitored by MRI.

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answers: ocean

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Allergy to macrogol is rare, and usually appears as an allergy to an increasing number of seemingly unrelated products, including cosmetics, drugs that use it as an excipient, and peri-procedural substances such as ultrasound gel.

text: Allergy

text: to macrogol is rare, and usually appears as an allergy to an increasing number of seemingly unrelated products, including cosmetics, drugs that use it as an excipient, and peri-procedural substances such as ultrasound gel.

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answers: allergy

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answers: macrogol

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ultrasound gel

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A review article in The New England Journal of Medicine based on a consensus meeting of the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound in America (SRU) has suggested that miscarriage should be diagnosed only if any of the following criteria are met upon ultrasonography visualization:

text: A review article in

text: The New England Journal of Medicine

text: based on a consensus meeting of the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound in America (SRU) has suggested that miscarriage should be diagnosed only if any of the following criteria are met upon ultrasonography visualization:

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: miscarriage

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Ultrasonography

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It has recently been determined that the echolocation vocalizations do not agree with evolutionary relationship between swiftlet species as suggested by DNA sequence comparison. This suggests that as in bats, echolocation sounds, once present, adapt rapidly and independently to the particular species' acoustic environment.

text: It has recently been determined that the echolocation vocalizations do not agree with evolutionary relationship between swiftlet species as suggested by

text: DNA

text: sequence comparison. This suggests that as in

text: bat

text: s, echolocation sounds, once present, adapt rapidly and independently to the particular species' acoustic environment.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: echolocation vocalizations

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Terrestrial mammals other than bats known to echolocate include two genera (Sorex and Blarina) of shrews and the tenrecs of Madagascar. These include the wandering shrew (Sorex vagrans), the common or Eurasian shrew (Sorex araneus), and the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda). The nature of shrew sounds unlike those of bats are low amplitude, broadband, multi-harmonic and frequency modulated. They  contain no ‘echolocation clicks’ with reverberations and would seem to be used for simple, close range spatial orientation. In contrast to bats, shrews use echolocation only to investigate their habitat rather than additionally to pinpoint food.There is evidence that blinded laboratory rats can use echolocation to navigate mazes.

text: Terrestrial mammals other than bats known to echolocate include two genera (

text: Sorex

text: and

text: Blarina

text: ) of shrews and the

text: tenrec

text: s of

text: Madagascar

text: . These include the wandering shrew (

text: Sorex vagrans

text: ), the common or Eurasian shrew (

text: Sorex araneus

text: ), and the short-tailed shrew (

text: Blarina brevicauda

text: ). The nature of shrew sounds unlike those of bats are low amplitude, broadband, multi-harmonic and frequency modulated. They  contain no ‘echolocation clicks’ with reverberations and would seem to be used for simple, close range spatial orientation. In contrast to bats, shrews use echolocation only to investigate their habitat rather than additionally to pinpoint food.There is evidence that blinded

text: laboratory rats

text: can use echolocation to navigate mazes.

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answers: In contrast to bats, shrews use echolocation only to investigate their habitat rather than additionally to pinpoint food

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: close range spatial orientation

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: spatial orientation

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Medical ultrasonography uses ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) to visualize soft tissue structures in the body in real time. No ionizing radiation is involved, but the quality of the images obtained using ultrasound is highly dependent on the skill of the person (ultrasonographer) performing the exam and the patient's body size. Examinations of larger, overweight patients may have a decrease in image quality as their subcutaneous fat absorbs more of the sound waves. This results in fewer sound waves penetrating to organs and reflecting back to the transducer, resulting in loss of information and a poorer quality image. Ultrasound is also limited by its inability to image through air pockets (lungs, bowel loops) or bone. Its use in medical imaging has developed mostly within the last 30 years. The first ultrasound images were static and two-dimensional (2D), but with modern ultrasonography, 3D reconstructions can be observed in real time, effectively becoming "4D".

text: Medical ultrasonography

text: uses ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) to visualize soft tissue structures in the body in real time. No

text: ionizing radiation

text: is involved, but the quality of the images obtained using ultrasound is highly dependent on the skill of the person (ultrasonographer) performing the exam and the patient's body size. Examinations of larger,

text: overweight

text: patients may have a decrease in image quality as their

text: subcutaneous fat

text: absorbs more of the sound waves. This results in fewer sound waves penetrating to organs and reflecting back to the transducer, resulting in loss of information and a poorer quality image. Ultrasound is also limited by its inability to image through air pockets (lungs, bowel loops) or bone. Its use in medical imaging has developed mostly within the last 30 years. The first ultrasound images were static and two-dimensional (2D), but with modern ultrasonography, 3D reconstructions can be observed in real time, effectively becoming "4D".

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answers: high-frequency sound waves

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: patient's body size

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: real time

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Medical ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasonic transducers are transducers that convert ultrasound waves to electrical signals or vice versa. Those that both transmit and receive may also be called ultrasound transceivers; many ultrasound sensors besides being sensors are indeed transceivers because they can both sense and transmit. These devices work on a principle similar to that of transducers used in radar and sonar systems, which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves, respectively. Active ultrasonic sensors generate high-frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor, measuring the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object. Passive ultrasonic sensors are basically microphones that detect ultrasonic noise that is present under certain conditions, convert it to an electrical signal, and report it to a computer.

text: Ultrasonic transducers are

text: transducer

text: s that convert

text: ultrasound

text: waves to

text: electrical signals

text: or vice versa. Those that both transmit and receive may also be called ultrasound transceivers; many ultrasound sensors besides being

text: sensor

text: s are indeed transceivers because they can both sense and transmit. These devices work on a principle similar to that of transducers used in

text: radar

text: and

text: sonar

text: systems, which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves, respectively. Active ultrasonic sensors generate high-frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor, measuring the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object. Passive ultrasonic sensors are basically microphones that detect ultrasonic noise that is present under certain conditions, convert it to an electrical signal, and report it to a

text: computer

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answers: Active ultrasonic sensors generate high-frequency sound waves

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: distance to an object

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the echo

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: sonar systems

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound is the main diagnostic imaging tool on ISS and for the foreseeable future missions.  X-rays and CT scans involve radiation which is unacceptable in the space environment.  Though MRI uses magnetics to create images, it is too large at present to consider as a viable option.  Ultrasound, which uses sound waves to create images and comes in laptop size packages, provides imaging of a wide variety of tissues and organs.  It is currently being used to look at the eyeball and the optic nerve to help determine the cause(s) of changes that NASA has noted mostly in long duration astronauts.  NASA is also pushing the limits of ultrasound use regarding musculoskeletal problems as these are some of the most common and most likely problems to occur.  Significant challenges to using ultrasounds on space missions is training the astronaut to use the equipment (ultrasound technicians spend years in training and developing the skills necessary to be "good" at their job) as well as interpreting the images that are captured.  Much of ultrasound interpretation is done real-time but it is impractical to train astronauts to actually read/interpret ultrasounds.  Thus, the data is currently being sent back to mission control and forwarded to medical personnel to read and interpret.  Future exploration class missions will need to be autonomous due to transmission times taking too long for urgent/emergent medical conditions.  The ability to be autonomous, or to use other equipment such as MRIs, is currently being researched.

text: Ultrasound

text: is the main diagnostic imaging tool on ISS and for the foreseeable future missions.  X-rays and

text: CT scan

text: s involve radiation which is unacceptable in the space environment.  Though

text: MRI

text: uses magnetics to create images, it is too large at present to consider as a viable option.  Ultrasound, which uses sound waves to create images and comes in laptop size packages, provides imaging of a wide variety of tissues and organs.  It is currently being used to look at the eyeball and the optic nerve to help determine the cause(s) of changes that NASA has noted mostly in long duration astronauts.  NASA is also pushing the limits of ultrasound use regarding musculoskeletal problems as these are some of the most common and most likely problems to occur.  Significant challenges to using ultrasounds on space missions is training the astronaut to use the equipment (ultrasound technicians spend years in training and developing the skills necessary to be "good" at their job) as well as interpreting the images that are captured.  Much of ultrasound interpretation is done real-time but it is impractical to train astronauts to actually read/interpret ultrasounds.  Thus, the data is currently being sent back to

text: mission control

text: and forwarded to medical personnel to read and interpret.  Future exploration class missions will need to be autonomous due to transmission times taking too long for urgent/emergent medical conditions.  The ability to be autonomous, or to use other equipment such as MRIs, is currently being researched.

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answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: For the development of ultrasound, the use of anatomical studies, dissections, and autopsies would have been necessary to provide insight and confirmation of what was now visible. It would have taken some time to establish average dimensions for organs and, in the case of pre-natal scans, body dimensions and growth rates.

text: For the development of ultrasound, the use of anatomical studies, dissections, and autopsies would have been necessary to provide insight and confirmation of what was now visible. It would have taken some time to establish average dimensions for organs and, in the case of pre-natal scans, body dimensions and growth rates.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

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text: Megabats make up the only family (Pteropodidae) in order Chiroptera that is not capable of laryngeal echolocation. Echolocation and flight evolved early in the lineage of chiropterans. Although echolocation was later lost in family Pteropodidae, bats in the genus Rousettus are capable of primitive echolocation through clicking their tongue, and some species have been shown to create clicks similar to those of echolocating bats using their wings.

text: Megabats make up the only family (Pteropodidae) in order Chiroptera that is not capable of laryngeal echolocation. Echolocation and flight evolved early in the lineage of chiropterans. Although echolocation was later lost in family Pteropodidae, bats in the genus

text: Rousettus

text: are capable of primitive echolocation through clicking their tongue, and some species have been shown to create clicks similar to those of echolocating bats using their wings.

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answers: NDQ_018745

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answers: NDQ_018746

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answers: NDQ_018747

answers: laryngeal echolocation

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Echolocation is the debut album by American folk-rock band Fruit Bats, released in 2001.

text: Echolocation is the debut album by

text: American

text: folk-rock

text: band

text: Fruit Bats

text: , released in 2001.

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answers: Echolocation

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Echolocation

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Fossilized remains of bats are few, as they are terrestrial and light-boned. Only an estimated 12% of the bat fossil record is complete at the genus level. Fossil remains of an Eocene bat, Icaronycteris, were found in 1960. Another Eocene bat, Onychonycteris finneyi, was found in the 52-million-year-old Green River Formation in Wyoming, United States, in 2003. This intermediate fossil has helped to resolve a long-standing disagreement regarding whether flight or echolocation developed first in bats. The shape of the rib cage, faceted infraspious fossa of the scapula, manus morphology, robust clavicle, and keeled sternum all indicated Onychonycteris was capable of powered flight. However, the well-preserved skeleton showed that the small cochlea of the inner ear did not have the morphology necessary to echolocate. O. finneyi lacked an enlarged orbical apophysis on the malleus, and a stylohyal element with an expanded paddle-like cranial tip—both of which are characteristics linked to echolocation in other prehistoric and extant bat species. Because of these absences, and the presence of characteristics necessary for flight, Onychonycteris provides strong support for the “flight first” hypothesis in the evolution of flight and echolocation in bats.

text: Fossilized remains of bats are few, as they are terrestrial and light-boned. Only an estimated 12% of the bat fossil record is complete at the genus level. Fossil remains of an Eocene bat,

text: Icaronycteris

text: , were found in 1960. Another

text: Eocene

text: bat,

text: Onychonycteris finneyi

text: , was found in the 52-million-year-old

text: Green River Formation

text: in Wyoming, United States, in 2003. This intermediate fossil has helped to resolve a long-standing disagreement regarding whether flight or echolocation developed first in bats. The shape of the rib cage, faceted infraspious fossa of the scapula, manus morphology, robust clavicle, and keeled sternum all indicated Onychonycteris was capable of powered flight. However, the well-preserved skeleton showed that the small cochlea of the inner ear did not have the morphology necessary to echolocate. O. finneyi lacked an enlarged orbical apophysis on the malleus, and a stylohyal element with an expanded paddle-like cranial tip—both of which are characteristics linked to echolocation in other prehistoric and extant bat species. Because of these absences, and the presence of characteristics necessary for flight, Onychonycteris provides strong support for the “flight first” hypothesis in the evolution of flight and echolocation in bats.

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answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 52-million-year-old

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: echolocation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: It is possible to diagnose a bicornuate uterus using gynecologic ultrasonography, specifically sonohysterography, and MRI. However, as there is no indication to do such procedures on asymptomatic women, the presence of a bicornuate uterus may not be detected until pregnancy or delivery. In a C-section (usually done due to malpresentation), the irregular shape of the uterus will be apparent.

text: It is possible to diagnose a bicornuate uterus using

text: gynecologic ultrasonography

text: , specifically

text: sonohysterography

text: , and

text: MRI

text: . However, as there is no indication to do such procedures on asymptomatic women, the presence of a bicornuate uterus may not be detected until pregnancy or delivery. In a C-section (usually done due to malpresentation), the irregular shape of the uterus will be apparent.

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answers: Sonohysterography

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answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Sonohysterography

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: sonohysterography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The majority of patented methods for noninvasive monitoring of ICP are based on an assumption that changes in ICP affect the physical dimensions and/or acoustic properties of the cranial vault or intracranial structures (dura, brain tissue, brain ventricles, and/or intracranial vessels). The common drawback of all these methods is that they measure only relative changes of ICP as referenced to a baseline measurement during which absolute ICP is known, i.e. the ultrasound readouts need to be calibrated on each subject against an invasive measurement. Ultrasound ‘time of the flight’ methods for non-invasive ICP monitoring have not been extensively validated and currently the majority of them do not seem to be accurate enough for a routine clinical use. Their original formulations usually do not specify locations for the transducer's placement, and do not address how the intentional or accidental use of different locations and/or angles of the transducers will affect the reliability of ICP estimates. It has also remained unexplored how the measurements are affected by the presence of intracranial pathologic masses on the path of the ultrasound wave, or by brain masses shifts.

text: The majority of patented methods for noninvasive monitoring of ICP are based on an assumption that changes in ICP affect the physical dimensions and/or acoustic properties of the

text: cranial vault

text: or intracranial structures (

text: dura

text: brain tissue

text: , brain ventricles, and/or intracranial vessels). The common drawback of all these methods is that they measure only relative changes of ICP as referenced to a baseline measurement during which absolute ICP is known, i.e. the ultrasound readouts need to be calibrated on each subject against an invasive measurement. Ultrasound ‘time of the flight’ methods for non-invasive ICP monitoring have not been extensively validated and currently the majority of them do not seem to be accurate enough for a routine clinical use. Their original formulations usually do not specify locations for the

text: transducer

text: 's placement, and do not address how the intentional or accidental use of different locations and/or angles of the transducers will affect the reliability of ICP estimates. It has also remained unexplored how the measurements are affected by the presence of intracranial pathologic masses on the path of the ultrasound wave, or by brain masses shifts.

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Program originally started in November 1983, but experience gained from testing Italian equipment on board Type 051G revealed many inherent design flaws of Luda class, and efforts were made to reduce the negative impacts, causing major redesign, so the construction did not begun until 1986. Type 051G1 consisted of a single unit, Zhanjiang (165), which was launched on Aug 1, 1988 and entered service on December 30, 1989, in South Sea Fleet.  Two parallel approaches were adopted in attempt to solve the problem of the role of an ASW platform, and one of these two approaches is to upgrade the original Chinese sonar with Italian DE-1164 sonar technology.  This resulted in a major redesign of SJD-2 (SJD-II), the successor of SJD-1 that was almost completed, which inevitably, caused the delay of the program, but the performance of the sonar was greatly improved: SJD-1 was replaced by SJD-II, and SJD-N was replaced by SJD-4, and these sonar systems allowed submarine detections up to  in harsh sea states. However, Type 051G1 originally lacked VDS.

text: Program originally started in November 1983, but experience gained from testing Italian equipment on board Type 051G revealed many inherent design flaws of Luda class, and efforts were made to reduce the negative impacts, causing major redesign, so the construction did not begun until 1986. Type 051G1 consisted of a single unit, Zhanjiang (165), which was launched on Aug 1, 1988 and entered service on December 30, 1989, in

text: South Sea Fleet

text: .  Two parallel approaches were adopted in attempt to solve the problem of the role of an ASW platform, and one of these two approaches is to upgrade the original Chinese sonar with Italian DE-1164 sonar technology.  This resulted in a major redesign of SJD-2 (SJD-II), the successor of SJD-1 that was almost completed, which inevitably, caused the delay of the program, but the performance of the sonar was greatly improved: SJD-1 was replaced by SJD-II, and SJD-N was replaced by SJD-4, and these sonar systems allowed submarine detections up to  in harsh sea states. However, Type 051G1 originally lacked VDS.

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answers: VDS

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answers: sonar

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Simmons continued to study sonar ranging performance in echolocating bats, and in the late 1970s, he introduced a new behavioral task, requiring the bat to discriminate a sonar target returning echoes at a fixed delay from one returning echoes that alternated between two delays. In this experiment, Simmons found that the echolocating bat can discriminate a jitter in echo delay in the submicrosecond range, corresponding to a change in target distance of less than 0.1 mm. This result, originally published in 1979 in Science, "Perception of echo phase information in bat sonar, demonstrated astonishing ranging accuracy by the echolocating bat. Many researchers in the field challenged the report, because they asserted it was not biologically possible for the bat's sonar system to discriminate such small time differences at ultrasonic frequencies. Simmons continues to work on this problem to explore biological processes that could support sensitivity to small changes in echo delay.

text: Simmons continued to study sonar ranging performance in echolocating bats, and in the late 1970s, he introduced a new behavioral task, requiring the bat to discriminate a sonar target returning echoes at a fixed delay from one returning echoes that alternated between two delays. In this experiment, Simmons found that the echolocating bat can discriminate a jitter in echo delay in the submicrosecond range, corresponding to a change in target distance of less than 0.1 mm. This result, originally published in 1979 in Science, "Perception of echo phase information in bat sonar, demonstrated astonishing ranging accuracy by the echolocating bat. Many researchers in the field challenged the report, because they asserted it was not biologically possible for the bat's sonar system to discriminate such small time differences at

text: ultrasonic

text: frequencies. Simmons continues to work on this problem to explore biological processes that could support sensitivity to small changes in echo delay.

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answers: a change in target distance

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 0.1 mm

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: submicrosecond range

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: While the application of ultrasound often generates mixtures of products, a paper published in 2007 in the journal Nature described the use of ultrasound to selectively affect a certain cyclobutane ring-opening reaction. Atul Kumar, has reported multicomponent reaction Hantzsch ester synthesis in Aqueous Micelles using ultrasound.

text: While the application of ultrasound often generates mixtures of products, a paper published in 2007 in the journal

text: Nature

text: described the use of ultrasound to selectively affect a certain

text: cyclobutane

text: ring-opening reaction.

text: Atul Kumar

text: , has reported multicomponent reaction Hantzsch ester synthesis in Aqueous Micelles using ultrasound.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Artificial intelligence and electronic neural networks and developments in ultrasound have made possible specialized diver-detector sonars.

text: Artificial intelligence

text: and electronic

text: neural network

text: s and developments in

text: ultrasound

text: have made possible specialized diver-detector sonars.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Sonar's features include:

text: Sonar's features include:

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answers: 1437 m/s

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answers: reflected ultrasound waves

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Microbubbles are small "bubbles" of mono-lipids that are able to pass through the blood–brain barrier. They form a lipophilic bubble that can easily move through the barrier. One barrier to this however is that these microbubbles are rather large, which prevents their diffusion into the brain. This is counteracted by a focused ultrasound. The ultrasound increases]the permeability of the blood–brain barrier by causing interference in the tight junctions in localized areas. This combined with the microbubbles allows for a very specific area of diffusion for the microbubbles, because they can only diffuse where the ultrasound is disrupting the barrier. The hypothesis and usefulness of these is the possibility of loading a microbubble with an active drug to diffuse through the barrier and target a specific area.  There are several important factors in making this a viable solution for drug delivery.  The first is that the loaded microbubble must not be substantially greater than the unloaded bubble. This ensures that the diffusion will be similar and the ultrasound disruption will be enough to induce diffusion. A second factor that must be determined is the stability of the loaded micro-bubble. This means is the drug fully retained in the bubble or is there leakage. Lastly, it must be determined how the drug is to be released from the microbubble once it passes through the blood–brain barrier. Studies have shown the effectiveness of this method for getting drugs to specific sites in the brain in animal models.

text: Microbubbles

text: are small "bubbles" of

text: mono-lipids

text: that are able to pass through the blood–brain barrier. They form a

text: lipophilic

text: bubble that can easily move through the barrier. One barrier to this however is that these

text: microbubbles

text: are rather large, which prevents their diffusion into the brain. This is counteracted by a focused

text: ultrasound

text: . The

text: ultrasound

text: increases]the

text: permeability

text: of the blood–brain barrier by causing interference in the

text: tight junctions

text: in localized areas. This combined with the

text: microbubbles

text: allows for a very specific area of

text: diffusion

text: for the

text: microbubbles

text: , because they can only diffuse where the

text: ultrasound

text: is disrupting the barrier. The

text: hypothesis

text: and usefulness of these is the possibility of loading a

text: microbubble

text: with an active drug to diffuse through the barrier and target a specific area.  There are several important factors in making this a viable solution for

text: drug delivery

text: .  The first is that the loaded

text: microbubble

text: must not be substantially greater than the unloaded bubble. This ensures that the

text: diffusion

text: will be similar and the

text: ultrasound

text: disruption will be enough to induce

text: diffusion

text: . A second factor that must be determined is the stability of the loaded micro-bubble. This means is the drug fully retained in the bubble or is there leakage. Lastly, it must be determined how the drug is to be released from the

text: microbubble

text: once it passes through the blood–brain barrier. Studies have shown the effectiveness of this method for getting drugs to specific sites in the brain in animal models.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Transvaginal ultrasonography is a cheap and readily available imaging test that is typically used early during the evaluation of gynecologic symptoms. Ultrasound imaging, like MRI, does not use radiation and is safe for examination of the pelvis and female reproductive organs.

text: Transvaginal ultrasonography is a cheap and readily available imaging test that is typically used early during the evaluation of gynecologic symptoms. Ultrasound imaging, like MRI, does not use radiation and is safe for examination of the pelvis and female reproductive organs.

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answers: Ultrasound imaging

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answers: ocean

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answers: Transvaginal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Now that ultrasound is available in portable units that are smaller than laptop computers and handheld models, it is being used more and more in many clinical settings. Many practitioners use point-of-care ultrasound in diagnosing other urgent and emergency problems, including appendicitis, testicular torsion, and abscesses. To describe each of these fully is beyond the scope of this entry, and impossible as the use of ultrasound is expanding rapidly:

text: Now that ultrasound is available in portable units that are smaller than laptop computers and handheld models, it is being used more and more in many clinical settings. Many practitioners use point-of-care ultrasound in diagnosing other urgent and emergency problems, including

text: appendicitis

text: testicular torsion

text: , and

text: abscess

text: es. To describe each of these fully is beyond the scope of this entry, and impossible as the use of ultrasound is expanding rapidly:

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answers: point-of-care ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Speed = speed * time

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Instead of light, this method employs ultrasound for collecting information on the particles that are dispersed in fluid. Dispersed particles absorb and scatter ultrasound similarly to light. This has been known since Lord Rayleigh developed the first theory of ultrasound scattering and published a book "The Theory of Sound" in 1878. There have been hundreds of papers studying ultrasound propagation through fluid particulates in the 20th century. It turns out that instead of measuring scattered energy versus angle, as with light, in the case of ultrasound, measuring the transmitted energy versus frequency is a better choice. The resulting ultrasound attenuation frequency spectra are the raw data for calculating particle size distribution. It can be measured for any fluid system with no dilution or other sample preparation. This is a big advantage of this method. Calculation of particle size distribution is based on theoretical models that are well verified for up to 50% by volume of dispersed particles. However, as concentration increases and the particle sizes approach the nanoscale, conventional modelling gives way to the necessity to include shear-wave re-conversion effects in order for the models to accurately reflect the real attenuation spectra.

text: Instead of

text: light

text: , this method employs

text: ultrasound

text: for collecting information on the particles that are dispersed in fluid.

text: Dispersed particles

text: absorb

text: and

text: scatter

text: ultrasound similarly to light. This has been known since

text: Lord Rayleigh

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answers: Dispersed particles absorb and scatter ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: particle size distribution

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Rayleigh

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: There are great many ultrasound elastographic techniques. The most prominent are highlighted below.

text: There are great many ultrasound elastographic techniques. The most prominent are highlighted below.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1994, Billy joined the band (then known under the name Swinging Lovehammers) and recorded their first full-length album Ultrasound in 1997.

text: In 1994, Billy joined the band (then known under the name Swinging Lovehammers) and recorded their first full-length album Ultrasound in 1997.

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Vaginal ultrasonography is a medical ultrasonography that applies an ultrasound transducer (or "probe") in the vagina to visualize organs within the pelvic cavity. It is also called trans

text: Vaginal ultrasonography is a

text: medical ultrasonography

text: that applies an ultrasound transducer (or "probe") in the

text: vagina

text: to visualize organs within the

text: pelvic cavity

text: . It is also called trans

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Imaging studies such as ultrasonography (US), Computerized Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may aid diagnosis. On ultrasound, diktyomas typically appear as echogenic, irregularly shaped to ovoid masses. Ultrasound is excellent for demonstrating cystic collections of vitreous fluid in the tumor, and may show calcifications in the teratoid type.

text: Imaging studies such as

text: ultrasonography

text: (US),

text: Computerized Tomography

text: (CT) and

text: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

text: (MRI) may aid

text: diagnosis

text: . On ultrasound, diktyomas typically appear as echogenic, irregularly shaped to ovoid masses. Ultrasound is excellent for demonstrating cystic collections of vitreous fluid in the tumor, and may show

text: calcifications

text: in the teratoid type.

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answer: Yes

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text: Little free-tailed bats can fly fast in open areas where they typically inhabit. They have strong, elastic, and leathery flight membrane with high aspect ratio (wing length to width) of long and narrow wings, which are suited for fast and long distance flight but low maneuverability. In terms of their low maneuverability, while other African species can pass between two objects that are 11 cm apart, the minimum distance between two objects that little free-tailed bats can fly is 44 cm. Even though its ears are relatively large for its head size, they can lie down on its head to reduce air resistance during flight. As a nocturnal species, little free-tailed bats primarily rely on echolocation to detect their prey and environment. Since higher frequency of echolocation call attenuates with distance faster than low frequency, this species uses low frequency calls with high intensity, which last longer and thus are suitable for prey detection with long-range in open areas.

text: Little free-tailed bats can fly fast in open areas where they typically inhabit. They have strong, elastic, and leathery flight membrane with high

text: aspect ratio

text: (wing length to width) of long and narrow wings, which are suited for fast and long distance flight but low maneuverability. In terms of their low maneuverability, while other African species can pass between two objects that are 11 cm apart, the minimum distance between two objects that little free-tailed bats can fly is 44 cm. Even though its ears are relatively large for its head size, they can lie down on its head to reduce air resistance during flight. As a

text: nocturnal

text: species, little free-tailed bats primarily rely on

text: echolocation

text: to detect their prey and environment. Since higher frequency of echolocation call attenuates with distance faster than low frequency, this species uses low frequency calls with high intensity, which last longer and thus are suitable for prey detection with long-range in open areas.

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answers: Little free-tailed bats

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answers: low maneuverability

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answers: high aspect ratio

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answers: 44 cm

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answer: No

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text: The Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) is a measurement of the ultrasound attenuation. It is correlated to the decrease in amplitude of ultrasound waves as they propagate through the liver.  CAP has been designed on the assumption that fat affects ultrasound propagation. Therefore, the more steatosis, or liver fat there is, the higher the CAP result will be.

text: The Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) is a measurement of the ultrasound

text: attenuation

text: . It is correlated to the decrease in amplitude of ultrasound waves as they propagate through the liver.  CAP has been designed on the assumption that fat affects ultrasound propagation. Therefore, the more steatosis, or liver fat there is, the higher the CAP result will be.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound is a form of energy that passes through skin, muscle, fat and other soft tissue. Low intensity ultrasound waves have been safely used for years in diagnostic imaging devices. With higher energy levels, ultrasound waves can generate enough heat to cause thermal ablation, which destroys cells.

text: Ultrasound

text: is a form of energy that passes through skin, muscle, fat and other soft tissue. Low intensity ultrasound waves have been safely used for years in diagnostic imaging devices. With higher energy levels, ultrasound waves can generate enough heat to cause thermal ablation, which destroys cells.

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answers: Ultrasound

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answers: ocean

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answers: diagnostic imaging

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Sonar was founded by Ocean City, Maryland, native Brett Martin, and was launched in 2011 at TechCrunch Disrupt New York. Sonar is the fourth business to come out of New York-based mobile incubator K2 Media Labs, with the previous three being Fingerprint, Tracks, and MarketSharing.

text: Sonar was founded by

text: Ocean City, Maryland

text: , native Brett Martin, and was launched in 2011 at

text: TechCrunch

text: Disrupt New York. Sonar is the fourth business to come out of New York-based mobile incubator K2 Media Labs, with the previous three being Fingerprint, Tracks, and MarketSharing.

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text: Although the South-eastern Long-eared Bat is not blind, like all microbats it relies on echolocation to hunt for food and to navigate and they do this with astonishing proficiency.  These high frequency sound waves (echolocation calls) are created by the bats pushing air through its vocal cords in the same way as people speak. These echolocation calls are sent out either through the mouth or the nostrils and the calls rebound back from the nearby objects and the bat's sensitive ears sense the echoes of their calls. The bat's brain converts these faint echoes into information about the distance, size and texture of the nearby objects.  These bat high frequency calls are defined by the number of vibrations per second and are more technically referred to as hertz (Hz).  It is noted that the number of vibrations of a normal bat call is 50000 Hz or 50 kilohertz (kHz) which matches to a wavelength of 6.5mm, which is a perfect scale for gauging the size of small insects.  A bat will send out an echolocation call, it will then strike an insect or an obstacle and then some of it will return as an echo, the time taken for the echo to return will indicate how far away the insect or obstacle is.

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answers: echolocation calls

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answers: distance, size and texture of the nearby objects

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answers: time taken for the echo to return

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 6.5mm

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answers: Ultrasonography

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text: The Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity (ADUM) project is a U.S. government-funded study investigating strategies for applying diagnostic telemedicine to space. The Principal Investigator is Scott Dulchavsky, Chairman of Surgery at the Henry Ford Health System. This study was the first formal experiment to examine the use of ultrasound in microgravity encompassing musculoskeletal, heart, lung, abdominal, pelvic, dental, and orbital scans. Ultrasound is the only medical imaging device currently available on board the International Space Station. In addition, the lack of physician expertise on board the ISS makes diagnosis of medical conditions challenging. Ultrasound may have direct application for the evaluation and diagnosis of hundreds of medical conditions and is of interest for treating exploration crews. The telemedicine strategies investigated by this project has widespread application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations.  Ultrasound images from space from a variety of body regions have been shown to be of diagnostic quality and non-expert operators were easily trained in ultrasound skills. This work has been expanded to include professional Football, Baseball, and Ice Hockey teams as well as the Winter and Summer Olympic Games in collaboration with investigators such as Marnix Van Holsbeeck. Dr. Dulchavsky has also led an innovative pilot study to expand comprehensive ultrasound education to basic science medical students at the Wayne State University School of Medicine. This trial has been shown to be a success with over 82 percent of students agreeing or strongly agreeing that their educational experience with the lightweight ultrasound technology education was positive. This technology is now being taught to medical students in their clinical clerkships.

text: The Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity (ADUM) project is a U.S. government-funded study investigating strategies for applying diagnostic

text: telemedicine

text: to space. The Principal Investigator is

text: Scott Dulchavsky

text: , Chairman of Surgery at the

text: Henry Ford Health System

text: . This study was the first formal experiment to examine the use of ultrasound in microgravity encompassing musculoskeletal, heart, lung, abdominal, pelvic, dental, and orbital scans. Ultrasound is the only medical imaging device currently available on board the

text: International Space Station

text: . In addition, the lack of physician expertise on board the ISS makes diagnosis of medical conditions challenging. Ultrasound may have direct application for the evaluation and diagnosis of hundreds of medical conditions and is of interest for treating exploration crews. The telemedicine strategies investigated by this project has widespread application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations.  Ultrasound images from space from a variety of body regions have been shown to be of diagnostic quality and non-expert operators were easily trained in ultrasound skills. This work has been expanded to include professional Football, Baseball, and Ice Hockey teams as well as the Winter and Summer Olympic Games in collaboration with investigators such as

text: Marnix Van Holsbeeck

text: . Dr. Dulchavsky has also led an innovative pilot study to expand comprehensive ultrasound education to basic science medical students at the

text: Wayne State University School of Medicine

text: . This trial has been shown to be a success with over 82 percent of students agreeing or strongly agreeing that their educational experience with the lightweight ultrasound technology education was positive. This technology is now being taught to medical students in their clinical clerkships.

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answers: The Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity

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answers: Microgravity

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answers: the International Space Station

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: These are the same ultrasound machine used in obstetric ultrasonography to evaluate the fetus in pregnant women: they have high frequency probes used specifically for the purpose of imaging arteries and veins  in full details and are equipped with color Doppler, pulsed wave and continuous wave doppler scans and collectively give good information about disease status of these arteries and veins.

text: These are the same ultrasound machine used in

text: obstetric ultrasonography

text: to evaluate the

text: fetus

text: in pregnant women: they have high frequency probes used specifically for the purpose of imaging arteries and veins  in full details and are equipped with color Doppler, pulsed wave and continuous wave doppler scans and collectively give good information about disease status of these arteries and veins.

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text: At the most basic level, echolocation is based on the neuro anatomy of auditory brain circuitry. In essence, ascending brain pathways in the brain stem allow the brain to calculate the difference between the two ears to very small fractions of a second.

text: At the most basic level, echolocation is based on the neuro anatomy of auditory brain circuitry. In essence, ascending brain pathways in the brain stem allow the brain to calculate the difference between the two ears to very small fractions of a second.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: No

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text: Three of Bath's four patents relate to the Laserphaco Probe. In 2000, she was granted a patent for a method she devised for using ultrasound technology to treat cataracts.

text: Three of Bath's four patents relate to the Laserphaco Probe. In 2000, she was granted a patent for a method she devised for using

text: ultrasound

text: technology to treat cataracts.

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answers: Bath's

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answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The submarines carry the Thales Underwater Systems Type 2054 composite sonar. The Type 2054 is a multi-mode, multi-frequency system, which incorporates the 2046, 2043 and 2082 sonars. The Type 2043 is a hull-mounted active/passive search sonar, the Type 2082 a passive intercept and ranging sonar, and the Type 2046 a towed array sonar operating at very low frequency providing a passive search capability. The fleet is in the process of having the sonars refitted to include open-architecture processing using commercial off-the-shelf technology. Navigational search capability is provided by a Type 1007 I-band  navigation radar. They will also be fitted with the new Common Combat System. Two periscopes are carried, a CK51 search model and a CH91 attack model. Both have TV and thermal imaging cameras in addition to conventional optics.

text: The submarines carry the

text: Thales Underwater Systems

text: Type 2054 composite

text: sonar

text: . The Type 2054 is a multi-mode, multi-frequency system, which incorporates the 2046, 2043 and 2082 sonars. The Type 2043 is a hull-mounted active/passive search sonar, the Type 2082 a passive intercept and ranging sonar, and the Type 2046 a

text: towed array sonar

text: operating at very low frequency providing a passive search capability. The fleet is in the process of having the sonars refitted to include open-architecture processing using

text: commercial off-the-shelf

text: technology. Navigational search capability is provided by a Type 1007 I-band

text: navigation radar

text: . They will also be fitted with the new Common Combat System. Two

text: periscope

text: s are carried, a CK51 search model and a CH91 attack model. Both have TV and

text: thermal imaging camera

text: s in addition to conventional optics.

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answers: The Thales Underwater Systems Type 2054 composite sonar

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Where no intrauterine pregnancy is seen on ultrasound, measuring β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) levels may aid in the diagnosis. The rationale is that a low β-hCG level may indicate that the pregnancy is intrauterine but yet too small to be visible on ultrasonography. While some physicians consider that the threshold where an intrauterine pregnancy should be visible on transvaginal ultrasound is around 1500 IU/ml of β-hCG, a review in the JAMA Rational Clinical Examination Series showed that there is no single threshold for the β-human chorionic gonadotropin that confirms an ectopic pregnancy.  Instead, the best test in a pregnant woman is a high resolution transvaginal ultrasound. The presence of an adnexal mass in the absence of an intrauterine pregnancy on transvaginal sonography increases the likelihood of an ectopic pregnancy 100-fold (LR+ 111).  When there are no adnexal abnormalities on transvaginal sonography, the likelihood of an ectopic pregnancy decreases (LR- 0.12). An empty uterus with levels higher than 1500 IU/ml may be evidence of an ectopic pregnancy, but may also be consistent with an intrauterine pregnancy which is simply too small to be seen on ultrasound. If the diagnosis is uncertain, it may be necessary to wait a few days and repeat the blood work. This can be done by measuring the β-hCG level approximately 48 hours later and repeating the ultrasound. The serum hCG ratios and logistic regression models appear to be better than absolute single serum hCG level. If the β-hCG falls on repeat examination, this strongly suggests a spontaneous abortion or rupture. The fall in serum hCG over 48 hours may be measured as the hCG ratio, which is calculated as:

text: Where no intrauterine pregnancy is seen on ultrasound, measuring

text: β-human chorionic gonadotropin

text: ultrasound

text: . If the diagnosis is uncertain, it may be necessary to wait a few days and repeat the blood work. This can be done by measuring the β-hCG level approximately 48 hours later and repeating the ultrasound. The serum hCG ratios and

text: logistic regression

text: models appear to be better than absolute single serum hCG level. If the β-hCG falls on repeat examination, this strongly suggests a spontaneous abortion or rupture. The fall in serum hCG over 48 hours may be measured as the hCG ratio, which is calculated as:

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answers: 1500 IU/ml

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answers: transvaginal ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Current medical practice prefers ultrasound and

text: Current medical practice prefers ultrasound and

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answers: ultrasound is a form of ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

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answers: ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Other sonars such as the airborne sonar Mihir are in trials, whilst work is proceeding apace on a new generation of sonars. Sonars may be considered one of DRDO's most successful achievements as the Indian Navy's most powerful ships rely on DRDO made sonars. The standard fit for a front line naval ship would include the HUMSA-NG hull mounted sonar and the Nagin towed array sonar. The Mihir is a dunking sonar meant for use by the Naval ALH, working in conjunction with its Tadpole sonobuoy. The Panchendriya is in production for the Kilo class submarine upgrades.

text: Other sonars such as the airborne sonar Mihir are in trials, whilst work is proceeding apace on a new generation of sonars. Sonars may be considered one of DRDO's most successful achievements as the Indian Navy's most powerful ships rely on DRDO made sonars. The standard fit for a front line naval ship would include the HUMSA-NG hull mounted sonar and the Nagin towed array sonar. The Mihir is a dunking sonar meant for use by the Naval ALH, working in conjunction with its Tadpole sonobuoy. The Panchendriya is in production for the

text: Kilo class submarine

text: upgrades.

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answers: Sonars

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answers: powerful ships

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answers: yes

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Sonars

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Terason, a division of Teratech Corporation began in 1994. Dr. Alice Chiang founded the company to apply developments in the fields of radar, sonar and telecommunications technologies to the demanding requirements of battlefield ultrasound. Recognizing that decades of breakthrough research for the U.S. Department of Defense could be applied to the challenges of mainstream ultrasound imaging, Dr. Chiang formed the Terason division. With initial key patents protecting the integrated circuit technology she developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Dr. Chiang dedicated the Terason division to the development of a micro-miniaturized commercial ultrasound system.

text: Terason, a division of Teratech Corporation began in 1994. Dr. Alice Chiang founded the company to apply developments in the fields of radar, sonar and telecommunications technologies to the demanding requirements of battlefield ultrasound. Recognizing that decades of breakthrough research for the

text: U.S. Department of Defense

text: could be applied to the challenges of mainstream ultrasound imaging, Dr. Chiang formed the Terason division. With initial key patents protecting the integrated circuit technology she developed at

text: MIT Lincoln Laboratory

text: , Dr. Chiang dedicated the Terason division to the development of a micro-miniaturized commercial ultrasound system.

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answers: mainstream ultrasound imaging

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Recorded live by Gary Stokes at Ultrasound Showbar in Toronto, CanadaApril 12–18, 1993

text: Recorded live by Gary Stokes at Ultrasound Showbar in Toronto, CanadaApril 12–18, 1993

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: Ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Speed = m/s

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Technologists who use ultrasound to examine the heart chambers, valves, and vessels are referred to as cardiac sonographers. They use ultrasound instrumentation to create images called echocardiograms. An echocardiogram may be performed while the patient is either resting or physically active. Technologists may administer medication to physically active patients to assess their heart function. Cardiac sonographers also may assist physicians who perform transesophageal echocardiography, which involves placing a tube in the patient’s esophagus to obtain ultrasound images.

text: Technologists who use

text: ultrasound

text: to examine the

text: heart chambers

text: valves

text: , and

text: vessels

text: are referred to as cardiac sonographers. They use ultrasound instrumentation to create images called echocardiograms. An

text: echocardiogram

text: may be performed while the patient is either resting or physically active. Technologists may administer medication to physically active patients to assess their heart function. Cardiac sonographers also may assist physicians who perform

text: transesophageal echocardiography

text: , which involves placing a tube in the patient’s

text: esophagus

text: to obtain ultrasound images.

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answers: echocardiograms

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answers: heart chambers, valves, and vessels

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed and time

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: echocardiograms

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The bat's pristine sense of hearing is referred to as echolocation. Echolocation is a natural ability that bats have. This ability allows the bat to make sounds that then echo off of upcoming prey, such as flying, mosquitoes, moths, beetles, termites and flies. Any of these insects within reach will be heard and then eaten by the Virginia Big-Eared Bat. Echolocation is necessary and indispensable to the bats survival. Without this system the bat would not be able to localize and specify flying insects and food.

text: The bat's pristine sense of hearing is referred to as

text: echolocation

text: . Echolocation is a natural ability that bats have. This ability allows the bat to make sounds that then echo off of upcoming prey, such as flying, mosquitoes, moths, beetles, termites and flies. Any of these insects within reach will be heard and then eaten by the Virginia Big-Eared Bat. Echolocation is necessary and indispensable to the bats survival. Without this system the bat would not be able to localize and specify flying insects and food.

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text: They rely mainly on echolocation, but they lack the enlarged noses some microbats have to improve the ultrasound beam, and instead "shout" through their open mouths to project their ultrasound beams. In compensation, many species have relatively large ears.

text: They rely mainly on

text: echolocation

text: , but they lack the enlarged noses some microbats have to improve the

text: ultrasound

text: beam, and instead "shout" through their open mouths to project their ultrasound beams. In compensation, many species have relatively large ears.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Medical imaging is the generating of visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention. Medical imaging reveals details of internal physiology that help medical professionals plan appropriate treatments for tissue infection and trauma.  Medical imaging is also central in supplying the biometric data necessary to establish baseline features of anatomy and physiology so as to increase the accuracy with which early or fine-detail abnormalities are detected.  These diagnostic techniques are often performed in combination with general pathology procedures and are themselves often essential to developing new understanding of the pathogenesis of a given disease and tracking the progress of disease in specific medical cases.  Examples of important subdivisions in medical imaging include radiology (which uses the imaging technologies of X-ray radiography) magnetic resonance imaging,  medical ultrasonography (or ultrasound), endoscopy, elastography, tactile imaging, thermography, medical photography, nuclear medicine and functional imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography.  Though they do not strictly relay images, readings from diagnostics tests involving electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, and electrocardiography often give hints as to the state and function of certain tissues in the brain and heart respectively.

text: Medical imaging

text: is the generating of visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention. Medical imaging reveals details of

text: internal

text: physiology that help medical professionals plan appropriate treatments for tissue infection and trauma.  Medical imaging is also central in supplying the

text: biometric

text: data necessary to establish baseline features of

text: anatomy

text: and

text: physiology

text: so as to increase the accuracy with which early or fine-detail abnormalities are detected.  These diagnostic techniques are often performed in combination with general pathology procedures and are themselves often essential to developing new understanding of the

text: pathogenesis

text: of a given disease and tracking the progress of disease in specific medical cases.  Examples of important subdivisions in medical imaging include

text: radiology

text: (which uses the imaging technologies of X-ray

text: radiography

text: magnetic resonance imaging

text: medical ultrasonography

text: (or ultrasound),

text: endoscopy

text: elastography

text: tactile imaging

text: thermography

text: medical photography

text: nuclear medicine

text: and

text: functional imaging

text: techniques such as

text: positron emission tomography

text: .  Though they do not strictly relay images, readings from diagnostics tests involving

text: electroencephalography

text: magnetoencephalography

text: , and

text: electrocardiography

text: often give hints as to the state and function of certain tissues in the brain and heart respectively.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound computer tomographs use ultrasound waves for creating images. In the first measurement step a defined ultrasound wave is generated with typically Piezoelectric ultrasound transducers, transmitted in direction of the measurement object and received with other or the same ultrasound transducers. While traversing and interacting with the object the ultrasound wave is changed by the object and carries now information about the object. After being recorded the information from the modulated waves can be extracted and used to create an image of the object in a second step. Unlike X-ray or other physical properties which provide typically only one information, ultrasound provides multiple information of the object for imaging: the attenuation the wave's sound pressure experiences indicate on the object's attenuation coefficient, the time-of-flight of the wave gives speed of sound information, and the scattered wave indicates on the echogenicity of the object (e.g. refraction index, surface morphology, etc.). Unlike conventional ultrasound sonography, which uses phased array technology for beamforming, most USCT systems utilize unfocused spherical waves for imaging. Most USCT systems aiming for 3D-imaging, either by synthesizing ("stacking") 2D images or by full 3D aperture setups. Another aim is quantitative imaging instead of only qualitative imaging.

text: Ultrasound computer tomographs use

text: ultrasound

text: wave

text: s for creating images. In the first measurement step a defined ultrasound wave is generated with typically

text: Piezoelectric

text: ultrasound transducer

text: s, transmitted in direction of the measurement object and received with other or the same ultrasound transducers. While traversing and interacting with the object the ultrasound wave is changed by the object and carries now information about the object. After being recorded the information from the modulated waves can be extracted and used to create an image of the object in a second step. Unlike

text: X-ray

text: or other physical properties which provide typically only one information, ultrasound provides multiple information of the object for imaging: the

text: attenuation

text: the wave's

text: sound pressure

text: experiences indicate on the object's

text: attenuation coefficient

text: , the

text: time-of-flight

text: of the wave gives

text: speed of sound

text: information, and the

text: scattered wave

text: indicates on the

text: echogenicity

text: of the object (e.g.

text: refraction index

text: , surface morphology, etc.). Unlike conventional ultrasound

text: sonography

text: , which uses

text: phased array

text: technology for

text: beamforming

text: , most USCT systems utilize unfocused

text: spherical wave

text: s for imaging. Most USCT systems aiming for 3D-imaging, either by synthesizing ("stacking") 2D images or by full 3D aperture setups. Another aim is

text: quantitative

text: imaging

text: instead of only

text: qualitative

text: imaging.

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answers: Unlike X-ray or other physical properties which provide typically only one information, ultrasound provides multiple information

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answers: Ultrasound computer tomographs

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: While working at the University of Hull he led a team applying ultrasound to the diagnosis and monitoring of osteoporosis. This led to an ultrasonic index for osteoporosis and the development of commercial ultrasound heel scanners that are available worldwide.

text: While working at the

text: University of Hull

text: he led a team applying ultrasound to the diagnosis and monitoring of

text: osteoporosis

text: . This led to an ultrasonic index for osteoporosis and the development of commercial ultrasound heel scanners that are available worldwide.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Cats have excellent hearing and can detect an extremely broad range of frequencies. They can hear higher-pitched sounds than either dogs or humans, detecting frequencies from 55 Hz to 79,000 Hz, a range of 10.5 octaves, while humans and dogs both have ranges of about 9 octaves. Cats can hear ultrasound, which is important in hunting because many species of rodents make ultrasonic calls. However, they do not communicate using ultrasound like rodents do. Cats' hearing is also sensitive and among the best of any mammal, being most acute in the range of 500 Hz to 32 kHz. This sensitivity is further enhanced by the cat's large movable outer ears (their pinnae), which both amplify sounds and help detect the direction of a noise.

text: Cats have excellent hearing and can detect an extremely broad range of frequencies. They can hear higher-pitched sounds than either dogs or humans, detecting frequencies from 55 Hz to 79,000 Hz, a range of 10.5 octaves, while humans and dogs both have ranges of about 9 octaves. Cats can hear

text: ultrasound

text: , which is important in hunting because many species of rodents make ultrasonic calls. However, they do not communicate using ultrasound like rodents do. Cats' hearing is also sensitive and among the best of any mammal, being most acute in the range of 500 Hz to 32 kHz. This sensitivity is further enhanced by the cat's large movable outer ears (their

text: pinnae

text: ), which both amplify sounds and help detect the direction of a noise.

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answers: Cats can hear ultrasound

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answers: 32 kHz

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The ultrasound equipment must be of sufficiently high quality in order to give a correct image processing result, which can then provide invaluable information, mainly at the superficial level. It must be able to provide both color and Doppler imaging; technologies that developed alongside the development of ultrasound. The use of Doppler measurements which trace the echoes of the generated soundwaves received by the probe, enable the direction and the velocity of the blood flow, to be depicted. The overlay of color onto the Doppler information lets these images be seen more clearly.The choice of a probe will depend on the depth needed to be studied. For example, the superficial venous system (SVS) can be very well examined using a high frequency probe of 12 MHz. For  patients who have thick adipose tissue a probe of 7.5 MHz will be required. Deep veins require probes of around 6 MHz whilst the abdominal vessels are better studied with probes of between 4 and 6 MHz. In summary, three probes are needed together with a top level scanner. Also, the proper use of the scannercalls for a high level of expertise, so that the examiner must be well qualified and experienced in order to give effective results. In contrast to arterial ultrasonography the wall of the vein is not relevant and importance is given to the hemodynamic conclusions that the examiner can obtain in order to provide a valuable report. (Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow and of the laws that govern the circulation of blood in the blood vessels). It follows that the  examiner knowledge of venous hemodynamics is crucial, which can be a real barrier to a radiologist untrained in this field, who might wish to carry out these examinations.Specialized training in venous ultrasonography is not undertaken in some countries, which undermines best practice, mainly when varicose veins need to be examined.

text: The ultrasound equipment must be of sufficiently high quality in order to give a correct

text: image processing

text: result, which can then provide invaluable information, mainly at the superficial level. It must be able to provide both

text: color

text: and

text: Doppler

text: imaging; technologies that developed alongside the development of ultrasound. The use of Doppler measurements which trace the echoes of the generated soundwaves received by the probe, enable the direction and the velocity of the blood flow, to be depicted. The overlay of color onto the Doppler information lets these images be seen more clearly.The choice of a probe will depend on the depth needed to be studied. For example, the superficial venous system (SVS) can be very well examined using a high frequency probe of 12 MHz. For  patients who have thick

text: adipose tissue

text: varicose veins

text: need to be examined.

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answers: Doppler measurements

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answers: depth needed to be studied

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answers: Doppler measurements

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: depth needed to be studied

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: The use of Doppler measurements

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The UD method is based on ultrasound indicator dilution. Blood ultrasound velocity (1560–1585 m/s) is a function of total blood protein concentration—sums of proteins in plasma and in red blood red cells— and temperature. Injection of body-temperature normal saline (ultrasound velocity of saline is 1533 m/s) into a unique AV loop decreases blood ultrasound velocity, and produces dilution curves.

text: The UD method is based on ultrasound indicator dilution. Blood ultrasound velocity (1560–1585 m/s) is a function of total blood protein concentration—sums of proteins in plasma and in red blood red cells— and temperature. Injection of body-temperature normal saline (ultrasound velocity of saline is 1533 m/s) into a unique AV loop decreases blood ultrasound velocity, and produces dilution curves.

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answers: ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: Blood ultrasound velocity

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: m/s

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1585 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The cause of displacement is not definitively known, but one explanation is that the bowel becomes abnormally distended with gas (from excessive fermentation of grain, a change in the microbiota secondary to antibiotic use, or a buildup of gas secondary to impaction) which results in a shift in the bowel to an abnormal position. Because much of the bowel is not anchored to the body wall, it is free to move out of position. Displacement is usually diagnosed using a combination of findings from the rectal exam and ultrasonography.

text: The cause of displacement is not definitively known, but one explanation is that the bowel becomes abnormally distended with gas (from excessive fermentation of grain, a change in the microbiota secondary to antibiotic use, or a buildup of gas secondary to impaction) which results in a shift in the bowel to an abnormal position. Because much of the bowel is not anchored to the body wall, it is free to move out of position. Displacement is usually diagnosed using a combination of findings from the rectal exam and ultrasonography.

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answers: Displacement

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: Displacement

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Displacement

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In praying mantises, ultrasound avoidance behaviors are non-directional turns or power dives that are very effective in preventing capture by bats. The mantis ear, located in the midline between the metathoracic (third) legs, comprises two tympana within an auditory chamber that enhances sensitivity. A bilaterally symmetrical pair of auditory interneurons, 501-T3, accurately track the ultrasonic calls during the early stages of a bat attack. Because 501-T3 stops firing just before the evasive response starts, it may be involved in triggering the behavior. The praying mantis ear first appeared ca. 120 million years ago, predating the appearance of echolocating bats by ca. 50 million years, so its original function must be different from its current one.

text: In praying mantises, ultrasound avoidance behaviors are non-directional turns or power dives that are very effective in preventing capture by bats. The mantis ear, located in the midline between the metathoracic (third) legs, comprises two tympana within an auditory chamber that enhances sensitivity. A bilaterally symmetrical pair of auditory interneurons, 501-T3, accurately track the ultrasonic calls during the early stages of a bat attack. Because 501-T3 stops firing just before the evasive response starts, it may be involved in triggering the behavior. The praying mantis ear first appeared ca. 120 million years ago, predating the appearance of echolocating bats by ca. 50 million years, so its original function must be different from its current one.

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answers: NDQ_018743

answers: bats

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: bat attack

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: power dives

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ca. 120 million years

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The adaptation of echolocation occurred when toothed whales (Odontoceti) split apart from baleen whales, and distinguishes modern toothed whales from fully aquatic archaeocetes. This happened around 34 million years ago in a second cetacean radiation. Modern toothed whales do not rely on their sense of sight, but rather on their sonar to hunt prey. Echolocation also allowed toothed whales to dive deeper in search of food, with light no longer necessary for navigation, which opened up new food sources. Toothed whales echolocate by creating a series of clicks emitted at various frequencies. Sound pulses are emitted, reflected off objects, and retrieved through the lower jaw. Skulls of Squalodon show evidence for the first hypothesized appearance of echolocation. Squalodon lived from the early to middle Oligocene to the middle Miocene, around 33–14 million years ago. Squalodon featured several commonalities with modern toothed whales: the cranium was well compressed (to make room for the melon, a part of the nose), the rostrum telescoped outward into a beak, a characteristic of the modern toothed whales that gave Squalodon an appearance similar to them. However, it is thought unlikely that squalodontids are direct ancestors of modern toothed whales.

text: The adaptation of

text: echolocation

text: occurred when

text: toothed whale

text: s (Odontoceti) split apart from baleen whales, and distinguishes modern toothed whales from fully aquatic archaeocetes. This happened around 34 million years ago in a second cetacean

text: radiation

text: . Modern toothed whales do not rely on their sense of sight, but rather on their

text: sonar

text: to hunt prey.

text: Echolocation

text: also allowed toothed whales to dive deeper in search of food, with light no longer necessary for navigation, which opened up new food sources. Toothed whales echolocate by creating a series of clicks emitted at various frequencies. Sound pulses are emitted, reflected off objects, and retrieved through the lower jaw. Skulls of

text: Squalodon

text: show evidence for the first hypothesized appearance of echolocation. Squalodon lived from the early to middle

text: Oligocene

text: to the middle

text: Miocene

text: , around 33–14 million years ago. Squalodon featured several commonalities with modern toothed whales: the cranium was well compressed (to make room for the melon, a part of the

text: nose

text: ), the rostrum telescoped outward into a beak, a characteristic of the modern toothed whales that gave Squalodon an appearance similar to them. However, it is thought unlikely that squalodontids are direct ancestors of modern toothed whales.

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answers: Toothed whales

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: to hunt prey

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed and time

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 34 million years ago

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The explicit solver is designed to tackle both highly non-linear transient phenomena and quasi-static problems. The package is available for Windows and Linux platforms, both 32 and 64-bit systems.It was developed in the later 1980s to meet the demands of the medical ultrasound imaging device industry and has been adopted for use in the automotive, aerospace, sonar, MEMs and Non-destructive testing industries.

text: The explicit solver is designed to tackle both highly non-linear transient phenomena and quasi-static problems. The package is available for

text: Windows

text: and

text: Linux

text: platforms, both 32 and 64-bit systems.It was developed in the later 1980s to meet the demands of the medical

text: ultrasound

text: imaging device industry and has been adopted for use in the

text: automotive

text: aerospace

text: sonar

text: MEMs

text: and

text: Non-destructive testing

text: industries.

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answers: industries

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: non-linear transient phenomena

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 32-bit systems

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: sonar

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: At this time MQSA applies only to traditional mammography and not related scans such as breast ultrasound, stereotactic breast biospy, or breast MRI.

text: At this time MQSA applies only to traditional mammography and not related scans such as

text: breast ultrasound

text: , stereotactic breast biospy, or breast MRI.

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answers: ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: breast ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: MQSA

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: MQSA

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Although musculoskeletal ultrasound training, like medical training in general, is a lifelong process, Kissin et al. suggests that rheumatologists who taught themselves how to manipulate ultrasound can use it just as well as international musculo-skeletal ultrasound experts to diagnose common rheumatic conditions.

text: Although musculoskeletal ultrasound training, like medical training in general, is a lifelong process, Kissin et al. suggests that rheumatologists who taught themselves how to manipulate ultrasound can use it just as well as international musculo-skeletal ultrasound experts to diagnose common rheumatic conditions.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The main effects of ultrasound on the human body are heating and cavitation. See nlsn(pages 21–23) for detailed information. Also see ultrasound and sonic weaponry.

text: The main effects of

text: ultrasound

text: on the human body are

text: heating

text: and

text: cavitation

text: . See nlsn(pages 21–23) for detailed information. Also see

text: ultrasound

text: and

text: sonic weaponry

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answers: echolocation

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answers: main effects

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 21–23

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: If investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage is assessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or if it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. CT scan and positron emission tomography are used for this determination. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, the nodes may be sampled to assist staging. Techniques used for this include transthoracic needle aspiration, transbronchial needle aspiration (with or without endobronchial ultrasound), endoscopic ultrasound with needle aspiration, mediastinoscopy, and thoracoscopy. Blood tests and pulmonary function testing are used to assess whether a person is well enough for surgery. If pulmonary function tests reveal poor respiratory reserve, surgery may not be possible.

text: If investigations confirm NSCLC, the

text: stage

text: is assessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or if it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. CT scan and

text: positron emission tomography

text: are used for this determination. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, the nodes may be sampled to assist staging. Techniques used for this include transthoracic needle aspiration, transbronchial needle aspiration (with or without

text: endobronchial ultrasound

text: endoscopic ultrasound

text: with needle aspiration,

text: mediastinoscopy

text: , and

text: thoracoscopy

text: Blood test

text: s and

text: pulmonary function testing

text: are used to assess whether a person is well enough for surgery. If pulmonary function tests reveal poor respiratory reserve, surgery may not be possible.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: endobronchial ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Nodes may be sampled to assist staging

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: blood tests and pulmonary function testing

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: endoscopic ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In a 2014 study by Thaler and colleagues, the researchers first made recordings of the clicks and their very faint echoes using tiny microphones placed in the ears of the blind echolocators as they stood outside and tried to identify different objects such as a car, a flag pole, and a tree. The researchers then played the recorded sounds back to the echolocators while their brain activity was being measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Remarkably, when the echolocation recordings were played back to the blind experts, not only did they perceive the objects based on the echoes, but they also showed activity in those areas of their brain that normally process visual information in sighted people, primarily primary visual cortex or V1. This result is surprising, as visual areas, as their names suggest, are only active during visual tasks. Most interestingly, the brain areas that process auditory information were no more activated by sound recordings of outdoor scenes containing echoes than they were by sound recordings of outdoor scenes with the echoes removed. Importantly, when the same experiment was carried out with sighted people who did not echolocate, these individuals could not perceive the objects and there was no echo-related activity anywhere in the brain. This suggests that the cortex of blind echolocators is plastic and reorganizes such that primary visual cortex, rather than any auditory area, becomes involved in the computation of echolocation tasks.

text: In a 2014 study by Thaler and colleagues, the researchers first made recordings of the clicks and their very faint echoes using tiny microphones placed in the ears of the blind echolocators as they stood outside and tried to identify different objects such as a car, a flag pole, and a tree. The researchers then played the recorded sounds back to the echolocators while their brain activity was being measured using

text: functional magnetic resonance imaging

text: . Remarkably, when the echolocation recordings were played back to the blind experts, not only did they perceive the objects based on the echoes, but they also showed activity in those areas of their brain that normally process visual information in sighted people, primarily

text: primary visual cortex

text: or V1. This result is surprising, as visual areas, as their names suggest, are only active during visual tasks. Most interestingly, the brain areas that process auditory information were no more activated by sound recordings of outdoor scenes containing echoes than they were by sound recordings of outdoor scenes with the echoes removed. Importantly, when the same experiment was carried out with sighted people who did not echolocate, these individuals could not perceive the objects and there was no echo-related activity anywhere in the brain. This suggests that the cortex of blind echolocators is plastic and reorganizes such that primary visual cortex, rather than any auditory area, becomes involved in the computation of echolocation tasks.

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answers: echolocators

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answers: very faint echoes

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: V1

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: primary visual cortex or V1

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Functional magnetic resonance imaging

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Traditionally, varicose veins were investigated using imaging techniques only if there was a clinical suspicion of deep venous insufficiency, if they were recurrent, or if they involved the saphenopopliteal junction. This practice is not now widely accepted. Patients with varicose veins should now be investigated using lower limbs venous ultrasonography. The results from a randomised controlled trial on patients with and without routine ultrasound has shown a significant difference in recurrence rate and reoperation rate at 2 and 7 years of follow-up.

text: Traditionally, varicose veins were investigated using imaging techniques only if there was a clinical suspicion of deep venous insufficiency, if they were recurrent, or if they involved the saphenopopliteal junction. This practice is not now widely accepted. Patients with varicose veins should now be investigated using lower limbs venous ultrasonography. The results from a

text: randomised controlled trial

text: on patients with and without routine ultrasound has shown a significant difference in recurrence rate and reoperation rate at 2 and 7 years of follow-up.

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answers: Varicose veins

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answers: 2 and 7 years

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Compared to other prominent methods of medical imaging, ultrasound has several advantages. It provides images in real-time, it is portable and can be brought to the bedside, it is substantially lower in cost, and it does not use harmful ionizing radiation. Drawbacks of ultrasonography include various limits on its field of view including patient cooperation and physique, difficulty imaging structures behind bone and air, and its dependence on a skilled operator.

text: Compared to other prominent methods of medical imaging, ultrasound has several advantages. It provides images in real-time, it is portable and can be brought to the bedside, it is substantially lower in cost, and it does not use harmful

text: ionizing radiation

text: . Drawbacks of ultrasonography include various limits on its field of view including patient cooperation and physique, difficulty imaging structures behind

text: bone

text: and air, and its dependence on a skilled operator.

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answers: NDQ_018746

answers: real-time

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: medical imaging

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasounds can be used to diagnose anophthalmia during gestation. Due to the resolution of the ultrasound, however, it is hard to diagnose it until the second trimester. The earliest to detect anophthalmia this way is approximately 20 weeks. 3D and 4D ultrasounds have proven to be more accurate at viewing the fetus's eyes during pregnancy and are another alternative to the standard ultrasound.

text: Ultrasounds

text: can be used to diagnose anophthalmia during gestation. Due to the resolution of the ultrasound, however, it is hard to diagnose it until the

text: second trimester

text: . The earliest to detect anophthalmia this way is approximately 20 weeks. 3D and 4D ultrasounds have proven to be more accurate at viewing the fetus's eyes during pregnancy and are another alternative to the standard ultrasound.

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answers: Ultrasounds

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In order to have a good estimate of birth weight, ultrasonography or ultrasound during pregnancy and the date of last menstrual period are needed. Measured values from ultrasonography are compared with the growth chart to estimate fetal weight.

text: In order to have a good estimate of birth weight,

text: ultrasonography

text: or

text: ultrasound

text: during pregnancy and the date of last menstrual period are needed. Measured values from ultrasonography are compared with the growth chart to estimate fetal weight.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: 3D ultrasound is a medical ultrasound technique, often used in obstetric ultrasonography (during pregnancy), providing three-dimensional images of the fetus. Three-dimensional ultrasound, also known as phased array ultrasonics, is used extensively in the non-destructive evaluation of materials for purity and failure assessment.

text: 3D ultrasound is a

text: medical ultrasound

text: technique, often used in

text: obstetric ultrasonography

text: (during

text: pregnancy

text: ), providing

text: three-dimensional

text: images of the

text: fetus

text: . Three-dimensional ultrasound, also known as

text: phased array ultrasonics

text: , is used extensively in the non-destructive evaluation of materials for purity and failure assessment.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Professor Ian Donald, working in the field of obstetrics and gynaecology, was one of the pioneers of diagnostic ultrasound.

text: Professor

text: Ian Donald

text: , working in the field of obstetrics and gynaecology, was one of the pioneers of diagnostic

text: ultrasound

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answers: Ian Donald

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answers: diagnostic ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ferroelectric materials are required by symmetry considerations to be also piezoelectric and pyroelectric. The combined properties of memory, piezoelectricity, and pyroelectricity make ferroelectric capacitors very useful, e.g. for sensor applications. Ferroelectric capacitors are used in medical ultrasound machines (the capacitors generate and then listen for the ultrasound ping used to image the internal organs of a body), high quality infrared cameras (the infrared image is projected onto a two dimensional array of ferroelectric capacitors capable of detecting temperature differences as small as millionths of a degree Celsius), fire sensors, sonar, vibration sensors, and even fuel injectors on diesel engines.

text: Ferroelectric materials are required by symmetry considerations to be also piezoelectric and pyroelectric. The combined properties of memory,

text: piezoelectricity

text: , and

text: pyroelectricity

text: make ferroelectric capacitors very useful, e.g. for sensor applications. Ferroelectric capacitors are used in medical ultrasound machines (the capacitors generate and then listen for the ultrasound ping used to image the internal organs of a body), high quality infrared cameras (the infrared image is projected onto a two dimensional array of ferroelectric capacitors capable of detecting temperature differences as small as millionths of a degree Celsius), fire sensors, sonar, vibration sensors, and even fuel injectors on diesel engines.

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answers: medical ultrasound machines

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Structural abnormalities of the kidneys are identified with imaging tests. These may include Medical ultrasonography/ultrasound, computed axial tomography (CT), scintigraphy (nuclear medicine), angiography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

text: Structural abnormalities of the kidneys are identified with imaging tests. These may include

text: Medical ultrasonography/ultrasound

text: computed axial tomography (CT)

text: scintigraphy

text: nuclear medicine

text: angiography

text: or

text: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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answers: ultrasound/ultrasound

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answers: structural abnormalities

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answers: angiography

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answers: 1437 m/s

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Research on the ISS improves knowledge about the effects of long-term space exposure on the human body. Subjects currently under study include muscle atrophy, bone loss, and fluid shift. The data will be used to determine whether space colonisation and lengthy human spaceflight are feasible. As of 2006, data on bone loss and muscular atrophy suggest that there would be a significant risk of fractures and movement problems if astronauts landed on a planet after a lengthy interplanetary cruise (such as the six-month journey time required to fly to Mars).Large scale medical studies are conducted aboard the ISS via the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity study in which astronauts (including former ISS Commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts. The study considers the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions in space. Usually, there is no physician on board the ISS, and diagnosis of medical conditions is a challenge. It is anticipated that remotely guided ultrasound scans will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations where access to a trained physician is difficult.

text: Research on the ISS improves knowledge about the effects of long-term space exposure on the human body. Subjects currently under study include

text: muscle atrophy

text: bone loss

text: , and fluid shift. The data will be used to determine whether

text: space colonisation

text: and lengthy

text: human spaceflight

text: are feasible. As of 2006, data on bone loss and muscular atrophy suggest that there would be a significant risk of fractures and movement problems if astronauts landed on a planet after a lengthy interplanetary cruise (such as the six-month journey time required to

text: fly to Mars

text: ).Large scale medical studies are conducted aboard the ISS via the

text: National Space Biomedical Research Institute

text: (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the

text: Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity

text: study in which astronauts (including former ISS Commanders

text: Leroy Chiao

text: and

text: Gennady Padalka

text: ) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts. The study considers the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions in space. Usually, there is no physician on board the ISS, and diagnosis of medical conditions is a challenge. It is anticipated that remotely guided ultrasound scans will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations where access to a trained physician is difficult.

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answers: ultrasound scans

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: AIUM/WFUMB History of Medical Ultrasound Pioneer Award (1988)

text: AIUM/WFUMB History of Medical Ultrasound Pioneer Award

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answers: echolocation

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answers: Ultrasound

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answers: Speed and Time

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The greater bulldog bat is one of the few bat species that has adapted to eating fish. Nevertheless, the bats eat both fish and insects. During the wet season, the bats feed primarily on insects like moths and beetles. During the dry season, bat will primarily feed on fish as well as crabs, scorpions and shrimp to a lesser extent. The bulldog bat mostly forages for fish during high tide and locates them with echolocation. A bulldog bat will fly high in the air and in a circular direction when searching for prey. If it spots a jumping fish, the bat will drop down closer to the water surface, particularly the spot where it made the jump and decreases the pulse duration and intervals of its echolocation signals. The bulldog bat may also search by dragging its feet across the water surface, a behavior known as raking. The bat may rake through areas where fish jumping is most frequent or in areas where it had previously made a successful catch.

text: The greater bulldog bat is one of the few bat species that has adapted to eating fish. Nevertheless, the bats eat both fish and insects. During the wet season, the bats feed primarily on insects like

text: moth

text: s and

text: beetle

text: s. During the dry season, bat will primarily feed on fish as well as

text: crab

text: s,

text: scorpion

text: s and

text: shrimp

text: to a lesser extent. The bulldog bat mostly forages for fish during high tide and locates them with echolocation. A bulldog bat will fly high in the air and in a circular direction when searching for prey. If it spots a jumping fish, the bat will drop down closer to the water surface, particularly the spot where it made the jump and decreases the pulse duration and intervals of its echolocation signals. The bulldog bat may also search by dragging its feet across the water surface, a behavior known as raking. The bat may rake through areas where fish jumping is most frequent or in areas where it had previously made a successful catch.

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answers: The bulldog bat

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answers: NDQ_018746

answers: pulse duration and intervals of its echolocation signals

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: high tide

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: The bulldog bat mostly forages for fish during high tide

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Joyjatra uses Chinese H/SQ2-262C active sonar (improved Pike Jaw MG-100 sonar), a Chinese copy of the French DUUX-5  passive sonar, integrated by an ES5F integrated sonar system.

text: Joyjatra uses Chinese H/SQ2-262C active sonar (improved Pike Jaw MG-100 sonar), a Chinese copy of the French DUUX-5  passive sonar, integrated by an ES5F integrated sonar system.

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answers: Pike Jaw

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answers: active sonar

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answers: MG-100

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answers: 1437 m

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answers: Sonar

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Japanese remote operated vehicle (ROV) Kaiko became the second vessel to reach the bottom of the Challenger Deep in March 1995. Nereus, a hybrid remotely operated vehicle (HROV) of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, is the only vehicle capable of exploring ocean depths beyond 7000 meters. Nereus reached a depth of 10,902 meters at the Challenger Deep on May 31, 2009. On 1 June 2009, sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 multibeam sonar bathymetry system aboard the R/V Kilo Moana indicated a maximum depth of . The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, with an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth (this is an error of about 22 meters at this depth).

text: The Japanese

text: remote operated vehicle

text: (ROV)

text: Kaiko

text: became the second vessel to reach the bottom of the Challenger Deep in March 1995.

text: Nereus

text: , a hybrid remotely operated vehicle (HROV) of the

text: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

text: , is the only vehicle capable of exploring ocean depths beyond 7000 meters. Nereus reached a depth of 10,902 meters at the Challenger Deep on May 31, 2009. On 1 June 2009, sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the

text: Simrad

text: multibeam sonar bathymetry

text: system aboard the

text: R/V Kilo Moana

text: indicated a maximum depth of . The sonar system uses

text: phase

text: and

text: amplitude

text: bottom detection, with an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth (this is an error of about 22 meters at this depth).

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answers: The sonar uses phase and amplitude bottom detection

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: depth

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answers: meters

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answers: 10,902 meters

answers: NDQ_018748

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: This is a wide subject and there is still a lot to be discovered about bat social communication and how they use social calls in roosts and when flying. Generally a bat social call is not tonal, in other words it does not consist of a musical type note. Some bat detectors do not produce an accurate recording of a bat social call. Typically bat social calls use a lower frequency range than echolocation calls, and can thus be heard further away. Sometimes a bat will make a social call while echolocating which can cause confusion.

text: This is a wide subject and there is still a lot to be discovered about bat social communication and how they use social calls in roosts and when flying. Generally a bat social call is not tonal, in other words it does not consist of a musical type note. Some bat detectors do not produce an accurate recording of a bat social call. Typically bat social calls use a lower frequency range than echolocation calls, and can thus be heard

text: further away

text: . Sometimes a bat will make a social call while echolocating which can cause confusion.

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answers: bat social calls use a lower frequency range

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: can thus be heard further away

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: bat social calls use a lower frequency range

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Dr. Sanders has written over 16 books on Ultrasound & Sonography, including "Clinical Sonogaphy: A Practical Guide", which is now in its fourth edition, and over 150 peer-reviewed articles. He is generally recognized as one of the pioneers of the use of Ultrasound in relation to Obstetrics and Gynecology, and has been recognized for his work with the Biparietal diameter among other work in the field. He is a fellow of several different Societies in the field of Ultrasound, including the Society of Radiology in Ultrasound, the American College of Radiology, and the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (the AIUM), the latter awarding him the Presidential Award in 1984, and the Joseph H. Holmes Pioneer Award in 2001.

text: Dr. Sanders has written over 16 books on Ultrasound & Sonography, including "Clinical Sonogaphy: A Practical Guide", which is now in its fourth edition, and over 150 peer-reviewed articles. He is generally recognized as one of the pioneers of the use of Ultrasound in relation to Obstetrics and Gynecology, and has been recognized for his work with the

text: Biparietal diameter

text: among other work in the field. He is a fellow of several different Societies in the field of Ultrasound, including the

text: Society of Radiology in Ultrasound

text: , the

text: American College of Radiology

text: , and the

text: American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine

text: (the AIUM), the latter awarding him the Presidential Award in 1984, and the Joseph H. Holmes Pioneer Award in 2001.

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answers: Biparietal diameter

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text: The Minegumo-class destroyer derived from this class as the new DASH equipped version, but after the QH-50D DASH was scrapped, the JMSDF decided on resuming the construction of this class. The latter batch sometimes called as the Aokumo class, and there are some improvements, mainly in their electronics such as the OQS-3 hull-sonar (Japanese variant of the American AN/SQS-23) and the AN/SQS-35 variable depth sonar system.

text: The Minegumo-class destroyer derived from this class as the new

text: DASH

text: equipped version, but after the

text: QH-50D DASH

text: was scrapped, the JMSDF decided on resuming the construction of this class. The latter batch sometimes called as the Aokumo class, and there are some improvements, mainly in their electronics such as the OQS-3 hull-sonar (Japanese variant of the American AN/SQS-23) and the AN/SQS-35 variable depth sonar system.

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answers: variable depth

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Sonar was founded by Dirk Ivens and employed the help of Patrick Stevens in 1996.  The aim of Ivens's and Stevens's project was to "remind [one] to working machines, the soundscapes to droning planes." .  Both Ivens and Stevens have continued work on Sonar to this date, but also devote time to their other projects.  Ivens is most well known for his solo-effort, Dive, as well as his stint in Klinik and Stevens for his project Hypnoskull.

text: Sonar was founded by Dirk Ivens and employed the help of Patrick Stevens in 1996.  The aim of Ivens's and Stevens's project was to "remind [one] to working machines, the soundscapes to droning planes." .  Both Ivens and Stevens have continued work on Sonar to this date, but also devote time to their other projects.  Ivens is most well known for his solo-effort,

text: Dive

text: , as well as his stint in

text: Klinik

text: and Stevens for his project Hypnoskull.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Meanwhile, down in London, the former Sleepy People members in Pop-A-Cat-A-Petal were beginning to gain attention of their own. Following a 1995 four-song cassette release via Org Records, the departure of Pete Haslam and the addition of Vanessa Best and Matt Jones, the band had reinvented themselves in 1996 as Ultrasound, and were soon being chased by various record labels, culminating in them releasing a single on Fierce Panda, signing to Nude Records and becoming an up-and-coming name in late-period Britpop. Sleepy People in turn gained attention from interest in Ultrasound's prehistory: still friendly with his former bandmates, Paul Hope cheerfully exploited the connection.

text: Meanwhile, down in London, the former Sleepy People members in Pop-A-Cat-A-Petal were beginning to gain attention of their own. Following a 1995 four-song cassette release via Org Records, the departure of Pete Haslam and the addition of Vanessa Best and Matt Jones, the band had reinvented themselves in 1996 as

text: Ultrasound

text: , and were soon being chased by various record labels, culminating in them releasing a single on

text: Fierce Panda

text: , signing to

text: Nude Records

text: and becoming an up-and-coming name in late-period Britpop. Sleepy People in turn gained attention from interest in Ultrasound's prehistory: still friendly with his former bandmates, Paul Hope cheerfully exploited the connection.

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answers: Ultrasound

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answers: 1996

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Key advantages of external ultrasound methods are:

text: Key advantages of external ultrasound methods are:

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answers: echolocation

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answers: speed and time

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: external ultrasound uses reflected ultrasound waves to create images of internal organs

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1966 Glover was modified in the Boston Naval Shipyard with electronic testing and data recording hardware and one of the first digital computers on a surface ship, a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-8. She was also outftted with a prototype Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) for a time.In 1968 she re-entered the Boston Naval Shipyard for more modifications and the addition of a Variable Depth Sonar (VDS) device.In 1970, she made her first Atlantic crossing and Mediterranean cruise visiting ports in Spain, France, Italy, and Greece. While conducting sonar tests in the Mediterranean, she was observed very closely by Soviet Navy vessels. One almost rear ended the ship while attempting to obtain a close look at the Variable Depth sonar. In September 1974 she entered Boston Naval Shipyard for modifications.

text: In 1966 Glover was modified in the Boston Naval Shipyard with electronic testing and data recording hardware and one of the first digital computers on a surface ship, a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-8. She was also outftted with a prototype Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) for a time.In 1968 she re-entered the Boston Naval Shipyard for more modifications and the addition of a Variable Depth Sonar (VDS) device.In 1970, she made her first Atlantic crossing and Mediterranean cruise visiting ports in Spain, France, Italy, and Greece. While conducting sonar tests in the Mediterranean, she was observed very closely by

text: Soviet Navy

text: vessels. One almost rear ended the ship while attempting to obtain a close look at the Variable Depth sonar. In September 1974 she entered

text: Boston Naval Shipyard

text: for modifications.

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text: The summer of 2007 saw the refurbishment of the middle floor, with the Executive officers residing there, as well as Radio Sonar and Sonar TV, a Student Union Shop and Wifi Lounge

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text: Although the transient elastography system uses ultrasound, its ultrasound elastography technique is more similar to seismology than to ultrasound imaging. The function of the unit’s ultrasound is only to display a one-dimensional image which assists the operator in selecting the measurement zone.

text: Although the transient elastography system uses

text: ultrasound

text: , its ultrasound

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text: technique is more similar to seismology than to ultrasound imaging. The function of the unit’s ultrasound is only to display a one-dimensional image which assists the operator in selecting the measurement zone.

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text: Individual bat species echolocate within specific frequency ranges that suit their environment and prey types. This has sometimes been used by researchers to identify bats flying in an area simply by recording their calls with ultrasonic recorders known as "bat detectors". However echolocation calls are not always species specific and some bats overlap in the type of calls they use so recordings of echolocation calls cannot be used to identify all bats. In recent years researchers in several countries have developed "bat call libraries" that contain recordings of local bat species that have been identified known as "reference calls" to assist with identification.

text: Individual bat species echolocate within specific frequency ranges that suit their environment and prey types. This has sometimes been used by researchers to identify bats flying in an area simply by recording their calls with ultrasonic recorders known as "bat detectors". However echolocation calls are not always species specific and some bats overlap in the type of calls they use so recordings of echolocation calls cannot be used to identify all bats. In recent years researchers in several countries have developed "bat call libraries" that contain recordings of local bat species that have been identified known as "reference calls" to assist with identification.

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answers: Yes

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answers: yes

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: recordings of echolocation calls cannot be used to identify all bats

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Dogs with normal hearing can hear ultrasound. A dog whistle exploits this by emitting a high frequency sound to call to a dog. Many such whistles emit sound in the upper audible range of humans, but some, such as the silent whistle, emit ultrasound at a frequency in the range 18–22 kHz.

text: Dogs with normal hearing can hear ultrasound. A

text: dog whistle

text: exploits this by emitting a high frequency sound to call to a dog. Many such whistles emit sound in the upper audible range of humans, but some, such as the

text: silent whistle

text: , emit ultrasound at a frequency in the range 18–22 kHz.

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answers: NDQ_018743

answers: A dog whistle

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: audible range

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 18-22 kHz

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Power ultrasound in the 20–100 kHz range is used in chemistry. The ultrasound does not interact directly with molecules to induce the chemical change, as its typical wavelength (in the millimeter range) is too long compared to the molecules. Instead, the energy causes cavitation which generates  extremes of temperature and pressure in the liquid where the reaction happens. Ultrasound also breaks up solids and removes passivating layers of inert material to give a larger surface area for the reaction to occur over. Both of these effects make the reaction faster. In 2008, Atul Kumar reported synthesis of Hantzsch esters and polyhydroquinoline derivatives via multi-component reaction protocol in aqueous micelles using ultrasound.

text: Power ultrasound in the 20–100 kHz range is used in

text: chemistry

text: . The ultrasound does not interact directly with

text: molecule

text: s to induce the chemical change, as its typical wavelength (in the millimeter range) is too long compared to the molecules. Instead, the energy causes

text: cavitation

text: which generates  extremes of temperature and pressure in the liquid where the reaction happens. Ultrasound also breaks up solids and removes

text: passivating

text: layers of

text: inert

text: material to give a larger

text: surface area

text: for the reaction to occur over. Both of these effects make the reaction faster. In 2008,

text: Atul Kumar

text: reported synthesis of Hantzsch esters and polyhydroquinoline derivatives via multi-component reaction protocol in aqueous

text: micelles

text: using ultrasound.

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answers: NDQ_018743

answers: It does not interact directly with molecules to induce the chemical change

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: 20–100 kHz range

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Echolocation is used to find prey.  The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 27–56 kHz, have most energy at 45 kHz and have an average duration of 2.5 ms.

text: Echolocation is used to find prey.  The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 27–56 kHz, have most energy at 45 kHz and have an average duration of 2.5 ms.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: frequencies

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: ms

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 27–56 kHz

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: echolocation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Some blind people are skilled at echolocating silent objects simply by producing mouth clicks and listening to the returning echoes. It has been shown that blind echolocation experts use what is normally the "visual" part of their brain to process the echoes.

text: Some blind people are skilled at

text: echolocating

text: silent objects simply by producing mouth clicks and listening to the returning echoes. It has been shown that blind echolocation experts use what is normally the "visual" part of their brain to process the echoes.

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answers: echolocation

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answers: echoes

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: echolocating

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Since a sonar array is extremely sensitive to underwater sounds, it must be protected from the noise generated by machinery on the vessel on which the sonar is installed. Otherwise, its own noise would tend to drown out other sonar targets. To reduce noise, sound-attenuating material is placed between the sonar and the rest of the vessel. This makes the sonar much more effective, but causes a blind spot where this material is: as most hull-mounted sonars are located at the front of the vessel, the resulting blind spot is located directly behind the vessel.

text: Since a sonar array is extremely sensitive to underwater sounds, it must be protected from the noise generated by machinery on the vessel on which the sonar is installed. Otherwise, its own noise would tend to drown out other sonar targets. To reduce noise, sound-attenuating material is placed between the sonar and the rest of the vessel. This makes the sonar much more effective, but causes a blind spot where this material is: as most hull-mounted sonars are located at the front of the vessel, the resulting blind spot is located directly behind the vessel.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: underwater sounds

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: sonar

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the United States it refers to a board certified endocrinologist physician, who is either a full time academician with multiple responsibilities beside thyroid patient care, or a clinical thyroidologist. A clinical thyroidologist is a board certified endocrinologist, who cares for a majority of thyroid patients, with few patients experiencing other endocrine conditions. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) developed the ENDOCRINE CERTIFICATION IN NECK ULTRASOUND (ECNU) program. ECNU is a professional certification in the field of neck ultrasonography for Endocrinologists, Thyroidologists, and Thyroidology practices who perform consultations and diagnostic evaluations for thyroid and parathyroid disorders through both diagnostic ultrasound and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (UGFNA). ECNU is seen as a distinguished certification, which increases public and patient confidence in thyroid ultrasound practice. These clinical thyroidologists are also interventional thyroid radiologists doing ablation therapy without surgery for thyroid and parathyroid cysts and recurrent neck thyroid cancer lymph nodes after prior surgeries failed. It is called Ethanol ablation EA, or PEI. They also do radio frequency, and echo ablation by HIFU for large solid symptomatic benign thyroid nodules.

text: In the

text: United States

text: it refers to a

text: board certified

text: endocrinologist

text: physician, who is either a full time academician with multiple responsibilities beside

text: thyroid

text: patient care, or a clinical thyroidologist. A clinical thyroidologist is a board certified endocrinologist, who cares for a majority of thyroid patients, with few patients experiencing other

text: endocrine

text: conditions. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) developed the ENDOCRINE CERTIFICATION IN NECK ULTRASOUND (ECNU) program. ECNU is a professional certification in the field of neck ultrasonography for Endocrinologists, Thyroidologists, and Thyroidology practices who perform consultations and diagnostic evaluations for thyroid and parathyroid disorders through both diagnostic ultrasound and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (UGFNA). ECNU is seen as a distinguished certification, which increases public and patient confidence in thyroid ultrasound practice. These clinical thyroidologists are also interventional thyroid radiologists doing ablation therapy without surgery for thyroid and parathyroid cysts and recurrent neck thyroid cancer lymph nodes after prior surgeries failed. It is called Ethanol ablation EA, or PEI. They also do radio frequency, and echo ablation by HIFU for large solid symptomatic benign thyroid nodules.

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answers: ECNU

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answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: No

answer: 1

text: Two groups of moths exploit a bat sense to echolocate: tiger moths produce ultrasonic signals to warn the bats that they (the moths) are chemically protected or aposematic, other moth species produce signals to jam bat echolocation. Many moth species have a hearing organ called a tympanum, which responds to an incoming bat signal by causing the moth's flight muscles to twitch erratically, sending the moth into random evasive maneuvers.

text: Two groups of

text: moth

text: s exploit a bat sense to echolocate:

text: tiger moths

text: produce

text: ultrasonic

text: signals to warn the bats that they (the moths) are chemically protected or

text: aposematic

text: , other moth species produce signals to

text: jam bat echolocation

text: . Many moth species have a hearing organ called a

text: tympanum

text: , which responds to an incoming bat signal by causing the moth's flight muscles to twitch erratically, sending the moth into random evasive maneuvers.

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answers: NDQ_018745

answers: chemically protected

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answers: speed

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: SONAR or sonar (sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation under water (or occasionally in air) to navigate, communicate or to detect other vessels. There are two kinds of sonar – active and passive. A single active sonar can localize in range and bearing as well as measuring radial speed. However, a single passive sonar can only localize in bearing directly, though target motion analysis can be used to localize in range, given time. Multiple passive sonars can be used for range localization by triangulation or correlation, directly.

text: SONAR or

text: sonar

text: (sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation under water (or occasionally in air) to navigate, communicate or to detect other vessels. There are two kinds of sonar – active and passive. A single active sonar can localize in range and bearing as well as measuring radial speed. However, a single passive sonar can only localize in bearing directly, though

text: target motion analysis

text: can be used to localize in range, given time. Multiple passive sonars can be used for range localization by triangulation or correlation, directly.

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answers: NDQ_018745

answers: range

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: target motion analysis

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: sonar

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As of March 2012, 20 states require that a person seeking an abortion have an ultrasound before being allowed to have the procedure. Mandatory transvaginal ultrasounds have been particularly controversial. In Texas, for instance, even if previous ultrasounds had indicated severe congenital defects, a woman seeking an abortion was required under a 2012 law to have another ultrasound done, "administered by her abortion doctor, and [she had to] listen to a state-mandated description of the fetus she was about to abort", though state-issued guidelines later did away with that ultrasound if the fetus had an "irreversible medical condition".

text: As of March 2012, 20 states require that a person seeking an abortion have an

text: ultrasound

text: before being allowed to have the procedure. Mandatory

text: transvaginal ultrasound

text: s have been particularly controversial. In Texas, for instance, even if previous ultrasounds had indicated severe congenital defects, a woman seeking an abortion was required under a 2012 law to have another ultrasound done, "administered by her abortion doctor, and [she had to] listen to a state-mandated description of the fetus she was about to abort", though state-issued guidelines later did away with that ultrasound if the fetus had an "irreversible medical condition".

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answers: NDQ_018745

answers: fetus

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 20 states

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Echolocation is done with FM singles between 60 and 24 kHz, with a 5-8 millisecond duration. The call sequence occurs every 115 milliseconds on average, with approximately 8-10 signals per second. Signal range is between 5 and 21 meters.

text: Echolocation is done with FM singles between 60 and 24 kHz, with a 5-8 millisecond duration. The call sequence occurs every 115 milliseconds on average, with approximately 8-10 signals per second. Signal range is between 5 and 21 meters.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: Signal range

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: meters

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 5 and 21 meters

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Focused ultrasound similar to high intensity focused ultrasound, but at much lower powers is applied to tissues in conjunction with the local application of pharmacological agent. The ultrasound source (or transducer) is pulsed on and off, and moved in a defined pattern to sonicate the tissue of interest. The pulsing of the ultrasound serves two purposes: to agitate the tissue matrix by extending and compressing it and to keep the tissue from absorbing too much energy and ablating it, so preventing necrosis. The manual movement of the transducer allows for control of the sonicated volume of tissue and where the drug may penetrate more readily.

text: Focused ultrasound similar to

text: high intensity focused ultrasound

text: , but at much lower powers is applied to tissues in conjunction with the local application of pharmacological agent. The ultrasound source (or transducer) is pulsed on and off, and moved in a defined pattern to sonicate the tissue of interest. The pulsing of the ultrasound serves two purposes: to agitate the tissue matrix by extending and compressing it and to keep the tissue from absorbing too much energy and ablating it, so preventing necrosis. The manual movement of the transducer allows for control of the sonicated volume of tissue and where the drug may penetrate more readily.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: where the drug may penetrate more readily

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Pulsed on and off

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The ultrasonic frequencies pulsed into samples by the transducers of acoustic microscopes range from a low of 10 MHz (rarely, 5 MHz) to a high of 400 MHz or more. Across this spectrum of frequencies there is a trade-off of penetration and resolution. Ultrasound at low frequencies such as 10 MHz penetrates deeper into materials than ultrasound at higher frequencies, but the spatial resolution of the acoustic image is less. On the other hand, ultrasound at very high frequencies do not penetrate deeply, but provide acoustic images having very high resolution. The frequency chosen to image a particular sample will depend on the geometry of the part and on the materials involved.

text: The ultrasonic frequencies pulsed into samples by the transducers of acoustic microscopes range from a low of 10 MHz (rarely, 5 MHz) to a high of 400 MHz or more. Across this spectrum of frequencies there is a trade-off of

text: penetration

text: and

text: resolution

text: . Ultrasound at low frequencies such as 10 MHz penetrates deeper into materials than ultrasound at higher frequencies, but the spatial resolution of the acoustic image is less. On the other hand, ultrasound at very high frequencies do not penetrate deeply, but provide acoustic images having very high resolution. The frequency chosen to image a particular sample will depend on the geometry of the part and on the materials involved.

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answers: NDQ_018743

answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: the geometry of the part

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: spatial resolution

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 400 MHz

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound inspections can be applied to women of any age and do not involve the use of radiation. Further, ultrasound techniques can measure the size of the tumor and are able to differentiate solids from liquids in breast tissue. However, due to the general equality in acoustic impedance for many types of structures in the breast ultrasound imaging detects many “abnormalities” or “potential sites” that are false positives and this limits its usefulness. Doppler ultrasound can provide some information on blood flow in the breast, but this is a substantial variation on regular ultrasound inspections. Overall, ultrasound techniques are best employed to evaluate a lump discovered by some other means and/or to investigate a specific site identified by mammography.

text: Ultrasound inspections can be applied to women of any age and do not involve the use of radiation. Further, ultrasound techniques can measure the size of the tumor and are able to differentiate solids from liquids in breast tissue. However, due to the general equality in acoustic impedance for many types of structures in the breast ultrasound imaging detects many “abnormalities” or “potential sites” that are false positives and this limits its usefulness. Doppler ultrasound can provide some information on blood flow in the breast, but this is a substantial variation on regular ultrasound inspections. Overall, ultrasound techniques are best employed to evaluate a lump discovered by some other means and/or to investigate a specific site identified by mammography.

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answers: do not involve the use of radiation

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answers: NDQ_018743

answers: Ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: the size of the tumor

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Doppler

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: mammography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Untargeted microbubbles, such as the aforementioned SonoVue, Optison or Levovist, are injected intravenously into the systemic circulation in a small bolus.  The microbubbles will remain in the systemic circulation for a certain period of time.  During that time, ultrasound waves are directed on the area of interest.   When microbubbles in the blood flow past the imaging window, the microbubbles’ compressible gas cores oscillate in response to the high frequency sonic energy field, as described in the ultrasound article.  The microbubbles reflect a unique echo that stands in stark contrast to the surrounding tissue due to the orders of magnitude mismatch between microbubble and tissue echogenicity.  The ultrasound system converts the strong echogenicity into a contrast-enhanced image of the area of interest.  In this way, the bloodstream’s echo is enhanced, thus allowing the clinician to distinguish blood from surrounding tissues.

text: Untargeted microbubbles, such as the aforementioned SonoVue, Optison or Levovist, are injected intravenously into the systemic circulation in a small bolus.  The microbubbles will remain in the systemic circulation for a certain period of time.  During that time, ultrasound waves are directed on the area of interest.   When microbubbles in the blood flow past the imaging window, the microbubbles’

text: compressible

text: gas cores

text: oscillate

text: in response to the high frequency sonic energy field, as described in the

text: ultrasound

text: article.  The microbubbles reflect a unique

text: echo

text: that stands in stark contrast to the surrounding tissue due to the orders of magnitude mismatch between microbubble and tissue echogenicity.  The ultrasound system converts the strong echogenicity into a contrast-enhanced image of the area of interest.  In this way, the bloodstream’s echo is enhanced, thus allowing the clinician to distinguish

text: blood

text: from surrounding tissues.

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answers: echolocation

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answers: high frequency sonic energy field

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answers: The ultrasound system converts the strong echogenicity into a contrast-enhanced image of the area of interest

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

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answers: the bloodstream’s echo is enhanced, thus allowing the clinician to distinguish blood from surrounding tissues

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In children the clinical examination is important to determine which children with abdominal pain should receive immediate surgical consultation and which should receive diagnostic imaging. Because of the health risks of exposing children to radiation, ultrasound is the preferred first choice with CT scan being a legitimate follow-up if the ultrasound is inconclusive. CT scan is more accurate than ultrasound for the diagnosis of appendicitis in adults and adolescents. CT scan has a sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 95%. Ultrasonography had an overall sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 81%.

text: In children the clinical examination is important to determine which children with abdominal pain should receive immediate surgical consultation and which should receive diagnostic imaging. Because of the health risks of exposing children to radiation, ultrasound is the preferred first choice with CT scan being a legitimate follow-up if the ultrasound is inconclusive. CT scan is more accurate than ultrasound for the diagnosis of appendicitis in adults and adolescents. CT scan has a

text: sensitivity

text: of 94%,

text: specificity

text: of 95%. Ultrasonography had an overall

text: sensitivity

text: of 86%, a

text: specificity

text: of 81%.

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answers: Ultrasonography

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answers: ultrasound is the preferred first choice

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answers: CT scan

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answers: 94%, specificity of 95%

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Sounds used by animals that fall within the scope of bioacoustics include a wide range of frequencies and media, and are often not "sound" in the narrow sense of the word (i.e. compression waves that propagate through air and are detectable by the human ear). Katydid crickets, for example, communicate by sounds with frequencies higher than 100 kHz, far into the ultrasound range. Lower, but still in ultrasound, are sounds used by bats for echolocation. On the other side of the frequency spectrum are low frequency-vibrations, often not detected by hearing organs, but with other, less specialized sense organs. The examples include ground vibrations produced by elephants whose principal frequency component is around 15 Hz, and low- to medium-frequency substrate-borne vibrations used by most insect orders. Many animal sounds, however, do fall within the frequency range detectable by a human ear, between 20 and 20,000 Hz. Mechanisms for sound production and detection are just as diverse as the signals themselves.

text: Sounds used by animals that fall within the scope of bioacoustics include a wide range of frequencies and media, and are often not "sound" in the narrow sense of the word (i.e.

text: compression wave

text: s that propagate through

text: air

text: and are detectable by the human

text: ear

text: Katydid cricket

text: s, for example, communicate by sounds with frequencies higher than 100

text: kHz

text: , far into the ultrasound range. Lower, but still in ultrasound, are sounds used by

text: bat

text: s for

text: echolocation

text: . On the other side of the frequency spectrum are low frequency-vibrations, often not detected by

text: hearing

text: organs, but with other, less specialized sense organs. The examples include

text: ground vibrations

text: produced by

text: elephants

text: whose principal frequency component is around 15 Hz, and low- to medium-frequency substrate-borne vibrations used by most

text: insect

text: orders

text: . Many animal sounds, however, do fall within the frequency range detectable by a human ear, between 20 and 20,000 Hz. Mechanisms for sound production and detection are just as diverse as the signals themselves.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: He released an album in 2001 called Ultrasound.

text: He released an album in 2001 called Ultrasound.

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answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: An individual with this condition is hormonally normal; that is, they will enter puberty with development of secondary sexual characteristics including thelarche and adrenarche (pubic hair). Their chromosome constellation will be 46,XX. At least one Ovary, if not both, are intact and ovulation usually occurs. Typically, the vagina is shortened and intercourse may, in some cases, be difficult and painful. Medical examination supported by gynecologic ultrasonography demonstrates a complete or partial absence of the cervix, uterus, and vagina.

text: An individual with this condition is hormonally normal; that is, they will enter puberty with development of

text: secondary sexual characteristics

text: including

text: thelarche

text: and

text: adrenarche

text: (pubic hair). Their chromosome constellation will be 46,XX. At least one Ovary, if not both, are intact and

text: ovulation

text: usually occurs. Typically, the

text: vagina

text: is shortened and intercourse may, in some cases, be difficult and painful. Medical examination supported by

text: gynecologic ultrasonography

text: demonstrates a complete or partial absence of the

text: cervix

text: uterus

text: , and

text: vagina

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answers: 4

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: gynecologic ultrasonography

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Thelarche

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: at least one Ovary, if not both

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Cavendish House - Assessment and Research Centre for Ultrasound Studies

text: Cavendish House - Assessment and Research Centre for Ultrasound Studies

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018743

answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: Ultrasound Studies

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Acceleration

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As a general rule, the official gestational age should be based on the actual beginning of the last menstrual period, unless any of the above methods gives an estimated date that differs more than the variability for the method, in which case the difference cannot probably be explained by that variability alone. For example, if there is a gestational age based on the beginning of the last menstrual period of 9.0 weeks, and a first-trimester obstetric ultrasonography gives an estimated gestational age of 10.0 weeks (with a 2 SD variability of ±8% of the estimate thereby giving a variability of ±0.8 weeks), the difference of 1.0 weeks between the tests is larger than the 2 SD variability of the ultrasonography estimate, indicating that the gestational age estimated by ultrasonography should be used as the official gestational age.

text: As a general rule, the official gestational age should be based on the actual beginning of the last menstrual period, unless any of the above methods gives an estimated date that differs more than the variability for the method, in which case the difference cannot probably be explained by that variability alone. For example, if there is a gestational age based on the beginning of the last menstrual period of 9.0 weeks, and a first-trimester obstetric ultrasonography gives an estimated gestational age of 10.0 weeks (with a 2

text: SD

text: variability of ±8% of the estimate thereby giving a variability of ±0.8 weeks), the difference of 1.0 weeks between the tests is larger than the 2 SD variability of the ultrasonography estimate, indicating that the gestational age estimated by ultrasonography should be used as the official gestational age.

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answers: 0.8 weeks

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An ultrasound research interface (URI) is a software tool loaded onto a diagnostic clinical ultrasound device which provides functionality beyond typical clinical modes of operation. Before an ultrasound image can be displayed to the user, it must undergo a series of transformations, typically referred to as the ultrasound processing chain. As data moves through the processing chain, it may be desirable to acquire it at certain intervals, so it can be processed offline for research purposes. A set of processing parameters sent to the ultrasound device control how the processing chain performs its operations. It may also be desirable to change these processing parameters to achieve different imaging results. A clinical ultrasound user only has access to the ultrasound data in its final processed form, referred to as a B-Mode image. The format of the images are typically in the DICOM file format. The clinical user also has limited access to the processing parameters that can be modified; for reasons of device usability, and so the device cannot be put into a state that renders itself inoperable.

text: An ultrasound research interface (URI) is a software tool loaded onto a diagnostic clinical

text: ultrasound

text: device which provides functionality beyond typical clinical modes of operation. Before an ultrasound image can be displayed to the user, it must undergo a series of transformations, typically referred to as the ultrasound processing chain. As data moves through the processing chain, it may be desirable to acquire it at certain intervals, so it can be processed offline for research purposes. A set of processing parameters sent to the ultrasound device control how the processing chain performs its operations. It may also be desirable to change these processing parameters to achieve different imaging results. A clinical ultrasound user only has access to the ultrasound data in its final processed form, referred to as a

text: B-Mode

text: image. The format of the images are typically in the

text: DICOM

text: file format. The clinical user also has limited access to the processing parameters that can be modified; for reasons of device usability, and so the device cannot be put into a state that renders itself inoperable.

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answers: data moves through the processing chain

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound imaging of the kidneys can sometimes be useful, as it gives details about the presence of hydronephrosis, suggesting the stone is blocking the outflow of urine. Radiolucent stones, which do not appear on KUB, may show up on ultrasound imaging studies. Other advantages of renal ultrasonography include its low cost and absence of radiation exposure. Ultrasound imaging is useful for detecting stones in situations where X-rays or CT scans are discouraged, such as in children or pregnant women. Despite these advantages, renal ultrasonography in 2009 was not considered a substitute for noncontrast helical CT scan in the initial diagnostic evaluation of urolithiasis. The main reason for this is that compared with CT, renal ultrasonography more often fails to detect small stones (especially ureteral stones), as well as other serious disorders that could be causing the symptoms. A 2014 study confirmed that ultrasonography rather than CT as an initial diagnostic test results in less radiation exposure and did not find any significant complications.

text: Ultrasound imaging of the kidneys can sometimes be useful, as it gives details about the presence of

text: hydronephrosis

text: , suggesting the stone is blocking the outflow of urine. Radiolucent stones, which do not appear on KUB, may show up on ultrasound imaging studies. Other advantages of renal ultrasonography include its low cost and absence of

text: radiation exposure

text: . Ultrasound imaging is useful for detecting stones in situations where X-rays or CT scans are discouraged, such as in children or pregnant women. Despite these advantages, renal ultrasonography in 2009 was not considered a substitute for noncontrast helical CT scan in the initial diagnostic evaluation of urolithiasis. The main reason for this is that compared with CT, renal ultrasonography more often fails to detect small stones (especially ureteral stones), as well as other serious disorders that could be causing the symptoms. A 2014 study confirmed that

text: ultrasonography

text: rather than

text: CT

text: as an initial diagnostic test results in less radiation exposure and did not find any significant complications.

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answers: Ultrasound imaging of the kidneys

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answers: presence of hydronephrosis

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Ultrasound imaging

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ureteral stones

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasound imaging

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: ultrasonography because the ultrasound waves go across the vaginal wall to study tissues beyond it.

text: ultrasonography because the ultrasound waves go across the vaginal wall to study tissues beyond it.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: vaginal

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Ultrasonography

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: During the summer, the band cancelled a set of live dates during the festival season, including one at the T in the Park festival in Scotland, although they did fit in a second Glastonbury appearance. The album track "Aire & Calder" was selected as the next single, although the band clashed with record label Nude regarding the editing of the track for airplay. The single was not released. Shortly afterwards, severe existing tensions within Ultrasound reached breaking point and Richard Green walked out on the band. With their main songwriter gone and continuing dissension among the remaining members, the band foundered. Ultrasound officially split up on 12 October 1999.

text: During the summer, the band cancelled a set of live dates during the festival season, including one at the

text: T in the Park

text: festival in

text: Scotland

text: , although they did fit in a second Glastonbury appearance. The album track "Aire & Calder" was selected as the next single, although the band clashed with record label Nude regarding the editing of the track for

text: airplay

text: . The single was not released. Shortly afterwards, severe existing tensions within Ultrasound reached breaking point and Richard Green walked out on the band. With their main songwriter gone and continuing dissension among the remaining members, the band foundered. Ultrasound officially split up on 12 October 1999.

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answers: The single was not released

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: Ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Speed

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Microbubbles-based contrast media is administrated intravenously in patient blood stream during the medical ultrasonography examination. The microbubbles being too large in diameter, they stay confined in blood vessels and cannot extravasate towards the interstitial fluid. An ultrasound contrast media is therefore purely intravascular, making it an ideal agent to image organ microvascularization for diagnostic purposes. A typical clinical use of contrast ultrasonography is detection of a hypervascular metastatic tumor, which exhibits a contrast uptake (kinetics of microbubbles concentration in blood circulation) faster than healthy biological tissue surrounding the tumor. Other clinical applications using contrast exist, such as in echocardiography to improve delineation of left ventricle for visually checking contractibility of heart after a myocardial infarction. Finally, applications in quantitative perfusion (relative measurement of blood flow ) emerge for identifying early patient response to an anti-cancerous drug treatment (methodology and clinical study by Dr Nathalie Lassau in 2011), enabling to determine the best oncological therapeutic options.

text: Microbubbles-based contrast media is administrated

text: intravenously

text: in

text: patient

text: blood stream

text: during the medical ultrasonography examination. The microbubbles being too large in diameter, they stay confined in

text: blood vessels

text: and cannot extravasate towards the

text: interstitial fluid

text: . An

text: ultrasound

text: contrast media is therefore purely intravascular, making it an ideal agent to image

text: organ

text: microvascularization for

text: diagnostic

text: purposes. A typical clinical use of contrast ultrasonography is detection of a

text: hypervascular

text: metastatic

text: tumor

text: , which exhibits a contrast uptake (kinetics of microbubbles concentration in blood circulation) faster than healthy

text: biological tissue

text: surrounding the tumor. Other clinical applications using contrast exist, such as in

text: echocardiography

text: to improve delineation of

text: left ventricle

text: for visually checking contractibility of

text: heart

text: after a

text: myocardial infarction

text: . Finally, applications in quantitative perfusion (relative measurement of

text: blood flow

text: ) emerge for identifying early patient response to an anti-cancerous drug treatment (methodology and clinical study by Dr Nathalie Lassau in 2011), enabling to determine the best

text: oncological

text: therapeutic options.

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answers: echocardiography

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answers: best oncological therapeutic options

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answers: relative measurement

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: echocardiography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Au's first paper on the echolocation of dolphins surprised a few people. He, along with physicist Bob Floyd and biologists Earl Murchison and Ralph Penner ["Measurement of echolocation signals of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus Montague, in open waters," J. Acoust. Soc Am. 56, 1280-1290 (1974)] found that typical dolphin echolocation signals in the open water had average durations near 40 microseconds with peak energies between 120 and 130 kHz, much higher than the previously reported energy peaks centered at 35 to 60 kHz. That report did much to explain why Scott Johnson had earlier found that bottlenosed dolphins heard sounds up to 150 kHz, but only later did Au report that the previously reported lower peak energy clicks were typical of animals in pools while higher peak energy signals were typically found in the open waters when the animals were looking for small targets a good distance away. That paper also began a precise and methodical examination of the echolocation of dolphins and other small whales carried out by Au that has served to establish, describe, and quantify the echolocation performance and signal characteristics of animals that echolocate under water.

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answers: dolphins

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answers: echolocation performance

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1280-1290

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During embryological development, some fetuses may form choroid plexus cysts. These fluid-filled cysts can be detected by a level II ultrasound (18–20 weeks gestation). The finding is relatively common, with a prevalence of ~1%. Choroid plexus cysts (CPC) can be an isolated finding, which confers a 1% (variable based on population studied) risk of fetal aneuploidy. The risk of aneuploidy increases to 10.5-12% if other risk factors or ultrasound findings are noted. The particular size, bilaterality, disappearance/progression or the position of the CPC, do not have any effect on the risk of aneuploidy. 44-50% of Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) cases will present with CPC, and 1.4% of Down syndrome (trisomy 21) cases will present with CPC.  ~75% of abnormal karyotypes (obtained by chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) associated with CPCs are trisomy 18, while the remainder are trisomy 21.

text: During

text: embryological development

text: , some fetuses may form

text: choroid plexus cysts

text: . These fluid-filled cysts can be detected by a level II

text: ultrasound

text: (18–20 weeks gestation). The finding is relatively common, with a prevalence of ~1%. Choroid plexus cysts (CPC) can be an isolated finding, which confers a 1% (variable based on population studied) risk of fetal

text: aneuploidy

text: . The risk of aneuploidy increases to 10.5-12% if other risk factors or ultrasound findings are noted. The particular size, bilaterality, disappearance/progression or the position of the CPC, do not have any effect on the risk of aneuploidy. 44-50% of

text: Edwards syndrome

text: (trisomy 18) cases will present with CPC, and 1.4% of

text: Down syndrome

text: (trisomy 21) cases will present with CPC.  ~75% of abnormal karyotypes (obtained by chorionic villus sampling or

text: amniocentesis

text: ) associated with CPCs are trisomy 18, while the remainder are trisomy 21.

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text: Ultrasound, particularly duplex ultrasound, is a common way that veins can be seen.

text: Ultrasound

text: , particularly

text: duplex ultrasound

text: , is a common way that veins can be seen.

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answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A version of Sonar appears in the controversial Elseworlds story JLA: Act of God. This version of Sonar has some sort of cybernetic augmentations, and the fixation of desperate Green Lantern, Kyle Rayner. One year later after the mysterious disapperence of all super-powers called "Black Light", Sonar and Rayner have a final show down, which included Rayner getting impaled.

text: A version of Sonar appears in the controversial

text: Elseworlds

text: story

text: JLA: Act of God

text: . This version of Sonar has some sort of cybernetic augmentations, and the fixation of desperate

text: Green Lantern

text: Kyle Rayner

text: . One year later after the mysterious disapperence of all super-powers called "Black Light", Sonar and Rayner have a final show down, which included Rayner getting impaled.

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answers: Sonar

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answers: yes

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answers: Sonar

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The first large scale application of ultrasound was around World War II. Sonar systems were being built and used to navigate submarines. It was realized that the high intensity ultrasound waves that they were using were heating and killing fish.  This led to research in tissue heating and healing effects. Since the 1940s, ultrasound has been used by physical and occupational therapists for therapeutic effects.

text: The first large scale application of ultrasound was around World War II. Sonar systems were being built and used to navigate submarines. It was realized that the high intensity ultrasound waves that they were using were heating and killing fish.  This led to research in tissue heating and healing effects. Since the 1940s, ultrasound has been used by physical and occupational therapists for therapeutic effects.

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answer: Yes

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text: In no study was it possible by ultrasound to distinguish between a loose or a tight cord, although at least 3 attempted to do so.  Peregrine concludes that ultrasound diagnosis of nuchal cords will only be useful if doctors are able to do so reliably and predict which of those fetuses are likely to have a problem., However, perinatologists routinely look for umbilical cord issues in monoamniotic twins. Studies have shown an improvement in outcomes where cord entanglement was prenatally identified in these cases. Ultrasound measurement of the velocity of flow in the cord may be useful in the management of twins and chronically growth-retarded fetuses. Of course this depends on the training of the sonographer. To date there are no ultrasound courses which teach the identification of nuchal cord to physicians or technicians. A recent review by  Wilson of the American Academy of Ultrasonography Technicians recommends the documentation of umbilical cord issues.

text: In no study was it possible by ultrasound to distinguish between a loose or a tight cord, although at least 3 attempted to do so.  Peregrine concludes that ultrasound diagnosis of nuchal cords will only be useful if doctors are able to do so reliably and predict which of those fetuses are likely to have a problem., However,

text: perinatologists

text: routinely look for umbilical cord issues in

text: monoamniotic twins

text: . Studies have shown an improvement in outcomes where cord entanglement was prenatally identified in these cases. Ultrasound measurement of the velocity of flow in the cord may be useful in the management of twins and chronically growth-retarded fetuses. Of course this depends on the training of the sonographer. To date there are no ultrasound courses which teach the identification of nuchal cord to physicians or technicians. A recent review by  Wilson of the American Academy of Ultrasonography Technicians recommends the documentation of umbilical cord issues.

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text: An increase in the prevalence of ultrasound technology in the country has led to more screening for abnormal fetuses. While women in the Western world are commonly offered one or two ultrasounds throughout the entire duration of their pregnancy, it is not uncommon for Vietnamese women to have more than 20 ultrasounds during one pregnancy. The focus of these ultrasounds are often much different than in Western countries, where parents look forward to determining the sex of their baby or seeing photos of the developing fetus. Because of the prevalence of birth defects due to Agent Orange in Vietnam, ultrasounds are often a means for quelling the fears of expectant mothers. The Vietnamese Commission for Population, Family, and Children, gave a statement in 2004 describing their support for prenatal screening in hopes that it may promote population quality that would allow Vietnam to enter into a phase of modernization and industrialization alongside other Southeast Asian countries. This focus on Vietnam's national "stock" was in part based on Japan's efforts beginning in 1945 to strengthen the physicality and quality of their population through genetics programs, encouraging scientists to have many children, and the legalization of marriage with foreigners.

text: An increase in the prevalence of

text: ultrasound

text: technology in the country has led to more screening for abnormal fetuses. While women in the Western world are commonly offered one or two ultrasounds throughout the entire duration of their pregnancy, it is not uncommon for Vietnamese women to have more than 20 ultrasounds during one pregnancy. The focus of these ultrasounds are often much different than in Western countries, where parents look forward to determining the sex of their baby or seeing photos of the developing fetus. Because of the prevalence of birth defects due to Agent Orange in Vietnam, ultrasounds are often a means for quelling the fears of expectant mothers. The Vietnamese Commission for Population, Family, and Children, gave a statement in 2004 describing their support for

text: prenatal screening

text: in hopes that it may promote population quality that would allow Vietnam to enter into a phase of modernization and industrialization alongside other Southeast Asian countries. This focus on Vietnam's national "stock" was in part based on Japan's efforts beginning in 1945 to strengthen the physicality and quality of their population through genetics programs, encouraging scientists to have many children, and the legalization of marriage with foreigners.

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text: Cerberus is a blue egg-shaped ultrasound Diver Detection Sonar to detect submerged divers. It is made by Qinetiq. It can distinguish a diver from a seal or dolphin or porpoise. Its range is about . It was unveiled at UDT2003. It is semi-intelligent and reportedly can detect an air-filled chest cavity underwater and let its operator tell whether the echo is from a man or something irrelevant such as a seal or dolphin, and to distinguish between: a shoal of fish; a ship's wake; a diver with an open-circuit scuba set; a stealth diver with a rebreather; flotsam and jetsam.

text: Cerberus is a blue egg-shaped

text: ultrasound

text: Diver Detection Sonar

text: to detect submerged

text: divers

text: . It is made by

text: Qinetiq

text: . It can distinguish a diver from a seal or dolphin or porpoise. Its range is about . It was unveiled at

text: . It is semi-intelligent and reportedly can detect an air-filled chest cavity underwater and let its operator tell whether the echo is from a man or something irrelevant such as a seal or dolphin, and to distinguish between: a

text: shoal

text: of fish; a ship's wake; a diver with an

text: open-circuit scuba

text: set; a

text: stealth diver

text: with a

text: rebreather

text: flotsam

text: and

text: jetsam

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Abdominal ultrasound may show fat deposition in the liver, but, as the hallmark of this condition is microvesicular steatosis (see pathology below), this is not seen on ultrasound.  Rarely, the condition can be complicated by rupture or necrosis of the liver, which may be identified by ultrasound.

text: Abdominal

text: ultrasound

text: may show fat deposition in the

text: liver

text: , but, as the hallmark of this condition is

text: microvesicular steatosis

text: (see pathology below), this is not seen on ultrasound.  Rarely, the condition can be complicated by rupture or

text: necrosis

text: of the

text: liver

text: , which may be identified by

text: ultrasound

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answers: Fat deposition in the liver

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answers: ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Cancer Research: The advances in micro-ultrasound has been able to aid cancer research in a plethora of ways. For example, researchers can easily quantify tumor size in two and three dimensions. Not only so, blood flow speed and direction can also be observed through ultrasound. Furthermore, micro-ultrasound can be used to detect and quantify cardiotoxicity in response to anti-tumor therapy, since it is the only imaging modality that has instantaneous image acquisition. Because of its real-time nature, micro-ultrasound can also guide micro-injections of drugs, stem cells, etc. into small animals without the need for surgical intervention. Contrast agents can be injected into the animal to perform real-time tumor perfusion and targeted molecular imaging and quantification of biomarkers. Recently, micro-ultrasound has even been shown to be an effective method of gene delivery.

text: Cancer Research: The advances in micro-ultrasound has been able to aid cancer research in a plethora of ways. For example, researchers can easily quantify tumor size in two and three dimensions. Not only so, blood flow speed and direction can also be observed through ultrasound. Furthermore, micro-ultrasound can be used to detect and quantify

text: cardiotoxicity

text: in response to anti-tumor therapy, since it is the only imaging modality that has instantaneous image acquisition. Because of its real-time nature, micro-ultrasound can also guide micro-injections of drugs, stem cells, etc. into small animals without the need for surgical intervention. Contrast agents can be injected into the animal to perform real-time tumor perfusion and targeted molecular imaging and quantification of

text: biomarkers

text: . Recently, micro-ultrasound has even been shown to be an effective method of gene delivery.

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answers: speed

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answers: 1437 m/s

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A rapidly expanding aneurysm should under normal circumstances be operated on as soon as feasible, as it has a greater chance of rupture. Slowly expanding aortic aneurysms may be followed by routine diagnostic testing (i.e.: CT scan or ultrasound imaging).

text: A rapidly expanding aneurysm should under normal circumstances be operated on as soon as feasible, as it has a greater chance of rupture. Slowly expanding aortic aneurysms may be followed by routine diagnostic testing (i.e.:

text: CT scan

text: or

text: ultrasound

text: imaging).

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answers: NDQ_018745

answers: ultrasound imaging

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: rapidly expanding aneurysm

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound imaging

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Two models of airborne dipping sonars can be carried by on board Ka-27 helicopters, both being the derivatives of Russian / Soviet V-3 medium frequency (MF) Ros' sonar (also known as Rys, with NATO reporting name Lamb Tail), with a range around 7 km.  Original sonars on board Ka-27 were Russian VGS-3K models marketed by Morfizpribor, while Chinese military enthusiasts have claimed (but yet to be confirmed) that H-3 models of Ukrainian firm Sokol is also purchased by China to diversify supplier sources.  Unconfirmed claims by Chinese military enthusiasts also suggest that Russian firm Morfizpribor is actively marketing its 180 kg class Vesta-K low frequency (LF) airborne sonar to China as an upgrade to the original VGS-3K Ros' sonar, which would significantly boost the performance by increasing the range by tenfold to 50 km, and with greater operating depth to 700 meters.  However, the drawback of Russian–Soviet airborne sonar is that the information gathered cannot be processed on board the aircraft, so the process in done on board the ship instead.  In contrast, the French Thomson-CSF-built HS-12 used on sonar Harbin Z-9 has a range in excess of a dozen kilometers and information gathered can be processed directly on board the helicopter.  During upgrades, HS-12 sonar was subsequently replaced by the Chinese copy of French HS-312 sonar, which is an improvement of the original HS-12, with added capability of processing extra information of 4 to 8 sonar buoys, in addition to information of HS-12 sonar itself.  This Chinese version of HS-312 sonar is also installed on Changhe Z-8 during latter's upgrade.

text: Two models of airborne dipping sonars can be carried by on board

text: helicopters, both being the derivatives of Russian / Soviet V-3 medium frequency (MF) Ros' sonar (also known as Rys, with

text: NATO reporting name

text: Lamb Tail), with a range around 7 km.  Original sonars on board Ka-27 were Russian VGS-3K models marketed by Morfizpribor, while Chinese military enthusiasts have claimed (but yet to be confirmed) that H-3 models of Ukrainian firm Sokol is also purchased by China to diversify supplier sources.  Unconfirmed claims by Chinese military enthusiasts also suggest that Russian firm Morfizpribor is actively marketing its 180 kg class Vesta-K low frequency (LF) airborne sonar to China as an upgrade to the original VGS-3K Ros' sonar, which would significantly boost the performance by increasing the range by tenfold to 50 km, and with greater operating depth to 700 meters.  However, the drawback of Russian–Soviet airborne sonar is that the information gathered cannot be processed on board the aircraft, so the process in done on board the ship instead.  In contrast, the French

text: Thomson-CSF

text: -built HS-12 used on sonar

text: Harbin Z-9

text: has a range in excess of a dozen kilometers and information gathered can be processed directly on board the helicopter.  During upgrades, HS-12 sonar was subsequently replaced by the Chinese copy of French HS-312 sonar, which is an improvement of the original HS-12, with added capability of processing extra information of 4 to 8 sonar buoys, in addition to information of HS-12 sonar itself.  This Chinese version of HS-312 sonar is also installed on

text: Changhe Z-8

text: during latter's upgrade.

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answers: dipping sonars

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: range around 7 km

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 7 km

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 700 meters

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Sonar

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Echolocation: Active acoustic sensing of self-produced sounds. Bats emit echolocation calls for detecting prey in flight. Toothed whales use echolocation in water.

text: Echolocation

text: : Active acoustic sensing of self-produced sounds. Bats emit echolocation calls for detecting prey in flight.

text: Toothed whales

text: use echolocation in water.

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answers: Bats

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: echolocation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Although both variable-depth sonar such as ESS-1 medium-frequency VDS (the Chinese development of French DUBV-43 VDS) and H/SJG-206 linear towed-array sonar were successfully tested on board, these were abandoned because incorporating these extra sonars would lead to significant redesign of the hull and increased cost.  Despite the fact that the extra processing capability reserved in the combat data system for the towed sonar and VDS when needed, it is highly unlikely that the towed sonar and VDS would ever be incorporated in the near future.  The high frequency obstacle–mine avoidance sonar once originally planned to equip this class failed to materialize due to the same financial concern of reducing the cost.

text: Although both variable-depth sonar such as ESS-1 medium-frequency VDS (the Chinese development of French DUBV-43 VDS) and H/SJG-206 linear towed-array sonar were successfully tested on board, these were abandoned because incorporating these extra sonars would lead to significant redesign of the hull and increased cost.  Despite the fact that the extra processing capability reserved in the combat data system for the towed sonar and VDS when needed, it is highly unlikely that the towed sonar and VDS would ever be incorporated in the near future.  The high frequency obstacle–mine avoidance sonar once originally planned to equip this class failed to materialize due to the same financial concern of reducing the cost.

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answers: NDQ_018743

answers: ESS-1 medium-frequency VDS

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: cost

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: variable-depth

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: variable-depth

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: sonar

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Steele, with her group, supported the amphibious assault on Peleliu, Palau Islands, by patrolling between there and Mindanao, Philippine Islands. After refueling on 23 September, the group shifted their patrol area to the northeast of the Palaus. On 3 October,  made a surface contact which was identified as a Japanese submarine. Steele was detached from the screen to assist the escort. The submarine had submerged, but Samuel S. Miles made sonar contact and fired two hedgehog patterns. The second pattern produced two underwater explosions which Steeles sonar equipment picked up and a third explosion so violent that it damaged some of Miles sonar and radar. Steele made more runs over the area but could not make contact. Miles had sunk the Japanese submarine I-364.

text: Steele, with her group, supported the amphibious assault on

text: Peleliu

text: Palau Islands

text: , by patrolling between there and

text: Mindanao

text: Philippine Islands

text: . After refueling on 23 September, the group shifted their patrol area to the northeast of the Palaus. On 3 October,  made a surface contact which was identified as a Japanese submarine. Steele was detached from the screen to assist the escort. The submarine had submerged, but Samuel S. Miles made

text: sonar

text: contact and fired two hedgehog patterns. The second pattern produced two underwater explosions which Steeles sonar equipment picked up and a third explosion so violent that it damaged some of Miles sonar and radar. Steele made more runs over the area but could not make contact. Miles had sunk the

text: Japanese submarine I-364

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text: As the speckle pattern is random, any region of the myocardium, has a unique speckle pattern: Within the picture, a defined area "kernel" can be defined, and as this speckle pattern is relatively stable, the kernel can be recognised in the next frame, within a larger search area, by a "best match" search algorithm. There are different search algorithms, the most commonly used is "sum of absolute differences", shown to be similarly accurate as Cross-correlation, which is an alternative. The movement of the kernel across the image can thus be tracked, in principle independent of the beam angle, as opposed to tissue Doppler. Specle tracking can thus track in two dimensions. However, at the axial (in the direction of the beam) resolution of the ultrasound is far better than the transverse, the tracking ability is less in the transverse direction. Also, the transverse resolution (and hence, tracking ability), decreases with depth, in a sector scan were ultrasound beams diverge.

text: As the speckle pattern is random, any region of the myocardium, has a unique speckle pattern: Within the picture, a defined area "kernel" can be defined, and as this speckle pattern is relatively stable, the kernel can be recognised in the next frame, within a larger search area, by a "best match" search algorithm. There are different search algorithms, the most commonly used is "

text: sum of absolute differences

text: ", shown to be similarly accurate as

text: Cross-correlation

text: , which is an alternative. The movement of the kernel across the image can thus be tracked, in principle independent of the beam angle, as opposed to

text: tissue Doppler

text: . Specle tracking can thus track in two dimensions. However, at the axial (in the direction of the beam) resolution of the ultrasound is far better than the transverse, the tracking ability is less in the transverse direction. Also, the transverse resolution (and hence, tracking ability), decreases with depth, in a sector scan were ultrasound beams diverge.

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answers: Speckle tracking can thus track in two dimensions

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answers: depth

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answers: 1437 m/s

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answers: myocardium

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: - Ultrasound Service, American College of Radiology

text: - Ultrasound Service, American College of Radiology

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answers: echolocation

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answers: Ultrasound

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Speed = m/s

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

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answers: Ultrasonography

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

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text: Tests for neural tube defects include ultrasound examination and measurement of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP). Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFAFP) and amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase (AFAChE) tests are also used to confirming if ultrasound screening indicates a positive risk. Often, these defects are apparent at birth, but acute defects may not be diagnosed until much later in life. An elevated MSAFP measured at 16–18 weeks gestation is a good predictor of open neural tube defects, however the test has a very high false positive rate, (2% of all women tested in Ontario, Canada between 1993 and 2000 tested positive without having an open neural tube defect, although 5% is the commonly quoted result worldwide) and only a portion of neural tube defects are detected by this screen test (73% in the same Ontario study). MSAFP screening combined with routine ultrasonography has the best detection rate although detection by ultrasonography is dependent on operator training and the quality of the equipment.

text: Tests for neural tube defects include

text: ultrasound examination

text: and measurement of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (

text: MSAFP

text: ). Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFAFP) and amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase (AFAChE) tests are also used to confirming if ultrasound screening indicates a positive risk. Often, these defects are apparent at birth, but acute defects may not be diagnosed until much later in life. An elevated MSAFP measured at 16–18 weeks gestation is a good predictor of open neural tube defects, however the test has a very high false positive rate, (2% of all women tested in Ontario, Canada between 1993 and 2000 tested positive without having an open neural tube defect, although 5% is the commonly quoted result worldwide) and only a portion of neural tube defects are detected by this screen test (73% in the same Ontario study). MSAFP screening combined with routine ultrasonography has the best detection rate although detection by ultrasonography is dependent on operator training and the quality of the equipment.

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answers: ultrasound examination

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Sonar Radio is an online radio station based in Singapore which plays music ranging from Electronica and Indie to K-pop from local and international artists. Sonar Radio was launched on 5 May 2011 by RADIOactive in conjunction with Samsung.

text: Sonar Radio is an online radio station based in Singapore which plays music ranging from

text: Electronica

text: and

text: Indie

text: to

text: K-pop

text: from local and international artists. Sonar Radio was launched on 5 May 2011 by RADIOactive in conjunction with Samsung.

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answers: Sonar Radio

answer: No

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text: The history of ultrasound technology began in 1794, when Italian Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799) first noticed the phenomenon in nature. The human application of ultrasound technology developed remarkably in the last 100 years, and was influenced heavily by World War I and by World War II, in which Sonar, or sound navigation and ranging, was utilized. Following World War II, applications of ultrasound developed, transforming many industries.

text: The history of ultrasound technology began in 1794, when Italian

text: Lazzaro Spallanzani

text: (1729–1799) first noticed the phenomenon in nature. The human application of ultrasound technology developed remarkably in the last 100 years, and was influenced heavily by

text: World War I

text: and by

text: World War II

text: , in which

text: Sonar

text: , or sound navigation and ranging, was utilized. Following World War II, applications of ultrasound developed, transforming many industries.

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answers: Sonar

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answers: the phenomenon in nature

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answers: ranging

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answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Sonar

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography (UOT) is a form of tomography involving ultrasound. It is used in imaging of biological soft tissues and has potential applications for early cancer detection. Like optical techniques, this method provides high contrast, and the use of ultrasound also provides high resolution.

text: Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography (UOT) is a form of

text: tomography

text: involving

text: ultrasound

text: . It is used in

text: imaging

text: of biological

text: soft tissues

text: and has potential applications for early

text: cancer

text: detection. Like optical techniques, this method provides high

text: contrast

text: , and the use of ultrasound also provides high

text: resolution

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Besides owls, bat hawks, frogmouths and nightjars also display good night vision. Some bird species nest deep in cave systems which are too dark for vision, and find their way to the nest with a simple form of  echolocation. The  oilbird is the only nocturnal bird to echolocate, but several Aerodramus swiftlets also utilise this technique, with one species, Atiu swiftlet, also using echolocation outside its caves.

text: Besides owls,

text: bat hawk

text: s,

text: frogmouths

text: and

text: nightjars

text: also display good night vision. Some bird species nest deep in cave systems which are too dark for vision, and find their way to the nest with a simple form of

text: echolocation

text: . The

text: oilbird

text: is the only nocturnal bird to echolocate, but several

text: Aerodramus

text: swiftlets also utilise this technique, with one species,

text: Atiu swiftlet

text: , also using echolocation outside its caves.

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answers: deep

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: In oncological practice of medical contrast ultrasonography, clinicians use the method of parametric imaging of vascular signatures invented by Dr Nicolas Rognin in 2010. This method is conceived as a cancer aided diagnostic tool, facilitating characterization of a suspicious tumor (malignant versus benign) in an organ. This method is based on medical computational science  to analyze a time sequence of ultrasound contrast images, a digital video recorded in real-time during patient examination. Two consecutive signal processing steps are applied to each pixel of the tumor:

text: In oncological practice of medical contrast ultrasonography, clinicians use the method of parametric imaging of vascular signatures invented by Dr Nicolas Rognin in 2010. This method is conceived as a

text: cancer

text: aided diagnostic tool, facilitating characterization of a suspicious

text: tumor

text: malignant

text: versus

text: benign

text: ) in an organ. This method is based on medical

text: computational science

text: to analyze a time sequence of ultrasound contrast images, a digital video recorded in real-time during patient examination. Two consecutive

text: signal processing

text: steps are applied to each

text: pixel

text: of the tumor:

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answers: vascular signatures

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answers: time sequence

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 1437 m

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: ultrasound contrast images

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 93–111 kHz, have most energy at 110 kHz and have an average duration of 31.7 ms. Due to the frequency of their echolocation calls there are overlaps with those of the Mediterranean horseshoe bat and Mehely's horseshoe bat.

text: The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 93–111 kHz, have most energy at 110 kHz and have an average duration of 31.7 ms. Due to the frequency of their echolocation calls there are overlaps with those of the

text: Mediterranean horseshoe bat

text: and

text: Mehely's horseshoe bat

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: frequencies

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: 31.7 ms

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 31.7 ms

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: SONAR is the abbreviation for Symantec Online Network for Advanced Response. Unlike virus signatures, SONAR examines the behavior of applications to decide whether they are malicious. SONAR is built upon technology Symantec acquired in its late 2005 purchase of WholeSecurity, a developer of behavioral anti-malware and anti-phishing software solutions in the United States.

text: SONAR is the abbreviation for Symantec Online Network for Advanced Response. Unlike

text: virus signatures

text: , SONAR examines the behavior of applications to decide whether they are malicious. SONAR is built upon technology Symantec acquired in its late 2005 purchase of WholeSecurity, a developer of behavioral

text: anti-malware

text: and

text: anti-phishing

text: software solutions in the United States.

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answers: echolocation

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: whether they are malicious

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: SONAR

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: the United States

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: SONAR

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Breast ultrasound is also used to perform fine-needle aspiration biopsy and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of breast abscesses.Some women prefer breast ultrasound over mammography because they dislike the pain felt during squeezing or fixing of breast done during mammography for X-ray views. Breast ultrasound is painless procedure.Breast ultrasound is usually done with frequency 7 Megahertz to 14 Megahertz.Breast ultrasound includes ultrasound of axillary tail of breast and sometime it includes ultrasound of axillae also to detect abnormal nodes in axilla because lymphatic drainage of parts of breast occur through axillary lymph nodes.

text: Breast ultrasound is also used to perform

text: fine-needle aspiration

text: biopsy and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of

text: breast abscess

text: es.Some women prefer breast ultrasound over mammography because they dislike the pain felt during squeezing or fixing of breast done during mammography for X-ray views. Breast ultrasound is painless procedure.Breast ultrasound is usually done with frequency 7 Megahertz to 14 Megahertz.Breast ultrasound includes ultrasound of axillary tail of breast and sometime it includes ultrasound of axillae also to detect abnormal nodes in axilla because lymphatic drainage of parts of breast occur through axillary lymph nodes.

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answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: frequency

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: Megahertz

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: 7 Megahertz to 14 Megahertz

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Mammography

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Echolocating animals can jam themselves in a number of ways. Bats, for example, produce some of the loudest sounds in nature, and then they immediately listen for echoes that are hundreds of times fainter than the sounds they emit. To avoid deafening themselves, whenever a bat makes an echolocation emission, a small muscle in the bat's middle ear (the stapedius muscle) clamps down on small bones called ossicles, which normally amplify sounds between the ear drum and the cochlea. This dampens the intensity of the sounds that the bat hears during this time, preserving hearing sensitivity to target echoes.

text: Echolocating animals can jam themselves in a number of ways. Bats, for example, produce some of the loudest sounds in nature, and then they immediately listen for echoes that are hundreds of times fainter than the sounds they emit. To avoid deafening themselves, whenever a bat makes an echolocation emission, a small muscle in the bat's middle ear (the

text: stapedius

text: muscle) clamps down on small bones called

text: ossicles

text: , which normally amplify sounds between the

text: ear drum

text: and the

text: cochlea

text: . This dampens the intensity of the sounds that the bat hears during this time, preserving hearing sensitivity to target echoes.

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answers: NDQ_018743

answers: Bats

answers: NDQ_018745

answers: echoes

answers: NDQ_018746

answers: speed

answers: NDQ_018747

answers: hundreds of times fainter

answers: NDQ_018748

answers: Ultrasonography

answer: No

answer: No