text: Today, the American Global Positioning System (GPS) enables accurate navigation worldwide using over thirty satellites and message timing so exact as to involve general relativity. Ongoing oceanographic research includes marine lifeforms, conservation, the marine environment, the chemistry of the ocean, the studying and modelling of climate dynamics, the air-sea boundary, weather patterns, ocean resources, renewable energy, waves and currents, and the design and development of new tools and technologies for investigating the deep. Researchers make use of satellite-based remote sensing for surface waters, with research ships, moored observatories and autonomous underwater vehicles to study and monitor all parts of the sea.

text: Today, the

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text: . Ongoing oceanographic research includes marine lifeforms, conservation, the marine environment, the chemistry of the ocean, the studying and

entity_name: Climate model

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text: , the air-sea boundary, weather patterns, ocean resources, renewable energy, waves and currents, and the design and development of new tools and technologies for investigating the deep. Researchers make use of satellite-based

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text: Other special DOA activity occurred when a satellite neared decay.  When the orbital period fell below 90 minutes, the DSSO notified the DOA and a special analyst was normally assigned to monitor the decay.  In the unusual case of the decay of a Discoverer recovery vehicle that had not come down where programmed, the DOA had access to a special computer program, GRNTRK, which provided a sub-satellite trace for one revolution, to assist in specifying the track.

text: Other special DOA activity occurred when a satellite neared decay.  When the orbital period fell below 90 minutes, the DSSO notified the DOA and a special analyst was normally assigned to monitor the decay.  In the unusual case of the decay of a Discoverer recovery vehicle that had not come down where programmed, the DOA had access to a special computer program, GRNTRK, which provided a sub-satellite trace for one revolution, to assist in specifying the track.

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text: USA-175, also known as GPS IIR-10 and GPS SVN-47, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the tenth Block IIR GPS satellite to be launched, out of thirteen in the original configuration, and twenty one overall. It was built by Lockheed Martin, using the AS-4000 satellite bus.

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answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: an American navigation satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Lockheed Martin

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: global temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The smartphone was intended to provide cameras, accelerometers and high-performance computer processors - almost everything except solar panels and propulsion. During the first phase of the mission STRaND-1 was intended to use a number of experimental apps to collect data, while a new high-speed Linux-based CubeSat computer developed by SSC takes care of the satellite. During phase two the STRaND team intended to switch the satellite's in-orbit operations to the smartphone, thereby testing the capabilities of a number of standard smartphone components in a space environment. There was a public contest in August 2011 to create "space apps" to run on the phone. The winning entries included an app for magnetic field measurements, satellite telemetry display, an Earth imaging application called 360 App, as well as one app which is purported to allow users to see people scream in space. However, the smartphone on board STRaND-1 was not used to control the satellite before it unexpectedly turned off in March 2013 (Phase two was not turned on at this time).

text: The smartphone was intended to provide cameras, accelerometers and high-performance computer processors - almost everything except solar panels and propulsion. During the first phase of the mission STRaND-1 was intended to use a number of experimental

entity_name: Mobile app

text: apps

text: to collect data, while a new high-speed Linux-based CubeSat computer developed by SSC takes care of the satellite. During phase two the STRaND team intended to switch the satellite's in-orbit operations to the smartphone, thereby testing the capabilities of a number of standard smartphone components in a space environment. There was a public contest in August 2011 to create "space apps" to run on the phone. The winning entries included an app for

entity_name: Magnetic field

text: magnetic field

text: measurements,

entity_name: Telemetry

text: satellite telemetry

text: display, an

text: Earth imaging

text: application called 360 App, as well as one app which is purported to allow users to see people scream in space. However, the smartphone on board STRaND-1 was not used to control the satellite before it unexpectedly turned off in March 2013 (Phase two was not turned on at this time).

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: NDQ_001657

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answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: STRaND-1

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: magnetic field measurements

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: telemetry display

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth imaging application

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellite telemetry display

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west.

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: STRaND-1 was intended to use a number of experimental apps to collect data

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: STRaND-1

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: satellite telemetry display

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: It unexpectedly turned off in March 2013

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Earth imaging

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Earth imaging application called 360 App

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Earth imaging

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Earth imaging

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Earth imaging

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Earth imaging

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: SSC

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 360 App

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth imaging

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: telemetry

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: satellite telemetry

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: SSC

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: magnetic field measurements

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 360 App

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: magnetic field

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: IRF participates in several international satellite projects. At present, data from satellite instruments are being analysed to help us better comprehend the plasma-physical processes in the solar wind and around comets and planets. For example, the Swedish Viking and Freja satellites, with equipment from IRF on board, have greatly increased our knowledge of the auroral processes in the Earth’s magnetosphere, as have the microsatellites Astrid 1 and 2, launched in 1995 and 1998. IRF's own nano-satellite Munin (at 6 kg (13 lb) the smallest-ever research satellite) was launched in 2000. An IRF-built instrument on board the Indian satellite Chandrayaan-1 (launched 2008) collected data from the moon and new techniques for making particle measurements in space were tested on the Swedish satellite mission Prisma (launched 2010). IRF has instruments on board the following on-going satellite projects:

text: IRF participates in several international satellite projects. At present, data from satellite instruments are being analysed to help us better comprehend the plasma-physical processes in the

entity_name: Solar wind

text: solar wind

text: and around

entity_name: Comet

text: comet

text: s and

entity_name: Planet

text: planet

text: s. For example, the Swedish

entity_name: Viking (satellite)

text: Viking

text: and

entity_name: Freja (satellite)

text: Freja

text: satellites, with equipment from IRF on board, have greatly increased our knowledge of the auroral processes in the Earth’s magnetosphere, as have the

entity_name: Small satellite

entity_section: Microsatellites

text: microsatellites

entity_name: Astrid (satellite)

text: Astrid 1 and 2

text: , launched in 1995 and 1998. IRF's own nano-satellite

entity_name: Munin (satellite)

text: Munin

text: (at 6 kg (13 lb) the smallest-ever research satellite) was launched in 2000. An IRF-built instrument on board the Indian satellite Chandrayaan-1 (launched 2008) collected data from the moon and new techniques for making particle measurements in space were tested on the Swedish satellite mission Prisma (launched 2010). IRF has instruments on board the following on-going satellite projects:

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: to help us better comprehend the plasma-physical processes in the solar wind

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: IRF participates in several international satellite projects

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: equipment from IRF

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth’s magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: The Swedish Viking and Freja satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Indian satellite Chandrayaan-1

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Swedish Viking and Freja satellites

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: IRF participates in several international satellite projects

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: IRF participates in several international satellite projects

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: IRF participates in several international satellite projects

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellite instruments are being analysed

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Chandrayaan-1 (launched 2008)

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: The Swedish Viking and Freja satellites

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: IRF participates in several international satellite projects

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: data from satellite instruments

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: IRF

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: auroral

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth’s magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Earth’s magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: auroral

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: auroral processes

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth’s magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: IRF

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: plasma-physical processes in the solar wind

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: IRF

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: plasma-physical processes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Since the 1960s, navigation has increasingly moved to satellite navigation systems. These are essentially DME systems located in space. The fact that the satellites are in orbit and normally move with respect to the receiver means that the calculation of the position of the satellite needs to be taken into account as well, which can only be handled effectively with a computer.

text: Since the 1960s, navigation has increasingly moved to

text: satellite navigation system

text: s. These are essentially DME systems located in space. The fact that the satellites are in orbit and normally move with respect to the receiver means that the calculation of the position of the satellite needs to be taken into account as well, which can only be handled effectively with a computer.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: normally move with respect to the receiver

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: DME systems located in space

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: position of the satellite

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: DME systems located in space

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: DME

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: DME

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: DME

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: DME

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: DME systems

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: DME systems

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The HH-60J uses the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System as its primary long range navigational aid, using a Collins RCVR-3A radio to simultaneously receive information from four of the NAVSTAR system's 18 worldwide satellites.

text: The HH-60J uses the

text: NAVSTAR

text: Global Positioning System as its primary long range navigational aid, using a Collins RCVR-3A radio to simultaneously receive information from four of the NAVSTAR system's 18 worldwide satellites.

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answers: 1

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: 3

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answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

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answers: 5

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: NAVSTAR Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: NAVSTAR system's 18 worldwide satellites

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: navigational aid

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: NAVSTAR Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: NAVSTAR Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: worldwide

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 18 worldwide satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: NAVSTAR Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: NAVSTAR Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: worldwide satellites

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NAVSTAR

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: long range

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: long range

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: NAVSTAR

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: HH-60J

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: long range

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NAVSTAR

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: positional aid

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 18 worldwide satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Collins

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: satellites

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Scientific Atlanta helped NASA establish ground stations for communication with astronauts during the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo projects. When John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962 on Mercury-Atlas 6, his voice was transmitted and received by radio antennas designed and equipment built by Scientific Atlanta. In the 1970s, Robinson recognized the potential combination of communications satellites and cable television. Ted Turner purchased one of Scientific Atlanta's first satellite systems, which formed the basis of Turner's "Super Station" that was broadcast around the country to other cable providers. In 1975, HBO and TelePrompTer used Scientific Atlanta equipment to transmit the first live satellite-delivered cable event, the "Thrilla in Manila" heavyweight boxing championship bout between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier. Scientific Atlanta is perhaps best known for pioneering television cable set-top boxes and equipment worldwide and the development of satellite Earth stations.

text: Scientific Atlanta helped NASA establish ground stations for communication with astronauts during the

text: Mercury

text: Gemini

text: and

text: Apollo

text: projects. When

text: John Glenn

text: became the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962 on

text: Mercury-Atlas 6

text: , his voice was transmitted and received by radio antennas designed and equipment built by Scientific Atlanta. In the 1970s, Robinson recognized the potential combination of

text: communications satellite

text: s and

text: cable television

text: Ted Turner

text: purchased one of Scientific Atlanta's first satellite systems, which formed the basis of Turner's "

text: Super Station

text: " that was broadcast around the country to other cable providers. In 1975,

text: HBO

text: and

text: TelePrompTer

text: used Scientific Atlanta equipment to transmit the first live satellite-delivered cable event, the "

text: Thrilla in Manila

text: " heavyweight boxing championship bout between

text: Muhammad Ali

text: and

text: Joe Frazier

text: . Scientific Atlanta is perhaps best known for pioneering television cable set-top boxes and equipment worldwide and the development of satellite Earth stations.

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answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: ground stations

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: cable television

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite Earth stations

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: ground stations

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellite Earth stations

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit the Earth

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: satellite Earth stations

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Satellite Earth stations

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Scientific Atlanta

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellite Earth stations

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: orbit the Earth

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Earth stations

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Ground stations

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth stations

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: ground stations

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: satellite systems

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Earth stations

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: ground stations

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Scientific Atlanta

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Satellite data based Meteorology And Oceanography Research and Training (SMART) is an ISRO initiative to support students, academics and researchers across the country to pursue research in the field of Meteorology and Oceanography using satellite data archived at MOSDAC and other related datasets. SMART is managed by MOSDAC Research and Training Division (MRTD), MOSDAC Research Group, SAC. The support includes state-of-the-art computer facilities, research guidance and familiarisation with MOSDAC data.

text: Satellite data based Meteorology And Oceanography Research and Training (SMART) is an ISRO initiative to support students, academics and researchers across the country to pursue research in the field of Meteorology and Oceanography using satellite data archived at MOSDAC and other related datasets. SMART is managed by MOSDAC Research and Training Division (MRTD), MOSDAC Research Group, SAC. The support includes state-of-the-art computer facilities, research guidance and familiarisation with MOSDAC data.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite data

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Meteorology and Oceanography

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: MOSDAC

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Around the Earth, stationary satellites orbit at altitudes of approximately . Writing in 1945, the science-fiction author Arthur C. Clarke imagined communications satellites as travelling in stationary orbits, where those satellites would travel around the Earth at the same speed the globe is spinning, making them hover stationary over one spot on the Earth's surface.

text: Around the

text: Earth

text: , stationary satellites orbit at altitudes of approximately . Writing in 1945, the science-fiction author

text: Arthur C. Clarke

text: imagined

text: communications satellite

text: s as travelling in stationary orbits, where those satellites would travel around the Earth at the same speed the globe is spinning, making them hover stationary over one spot on the Earth's surface.

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text: While the orbit of a satellite around the Sun was empirically discovered by Kepler and theoretically proven by Newton to be an ellipse, at the time when the United States was interested in going to the Moon, there was no such solution known for the shape of a satellite orbiting regularly around two objects, such as a spacecraft going between the Earth and the Moon.  This is a special case of the infamous Three Body Problem, for which a  general analytical solution is not known because of its complexity of solving the effect of three bodies which all pull on each other while moving, a total of six interactions.  However the case of an Earth-Moon satellite can be simplified to four interactions, because although the three objects gravitationally all pull on each other, the effect of the spacecraft's gravity upon the motion of the vastly more massive Earth and Moon is practically non-existent.  Arenstorf found a stable orbit for a spacecraft orbiting between the Earth and Moon, shaped like an '8' with the Earth or Moon located inside each loop of the '8'.  This orbit is the basis of a path going to the Moon from the Earth, such as the United States Apollo program.  For a permanent presence on the Moon, it would be the path of what Arenstorf calls a 'Space Bus', a ferry which could regularly orbit supplies and people between the Earth and Moon without directly expending fuel.   By staying on the Arenstorf orbit, lunar astronauts automatically return to Earth.  Before leaving NASA at the first Moon Landing, Arenstorf mapped out an emergency rescue orbit, which was used in the Apollo 13 incident, in which a catastrophic malfunction forced aborting the Moon landing, but the astronauts ultimately returned safely to Earth without a major course adjustment.

text: While the orbit of a satellite around the Sun was empirically discovered by Kepler and theoretically proven by Newton to be an

text: ellipse

text: , at the time when the United States was interested in going to the Moon, there was no such solution known for the shape of a satellite orbiting regularly around two objects, such as a spacecraft going between the Earth and the Moon.  This is a special case of the infamous

text: Three Body Problem

text: , for which a  general analytical solution is not known because of its complexity of solving the effect of three bodies which all pull on each other while moving, a total of six interactions.  However the case of an Earth-Moon satellite can be simplified to four interactions, because although the three objects gravitationally all pull on each other, the effect of the spacecraft's gravity upon the motion of the vastly more massive Earth and Moon is practically non-existent.  Arenstorf found a stable orbit for a spacecraft orbiting between the Earth and Moon, shaped like an '8' with the Earth or Moon located inside each loop of the '8'.  This orbit is the basis of a path going to the Moon from the Earth, such as the United States

text: Apollo program

text: .  For a permanent presence on the Moon, it would be the path of what Arenstorf calls a 'Space Bus', a ferry which could regularly orbit supplies and people between the Earth and Moon without directly expending fuel.   By staying on the Arenstorf orbit, lunar astronauts automatically return to Earth.  Before leaving NASA at the first Moon Landing, Arenstorf mapped out an emergency rescue orbit, which was used in the

text: Apollo 13

text: incident, in which a catastrophic malfunction forced aborting the Moon landing, but the astronauts ultimately returned safely to Earth without a major course adjustment.

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text: Author Arthur C. Clarke is credited with proposing the notion of using a geostationary orbit for communications satellites. The orbit is also known as the Clarke Orbit.  Together, the collection of artificial satellites in these orbits is known as the Clarke Belt.

text: Author

text: Arthur C. Clarke

text: is credited with proposing the notion of using a geostationary orbit for communications satellites. The orbit is also known as the Clarke Orbit.  Together, the collection of artificial satellites in these orbits is known as the Clarke Belt.

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answers: 0

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answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Clarke Orbit

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Clarke Belt

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Clarke Orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Clarke Orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Clarke Belt

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Clarke Orbit

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Clarke Belt

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Author Arthur C. Clarke

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Clarke Belt

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: communications

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: artificial satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Orbit

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Be that as it may, the NEqO orbit does have 3 distinct disadvantages. Analysis through the commercially available Satellite Tool Kit (STK) software had shown that the orbit revisit over Malaysia was found to have a maximum peak of 2-4 overpasses per day during daylight hours (from 8 am to 6:30 pm) to a period of 6 consecutive days without any usable daylight overpasses. The second disadvantage is that most imagery acquired through the NEqO orbit are not usable through a remote sensing perspective as the NEqO orbit is not a sun-synchronous orbit, a vital criterion for monitoring and analysis work. Thirdly, it was found that the NEqO orbit exposes the satellite to the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) phenomenon on every orbit it takes around the earth unlike the polar orbit, near-polar or sun-synchronous orbits, thereby further increasing the risk of radiation damage to the satellite.

text: Be that as it may, the NEqO orbit does have 3 distinct disadvantages. Analysis through the commercially available

text: Satellite Tool Kit

text: (STK) software had shown that the orbit revisit over Malaysia was found to have a maximum peak of 2-4 overpasses per day during daylight hours (from 8 am to 6:30 pm) to a period of 6 consecutive days without any usable daylight overpasses. The second disadvantage is that most imagery acquired through the NEqO orbit are not usable through a remote sensing perspective as the NEqO orbit is not a

text: sun-synchronous

text: orbit, a vital criterion for monitoring and analysis work. Thirdly, it was found that the NEqO orbit exposes the satellite to the

text: South Atlantic Anomaly

text: (SAA) phenomenon on every orbit it takes around the earth unlike the

text: polar orbit

text: , near-polar or

text: sun-synchronous

text: orbits, thereby further increasing the risk of radiation damage to the satellite.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: sun-synchronous

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: commercially

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the NEqO orbit does have 3 distinct disadvantages

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: monitoring and analysis work

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Satellite Tool Kit (STK)

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: NEqO orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: NEqO orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: NEqO

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: NEqO orbit

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Satellite Tool Kit (STK) software

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: STK software

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: NEqO orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellite Tool Kit (STK) software

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: imagery

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: STK

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Malaysia

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: imagery

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: commercially available Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth's temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The IRS system is the largest constellation of remote sensing satellites for civilian use in operation today in the world, with 11 operational satellites. All these are placed in polar sun-synchronous orbit and provide data in a variety of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions. Though most are not meant to be dedicated military satellites, some have a spatial resolution of 1 metre or below which can be also used for military applications. The following is a noteworthy list of satellites:

text: The

text: IRS system

text: is the largest constellation of remote sensing satellites for civilian use in operation today in the world, with 11 operational satellites. All these are placed in polar sun-synchronous orbit and provide data in a variety of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions. Though most are not meant to be dedicated military satellites, some have a spatial resolution of 1 metre or below which can be also used for military applications. The following is a noteworthy list of satellites:

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: sun-synchronous

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: some have a spatial resolution of 1 metre or below

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: military applications

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: spatial, spectral and temporal

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: IRS system

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: polar sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: All these are placed in polar sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: All these are placed in polar sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: The IRS system

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: IRS system

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: spatial resolution

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 1 metre or below

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: spatial resolution

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: spatial

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: spatial

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: IRS

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: IRS system

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: IRS system

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: IRS system

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: military applications

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: IRS

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: spatial, spectral

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 11 operational satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: IRS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Satellites are used for a large number of purposes. Common types include military (spy) and civilian Earth observation satellites, communication satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and research satellites. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites.

text: Satellites are used for a large number of purposes. Common types include military (spy) and civilian Earth observation satellites, communication satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and research satellites.

text: Space station

text: s and human

text: spacecraft

text: in orbit are also satellites.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Space stations

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: research satellites

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: military (spy)

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: military

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: Polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: weather satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: navigation satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: navigation satellites

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Navigation satellites

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: navigation satellites

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Space station

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: navigation satellites

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Earth observation satellites

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: While electric engines have been fitted in recent years to scientific spacecraft and to communications satellites for station-keeping, there is a benefit to extending this use of electric propulsion to raising a satellite from its initial orbit after launch to its final intended geostationary orbit, a task currently usually undertaken by chemical rocket engines.

text: While electric engines have been fitted in recent years to scientific spacecraft and to communications satellites for

text: station-keeping

text: , there is a benefit to extending this use of electric propulsion to raising a satellite from its initial orbit after launch to its final intended geostationary orbit, a task currently usually undertaken by chemical

text: rocket engine

text: s.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

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answers: 2

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001675

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answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: electric propulsion

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: electric propulsion

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: chemical rocket engines

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: electric propulsion

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: scientific spacecraft

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: station-keeping

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: station-keeping

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: chemical rocket engines

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: location

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: station-keeping

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: scientific spacecraft

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: scientific

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A GPS tracking unit is a device, normally carried by a moving vehicle or person, that uses the Global Positioning System to determine and track its precise location, and hence that of its carrier, at intervals. The recorded location data can be stored within the tracking unit, or it may be transmitted to a central location database, or Internet-connected computer, using a cellular (GPRS or SMS), radio, or satellite modem embedded in the unit. This allows the asset's location to be displayed against a map backdrop either in real time or when analysing the track later, using GPS tracking software. Data tracking software is available for smartphones with GPS capability.

text: A GPS tracking unit is a device, normally carried by a moving vehicle or person, that uses the

text: Global Positioning System

text: to determine and track its precise location, and hence that of its carrier, at intervals. The recorded location data can be stored within the tracking unit, or it may be transmitted to a central location database, or

text: Internet

text: -connected computer, using a

text: cellular

text: GPRS

text: or

text: SMS

text: radio

text: , or

text: satellite modem

text: embedded in the unit. This allows the asset's location to be displayed against a map backdrop either in real time or when analysing the track later, using GPS tracking software. Data tracking software is available for

text: smartphone

text: s with GPS capability.

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answers: 1

answers: NDQ_001633

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

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answers: NDQ_001658

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answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001661

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GPS tracking unit

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: GPRS or SMS

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: embedded in the unit

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: allows the asset's location to be displayed against a map backdrop

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GPS tracking

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Satellite modem

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GPS tracking software

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellite modem

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: GPS tracking unit

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: location data

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: database

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earths surface

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Global Positioning

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GPS tracking software

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The second application of space militarisation currently in use is GPS or Global Positioning System.   This satellite navigation system is used for determining one's precise location and providing a highly accurate time reference almost anywhere on Earth or in Earth orbit. It uses an intermediate circular orbit (ICO) satellite constellation of at least 24 satellites.  The GPS system was designed by and is controlled by the United States Department of Defense and can be used by anyone, free of charge. The cost of maintaining the system is approximately US$400 million per year, including the replacement of ageing satellites. The first of 24 satellites that form the current GPS constellation (Block II) was placed into orbit on February 14, 1989. The 52nd GPS satellite since the beginning in 1978 was launched November 6, 2004 aboard a Delta II rocket.The primary military purposes are to allow improved command and control of forces through improved location awareness, and to facilitate accurate targeting of smart bombs, cruise missiles, or other munitions. The satellites also carry nuclear detonation detectors, which form a major portion of the United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System.  European concern about the level of control over the GPS network and commercial issues has resulted in the planned Galileo positioning system. Russia already operates an independent system called GLONASS (global navigation system), the system operates with 24 satellites that are deployed in 3 orbital planes as opposed to the 4 GPS is deployed in.The Chinese "Beidou" system provides China a similar regional (not global) navigation capability. India is currently developing its own regional satellite navigation system, the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System.

text: The second application of space militarisation currently in use is GPS or

text: Global Positioning System

text: .   This

text: satellite navigation system

text: is used for determining one's precise location and providing a highly accurate

text: time reference

text: almost anywhere on

text: Earth

text: or in

text: Earth orbit

text: . It uses an

text: intermediate circular orbit

text: (ICO)

text: satellite constellation

text: of at least 24 satellites.  The GPS system was designed by and is controlled by the

text: United States Department of Defense

text: and can be used by anyone, free of charge. The cost of maintaining the system is approximately US$400 million per year, including the replacement of ageing satellites. The first of 24 satellites that form the current GPS constellation (Block II) was placed into orbit on February 14, 1989. The 52nd GPS satellite since the beginning in 1978 was launched November 6, 2004 aboard a

text: Delta II

text: rocket.The primary military purposes are to allow improved command and control of forces through improved location awareness, and to facilitate accurate targeting of

text: smart bombs

text: cruise missiles

text: , or other munitions. The satellites also carry nuclear detonation detectors, which form a major portion of the

text: United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System

text: Europe

text: an concern about the level of control over the GPS network and commercial issues has resulted in the planned

text: Galileo positioning system

text: . Russia already operates an independent system called

text: GLONASS

text: (global navigation system), the system operates with 24 satellites that are deployed in 3 orbital planes as opposed to the 4 GPS is deployed in.The Chinese "Beidou" system provides China a similar regional (not global) navigation capability. India is currently developing its own regional satellite navigation system, the

entity_name: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

text: Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System

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answers: intermediate circular orbit

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: The Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: GLONASS (global navigation system)

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: nuclear detonation detectors

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GPS or Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: The satellites also carry nuclear detonation detectors

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It uses an intermediate circular orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GLONASS

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answers: intermediate circular orbit

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answers: It uses an intermediate circular orbit

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answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: It uses an intermediate circular orbit (ICO) satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: It uses an intermediate circular orbit (ICO) satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: It uses an intermediate circular orbit (ICO) satellite constellation of at least 24 satellites

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GPS or Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: It uses an intermediate circular orbit (ICO) satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: Department of Defense

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: intermediate circular orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

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answers: intermediate circular orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Galileo

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answers: Earth

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answers: Earth orbit

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answers: Department of Defense

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answers: highly accurate time reference

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answers: 24 satellites

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answers: Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: USA-183, also known as GPS IIR-14(M), GPS IIRM-1 and GPS SVN-53, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the first of eight Block IIRM satellites to be launched, and the fourteenth of twenty one Block IIR satellites overall. It was built by Lockheed Martin, using the AS-4000 satellite bus.

text: USA-183, also known as GPS IIR-14(M), GPS IIRM-1 and GPS SVN-53, is an

text: American

text: navigation satellite

text: which forms part of the

text: Global Positioning System

text: . It was the first of eight

text: Block IIRM

text: satellites to be launched, and the fourteenth of twenty one

text: Block IIR

text: satellites overall. It was built by

text: Lockheed Martin

text: , using the

text: satellite bus

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answers: NDQ_001637

answers: GPS SVN-53

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: It was built by Lockheed Martin

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answers: GPS SVN-53

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answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: IIRM

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answers: an American navigation satellite

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answers: Lockheed Martin

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answers: global temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The spacecraft’s landing was to be completely automated. Mission Control would have sent coordinates to the onboard computer system. This system would also have used wind sensors and the Global Positioning System (a satellite-based coordinate system) to coordinate a safe trip home. Since the Crew Return Vehicle was designed with medical emergencies in mind, it made sense that the vehicle could find its way home automatically in the event that crew members were incapacitated or injured. If there was a need, the crew would have the capability to operate the vehicle by switching to the backup systems. In addition, seven high altitude low opening (HALO) parachute packs were included in the crew cabin, a measure designed to provide for the ability to bail out of the craft.

text: The spacecraft’s landing was to be completely automated. Mission Control would have sent coordinates to the onboard computer system. This system would also have used wind sensors and the

text: Global Positioning System

text: (a

text: satellite

text: -based coordinate system) to coordinate a safe trip home. Since the Crew Return Vehicle was designed with medical emergencies in mind, it made sense that the vehicle could find its way home automatically in the event that crew members were incapacitated or injured. If there was a need, the crew would have the capability to operate the vehicle by switching to the backup systems. In addition, seven high altitude low opening (

text: HALO

text: ) parachute packs were included in the crew cabin, a measure designed to provide for the ability to bail out of the craft.

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answers: wind

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The 2-meter band is also used in conjunction with the 70-centimeter band, or the 10-meter band and various microwave bands via orbiting amateur radio satellites.  This is known as cross band repeating.  On-board software defines what mode or band is in use at any particular time and this is determined by amateurs at so-called earth stations who control or instruct the satellite behavior.  Amateurs know what mode is in use via published internet schedules.  For instance, a favorite mode is Mode "B" or "V/U" which simply indicates the uplink and downlink frequencies or bands the satellite is currently using.  In this example, V/U means VHF/UHF or VHF uplink with UHF downlink.  Most amateur satellites are Low Earth Orbit satellites, or LEO's as they are affectionately known, and generally are about 450 miles (700 km) high.  At that height amateurs can expect reception distances of up to around .  However, there are a few amateur satellites that have very high elliptical orbits.  These satellites can reach altitudes of 30,000 miles (50,000 km) above the earth where an entire hemisphere is visible providing outstanding communications capabilities from any two points on the earth within line of sight of the satellite; distances that are far beyond the reach of the LEO's.  Satellites are basically orbiting repeaters.

text: The 2-meter band is also used in conjunction with the

text: 70-centimeter band

text: , or the

text: 10-meter band

text: and various microwave bands via orbiting

text: amateur radio satellite

text: s.  This is known as cross band repeating.  On-board software defines what mode or band is in use at any particular time and this is determined by amateurs at so-called earth stations who control or instruct the satellite behavior.  Amateurs know what mode is in use via published internet schedules.  For instance, a favorite mode is Mode "B" or "V/U" which simply indicates the uplink and downlink frequencies or bands the satellite is currently using.  In this example, V/U means VHF/UHF or VHF uplink with UHF downlink.  Most amateur satellites are

text: Low Earth Orbit

text: satellites, or LEO's as they are affectionately known, and generally are about 450 miles (700 km) high.  At that height amateurs can expect reception distances of up to around .  However, there are a few amateur satellites that have very high elliptical orbits.  These satellites can reach altitudes of 30,000 miles (50,000 km) above the earth where an entire hemisphere is visible providing outstanding communications capabilities from any two points on the earth within line of sight of the satellite; distances that are far beyond the reach of the LEO's.  Satellites are basically orbiting repeaters.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: A GPS satellite is a satellite used by the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS). The first satellite in the system, Navstar 1, was launched February 22, 1978. The GPS satellite constellation is operated by the 50th Space Wing of the United States Air Force.

text: A GPS satellite is a

text: satellite

text: used by the NAVSTAR

text: Global Positioning System

text: (GPS). The first satellite in the system, Navstar 1, was launched February 22, 1978. The GPS

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text: is operated by the

text: 50th Space Wing

text: of the

text: United States Air Force

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answer: Yes

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text: Though digital mapping can be found in a variety of computer applications the main use of these maps is with the Global Positioning System, or GPS satellite network, used in standard automotive navigation systems.

text: Though digital mapping can be found in a variety of computer applications the main use of these maps is with the

text: Global Positioning System

text: , or

text: GPS

text: satellite network, used in standard

text: automotive navigation system

text: s.

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text: The Launch was scheduled for the fourth quarter of 2012 and is ready, but launch practicalities will move it into 2013. DubaiSat-2 also includes an experimental propulsion system for orbit correction and maintenance. The satellite’s expected lifetime is at least five years. The modules in the satellite use two CAN Bus networks to communicate with each other without the use of a host computer.

text: The Launch was scheduled for the fourth quarter of 2012 and is ready, but launch practicalities will move it into 2013. DubaiSat-2 also includes an experimental propulsion system for orbit correction and maintenance. The satellite’s expected lifetime is at least five years. The modules in the satellite use two CAN Bus networks to communicate with each other without the use of a host computer.

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answers: DubaiSat-2

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answers: The satellite’s expected lifetime is at least five years

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: The satellite’s expected lifetime is at least five years

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answers: orbit correction

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The module’s expected lifetime is at least five years

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answers: NASA

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: a satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: DubaiSat-2

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answers: CAN Bus

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: For the US and partner countries, to the extent that optical and radar resources allow, the Joint Space Operations Center gathers observations of all objects in Earth orbit.  The observations are used in new orbit determination calculations that maintain the overall accuracy of the satellite catalog.  Collision avoidance calculations may use this data to calculate the probability that one orbiting object will collide with another.  A satellite's operator may decide to adjust the orbit, if the risk of collision in the present orbit is unacceptable.  (It is not possible to adjust the orbit every time a very-low-probability situation is encountered; doing so would cause the satellite to quickly run out of propellant.)  When the quantity or quality of observations improves, the accuracy of the orbit determination process also improves, and fewer "false alarms" are brought to the attention of satellite operators.  Other countries, including Russia and China, have similar tracking assets.

text: For the

text: US

text: and partner countries, to the extent that

entity_name: United States Space Surveillance Network

entity_section: Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance

text: optical

text: and

text: radar

text: resources allow, the

text: Joint Space Operations Center

text: gathers observations of all objects in Earth orbit.  The observations are used in new orbit determination calculations that maintain the overall accuracy of the

text: satellite catalog

text: Collision avoidance

text: calculations may use this data to calculate the probability that one orbiting object will collide with another.  A satellite's operator may decide to adjust the orbit, if the risk of collision in the present orbit is unacceptable.  (It is not possible to adjust the orbit every time a very-low-probability situation is encountered; doing so would cause the satellite to quickly run out of

text: propellant

text: .)  When the quantity or quality of observations improves, the accuracy of the orbit determination process also improves, and fewer "

text: false alarms

text: " are brought to the attention of satellite operators.  Other countries, including

text: Russia

text: and

text: China

text: , have similar tracking assets.

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answers: very-low-probability

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Collision avoidance calculations

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the Joint Space Operations Center gathers observations of all objects in Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Collision avoidance calculations

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: satellite catalog

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Collision avoidance calculations

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: The observations are used in new orbit determination calculations

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Some weather satellites have geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: The Joint Space Operations Center gathers observations

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earth's north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Joint Space Operations Center

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: optical and radar resources

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: orbit determination calculations

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: line of latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

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answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Space Operations Center

answers: NDQ_001665

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answers: NDQ_001667

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answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Joint Space Operations Center

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answers: objects in Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Joint Space Operations Center

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: observations of all objects in Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Joint Space Operations Center

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: risk of collision

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The NAVIC or NAVigation with Indian Constellation is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system developed by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) which would be under the total control of Indian government. The government approved the project in May 2006, with the intention of the system completed and implemented on 28 April 2016. It will consist of a constellation of 7 navigational satellites. 3 of the satellites will be placed in the Geostationary orbit (GEO) and the remaining 4 in the Geosynchronous orbit(GSO) to have a larger signal footprint and lower number of satellites to map the region. It is intended to provide an all-weather absolute position accuracy of better than 7.6 meters throughout India and within a region extending approximately 1,500 km around it. A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the space segment, ground segment and user receivers all being built in India. All seven satellites, IRNSS-1A, IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1C, IRNSS-1D, IRNSS-1E, IRNSS-1F, and IRNSS-1G, of the proposed constellation were precisely launched on 1 July 2013, 4 April 2014, 16 October 2014, 28 March 2015, 20 January 2016, 10 March 2016 and 28 April 2016 respectively from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The system is expected to be fully operational by August 2016.

text: The NAVIC or NAVigation with Indian Constellation is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system developed by

text: Indian Space Research Organisation

text: (ISRO) which would be under the total control of

text: Indian government

text: . The government approved the project in May 2006, with the intention of the system completed and implemented on 28 April 2016. It will consist of a constellation of 7 navigational satellites. 3 of the satellites will be placed in the

text: Geostationary orbit (GEO)

text: and the remaining 4 in the

text: Geosynchronous orbit(GSO)

text: to have a larger signal footprint and lower number of satellites to map the region. It is intended to provide an all-weather absolute position accuracy of better than 7.6 meters throughout

text: India

text: and within a region extending approximately 1,500 km around it. A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the

text: space segment

text: ground segment

text: and user receivers all being built in India. All seven satellites,

text: , and

text: , of the proposed constellation were precisely launched on 1 July 2013, 4 April 2014, 16 October 2014, 28 March 2015, 20 January 2016, 10 March 2016 and 28 April 2016 respectively from

text: Satish Dhawan Space Centre

text: . The system is expected to be fully operational by August 2016.

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answers: 5

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: larger signal footprint

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) which would be under the total control of Indian government

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the space segment, ground segment and user receivers all being built in India

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: provide an all-weather absolute position accuracy

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: The NAVIC or NAVigation with Indian Constellation

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be used to track the paths of hurricanes

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Geostationary orbit (GEO)

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Geostationary orbit (GEO)

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 3 of the satellites will be placed in the Geostationary orbit (GEO) and the remaining 4 in the Geosynchronous orbit(GSO)

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: It will consist of a constellation of 7 navigational satellites

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: It is intended to provide an all-weather absolute position accuracy of better than 7.6 meters

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites can help you locate your precise position on Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The system is expected to be fully operational by August 2016.

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: It is intended to provide an all-weather absolute position accuracy

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: ISRO

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: constellation

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: user receivers

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: NAVIC

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: weather

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Space Research Organisation

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: absolute position accuracy

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 7 navigational satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: NAVIC

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth's temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The formerly Soviet, and now Russian, Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (, GLObal NAvigation Satellite System), or GLONASS, is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides a civilian radionavigation-satellite service and is also used by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. The full orbital constellation of 24 GLONASS satellites enables full global coverage.

text: The formerly

text: Soviet

text: , and now

text: Russia

text: n, Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (, GLObal NAvigation Satellite System), or GLONASS, is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides a civilian radionavigation-satellite service and is also used by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. The full orbital constellation of 24 GLONASS satellites enables full global coverage.

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0397/6321aa6128f0beee20aa4f24447ac506

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: full global coverage

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: The formerly Soviet, and now Russian

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: enables full global coverage

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: satellite navigation system

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 24

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: full global coverage

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: full orbital constellation

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: full orbital

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: satellite navigation system

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: satellite navigation system

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: full orbital

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: full global coverage

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: orbital constellation

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Aerospace Defence Forces

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 24-satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite navigation system

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: global coverage

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The first home of the AMVER Center was at the New York Custom House in downtown New York City, due to the fact that many commercial cargo and passenger lines operating in the Atlantic maintained offices nearby, and AMVER's success would depend on close ties to the merchant fleet. The system's first computer was an IBM RAMAC (Random Access Method Accounting Control), characterized as being able to "evaluate information and determine the position of vessels through dead reckoning." The product of the computer was a "Surface Picture" or "SURPIC" of an area of the ocean, indicating the AMVER participating ships in the vicinity. In 1966, the Coast Guard moved its regional headquarters from the Custom House to Governors Island, in upper New York Bay. The move included the AMVER Center and consolidated all New York area Coast Guard activities, including a Rescue Coordination Center, at one site. One year after the move, AMVER's title was revised to read Automated Merchant VEssel Reporting program. Subsequent homes for the AMVER computer would include Washington, D.C; Governors Island, New York; and now at Martinsburg, West Virginia.In October 1982, the first joint AMVER/satellite-alerting rescue occurred, using the experimental ARGOS and Cospas-Sarsat system. December of that year saw the U.S. Maritime Administration and the Coast Guard sign an agreement making AMVER participation mandatory for U.S.-flag shipping, and suspending the requirement for the filing of reports to the overlapping USMER reporting system. This benefited many U.S. masters, already AMVER participants, who were juggling reports to two parallel systems, and allowed for a consolidated plot of all U.S. shipping worldwide.With the advent of the Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS), the role of AMVER was redefined to complement the emerging technology. Rescue coordination centers around the world began using Electronic Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBS), Inmarsat-C and Digital Selective Calling terminal auto-alarms to "take the search out of search and rescue." Then, attention could be turned to AMVER as a tool for the rescue phase of the operation.The beginning of the 1990s saw the need for the entire software package of AMVER to be rewritten in UNIX/Windows technology to keep pace with the evolution of data processing. This new version would provide more capacity; mechanisms for recurrent routings and maintaining ships on station (e.g., research ships or fishing factory ships); graphic plot depiction; and parser capability, once again bringing AMVER current with the state-of-the-art. Home for the AMVER Center was moved to the Operations Systems Center, a new facility designed and built to consolidate many Coast Guard computer systems at Martinsburg, West Virginia. Contracted out to civilian operation, this facility released many staff members for reassignment throughout the Coast Guard.In conjunction with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and COMSAT (the U.S. signatory to Inmarsat) AMVER has assisted in the development of "compressed message" software to move report data at high speed and low cost to encourage more frequent, user-friendly reporting and thus increase plot accuracy at a time when many shipping companies are removing full-time radio officers from GMDSS-compliant ships.Today, over 22,000 ships from hundreds of nations participate in AMVER. An average of 4,000 ships are on the AMVER plot each day and those numbers continue to increase. The AMVER Center computer receives over 14,000 AMVER messages a day. Over 2,800 lives have been saved by AMVER participating ships since 2000.

text: The first home of the AMVER Center was at the

entity_name: United States Custom House (New York City)

text: New York Custom House

text: in downtown New York City, due to the fact that many commercial cargo and passenger lines operating in the Atlantic maintained offices nearby, and AMVER's success would depend on close ties to the merchant fleet. The system's first computer was an

text: IBM RAMAC

text: (Random Access Method Accounting Control), characterized as being able to "evaluate information and determine the position of vessels through

text: dead reckoning

text: ." The product of the computer was a "Surface Picture" or "SURPIC" of an area of the ocean, indicating the AMVER participating ships in the vicinity. In 1966, the Coast Guard moved its regional headquarters from the Custom House to

text: Governors Island

text: , in upper New York Bay. The move included the AMVER Center and consolidated all New York area Coast Guard activities, including a

text: Rescue Coordination Center

text: , at one site. One year after the move, AMVER's title was revised to read Automated Merchant VEssel Reporting program. Subsequent homes for the AMVER computer would include

text: Washington, D.C

text: ; Governors Island, New York; and now at

text: Martinsburg, West Virginia

text: .In October 1982, the first joint AMVER/satellite-alerting rescue occurred, using the experimental

text: ARGOS

text: and

text: Cospas-Sarsat

text: system. December of that year saw the

text: U.S. Maritime Administration

text: and the Coast Guard sign an agreement making AMVER participation mandatory for U.S.-flag shipping, and suspending the requirement for the filing of reports to the overlapping

text: USMER

text: reporting system. This benefited many U.S. masters, already AMVER participants, who were juggling reports to two parallel systems, and allowed for a consolidated plot of all U.S. shipping worldwide.With the advent of the

entity_name: Global Maritime Distress and Safety System

text: Global Maritime Distress Safety System

text: (GMDSS), the role of AMVER was redefined to complement the emerging technology. Rescue coordination centers around the world began using

entity_name: Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station

text: Electronic Position Indicating Radio Beacons

text: (EPIRBS),

text: Inmarsat-C

text: and

text: Digital Selective Calling

text: terminal auto-alarms to "take the search out of search and rescue." Then, attention could be turned to AMVER as a tool for the rescue phase of the operation.The beginning of the 1990s saw the need for the entire software package of AMVER to be rewritten in

text: UNIX

text: Windows

text: technology to keep pace with the evolution of data processing. This new version would provide more capacity; mechanisms for recurrent routings and maintaining ships on station (e.g., research ships or fishing factory ships); graphic plot depiction; and parser capability, once again bringing AMVER current with the state-of-the-art. Home for the AMVER Center was moved to the Operations Systems Center, a new facility designed and built to consolidate many Coast Guard computer systems at Martinsburg, West Virginia. Contracted out to civilian operation, this facility released many staff members for reassignment throughout the Coast Guard.In conjunction with the

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: (NOAA) and

text: COMSAT

text: (the U.S. signatory to Inmarsat) AMVER has assisted in the development of "compressed message" software to move report data at high speed and low cost to encourage more frequent, user-friendly reporting and thus increase plot accuracy at a time when many shipping companies are removing full-time radio officers from GMDSS-compliant ships.Today, over 22,000 ships from hundreds of nations participate in AMVER. An average of 4,000 ships are on the AMVER plot each day and those numbers continue to increase. The AMVER Center computer receives over 14,000 AMVER messages a day. Over 2,800 lives have been saved by AMVER participating ships since 2000.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Cospas-Sarsat

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Electronic Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBS)

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: alerting rescue

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: AMVER's success would depend on close ties to the merchant fleet

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS)

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: East to West

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Inmarsat-C

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Inmarsat-C

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Inmarsat-C

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole.

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS stands for Geostationary Information System.

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Cospas-Sarsat system

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: "Surface Picture" or "SURPIC

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellite-alerting rescue

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Inmarsat-C

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Maritime Distress Safety System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: surface picture

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Coast Guard

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Inmarsat-C

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Inmarsat-C

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Inmarsat-C

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Inmarsat-C

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: AMVER participating ships

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Ocean

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: U.S. Maritime Administration

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: AMVER participating ships in the vicinity

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Beacons

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GMDSS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth's temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: If the satellites being used are scattered throughout the sky, then the value of geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) is low while if satellites are clustered near each other from the receiver's vantage point the GDOP values are higher. The lower the value of GDOP then the better the ratio of position error to range error computing will be, so GDOP plays an important role in calculating the receiver's position on the surface of the earth using pseudoranges. The larger the number of satellites, the better the value of GDOP will be.

text: If the satellites being used are scattered throughout the sky, then the value of geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) is low while if satellites are clustered near each other from the receiver's vantage point the GDOP values are higher. The lower the value of GDOP then the better the ratio of position error to range error computing will be, so GDOP plays an important role in calculating the receiver's position on the surface of the earth using pseudoranges. The larger the number of satellites, the better the value of GDOP will be.

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answers: 5

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellites are clustered near each other

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: clustered near each other

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: The larger the number of satellites, the better the value of GDOP will be

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: clustered near each other

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: position on the surface of the earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be used to track the paths of hurricanes.

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: The satellites being used are scattered throughout the sky

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: clustered near each other

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: clustered near each other

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: It can only be done with a minimum of 4 satellites.

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole.

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: clustered near each other

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: clustered near each other

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites being used are scattered throughout the sky

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: satellites being used are scattered

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: vantage point

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: pseudoranges

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: receiver

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: pseudoranges

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: pseudoranges

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answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earths surface

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: position error to range error

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: clustered near each other

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: vantage point

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A Culinary Arts program was started in 1993 and a satellite campus in the Denver Design District at 675 S. Broadway is used for the Culinary Arts program. The Broadway location has four labs for production of hot and cold foods, one baking and pastry lab, one multipurpose lab, and one computer lab, along with the student-run Assignments Restaurant. In 2000, the school moved its main campus to 1200 Lincoln St., keeping the old location as another satellite building, primarily devoted to the Industrial Design department. In 2012, they vacated the building on 9th Avenue, and all programs other than Culinary are now hosted at the 1200 Lincoln location, which houses 26 classrooms; fifteen computer labs; a library; photography studios; digital video, animation, sound and editing studios; and the John Jellico Gallery in the Golden Triangle District in Downtown Denver. A long-term arrangement for student housing was made at 5785 E. 8th Ave. All three buildings are still used by the school today.

text: A

text: Culinary Arts

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answers: main campus

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Culinary Arts

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: student-run Assignments Restaurant

answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

answers: one computer lab

answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

answers: S. Broadway

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 675 S. Broadway

answers: NDQ_001652

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answers: NDQ_001653

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answers: NDQ_001654

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answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: NDQ_001657

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answers: NDQ_001658

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answers: NDQ_001659

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answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001661

answers: satellite campus

answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 675 S. Broadway

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Golden Triangle

answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

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answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: labs for production of hot and cold foods

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: a satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: greenhouse effect

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are two on board computers in LituanicaSAT-1 due to redundancy requirements: the flight computer based on ARM Cortex-M4F microcontroller and secondary (back-up) computer based on an Atmel ATMega2560 microcontroller. The flight computer is the central control unit of the satellite responsible for maintaining the normal operating mode of the satellite, monitoring and control of energy resources, control of attitude determination sub-system and performance of telecommands received from the satellite ground station in Vilnius University, Lithuania. Secondary flight computer is based on Arduino. It ensures limited but safe functionality of the satellite in case of the main CPU failure and will also take and record the first pictures made from space, as well as control the radio beacon of the satellite.

text: There are two on board computers in LituanicaSAT-1 due to redundancy requirements: the flight computer based on

text: ARM Cortex-M4F

text: microcontroller and secondary (back-up) computer based on an

text: Atmel

text: microcontroller. The flight computer is the central control unit of the satellite responsible for maintaining the normal operating mode of the satellite, monitoring and control of energy resources, control of attitude determination sub-system and performance of telecommands received from the satellite ground station in

text: Vilnius University

text: Lithuania

text: . Secondary flight computer is based on

text: Arduino

text: . It ensures limited but safe functionality of the satellite in case of the main CPU failure and will also take and record the first pictures made from space, as well as control the radio beacon of the satellite.

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answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001653

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answers: NDQ_001658

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answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001661

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answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

answers: LituanicaSAT

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answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: NDQ_001670

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answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: pictures

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: ground station

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: the flight computer

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: energy resources

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The development of atomic clocks has led to many scientific and technological advances such as a worldwide system of precise position measurement (the Global Positioning System and GLObal NAvigation Satellite System), and applications in the Internet, which depend critically on frequency and time standards. Atomic clocks are installed at sites of time signal radio transmitters. They are used at some long wave and medium wave broadcasting stations to deliver a very precise carrier frequency. Atomic clocks are used in many scientific disciplines, such as for long-baseline interferometry in radioastronomy.

text: The development of atomic clocks has led to many scientific and technological advances such as a worldwide system of precise position measurement (the

text: Global Positioning System

text: and

text: GLObal NAvigation Satellite System

text: ), and applications in the

text: Internet

text: , which depend critically on frequency and time standards. Atomic clocks are installed at sites of

text: time signal

text: radio transmitters. They are used at some long wave and medium wave broadcasting stations to deliver a very precise carrier frequency. Atomic clocks are used in many scientific disciplines, such as for long-baseline

text: interferometry

text: in

text: radioastronomy

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answers: 0

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: precise position measurement

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GLObal NAvigation Satellite

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the Internet, which depend critically on frequency and time standards

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: precise position measurement

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GLObal NAvigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GLObal NAvigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: GLObal NAvigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GLObal NAvigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GLObal NAvigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GLObal NAvigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GLObal NAvigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: long-baseline interferometry in radioastronomy

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Global Positioning System and GLObal NAvigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: long-range

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: baseline

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: the Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Atomic clocks

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earths surface

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: precise position measurement

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: medium wave broadcasting stations

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GLObal NAvigation Satellite

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A special case of geosynchronous orbit is the geostationary orbit, which is a circular geosynchronous orbit at zero inclination (that is, directly above the equator). A satellite in a geostationary orbit appears stationary, always at the same point in the sky, to ground observers. Popularly or loosely, the term "geosynchronous" may be used to mean geostationary. Specifically, geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) may be a synonym for geosynchronous equatorial orbit, or geostationary Earth orbit. Communications satellites are often given geostationary orbits, or close to geostationary, so that the satellite antennas that communicate with them do not have to move, but can be pointed permanently at the fixed location in the sky where the satellite appears.

text: A special case of geosynchronous orbit is the

text: geostationary orbit

text: , which is a circular geosynchronous orbit at zero

text: inclination

text: (that is, directly above the

text: equator

text: ). A satellite in a geostationary orbit appears stationary, always at the same point in the sky, to ground observers. Popularly or loosely, the term "geosynchronous" may be used to mean geostationary. Specifically, geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) may be a synonym for geosynchronous equatorial orbit, or geostationary Earth orbit.

text: Communications satellite

text: s are often given geostationary orbits, or close to geostationary, so that the

text: satellite antenna

text: s that communicate with them do not have to move, but can be pointed permanently at the fixed location in the sky where the satellite appears.

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answers: 3

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: a circular geosynchronous orbit at zero inclination

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite antennas that communicate with them do not have to move

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Communications satellites are often given geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Communications satellites are often given geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: A special case of geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: A satellite in a geostationary orbit appears stationary

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: above the equator

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: A special case of geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Geostationary orbit at zero inclination

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: satellite antennas

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: the equator

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: above the equator

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: A satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GEO

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: equator

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Chinese media describe the satellites as intended for "scientific experiments, land survey, crop yield assessment, and disaster monitoring". Western analysts suspect that they are also used for military purposes.  Analysts believe that each satellite employs either optical or synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors and that the SAR satellites are of the Jian Bing-5 series.

text: Chinese media

text: describe the satellites as intended for "

text: scientific experiments

text: land survey

text: crop yield

text: assessment, and

text: disaster

text: monitoring".

text: Western

text: analysts suspect that they are also used for

text: military purposes

text: .  Analysts believe that each satellite employs either

text: optical

text: or

text: synthetic aperture radar

text: (SAR) sensors and that the SAR satellites are of the Jian Bing-5 series.

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 1

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: disaster monitoring

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 3

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answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: for military purposes

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: military purposes

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: disaster monitoring

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: land survey

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: disaster monitoring

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Jian Bing-5

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Jian Bing-5 series

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: land survey

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: the Jian Bing-5 series

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: land survey

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: (SAR)

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: land survey

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: United States

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: land survey

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: synthetic aperture radar

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Synthetic aperture radar

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: disaster monitoring

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: military

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: crop yield assessment

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: SAR

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Since 1982, satellites have been increasingly utilized to measure SST and have allowed its spatial and temporal variation to be viewed more fully. For example, changes in SST monitored via satellite have been used to document the progression of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation since the 1970s.  Over the land the retrieval of temperature from radiances is harder, because of the inhomogeneities in the surface.  Studies have been conducted on the urban heat island effect via satellite imagery.  Use of advanced very high resolution infrared satellite imagery can be used, in the absence of cloudiness, to detect density discontinuities (weather fronts) such as cold fronts at ground level.  Using the Dvorak technique, infrared satellite imagery can be used to determine the temperature difference between the eye and the cloud top temperature of the central dense overcast of mature tropical cyclones to estimate their maximum sustained winds and their minimum central pressures.  Along Track Scanning Radiometers aboard weather satellites are able to detect wildfires, which show up at night as pixels with a greater temperature than .  The Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aboard the Terra satellite can detect thermal hot spots associated with wildfires, volcanoes, and industrial hot spots.

text: Since 1982,

text: satellite

text: s have been increasingly utilized to measure SST and have allowed its

text: spatial

text: and

text: temporal

text: variation to be viewed more fully. For example, changes in SST monitored via satellite have been used to document the progression of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation since the 1970s.  Over the land the retrieval of temperature from radiances is harder, because of the inhomogeneities in the surface.  Studies have been conducted on the urban heat island effect via satellite imagery.  Use of

text: advanced very high resolution infrared satellite imagery

text: can be used, in the absence of cloudiness, to detect

text: density

text: discontinuities (

text: weather front

text: s) such as

text: cold front

text: s at ground level.  Using the

text: Dvorak technique

text: , infrared satellite imagery can be used to determine the temperature difference between the

text: eye

text: and the

text: cloud

text: top temperature of the

text: central dense overcast

text: of mature tropical cyclones to estimate their

text: maximum sustained wind

text: s and their minimum central

text: pressures

text: Along Track Scanning Radiometers

text: aboard weather satellites are able to detect wildfires, which show up at night as pixels with a greater temperature than .  The

text: Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

text: aboard the

text: Terra satellite

text: can detect thermal hot spots associated with wildfires, volcanoes, and industrial hot spots.

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answers: Along Track Scanning Radiometers

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: to measure SST

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Over the land the retrieval of temperature from radiances is harder

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Along Track Scanning Radiometers aboard weather satellites are able to detect wildfires

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellites have been increasingly utilized to measure SST

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: satellites have been increasingly utilized to measure SST

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: satellites have been increasingly utilized to measure SST

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: inhomogeneities in the surface

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellites have been increasingly utilized to measure

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Over the land the retrieval of temperature from radiances is harder

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: satellites have been increasingly utilized to measure SST

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: spatial and temporal variation

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

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answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: satellites

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answers: Weather Satellites

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

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answers: Along Track

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: SST

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 2013 LSSTI was one the creators of one of the two firsts scientific nano-satellite in Lithuania, which was intended both for scientific tasks, technologies demonstrations, educational purposes and popularization of science. The satellite was successfully launched in 2014.

text: In 2013 LSSTI was one the creators of one of the two firsts scientific

text: nano-satellite

text: in Lithuania, which was intended both for scientific tasks, technologies demonstrations, educational purposes and popularization of science. The satellite was successfully launched in 2014.

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answers: NDQ_001637

answers: The satellite was successfully launched in 2014

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: educational purposes

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answers: LSSTI

answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

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answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Nano-satellite

answers: NDQ_001652

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answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Nano-satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: The satellite was successfully launched in 2014

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Nano-satellite

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The satellite was successfully launched in 2014

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: The higher the satellite orbits the smaller the view it is able to see.

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Nano-satellite

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The satellite was successfully launched in 2014

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: The satellite was successfully launched

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

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answers: nano

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: nano-satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: nano satellite

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: nanosatellite

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: elliptical

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: LSSTI

answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001673

answers: LSSTI

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: nano-satellite

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answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: When satellites or rings are first discovered, they are given provisional designations such as "" (the 11th new satellite of Jupiter discovered in 2000), "" (the first new satellite of Pluto discovered in 2005), or "" (the second new ring of Saturn discovered in 2004). The initial "S/" or "R/" stands for "satellite" or "ring", respectively, distinguishing the designation from the prefixes "C/", "D/", "P/", and "X/" used for comets. These designations are sometimes written as "", dropping the second space.

text: When satellites or

text: rings

text: are first discovered, they are given provisional designations such as "" (the 11th new satellite of

text: Jupiter

text: discovered in 2000), "" (the first new satellite of

text: Pluto

text: discovered in 2005), or "" (the second new ring of

text: Saturn

text: discovered in 2004). The initial "S/" or "R/" stands for "satellite" or "ring", respectively, distinguishing the designation from the prefixes "C/", "D/", "P/", and "X/" used for

text: comet

text: s. These designations are sometimes written as "", dropping the second space.

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answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

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answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Satellites or rings are first discovered

answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: NDQ_001652

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answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Some weather satellites have geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001654

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answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: "R/" stands for "satellite" or "ring", respectively

answers: NDQ_001659

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answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Jupiter discovered in 2000

answers: NDQ_001661

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answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: NDQ_001663

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answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: NDQ_001667

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answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: NDQ_001675

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: rings

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: According to a paper presented in the World Roads Conference 2006, the Land Transport Authority has been testing a system based on the Global Positioning System that may eventually replace the current Electronic Road Pricing system. The proposed system overcomes the inflexibility of having physical gantries, which "are not so flexible when it comes to re-locating them".

text: According to a paper presented in the World Roads Conference 2006, the

text: Land Transport Authority

text: has been testing a system based on the

text: Global Positioning System

text: that may eventually replace the current Electronic Road Pricing system. The proposed system overcomes the inflexibility of having physical gantries, which "are not so flexible when it comes to re-locating them".

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answers: Global Positioning

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The vast majority of the satellites launched (86 out of 100 as of March 2012 ) have been the first generation US-K satellites which operate in molniya orbits. Seven first generation satellites were launched into geosynchronous orbits, called US-KS, starting in 1975. A decree of 3 September 1979 led to the creation of the second generation satellites US-KMO which had their first launch in 1991. In total, 101 satellites have been launched.

text: The vast majority of the satellites launched (86 out of 100 as of March 2012 ) have been the first generation

text: US-K

text: satellites which operate in

text: molniya orbit

text: s. Seven first generation satellites were launched into

text: geosynchronous orbit

text: s, called

text: US-KS

text: , starting in 1975. A decree of 3 September 1979 led to the creation of the second generation satellites

text: US-KMO

text: which had their first launch in 1991. In total,

text: 101 satellites have been launched

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Some satellite phones use satellites in geostationary orbit, which are meant to remain in a fixed position in the sky. These systems can maintain near-continuous global coverage with only three or four satellites, reducing the launch costs. The satellites used for these systems are very heavy (approx. 5000 kg) and expensive to build and launch. The satellites sit at an altitude of ; a noticeable delay is present while making a phone call or using data services due to the large distance from users. The amount of bandwidth available on these systems is substantially higher than that of the low Earth orbit (LEO) systems; all three active systems provide portable satellite Internet using laptop-sized terminals with speeds ranging from 60 to 512 kbit per second (kbps).

text: Some satellite phones use satellites in

text: geostationary orbit

text: , which are meant to remain in a fixed position in the sky. These systems can maintain near-continuous global coverage with only three or four satellites, reducing the launch costs. The satellites used for these systems are very heavy (approx. 5000 kg) and expensive to build and launch. The satellites sit at an altitude of ; a noticeable delay is present while making a phone call or using data services due to the large distance from users. The amount of bandwidth available on these systems is substantially higher than that of the

text: low Earth orbit

text: (LEO) systems; all three active systems provide portable satellite Internet using laptop-sized terminals with speeds ranging from 60 to 512 kbit per second (

text: kbps

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answers: Some satellite phones use satellites in geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: laptop-sized terminals with speeds ranging from 60 to 512 kbit per second

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answers: NDQ_001661

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answers: NDQ_001669

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: ATS-6 has been the first geostationary satellite with three-axis stabilization and pointing., This subsystem was capable of a highly accurate pointing (better than 0.1° through the inertial measurement units, down to 0.002° by using a radio-frequency interferometer.). Furthermore, the satellite was able to follow low earth orbit satellites through slewing, by tracking the low earth-orbit satellite through an S-band RF sensing. The system was also able to perform orbitography of the tracked satellite, and was a precursor to the operational system TDRSS.This highly advanced (for the time) pointing subsystem used earth and sun sensors, a star tracker pointed to the pole star, Polaris, and three inertial sensors. The sensor measurements were fed to two digital computers (nominal and redundant), as well to a back-up analog computer. It was also possible to orient the satellite by using radio-frequency sensors.  Actuators were three momentum wheels, and hot gas (hydrazine mono-propellant) thrusters. One of the momentum wheels having failed in July 1975, an alternative scheme was developed, allowing station-keeping with the two remaining wheels and thrusters.

text: ATS-6 has been the first geostationary satellite with three-axis stabilization and pointing., This subsystem was capable of a highly accurate pointing (better than 0.1° through the inertial measurement units, down to 0.002° by using a radio-frequency interferometer.). Furthermore, the satellite was able to follow low earth orbit satellites through slewing, by tracking the low earth-orbit satellite through an S-band RF sensing. The system was also able to perform orbitography of the tracked satellite, and was a precursor to the operational system

entity_name: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System

text: TDRSS

text: .This highly advanced (for the time) pointing subsystem used earth and sun sensors, a star tracker pointed to the pole star,

text: Polaris

text: , and three inertial sensors. The sensor measurements were fed to two digital computers (nominal and redundant), as well to a back-up

text: analog computer

text: . It was also possible to orient the satellite by using radio-frequency sensors.  Actuators were three momentum wheels, and hot gas (hydrazine mono-propellant) thrusters. One of the momentum wheels having failed in July 1975, an alternative scheme was developed, allowing station-keeping with the two remaining wheels and thrusters.

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answers: Polaris

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answers: ATS-6

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answers: NDQ_001663

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answers: geostationary

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In May, 1946, Project RAND had released the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship, which stated, "A satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of the most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth Century."The United States had been considering launching orbital satellites since 1945 under the Bureau of Aeronautics of the United States Navy. The United States Air Force's Project RAND eventually released the above report, but did not believe that the satellite was a potential military weapon; rather, they considered it to be a tool for science, politics, and propaganda. In 1954, the Secretary of Defense stated, "I know of no American satellite program." In February 1954 Project RAND released "Scientific Uses for a Satellite Vehicle," written by R.R. Carhart. This expanded on potential scientific uses for satellite vehicles and was followed in June 1955 with "The Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite," by H.K. Kallmann and W.W. Kellogg.

text: In May, 1946,

text: Project RAND

text: had released the

entity_name: Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship

text: Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship

text: , which stated, "A satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of the most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth Century."The United States had been considering launching orbital satellites since 1945 under the

text: Bureau of Aeronautics

text: of the

text: United States Navy

text: . The

text: United States Air Force

text: 's Project RAND eventually released the above report, but did not believe that the satellite was a potential military weapon; rather, they considered it to be a tool for science, politics, and propaganda. In 1954, the Secretary of Defense stated, "I know of no American satellite program." In February 1954 Project RAND released "Scientific Uses for a Satellite Vehicle," written by R.R. Carhart. This expanded on potential scientific uses for satellite vehicles and was followed in June 1955 with "The Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite," by H.K. Kallmann and W.W. Kellogg.

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answers: World-Circling Spaceship

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: for science, politics, and propaganda

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the Secretary of Defense stated, "I know of no American satellite program."

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: did not believe that the satellite was a potential military weapon

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: The United States had been considering launching orbital satellites since 1945

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west.

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbital satellites

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answers: NDQ_001657

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answers: The United States Air Force's Project RAND eventually released the above report

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite

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answers: orbital satellites

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites can help you locate your precise position on Earths surface

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: World-Circling Spaceship

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: World-Circling Spaceship

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answers: Bureau of Aeronautics

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answers: orbital satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Bureau of Aeronautics

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: atmospheric temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The first satellite navigation system, Transit, used by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour. In 1967, the U.S. Navy developed the Timation satellite that proved the ability to place accurate clocks in space, a technology required by the latter Global Positioning System.  In the 1970s, the ground-based Omega Navigation System, based on phase comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations, became the first worldwide radio navigation system. Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with greater accuracy.

text: The first satellite navigation system,

text: Transit

text: , used by the

text: United States Navy

text: , was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour. In 1967, the U.S. Navy developed the

text: Timation

text: satellite that proved the ability to place accurate clocks in space, a technology required by the latter

text: Global Positioning System

text: .  In the 1970s, the ground-based

text: Omega Navigation System

text: , based on phase comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations, became the first worldwide radio navigation system. Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with greater accuracy.

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answers: ground-based

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Timation satellite

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answers: Transit

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: provide a navigational fix

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Ground-based Omega Navigation System

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answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Timation satellite

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answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The first satellite navigation system, Transit

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: the higher above Earth that a satellite orbits

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Ground-based Omega Navigation System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: global positioning system

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: United States Navy

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answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: space

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answers: satellite navigation system

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: NDQ_001673

answers: the United States Navy

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answers: accurate clocks

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: stations

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: the United States Navy

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answers: clocks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The space segment of the new system would rely upon satellites in geostationary orbit.  These satellites, by virtue of their position, could transmit and receive data to lower orbiting satellites and still stay within sight of the ground station. The operational TDRSS constellation would use two satellites, designated TDE and TDW (for East and West), and one on-orbit spare.

text: The space segment of the new system would rely upon satellites in geostationary orbit.  These satellites, by virtue of their position, could transmit and receive data to lower orbiting satellites and still stay within sight of the ground station. The operational TDRSS constellation would use two satellites, designated TDE and TDW (for East and West), and one on-orbit spare.

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answers: 1

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: still stay within sight of the ground station

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: in geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellites in geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: stay within sight of the ground station

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: The operational TDRSS constellation

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellites in geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: East and West

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: East and West

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: satellites in geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: two satellites, designated TDE and TDW (for East and West), and one on-orbit spare

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: satellites in geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: satellites in geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: ground station

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: within sight of the ground station

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: ground station

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: East and West

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: position

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: TDRSS

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: constellation

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: ground station

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: TDRSS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: ground station

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: East

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: TDRSS

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: data

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: ground station

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth's temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development, mainly because of a potential denial of access and potential monitoring by the US government.  The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed contemporaneously with GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s. GLONASS can be added to GPS devices which makes more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and accurately, to within 2 meters  There are also the European Union Galileo positioning system, China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System, and India's Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC).

text: In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development, mainly because of a potential denial of access and potential monitoring by the US government.  The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (

text: GLONASS

text: ) was developed contemporaneously with GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s. GLONASS can be added to GPS devices which makes more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and accurately, to within 2 meters  There are also the European Union

text: Galileo positioning system

text: , China's

text: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

text: , the Japanese

text: Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

text: , and India's

text: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

text: (NAVIC).

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 1

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

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answers: 3

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: coverage of the globe

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: other systems are in use or under development

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and accurately

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GLONASS can be added to GPS devices

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits are closer to Earth

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: coverage of the globe

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 2 meters

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: positions

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: positions

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The development of the transistor, the solar cell, and telemetry, led in the 1950s and early 1960s to unmanned satellites that could take photographs of weather patterns or enemy nuclear weapons and send them to Earth. A large station was no longer necessary for such purposes, and the United States Apollo program to send men to the Moon chose a mission mode that would not need in-orbit assembly. A smaller station that a single rocket could launch retained value, however, for scientific purposes.

text: The development of the

text: transistor

text: , the

text: solar cell

text: , and

text: telemetry

text: , led in the 1950s and early 1960s to unmanned satellites that could take photographs of weather patterns or enemy nuclear weapons and send them to Earth. A large station was no longer necessary for such purposes, and the United States

text: Apollo program

text: to send men to the Moon chose a mission mode that would not need in-orbit assembly. A smaller station that a single rocket could launch retained value, however, for scientific purposes.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: in-orbit assembly

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: take photographs of weather patterns

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: in-orbit assembly

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: send them to Earth

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: unmanned satellites that could take photographs

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: unmanned satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: unmanned satellites

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: unmanned

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: A large station

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: unmanned

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: unmanned satellites

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: larger station

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: telemetry

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: telemetry

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Moon

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Moon

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: telemetry

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: telemetry

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: telemetry

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: weather patterns

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: enemy nuclear weapons

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: photographs of weather patterns

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: unmanned satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: weather patterns

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: This is a list of past and present satellites of the BeiDou/Compass navigation satellite system. , 21 satellites are operational: 6 in geostationary orbits, 8 in 55-degree inclined geosynchronous orbits and 7 in medium Earth orbits. The full constellation is scheduled to comprise 35 satellites.

text: This is a list of past and present satellites of the

text: BeiDou/Compass navigation satellite system

text: . , 21 satellites are operational: 6 in

text: geostationary orbit

text: s, 8 in 55-degree

text: inclined geosynchronous orbit

text: s and 7 in

text: medium Earth orbit

text: s. The full constellation is scheduled to comprise 35 satellites.

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answers: 5

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

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answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 55-degree inclined

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the full constellation is scheduled to comprise 35 satellites

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: BeiDou/Compass

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 55-degree inclined geosynchronous orbits

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 55-degree inclined

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: The full constellation is scheduled to comprise 35

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 55-degree inclined geosynchronous orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: BeiDou

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: BeiDou

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: BeiDou

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: past and present satellites

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: BeiDou

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: BeiDou

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: BeiDou

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 55-degree inclined

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: BeiDou

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: BeiDou/Compass

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the absence of other information, the axis of rotation is assumed to be normal to the mean orbital plane; Mercury and most of the satellites are in this category. For many of the satellites, it is assumed that the rotation rate is equal to the mean orbital period. In the case of the giant planets, since their surface features are constantly changing and moving at various rates, the rotation of their magnetic fields is used as a reference instead. In the case of the Sun, even this criterion fails (because its magnetosphere is very complex and does not really rotate in a steady fashion), and an agreed-upon value for the rotation of its equator is used instead.

text: In the absence of other information, the axis of rotation is assumed to be normal to the mean

text: orbital plane

text: Mercury

text: and most of the satellites are in this category. For many of the satellites, it is assumed that the rotation rate is equal to the mean

text: orbital period

text: . In the case of the

text: giant planets

text: , since their surface features are constantly changing and moving at various rates, the rotation of their

text: magnetic field

text: s is used as a reference instead. In the case of the

text: Sun

text: , even this criterion fails (because its magnetosphere is very complex and does not really rotate in a steady fashion), and an agreed-upon value for the rotation of its equator is used instead.

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: mean orbital plane

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: In the absence of other information

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: rotates in a steady fashion

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: the rotation of their magnetic fields is used as a reference

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: orbital plane

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellites are in this category

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbital plane

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: mean orbital plane

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: mean orbital plane

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: orbital plane

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: It can only be done with a minimum of 4 satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbital plane

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS stands for Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: It is assumed that the rotation rate is equal to the mean orbital period

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: In the case of the Sun, even this criterion fails

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: orbital plane

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: In the absence of other information

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The axis of rotation

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: information

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: orbital period

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: orbital plane

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: orbital plane

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: mean orbital

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Other information

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: the axis of rotation

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: mean orbital plane

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: rotation of their magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: equator

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: People often decide to put a satellite in a frozen orbit.The path of a satellite closely orbiting the Earth can be accurately modeled starting from the 2-body elliptical orbit around the center of the Earth, and adding small corrections due to the oblateness of the Earth, gravitational attraction of the Sun and Moon, atmospheric drag, etc.It is possible to find a frozen orbit without calculating the actual path of the satellite.

text: People often decide to put a satellite in a

text: frozen orbit

text: .The path of a satellite closely orbiting the Earth can be accurately modeled starting from the 2-body elliptical orbit around the center of the Earth, and adding small corrections due to the

text: oblateness of the Earth

text: , gravitational attraction of the Sun and Moon, atmospheric drag, etc.It is possible to find a frozen orbit without calculating the actual path of the satellite.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/856a493a88d05f8c4c7384c53e90a40b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/c08b887101878f3264d8121ee9bb7355

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/93bffacf2474b4835c96b73d9bff54ef

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/f1f22984e584c3283417524881c302ea

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite closely orbiting the Earth

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: in a frozen orbit

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: calculating the actual path of the satellite

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: frozen orbit

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: the path of a satellite

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be used to track the paths of hurricanes

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit around the center of the Earth

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: It is possible to find a frozen orbit without calculating the actual path of the satellite

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Some weather satellites have geostationary orbits.

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: It is possible to find a frozen orbit without calculating the actual path of the satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbiting the Earth

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS stands for Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: It is possible to find a frozen orbit

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The path of a satellite closely orbiting the Earth

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellite in a frozen orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: The path of a satellite closely orbiting the Earth

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Any type of information

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: elliptical

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: frozen orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: atmospheric drag

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Gravitational attraction of the Sun and Moon, atmospheric drag

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: calculating the actual path

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: atmospheric drag

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Whipple envisioned a global network of specially designed instruments that could track and photograph satellites. This network, aided by a corps of volunteer satellite spotters and a computation bureau in Cambridge, USA (see The M.I.T. Computation Center and Operation Moonwatch), would establish ephemerides – predictions of where a satellite will be at particular times.  The instruments at these stations were eventually designed by Dr. James G. Baker and Joseph Nunn and hence known as Baker-Nunn cameras. Based on a series of super-Schmidt wide-angle telescopes and strategically placed around the globe at 12 locations, the innovative cameras could track rapidly moving targets while simultaneously viewing large swaths of the sky. From the start, Whipple planned that the professionally manned Baker-Nunn stations would be complemented by teams of dedicated amateurs. Amateur satellite spotters would inform the Baker-Nunn stations as to where to look, an important task given that scientists working on the Vanguard program likened finding a satellite in the sky to finding a golf ball tossed out of a jet plane.  Amateur teams would relay the information back to the SAO in Cambridge where professional scientists would use it to generate accurate satellite orbits. At this point, professionals at the Baker-Nunn stations would take over the full-time task of photographing them.

text: Whipple envisioned a global network of specially designed instruments that could track and photograph satellites. This network, aided by a corps of volunteer satellite spotters and a computation bureau in Cambridge, USA (see

entity_name: The M.I.T. Computation Center and Operation Moonwatch

text: The M.I.T. Computation Center and Operation Moonwatch

text: ), would establish ephemerides – predictions of where a satellite will be at particular times.  The instruments at these stations were eventually designed by

text: Dr. James G. Baker

text: and

text: Joseph Nunn

text: and hence known as

text: Baker-Nunn camera

text: s. Based on a series of super-Schmidt wide-angle telescopes and strategically placed around the globe at 12 locations, the innovative cameras could track rapidly moving targets while simultaneously viewing large swaths of the sky. From the start, Whipple planned that the professionally manned Baker-Nunn stations would be complemented by teams of dedicated amateurs. Amateur satellite spotters would inform the Baker-Nunn stations as to where to look, an important task given that scientists working on the Vanguard program likened finding a satellite in the sky to finding a golf ball tossed out of a jet plane.  Amateur teams would relay the information back to the SAO in Cambridge where professional scientists would use it to generate accurate satellite orbits. At this point, professionals at the Baker-Nunn stations would take over the full-time task of photographing them.

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answers: NDQ_001633

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_001675

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: At this point, professionals at the Baker-Nunn stations would take over the full-time task of photographing

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: professional manned Baker-Nunn stations would be complemented by teams of dedicated amateurs

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: predicts where a satellite will be at particular times

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: ephemerides

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbits

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 12 locations

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: professional scientists would use it to generate accurate satellite orbits

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites. Based on a series of super-Schmidt wide-angle telescopes

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Baker-Nunn cameras

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Vanguard

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Vanguard program

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: satellite orbits

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbits

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: SAO

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earths surface

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Operation Moonwatch

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: ephemerides

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Whipple

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: satellites

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A GPS navigation device or GPS receiver, and when used for vehicle navigation commonly referred to simply as a GPS, is a device that is capable of receiving information from GPS satellites and then to accurately calculate its geographical location. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) made up of a network of a minimum of 24, but currently 30, satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense.

text: A GPS navigation device or GPS receiver, and when used for vehicle navigation commonly referred to simply as a GPS, is a device that is capable of receiving information from

text: GPS satellites

text: and then to accurately calculate its geographical location. The

text: Global Positioning System

text: (GPS) is a

text: global navigation satellite system

text: (GNSS) made up of a network of a minimum of 24, but currently

text: 30, satellites

text: placed into orbit by the

text: U.S. Department of Defense

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answers: satellites placed into orbit

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the U.S. Department of Defense

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: placed into orbit

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Geographical location

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: NDQ_001652

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answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Some weather satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 24

answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites placed into orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: A GPS navigation device

answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Geographical location

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: geographical location

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Department of Defense

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Department of Defense

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answers: Geographical location

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 24

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Department of Defense

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: GNSS

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 2001, the Pakistan Academy of Sciences held the physics and mathematics conference on astrophysics in Pakistan where scientists from all over the country were invited to come to Nathiagali.  In an media interview given at Nathiagali, Abdul Qadeer Khan maintained that, "Pakistan has very robust nuclear I.R.B.M. system which can launch geostationary orbiting satellites. All Pakistan has to do is to erase Delhi or Calcutta from the target and point it towards the sky. Instead of Hydrogen bombs and Atomic bombs, the missiles can easily carry a payload of a 80 kg satellite into the sky...".  Astrophysicist Shahid Kureshi also argued that [IRBM] missiles have very robust and effective electronics and computer system, the [SLV]s used the similar technology. Taking part in this discussion, Nuclear physicist Pervez Hoodbhoy believed that "If we [Pakistan] can launch a missile up to a range of 1,500 km, why not build an [SLV] that can launch low-atmosphere satellites?".

text: In 2001, the

text: Pakistan Academy of Sciences

text: held the

entity_name: International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics

text: physics and mathematics conference

text: on astrophysics in Pakistan where scientists from all over the country were invited to come to Nathiagali.  In an media interview given at Nathiagali, Abdul Qadeer Khan maintained that, "Pakistan has very robust nuclear

text: I.R.B.M.

text: system which can launch

text: geostationary orbit

text: ing satellites. All Pakistan has to do is to erase

text: Delhi

text: or

text: Calcutta

text: from the target and point it towards the sky. Instead of

text: Hydrogen bombs

text: and

text: Atomic bombs

text: , the missiles can easily carry a payload of a 80 kg satellite into the sky...".

text: Astrophysicist

text: Shahid Kureshi

text: also argued that [IRBM] missiles have very robust and effective electronics and computer system, the

text: [SLV]s

text: used the similar technology. Taking part in this discussion,

text: Nuclear physicist

text: Pervez Hoodbhoy

text: believed that "If we [Pakistan] can launch a missile up to a range of 1,500 km, why not build an [SLV] that can launch low-atmosphere satellites?".

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: low-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

answers: geostationary orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: geostationary orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: [SLV]s

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: geostationary orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: geostationary orbiting

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: geostationary orbiting

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: low-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: low-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: [SLV]

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: [SLV]s

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geostationary orbiting

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: geostationary orbiting

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: all over the country

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: geostationary orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: computer system

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: low-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 1,500 km

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: the Pakistan Academy of Sciences

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: astrophysics

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 1,500 km

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: [SLV]

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: [SLV]

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The policy expresses support for an operational and autonomous Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) satellite capability before the end of 2008, and for a global navigation satellite system under European civil control, i.e. the Galileo positioning system.

text: The policy expresses support for an operational and autonomous

text: Global Monitoring for Environment and Security

text: (GMES)

text: satellite

text: capability before the end of 2008, and for a

text: global navigation satellite system

text: under European civil control, i.e. the

text: Galileo positioning system

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answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

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answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GMES

answers: NDQ_001652

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answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GMES

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GMES

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GMES

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Galileo positioning system

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Global Monitoring for Environment and Security

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: GMES

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: GMES

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: global

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: autonomous

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Environment and Security

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: GMES

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Environment and Security

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GMES

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: GMES

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: 1st Aero used the methods of orbital prediction developed by Dr. Eberhart W. Wahl at Project Space Track in 1957, which computed ephemerides based on standard Keplerian orbits.  This excellent technique became less and less useful as a satellite got lower into the atmosphere, encountering drag, which made it difficult to forecast the ephemeris of the satellite accurately.  Because of this, in 1959, Lt Cotter at Space Track had the questionable pleasure of being the first person to lose track of an artificial earth satellite, Explorer IV, for which he was the Department of Defense orbital analyst.  The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory lost it a day or two later and only Mr. Arthur S. Leonard, of the Sacramento Moonwatch Team, was able to continue tracking somewhat longer, using his own special observational methods.

text: 1st Aero used the methods of orbital prediction developed by Dr. Eberhart W. Wahl at Project Space Track in 1957, which computed ephemerides based on standard Keplerian orbits.  This excellent technique became less and less useful as a satellite got lower into the atmosphere, encountering drag, which made it difficult to forecast the ephemeris of the satellite accurately.  Because of this, in 1959, Lt Cotter at Space Track had the questionable pleasure of being the first person to lose track of an artificial earth satellite, Explorer IV, for which he was the Department of Defense orbital analyst.  The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory lost it a day or two later and only Mr. Arthur S. Leonard, of the Sacramento Moonwatch Team, was able to continue tracking somewhat longer, using his own special observational methods.

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answers: Keplerian

answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Keplerian orbits

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: orbital prediction

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: orbital prediction

answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Keplerian orbits

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Keplerian orbits

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Explorer IV

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Explorer IV

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory lost it

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: orbital prediction developed by Dr. Eberhart W. Wahl

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellite got lower into the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Track

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Track

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Department of Defense

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Moonwatch

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Project Space Track

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Space Track

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Space Track

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Moonwatch

answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: orbital prediction

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: a satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 1st Aero

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: atmosphere

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has become an integral part of aquatic science and limnology.  Water by its very nature is dynamic.  Features associated with water are thus ever-changing.  To be able to keep up with these changes, technological advancements have given scientists methods to enhance all aspects of scientific investigation, from satellite tracking of wildlife to computer mapping of habitats.  Agencies like the US Geological Survey, US Fish and Wildlife Service as well as other federal and state agencies are utilizing GIS to aid in their conservation efforts.

text: Geographic Information Systems

text: (GIS) has become an integral part of

text: aquatic science

text: and

text: limnology

text: .  Water by its very nature is dynamic.  Features associated with water are thus ever-changing.  To be able to keep up with these changes, technological advancements have given scientists methods to enhance all aspects of scientific investigation, from satellite tracking of wildlife to computer mapping of habitats.  Agencies like the

text: US Geological Survey

text: US Fish and Wildlife Service

text: as well as other federal and state agencies are utilizing GIS to aid in their conservation efforts.

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001649

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answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: NDQ_001653

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answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: NDQ_001657

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: ACS uses a MEMS gyroscope for stabilisation detection. Using the data from gyro sensor On-Board Computer declares stability of the satellite.

text: ACS uses a MEMS gyroscope for stabilisation detection. Using the data from gyro sensor On-Board Computer declares stability of the satellite.

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answers: no

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answers: It cannot be done with less than 4 satellites.

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answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: On-Board Computer

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: MEMS gyroscope

answers: NDQ_001659

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answers: NDQ_001661

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answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: MEMS

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Uses typically involve experiments which can be miniaturized or serve purposes such as Earth observation or amateur radio. Many CubeSats are used to demonstrate spacecraft technologies that are targeted for use in small satellites or that present questionable feasibility and are unlikely to justify the cost of a larger satellite. Scientific experiments with questionable underlying theory may also find themselves aboard CubeSats as their low cost could justify riskier experiments. Biological research payloads have been flown on several missions, with more planned. Several missions to the Moon and Mars are planned to use CubeSats.

text: Uses typically involve experiments which can be miniaturized or serve purposes such as

text: Earth observation

text: or

text: amateur radio

text: . Many CubeSats are used to demonstrate spacecraft technologies that are targeted for use in small satellites or that present questionable feasibility and are unlikely to justify the cost of a larger satellite. Scientific experiments with questionable underlying theory may also find themselves aboard CubeSats as their low cost could justify riskier experiments. Biological research payloads have been flown on several missions, with more planned. Several missions to the

text: Moon

text: and

text: Mars

text: are planned to use CubeSats.

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: A Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO, also called a heliosynchronous orbit) is a geocentric orbit that combines altitude and inclination in such a way that the satellite passes over any given point of the planet's surface at the same local solar time. Such an orbit can place a satellite in constant sunlight and is useful for imaging, spy, and weather satellites. More technically, it is an orbit arranged in such a way that it precesses once a year.  The surface illumination angle will be nearly the same every time that the satellite is overhead.  This consistent lighting is a useful characteristic for satellites that image the Earth's surface in visible or infrared wavelengths (e.g. weather and spy satellites) and for other remote sensing satellites (e.g. those carrying ocean and atmospheric remote sensing instruments that require sunlight).  For example, a satellite in sun-synchronous orbit might ascend across the equator twelve times a day each time at approximately 15:00 mean local time. This is achieved by having the osculating orbital plane precess (rotate) approximately one degree each day with respect to the celestial sphere, eastward, to keep pace with the Earth's movement around the Sun.

text: A Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO, also called a heliosynchronous orbit) is a

text: geocentric orbit

text: that combines

text: altitude

text: and

text: inclination

text: in such a way that the satellite passes over any given point of the planet's surface at the same local

text: solar time

text: . Such an orbit can place a satellite in constant sunlight and is useful for imaging, spy, and weather satellites. More technically, it is an orbit arranged in such a way that it

text: precesses

text: once a year.  The surface

text: illumination angle

text: will be nearly the same every time that the satellite is overhead.  This consistent lighting is a useful characteristic for

text: satellite

text: s that image the Earth's surface in visible or infrared wavelengths (e.g. weather and spy satellites) and for other remote sensing satellites (e.g. those carrying ocean and atmospheric remote sensing instruments that require sunlight).  For example, a satellite in sun-synchronous orbit might ascend across the equator twelve times a day each time at approximately 15:00 mean local time. This is achieved by having the

text: osculating

text: orbital plane

text: precess

text: (rotate) approximately one degree each day with respect to the

text: celestial sphere

text: , eastward, to keep pace with the Earth's movement around the

text: Sun

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answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: passes over any given point of the planet's surface at the same local solar time

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Such an orbit can place a satellite in constant sunlight

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Earth's movement around the Sun

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: keep pace with the Earth's movement around the Sun

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Such an orbit can place a satellite in constant sunlight

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth's movement around the Sun

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: satellites that image the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Such an orbit can place a satellite in constant sunlight

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: The surface illumination angle will be nearly the same every time that the satellite is overhead

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: The surface illumination angle will be nearly the same every time that the satellite is overhead

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Earth's movement around the Sun

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellite passes over any given point of the planet's surface

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: The surface illumination angle will be nearly the same every time that the satellite is overhead

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: altitude and inclination

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: weather and spy satellites

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: weather and spy satellites

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: sunlight

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Communication satellites are an important part of global networks. However, there are specific low Earth orbit (LEO) global satellite constellations, such as Iridium, Globalstar and Orbcomm, which are comprised by dozens of similar satellites which are put in orbit at regularly spaced positions and form a mesh network, sometimes sending and receiving information directly among themselves. Using VSAT technology, satellite internet access has become possible.

text: Communication satellite

text: s are an important part of global networks. However, there are specific

text: low Earth orbit

text: (LEO) global

text: satellite constellation

text: s, such as

text: Iridium

text: Globalstar

text: and

text: Orbcomm

text: , which are comprised by dozens of similar satellites which are put in orbit at regularly spaced positions and form a

text: mesh network

text: , sometimes sending and receiving information directly among themselves. Using

text: VSAT

text: technology,

text: satellite internet access

text: has become possible.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: regularly spaced positions

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Orbcomm

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Orbcomm

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: regularly spaced positions

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: (LEO)

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Iridium, Globalstar and Orbcomm

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Iridium, Globalstar and Orbcomm

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbit at regularly spaced positions

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: satellite constellations

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Iridium

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellite constellations

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: orbit at regularly spaced positions

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: regularly spaced positions

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: satellite constellations

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: constellations

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: VSAT

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: low

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Globalstar

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Orbcomm

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Orbcomm

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Iridium

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Orbcomm

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: low Earth orbit

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A total of 35 satellites were launched by ORBCOMM Global in the mid to late 1990s. Of the original 35, a total of 24 remain operational today, according to company filings. The plane F polar satellite, one of the original prototype first generation satellites launched in 1995, was retired in April 2007 due to intermittent service. Two additional satellites (one from each of Plane B and Plane D) were retired in 2008 also due to intermittent service. The other five satellites that are not operational experienced failures earlier. The absence of these eight satellites can increase system latency and decrease overall capacity. ORBCOMM has invested in replacement satellites as the first generation is at or nearing end of life. On 19 June 2008 six additional ORBCOMM satellites were launched with the Cosmos-3M rocket: one ORBCOMM CDS weighing 80 kg, and five ORBCOMM Quick Launches weighing 115 kg each. These new satellites were built by German OHB System AG (platform) and by Orbital Sciences Corporation (payload) and included a secondary AIS. Design and production of the satellite platform was subcontracted by OHB System to Russian KB Polyot. On November 9, 2009 ORBCOMM filed a report to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission stating that since launch, communications capability for three of the quick-launch satellites and the CDS has been lost. The failed satellites experienced attitude control system anomalies as well as anomalies with its power systems, which resulted in the satellites not pointing towards the sun and the earth as expected and as a consequence have reduced power generation. The company filed a $50 million claim with its insurers covering the loss of all six satellites and received $44.5 million in compensation.

text: A total of 35 satellites were launched by ORBCOMM Global in the mid to late 1990s. Of the original 35, a total of 24 remain operational today, according to company filings. The plane F polar satellite, one of the original prototype first generation satellites launched in 1995, was retired in April 2007 due to intermittent service. Two additional satellites (one from each of Plane B and Plane D) were retired in 2008 also due to intermittent service. The other five satellites that are not operational experienced failures earlier. The absence of these eight satellites can increase system latency and decrease overall capacity. ORBCOMM has invested in replacement satellites as the first generation is at or nearing end of life. On 19 June 2008 six additional ORBCOMM satellites were launched with the

text: rocket: one ORBCOMM CDS weighing 80 kg, and five ORBCOMM Quick Launches weighing 115 kg each. These new satellites were built by German OHB System AG (platform) and by Orbital Sciences Corporation (payload) and included a secondary

text: AIS

text: . Design and production of the satellite platform was subcontracted by OHB System to Russian KB Polyot. On November 9, 2009 ORBCOMM filed a report to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission stating that since launch, communications capability for three of the quick-launch satellites and the CDS has been lost. The failed satellites experienced attitude control system anomalies as well as anomalies with its power systems, which resulted in the satellites not pointing towards the sun and the earth as expected and as a consequence have reduced power generation. The company filed a $50 million claim with its insurers covering the loss of all six satellites and received $44.5 million in compensation.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001638

answers: AIS

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

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answers: 4

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: pointing towards the sun and the earth

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Orbital Sciences Corporation

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: The absence of these eight satellites can increase system latency

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: secondary AIS

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: satellites not pointing towards the sun and the earth as expected

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellites not pointing towards the sun and the earth as expected

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: The plane F polar satellite

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: plane F polar satellite

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: The absence of these eight satellites can increase system latency and decrease overall capacity

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: six additional ORBCOMM satellites were launched

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: The plane F polar satellite

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: These new satellites were built by German OHB System AG (platform) and by Orbital Sciences Corporation (payload) and included a secondary AIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: satellites were built by German OHB System AG (platform) and by Orbital Sciences Corporation (payload) and included a secondary AIS

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The absence of these eight satellites can increase system latency and decrease overall capacity

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites not pointing towards the sun

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: satellites not pointing towards the sun and the earth as expected

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: satellites not pointing towards the sun and the earth

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: the sun and the earth

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: ORBCOMM Global

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Quick Launches

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: AIS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: AIS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: AIS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: ORBCOMM

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: a secondary AIS

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: ORBCOMM

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth's temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In computer networking, Rate Based Satellite Control Protocol (RBSCP) is a tunneling method proposed by Cisco to improve the performance of satellite network links with high latency and error rates.

text: In

text: computer networking

text: , Rate Based Satellite Control Protocol (RBSCP) is a

text: tunneling method

text: proposed by

text: Cisco

text: to improve the performance of satellite network links with high latency and error rates.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Rate Based Satellite Control Protocol

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: high latency and error rates

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Control

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Networking

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: RBSCP

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: RBSCP

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: RBSCP

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: RBSCP

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: RBSCP

answers: NDQ_001659

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answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: RBSCP

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Rate Based Satellite Control Protocol

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: rates

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The system employs various techniques to correct equatorial anomalies.  The advantage of the system is, it is global in scope and it has the potential to support all phases of flight providing a seamless global navigation guidance.  This could eliminate the need for a variety of ground and airborne systems that were designed to meet specific requirements for certain phases of flight.Standard and recommended practices for the air traffic management based on a global navigation satellite system are developed by ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). Thus the system has to meet ICAO standards to become operational.

text: The system employs various techniques to correct equatorial anomalies.  The advantage of the system is, it is global in scope and it has the potential to support all phases of flight providing a seamless global navigation guidance.  This could eliminate the need for a variety of ground and airborne systems that were designed to meet specific requirements for certain phases of flight.Standard and recommended practices for the air traffic management based on a global navigation satellite system are developed by

entity_name: International Civil Aviation Organization

text: ICAO

text: (International Civil Aviation Organization). Thus the system has to meet ICAO standards to become operational.

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answers: seamless global navigation

answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

answers: equatorial anomalies

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: seamless global navigation guidance

answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: equatorial anomalies

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: ICAO standards

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: equatorial anomalies

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Navigation

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: International Civil Aviation Organization

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Equatorial

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001670

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answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: ICAO

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: anomalies

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: They are commonly used for geosynchronous satellites, particularly communications satellites, but are also used in spacecraft which occupy lower orbits, occasionally including low Earth orbit missions.

text: They are commonly used for

text: geosynchronous

text: satellites, particularly

text: communications satellites

text: , but are also used in spacecraft which occupy lower orbits, occasionally including

text: low Earth orbit

text: missions.

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answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: low Earth orbit missions

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: low Earth orbit missions

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: lower orbits

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: low Earth orbit missions

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: geosynchronous satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Geosynchronous satellites

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: low Earth orbit missions

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Earth orbit missions

answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001661

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answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: NDQ_001663

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answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: NDQ_001665

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answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: NDQ_001670

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answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001673

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answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Earth orbit missions

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: geosynchronous satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The two core satellite constellations are the Global Positioning System (GPS) of the US and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) of Russia/India.  The third constellation will be the European Union Galileo system when it becomes fully operational.  These systems provide independent capabilities and can be used in combination with future core constellations and augmentation systems. Signals from core satellite are received by ground reference stations and any errors in the signals are identified.  Each station in the network relays the data to area-wide master stations where correction information for specific geographical areas is computed.  The correction message is prepared and uplinked to a geostationary communication satellite (GEO) via a ground uplink station. This message is broadcast to receivers on board aircraft flying within the broadcast coverage area of the system. The system is known in the US as WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System), in Europe as EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System), in Japan as MSAS (MTSAT Satellite Based Augmentation System) and in India as GAGAN (GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation).

text: The two core satellite constellations are the

text: Global Positioning System

text: (GPS) of the US and the

text: Global Navigation Satellite System

text: (GLONASS) of Russia/India.  The third constellation will be the European Union

text: Galileo system

text: when it becomes fully operational.  These systems provide independent capabilities and can be used in combination with future core constellations and augmentation systems. Signals from core satellite are received by ground reference stations and any errors in the signals are identified.  Each station in the network relays the data to area-wide master stations where correction information for specific geographical areas is computed.  The correction message is prepared and uplinked to a

text: geostationary communication satellite

text: (GEO) via a ground uplink station. This message is broadcast to receivers on board aircraft flying within the broadcast coverage area of the system. The system is known in the US as WAAS (

text: Wide Area Augmentation System

text: ), in Europe as EGNOS (

entity_name: European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service

text: European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System

text: ), in Japan as MSAS (

text: MTSAT Satellite Based Augmentation System

text: ) and in India as GAGAN (

text: GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation

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answers: broadcast coverage area

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answers: in combination with future core constellations and augmentation systems

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answers: Russia/India

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answers: broadcast to receivers on board aircraft flying within the broadcast coverage area

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: The correction message is prepared

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answers: NDQ_001658

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answers: Global Positioning System (GPS)

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answers: errors in the signals

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Global Flood Monitoring System, "GFMS," a computer tool which maps flood conditions worldwide, is available online. Users anywhere in the world can use GFMS to determine when floods may occur in their area. GFMS uses precipitation data from NASA's Earth observing satellites and the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite, "GPM." Rainfall data from GPM is combined with a land surface model that incorporates vegetation cover, soil type, and terrain to determine how much water is soaking into the ground, and how much water is flowing into streamflow.

text: The Global Flood Monitoring System, "GFMS," a computer tool which maps flood conditions worldwide, is available online. Users anywhere in the world can use GFMS to determine when floods may occur in their area. GFMS uses precipitation data from

text: NASA

text: 's Earth observing satellites and the

text: Global Precipitation Measurement satellite

text: , "GPM." Rainfall data from GPM is combined with a land surface model that incorporates vegetation cover, soil type, and terrain to determine how much water is soaking into the ground, and how much water is flowing into

text: streamflow

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answers: a land surface model

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Earth observing

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answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: GFMS

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answers: Precipitation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: While satellite navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) require unprecedentedly accurate knowledge of time, this is supplied by equipment on the satellites; vehicles no longer need timekeeping equipment.

text: While

text: satellite navigation

text: systems such as the

text: Global Positioning System

text: (GPS) require unprecedentedly accurate knowledge of time, this is supplied by equipment on the satellites; vehicles no longer need timekeeping equipment.

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answers: accurate knowledge of time

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: no longer need timekeeping equipment

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: navigation systems

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Special cases of the sun-synchronous orbit are the noon/midnight orbit, where the local mean solar time of passage for equatorial longitudes is around noon or midnight, and the dawn/dusk orbit, where the local mean solar time of passage for equatorial longitudes is around sunrise or sunset, so that the satellite rides the terminator between day and night. Riding the terminator is useful for active radar satellites as the satellites' solar panels can always see the Sun, without being shadowed by the Earth. It is also useful for some satellites with passive instruments that need to limit the Sun's influence on the measurements, as it is possible to always point the instruments towards the night side of the Earth.  The dawn/dusk orbit has been used for solar observing scientific satellites such as Yohkoh, TRACE, Hinode and PROBA2, affording them a nearly continuous view of the Sun.

text: Special cases of the sun-synchronous orbit are the noon/midnight orbit, where the local mean solar time of passage for equatorial longitudes is around noon or midnight, and the dawn/dusk orbit, where the local mean solar time of passage for equatorial longitudes is around sunrise or sunset, so that the satellite rides the terminator between day and night. Riding the terminator is useful for active radar satellites as the satellites' solar panels can always see the Sun, without being shadowed by the Earth. It is also useful for some satellites with passive instruments that need to limit the Sun's influence on the measurements, as it is possible to always point the instruments towards the night side of the Earth.  The dawn/dusk orbit has been used for solar observing

entity_section: Scientific Research Satellite (commercial and noncommercial)

text: scientific satellites

text: such as

text: Yohkoh

text: TRACE

text: Hinode

text: and

text: , affording them a nearly continuous view of the Sun.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: sun-synchronous

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: The dawn/dusk orbit has been used for solar observing scientific satellites

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the satellite rides the terminator between day and night

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: limit the Sun's influence on the measurements

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: active radar satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Riding the terminator

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: the dawn/dusk orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: noon/midnight orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: active radar satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: TRACE, Hinode and PROBA2

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: equatorial longitudes

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Riding the terminator

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Dawn/dusk orbit has been used for solar observing scientific satellites

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Riding the terminator

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Riding the terminator

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: equatorial longitudes

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Riding the terminator

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: longitudes

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Yohkoh

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: dawn/dusk orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: longitudes

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: active radar

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: sun-synchronous

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: TRACE

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: active radar satellites

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: solar panels

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: active radar satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: equatorial longitudes

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: sun

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: QZSS is targeted at mobile applications, to provide communications-based services (video, audio, and data) and positioning information. With regards to its positioning service, QZSS can only provide limited accuracy on its own and is not currently required in its specifications to work in a stand-alone mode. As such, it is viewed as a GNSS Augmentation service. Its positioning service could also collaborate with the geostationary satellites in Japan's Multi-Functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT), currently under development, which itself is a Satellite Based Augmentation System similar to the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration's Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS).

text: QZSS is targeted at mobile applications, to provide communications-based services (video, audio, and data) and

text: positioning information

text: . With regards to its positioning service, QZSS can only provide limited accuracy on its own and is not currently required in its specifications to work in a stand-alone mode. As such, it is viewed as a

text: GNSS Augmentation

text: service. Its positioning service could also collaborate with the geostationary satellites in Japan's

text: Multi-Functional Transport Satellite

text: (MTSAT), currently under development, which itself is a

text: Satellite Based Augmentation System

text: similar to the U.S.

text: Federal Aviation Administration

text: 's

text: Wide Area Augmentation System

text: (WAAS).

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answers: 4

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answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Japan's Multi-Functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT)

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: QZSS can only provide limited accuracy on its own

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: a Satellite Based Augmentation System

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: QZSS

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Its positioning service could also collaborate with the geostationary satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: QZSS

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Its positioning service could also collaborate with the geostationary satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: GNSS Augmentation service

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Its positioning service could also collaborate with the geostationary satellites

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GNSS Augmentation service

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GNSS Augmentation service

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellite Based Augmentation System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: positioning information

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Federal Aviation Administration

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: QZSS

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Federal Aviation Administration

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: positioning

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: MTSAT

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Under the scientific lead of the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) the mission is managed by the Space Agency of the German Aerospace Center (DLR). The Hyperspectral Imager (HSI) will be developed by Kayser-Threde GmbH. OHB Technology is responsible for the development of the satellite bus. The ground segment will be developed and operated by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). The envisaged launch of the EnMAP satellite is 2019 using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle of Indian space agency ISRO.

text: Under the scientific lead of the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) the mission is managed by the Space Agency of the German Aerospace Center (

text: DLR

text: ). The Hyperspectral Imager (HSI) will be developed by

text: Kayser-Threde

text: GmbH. OHB Technology is responsible for the development of the satellite bus. The

text: ground segment

text: will be developed and operated by the German Aerospace Center (

text: DLR

text: ). The envisaged launch of the EnMAP satellite is 2019 using the

text: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: of Indian space agency ISRO.

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: ground segment

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Geosciences

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Indian space agency ISRO

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: The ground segment will be developed and operated

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: EnMAP

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Hyperspectral Imager

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: EnMAP satellite

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: EnMAP satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: The Hyperspectral Imager

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Hyperspectral

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The Hyperspectral Imager

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: The Hyperspectral Imager (HSI)

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Geosciences

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: ISRO

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: EnMAP

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Geosciences

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: EnMAP

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: EnMAP

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Geosciences

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: DLR

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Geosciences

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: EnMAP satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: EnMAP

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Hyperspectral Imager

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In most cases, the Laplace plane is very close to the equatorial plane of its primary planet (if the satellite is very close to its planet) or to the plane of the primary planet's orbit around the Sun (if the satellite is far away from its planet).  This is because the strength of the planet's perturbation on the satellite's orbit is much stronger for orbits close to the planet, but drops below the strength of the Sun's perturbation for orbits farther away.  Examples of satellites whose Laplace plane is close to their planet's equatorial plane include the satellites of Mars and the inner satellites of the giant planets.  Examples of satellites whose Laplace plane is close to their planet's orbital plane include Earth's Moon and the outer satellites of the giant planets.  Some satellites, such as Saturn's Iapetus, are situated in the transitional zone and have Laplace planes that are midway between their planet's equatorial plane and the plane of its solar orbit.

text: In most cases, the Laplace plane is very close to the equatorial plane of its primary planet (if the satellite is very close to its planet) or to the plane of the primary planet's orbit around the Sun (if the satellite is far away from its planet).  This is because the strength of the planet's perturbation on the satellite's orbit is much stronger for orbits close to the planet, but drops below the strength of the Sun's perturbation for orbits farther away.  Examples of satellites whose Laplace plane is close to their planet's equatorial plane include the

text: satellites of Mars

text: and the

text: inner satellites of the giant planets

text: .  Examples of satellites whose Laplace plane is close to their planet's orbital plane include Earth's

text: Moon

text: and the

text: outer satellites of the giant planets

text: .  Some satellites, such as Saturn's

text: Iapetus

text: , are situated in the transitional zone and have Laplace planes that are midway between their planet's equatorial plane and the plane of its solar orbit.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: the Laplace plane is very close to the equatorial plane of its primary planet

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: to the planet's orbit around the Sun

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellites of Mars and the inner satellites of the giant planets

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: orbits close to the planet

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth's Moon

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be used to track the paths of hurricanes

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth's Moon

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: satellites, such as Saturn's Iapetus

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: satellites, such as Saturn's Iapetus

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: It depends on the number of satellites.

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: It is much stronger for orbits close to the planet

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The strength of the planet's perturbation

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellite images and satellite data

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: the satellite is far away from its planet

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: In most cases, the Laplace plane is very close to the equatorial plane

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: equatorial plane

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: equatorial plane

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth's Moon

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Moon

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth's Moon

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Laplace plane

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Laplace plane

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth's Moon

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth's Moon

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Laplace plane

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Laplace plane

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The STP-2 (DoD Space Test Program) payload is scheduled to be launched aboard a Falcon Heavy in March 2017. The payload should include an ISAT (Innovative Spacebased radar Antenna Technology) flight demonstrator satellite massing over 5000 kg, and COSMIC-2, a cluster of six satellites, massing at 277.8 kg each. The ISAT program aims to deploy extremely large (up to 300 yards) electronically scanning radar antennas in orbit. The primary role of the COSMIC-2 satellite constellation is to provide radio occultation data with an average latency of 45 minutes. The six satellites will be placed on an orbit with an inclination of 24 to 28.5 degrees with six separate orbital planes with 60 degree separation between them. The integrated payload stack will be integrated using EELV Secondary Payload Adapter. Two ESPA Grande rings will be used to mount the six COSMIC-2 satellites beneath the ESPA ring hosting the DSX payload and avionics modules. STP-2 will also host up to 8 CubeSat nanosatellites deployed with P-PODs (Poly Picosatellite Orbital Deployers).

text: The STP-2 (DoD Space Test Program) payload is scheduled to be launched aboard a

text: Falcon Heavy

text: in March 2017. The payload should include an ISAT (Innovative Spacebased radar Antenna Technology) flight demonstrator satellite massing over 5000 kg, and COSMIC-2, a cluster of six satellites, massing at 277.8 kg each. The ISAT program aims to deploy extremely large (up to 300 yards) electronically scanning radar antennas in orbit. The primary role of the COSMIC-2

text: satellite constellation

text: is to provide

text: radio occultation

text: data with an average latency of 45 minutes. The six satellites will be placed on an orbit with an inclination of 24 to 28.5 degrees with six separate orbital planes with 60 degree separation between them. The integrated payload stack will be integrated using

text: EELV Secondary Payload Adapter

text: . Two ESPA Grande rings will be used to mount the six COSMIC-2 satellites beneath the ESPA ring hosting the DSX payload and avionics modules. STP-2 will also host up to 8

text: CubeSat

text: nanosatellites deployed with P-PODs (Poly Picosatellite Orbital Deployers).

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 2

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 60 degree separation between them

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: to provide radio occultation data with an average latency of 45 minutes

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite constellation is to provide radio occultation data with an average latency of 45 minutes

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: provide radio occultation data

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: orbital planes with 60 degree separation between them

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellite constellation is to provide radio occultation data

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit with an inclination of 24 to 28.5 degrees

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: The six satellites will be placed on an orbit with an inclination of 24 to 28.5 degrees

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: orbit with an inclination

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: The primary role of the COSMIC-2 satellite constellation is to provide radio occultation data

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: COSMIC-2

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: The six satellites will be placed on an orbit with an inclination of 24 to 28.5 degrees

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: COSMIC-2

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: COSMIC-2

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: COSMIC-2

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: orbit with an inclination of 24 to 28.5 degrees

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites can help you locate your precise position on Earths surface

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The primary role of the COSMIC-2 satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: The primary role of the COSMIC-2 satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: DoD

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: an average latency of 45 minutes

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: COSMIC-2

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: COSMIC-2

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Orbital

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: COSMIC-2

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: COSMIC-2

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 24 to 28.5 degrees

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: DoD

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: radio occultation

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: COSMIC-2

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: ISAT

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: radio occultation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: , an asteroid discovered on 27 April 2016, is possibly the most stable quasi-satellite of Earth. As it orbits the Sun,  appears to circle around Earth as well. It is too distant to be a true satellite of Earth, but is the best and most stable example of a quasi-satellite, a type of near-Earth object. They appear to orbit a point other than Earth itself, such as the orbital path of the NEO asteroid 3753 Cruithne. Earth trojans, such as , are NEOs that orbit the Sun (not Earth) on the same orbital path as Earth, and appear to lead or follow Earth along the same orbital path.

text: , an

text: asteroid

text: discovered on 27 April 2016, is possibly the most stable

text: quasi-satellite

text: of

text: Earth

text: . As it orbits the Sun,  appears to circle around

text: Earth

text: as well. It is too distant to be a true

text: satellite

text: of Earth, but is the best and most stable example of a quasi-satellite, a type of

text: near-Earth object

text: . They appear to orbit a point other than Earth itself, such as the orbital path of the NEO

text: asteroid

text: 3753 Cruithne

text: Earth trojan

text: s, such as , are NEOs that orbit the Sun (not Earth) on the same orbital path as Earth, and appear to lead or follow Earth along the same orbital path.

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Earth trojans

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: quasi-satellite

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Earth trojans

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: orbital path

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Earth trojans

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth trojans

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbital path

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: orbital path

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Earth trojans

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Earth trojans

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbit a point other than Earth itself

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Earth trojans, such as

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Earth trojans

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: orbit a point other than Earth itself

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: They orbit a point other than Earth itself

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: orbital path

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: orbital path

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: quasi-satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbital path

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Earth trojan

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: orbital path

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Earth trojans

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: orbital path

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Launched in Low Earth Orbit, onboard Dnepr launch vehicle from Dombarovsky, Russia. It houses several sensors to collect data for scientific purposes. iCUBE-1 is a fully autonomous satellite and is capable of maintaining its health via its on-board computer. It is a single-unit CubeSat, cubic in shape with sides of . Five sides of the satellites carry two triple-junction (ATJ) solar cells, providing the spacecraft with 2 watts of power. Each cell has dimensions of , and at the beginning of operations has an efficiency of at least 27.5% at 25°C.

text: Launched in

text: Low Earth Orbit

text: , onboard

text: Dnepr launch vehicle

text: from

text: Dombarovsky

text: Russia

text: . It houses several sensors to collect data for scientific purposes. iCUBE-1 is a fully autonomous satellite and is capable of maintaining its health via its on-board computer. It is a single-unit

text: CubeSat

text: , cubic in shape with sides of . Five sides of the satellites carry two

text: triple-junction (ATJ)

text: solar cell

text: s, providing the spacecraft with 2 watts of power. Each cell has dimensions of , and at the beginning of operations has an efficiency of at least 27.5% at 25°C.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning method to calculate very precise positions up to few centimeter level using a single (GNSS) receiver in a dynamic and global reference framework like International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS). PPP methods are different from (DGNSS) positioning methods which differentiate errors using one or more reference stations with known positions. PPP approach combines precise clocks and orbits calculated from a global network to calculate a precise position with a single receiver which can be double or single frequency.

text: Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a

text: Global Navigation Satellite System

text: (GNSS)

text: positioning method to calculate

text: very precise positions up to few centimeter level using a single (GNSS) receiver in a dynamic and global reference framework like

entity_name: International Terrestrial Reference System

text: International Terrestrial Reference System

text: (ITRS). PPP methods are different from (

text: DGNSS

text: ) positioning methods which differentiate errors using one or more reference stations with known positions. PPP approach combines precise clocks and orbits calculated from a global network to calculate a precise position with a single receiver which can be double or single frequency.

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answer: 1

text: In April 2007, the first satellite of BeiDou-2, namely Compass-M1 (to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation) was successfully put into its working orbit. The second BeiDou-2 constellation satellite Compass-G2 was launched on 15 April 2009. On 15 January 2010, the official website of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System went online, and the system's third satellite (Compass-G1) was carried into its orbit by a Long March 3C rocket on 17 January 2010. On 2 June 2010, the fourth satellite was launched successfully into orbit. The fifth orbiter was launched into space from Xichang Satellite Launch Center by an LM-3I carrier rocket on 1 August 2010. Three months later, on 1 November 2010, the sixth satellite was sent into orbit by LM-3C. Another satellite, the Beidou-2/Compass IGSO-5 (fifth inclined geosynchonous orbit) satellite, was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center by a Long March-3A on 1 December 2011 (UTC).

text: In April 2007, the first satellite of BeiDou-2, namely Compass-M1 (to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation) was successfully put into its working orbit. The second BeiDou-2 constellation satellite Compass-G2 was launched on 15 April 2009. On 15 January 2010, the official website of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System went online, and the system's third satellite (Compass-G1) was carried into its orbit by a

text: Long March 3C

text: rocket on 17 January 2010. On 2 June 2010, the fourth satellite was launched successfully into orbit. The fifth orbiter was launched into space from

text: Xichang Satellite Launch Center

text: by an

text: carrier rocket on 1 August 2010. Three months later, on 1 November 2010, the sixth satellite was sent into orbit by LM-3C. Another satellite, the Beidou-2/Compass IGSO-5 (fifth inclined geosynchonous orbit) satellite, was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center by a Long March-3A on 1 December 2011 (UTC).

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answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Compass-G1

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: NDQ_001653

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answers: NDQ_001654

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answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Compass-G1

answers: NDQ_001659

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answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001661

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answers: NDQ_001663

answers: BeiDou-2

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answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Compass

answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: BeiDou-2

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: inclined

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: BeiDou-2

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: frequencies

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: BeiDou-2

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The launch is scheduled, and the space shuttle Daedalus successfully launches into orbit. They find the satellite but all agree it looks nothing like a communication satellite. They secure the satellite with the shuttle's loading arm and begin repairs, but soon find it houses six nuclear missiles, relics from the Cold War and a violation of the Outer Space Treaty. The mission is quickly put under secrecy. Frank discovers that the control system for the satellite originated from Bob's own files and was stolen by the KGB, and that the satellite's computers will launch the missiles at predetermined targets if the satellite falls out of orbit. NASA and the crew devise a plan to use the payload-assist rockets to push the satellite out of orbit and into deep space. However, as they prepare for this maneuver, one of the younger astronauts, Ethan Glance (Loren Dean), acting under Bob's original orders, tries to put the satellite into stable orbit himself, which is mistimed and sets off a chain reaction: the satellite collides with the shuttle, damaging most of the shuttle's computer systems and engines, destroying the solar panels on the satellite, and sending it faster into a decay orbit, while Ethan is knocked out and dragged along with the satellite.

text: The launch is scheduled, and the

text: space shuttle

text: Daedalus successfully launches into orbit. They find the satellite but all agree it looks nothing like a communication satellite. They secure the satellite with the shuttle's loading arm and begin repairs, but soon find it houses six nuclear missiles, relics from the

text: Cold War

text: and a violation of the

text: Outer Space Treaty

text: . The mission is quickly put under secrecy. Frank discovers that the control system for the satellite originated from Bob's own files and was stolen by the

text: KGB

text: , and that the satellite's computers will launch the missiles at predetermined targets if the satellite falls out of orbit. NASA and the crew devise a plan to use the payload-assist rockets to push the satellite out of orbit and into deep space. However, as they prepare for this maneuver, one of the younger astronauts, Ethan Glance (

text: Loren Dean

text: ), acting under Bob's original orders, tries to put the satellite into stable orbit himself, which is mistimed and sets off a chain reaction: the satellite collides with the shuttle, damaging most of the shuttle's computer systems and engines, destroying the solar panels on the satellite, and sending it faster into a decay orbit, while Ethan is knocked out and dragged along with the satellite.

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answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: stable

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: communication

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: nuclear missiles

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: the Outer Space Treaty

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: satellite's computers will launch the missiles at predetermined targets

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Some weather satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: six nuclear missiles

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The satellite collides with the shuttle

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellite collides with the shuttle

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The satellite collides with the shuttle

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: communication satellite

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: a communication satellite

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: stable orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: control system

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: nuclear missiles

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: satellite's computers will launch the missiles at predetermined targets if the satellite falls out of orbit

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: communication satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: solar panels

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A PhoneSat-1.0 satellite, Bell was built to the single-unit (1U) CubeSat specification, and measures  in each dimension. The satellite is based on an off-the-shelf HTC Nexus One smartphone which serves in place of an onboard computer and avionics system. Unlike the more advanced PhoneSat-2.0 spacecraft, Bell is powered by non-rechargeable batteries, and has no attitude control system, however onboard sensors can be used to determine and monitor the satellite's attitude. The cameras built into the phones aboard Bell and its sister satellite Graham have been used to return images of the Earth from space.

text: A PhoneSat-1.0 satellite, Bell was built to the single-unit (1U)

text: CubeSat

text: specification, and measures  in each dimension. The satellite is based on an off-the-shelf

text: HTC

text: Nexus One

text: smartphone

text: which serves in place of an onboard computer and avionics system. Unlike the more advanced PhoneSat-2.0 spacecraft, Bell is powered by non-rechargeable batteries, and has no attitude control system, however onboard sensors can be used to determine and monitor the satellite's attitude. The cameras built into the phones aboard Bell and its sister satellite Graham have been used to return images of the Earth from space.

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: no attitude control system

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: to return images of the Earth

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Bell is powered by non-rechargeable batteries

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: onboard sensors

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellites can be used to track the paths of hurricanes

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Bell

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Weather satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: sister satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Its sister satellite Graham

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Onboard sensors can be used to determine and monitor the satellite's attitude

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: onboard computer

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: PhoneSat-1.0

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: onboard sensors can be used to determine and monitor the satellite's attitude

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: onboard sensors

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: images

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: CubeSat

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: spacecraft

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: PhoneSat

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: attitude control system

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: CubeSat

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: attitude control system

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 1U

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Bell

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: images

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 1.0 satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: PhoneSat

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: PSLV-C28 (a.k.a. DMC3 mission) was the 29th consecutive successful mission (overall 30th) of the PSLV program. The PSLV-C28 carried and successfully deployed 5 satellites in the Sun-synchronous orbit. With a launch mass of  and payload mass of payload mass , the C28 was the heaviest commercial mission undertaken by Indian Space Research Organisation and Antrix Corporation. The PSLV-C28 carried three identical optical earth observation satellites (DMC3-1, DMC3-2 & DMC3-3), an optical earth observation technology demonstrator micro satellite (CBNT-1) and an experimental nano satellite (De-orbitSail). All the satellites were built by Surrey Satellite Technology (SSTL). Although built by SSTL, the "De-orbitSail" belonged to the Surrey Space Centre.

text: PSLV-C28 (

text: a.k.a.

text: DMC3 mission) was the 29th consecutive successful mission (overall 30th) of the

text: PSLV

text: program. The PSLV-C28 carried and successfully deployed 5

text: satellite

text: s in the

text: Sun-synchronous orbit

text: . With a launch mass of  and payload mass of payload mass , the C28 was the heaviest commercial mission undertaken by

text: Indian Space Research Organisation

text: and

text: Antrix Corporation

text: . The PSLV-C28 carried three identical optical

text: earth observation satellite

text: s (

text: , DMC3-2 & DMC3-3), an optical

text: earth observation

text: technology demonstrator

text: micro satellite

text: (CBNT-1) and an experimental

text: nano satellite

text: (De-orbitSail). All the satellites were built by

text: Surrey Satellite Technology

text: (SSTL). Although built by SSTL, the "De-orbitSail" belonged to the Surrey Space Centre.

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answers: Sun-synchronous

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: optical earth observation

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellites were built by Surrey Satellite Technology (SSTL)

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: PSLV-C28

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: PSLV-C28

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Earth observation satellites

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Earth observation satellites

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Indian Space Research Organisation

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Sun-synchronous

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: earth observation

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Sun-synchronous

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: optical earth observation

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are five major components in a DBS satellite system: the programming source, the broadcast center, the satellite, the satellite dish, and the receiver. Satellites used for transmission of television signals are generally in either naturally highly elliptical (with inclination of +/-63.4 degrees and orbital period of about twelve hours, also known as Molniya orbit) or geostationary orbit  above the earth's equator. Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an uplink facility. Uplink facilities transmit their signals typically in the C-band frequency range due to their resistance to rain fade. As a result, uplink satellite dishes are very large, often as much as 9 to 12 metres (30 to 40 feet) in diameter. The increased diameter results in more accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the transponders tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. The transponder then converts the signals to K band, a process known as "translation," and transmits them back to earth to be received by home satellite stations.

text: There are five major components in a DBS satellite system: the programming source, the broadcast center, the satellite, the

text: satellite dish

text: , and the

text: receiver

text: . Satellites used for transmission of television signals are generally in either

text: naturally

text: highly

text: elliptical

text: (with

text: inclination

text: of +/-63.4 degrees and orbital period of about twelve hours, also known as

text: Molniya orbit

text: ) or

text: geostationary orbit

text: above the earth's

text: equator

text: . Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an

text: uplink

text: facility. Uplink facilities transmit their signals typically in the C-band frequency range due to their resistance to

text: rain fade

text: . As a result, uplink satellite dishes are very large, often as much as 9 to 12 metres (30 to 40 feet) in diameter. The increased diameter results in more accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the

text: transponder

text: s tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. The transponder then converts the signals to K band, a process known as "translation," and transmits them back to earth to be received by home satellite stations.

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answers: 4

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answers: 3

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answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: orbital period of about twelve hours

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: for transmission of television signals

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite dishes are very large

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: resistance to rain fade

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth's equator

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellite dishes are very large

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: above the earth's equator

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: above the earth's equator

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: generally highly elliptical

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: five major components

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: above the earth's equator

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: DBS satellite system

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The transponder then converts the signals to K band

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The increased diameter results in more accurate aiming

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Earth's equator

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The increased diameter results in more accurate aiming

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Earth's equator

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: transponder

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: DBS satellite system

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: the earth's equator

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: home satellite stations

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: DBS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: inclination

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Real Time Kinematic (RTK) satellite navigation is a technique used to enhance the precision of position data derived from satellite-based positioning systems (global navigation satellite systems, GNSS) such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou. It uses measurements of the phase of the signal's carrier wave, rather than the information content of the signal, and relies on a single reference station or interpolated virtual station to provide real-time corrections, providing up to centimetre-level accuracy. With reference to GPS in particular, the system is commonly referred to as Carrier-Phase Enhancement, or CPGPS. It has application in land survey and in hydrographic survey.

text: Real Time Kinematic (RTK)

text: satellite navigation

text: is a technique used to enhance the precision of position data derived from satellite-based positioning systems (global navigation satellite systems,

text: GNSS

text: ) such as

text: GPS

text: GLONASS

text: Galileo

text: , and

text: BeiDou

text: . It uses measurements of the

text: phase

text: of the signal's

text: carrier wave

text: , rather than the information content of the signal, and relies on a single reference station or interpolated virtual station to provide real-time corrections, providing up to

text: centimetre

text: -level

text: accuracy

text: . With reference to GPS in particular, the system is commonly referred to as Carrier-Phase Enhancement, or CPGPS. It has application in

text: land survey

text: and in

text: hydrographic survey

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answers: single reference station

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: information content of the signal

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: provides up to centimetre-level accuracy

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: land survey

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Real Time Kinematic

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Real Time Kinematic

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: RTK

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellite-based positioning systems

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: satellite-based positioning systems

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: position data

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: BeiDou

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: global navigation satellite systems

answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

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answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: reference station

answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: phase of the signal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A satellite navigation system with global coverage may be termed a global navigation satellite system (GNSS).  only the United States NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS), the Russian GLONASS and the EUs Galileo are global operational GNSSs. China is in the process of expanding its regional BeiDou Navigation Satellite System into the global Compass navigation system by 2020. The European Union's Galileo is a global GNSS scheduled to be fully operational by 2020. India currently has satellite-based augmentation system, GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN), which enhances the accuracy of NAVSTAR GPS and GLONASS positions. India has already launched the IRNSS, with an operational name NAVIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation), a constellation of satellites for navigation in and around the Indian Subcontinent. It is expected to be fully operational by June 2016. France and Japan are in the process of developing regional navigation systems as well.

text: A satellite navigation system with global coverage may be termed a global navigation satellite system (GNSS).  only the

text: United States

text: NAVSTAR

text: Global Positioning System

text: (GPS), the

text: Russia

text: n

text: GLONASS

text: and the

text: EU

text: s

text: Galileo

text: are global operational GNSSs.

text: China

text: is in the process of expanding its regional

text: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

text: into the global

text: Compass navigation system

text: by 2020. The

text: European Union's

text: Galileo

text: is a global GNSS scheduled to be fully operational by 2020. India currently has

text: satellite-based augmentation system

text: GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation

text: (GAGAN), which enhances the accuracy of NAVSTAR GPS and GLONASS positions. India has already launched the

text: IRNSS

text: , with an operational name NAVIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation), a constellation of satellites for navigation in and around the

text: Indian Subcontinent

text: . It is expected to be fully operational by June 2016.

text: France

text: and

text: Japan

text: are in the process of developing regional navigation systems as well.

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answers: 3

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answers: 1

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: global coverage

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: China is in the process of expanding its regional BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: enhanced GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN)

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: The European Union's Galileo

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: The European Union's Galileo

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GEO

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: The European Union's Galileo

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GAGAN

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: global coverage

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NAVSTAR

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: GEO

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: constellation

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: GEO

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GEO Augmented Navigation

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Indian Subcontinent

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: GEO

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NAVSTAR

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Positioning

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: global

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Hybrid positioning systems use a combination of network-based and handset-based technologies for location determination. One example would be some modes of Assisted GPS, which can both use GPS and network information to compute the location. Both types of data are thus used by the telephone to make the location more accurate (i.e., A-GPS). Alternatively tracking with both systems can also occur by having the phone attain its GPS-location directly from the satellites, and then having the information sent via the network to the person that is trying to locate the telephone. Such systems include Google Maps, as well as, LTE's OTDOA and E-CellID.

text: Hybrid positioning system

text: s use a combination of network-based and handset-based technologies for location determination. One example would be some modes of

text: Assisted GPS

text: , which can both use

text: GPS

text: and network information to compute the location. Both types of data are thus used by the telephone to make the location more accurate (i.e., A-GPS). Alternatively tracking with both systems can also occur by having the phone attain its GPS-location directly from the

text: satellite

text: s, and then having the information sent via the network to the person that is trying to locate the telephone. Such systems include

text: Google Maps

text: , as well as,

text: LTE

text: 's

text: OTDOA

text: and

text: E-CellID

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001658

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Hybrid positioning systems

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: tracking

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Google Maps

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Satellites orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Hybrid positioning

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The telephone to make the location more accurate

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Google Maps

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Google Maps

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: LTE

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: A-GPS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Google Maps

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: satellites

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A satellite system is a set of gravitationally bound objects in orbit around a planetary mass object or minor planet. Generally speaking, it is a set of natural satellites (moons), although such systems may also consist of bodies such as circumplanetary disks, ring systems, moonlets, minor-planet moons and artificial satellites any of which may themselves have satellite systems of their own. Some bodies also possess quasi-satellites that have orbits gravitationally influenced by their primary, but are generally not considered to be part of a satellite system. Satellite systems can have complex interactions including magnetic, tidal, atmospheric and orbital interactions such as orbital resonances and libration.  Individually major satellite objects are designated in Roman numerals.  Satellite systems are referred to either by the possessive adjectives of their primary (e.g. "Jovian system"), or less commonly by the name of their primary (e.g. "Jupiter system").  Where only one satellite is known, or it is a binary orbiting a common centre of gravity, it may be referred to using the hyphenated names of the primary and major satellite (e.g. the "Earth-Moon system").

text: A satellite system is a set of gravitationally bound objects in orbit around a

text: planetary mass object

text: or

text: minor planet

text: . Generally speaking, it is a set of

text: natural satellites

text: (moons), although such systems may also consist of bodies such as circumplanetary disks,

text: ring systems

text: moonlet

text: s,

text: minor-planet moon

text: s and

text: artificial satellites

text: any of which may themselves have satellite systems of their own. Some bodies also possess

text: quasi-satellite

text: s that have orbits gravitationally influenced by their primary, but are generally not considered to be part of a satellite system. Satellite systems can have complex interactions including magnetic, tidal, atmospheric and orbital interactions such as

text: orbital resonance

text: s and

text: libration

text: .  Individually major satellite objects are designated in Roman numerals.  Satellite systems are referred to either by the possessive adjectives of their primary (e.g. "Jovian system"), or less commonly by the name of their primary (e.g. "Jupiter system").  Where only one satellite is known, or it is a binary orbiting a common centre of gravity, it may be referred to using the hyphenated names of the primary and major satellite (e.g. the "Earth-Moon system").

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answers: 5

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

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answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: a binary orbiting a common centre of gravity

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: orbit around a planetary mass object

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite systems can have complex interactions

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: orbital resonances and libration

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Satellite systems

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellite systems can have complex interactions

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbiting a common centre of gravity

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbits gravitationally influenced by their primary

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: orbit around a planetary mass object

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: satellites (moons)

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbit around a planetary mass object or minor planet

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Satellite systems can have complex interactions

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Satellite systems can have complex interactions including magnetic, tidal, atmospheric and orbital interactions

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: orbit around a minor planet

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: orbit around a planetary mass object or minor planet

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Satellite systems

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Any type of information that can be linked with locations

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: binary

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Moon

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: moons

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: binary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: satellite system

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth-Moon

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: magnetic, tidal, atmospheric and orbital interactions

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: natural satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite systems

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: atmospheric

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Satellites are used for many purposes.  Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and space telescopes.  Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites.  Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways.  Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit.

text: Satellites are used for many purposes.  Common types include military and civilian

text: Earth observation satellite

text: s,

text: communications satellite

text: s,

text: navigation satellite

text: s,

text: weather satellite

text: s, and

text: space telescope

text: s.

text: Space station

text: s and human

text: spacecraft

text: in orbit are also satellites.  Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways.  Well-known (overlapping) classes include

text: low Earth orbit

text: polar orbit

text: , and

text: geostationary orbit

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

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answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Space stations

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: military and civilian Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: military

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites are used for many purposes

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Satellite orbits

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Navigation satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Satellite orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Earth observation satellites

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Navigation satellites

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Navigation satellites

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: military

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: spacecraft

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: navigation satellites

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: navigation satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Possible future rendezvous may be made by a yet to be developed automated Hubble Robotic Vehicle (HRV), and by the CX-OLEV, which is being developed for rendezvous with a geosynchronous satellite that has run out of fuel. The CX-OLEV would take over orbital stationkeeping and/or finally bring the satellite to a graveyard orbit, after which the CX-OLEV can possibly be reused for another satellite. Gradual transfer from the geostationary transfer orbit to the geosynchronous orbit will take a number of months, using Hall effect thrusters.

text: Possible future rendezvous may be made by a yet to be developed automated Hubble Robotic Vehicle (HRV), and by the

text: CX-OLEV

text: , which is being developed for rendezvous with a

text: geosynchronous satellite

text: that has run out of fuel. The CX-OLEV would take over

text: orbital stationkeeping

text: and/or finally bring the satellite to a graveyard orbit, after which the CX-OLEV can possibly be reused for another satellite. Gradual transfer from the

text: geostationary transfer orbit

text: to the

text: geosynchronous orbit

text: will take a number of months, using

text: Hall effect thruster

text: s.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001674

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: stationkeeping

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: CX-OLEV

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: automated Hubble Robotic Vehicle

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: orbital stationkeeping

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Hubble

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: geosynchronous satellite

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: CX-OLEV would take over orbital stationkeeping

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Graveyard orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: CX-OLEV

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: CX-OLEV

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: (HRV)

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Hubble

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Hubble

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Hubble

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: orbital stationkeeping

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: geosynchronous satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: geosynchronous satellite

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: greenhouse gases

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Galileo positioning system is another EU infrastructure project. Galileo is a proposed Satellite navigation system, to be built by the EU and launched by the European Space Agency (ESA). The Galileo project was launched partly to reduce the EU's dependency on the US-operated Global Positioning System, but also to give more complete global coverage and allow for greater accuracy, given the aged nature of the GPS system.

text: The

text: Galileo positioning system

text: is another EU infrastructure project. Galileo is a proposed

text: Satellite navigation

text: system, to be built by the EU and launched by the

text: European Space Agency

text: (ESA). The Galileo project was launched partly to reduce the EU's dependency on the US-operated

text: Global Positioning System

text: , but also to give more complete global coverage and allow for greater accuracy, given the aged nature of the GPS system.

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answers: 5

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answers: 3

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Galileo is a proposed Satellite navigation system

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: Polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Galileo is a proposed Satellite navigation system

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Galileo positioning system

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: ESA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Satellite navigation system

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Satellite navigation system

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: navigation system

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: global coverage

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The pseudorange (from pseudo- and range) is the pseudo  distance between a satellite and a navigation satellite receiver (see GNSS positioning calculation) —for instance Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers.

text: The pseudorange (from

text: pseudo-

text: and

text: range

text: ) is the pseudo  distance between a

text: satellite

text: and a navigation satellite receiver (see

text: GNSS positioning calculation

text: ) —for instance

text: Global Positioning System

text: (GPS) receivers.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: pseudo distance

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: It is the smaller the view it is able to see

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: a satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: pseudorange

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Due to problems a delays with Vanguard TV-2 and complete fail of VT-3, Vanguard was not the first rocket to place into orbit an unmanned satellite. The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergey Korolyov in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.The USA later responded by launching the Vanguard TV-4 with Vanguard 1 satellite. that was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead, the Sputnik crisis caused by the surprise launch of Sputnik 1 led the U.S., after the failure of Vanguard TV3, to quickly orbit the Explorer 1 satellite using a Juno I rocket launched on January 31, 1958. Thus Vanguard I was the second successful U.S. orbital launch. Thus started the space race, that gave the drive to put men on the moon with the USA's Apollo program.

text: Due to problems a delays with Vanguard TV-2 and complete fail of VT-3, Vanguard was not the first rocket to place into orbit an unmanned

text: satellite

text: . The first

text: small-lift launch vehicle

text: was the

text: Sputnik

text: rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned

text: orbit

text: al

text: carrier rocket

text: designed by

text: Sergey Korolyov

text: in the Soviet Union, derived from the

text: R-7 Semyorka

text: ICBM

text: . On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing

text: Sputnik 1

text: satellite into a

text: low Earth orbit

text: .The USA later responded by launching the

text: Vanguard TV-4

text: with Vanguard 1 satellite. that was intended to be the first launch vehicle the

text: United States

text: would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead, the

text: Sputnik crisis

text: caused by the surprise launch of

text: Sputnik 1

text: led the U.S., after the failure of

text: Vanguard TV3

text: , to quickly orbit the

text: Explorer 1

text: satellite using a

text: Juno I

text: rocket launched on January 31, 1958. Thus

text: Vanguard I

text: was the second successful U.S. orbital launch. Thus started the space race, that gave the drive to put men on the

text: moon

text: with the USA's

text: Apollo program

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: unmanned

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Vanguard TV-2 and complete fail of VT-3

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: unmanned

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Vanguard TV-4 with Vanguard 1 satellite

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Vanguard TV-4 with Vanguard 1 satellite

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Vanguard TV-4 with Vanguard 1 satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Vanguard TV-4

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Vanguard TV-4 with Vanguard 1 satellite

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The first small-lift launch vehicle

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Apollo program

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Sputnik

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Vanguard TV-4

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: the USA's Apollo program

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Explorer 1 satellite

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Communications satellites' orbital positions are normally spaced apart along the geostationary orbit to provide for frequency reuse for both uplink and downlink transmissions. By separating adjacent satellites by a distance greater than the at-orbit beamwidth of the uplink antennas, the same carrier frequencies can be used to uplink to both satellites without interference. Similarly, a sufficient separation so that the beamwidth of the receiving dishes on the ground can distinguish one satellite from its neighbours, allows the same frequency spectrum to be used for adjacent satellite downlinks.

text: Communications satellites' orbital positions are normally spaced apart along the geostationary orbit to provide for frequency reuse for both

text: uplink

text: and

text: downlink

text: transmissions. By separating adjacent satellites by a distance greater than the at-orbit

text: beamwidth

text: of the uplink antennas, the same carrier frequencies can be used to uplink to both satellites without interference. Similarly, a sufficient separation so that the beamwidth of the receiving dishes on the ground can distinguish one satellite from its neighbours, allows the same frequency spectrum to be used for adjacent satellite downlinks.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

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answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

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answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

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answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: orbital positions are normally spaced apart

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: to uplink to both satellites without interference

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the same carrier frequencies can be used to uplink to both satellites without interference

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: separating adjacent satellites by a distance greater than the at-orbit beamwidth

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: the geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be used to track the paths of hurricanes

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: The same carrier frequencies can be used to uplink to both satellites without interference

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The same carrier frequencies can be used to uplink to both satellites without interference

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: by separating adjacent satellites

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: the beamwidth of the receiving dishes on the ground

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: the beamwidth of the receiving dishes on the ground

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The beamwidth of the receiving dishes

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: orbital positions

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: receiving dishes

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: the same carrier frequencies

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Earth observation

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: the beamwidth of the receiving dishes on the ground

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: beamwidth

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Downlink CNR (Carrier to noise ratio in satellite reception) is an important figure in system TVRO design. Below are certain parameters used in CNR computation.

text: Downlink CNR (Carrier to noise ratio in

text: satellite

text: reception) is an important figure in system

text: TVRO

text: design. Below are certain parameters used in CNR computation.

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0397/6321aa6128f0beee20aa4f24447ac506

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0397/2cd3d9816323a883179b632226f775f2

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: CNR

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Kosmos 136 ( meaning Cosmos 136) or Zenit-2 No.47 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966. A Zenit-2 spacecraft, Kosmos 136 was the forty-fourth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . In addition to its reconnaissance mission, the satellite was also used for scientific research.

text: Kosmos 136 ( meaning Cosmos 136) or Zenit-2 No.47 was a

text: Soviet

text: optical film-return

text: reconnaissance satellite

text: launched in 1966. A

text: spacecraft, Kosmos 136 was the forty-fourth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of . In addition to its reconnaissance mission, the satellite was also used for scientific research.

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answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: Kosmos 136

answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: Its reconnaissance mission

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: forty-fourth

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answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Kosmos 136

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answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Kosmos 136

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answers: NDQ_001665

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

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answers: Zenit-2

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning for receiver's position is derived through the calculation steps, or algorithm, given below. In essence, a GNSS receiver measures the transmitting time of GNSS signals emitted from four or more GNSS satellites and these measurements are used to obtain its position (i.e., spatial coordinates) and reception time.

text: The

text: global navigation satellite system

text: (GNSS) positioning for receiver's position is derived through the calculation steps, or algorithm, given below. In essence, a GNSS receiver measures the transmitting time of GNSS signals emitted from four or more GNSS satellites and these measurements are used to obtain its position (i.e., spatial coordinates) and reception time.

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answers: transmitting time

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001656

answers: GNSS satellites

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: (GNSS)

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: spatial coordinates

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: In essence, a GNSS receiver measures the transmitting time of GNSS signals

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: spatial coordinates

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: spatial coordinates

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: global

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: global

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: spatial coordinates

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: four

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: transmitting time

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Minitrack system that was developed in the late 1950s for the NRL Vanguard Satellite Program used the signals emitted by Sputnik and later satellites to determine their positions and orbits. This pioneering tracking system led to the concept of tracking nonradiating, or noncooperative, satellites by signals reflected off them. An experiment using a transmitter in Fort Monmouth, New Jersey and Minitrack receivers demonstrated the concept, and from this experiment a larger and more elaborate system was developed by NRL. This system became known as the Naval Space Surveillance System (NAVSPASUR), which was commissioned as an operational command in 1961. Although the operational command is now integrated with the Naval Space Command, the sensor system is still in active use as a major component of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), and has become the alternate Space Defense Computational Facility.

text: The Minitrack system that was developed in the late 1950s for the NRL Vanguard Satellite Program used the signals emitted by Sputnik and later satellites to determine their positions and orbits. This pioneering tracking system led to the concept of tracking nonradiating, or noncooperative, satellites by signals reflected off them. An experiment using a transmitter in

text: Fort Monmouth

text: , New Jersey and Minitrack receivers demonstrated the concept, and from this experiment a larger and more elaborate system was developed by NRL. This system became known as the Naval Space Surveillance System (NAVSPASUR), which was commissioned as an operational command in 1961. Although the operational command is now integrated with the Naval Space Command, the sensor system is still in active use as a major component of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), and has become the alternate Space Defense Computational Facility.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: nonradiating

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: to determine their positions and orbits

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Minitrack

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: signals reflected off them

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Minitrack system

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Minitrack

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbits

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Minitrack

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: later satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: signals reflected off them

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Computational Facility

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Sputnik and later satellites

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Minitrack receivers

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: positions

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NORAD

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Minitrack

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Minitrack

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Space Defense Computational Facility

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: nonradiating

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NRL Vanguard Satellite Program

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: positions and orbits

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Sputnik

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Minitrack

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: nonradiating

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Technology Experiment Satellite  or (TES) is an experimental satellite to demonstrate and validate, in orbit, technologies that could be used in the future satellites of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). TES weighs 1108 kg and was successfully placed in 568 km sun synchronous orbit on  October 22, 2001 using the PSLV-C3 version of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. PSLV-C3 also injected two more satellites: PROBA, a Belgian satellite and BIRD, a German satellite.

text: Technology Experiment Satellite  or (TES) is an experimental

text: satellite

text: to demonstrate and validate, in orbit, technologies that could be used in the future satellites of

text: Indian Space Research Organisation

text: (ISRO). TES weighs 1108 kg and was successfully placed in 568 km sun synchronous orbit on  October 22, 2001 using the

text: version of

text: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: . PSLV-C3 also injected two more satellites:

text: PROBA

text: , a Belgian satellite and BIRD, a German satellite.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: sun synchronous

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Technology Experiment Satellite

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: German satellite

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: demonstrate and validate

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: TES

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Technology Experiment Satellite

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: sun synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 568 km

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: sun synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: PSLV-C3 also injected two more satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 568 km

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: ISRO

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: (TES)

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: (TES)

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 568 km

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: (TES)

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: (TES)

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Indian Space Research Organisation

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: sun synchronous

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: (TES)

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: sun synchronous

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: (TES)

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: TES

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 568 km

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Indian Space Research Organisation

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: technologies

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: TES

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: sun

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Players control a Strategic Defense Initiative satellite orbiting the Earth and must destroy enemy missiles and satellites with its weapons, when activated the satellite's weapon systems fire at the crosshair present onscreen during play. The arcade version features a joystick to control the satellite and a trackball to control the crosshair. Home computer versions use different control schemes, such as depressing the fire button to control the crosshair, alternating between controlling the satellite and its weapons. It is also possible to use a joystick and mouse in combination to control the satellite and crosshair at the same time, emulating the arcade game's controls.

text: Players control a

text: Strategic Defense Initiative

text: satellite orbiting the Earth and must destroy enemy missiles and satellites with its weapons, when activated the satellite's weapon systems fire at the

text: crosshair

text: present onscreen during play. The arcade version features a

text: joystick

text: to control the satellite and a

text: trackball

text: to control the crosshair. Home computer versions use different control schemes, such as depressing the fire button to control the crosshair, alternating between controlling the satellite and its weapons. It is also possible to use a

text: joystick

text: and mouse in combination to control the satellite and crosshair at the same time, emulating the arcade game's controls.

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answers: 5

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Strategic Defense Initiative

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite orbiting the Earth

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: destroy enemy missiles

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Home computer versions

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Strategic Defense Initiative satellite orbiting the Earth

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Strategic Defense Initiative

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Strategic Defense Initiative

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The crosshair

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Home computer

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: orbiting the Earth

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: crosshair

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: crosshair

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Strategic Defense Initiative

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Strategic Defense Initiative

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: crosshair

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Strategic Defense Initiative

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Strategic Defense Initiative

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Strategic Defense Initiative

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Vegetation and Environment monitoring on a New Micro-Satellite (VENµS) is a satellite to be used for Earth observation using a superspectral sensor, dedicated to vegetation monitoring. It is the first cooperation between Israel (ISA) and France (CNES). VENµS scientific objective is "the provision of data for scientific studies dealing with the monitoring, analysis, and modeling of land surface functioning under the influences of environmental factors as well as human activities."

text: The Vegetation and Environment monitoring on a New Micro-Satellite (

text: VENµS

text: ) is a satellite to be used for Earth observation using a superspectral sensor, dedicated to vegetation monitoring. It is the first cooperation between Israel (ISA) and France (

text: CNES

text: VENµS

text: scientific objective is "the provision of data for scientific studies dealing with the monitoring, analysis, and modeling of land surface functioning under the influences of environmental factors as well as human activities."

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answers: vegetation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Gunn's early career included work at NASA on large-scale scientific computation and global communications, with special emphasis in infrared satellite image processing, computational fluid dynamics, and global climate and weather modeling. She also did work in robotics engineering  at IBM, Morton Thiokol, United Technologies/Pratt & Whitney, Lockheed-Martin, Rolls-Royce, and the US Navy.

text: Gunn's early career included work at

text: NASA

text: on large-scale scientific computation and global communications, with special emphasis in infrared satellite image processing, computational fluid dynamics, and global climate and weather modeling. She also did work in

text: robotics

text: engineering  at

text: IBM

text: Morton Thiokol

text: United Technologies

text: Pratt & Whitney

text: Lockheed-Martin

text: Rolls-Royce

text: , and the

text: US Navy

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Currently, two-way information is delivered primarily via the Internet, but the company continues its satellite service for customers who are unable to connect to the Internet due to their remote locations. The current generation of satellite receiver is the DTN D8000-series, which can be networked into an existing LAN using Ethernet. Third-party software can be used to display and interpret the data on a personal computer.

text: Currently, two-way information is delivered primarily via the Internet, but the company continues its satellite service for customers who are unable to connect to the Internet due to their remote locations. The current generation of satellite receiver is the DTN D8000-series, which can be networked into an existing

text: LAN

text: using

text: Ethernet

text: . Third-party software can be used to display and interpret the data on a

text: personal computer

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answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001641

answers: display and interpret the data

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: DTN D8000-series

answers: NDQ_001649

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Gogo has satellite agreements in place with SES (for coverage over the U.S., Atlantic Ocean and Europe) and Intelsat (for coverage over portions of the Atlantic and northern Pacific oceans, as well as routes over South America, Asia, Africa and Australia). Gogo has also signed an agreement with Intelsat for  satellite capacity specifically for coverage in the Atlantic and northern Pacific oceans, as well as routes over Central and South America, Asia, Australia and parts of Africa. Gogo announced in May 2012, that it will partner with satellite equipment provider, AeroSat, to bring a Ku-satellite solution to commercial airlines. A Ku-satellite solution will allow Gogo to offer airlines connectivity services that extend beyond the United States, including transoceanic routes, and will serve the needs of some of their airline partners in the near-term until Inmarsat's Global Xpress -satellite becomes available. Gogo's Ku-band satellite technology is used for Gogo's Ground to Orbit and 2Ku.

text: Gogo has satellite agreements in place with

text: SES

text: (for coverage over the U.S., Atlantic Ocean and Europe) and

text: Intelsat

text: (for coverage over portions of the Atlantic and northern Pacific oceans, as well as routes over South America, Asia, Africa and Australia). Gogo has also signed an agreement with

text: Intelsat

text: for  satellite capacity specifically for coverage in the Atlantic and northern Pacific oceans, as well as routes over Central and South America, Asia, Australia and parts of Africa. Gogo announced in May 2012, that it will partner with satellite equipment provider,

text: AeroSat

text: , to bring a Ku-satellite solution to commercial airlines. A Ku-satellite solution will allow Gogo to offer airlines connectivity services that extend beyond the United States, including transoceanic routes, and will serve the needs of some of their airline partners in the near-term until Inmarsat's Global Xpress -satellite becomes available. Gogo's Ku-band satellite technology is used for Gogo's Ground to Orbit and 2Ku.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Ground to Orbit

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Ku-satellite

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: coverage over the U.S., Atlantic Ocean and Europe

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: to offer airlines connectivity services that extend beyond the United States

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Gogo

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Ku-satellite

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Ku

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Ground to Orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Ku-satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Ku-satellite

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Gogo

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Ku-band

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Gogo's Ku-band satellite technology is used for Gogo's Ground to Orbit and 2Ku

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Ku-band

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Ku-satellite

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Ku-satellite

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: coverage over the U.S., Atlantic Ocean and Europe

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Intelsat

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Global Xpress

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Ku-band

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Ku-satellite

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Atlantic and northern Pacific oceans

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Ku

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Gogo

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answers: Ku-satellite

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Ku

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: AeroSat

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: oceans

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: USA-256, also known as GPS IIF-7, GPS SVN-68 and NAVSTAR 71, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the seventh of twelve Block IIF satellites to be launched.

text: USA-256, also known as GPS IIF-7, GPS SVN-68 and NAVSTAR 71, is an

text: American

text: navigation satellite

text: which forms part of the

text: Global Positioning System

text: . It was the seventh of twelve

text: Block IIF

text: satellites to be launched.

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answers: GPS IIF-7

answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Block IIF satellites to be launched

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Global Positioning

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: USA-256

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: NAVSTAR

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: twelve Block IIF satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: USA-256

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Block IIF satellites

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: NDQ_001669

answers: IIF

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Navigation

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: an American navigation satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: American navigation satellite

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: global temperature

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The key difference between a satellite and a quasi-satellite is that the orbit of a satellite of Earth fundamentally depends on the gravity of the Earth–Moon system, whereas the orbit of a quasi-satellite would negligibly change if Earth and the Moon were suddenly removed because a quasi-satellite is orbiting the Sun on an Earth-like orbit in the vicinity of Earth.

text: The key difference between a satellite and a quasi-satellite is that the orbit of a satellite of Earth fundamentally depends on the gravity of the Earth–Moon system, whereas the orbit of a quasi-satellite would negligibly change if Earth and the Moon were suddenly removed because a quasi-satellite is orbiting the Sun on an Earth-like orbit in the vicinity of Earth.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: quasi-satellite

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite of Earth fundamentally depends on the gravity of the Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: would negligibly change if Earth and the Moon were suddenly removed

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: orbit of a satellite of Earth

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: orbit in the vicinity of Earth

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Earth-like orbit

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites can help you locate your precise position on Earths surface

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth-like orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth-like

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth–Moon

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The KH-8 (BYEMAN codename Gambit-3) was a long-lived series of reconnaissance satellites of the "Key Hole" (KH) series used by the United States from July 1966 to April 1984, and also known as Low Altitude Surveillance Platform. The satellite ejected "film-bucket" canisters of photographic film that were retrieved as they descended through the atmosphere by parachute.  Ground resolution of the mature satellite system was better than .  There were 54 launch attempts of the 3,000 kilogram satellites, all from Vandenberg Air Force Base, on variants of the Titan III rocket. Three launches failed to achieve orbit. The first one was satellite #5 on April 26, 1967 which fell into the Pacific Ocean after the Titan second stage developed low thrust. The second was satellite #35 on May 20, 1972 which suffered an Agena pneumatic regulator failure and reentered the atmosphere. A few months later, pieces of the satellite turned up in England and the US managed to arrange for their hasty return. The third failure was satellite #39 on June 26, 1973 which suffered a stuck Agena fuel valve. The  Bell 8096 engine failed to start and the satellite burned up in the atmosphere. The KH-8 was manufactured by Lockheed. The camera system/satellite was manufactured by Eastman Kodak's A&O Division in Rochester, New York.

text: The KH-8 (

text: BYEMAN

text: codename Gambit-3) was a long-lived series of

text: reconnaissance satellite

text: s of the "

text: Key Hole

text: " (KH) series used by the

text: United States

text: from July 1966 to April 1984, and also known as Low Altitude Surveillance Platform. The satellite ejected

text: "film-bucket" canisters

text: of

text: photographic film

text: that were retrieved as they descended through the

text: atmosphere

text: by

text: parachute

text: .  Ground resolution of the mature satellite system was better than .  There were 54 launch attempts of the 3,000 kilogram satellites, all from

text: Vandenberg Air Force Base

text: , on variants of the

text: Titan III

text: rocket. Three launches failed to achieve orbit. The first one was satellite #5 on April 26, 1967 which fell into the Pacific Ocean after the Titan second stage developed low thrust. The second was satellite #35 on May 20, 1972 which suffered an Agena pneumatic regulator failure and reentered the atmosphere. A few months later, pieces of the satellite turned up in England and the US managed to arrange for their hasty return. The third failure was satellite #39 on June 26, 1973 which suffered a stuck Agena fuel valve. The  Bell 8096 engine failed to start and the satellite burned up in the atmosphere. The KH-8 was manufactured by

text: Lockheed

text: . The camera system/satellite was manufactured by

text: Eastman Kodak

text: 's A&O Division in

text: Rochester, New York

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answers: low altitude

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: reconnaissance

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Ground resolution of the mature satellite system was better

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: retrieved as they descended through the atmosphere by parachute

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Ground resolution

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Low Altitude Surveillance Platform

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Low Altitude Surveillance Platform

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Three launches failed to achieve orbit

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The Bell 8096 engine failed to start and the satellite burned up in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Ground resolution

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Altitude Surveillance Platform

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Ground resolution

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Ground resolution

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: There were 54 launch attempts of the 3,000 kilogram satellites

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Air Force

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Low Altitude

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: low altitude surveillance platform

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: low altitude surveillance platform

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Low Altitude

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Low Altitude Surveillance Platform

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: low-altitude

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Altitude

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: the United States

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: photographic film

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: KH-8

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: atmospheric temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Fixed-satellite service (short: FSS | also:  fixed-satellite radiocommunication service) is – according to article 1.21 of the International Telecommunication Union´s (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as A radiocommunication service between earth stations at given positions, when one or more satellites are used; the given position may be a specified fixed point or any fixed point within specified areas; in some cases this service includes satellite-to-satellite links, which may also be operated in the inter-satellite service; the fixed-satellite service may also include feeder links for other space radiocommunication services.

text: Fixed-satellite service (short: FSS | also:  fixed-satellite radiocommunication service) is – according to article 1.21 of the

text: International Telecommunication Union´s

text: (ITU)

text: Radio Regulations

text: (RR) – defined as A

text: radiocommunication service

text: between

text: earth station

text: s at given positions, when one or more

text: satellite

text: s are used; the given position may be a specified fixed point or any fixed point within specified areas; in some cases this service includes satellite-to-satellite links, which may also be operated in the

text: inter-satellite service

text: ; the fixed-satellite service may also include

text: feeder link

text: s for other space radiocommunication services.

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answers: 4

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answers: fixed point

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Fixed-satellite service

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Fixed-satellite service

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: feeder links for other space radiocommunication services

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellites are used

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: fixed-satellite

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Some weather satellites have geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: fixed-satellite service

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Earth stations at given positions

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The given position may be a specified fixed point

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Earth stations at given positions

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: fixed-satellite

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Fixed-satellite

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Fixed-satellite

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: earth stations at given positions

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: fixed

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth stations at given positions

answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: NDQ_001669

answers: fixed

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: inter-satellite service

answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: NDQ_001673

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answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: one or more satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Satellite servicing depots would extend the lifetime of satellites that have nearly consumed all of their orbital maneuvering fuel and are likely placed in a geosynchronous orbit .  The spacecraft would conduct a space rendezvous with the depot, or vice versa, and then transfer propellant to be used for subsequent orbital maneuvers.     Intelsat has recently contracted for an initial demonstration mission to refuel several satellites in geosynchronous orbit, beginning in 2015.

text: Satellite servicing depots would extend the lifetime of satellites that have nearly consumed all of their orbital maneuvering fuel and are likely placed in a geosynchronous orbit .  The spacecraft would conduct a

text: space rendezvous

text: with the depot, or vice versa, and then transfer propellant to be used for subsequent

text: orbital maneuver

text: s.

text: Intelsat

text: has recently contracted for an

text: initial demonstration mission

text: to refuel several satellites in

text: geosynchronous orbit

text: , beginning in 2015.

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answers: 3

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: near consumed all of their orbital maneuvering fuel

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Satellite servicing depots would extend the lifetime of satellites

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite servicing depots

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: conduct a space rendezvous with the depot

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Satellite servicing depots

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can track the paths of hurricanes.

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: likely placed in a geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Satellite servicing depots would extend the lifetime of satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS stands for Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Satellite servicing depots

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Computers increase the accuracy of maps

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Satellite servicing depots

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Intelsat

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Intelsat

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite servicing depots

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth's temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Accordingly, most space-borne proposals which would traditionally be considered "weapons" (a communications or reconnaissance satellite may be useful in warfare but isn't generally classified as a weapon) are designed to jam, sabotage, and outright destroy enemy satellites, and conversely to protect friendly satellites against such attacks. To this end, the US (and presumably other countries) is researching groups of small, highly mobile satellites called "microsats" (about the size of a refrigerator) and "picosats" (approximately 1 cubic foot (≈27 litres) in volume) nimble enough to maneuver around and interact with other orbiting objects to repair, sabotage, hijack, or simply collide with them.

text: Accordingly, most space-borne proposals which would traditionally be considered "weapons" (a communications or reconnaissance satellite may be useful in warfare but isn't generally classified as a weapon) are designed to jam, sabotage, and outright destroy enemy satellites, and conversely to protect friendly satellites against such attacks. To this end, the US (and presumably other countries) is researching groups of small, highly mobile satellites called "microsats" (about the size of a refrigerator) and "picosats" (approximately 1 cubic foot (≈27 litres) in volume) nimble enough to maneuver around and interact with other orbiting objects to repair, sabotage, hijack, or simply collide with them.

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answers: highly mobile

answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

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answers: NDQ_001638

answers: protect friendly satellites against such attacks

answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

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answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: NDQ_001652

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answers: NDQ_001653

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answers: NDQ_001654

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answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: NDQ_001657

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answers: NDQ_001658

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answers: NDQ_001659

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answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001661

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answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: NDQ_001663

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answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: reconnaissance

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Orbiting

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: jam

answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: NDQ_001670

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answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: With the addition of devices to give the precise current position and orientation of the blind pedestrian, the system could then be used outdoors. The outdoor positioning system is based on signals and satellites which give the longitude and latitude to within a metre; the computer converts this data to a position on an electronic map of locality. The output from the system is in the form of spoken messages.

text: With the addition of devices to give the precise current position and orientation of the blind pedestrian, the system could then be used outdoors. The outdoor positioning system is based on

text: signal

text: s and

text: satellite

text: s which give the

text: longitude

text: and

text: latitude

text: to within a metre; the computer converts this data to a position on an electronic map of locality. The output from the system is in the form of spoken messages.

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answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

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answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001646

answers: The outdoor positioning system

answers: NDQ_001649

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answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: NDQ_001652

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answers: NDQ_001653

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answers: NDQ_001654

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answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001657

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answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001661

answers: The outdoor positioning system

answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: NDQ_001663

answers: electronic map of locality

answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

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answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: NDQ_001670

answers: The outdoor positioning system

answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001673

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answers: NDQ_001674

answers: longitude and latitude

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: electronic map

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: latitude

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Sputnik 2 was part of an idea that included Sputnik 1 that came from Korolev that was approved in January 1957. At that time, it was not clear that the Soviets' main satellite plan (which would eventually become Sputnik 3) would be able to get to space because of the ongoing issues with the R-7 ICBM, which would be needed to launch a satellite of that size. “Korolev proposed substituting two “simple satellites” for the IGY satellite”. The choice to launch these two instead of waiting for the more advanced Sputnik 3 to be finished was largely motivated by the desire the launch a satellite to orbit before the US.

text: Sputnik 2 was part of an idea that included

text: Sputnik 1

text: that came from Korolev that was approved in January 1957. At that time, it was not clear that the Soviets' main satellite plan (which would eventually become

text: Sputnik 3

text: ) would be able to get to space because of the ongoing issues with the R-7 ICBM, which would be needed to launch a satellite of that size. “Korolev proposed substituting two “simple satellites” for the

text: IGY

text: satellite”. The choice to launch these two instead of waiting for the more advanced Sputnik 3 to be finished was largely motivated by the desire the launch a satellite to orbit before the US.

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answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Sputnik 3 would be able to get to space

answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001649

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answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: NDQ_001652

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answers: NDQ_001653

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answers: NDQ_001654

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answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: NDQ_001657

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answers: NDQ_001658

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answers: NDQ_001659

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answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: NDQ_001663

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answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: NDQ_001665

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answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: NDQ_001675

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answers: Korolev

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: satellites

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A special case of the geosynchronous orbit, the geostationary orbit, has an eccentrity of zero (meaning the orbit is circular), and an inclination of zero in the Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed coordinate system (meaning the orbital plane is not tilted relative to the Earth's equator).  The "ground track" in this case consists of a single point on the Earth's equator, above which the satellite sits at all times. Note that the satellite is still orbiting the Earth — its apparent lack of motion is due to the fact that the Earth is rotating about its own center of mass at the same rate as the satellite is orbiting.

text: A special case of the geosynchronous orbit, the

text: geostationary orbit

text: , has an

text: eccentrity

text: of zero (meaning the orbit is circular), and an inclination of zero in the

text: Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed

text: coordinate system

text: (meaning the orbital plane is not tilted relative to the Earth's equator).  The "ground track" in this case consists of a single point on the Earth's equator, above which the satellite sits at all times. Note that the satellite is still orbiting the Earth — its apparent lack of motion is due to the fact that the Earth is rotating about its own

text: center of mass

text: at the same rate as the satellite is orbiting.

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answers: the orbit is circular

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the orbital plane is not tilted relative to the Earth's equator

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: its apparent lack of motion

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth-Centered

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be used to track the paths of hurricanes

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed coordinate system

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: not tilted relative to the Earth's equator

answers: NDQ_001652

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answers: NDQ_001653

answers: orbital plane is not tilted relative to the Earth's equator

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: It can only be done with a minimum of 4 satellites.

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Earth's equator

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: The "ground track"

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: A special case of the geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Its apparent lack of motion

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Earth-Fixed coordinate system

answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001661

answers: The "ground track"

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Ground track

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: coordinate system

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth-Fixed coordinate system

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: ground track

answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: NDQ_001670

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answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001673

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answers: NDQ_001674

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: the satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: ground track

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth's equator

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Tata Sky was the second operator to launch DTH or direct-to-home services in 2006. At that time, the company decided to use an ISRO satellite. In 2005, Tata Sky signed a contract with ISRO for provision of satellite space on the INSAT-4A satellite. In 2007, one year after the launch of the DTH player, Tata Sky asked for more space to increase the number of channels they telecast. The extra space was promised in 2009 on the GSAT-10 satellite, a then to be launched satellite inducted into the INSAT system. The GSAT-10 was launched in September 2012, but Tata Sky has not utilized  the transponders till today.

text: Tata Sky was the second operator to launch DTH or direct-to-home services in 2006. At that time, the company decided to use an

text: ISRO

text: satellite. In 2005, Tata Sky signed a contract with ISRO for provision of satellite space on the

text: satellite. In 2007, one year after the launch of the DTH player, Tata Sky asked for more space to increase the number of channels they telecast. The extra space was promised in 2009 on the

text: satellite, a then to be launched satellite inducted into the

text: INSAT

text: system. The GSAT-10 was launched in September 2012, but Tata Sky has not utilized  the transponders till today.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Now a lot of satellites and experimental spacecraft to launch satellites in the country, became a strong technical capabilities in this field. No. 7 meteorological satellite Himawari can reduce costs by using satellite bus that was used to Kiku No. 8, was able to launch a domestic satellite weather again. Has been launched plans to launch a small scientific satellite lot, this plan is to allow for rapid development of inexpensive, custom-made satellites aims to share some semi.

text: Now a lot of satellites and experimental spacecraft to launch satellites in the country, became a strong technical capabilities in this field. No. 7 meteorological satellite Himawari can reduce costs by using satellite bus that was used to Kiku No. 8, was able to launch a domestic satellite weather again. Has been launched plans to launch a small scientific satellite lot, this plan is to allow for rapid development of inexpensive, custom-made satellites aims to share some semi.

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answers: NDQ_001668

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: semi

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: satellite bus

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: weather

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: meteorological

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: meteorological

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: meteorological

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In optical tracking, the satellite can be used as a very high target for triangulation and can be used to ascertain the geometric relationship between multiple observing stations.  Optical tracking with the BC-4, PC-1000, MOTS, or Baker Nunn cameras consisted of photographic observations of a satellite, or flashing light on the satellite, against a background of stars. The stars, whose positions were accurately determined, provided a framework on the photographic plate or film for a determination of precise directions from camera station to satellite. Geodetic positioning work with cameras was usually performed with one camera observing simultaneously with one or more other cameras. Camera systems are weather dependent and that is one major reason why they fell out of use by the 1980s.

text: In optical tracking, the satellite can be used as a very high target for

text: triangulation

text: and can be used to ascertain the geometric relationship between multiple observing stations.  Optical tracking with the BC-4, PC-1000, MOTS, or Baker Nunn cameras consisted of photographic observations of a satellite, or flashing light on the satellite, against a background of stars. The stars, whose positions were accurately determined, provided a framework on the photographic plate or film for a determination of precise directions from camera station to satellite. Geodetic positioning work with cameras was usually performed with one camera observing simultaneously with one or more other cameras. Camera systems are weather dependent and that is one major reason why they fell out of use by the 1980s.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: one camera observing simultaneously with one or more other cameras

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: optical tracking

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the satellite can be used as a very high target for triangulation

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: ascertain the geometric relationship between multiple observing stations

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: precise directions from camera station to satellite

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: The stars, whose positions were accurately determined

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Baker Nunn cameras

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: The stars, whose positions were accurately determined

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Optical tracking

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Geodetic positioning

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: very high target

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Geodetic positioning

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Geodetic positioning

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Geodetic positioning

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: triangulation

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: triangulation

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geodetic

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: triangulation

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: weather dependent

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: precise directions

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Geodetic positioning

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) program opened up a whole new field for space support operations at the Cape in the 1980s: the launching of satellites to provide highly accurate three-dimensional ground, sea and air navigation. The U.S. Navy and Air Force began the effort in the early 1960s with a series of studies and experiments dealing with the feasibility of using satellite-generated radio signals to improve the effectiveness of military navigation. After ten years of extensive research, the services concluded that Defense Department requirements would be best served by a single, highly precise, satellite-based Global Positioning System (GPS). In December 1973, the Defense Navigation Satellite System (later known as Navstar GPS) entered its concept validation phase.

text: The Navstar

text: Global Positioning System

text: (GPS) program opened up a whole new field for space support operations at the Cape in the 1980s: the launching of satellites to provide highly accurate three-dimensional ground, sea and air navigation. The U.S. Navy and Air Force began the effort in the early 1960s with a series of studies and experiments dealing with the feasibility of using satellite-generated radio signals to improve the effectiveness of military navigation. After ten years of extensive research, the services concluded that Defense Department requirements would be best served by a single, highly precise, satellite-based Global Positioning System (GPS). In December 1973, the Defense Navigation Satellite System (later known as Navstar GPS) entered its concept validation phase.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: highly precise

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: to improve the effectiveness of military navigation

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Navstar GPS entered its concept validation phase

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: to improve the effectiveness of military navigation

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: three-dimensional

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Navstar GPS

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: satellite-generated radio signals

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Navstar GPS

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: The Defense Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: satellite-generated radio signals

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellite-generated radio signals

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellite-generated radio signals

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Ground, sea and air navigation

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: three-dimensional

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Defense Department

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: three-dimensional

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: three-dimensional

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Defense Department

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: radio signals

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: The U.S. Navy

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: greenhouse gases

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Operating at lower frequency and lower power than DBS, FSS satellites require a much larger dish for reception (3 to 8 feet (1 to 2.5 m) in diameter for K band, and 12 feet (3.6 m) or larger for C band).  They use linear polarization for each of the transponders' RF input and output (as opposed to circular polarization used by DBS satellites), but this is a minor technical difference that users do not notice. FSS satellite technology was also originally used for DTH satellite TV from the late 1970s to the early 1990s in the United States in the form of TVRO (TeleVision Receive Only) receivers and dishes. It was also used in its K band form for the now-defunct Primestar satellite TV service.

text: Operating at lower frequency and lower power than DBS, FSS satellites require a much larger dish for reception (3 to 8 feet (1 to 2.5 m) in diameter for K band, and 12 feet (3.6 m) or larger for C band).  They use

text: linear polarization

text: for each of the transponders' RF input and output (as opposed to

text: circular polarization

text: used by DBS satellites), but this is a minor technical difference that users do not notice. FSS satellite technology was also originally used for DTH satellite TV from the late 1970s to the early 1990s in the United States in the form of

text: TVRO

text: (TeleVision Receive Only) receivers and dishes. It was also used in its K band form for the now-defunct

text: Primestar

text: satellite TV service.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: DBS

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: FSS satellite technology

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: circular polarization

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: use linear polarization

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: FSS satellite technology

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: FSS satellite technology

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: linear polarization

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: FSS satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: DBS satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: FSS satellites

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: FSS satellites

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 12 feet

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: DBS satellites

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: linear polarization

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: FSS satellite technology

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: DTH

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: DBS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: dish

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: DTH

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: DBS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: FSS satellite

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 3.6 m

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: linear polarization

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: C band

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: DBS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: polarization

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The electronics can be divided into four categories: a satellite transmitter used after surfacing, the set of sensors, a time reference clock, and a microprocessor.The clock is essential in locating the float, since it is used as reference to calculate the time travel of the sound signals from the moored emitters. It is also useful to have the float work on schedule.The microprocessor controls all subsystems except the clock, and stores the collected data at a regular schedule.The satellite transmitter is used to send data packages to orbiting satellites after the surfacing. It usually takes three days for the satellite to collect all the dataset.

text: The electronics can be divided into four categories: a satellite transmitter used after surfacing, the set of sensors, a time reference clock, and a microprocessor.The clock is essential in locating the float, since it is used as reference to calculate the time travel of the sound signals from the moored emitters. It is also useful to have the float work on schedule.The microprocessor controls all subsystems except the clock, and stores the collected data at a regular schedule.The satellite transmitter is used to send data packages to orbiting satellites after the surfacing. It usually takes three days for the satellite to collect all the dataset.

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: clock

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: send data packages to orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: time travel of the sound signals

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The microprocessor controls all subsystems except the clock

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: set of sensors

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: collected data

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: a satellite transmitter

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: microprocessor

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: float

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: dataset

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: time travel

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The TDRS-1 program was overall less successful, with the satellite suffering several computer failures and an overall loss of telemetry for several hours. In all, the orbiter was able to use the satellite for 65 of the planned 89 orbits, and could make successful use of the connection on about forty. The Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System equipment functioned as planned, processing several hundred times more material than would have been possible on Earth, and the Asahi Shimbun crystal experiment, flown for the second time, was able to produce snow crystals after the canister was redesigned.

text: The

text: program was overall less successful, with the satellite suffering several computer failures and an overall loss of telemetry for several hours. In all, the orbiter was able to use the satellite for 65 of the planned 89 orbits, and could make successful use of the connection on about forty. The Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System equipment functioned as planned, processing several hundred times more material than would have been possible on Earth, and the Asahi Shimbun crystal experiment, flown for the second time, was able to produce

text: snow

text: crystals after the canister was redesigned.

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: for 65 of the planned 89 orbits, and could make successful use of the connection on about forty

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite suffering several computer failures and an overall loss of telemetry for several hours

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: telemetry

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: telemetry

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: TDRS-1

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 89 orbits

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: TDRS

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 89 orbits

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: The TDRS-1 program

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: TDRS-1

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: computer failures

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: orbiter

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: telemetry

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: telemetry

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: telemetry

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: telemetry

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: TDRS-1

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 89

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: TDRS-1 program

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: telemetry

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: the satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: snow crystals

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As human analysts using the technique lead to subjective biases, efforts have been made to make more objective estimates using computer programs, which have been aided by higher-resolution satellite imagery and more powerful computers.  Since tropical cyclone satellite patterns can fluctuate over time, automated techniques use a six-hour averaging period to lead to more reliable intensity estimates.  Development of the objective Dvorak technique began in 1998, which performed best with tropical cyclones that had eyes (of hurricane or typhoon strength).  It still required a manual center placement, keeping some subjectivity within the process.  By 2004, an advanced objective Dvorak technique was developed which utilized banding features for systems below hurricane intensity and to objectively determine the tropical cyclone's center.  A central pressure bias was uncovered in 2004 relating to the slope of the tropopause and cloud top temperatures which change with latitude that helped improve central pressure estimates within the objective technique.

text: As human analysts using the technique lead to subjective biases, efforts have been made to make more objective estimates using computer programs, which have been aided by higher-resolution satellite imagery and more powerful computers.  Since tropical cyclone satellite patterns can fluctuate over time, automated techniques use a six-hour averaging period to lead to more reliable intensity estimates.  Development of the objective Dvorak technique began in 1998, which performed best with tropical cyclones that had eyes (of hurricane or typhoon strength).  It still required a manual center placement, keeping some subjectivity within the process.  By 2004, an advanced objective Dvorak technique was developed which utilized banding features for systems below hurricane intensity and to objectively determine the tropical cyclone's center.  A central pressure bias was uncovered in 2004 relating to the slope of the

text: tropopause

text: and cloud top temperatures which change with latitude that helped improve central pressure estimates within the objective technique.

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answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

answers: human analysts using the technique lead to subjective biases

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answers: higher-resolution satellite imagery

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answers: Yes

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: SpaceX has plans to also sell satellites that use the same satellite bus, satellites that might be used for scientific or exploratory purposes.

text: SpaceX has plans to also sell satellites that use the same satellite bus, satellites that might be used for scientific or exploratory purposes.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The satellites were deployed in a circular orbit along the equator at an altitude of 8063 km (medium Earth orbit) at a velocity of approximately , each making 5 orbits a day. The constellation currently has twelve satellites operational in orbit, after three launches of four satellites each. Due to problems with a component of the first four satellites launched, two of those four have been placed on standby for the other two, so ten are used operationally.

text: The satellites were deployed in a circular orbit along the equator at an altitude of 8063 km (

text: medium Earth orbit

text: ) at a velocity of approximately , each making 5 orbits a day. The constellation currently has twelve satellites operational in orbit, after three launches of four satellites each. Due to problems with a component of the first four satellites launched, two of those four have been placed on standby for the other two, so ten are used operationally.

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answers: The constellation currently has twelve satellites operational in orbit

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On 19 August 1972, Hurricane Celeste destroyed most of the facilities and guidance computers at Johnston. Though the systems were able to be restored by September 1972, unspecified damage caused them to fail on 8 December. The program became fully repaired and restored by 29 March 1973, and remained in standby status until the anti-satellite mission on the Johnston Island facilities were ceased on 10 August 1974. Program 437 was officially terminated on 6 March 1975 at the request of NORAD, and on 1 April 1975 the Department of Defense terminated funding for any anti-satellite programs or development. In January 1977, at the end of his term of office, then President Gerald Ford issued a directive for the DoD to again enter research and development on an operational anti-satellite program. It was an order his successor, President Jimmy Carter, followed through on, and anti-satellite technology has continued to be in some form of research or development since.

text: On 19 August 1972,

text: Hurricane Celeste

text: destroyed most of the facilities and guidance

text: computer

text: s at Johnston. Though the systems were able to be restored by September 1972, unspecified damage caused them to fail on 8 December. The program became fully repaired and restored by 29 March 1973, and remained in standby status until the anti-satellite mission on the Johnston Island facilities were ceased on 10 August 1974. Program 437 was officially terminated on 6 March 1975 at the request of

entity_name: North American Aerospace Defense Command

text: NORAD

text: , and on 1 April 1975 the

text: Department of Defense

text: terminated funding for any anti-satellite programs or development. In January 1977, at the end of his term of office, then

text: President

text: Gerald Ford

text: issued a directive for the DoD to again enter research and development on an operational anti-satellite program. It was an order his successor, President

text: Jimmy Carter

text: , followed through on, and anti-satellite technology has continued to be in some form of research or development since.

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answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Program 437

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: guidance computers

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: anti-satellite technology

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: guidance computers

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites orbit higher above Earth

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: guidance computers

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Johnston

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NORAD

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: NORAD

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: anti-satellite

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: guidance computers

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Hurricane

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 10 August 1974

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NORAD

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: guidance computers

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: a satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: NORAD

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: greenhouse gases

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In database systems and transaction processing (transaction management) global concurrency control relates to the concurrency control of a multidatabase system (for example, a Federated database; other examples are Grid computing and Cloud computing environments). It deals with the properties of the global schedule, which is the unified schedule of the multidatabase system, comprising all the individual schedules of the database systems and possibly other transactional objects in the system. A major goal for global concurrency control is Global serializability (or Modular serializability). The problem of achieving global serializability in a heterogeneous environment had been open for many years, until an effective solution based on Commitment ordering (CO) has been proposed (see Global serializability). Global concurrency control deals also with relaxed forms of global serializability which compromise global serializability (and in many applications also correctness, and thus are avoided there). While local (to a database system) relaxed serializability methods compromise serializability for performance gain (utilized when the application allows), it is unclear that the various proposed relaxed global serializability methods provide any performance gain over CO, which guarantees global serializability.

text: In

text: database systems

text: and

text: transaction processing

text: (transaction management) global concurrency control relates to the concurrency control of a multidatabase system (for example, a

text: Federated database

text: ; other examples are

text: Grid computing

text: and

text: Cloud computing

text: environments). It deals with the properties of the global

text: schedule

text: , which is the unified schedule of the multidatabase system, comprising all the individual schedules of the

text: database system

text: s and possibly other

text: transactional object

text: s in the system. A major goal for global concurrency control is

text: Global serializability

text: (or Modular serializability). The problem of achieving global serializability in a

text: heterogeneous

text: environment had been

text: open

text: for many years, until an effective solution based on

text: Commitment ordering

text: (CO) has been proposed (see

text: Global serializability

text: ). Global concurrency control deals also with

text: relaxed

text: forms of global serializability which compromise global serializability (and in many applications also correctness, and thus are avoided there). While local (to a database system)

text: relaxed serializability methods

text: compromise serializability for performance gain (utilized when the application allows), it is unclear that the various proposed relaxed global serializability methods provide any performance gain over CO, which guarantees global serializability.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: It deals with the properties of the global schedule

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: CO, which guarantees global serializability

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Cloud computing environments

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: global concurrency

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be used to track the paths of hurricanes

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: It deals with the properties of the global schedule

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Global concurrency control

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Global serializability

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits are closer to Earth

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: It deals with the properties of the global schedule

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: global concurrency control relates to the concurrency control of a multidatabase system

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: It deals with the properties of the global schedule, which is the unified schedule of the multidatabase system

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: global concurrency control

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites can help you locate your precise position on Earths surface

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global concurrency control

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: global schedule

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Cloud

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Moon

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Grid

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Grid

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Cloud

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Federated database

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: global schedule

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Global concurrency control

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: a satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Global concurrency control

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: global schedule

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: MaSat-1 (from the words Magyar and Satellite, the first meaning "Hungarian" in Hungarian, maszat, pronounced IPA [ˈmɒsɒt], meaning "smudge") is the first indigenous Hungarian satellite, developed and built by students at the Technical University of Budapest. The 1U CubeSat-type satellite was launched into low Earth orbit on 13 February 2012. The satellite provides telemetric data as well as VGA resolution color images at the 70 cm amateur radio wavelength (437.345 MHz frequency) received at the tracking center at Budapest. The center was tested on 31 March 2009 with the help of Charles Simonyi on board the International Space Station. With the successful launch of MaSat-1, Hungary became the 47th nation to orbit a satellite. Between 9 and 10 January 2015, the satellite reentered into the atmosphere, so the mission is closed.

text: MaSat-1 (from the words Magyar and Satellite, the first meaning "

text: Hungarian

text: " in Hungarian, maszat, pronounced IPA [ˈmɒsɒt], meaning "smudge") is the first indigenous Hungarian

text: satellite

text: , developed and built by students at the

entity_name: Budapest University of Technology and Economics

text: Technical University of Budapest

text: . The 1U

text: CubeSat

text: -type satellite was launched into

text: low Earth orbit

text: on 13 February 2012. The satellite provides telemetric data as well as VGA resolution color images at the 70 cm amateur radio wavelength (437.345 MHz frequency) received at the tracking center at

text: Budapest

text: . The center was tested on 31 March 2009 with the help of

text: Charles Simonyi

text: on board the

text: International Space Station

text: . With the successful launch of MaSat-1, Hungary became the 47th nation to orbit a satellite. Between 9 and 10 January 2015, the satellite reentered into the atmosphere, so the mission is closed.

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_001633

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001667

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: provides telemetric data as well as VGA resolution color images

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite provides telemetric data

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: telemetric data

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: VGA resolution color images

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: The satellite provides telemetric data

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 47th nation to orbit a satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: MaSat-1

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: color images

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: tracking center at Budapest

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: satellite provides telemetric data

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The satellite provides telemetric data

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: satellite provides telemetric data

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: International Space Station

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: tracking center

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: MaSat-1

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: International Space Station

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: telemetric data

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: amateur radio

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: MaSat-1

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: telemetric data

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: For many years satellite phones have been able to connect to the Internet. Bandwidth varies from about 2400 bit/s for Iridium network satellites and ACeS based phones to 15 kbit/s upstream and 60 kbit/s downstream for Thuraya handsets. Globalstar also provides Internet access at 9600 bit/s—like Iridium and ACeS a dial-up connection is required and is billed per minute, however both Globalstar and Iridium are planning to launch new satellites offering always-on data services at higher rates. With Thuraya phones the 9,600 bit/s dial-up connection is also possible, the 60 kbit/s service is always-on and the user is billed for data transferred (about $5 per megabyte). The phones can be connected to a laptop or other computer using a USB or RS-232 interface. Due to the low bandwidths involved it is extremely slow to browse the web with such a connection, but useful for sending email, Secure Shell data and using other low-bandwidth protocols. Since satellite phones tend to have omnidirectional antennas no alignment is required as long as there is a line of sight between the phone and the satellite.

text: For many years

text: satellite phone

text: s have been able to connect to the Internet. Bandwidth varies from about 2400

text: bit/s

text: for

text: Iridium network satellites

text: and

text: ACeS

text: based phones to 15 kbit/s

text: upstream

text: and 60 kbit/s

text: downstream

text: for

text: Thuraya

text: handsets. Globalstar also provides Internet access at 9600 bit/s—like Iridium and ACeS a

text: dial-up

text: connection is required and is billed per minute, however both

text: Globalstar

text: and Iridium are planning to launch new satellites offering always-on data services at higher rates. With Thuraya phones the 9,600 bit/s dial-up connection is also possible, the 60 kbit/s service is always-on and the user is billed for data transferred (about $5 per

text: megabyte

text: ). The phones can be connected to a laptop or other computer using a USB or

text: interface. Due to the low bandwidths involved it is extremely slow to browse the web with such a connection, but useful for sending email,

text: Secure Shell

text: data and using other low-bandwidth protocols. Since satellite phones tend to have

text: omnidirectional antenna

text: s no alignment is required as long as there is a line of sight between the phone and the satellite.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: always-on

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Globalstar also provides Internet access at 9600 bit/s

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: line of sight between the phone and the satellite

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: line of sight between the phone and the satellite

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: line of sight between the phone and the satellite

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellite phones have been able to connect to the Internet

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west.

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: It is extremely slow to browse the web

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Globalstar

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Iridium network satellites and ACeS based phones

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: It is extremely slow to browse the web with such a connection

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS stands for Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: satellite phones tend to have omnidirectional antennas

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: no alignment is required as long as there is a line of sight between the phone and the satellite

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Line of sight

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: satellite phones tend to have omnidirectional antennas

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: line of sight

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: line of sight between the phone and the satellite

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: omnidirectional

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Iridium

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Iridium

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answers: omnidirectional

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answers: Iridium

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answers: Earth

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answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

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answers: Earth observation

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answers: satellite phones

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Globalstar

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Bandwidth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: USA-242, also known as GPS IIF-4, GPS IIF SV-5 and Vega, is an American navigation satellite which was launched on 15 May 2013 and became operational on 21 June 2013. The fourth Block IIF GPS satellite, it forms part of the Global Positioning System.

text: USA-242, also known as GPS IIF-4, GPS IIF SV-5 and Vega, is an

text: American

text: navigation satellite

text: which was launched on 15 May 2013 and became operational on 21 June 2013. The fourth

text: Block IIF

text: GPS satellite

text: , it forms part of the

text: Global Positioning System

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answers: GPS satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Vega

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: USA-242

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GPS IIF-4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Block IIF GPS satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: The fourth Block IIF GPS satellite

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: Vega

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answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: USA-242

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answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Block IIF

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Block IIF

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 15 May 2013

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: GPS satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The almanac consists of coarse orbit and status information for each satellite in the constellation, an ionospheric model, and information to relate GPS derived time to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Each frame contains a part of the almanac (in subframes 4 and 5) and the complete almanac is transmitted by each satellite in 25 frames total (requiring 12.5 minutes). The almanac serves several purposes. The first is to assist in the acquisition of satellites at power-up by allowing the receiver to generate a list of visible satellites based on stored position and time, while an ephemeris from each satellite is needed to compute position fixes using that satellite. In older hardware, lack of an almanac in a new receiver would cause long delays before providing a valid position, because the search for each satellite was a slow process. Advances in hardware have made the acquisition process much faster, so not having an almanac is no longer an issue. The second purpose is for relating time derived from the GPS (called GPS time) to the international time standard of UTC. Finally, the almanac allows a single-frequency receiver to correct for ionospheric delay error by using a global ionospheric model. The corrections are not as accurate as augmentation systems like WAAS or dual-frequency receivers. However, it is often better than no correction, since ionospheric error is the largest error source for a single-frequency GPS receiver.

text: The almanac consists of coarse orbit and status information for each satellite in the constellation, an

text: ionospheric model

text: , and information to relate GPS derived time to

text: Coordinated Universal Time

text: (UTC). Each frame contains a part of the almanac (in subframes 4 and 5) and the complete almanac is transmitted by each satellite in 25 frames total (requiring 12.5 minutes). The almanac serves several purposes. The first is to assist in the acquisition of satellites at power-up by allowing the receiver to generate a list of visible satellites based on stored position and time, while an ephemeris from each satellite is needed to compute position fixes using that satellite. In older hardware, lack of an almanac in a new receiver would cause long delays before providing a valid position, because the search for each satellite was a slow process. Advances in hardware have made the acquisition process much faster, so not having an almanac is no longer an issue. The second purpose is for relating time derived from the GPS (called GPS time) to the international time standard of

text: UTC

text: . Finally, the almanac allows a single-frequency receiver to correct for

entity_name: Error analysis for the Global Positioning System

text: ionospheric delay

text: error by using a global ionospheric model. The corrections are not as accurate as augmentation systems like

text: WAAS

text: or dual-frequency receivers. However, it is often better than no correction, since ionospheric error is the largest error source for a single-frequency GPS receiver.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: global ionospheric model

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: almanac

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: WAAS or dual-frequency receivers

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: almanac

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: almanac

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be used to track the paths of hurricanes

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It is often better than no correction

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: satellites in the constellation

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: The almanac

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: constellation

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: The almanac

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: It is often better than no correction

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Advances in hardware

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Almanac

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: line of latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: almanac

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: WAAS

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: coarse orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: almanac

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: almanac

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 12.5 minutes

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: WAAS or dual-frequency receivers

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: almanac

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: The almanac

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: almanac

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Data access to the station is provided by access via NASA's TDRS-4, 5, and 6, the DOD DSCS-3 satellite & the commercial Iridium satellite constellation. For the 2007–08 season, the TDRS relay (named South Pole TDRSS Relay or SPTR) was upgraded to support a data return rate of 50 Mbit/s, which comprises over 90% of the data return capability.  The TDRS-1 satellite formerly provided services to the station, but it failed in October 2009 and was subsequently decommissioned. Marisat and LES 9 were also formerly used. In July 2016, the GOES-3 satellite was decommissioned due to it nearing the end of its supply of propellant and was replaced by the use of the DSCS-3 satellite, a military communications satellite. DSCS-3 can provide a 30 MB/s data rate compared to GOES-3's 1.5 MB/s. DSCS-3 and TDRS-4, 5, and 6 are used together to provide the main communications capability for the station. These satellites provide the data uplink for the station's scientific data as well as provide broadband internet and telecommunications access. Only during the main satellite events is the station's telephone system able to dial out. The commercial Iridium satellite is used when the TDRS and DSCS satellites are all out of range to give the station limited communications capability during those times. During those times, telephone calls may only be made on several Iridium satellite telephones owned by the station. The station's IT system also has a limited data uplink over the Iridium network which allows emails less than 100KB to be sent and received and small critical data files to be transmitted. This uplink works by bonding the data stream over 12 voice channels.

text: Data access to the station is provided by access via

text: NASA

text: 's

text: TDRS

text: -4, 5, and 6, the DOD DSCS-3 satellite & the commercial

text: Iridium satellite constellation

text: . For the 2007–08 season, the TDRS relay (named South Pole TDRSS Relay or

text: SPTR

text: ) was upgraded to support a data return rate of 50 Mbit/s, which comprises over 90% of the data return capability.  The TDRS-1 satellite formerly provided services to the station, but it failed in October 2009 and was subsequently decommissioned.

text: Marisat

text: and

text: LES 9

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answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0400/db6a57832aa9dff34af7f3b50f5b4981

answers: TDRS-4, 5, and 6 are used together to provide the main communications capability for the station

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answers: South Pole

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: These satellites provide the data uplink for the station's scientific data

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: commercial Iridium satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: only during the main satellite events is the station's telephone system able to dial out

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: The station's IT system also has a limited data uplink

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be used to track the paths of hurricanes

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west.

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: South Pole

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GOES-3

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: The commercial Iridium satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: The station's IT system also has a limited data uplink over the Iridium network

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: DSCS-3

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: These satellites provide the data uplink for the station's scientific data as well as provide broadband internet and telecommunications access

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: DSCS-3

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites can help you locate your precise position on Earths surface

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: DSCS-3

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: DSCS-3 and TDRS-4, 5, and 6 are used together to provide the main communications capability for the station

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: GOES

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: constellation

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GOES-3

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: South Pole

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Iridium

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: South Pole

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Pole

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: scientific data

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: DSCS-3

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GOES-3

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: South Pole

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: GP is extremely versatile in the earthmoving industry but it does have its limitations.  GPS satellite signals can only be received in a non obstructed view of the sky with the exception of clouds.  If a contractor wanted to perform grade work in preparation for a concrete floor within a building for example, the roof would block the view to the GPS satellites preventing the system from working.  Working too close to a structure can also obstruct the machine's view of the sky creating dead zones.  High-voltage power-lines can also create dead zones when working underneath them.  GPS satellite coverage can also be weaker during certain parts of the day lowering the amount of satellites the machine's system can use.  This all depends on the geographical location and time of day.  Improvements in GPS technology and the addition of GLONASS (Russian GNSS Satellites) satellites have reduced this issue.  As mentioned earlier, in order to increase the overall accuracy of GPS you have to purchase and use a base station which adds additional cost.

text: GP is extremely versatile in the earthmoving industry but it does have its limitations.  GPS satellite signals can only be received in a non obstructed view of the sky with the exception of clouds.  If a contractor wanted to perform grade work in preparation for a concrete floor within a building for example, the roof would block the view to the GPS satellites preventing the system from working.  Working too close to a structure can also obstruct the machine's view of the sky creating dead zones.  High-voltage power-lines can also create dead zones when working underneath them.  GPS satellite coverage can also be weaker during certain parts of the day lowering the amount of satellites the machine's system can use.  This all depends on the

text: geographical location

text: and time of day.  Improvements in GPS technology and the addition of GLONASS (Russian GNSS Satellites) satellites have reduced this issue.  As mentioned earlier, in order to increase the overall accuracy of GPS you have to purchase and use a base station which adds additional cost.

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answers: extremely versatile in the earthmoving industry

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: GLONASS (Russian GNSS Satellites)

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: High-voltage power-lines can also create dead zones when working underneath them

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: dead zones

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: It does have its limitations

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Satellites orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: GLONASS (Russian GNSS Satellites) satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole.

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Russian GNSS Satellites

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: It does have its limitations

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: GPS satellite signals can only be received in a non obstructed view of the sky

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites can help you locate your precise position on Earths surface

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Geographical location

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: elliptical

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: dead zones

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: contractor

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: dead zones

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In mid-1965, there was concern that two Soviet satellites had attempted a rendezvous in space.  Thanks to a seemingly overnight miracle, Ralph Schinnerer of Aeronutronic combined the existing XROADS and GROUNDTRACK programs into a new program that could compare the relative positions of two satellites.  This enabled the Duty Orbital Analyst to prove that a rendezvous had not taken place.  [In fact, Ralph had been developing the program while at Hanscom Field in support of Project Space Track but it had not previously been available for use.  He called his program COMBO, which was appropriate, but later gave it the formal name, Computation of Miss Between Orbits.]

text: In mid-1965, there was concern that two Soviet satellites had attempted a rendezvous in space.  Thanks to a seemingly overnight miracle, Ralph Schinnerer of Aeronutronic combined the existing XROADS and GROUNDTRACK programs into a new program that could compare the relative positions of two satellites.  This enabled the Duty Orbital Analyst to prove that a rendezvous had not taken place.  [In fact, Ralph had been developing the program while at Hanscom Field in support of Project Space Track but it had not previously been available for use.  He called his program COMBO, which was appropriate, but later gave it the formal name, Computation of Miss Between Orbits.]

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: relative positions

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: to compare the relative positions of two satellites

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: GROUNDTRACK programs

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: compare the relative positions of two satellites

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GROUNDTRACK

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbits

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Soviet

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GROUNDTRACK

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GROUNDTRACK

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GROUNDTRACK

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GROUNDTRACK programs

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Orbits

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: relative positions

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: relative positions

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Aeronutronic

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Orbital

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Orbital

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Ground Track

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Orbital

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Project Space Track

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Soviet satellites

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Duty Orbital Analyst

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: relative positions

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Ralph Schinnerer

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: relative positions

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Cospas-Sarsat system was made possible by Doppler processing.  LUTs detecting non-geostationary satellites perform mathematical calculations based on the Doppler-induced frequency shift received by LEOSAR and MEOSAR satellites as they pass over a beacon transmitting at a fixed frequency.  From the mathematical calculations, it is possible to determine both bearing and range with respect to the satellite.  The range and bearing are measured from the rate of change of the received frequency, which varies both according to the path of the satellite in space and the rotation of the earth. This allows a computer algorithm to triangulate the position of the beacon. A faster change in the received frequency indicates that the beacon is closer to the satellite's ground track.  When the beacon is moving toward or away from the satellite track due to the earth's rotation, that Doppler shift also can be used in the calculation.

text: The Cospas-Sarsat system was made possible by

text: Doppler

text: processing.  LUTs detecting non-geostationary satellites perform mathematical calculations based on the

text: Doppler

text: -induced frequency shift received by LEOSAR and MEOSAR satellites as they pass over a beacon transmitting at a fixed frequency.  From the mathematical calculations, it is possible to determine both bearing and range with respect to the satellite.  The range and bearing are measured from the rate of change of the received frequency, which varies both according to the path of the satellite in space and the rotation of the earth. This allows a computer algorithm to

text: triangulate

text: the position of the beacon. A faster change in the received frequency indicates that the beacon is closer to the satellite's

text: ground track

text: .  When the beacon is moving toward or away from the satellite track due to the earth's rotation, that Doppler shift also can be used in the calculation.

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answers: NDQ_001675

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answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite's ground track

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Cospas-Sarsat

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: The range and bearing are measured from the rate of change of the received frequency

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: triangulate the position of the beacon

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: triangulate the position of the beacon

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Doppler processing

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Rotation of the Earth

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: ground track

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: non-geostationary

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: LUTs detecting non-geostationary satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: non-geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: no

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Doppler-induced frequency shift

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: This allows a computer algorithm to triangulate the position of the beacon

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Doppler-induced frequency shift

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: From the mathematical calculations, it is possible to determine both bearing and range with respect to the satellite

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The range and bearing are measured

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: triangulate the position

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Cospas-Sarsat

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: LUTs

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Cospas-Sarsat

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Doppler

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Cospas

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Doppler-induced frequency

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: non-geostationary satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: computer algorithm

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Doppler shift

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: IRNSS-1D is a satellite in the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) constellation. The satellite is the fourth of seven in the constellation, launched after IRNSS-1A, IRNSS-1B and IRNSS-1C. The satellite is the only satellite in the constellation slated to provide navigational services to the region. The satellite will be placed in geosynchronous orbit. It was launched successfully on 28 March 2015 onboard ISRO's PSLV-C27 from Satish Dhawan Space Center, Sriharikota.

text: IRNSS-1D is a satellite in the

text: Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS)

text: constellation. The satellite is the fourth of seven in the constellation, launched after

text: and

text: . The satellite is the only satellite in the constellation slated to provide navigational services to the region. The satellite will be placed in

text: geosynchronous orbit

text: . It was launched successfully on 28 March 2015 onboard ISRO's

text: from

text: Satish Dhawan Space Center

text: Sriharikota

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answers: satellite in the constellation

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Navigational Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite will be placed in geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: provide navigational services

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: IRNSS-1D

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: IRNSS-1D

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: The satellite will be placed in geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: The satellite will be placed in geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: IRNSS-1D

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: The satellite will be placed in geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: IRNSS-1D

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The satellite is the only satellite in the constellation slated to provide navigational services to the region

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: The satellite will be placed in geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The satellite will be placed in geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: IRNSS-1D

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: ISRO

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Navigational Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Navigational Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Navigational Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: IRNSS-1D

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

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answers: navigational services

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: a satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: IRNSS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: IRNSS

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: USA-150, also known as GPS IIR-4 and GPS SVN-51, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the fourth Block IIR GPS satellite to be launched, out of thirteen in the original configuration, and twenty one overall. It was built by Lockheed Martin, using the AS-4000 satellite bus.

text: USA-150, also known as GPS IIR-4 and GPS SVN-51, is an

text: American

text: navigation satellite

text: which forms part of the

text: Global Positioning System

text: . It was the fourth

text: Block IIR

text: GPS satellite to be launched, out of thirteen in the original configuration, and twenty one

text: overall

text: . It was built by

text: Lockheed Martin

text: , using the

text: satellite bus

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answers: GPS satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

answers: GPS SVN-51

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: forms part

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GPS SVN-51

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Block IIR GPS satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001656

answers: It was built by Lockheed Martin

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: GPS SVN-51

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Lockheed Martin

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: IIR

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: GPS satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Lockheed Martin

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: global temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Satellites are uniquely identified by a serial number called space vehicle number (SVN) which does not change during its lifetime. In addition, all operating satellites are numbered with a space vehicle identifier (SV ID) and pseudorandom noise number (PRN number) which uniquely identifies the ranging codes that a satellite uses. There is a fixed one-to-one correspondence between SV identifiers and PRN numbers described in the interface specification. Unlike SVNs, the SV ID/PRN number of a satellite may be changed (also changing the ranging codes it uses). At any point in time, any SV ID/PRN number is in use by at most a single satellite. A single SV ID/PRN number may have been used by several satellites at different points in time and a single satellite may have used different SV ID/PRN numbers at different points in time. The current SVNs and PRN numbers for the GPS constellation may be found at NAVCEN.

text: Satellites are uniquely identified by a serial number called space vehicle number (SVN) which does not change during its lifetime. In addition, all operating satellites are numbered with a space vehicle identifier (SV ID) and pseudorandom noise number (PRN number) which uniquely identifies the ranging codes that a satellite uses. There is a fixed

text: one-to-one correspondence

text: between SV identifiers and PRN numbers described in the interface specification. Unlike SVNs, the SV ID/PRN number of a satellite may be changed (also changing the ranging codes it uses). At any point in time, any SV ID/PRN number is in use by at most a single satellite. A single SV ID/PRN number may have been used by several satellites at different points in time and a single satellite may have used different SV ID/PRN numbers at different points in time. The current SVNs and PRN numbers for the GPS constellation may be found at NAVCEN.

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 1

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: fixed one-to-one correspondence

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: SVN which does not change during its lifetime

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: uniquely identifies the ranging codes

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GPS constellation

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be used to track the paths of hurricanes

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Satellites

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: satellites may be changed

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: It can only be done with a minimum of 4 satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Satellites are uniquely identified

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Satellites are uniquely identified

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites are uniquely identified by a serial number called space vehicle number

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GPS constellation may be found at NAVCEN

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: SV ID/PRN number

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NAVCEN

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: GPS constellation

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: fixed

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: interface specification

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NAVCEN

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: ranging codes

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: NAVCEN

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: ranging codes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: STS-51 Discovery, (September 12–22, 1993) was launched from and returned to make the first night landing at Kennedy Space Center, Florida. During the ten-day flight, the crew of five deployed the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) and the Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer on the Shuttle Pallet Satellite (ORFEUS/SPAS). Newman was responsible for the operation of the SPAS, was the backup operator for the RMS, and on flight day five conducted a seven-hour-five-minute spacewalk with Carl Walz. The extravehicular activity (EVA) tested tools and techniques for use on future missions. In addition to working with numerous secondary payloads and medical test objectives, the crew successfully tested a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to determine real-time Shuttle positions and velocities and completed a test routing Orbiter data to on-board laptop computers. STS-51 made 158 orbits of the Earth, traveling 4.1 million miles in 236 hours and 11 minutes.

text: Discovery

text: , (September 12–22, 1993) was launched from and returned to make the first night landing at

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: Florida

text: . During the ten-day flight, the crew of five deployed the

text: Advanced Communications Technology Satellite

text: (ACTS) and the

text: Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer

text: on the

text: Shuttle Pallet Satellite

text: (ORFEUS/SPAS). Newman was responsible for the operation of the SPAS, was the backup operator for the RMS, and on flight day five conducted a seven-hour-five-minute spacewalk with Carl Walz. The

text: extravehicular activity

text: (EVA) tested tools and techniques for use on future missions. In addition to working with numerous secondary payloads and medical test objectives, the crew successfully tested a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to determine real-time Shuttle positions and velocities and completed a test routing Orbiter data to on-board laptop computers. STS-51 made 158 orbits of the Earth, traveling 4.1 million miles in 236 hours and 11 minutes.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS)

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: ACTS

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: to determine real-time Shuttle positions and velocities

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Shuttle positions and velocities

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Advanced Communications Technology Satellite

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbits of the Earth

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbits of the Earth

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 158 orbits

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Weather satellites have geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Global Positioning System (GPS)

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 158 orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbits of the Earth

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Ultraviolet Spectrometer

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: the higher the orbit the smaller the view it is able to see

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: night

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: night

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: routing

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 4.1 million miles

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Ultraviolet Spectrometer

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: ACTS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Ultraviolet Spectrometer

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Mississippi watershed was part of the GEWEX Continental scale International Projects and as a result was well situated for the  analysis of the Great Flood of 1993 (Mississippi River and Red River water sheds). The coordination between ground sensing observations and satellite information allowed more thorough analysis of events that led up to the flood. Researchers at the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies (COLA) found that upstream soil moisture and a multifold increase of moist air flow from the Gulf of Mexico to the flooded regions was a major factor in excessive rainfall. The Global Land/Atmosphere System Study (GLASS) gave GEWEX investigators the ability to observe soil wetness over much of the worlds surface by correlating observations on the ground with information obtained by satellites. While the ability to show cause is important, the different conditions (soil wetness, global patterns) that were permissive for weather anomalies are the focus of Phase I, gathering information and learning how to use satellite information better.

text: The Mississippi watershed was part of the GEWEX Continental scale International Projects and as a result was well situated for the  analysis of the Great Flood of 1993 (

text: Mississippi River

text: and

text: Red River

text: water sheds). The coordination between ground sensing observations and satellite information allowed more thorough analysis of events that led up to the flood. Researchers at the

text: Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies

text: (COLA) found that upstream

text: soil moisture

text: and a multifold increase of

text: moist

text: air flow from the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: to the flooded regions was a major factor in excessive rainfall. The Global Land/Atmosphere System Study (GLASS) gave GEWEX investigators the ability to observe soil wetness over much of the worlds surface by correlating observations on the ground with information obtained by satellites. While the ability to show cause is important, the different conditions (soil wetness, global patterns) that were permissive for weather anomalies are the focus of Phase I, gathering information and learning how to use satellite information better.

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answers: NDQ_001633

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answers: 4

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answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: ground sensing observations and satellite information

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: ground sensing observations

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: ground sensing observations and satellite information

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GEWEX

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: satellites orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Geostationary

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Global Land/Atmosphere System

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Satellites

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellite information

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites orbit higher than Earth

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Ground sensing observations and satellite information

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: ground sensing observations

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: GEWEX

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Global

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GEWEX

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: ground sensing

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GEWEX

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: soil wetness

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earths surface

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: GEWEX

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: soil wetness

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GEWEX

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: soil wetness

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The United States Naval Academy announced that it was discontinuing its course on celestial navigation, considered to be one of its most demanding non-engineering courses, from the formal curriculum in the spring of 1998. It stated that a sextant is accurate to a three-mile (5 km) radius, while a satellite-linked computer can pinpoint a ship within  as long as the satellites are functioning correctly. Midshipmen continued to learn to use the sextant, but instead of performing a tedious 22-step mathematical calculation to plot a ship's position, midshipmen feed the raw data into a computer. The US Naval Academy continued to practice celestial navigation for members of the USNA Varsity Offshore Sailing Team (VOST) and competes in the celestial spinnaker division in the bi-annual Marion-Bermuda Race racing aboard the venerable Navy 44 sail training craft. The Naval Academy Sailing Squadron (NASS) that consists of both the Offshore Sail Training Squadron (OSTS) and VOST crews use both long forms with paper plotting sheets and electronic celestial applications. Celestial navigation certification is required to achieve the highest "E" qualification at NASS. In October 2015, citing concerns about the reliability of GPS systems in the face of potential hostile hacking, the USNA reinstated instruction in celestial navigation in the 2015-2016 academic year. At another federal service academy, the US Merchant Marine Academy, there was no break in instruction in celestial navigation as it is required to pass the US Coast Guard License Exam.  It is also taught at Harvard, most recently as Astronomy 2.

text: The

text: United States Naval Academy

text: hacking

text: , the USNA reinstated instruction in celestial navigation in the 2015-2016 academic year. At another federal service academy, the US Merchant Marine Academy, there was no break in instruction in celestial navigation as it is required to pass the US Coast Guard License Exam.  It is also taught at

text: Harvard

text: , most recently as Astronomy 2.

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answers: as long as the satellites are functioning correctly

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: a satellite-linked computer can pinpoint a ship

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: a sextant is accurate to a three-mile (5 km) radius

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: pinpoint a ship

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: satellite-linked computer can pinpoint a ship within as long as the satellites are functioning correctly

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Celestial navigation

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Satellites orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Celestial navigation

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Celestial navigation

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: satellite-linked computer can pinpoint a ship within as long as the satellites are functioning correctly

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits are closer to Earth

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole.

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS stands for Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Satellites identify vegetation by the color of light it reflects

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellite-linked computer can pinpoint a ship within as long as the satellites are functioning correctly

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: The higher above Earth that a satellite orbits the smaller the view it is able to see.

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites can help you locate your precise position on Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: GPS systems in the face of potential hostile hacking

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: satellite-linked

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: US Coast Guard

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: bi-annual

answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

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answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: 5 km

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: US Coast Guard

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answers: celestial navigation

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite-linked computer

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth's temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A geostationary orbit is not stable. It takes regular manoeuvres to actively counteract the above gravitational forces. The majority of the fuel of the satellite, typically hydrazine, is spent for this purpose. Otherwise, the satellite experiences a change in the inclination over time. At the end of the satellite's lifetime, when fuel approaches depletion, satellite operators may decide to omit these expensive manoeuvres to correct inclination and only control eccentricity. This prolongs the life-time of the satellite as it consumes less fuel over time, but the satellite can then only be used by ground antennas capable of following the north-south movement, satellite-tracking Earth stations. Before the fuel runs out, satellites can be moved to a graveyard orbit to keep the geostationary altitude free for subsequent missions.

text: A geostationary orbit is not stable. It takes regular manoeuvres to actively counteract the above gravitational forces. The majority of the fuel of the satellite, typically

text: hydrazine

text: , is spent for this purpose. Otherwise, the satellite experiences a change in the inclination over time. At the end of the satellite's lifetime, when fuel approaches depletion, satellite operators may decide to omit these expensive manoeuvres to correct inclination and only control eccentricity. This prolongs the life-time of the satellite as it consumes less fuel over time, but the satellite can then only be used by ground antennas capable of following the north-south movement, satellite-tracking Earth stations. Before the fuel runs out, satellites can be moved to a

text: graveyard orbit

text: to keep the geostationary altitude free for subsequent missions.

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answers: The majority of the fuel of the satellite, typically hydrazine, is spent for this purpose

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: satellite-tracking Earth stations

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answers: Earth stations

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answers: A geostationary orbit

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answers: The majority of the fuel of the satellite

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answers: Earth stations

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answers: Earth's temperature

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Without an extra global navigation satellite system, receiver tracking is difficult, but not impossible, as the position of a mobile unit can be determined using a Doppler shift calculation from the satellite. These readings however can be inaccurate with errors in the tens of kilometers. Even without using Doppler shifts, a rough indication of a unit's position can be found by checking the location of the spot-beam being used and the mobile unit's timing advance.

text: Without an extra

text: global navigation satellite system

text: , receiver tracking is difficult, but not impossible, as the position of a mobile unit can be determined using a Doppler shift calculation from the satellite. These readings however can be inaccurate with errors in the tens of kilometers. Even without using Doppler shifts, a rough indication of a unit's position can be found by checking the location of the spot-beam being used and the mobile unit's

text: timing advance

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Doppler shift calculation from the satellite

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: position of a mobile unit

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Doppler shift

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Doppler shift

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Doppler shift

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: global navigation satellite

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Doppler shift

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: the tens of kilometers

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: global navigation satellite

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: location

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: spot-beam

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: receiver

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: global

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Doppler shift

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: kilometers

answers: NDQ_001673

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answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Doppler shift calculation

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Doppler shift

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) including the Chinese Beidou, the American Global Positioning System((introduced in 1978)GPS) and the Russian GLONASS broadcast navigational signals in various bands between about 1.2 GHz and 1.6 GHz.

text: Global Navigation Satellite System

text: s (GNSS) including the Chinese

text: Beidou

text: , the American

text: Global Positioning System

text: ((introduced in 1978)GPS) and the Russian

text: GLONASS

text: broadcast navigational signals in various bands between about 1.2 GHz and 1.6 GHz.

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answers: 4

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answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Navigation Satellite Systems

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Chinese Beidou

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: navigational signals

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: navigational signals

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Global Navigation Satellite Systems

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Global Navigation Satellite Systems

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Navigation Satellite Systems

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Global Navigation Satellite Systems

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 1.2 GHz

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Navigation Satellite Systems

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Navigation Satellite Systems

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Navigation Satellite Systems

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Global Navigation Satellite Systems

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Navigation Satellite Systems

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 1.2 GHz

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: American Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: navigational signals

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 1.2 GHz

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Beidou

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 1.2 GHz

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Modern systems are more direct. The satellite broadcasts a signal that contains orbital data (from which the position of the satellite can be calculated) and the precise time the signal was transmitted. The orbital data is transmitted in a data message that is superimposed on a code that serves as a timing reference. The satellite uses an atomic clock to maintain synchronization of all the satellites in the constellation. The receiver compares the time of broadcast encoded in the transmission of three (at sea level) or four different satellites, thereby measuring the time-of-flight to each satellite. Several such measurements can be made at the same time to different satellites, allowing a continual fix to be generated in real time using an adapted version of trilateration: see GNSS positioning calculation for details.

text: Modern systems are more direct. The satellite broadcasts a signal that contains orbital data (from which the position of the satellite can be calculated) and the precise time the signal was transmitted. The orbital data is transmitted in a data message that is superimposed on a code that serves as a timing reference. The satellite uses an

text: atomic clock

text: to maintain synchronization of all the satellites in the constellation. The receiver compares the time of broadcast encoded in the transmission of three (at sea level) or four different satellites, thereby measuring the time-of-flight to each satellite. Several such measurements can be made at the same time to different satellites, allowing a continual fix to be generated in real time using an adapted version of

text: trilateration

text: : see

text: GNSS positioning calculation

text: for details.

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: time-of-flight

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Modern systems are more direct

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: a continual fix to be generated in real time using an adapted version of trilateration

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GNSS positioning calculation

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Modern systems are more direct

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: satellites orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbital data

answers: NDQ_001652

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answers: NDQ_001653

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answers: NDQ_001654

answers: three (at sea level) or four different satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Modern systems are more direct

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Modern systems are more direct

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: at sea level

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: time-of-flight

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: orbital data

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: time-of-flight

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: NDQ_001669

answers: trilateration

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: meteorological conditions

answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: orbital data

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: three

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: trilateration

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: time of flight

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Computer Channel was a British satellite television channel run by British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB).

text: The Computer Channel was a British satellite television channel run by

text: British Satellite Broadcasting

text: (BSB).

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answers: satellite television

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: The Computer Channel

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can track the paths of hurricanes.

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west.

answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: polar orbit

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answers: The higher above Earth that a satellite orbits the smaller the view

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answers: Satellites can help locate you

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answers: Lines of latitude and longitude

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Using observations with the Hubble Space Telescope from November 13, 2005, Mike Brown and T.A. Suer detected a natural satellite. The discovery of a satellite of Orcus was reported in IAUC 8812 on 22 February 2007. The satellite was given the designation S/2005 (90482) 1 before later being named Vanth. It orbits Orcus in a nearly face-on circular orbit with an eccentricity of about 0.007, and an orbital period of 9.54 days. Vanth orbits only  from Orcus and is too close to Orcus for ground-based spectroscopy to determine the surface composition of the satellite.

text: Using observations with the Hubble Space Telescope from November 13, 2005, Mike Brown and T.A. Suer detected a natural satellite. The discovery of a satellite of Orcus was reported in IAUC 8812 on 22 February 2007. The satellite was given the designation S/2005 (90482) 1 before later being named Vanth. It orbits Orcus in a nearly face-on circular orbit with an

text: eccentricity

text: of about 0.007, and an orbital period of 9.54 days. Vanth orbits only  from Orcus and is too close to Orcus for ground-based spectroscopy to determine the surface composition of the satellite.

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answers: surface composition

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The satellite contains a large set of scientific devices, designed and built in Bulgaria:

text: The satellite contains a large set of scientific devices, designed and built in Bulgaria:

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answer: No

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text: Türksat A.Ş. is the primary communications satellite operator of Turkey, controlling the Turksat series of satellites. TÜBİTAK and Turkish Aerospace Industries have developed scientific observation satellites and reconnaissance satellites like the RASAT, Göktürk-1 and Göktürk-2.

text: Türksat A.Ş.

text: is the primary

text: communications satellite

text: operator of Turkey, controlling the

text: Turksat series of satellites

entity_name: Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

text: TÜBİTAK

text: and

text: Turkish Aerospace Industries

text: have developed

text: scientific observation satellites

text: and

text: reconnaissance satellites

text: like the RASAT, Göktürk-1 and Göktürk-2.

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text: Today, the Global Positioning System in coordination with the Network Time Protocol can be used to synchronize timekeeping systems across the globe.

text: Today, the

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text: SmartSPHERES experiment equipped the three SPHERES satellite aboard the International Space Station with Nexus S smartphones that were delivered via the Space Shuttle mission STS-135. Each satellite was enhanced through the use of processing power, wireless networking, camera, sensors and the touch sensitive display of the connected smartphone. The availability Android operating system’s source code enabled the devices to be used as a compact, low-cost, low-power computers.

text: SmartSPHERES experiment equipped the three SPHERES satellite aboard the International Space Station with

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text: smartphone

text: s that were delivered via the Space Shuttle mission

text: . Each satellite was enhanced through the use of processing power, wireless networking, camera, sensors and the touch sensitive display of the connected smartphone. The availability

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text: Each distance measurement, regardless of the system being used, places the receiver on a spherical shell at the measured distance from the broadcaster. By taking several such measurements and then looking for a point where they meet, a fix is generated. However, in the case of fast-moving receivers, the position of the signal moves as signals are received from several satellites. In addition, the radio signals slow slightly as they pass through the ionosphere, and this slowing varies with the receiver's angle to the satellite, because that changes the distance through the ionosphere. The basic computation thus attempts to find the shortest directed line tangent to four oblate spherical shells centred on four satellites. Satellite navigation receivers reduce errors by using combinations of signals from multiple satellites and multiple correlators, and then using techniques such as Kalman filtering to combine the noisy, partial, and constantly changing data into a single estimate for position, time, and velocity.

text: Each distance measurement, regardless of the system being used, places the receiver on a spherical shell at the measured distance from the broadcaster. By taking several such measurements and then looking for a point where they meet, a fix is generated. However, in the case of fast-moving receivers, the position of the signal moves as signals are received from several satellites. In addition, the radio signals slow slightly as they pass through the ionosphere, and this slowing varies with the receiver's angle to the satellite, because that changes the distance through the ionosphere. The basic computation thus attempts to find the shortest directed line tangent to four oblate spherical shells centred on four satellites. Satellite navigation receivers reduce errors by using combinations of signals from multiple satellites and multiple correlators, and then using techniques such as

text: Kalman filter

text: ing to combine the noisy, partial, and constantly changing data into a single estimate for position, time, and velocity.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: oblate spherical shells

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Satellite navigation receivers

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Kalman filtering

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: reduce errors

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Kalman filtering

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellite navigation receivers

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: oblate

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Some weather satellites have geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: It can only be done with a minimum of 4 satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Kalman filtering

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Kalman filtering

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: the radio signals slow slightly as they pass through the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: position, time, and velocity

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: position, time, and velocity

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: position

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: oblate

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Satellite navigation

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Satellite navigation receiver

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: oblate

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Kalman filtering

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: satellite navigation receivers

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: time, and velocity

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: four satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Kalman filtering

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: distance

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The early warning radars could only cover satellites in low earth orbits. In the 1980s more US military satellites were placed in geosynchronous orbits.  This required specialised equipment, such as Krona and Okno, which could analyse satellites at that height. In the late 1980s the centre received a new building housing an Elbrus-2 computer. Later a new network based on the Elbrus-90 Micro computer was installed.

text: The early warning radars could only cover satellites in low earth orbits. In the 1980s more US military satellites were placed in

text: geosynchronous orbit

text: s.  This required specialised equipment, such as Krona and Okno, which could analyse satellites at that height. In the late 1980s the centre received a new building housing an

text: Elbrus

text: -2 computer. Later a new network based on the Elbrus-90 Micro computer was installed.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: that height

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: military satellites

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellites in low earth orbits

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: early warning

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: satellites at that height

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellites in low earth orbits

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: geosynchronous orbits

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: geosynchronous orbits

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: low earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: US military satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: geosynchronous orbits

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: low earth orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: geosynchronous orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: satellites were placed in geosynchronous orbits

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Krona and Okno

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The early warning radars could only cover satellites in low earth orbits

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geosynchronous orbits

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: geosynchronous orbits

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: geosynchronous orbits

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: earth orbits

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: US military

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: earth orbits

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: radars

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: network

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: low

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: military

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: early warning radars

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: low earth orbits

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Krona

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A version of the product was sold with a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver to allow users to use the product as a satellite navigation system. Since version 2008, Microsoft started requiring Product Activation for Streets & Trips.

text: A version of the product was sold with a GPS (

text: Global Positioning System

text: ) receiver to allow users to use the product as a satellite navigation system. Since version 2008, Microsoft started requiring

text: Product Activation

text: for Streets & Trips.

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answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Microsoft started requiring Product Activation

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: navigation system

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Global

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

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answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001673

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answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Global Positioning

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: receiver

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Global Positioning

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The term user equivalent range error (UERE) refers to the error of a component in the distance from receiver to a satellite. These UERE errors are given as ± errors thereby implying that they are unbiased or zero mean errors. These UERE errors are therefore used in computing standard deviations. The standard deviation of the error in receiver position,

text: The term user equivalent range error (UERE) refers to the error of a component in the distance from receiver to a satellite. These UERE errors are given as ± errors thereby implying that they are unbiased or zero mean errors. These UERE errors are therefore used in computing standard deviations. The standard deviation of the error in receiver position,

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with substantial shortcomings.

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answers: NDQ_001635

answers: UERE

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: zero mean errors

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: user equivalent range error

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: user equivalent range error

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: UERE

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: distance from receiver to a satellite

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: user equivalent range error

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: UERE

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: user equivalent range error (UERE)

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: UERE error

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: UERE

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: user equivalent range error

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: UERE

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: user equivalent range error

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: user equivalent range error

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: distance from receiver to a satellite

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: receiver

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: UERE

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: UERE

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: user equivalent range error

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: user equivalent range error

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: user equivalent range error

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: distance

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Currently projects at the Boeing Satellite Development Center (spacecraft being designed, built, tested, or prepared for launch) are satellites made for XM (satellite radio), DirecTV (satellite television), MSV (satellite mobile telephony), Spaceway (data networks), GPS (satellite navigation), and for the Wideband Global SATCOM system (military communications). Designs for ISAT (military orbital radar demonstrator), for additional GOES satellites (meteorology), and for other spacecraft, are currently being developed and proposed.

text: Currently projects at the Boeing Satellite Development Center (spacecraft being designed, built, tested, or prepared for launch) are satellites made for

text: XM

text: satellite radio

text: DirecTV

text: satellite television

text: MSV

text: satellite mobile telephony

text: Spaceway

text: data networks

text: GPS

text: satellite navigation

text: ), and for the

text: Wideband Global SATCOM system

text: (military communications). Designs for ISAT (

text: military orbital radar

text: demonstrator), for additional

entity_name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

text: GOES

text: satellites (

text: meteorology

text: ), and for other spacecraft, are currently being developed and proposed.

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answers: 4

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 3

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answers: 0

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answers: 5

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 5

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: military orbital

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GPS (satellite navigation

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: DirecTV

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GOES

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GOES

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellite television

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: satellite navigation

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: GOES

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: satellite television

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: spacecraft

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: SATCOM

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: GOES

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: GOES

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: meteorology

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GOES

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: meteorology

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1993, Malaysia's Prime Minister, Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, called for the end of the Malaysian government's monopoly on communications services. He believed that the creation of privately owned companies could better serve Malaysia's communications needs in the decades ahead. One result of Mahathir's 1993 "Malaysia Plan" was the creation of the Binariang Sdn. Bhd. company by Malaysian tycoon Ananda Krishnan, which was given the charter to develop Malaysia's first satellite communications system. In 1994, Binariang signed a contract with Hughes Space and Communications Company (now Boeing Satellite Systems) for two Model 376 satellites.  The project was named the "Malaysia East Asia Satellite" program, or "MEASAT" for short. The satellites opened the door to reliable telephone and data transmission services to all of Malaysia, helping to strengthen the unity between the peninsula and the island portions of the nation. The satellites also contributed greatly to the rapid growth of computer networking in Malaysia, as well as the creation of a new direct-to-home (DTH) satellite television service, called "Astro".

text: In 1993,

text: Malaysia's Prime Minister

text: Dr.

text: Mahathir Mohamad

text: , called for the end of the Malaysian government's monopoly on communications services. He believed that the creation of privately owned companies could better serve Malaysia's communications needs in the decades ahead. One result of Mahathir's 1993 "Malaysia Plan" was the creation of the Binariang Sdn. Bhd. company by Malaysian tycoon

text: Ananda Krishnan

text: , which was given the charter to develop Malaysia's first satellite communications system. In 1994, Binariang signed a contract with Hughes Space and Communications Company (now Boeing Satellite Systems) for two Model 376 satellites.  The project was named the "Malaysia East Asia Satellite" program, or "MEASAT" for short. The satellites opened the door to reliable telephone and data transmission services to all of Malaysia, helping to strengthen the unity between the peninsula and the island portions of the nation. The satellites also contributed greatly to the rapid growth of computer networking in Malaysia, as well as the creation of a new direct-to-home (DTH) satellite television service, called "

text: Astro

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: reliable

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: satellite television

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the Malaysian government's monopoly

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: satellite television service, called "Astro"

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: the rapid growth of computer networking

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Model 376 satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: East to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Model 376

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Model 376

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Model 376 satellites

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Model 376

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellites contributed greatly to the rapid growth of computer networking

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Model 376

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Model 376 satellites

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Malaysia

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Boeing Satellite Systems

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: direct-to-home

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: DTH

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: satellite communications system

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Malaysia

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: satellite television

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Model 376 satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Binariang

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: satellites

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Low-Earth orbit is sometimes used to cut this delay, at the expense of more complicated satellite tracking on the ground and requiring more satellites in the satellite constellation to ensure continuous coverage.

text: Low-Earth orbit

text: is sometimes used to cut this delay, at the expense of more complicated satellite tracking on the ground and requiring more satellites in the

text: satellite constellation

text: to ensure continuous coverage.

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: continuous coverage

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: to cut this delay

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite tracking on the ground

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: cut this delay

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: satellite tracking

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Low-Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Low-Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: Low-Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Low-Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Low-Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Low-Earth

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Low-Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Low-Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellite tracking on the ground

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Low-Earth

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Low-Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Low-Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: satellite tracking

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Low-Earth

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: tracking

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Low-Earth

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Low-Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: tracking

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Low-Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth's temperature

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: One of the first contributions of Gaur to the science of geology came during his doctoral studies at Imperial College when he discovered the host rock effect in geo-electromagnetics, which had been unsuspected till then and this discovery assisted him in earning his PhD. His later studies covered the fields of geodesy, seismology and electromagnetics and his studies on the tectonics of Himalayas assisted in estimating the plate under-thrusts and understanding the micro-earthquakes in the region. He is credited with the discovery of the thick Deccan lithosphere which he accomplished using the seismic tomography experiments for the first time in India. He is reported to be the first scientist to use Global Positioning System Geodesy to measure the Indian plate velocity quantitatively in comparison to the Eurasian plate velocity and as well as the first to conduct an experiment to constrain global carbon fluxes in India and Central Asia through inversion of ultra-high precision atmospheric concentration data. His studies have been documented as several peer-reviewed articles, the article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 61 of them. On the infrastructure development front, his contributions are reported in the implementation of Marine Satellite and Ocean Information Services and in the establishment of a CO2 laboratory at Indian Astronomical Observatory, Hanle. It was during his tenure as the professor, academic programs on signal analysis, inverse theory and computational geophysics were introduced at the University of Roorkee and the University Grants Commission of India subsequently extended the courses designed by him to other universities. His involvement is also known in the preparation of science texts for higher secondary studies of the Central Board of Secondary Education. He was one of the propagators of the Science to People programs and also sat in the councils of the Indian National Science Academy (1985-87 and 1994-96) and the Indian Academy of (Sciences 1992-97).

text: One of the first contributions of Gaur to the science of geology came during his doctoral studies at Imperial College when he discovered the host rock effect in geo-electromagnetics, which had been unsuspected till then and this discovery assisted him in earning his PhD. His later studies covered the fields of

text: geodesy

text: seismology

text: and

text: electromagnetics

text: and his studies on the tectonics of Himalayas assisted in estimating the plate under-thrusts and understanding the micro-earthquakes in the region. He is credited with the discovery of the thick Deccan

text: lithosphere

text: which he accomplished using the seismic tomography experiments for the first time in India. He is reported to be the first scientist to use

text: Global Positioning System

text: Geodesy to measure the Indian plate velocity quantitatively in comparison to the Eurasian plate velocity and as well as the first to conduct an experiment to constrain global carbon fluxes in India and Central Asia through inversion of ultra-high precision atmospheric concentration data. His studies have been documented as several peer-reviewed articles, the article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 61 of them. On the infrastructure development front, his contributions are reported in the implementation of Marine Satellite and Ocean Information Services and in the establishment of a CO2 laboratory at

text: Indian Astronomical Observatory

text: , Hanle. It was during his tenure as the professor, academic programs on signal analysis, inverse theory and computational geophysics were introduced at the University of Roorkee and the

text: University Grants Commission of India

text: subsequently extended the courses designed by him to other universities. His involvement is also known in the preparation of science texts for higher secondary studies of the

text: Central Board of Secondary Education

text: . He was one of the propagators of the Science to People programs and also sat in the councils of the Indian National Science Academy (1985-87 and 1994-96) and the Indian Academy of (Sciences 1992-97).

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Marine Satellite

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the host rock effect in geo-electromagnetics

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Ocean Information Services

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Global Positioning System Geodesy

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Marine Satellite

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Marine Satellite and Ocean Information Services

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Marine

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Marine Satellite

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Marine Satellite and Ocean Information Services

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Marine Satellite

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Global Positioning System Geodesy

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Marine Satellite and Ocean Information Services

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Marine

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Marine

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Marine Satellite Information Services

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Himalayas

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Marine

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Marine Satellite Information Services

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Ocean Information Services

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Marine Satellite

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: atmospheric concentration data

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The final output of a navigation receiver is usually its position, speed or other related physical quantities. However, the calculation of these quantities are based on a series of measurements from one or more satellite constellations. Although receivers calculate positions in real time, in many cases it is interesting to store intermediate measures for later use. RINEX is the standard format that allows the management and disposal of the measures generated by a receiver, as well as their off-line processing by a multitude of applications, whatever the manufacturer of both the receiver and the computer application.

text: The final output of a navigation receiver is usually its position, speed or other related physical quantities. However, the calculation of these quantities are based on a series of measurements from one or more satellite constellations. Although receivers calculate positions in real time, in many cases it is interesting to store intermediate measures for later use. RINEX is the standard format that allows the management and disposal of the measures generated by a receiver, as well as their off-line processing by a multitude of applications, whatever the manufacturer of both the receiver and the computer application.

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

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answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 1

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite constellations

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: RINEX

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: receivers calculate positions in real time

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: RINEX

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: RINEX

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellite constellations

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: constellations

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: constellations

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: satellite constellations

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: constellations

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellite constellations

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: RINEX

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: RINEX

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: constellations

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: a navigation receiver

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: position

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: position

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: constellations

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: constellations

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: navigation receiver

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: constellations

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: RINEX

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: position

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: RINEX

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: position, speed

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite constellations

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: RINEX

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: For example, for ground stations at latitudes of φ = ±45° on the same meridian as the satellite, the time taken for a signal to pass from Earth to the satellite and back again can be computed using the cosine rule, given the geostationary orbital radius r (derived below), the Earth's radius R and the speed of light c, as

text: For example, for ground stations at

text: latitudes

text: of φ = ±45° on the same

text: meridian

text: as the satellite, the time taken for a signal to pass from Earth to the satellite and back again can be computed using the

text: cosine rule

text: , given the geostationary orbital radius r (derived below), the

text: Earth's radius

text: R and the

text: speed of light

text: c, as

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answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/c08b887101878f3264d8121ee9bb7355

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/93bffacf2474b4835c96b73d9bff54ef

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/f1f22984e584c3283417524881c302ea

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 1

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: the cosine rule

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: ground stations

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the speed of light c

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: time taken for a signal to pass from Earth to the satellite

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Earth's radius R and the speed of light

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: latitudes of  =  45°

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Earth's radius R

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Earth's radius R

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: The cosine rule

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: latitudes

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: The cosine rule

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Earth's radius R and the speed of light

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: cosine rule

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geostationary orbital radius r

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Earth's radius R and the speed of light c

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: meridian

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: latitudes

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: meridian

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: ground stations

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: cosine rule

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: meridian

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: =  45°

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: time taken for a signal to pass

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: ground stations

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: the cosine rule

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: latitudes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The concept of the home range can be traced back to a publication in 1943 by W. H. Burt, who constructed maps delineating the spatial extent or outside boundary of an animal's movement during the course of its everyday activities.  Associated with the concept of a home range is the concept of a utilization distribution, which takes the form of a two dimensional probability density function that represents the probability of finding an animal in a defined area within its home range. The home range of an individual animal is typically constructed from a set of location points that have been collected over a period of time identifying the position in space of an individual at many points in time.  Such data are now collected automatically using collars placed on individuals that transmit through satellites or using mobile cellphone technology and global positioning systems (GPS) technology, at regular intervals.

text: The concept of the home range can be traced back to a publication in 1943 by W. H. Burt, who constructed maps delineating the spatial extent or outside boundary of an animal's movement during the course of its everyday activities.  Associated with the concept of a home range is the concept of a

text: utilization distribution

text: , which takes the form of a two dimensional

text: probability density function

text: that represents the probability of finding an animal in a defined area within its home range. The home range of an individual animal is typically constructed from a set of location points that have been collected over a period of time identifying the position in space of an individual at many points in time.  Such data are now collected automatically using collars placed on individuals that transmit through

text: satellite

text: s or using mobile

text: cellphone

text: technology and global positioning systems (

text: GPS

text: ) technology, at regular intervals.

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answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

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answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

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answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: NDQ_001652

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answers: NDQ_001653

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answers: NDQ_001654

answers: global positioning systems

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Such data are now collected automatically

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001661

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answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: NDQ_001663

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answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: NDQ_001665

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answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

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answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: NDQ_001669

answers: home range

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: home range

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: home range

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: space

answers: NDQ_001673

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answers: NDQ_001674

answers: location points

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: W. H. Burt

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: home range

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Only downlinks from the satellite are affected, uplinks from the Earth are normally not, as the planet "shades" the Earth station when viewed from the satellite.  Satellites in geosynchronous orbit are irregularly affected based on their inclination.  Reception from satellites in other orbits are frequently but only momentarily affected by this, and by their nature the same signal is usually repeated or relayed on another satellite, if a tracking dish is used at all.  Satellite radio and other services like GPS are not affected, as they use no receiving dish, and therefore do not concentrate the interference.  (GPS and certain satellite radio systems use non-geosynchronous satellites.)

text: Only

text: downlink

text: s from the satellite are affected,

text: uplink

text: s from the Earth are normally not, as the

text: planet

text: shades

text: " the Earth station when viewed from the satellite.  Satellites in

text: geosynchronous orbit

text: are irregularly affected based on their

text: inclination

text: .  Reception from satellites in other

text: orbit

text: s are frequently but only momentarily affected by this, and by their nature the same signal is usually

text: repeated

text: or

text: relay

text: ed on another satellite, if a tracking dish is used at all.  Satellite radio and other services like

text: GPS

text: are not affected, as they use no receiving dish, and therefore do not concentrate the interference.  (GPS and certain satellite radio systems use non-geosynchronous satellites.)

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Earth station

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: non-geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: uplinks from the Earth

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: a tracking dish is used at all

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GPS and certain satellite radio systems use non-geosynchronous satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: non-geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: non-geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: non-geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The planet "shades" the Earth

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GPS and certain satellite radio systems

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: downlinks from the satellite

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: tracking dish

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: satellite radio

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Earth station

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: a tracking dish

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: tracking dish

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: inclination

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: One idea proposed is that the vehicle would make use of its Global Positioning System (GPS) determined position to avoid crashes with other vehicles; the position would be transmitted to other vehicles using a communications technology.  With all of the vehicles knowing their whereabouts, it would allow each car to drive itself to avoid obstacles including other vehicles and pedestrians. The developers claim that crash-avoidance systems would eliminate the need for airbags and would include seat belts exclusively for "comfort purposes".

text: One idea proposed is that the vehicle would make use of its

text: Global Positioning System

text: (GPS) determined position to avoid crashes with other vehicles; the position would be transmitted to other vehicles using a communications technology.  With all of the vehicles knowing their whereabouts, it would allow each car to drive itself to avoid obstacles including other vehicles and pedestrians. The developers claim that crash-avoidance systems would eliminate the need for

text: airbag

text: s and would include

text: seat belt

text: s exclusively for "comfort purposes".

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answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: seat belts exclusively for "comfort purposes"

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: position would be transmitted to other vehicles

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answers: Geostationary orbit

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answers: geostationary orbits

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answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: GPS

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answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Global

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answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: other vehicles

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answers: global position

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Although to the observer low Earth orbit satellites move at about the same apparent speed as aircraft, individual satellites can be faster or slower; they do not all move at the same speed. Individual satellites never deviate in their velocity (speed and direction). They can be distinguished from aircraft because satellites do not leave contrails.  They are lit solely by the reflection of sunlight from solar panels or other surfaces.  A satellite's brightness sometimes changes as it moves across the sky.  Occasionally a satellite will 'flare' as its orientation changes relative to the viewer, suddenly increasing in reflectivity. Satellites often grow dimmer and are more difficult to see toward the horizons. Because reflected sunlight is necessary to see satellites, the best viewing times are for a few hours immediately after nightfall and a few hours before dawn. Given the number of satellites now in orbit, a fifteen-minute session of sky watching will generally yield at least one satellite passing overhead.

text: Although to the observer

text: low Earth orbit

text: satellites move at about the same apparent speed as aircraft, individual satellites can be faster or slower; they do not all move at the same speed. Individual satellites never deviate in their velocity (speed and direction). They can be distinguished from aircraft because satellites do not leave contrails.  They are lit solely by the reflection of sunlight from solar panels or other surfaces.  A satellite's brightness sometimes changes as it moves across the sky.  Occasionally a satellite will '

text: flare

text: ' as its orientation changes relative to the viewer, suddenly increasing in reflectivity. Satellites often grow dimmer and are more difficult to see toward the horizons. Because reflected sunlight is necessary to see satellites, the best viewing times are for a few hours immediately after nightfall and a few hours before dawn. Given the number of satellites now in orbit, a fifteen-minute session of sky watching will generally yield at least one satellite passing overhead.

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answers: satellites never deviate in their velocity (speed and direction)

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Sky watching will generally yield at least one satellite passing overhead

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Individual satellites never deviate in their velocity

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: do not leave contrails

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth orbit satellites

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be distinguished from aircraft because satellites do not leave contrails

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: horizons

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: low Earth orbit satellites move at about the same apparent speed as aircraft

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Given the number of satellites now in orbit

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: It can be distinguished from aircraft because satellites do not leave contrails

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: They are lit solely by the reflection of sunlight

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellites can be faster or slower; they do not all move at the same speed

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: toward the horizons

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: They are lit solely by the reflection of sunlight from solar panels or other surfaces

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: A satellite's brightness sometimes changes as it moves across the sky

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: low

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answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: speed and direction

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: speed and direction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The satellite has a 2-day revisit orbit which allows constant viewing angles at constant sun lighting angles. The unique combination is hoped to allow the development of new image processing methods. A set of at least 50 points of interest around the world were chosen to be scanned throughout the scientific mission. The points will be rescanned every 2 days for the entire duration of the mission where it will collect sensory and imagery data. Some of the objectives from the scientific mission are:

text: The satellite has a 2-day revisit orbit which allows constant viewing angles at constant sun lighting angles. The unique combination is hoped to allow the development of new image processing methods. A set of at least 50 points of interest around the world were chosen to be scanned throughout the scientific mission. The points will be rescanned every 2 days for the entire duration of the mission where it will collect sensory and imagery data. Some of the objectives from the scientific mission are:

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answers: constant viewing angles

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: constant viewing angles at constant sun lighting angles

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: to allow the development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: constant viewing angles at constant sun lighting angles

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: It can only be done with a minimum of 4 satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: points of interest around the world

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 2-day revisit orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Points of Interest

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: revisit orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Imagery

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: sun lighting angles

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 50 points of interest

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: sensory and imagery data

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 50 points of interest

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: development of new image processing methods

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: sun lighting

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are many planetarium  and satellite tracking computer programs to aid satellite spotting. More recently, accompanied by the development of Augmented Reality technologies, satellite watching mobile programs have been developed. During the 64th International Astronautical Congress 2013 in Beijing a citizen science method to track satellite beacon signals by a Distributed Ground Station Network (DGSN) was presented. The purpose of this network is to support small satellites and cubesats of universities.

text: There are many

text: planetarium

text: and

text: satellite tracking

text: computer program

text: s to aid satellite spotting. More recently, accompanied by the development of Augmented Reality technologies, satellite watching mobile programs have been developed. During the 64th

text: International Astronautical Congress

text: 2013 in Beijing a

text: citizen science

text: method to track satellite beacon signals by a Distributed Ground Station Network (DGSN) was presented. The purpose of this network is to support

text: small satellite

text: s and

text: cubesats

text: of universities.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Engineering Test Satellite by these rockets Tansei and many other scientific satellites have been launched, ISAS began to store the information and satellite technology. Also, Yokkou come and firmament, such as atmospheric observation satellite, Hakucho and Hinotori such as X-ray astronomy satellite that was active. Development of the ISAS rocket M-3SII rocket dip in paragraph finished. The rocket is a solid fuel rocket is the first whole page, leaving the area to bring the gravity of the earth to the satellite Sakigake and Suisei to Halley Armada were participating. M-3SII to launch satellite rocket technology and an established one after another.

text: Engineering Test Satellite by these rockets

text: Tansei

text: and many other scientific satellites have been launched, ISAS began to store the information and satellite technology. Also,

text: Yokkou come

text: and

text: firmament

text: , such as atmospheric observation satellite,

text: Hakucho

text: and

text: Hinotori

text: such as X-ray astronomy satellite that was active. Development of the ISAS rocket

text: M-3SII rocket

text: dip in paragraph finished. The rocket is a solid fuel rocket is the first whole page, leaving the area to bring the gravity of the earth to the satellite

text: Sakigake

text: and

text: Suisei

text: to

text: Halley Armada

text: were participating. M-3SII to launch satellite rocket technology and an established one after another.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

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text: The company produces and launches mini-satellites, and has demonstrated future launches using 12-foot scale P-20 rockets, of its Vector R known as the Vector 1. Each payload is client-specific, so that launches are not shared between companies. Currently they are capable of launching satellites up to 50kg into Low-Earth Orbit, and are developing orbital launch capabilities. The first client of Vector was Iceye, a company in Finland. Mini-satellites produced by Vector are partially assembled by 3-D printed engineered parts.

text: The company produces and launches mini-satellites, and has demonstrated future launches using 12-foot scale P-20 rockets, of its Vector R known as the Vector 1. Each payload is client-specific, so that launches are not shared between companies. Currently they are capable of launching satellites up to 50kg into

text: Low-Earth Orbit

text: , and are developing orbital launch capabilities. The first client of Vector was Iceye, a company in Finland. Mini-satellites produced by Vector are partially assembled by 3-D printed engineered parts.

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answer: No

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text: The type of satellite television which uses direct-broadcast satellites is known as direct-broadcast satellite television (DBSTV) or direct-to-home television (DTHTV).  The term "direct broadcast" is used to distinguish satellites which transmit radio or television signals directly to receivers in consumers' homes from other communications satellites which transmit signals to satellite ground stations, for example those which distribute cable television signals to cable head end facilities.   Since home satellite television receivers use small dish antennas less than a meter in diameter, DBS satellites must have much higher downlink transmitter power than other communication satellites, which are received by larger dishes from 2 up to 50 meters diameter.

text: The type of satellite television which uses direct-broadcast satellites is known as

text: direct-broadcast satellite television

text: (DBSTV) or direct-to-home television (DTHTV).  The term "direct broadcast" is used to distinguish satellites which transmit radio or television signals directly to receivers in consumers' homes from other

text: communications satellite

text: s which transmit signals to

text: satellite ground station

text: s, for example those which distribute

text: cable television

text: signals to cable

text: head end

text: facilities.   Since

text: home satellite television receivers

text: use small

text: dish antennas

text: less than a meter in diameter, DBS satellites must have much higher

text: downlink

text: transmitter power than other communication satellites, which are received by larger dishes from 2 up to 50 meters diameter.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite ground stations

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: direct-broadcast satellite television

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite ground stations

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: direct-broadcast satellite television

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: satellite ground stations

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be used to track the paths of hurricanes.

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: satellite ground stations

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: satellite ground stations

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: satellite ground stations

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: DBS satellites

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: DBS satellites must have much higher downlink transmitter power

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: larger dishes from 2 up to 50 meters

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: satellite ground stations

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Direct-broadcast satellite television (DBSTV)

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: satellite ground stations

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: DTHTV

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: satellite ground stations

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: satellite ground stations

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: DTHTV

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: satellite television

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: satellite ground stations

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: meters

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: radio

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite ground stations

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite ground stations

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: satellites

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Over one million satellite detections, or observations, are collected by this surveillance network each month. Data gathered is transmitted to a computer center at Naval Space Command headquarters in Dahlgren, where it is used to constantly update a data base of spacecraft orbital elements. This information is reported to Fleet and Fleet Marine Forces to alert them when particular satellites of interest are overhead. The command also maintains a catalog of all earth-orbiting satellites and supports USSPACECOM as part of the nation's worldwide Space Surveillance Network.

text: Over one million satellite detections, or observations, are collected by this surveillance network each month. Data gathered is transmitted to a computer center at Naval Space Command headquarters in Dahlgren, where it is used to constantly update a data base of spacecraft orbital elements. This information is reported to Fleet and Fleet Marine Forces to alert them when particular satellites of interest are overhead. The command also maintains a catalog of all earth-orbiting satellites and supports USSPACECOM as part of the nation's worldwide Space Surveillance Network.

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 3

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Over one million satellite detections, or observations

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: alert them when particular satellites of interest are overhead

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: earth-orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Space Surveillance Network

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbital elements

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: orbital elements

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: orbital elements

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Satellites of interest

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: constantly update a data base of spacecraft orbital elements

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: overhead

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: catalog

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: USSPACECOM

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: earth orbiting

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: satellite detections

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: satellite detections

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: USSPACECOM

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: satellite detections

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: USSPACECOM

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Satellite telemetry involves following an object on the Earth’s surface through the use of orbiting satellites. Researchers at CCC use this technology to track the migratory patterns of sea turtles in the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean. Satellite telemetry allows researchers to obtain up-to-date location data every time the sea turtle rises to the surface for air. A Platform Terminal Transmitter (PTT) is attached to the back of a sea turtle. The PTT sends a signal full of information to an orbiting satellite each time the turtle surfaces. The satellite re-transmits the data to a receiving station on Earth. Researchers can then access this information through their computer. Satellite transmitters can be attached several different ways. For hard-shell turtles, such as Green turtles, Loggerhead or Hawksbills, the Marine Epoxy Method or the Fiberglass and Resin Method are used. Both methods are safe for the turtles, neither hurting their shells nor restricting their movements in the ocean. Transmitters are designed to safely fall off the turtles after about a year and a half. Leatherback turtles, which lack a hard shell, require a different method because of their size and the texture of their carapace. A harness that goes over the shell is used to secure a transmitter. The harness tends to last longer than the epoxy or fiberglass methods, allowing researchers to track leatherbacks for up to two years before the harness falls off harmlessly.

text: Satellite

entity_section: Fisheries and wildlife research and management

text: telemetry

text: involves following an object on the Earth’s surface through the use of orbiting satellites. Researchers at

text: CCC

text: use this technology to track the migratory patterns of sea turtles in the

text: Caribbean

text: and the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: . Satellite telemetry allows researchers to obtain up-to-date location data every time the sea turtle rises to the surface for air. A Platform Terminal Transmitter (PTT) is attached to the back of a sea turtle. The PTT sends a signal full of information to an orbiting satellite each time the turtle surfaces. The satellite re-transmits the data to a receiving station on Earth. Researchers can then access this information through their computer. Satellite transmitters can be attached several different ways. For hard-shell turtles, such as

text: Green turtles

text: Loggerhead

text: or

text: Hawksbills

text: , the Marine

text: Epoxy

text: Method or the

text: Fiberglass

text: and Resin Method are used. Both methods are safe for the turtles, neither hurting their shells nor restricting their movements in the ocean. Transmitters are designed to safely fall off the turtles after about a year and a half. Leatherback turtles, which lack a hard shell, require a different method because of their size and the texture of their

text: carapace

text: . A harness that goes over the shell is used to secure a transmitter. The harness tends to last longer than the epoxy or fiberglass methods, allowing researchers to track leatherbacks for up to two years before the harness falls off harmlessly.

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

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answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Satellite telemetry

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Satellite telemetry

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Satellite transmitters can be attached several different ways

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Satellite telemetry

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellite telemetry

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Satellite telemetry

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Satellite telemetry

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Satellites identify vegetation by the color of light it reflects

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Satellite telemetry

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Satellite telemetry

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellite telemetry

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Satellite telemetry

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Location data

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: CCC

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Satellite telemetry

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Satellite telemetry

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: sea turtles

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: CCC

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: location data

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Satellite telemetry

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: sea turtles

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: This computation is in accordance with Chapter 11 of The global positioning system by Parkinson and Spilker where the weighting matrix, P, has been set to the identity matrix. The elements of the Q matrix are designated as:

text: This computation is in accordance with Chapter 11 of The global positioning system by Parkinson and Spilker where the weighting matrix, P, has been set to the identity matrix. The elements of the Q matrix are designated as:

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

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text: The site is primarily used to launch meteorological satellites, earth resource satellites and scientific satellites on Long March launch vehicles into sun-synchronous orbits. TSLC is also a major launch site for intercontinental ballistic missiles and overland Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) tests.

text: The site is primarily used to launch meteorological satellites, earth resource satellites and scientific satellites on

text: Long March

text: launch vehicles into

text: sun-synchronous orbit

text: s. TSLC is also a major launch site for

text: intercontinental ballistic missile

text: s and overland

text: Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile

text: (SLBM) tests.

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answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Russia developed the original system, and its success drove the desire to develop the improved 406 MHz system. The original system was a brilliant adaptation to the low quality beacons, originally designed to aid air searches. It used just a simple, lightweight transponder on the satellite, with no digital recorders or other complexities. Ground stations listened to each satellite as long as it was above the horizon. Doppler shift was used to locate the beacon(s). Multiple beacons were separated when a computer program  analysed the signals with a fast fourier transform. Also, two satellite passes per beacon were used. This eliminated false alarms by using two measurements to verify the beacon's location from two different bearings. This prevented false alarms from VHF channels that affected a single satellite. Regrettably, the second satellite pass almost doubled the average time before notification of the rescuing authority. However, the notification time was much less than a day.

text: Russia

text: developed the original system, and its success drove the desire to develop the improved 406 MHz system. The original system was a brilliant adaptation to the low quality beacons, originally designed to aid air searches. It used just a simple, lightweight transponder on the satellite, with no digital recorders or other complexities. Ground stations listened to each satellite as long as it was above the horizon. Doppler shift was used to locate the beacon(s). Multiple beacons were separated when a computer program  analysed the signals with a

text: fast fourier transform

text: . Also, two satellite passes per beacon were used. This eliminated false alarms by using two measurements to verify the beacon's location from two different bearings. This prevented false alarms from VHF channels that affected a single satellite. Regrettably, the second satellite pass almost doubled the average time before notification of the rescuing authority. However, the notification time was much less than a day.

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answers: The original system was a brilliant adaptation

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Ground stations listened to each satellite as long as it was above the horizon

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answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Ground stations listened to each satellite as long as it was above the horizon

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS stands for Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

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answers: Multiple beacons were separated when a computer program analysed the signals with a fast fourier transform

answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001675

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answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Doppler

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: USA-180, also known as GPS IIR-13 and GPS SVN-61, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the thirteenth of twenty one Block IIR GPS satellites to be launched, and the last in the original configuration. It was built by Lockheed Martin, using the AS-4000 satellite bus.

text: USA-180, also known as GPS IIR-13 and GPS SVN-61, is an

text: American

text: navigation satellite

text: which forms part of the

text: Global Positioning System

text: . It was the thirteenth of twenty one

text: Block IIR

text: GPS satellites to be launched, and the last in the original configuration. It was built by

text: Lockheed Martin

text: , using the

text: satellite bus

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answers: It was built by Lockheed Martin

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answers: global temperature

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: According to the agreement, upgrades were to take place through use of INTELSAT satellites and modems, facsimile machines, and computers.   The facsimile terminals were operational by 1986. The teletype circuits were cut in 1988 after several years of testing and use proved the fax links to be reliable. The Soviets transferred the hotline link to the newer, geostationary Gorizont-class satellites of the Statsionar system.

text: According to the agreement, upgrades were to take place through use of

text: INTELSAT

text: satellites and modems, facsimile machines, and computers.   The facsimile terminals were operational by 1986. The teletype circuits were cut in 1988 after several years of testing and use proved the fax links to be reliable. The Soviets transferred the hotline link to the newer, geostationary

text: Gorizont

text: -class satellites of the

text: Statsionar

text: system.

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answers: INTELSAT satellites

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answers: geostationary

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answers: INTELSAT satellites

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answers: geostationary

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answers: geostationary

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answers: Gorizont-class

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answers: INTELSAT satellites

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: INTELSAT satellites

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: geostationary

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answers: geostationary

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answers: INTELSAT

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answers: geostationary

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answers: INTELSAT satellites

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answers: satellites

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: Galileo is the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that is currently being created by the European Union (EU) through the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European GNSS Agency (GSA), headquartered in Prague in the Czech Republic, with two ground operations centres, Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich in Germany and Fucino in Italy. The €5 billion project is named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei. One of the aims of Galileo is to provide an indigenous alternative high-precision positioning system upon which European nations can rely, independently from the Russian GLONASS, Indian NAVIC, Chinese Bei Dou and US GPS systems, in case they were disabled by their operators.The use of basic (low-precision) Galileo services will be free and open to everyone. The high-precision capabilities will be available for paying commercial users. Galileo is intended to provide horizontal and vertical position measurements within 1-metre precision, and better positioning services at high latitudes than other positioning systems.

text: Galileo is the

text: global navigation satellite system

text: (GNSS) that is currently being created by the

text: European Union

text: (EU) through the

text: European Space Agency

text: (ESA) and the

text: European GNSS Agency

text: (GSA), headquartered in

text: Prague

text: in the

text: Czech Republic

text: , with two ground operations centres,

text: Oberpfaffenhofen

text: near

text: Munich

text: in Germany and

text: Fucino

text: in Italy. The €5 billion project is named after the Italian astronomer

text: Galileo Galilei

text: . One of the aims of Galileo is to provide an indigenous alternative high-precision positioning system upon which European nations can rely, independently from the Russian

text: GLONASS

text: , Indian

text: NAVIC

text: , Chinese

text: Bei Dou

text: and US

text: GPS

text: systems, in case they were disabled by their operators.The use of basic (low-precision) Galileo services will be free and open to everyone. The high-precision capabilities will be available for paying commercial users. Galileo is intended to provide horizontal and vertical position measurements within 1-metre precision, and better positioning services at high

text: latitude

text: s than other positioning systems.

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answers: low-precision

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Galileo is named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: in case they were disabled by their operators

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Galileo

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answers: Galileo

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answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Galileo is intended to provide horizontal and vertical position measurements within 1-metre precision

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Space

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001673

answers: US GPS

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answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: latitudes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: According to Tal Dekel, a research fellow at Tel Aviv University’s Yuval Ne’eman Workshop for Science, Technology and Security, few were aware of the extent of Egypt’s satellite program and the satellite is disguised as scientific research but the truth it would be used by the Egyptian Armed Forces as a spying satellite.

text: According to Tal Dekel, a research fellow at

text: Tel Aviv University

text: ’s Yuval Ne’eman Workshop for Science, Technology and Security, few were aware of the extent of Egypt’s satellite program and the satellite is disguised as scientific research but the truth it would be used by the

text: Egyptian Armed Forces

text: as a spying satellite.

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answers: Tal Dekel

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answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The soldiers are also trained in the use of multiple computer applications such as VIASAT, PDA-184, and MoVer to install, operate and maintain satellite communications links.

text: The soldiers are also trained in the use of multiple computer applications such as VIASAT, PDA-184, and MoVer to install, operate and maintain satellite communications links.

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answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: NDQ_001657

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answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: After the failure of TV-3, the backup vehicle, Vanguard TV-3 BU (BU=Backup), was prepared for another attempt. Pad crews hastened to repair the damage done to LC-18A by TV-3's explosion and in the third week of January 1958, the job was completed. TV-3BU was erected on the pad, but continuous delays frustrated the launch attempt. Heavy rains shorted some electrical cables on the ground and necessitated their replacement. The second stage engine was found to have damage and had to be taken down and replaced by a different stage. Finally, the launch got under way on February 5. The Vanguard lifted smoothly into the night sky and performed well until around 50 seconds into launch, when the booster suddenly pitched down. The skinny second stage broke in half from aerodynamic stress, causing the Vanguard to tumble end-over-end before Range Safety sent the destruct command. Cause of the failure was attributed to a spurious guidance signal that caused the first stage to perform unintended pitch maneuvers. On March 17, TV-4 finally succeeded in orbiting the Vanguard 1 satellite. By that time, however, the Army's Juno (Jupiter-C) had already launched the United States' first satellite. The TV-4 rocket had put the satellite Vanguard 1, to a relatively high orbit of (3966 km (2465 miles) x ) and is currently the oldest human artifact in space. The following four flights, TV-5 and SLV (Satellite Launch Vehicle)-1, -2 and -3 all failed, but on February 17, 1959, SLV-4 launched Vanguard 2 (weighing 10.8 kg (23.7 lb)) into orbit. The SLVs were the "production" Vanguard rockets. SLV-5 and -6 also failed, but the final flight on September 18, 1959 successfully orbited the 23.6 kg (52 lb) Vanguard 3 satellite. That last mission was designated TV-4BU, because it used a remaining test vehicle, which had been upgraded with a new third stage, the Allegheny Ballistics Lab X-248A2 Altair. This more powerful motor enabled the launch of the heavier payload. The combination of the AJ10 liquid engine and X-248 solid motor was also used, under the name Able, as an upper stage combination for Thor and Atlas space launch vehicles.

text: After the failure of TV-3, the backup vehicle,

text: Vanguard TV-3 BU

text: Vanguard 1

text: satellite. By that time, however, the Army's

text: Juno

text: Jupiter-C

text: ) had already launched the

text: United States' first satellite

text: . The TV-4 rocket had put the satellite Vanguard 1, to a relatively high orbit of (3966 km (2465 miles) x ) and is currently the oldest human artifact in space. The following four flights,

text: and SLV (Satellite Launch Vehicle)

text: and

text: all failed, but on February 17, 1959,

text: launched

text: Vanguard 2

text: (weighing 10.8 kg (23.7 lb)) into orbit. The SLVs were the "production" Vanguard rockets.

text: and

text: also failed, but the final flight on September 18, 1959 successfully orbited the 23.6 kg (52 lb)

text: Vanguard 3

text: satellite. That last mission was designated TV-4BU, because it used a remaining test vehicle, which had been upgraded with a new third stage, the Allegheny Ballistics Lab X-248A2 Altair. This more powerful motor enabled the launch of the heavier payload. The combination of the AJ10 liquid engine and X-248 solid motor was also used, under the name

text: Able

text: , as an upper stage combination for Thor and Atlas space launch vehicles.

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answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Vanguard 3 satellite

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: TV-4 rocket to orbit the satellite

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Range Safety

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: TV-4 rocket had put the satellite Vanguard 1, to a relatively high orbit of

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Juno satellite had already launched the United States' first satellite.

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: TV-4 rocket to orbit the satellite.

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Vanguard 3 satellite

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Vanguard 3 to orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Vanguard 3

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Vanguard 3 satellite

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: TV-4 rocket to orbit the satellite.

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Juno (Jupiter-C) satellite

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Vanguard 3 satellite

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: (3966 km (2465 miles) x

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Vanguard 3 satellite

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Vanguard 3 satellite

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Heavy rains shorted some electrical cables

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Army

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: (3966 km (2465 miles) x

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: TV-3

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Vanguard satellite

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Heavy rains

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 3966 km

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Army's Juno

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Vanguard 3

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Vanguard 3

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Vanguard 3 satellite

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth's temperature

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Luch 5B is one of a planned three Luch relay satellites. Luch 5A was launched on 11 December 2011 and Luch 5V is expected in 2013 or 2014. They are dual purpose satellites with both military and civil uses, and are similar to those in the US Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System.

text: Luch 5B is one of a planned three Luch relay satellites.

text: Luch 5A

text: was launched on 11 December 2011 and

text: Luch 5V

text: is expected in 2013 or 2014. They are

text: dual purpose

text: satellites with both military and civil uses, and are similar to those in the US

text: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System

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answers: 5

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellites with both military and civil uses

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Both military and civil uses

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Luch 5A was launched on 11 December 2011

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Tracking

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Luch 5B

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Luch 5B

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: Luch 5B

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Luch 5B

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: US Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Luch 5B

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: US Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Luch 5B

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Luch 5B

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Luch 5B

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Luch 5B

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Luch 5B

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: US Tracking

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Relay

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Luch 5B

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Data Relay Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Luch 5B

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: tracking and data relay

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Data

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Luch 5B

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Luch 5B

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Luch 5B

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Blue Force Tracking systems consist of a computer, used to display location information, a satellite terminal and satellite antenna, used to transmit location and other military data, a Global Positioning System receiver (to determine its own position), command-and-control software (to send and receive orders, and many other battlefield support functions), and mapping software, usually in the form of a geographic information system (GIS), that plots the BFT device on a map. The system displays the location of the host vehicle on the computer's terrain-map display, along with the locations of other platforms (friendly in blue, and enemy in red) in their respective locations. BFT can also be used to send and receive text and imagery messages, and Blue Force Tracking has a mechanism for reporting the locations of enemy forces and other battlefield conditions (for example, the location of mine fields, battlefield obstacles, bridges that are damaged, etc.).

text: Blue Force Tracking systems consist of a

text: computer

text: , used to display location information, a satellite terminal and

text: satellite antenna

text: , used to transmit location and other military data, a

text: Global Positioning System

text: receiver (to determine its own position), command-and-control software (to send and receive orders, and many other battlefield support functions), and mapping software, usually in the form of a

text: geographic information system

text: (GIS), that plots the BFT device on a map. The system displays the location of the host vehicle on the computer's terrain-map display, along with the locations of other platforms (friendly in blue, and enemy in red) in their respective locations. BFT can also be used to send and receive text and imagery messages, and Blue Force Tracking has a mechanism for reporting the locations of enemy forces and other battlefield conditions (for example, the location of mine fields, battlefield obstacles, bridges that are damaged, etc.).

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Blue Force Tracking

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: transmit location and other military data

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Blue Force Tracking systems

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Blue Force Tracking

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Blue Force Tracking

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Smaller

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Blue Force Tracking

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The analysis of errors computed using the global positioning system is important for understanding how GPS works, and for knowing what magnitude errors should be expected. The Global Positioning System makes corrections for receiver clock errors and other effects but there are still residual errors which are not corrected. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was created by the United States Department of Defense (DOD) in the 1970s. It has come to be widely used for navigation both by the U.S. military and the general public.

text: The analysis of errors computed using the

text: global positioning system

text: is important for understanding how GPS works, and for knowing what magnitude errors should be expected. The Global Positioning System makes corrections for receiver clock errors and other effects but there are still residual errors which are not corrected. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was created by the United States Department of Defense (DOD) in the 1970s. It has come to be widely used for navigation both by the U.S. military and the general public.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: residual errors which are not corrected

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: corrections

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: It has come to be widely used for navigation

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits are closer to Earth

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The Global Positioning System makes corrections

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: The Global Positioning System (GPS)

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: The Global Positioning System

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: USA-199, also known as GPS IIR-18(M), GPS IIRM-5 and GPS SVN-57, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the fifth of eight Block IIRM satellites to be launched, and the eighteenth of twenty one Block IIR satellites overall. It was built by Lockheed Martin, using the AS-4000 satellite bus.

text: USA-199, also known as GPS IIR-18(M), GPS IIRM-5 and GPS SVN-57, is an

text: American

text: navigation satellite

text: which forms part of the

text: Global Positioning System

text: . It was the fifth of eight

text: Block IIRM

text: satellites to be launched, and the eighteenth of twenty one

text: Block IIR

text: satellites overall. It was built by

text: Lockheed Martin

text: , using the

text: satellite bus

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Fast, Affordable, Science and Technology Satellite or FASTSAT, also known as USA 220 is a NASA satellite that was launched from the Kodiak Launch Complex in Kodiak, Alaska, United States, on November 20, 2010 on a Minotaur IV rocket. The mission's objective is to demonstrate the capability to build, design and test a microsatellite platform to enable researchers to conduct low-cost scientific and technology experiments on an autonomous satellite in space.

text: Fast, Affordable, Science and Technology Satellite or FASTSAT, also known as USA 220 is a

text: NASA

text: satellite

text: that was launched from the

text: Kodiak Launch Complex

text: in

text: Kodiak, Alaska

text: United States

text: , on November 20, 2010 on a

text: Minotaur IV

text: rocket. The mission's objective is to demonstrate the capability to build, design and test a microsatellite platform to enable researchers to conduct low-cost scientific and technology experiments on an autonomous satellite in space.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answers: Global navigation satellite system

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Global Navigation Satellite System

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Early Space Track observations of satellites were collected at more than 150 individual sites, including radar stations, Baker–Nunn cameras, telescopes, radio receivers, and the Operation Moonwatch participants. Individuals at these Moonwatch sites took manual observations on satellites by visual means, but there were numerous observation types and sources, some automated, some only semi-automated. The observations were transferred to the NSSCC by teletype, telephone, mail, and personal messenger. There, a duty analyst reduced the data and determined corrections that should be made to the orbital elements before they were used for further predictions. After this analysis, the corrections were fed into an IBM 709 computer that computed the updated orbital data. The updated orbital data were then used in another phase of the same computer program to yield the geocentric ephemeris. From the geocentric ephemeris, three different products were computed and sent back to the observing stations for their planning of future observing opportunities.

text: Early Space Track observations of satellites were collected at more than 150 individual sites, including radar stations,

text: Baker–Nunn camera

text: s, telescopes, radio receivers, and the

text: Operation Moonwatch

text: participants. Individuals at these Moonwatch sites took manual observations on satellites by visual means, but there were numerous observation types and sources, some automated, some only semi-automated. The observations were transferred to the NSSCC by teletype, telephone, mail, and personal messenger. There, a duty analyst reduced the data and determined corrections that should be made to the orbital elements before they were used for further predictions. After this analysis, the corrections were fed into an

text: IBM 709

text: computer that computed the updated orbital data. The updated orbital data were then used in another phase of the same computer program to yield the

text: geocentric

text: ephemeris

text: . From the geocentric ephemeris, three different products were computed and sent back to the observing stations for their planning of future observing opportunities.

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answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: orbital elements

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Early Space Track observations

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: manual observations

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Moonwatch

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: geocentric ephemeris

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Early Space Track observations

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: satellites orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: radio receivers

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: more than 150 individual sites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: The observations were transferred to the NSSCC

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The observations were transferred to the NSSCC

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: corrections were fed into an IBM 709 computer that computed the updated orbital data

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites were collected at more than 150 individual sites

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: geocentric ephemeris

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: radio receivers

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: sites

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NSSCC

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: radar

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: NSSCC

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Moonwatch

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NSSCC

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: orbital elements

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 150 individual sites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: three different products

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During a satellite pass, a GE receiver would receive the orbital parameters and encrypted messages from the satellite, as well as measure the Doppler-shifted frequency at intervals and provide this data to the AN/UYK-1 computer. The computer would also receive from the ship's inertial navigation system (SINS) a reading of latitude and longitude. Using this information the AN/UYK-1 ran the least squares algorithm and provided a location reading in about fifteen minutes.

text: During a satellite pass, a GE receiver would receive the orbital parameters and encrypted messages from the satellite, as well as measure the Doppler-shifted frequency at intervals and provide this data to the AN/UYK-1 computer. The computer would also receive from the ship's inertial navigation system (SINS) a reading of latitude and longitude. Using this information the AN/UYK-1 ran the

text: least squares

text: algorithm and provided a location reading in about fifteen minutes.

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answers: NDQ_001675

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answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Doppler-shifted

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: During a satellite pass

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Doppler-shifted

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: encrypted messages

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: longitude

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbital parameters

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Doppler-shifted

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Doppler-shifted frequency

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GE

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Doppler-shifted frequency

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: AN/UYK-1 ran the least squares algorithm

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Doppler-shifted frequency

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: orbital parameters

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: inertial navigation

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GE receiver

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: pass

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: SINS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: longitude

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: orbital parameters

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: a satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: least squares algorithm

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: frequency

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: USA-251, also known as GPS IIF-6, GPS SVN-67 and NAVSTAR 70, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the sixth of twelve Block IIF satellites to be launched.

text: USA-251, also known as GPS IIF-6, GPS SVN-67 and NAVSTAR 70, is an

text: American

text: navigation satellite

text: which forms part of the

text: Global Positioning System

text: . It was the sixth of twelve

text: Block IIF

text: satellites to be launched.

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answers: NDQ_001677

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: GPS IIF-6

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Block IIF satellites to be launched

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: USA-251

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: NAVSTAR 70

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: twelve Block IIF satellites to be launched

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: USA-251

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: GPS SVN-67

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: IIF

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Navigation

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: an American navigation satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: NAVSTAR 70

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: global temperature

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning, inertial navigation, or including information from the vehicle computer, to give a (possibly degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible.

text: Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions such as reusing the last known

text: altitude

text: dead reckoning

text: inertial navigation

text: , or including information from the vehicle computer, to give a (possibly degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible.

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answers: four satellites

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: a ship or aircraft may have known elevation

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: a ship or aircraft may have known elevation

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GPS receivers

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Four satellites are required for normal operation

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Four satellites are required for normal operation

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: normal operation

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits are closer to Earth

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: None

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: using additional clues or assumptions

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites are visible

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: inertial

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: inertial

answers: NDQ_001670

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answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: NDQ_001672

answers: four satellites

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: information from the vehicle computer

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: four satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: altitude

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Communications satellites came into use in the 1960s and today carry a variety of information including credit card transaction data, radio, television and telephone calls.  The Global Positioning System (GPS) operates on signals from satellites.

text: Communications satellites

text: came into use in the 1960s and today carry a variety of information including credit card transaction data, radio, television and telephone calls.  The

text: Global Positioning System

text: (GPS) operates on signals from satellites.

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answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

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answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001654

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answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: NDQ_001657

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answers: NDQ_001658

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answers: NDQ_001659

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answers: NDQ_001660

answers: The Global Positioning System (GPS) operates on signals from satellites

answers: NDQ_001661

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answers: NDQ_001662

answers: signals

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: NDQ_001665

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answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: NDQ_001670

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answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001673

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answers: NDQ_001674

answers: credit card transaction data

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: satellites

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Launch test efforts at KSC with regard to the Kappa, Lambda and Lambda-4 rockets set the stage for small satellite missions. At the same time, the Mu program of large rockets was pursued. After four launch failures, an engineering test satellite was successfully put into orbit aboard a Lambda 4S-5 rocket. The satellite Ōsumi (named after a peninsula in Kagoshima Prefecture) marked Japan's first successful satellite launch. Subsequent improvements in the Mu class rocket enabled scientific satellite launches at a rate of one per year. Development of the new generation M-V rocket resulted in successful launch of the scientific satellite MUSES-B (HALCA) in February 1997.

text: Launch test efforts at KSC with regard to the

text: Kappa

text: Lambda

text: and Lambda-4 rockets set the stage for small satellite missions. At the same time, the

text: Mu

text: program of large rockets was pursued. After four launch failures, an engineering test satellite was successfully put into orbit aboard a Lambda 4S-5 rocket. The satellite

text: Ōsumi

text: (named after a peninsula in Kagoshima Prefecture) marked Japan's first successful satellite launch. Subsequent improvements in the Mu class rocket enabled scientific satellite launches at a rate of one per year. Development of the new generation

text: M-V

text: rocket resulted in successful launch of the scientific satellite MUSES-B (

text: HALCA

text: ) in February 1997.

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answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

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answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: NDQ_001652

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answers: NDQ_001653

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answers: NDQ_001654

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answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: NDQ_001657

answers: KSC

answers: NDQ_001658

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answers: NDQ_001659

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answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001661

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answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: NDQ_001667

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answers: NDQ_001670

answers: MUSES-B

answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001674

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answers: NDQ_001675

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answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: greenhouse gases

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Astérix, the first French satellite, was launched on November 26, 1965 by a Diamant A rocket from Hammaguir, Algeria. With Astérix, France became the sixth country to have an artificial satellite in orbit after: USSR (Sputnik 1, 1957), the United States (Explorer 1, 1958), the United Kingdom (Ariel 1, 1962), Canada (Alouette 1, 1962) and Italy (San Marco 1, 1964), and the third to launch a satellite on its own (the UK, Canada and Italy's satellites were launched on American rockets).  The satellite was originally designated A-1, as the French Army's first satellite, but later renamed after the popular French comics character Astérix.  Due to the relatively high altitude of its orbit, it is not expected to re-enter Earth's atmosphere for several centuries.

text: Astérix, the first

text: French

text: satellite, was launched on November 26, 1965 by a

text: Diamant A

text: rocket from

text: Hammaguir

text: , Algeria. With Astérix, France became the sixth country to have an artificial satellite in orbit after:

text: USSR

text: Sputnik 1

text: , 1957), the United States (

text: Explorer 1

text: , 1958), the United Kingdom (

text: Ariel 1

text: , 1962), Canada (

text: Alouette 1

text: , 1962) and Italy (

text: San Marco 1

text: , 1964), and the third to launch a satellite on its own (the UK, Canada and Italy's satellites were launched on American rockets).  The satellite was originally designated A-1, as the French Army's first satellite, but later renamed after the popular

text: French comics

text: character

text: Astérix

text: .  Due to the relatively high altitude of its orbit, it is not expected to re-enter Earth's atmosphere for several centuries.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001667

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: relatively high altitude

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: artificial

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the UK, Canada and Italy's satellites were launched on American rockets

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: it is not expected to re-enter Earth's atmosphere for several centuries

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Astérix

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Due to the relatively high altitude of its orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: The satellite was originally designated A-1, as the French Army's first satellite

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: France became the sixth country to have an artificial satellite in orbit

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: high altitude

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earth's north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Astérix

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Astérix

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Astérix

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: San Marco 1, 1964

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Astérix

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Explorer

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: relatively high altitude

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: artificial satellite

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Sputnik

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: San Marco

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: the United States

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Astérix

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Astérix

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: altitude

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: SaTReC, which is located within the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), promotes the education and training of satellite engineers through research programs in satellite engineering, space science and remote sensing. In 1992, SaTReC developed and launched the first satellite of Korea, KITSAT-1, a scientific microsatellite. Since then, SaTReC continues to develop satellites with scientific and technology demonstration missions.

text: SaTReC, which is located within the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), promotes the education and training of satellite engineers through research programs in satellite engineering, space science and remote sensing. In 1992, SaTReC developed and launched the first satellite of Korea, KITSAT-1, a scientific microsatellite. Since then, SaTReC continues to develop satellites with scientific and technology demonstration missions.

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

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answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: space science

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: science and technology demonstration missions

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: KITSAT-1

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: SaTReC

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: KITSAT-1

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: KITSAT-1

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: KITSAT-1

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: SaTReC

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: SaTReC

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: SaTReC

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: microsatellite

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: (KAIST)

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: SaTReC

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: microsatellite

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: weather

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: remote sensing

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Attitude Control System (ACS) controls the dynamic behaviour of satellite like orientation and motion of satellite. In Swayam, the unique technique of Passive Magnetic Attitude Control System (PMACS) is implemented for the first time on an Indian satellite. The uniqueness of the technique is that it controls the orientation of satellite without any power consumption with reasonable accuracy for communication. It is the scientific mission of the Satellite to prove that PMACS is a robust and cost effective solution for attitude control.

text: Attitude Control System (ACS) controls the dynamic behaviour of satellite like orientation and motion of satellite. In Swayam, the unique technique of Passive Magnetic Attitude Control System (PMACS) is implemented for the first time on an Indian satellite. The uniqueness of the technique is that it controls the orientation of satellite without any power consumption with reasonable accuracy for communication. It is the scientific mission of the Satellite to prove that PMACS is a robust and cost effective solution for attitude control.

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answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/93bffacf2474b4835c96b73d9bff54ef

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answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/f1f22984e584c3283417524881c302ea

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: without any power consumption

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: PMACS is a robust and cost effective solution for attitude control

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: power consumption

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Attitude Control System

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: orientation

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Attitude Control System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west.

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Attitude Control System

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Swayam

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: GPS can only be done with a minimum of 4 satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole.

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: It is the scientific mission of the Satellite

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellite data

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: orientation

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Attitude

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Swayam

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Attitude Control

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: ACS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: ACS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: orientation and motion

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Swayam

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Attitude

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The signals use similar DSSS encoding and binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation as in GPS signals. All GLONASS satellites transmit the same code as their standard-precision signal; however each transmits on a different frequency using a 15-channel frequency division multiple access (FDMA) technique spanning either side from 1602.0 MHz, known as the L1 band. The center frequency is 1602 MHz + n × 0.5625 MHz, where n is a satellite's frequency channel number (n=−7,−6,−5,...0,...,6, previously n=0,...,13). Signals are transmitted in a 38° cone, using right-hand circular polarization, at an EIRP between 25 and 27 dBW (316 to 500 watts).  Note that the 24-satellite constellation is accommodated with only 15 channels by using identical frequency channels to support antipodal (opposite side of planet in orbit) satellite pairs, as these satellites are never both in view of an earth-based user at the same time.

text: The signals use similar

text: DSSS

text: encoding and

text: binary phase-shift keying

text: (BPSK) modulation as in GPS signals. All GLONASS satellites transmit the same code as their standard-precision signal; however each transmits on a different frequency using a 15-channel

text: frequency division multiple access

text: (FDMA) technique spanning either side from 1602.0

text: MHz

text: , known as the L1 band. The center frequency is 1602 MHz + n × 0.5625 MHz, where n is a satellite's frequency channel number (n=−7,−6,−5,...0,...,6, previously n=0,...,13). Signals are transmitted in a 38° cone, using right-hand

text: circular polarization

text: , at an

text: EIRP

text: between 25 and 27

text: dBW

text: (316 to 500 watts).  Note that the 24-satellite constellation is accommodated with only 15 channels by using identical frequency channels to support

text: antipodal

text: (opposite side of planet in orbit) satellite pairs, as these satellites are never both in view of an earth-based user at the same time.

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: All GLONASS satellites transmit the same code as their standard-precision signal

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GLONASS satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 24-satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GLONASS satellites

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Earth-based user at the same time

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Earth-based user

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: planet

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 1602.0 MHz

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: GLONASS

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In database systems and transaction processing (transaction management) distributed concurrency control refers primarily to the concurrency control of a distributed database. It also refers to the concurrency control in a multidatabase (and other multi-transactional object) environment (e.g., federated database, grid computing, and cloud computing environments. A major goal for distributed concurrency control is distributed serializability (or global serializability for multidatabase systems). Distributed concurrency control poses special challenges beyond centralized one, primarily due to communication and computer latency. It often requires special techniques, like distributed lock manager over fast computer networks with low latency, like switched fabric (e.g., InfiniBand). commitment ordering (or commit ordering) is a general serializability technique that achieves distributed serializability (and global serializability in particular) effectively on a large scale, without concurrency control information distribution (e.g., local precedence relations, locks, timestamps, or tickets), and thus without performance penalties that are typical to other serializability techniques (Raz 1992).

text: In

text: database systems

text: and

text: transaction processing

text: (transaction management) distributed concurrency control refers primarily to the concurrency control of a

text: distributed database

text: . It also refers to the concurrency control in a multidatabase (and other multi-

text: transactional object

text: ) environment (e.g.,

text: federated database

text: grid computing

text: , and

text: cloud computing

text: environments. A major goal for distributed concurrency control is distributed

text: serializability

text: (or

text: global serializability

text: for multidatabase systems). Distributed concurrency control poses special challenges beyond centralized one, primarily due to communication and computer

text: latency

text: . It often requires special techniques, like

text: distributed lock manager

text: over fast

text: computer network

text: s with low latency, like

text: switched fabric

text: (e.g.,

text: InfiniBand

text: commitment ordering

text: (or commit ordering) is a general serializability technique that achieves distributed serializability (and global serializability in particular) effectively on a large scale, without concurrency control information distribution (e.g., local precedence relations, locks, timestamps, or tickets), and thus without performance penalties that are typical to other serializability techniques (

text: Raz 1992

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: low latency

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: InfiniBand

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: local precedence relations

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: low latency

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: distributed concurrency control

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be used to track hurricanes

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: InfiniBand

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: InfiniBand

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: InfiniBand

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: InfiniBand

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Distributed concurrency control

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: distributed concurrency control

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: global serializability

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global serializability

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: local precedence relations

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Infiniband

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: InfiniBand

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: grid computing

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: InfiniBand

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: InfiniBand

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: InfiniBand

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: global serializability

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: distributed concurrency control

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: InfiniBand

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: InfiniBand

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: latency

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Due to later problems with Vanguard it was not the first rocket to into orbit an unmanned  satellite. The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergey Korolyov in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.The USA responded by launching the Vanguard rocket, that was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead, the Sputnik crisis caused by the surprise launch of Sputnik 1 led the U.S., after the failure of Vanguard TV3, to quickly orbit the Explorer 1 satellite using a Juno I rocket launched on January 31, 1958. Thus Vanguard I was the second successful U.S. orbital launch. Thus started the space race, that gave the drive to put men on the moon with the USA's Apollo program.

text: Due to later problems with Vanguard it was not the first rocket to into orbit an unmanned

text: satellite

text: . The first

text: small-lift launch vehicle

text: was the

text: Sputnik

text: rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned

text: orbit

text: al

text: carrier rocket

text: designed by

text: Sergey Korolyov

text: in the Soviet Union, derived from the

text: R-7 Semyorka

text: ICBM

text: . On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing

text: Sputnik 1

text: satellite into a

text: low Earth orbit

text: .The USA responded by launching the

text: Vanguard rocket

text: , that was intended to be the first launch vehicle the

text: United States

text: would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead, the

text: Sputnik crisis

text: caused by the surprise launch of

text: Sputnik 1

text: led the U.S., after the failure of

text: Vanguard TV3

text: , to quickly orbit the

text: Explorer 1

text: satellite using a

text: Juno I

text: rocket launched on January 31, 1958. Thus

text: Vanguard I

text: was the second successful U.S. orbital launch. Thus started the space race, that gave the drive to put men on the

text: moon

text: with the USA's

text: Apollo program

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answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

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answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

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answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: unmanned

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: unmanned

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Sputnik 1 satellite

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Sputnik 1 satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Sputnik 1

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Lines of latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Apollo program

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Sputnik

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Sputnik

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: the USA's Apollo program

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Explorer 1 satellite

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the American satellite-based system for positioning and navigation. Receivers on or near the earth's surface can determine their locations based on signals received from any four or more of the satellites in the network.

text: The

text: Global Positioning System

text: (GPS) is the American satellite-based system for positioning and navigation. Receivers on or near the earth's surface can determine their locations based on signals received from any four or more of the satellites in the network.

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answers: 3

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answers: 5

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: receivers on or near the earth's surface

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: four or more

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: signals

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Receivers

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: network

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 4 or more

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: signals

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: four

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: signals

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Technological advances used for the fishing industry are comparable to that of modern warfare. Systems of satellite technology such as Global Positioning System are used near the surface of the water and sonars with advanced echolocation are used under the water. Boats have improved engines, nets, and lines. Computers can plot fish underwater, specify its quantity, and map it with a three-dimensional image.

text: Technological advances used for the fishing industry are comparable to that of modern warfare. Systems of satellite technology such as

text: Global Positioning System

text: are used near the surface of the water and sonars with advanced echolocation are used under the water. Boats have improved engines, nets, and lines. Computers can plot fish underwater, specify its quantity, and map it with a three-dimensional image.

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answers: 3

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: sonars with advanced echolocation

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: three-dimensional image

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellite technology

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Satellite technology

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Satellite technology

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: the higher above Earth that a satellite orbits the smaller the view it is able to see

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellite technology

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: three-dimensional

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Computers

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: global temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Global Positioning System receivers determine one's position on the surface of the Earth by trilateration of microwave signals from satellites orbiting at an altitude of 20,200 km. Tracks of a journey can automatically be recorded into the GPS receiver's memory and can subsequently be downloaded onto an electronic computer as a basis for drawing, sculpture or animation.  This journey may be on the surface (e.g. walking) or taken in 3D (e.g. while flying).

text: Global Positioning System

text: receivers determine one's

text: position

text: on the surface of the

text: Earth

text: by

text: trilateration

text: of

text: microwave

text: signals

text: from

text: satellite

text: s

text: orbit

text: ing at an

text: altitude

text: of 20,200 km. Tracks of a journey can automatically be recorded into the

text: GPS

text: receiver's

text: memory

text: and can subsequently be

text: download

text: ed onto an

text: electronic computer

text: as a basis for drawing,

text: sculpture

text: or

text: animation

text: .  This journey may be on the surface (e.g. walking) or taken in

text: (e.g. while flying).

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answers: 5

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: altitude of 20,200

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: while flying

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: determine one's position

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: can subsequently be downloaded onto an electronic computer

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: altitude of 20,200 km

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: trilateration

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: trilateration of microwave signals

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS receiver

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: the Earth

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answers: 20,200 km

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

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answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: an electronic computer

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: altitude

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Another aspect to the CRN is the DDN. The Digital Delivery Network works alongside the CRN satellite feed through online applications. A radio station can select its preferred programs on the DDN website and the stations’ DDN-enabled computer will automatically record the selected programs.  Three months worth of current music content in a variety of genres is also made available for stations to use.

text: Another aspect to the CRN is the DDN. The Digital Delivery Network works alongside the CRN satellite feed through

text: online

text: applications. A radio station can select its preferred programs on the DDN

text: website

text: and the stations’ DDN-enabled computer will automatically record the selected programs.  Three months worth of current music content in a variety of genres is also made available for stations to use.

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answers: 2

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: record the selected programs

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: DDN

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: The Digital Delivery Network

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: The Digital Delivery Network

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: DDN

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: DDN

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellite feed

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: DDN

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: DDN

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: DDN

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: CRN

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: A radio station

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: DDN

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: CRN

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: US-K are the first generation of Oko satellites, the first of which was launched in 1972. The vast majority of the satellites launched (86 out of 100 as of March 2012 ) have been US-K satellites in molniya orbits. Seven first generation satellites were launched into geosynchronous orbits, called US-KS, starting in 1975. A decree of 3 September 1979 led to the creation of the second generation satellites US-KMO which had their first launch in 1991. In total, 101 satellites have been launched.

text: US-K are the first generation of Oko satellites, the first of which was launched in 1972. The vast majority of the satellites launched (86 out of 100 as of March 2012 ) have been US-K satellites in

text: molniya orbit

text: s. Seven first generation satellites were launched into

text: geosynchronous orbit

text: s, called

text: US-KS

text: , starting in 1975. A decree of 3 September 1979 led to the creation of the second generation satellites

text: US-KMO

text: which had their first launch in 1991. In total,

text: 101 satellites have been launched

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answers: US-KS

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: US-K

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: US-K are the first generation of Oko satellites

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: geosynchronous orbits

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Oko satellites

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: molniya orbits

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: US-K

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: US-K

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: molniya

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: molniya orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: US-K

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: US-K

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: US-KMO

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geosynchronous orbits

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: US-K

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: US-K

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: US-K

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Oko

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geosynchronous orbits

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Oko

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Oko

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Oko

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: geosynchronous orbits

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: US-K

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: satellites

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: PSLV-C6 carried and deployed two Indian satellites, Cartosat-1 (a.k.a. IRS-P5) and HAMSAT into the Sun-synchronous orbit. Built by ISRO, Cartosat-1 was a stereoscopic remote sensing satellite and first of the Cartosat series of satellites. HAMSAT was a microsatellite, built for providing satellite based amateur radio satellite to the national as well as the international community of amateur radio operators (HAM).

text: PSLV-C6 carried and deployed two Indian satellites,

text: (a.k.a. IRS-P5) and

text: HAMSAT

text: into the

text: Sun-synchronous orbit

text: . Built by

text: ISRO

text: , Cartosat-1 was a stereoscopic

text: remote sensing satellite

text: and first of the

text: Cartosat

text: series of satellites. HAMSAT was a

text: microsatellite

text: , built for providing satellite based

text: amateur radio satellite

text: to the national as well as the international community of

text: amateur radio operator

text: s (HAM).

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Sun-synchronous

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite based amateur radio

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Cartosat-1

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Cartosat

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Sun-synchronous

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: HAMSAT

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: IRS-P5

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Sun-synchronous

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: IRS-P5

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Cartosat-1

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Cartosat-1

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: IRS-P5

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: IRS-P5

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: ISRO

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Cartosat series

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: HAMSAT

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Sun-synchronous

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: IRS-P5

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Sun-synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Cartosat

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: HAMSAT

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Cartosat

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: remote sensing

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Communications satellites are used for military communications applications, such as Global Command and Control Systems. Examples of military systems that use communication satellites are the MILSTAR, the DSCS, and the FLTSATCOM of the United States, NATO satellites, United Kingdom satellites (for instance Skynet), and satellites of the former Soviet Union. India has launched its first Military Communication satellite GSAT-7, its transponders operate in UHF, F, C and  bands. Typically military satellites operate in the UHF, SHF (also known as X-band) or EHF (also known as K band) frequency bands.

text: Communications satellites are used for

text: military communications

text: applications, such as

text: Global Command and Control System

text: s. Examples of military systems that use communication satellites are the

text: MILSTAR

text: , the

text: DSCS

text: , and the

text: FLTSATCOM

text: of the United States,

text: NATO

text: satellites,

text: United Kingdom

text: satellites (for instance

text: Skynet

text: ), and satellites of the former

text: Soviet Union

text: . India has launched its first Military Communication satellite

text: , its transponders operate in

text: UHF

text: F

text: C

text: and  bands. Typically military satellites operate in the

text: UHF

text: SHF

text: (also known as

text: X-band

text: ) or

text: EHF

text: (also known as

text: K band

text: ) frequency bands.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: for military communications applications

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Military Communication satellite GSAT-7

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Global Command and Control

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Skynet

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Communications satellites are used for military communications applications

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: The former Soviet Union

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Some weather satellites have geostationary orbits.

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: GSAT-7

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole.

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Command and Control Systems

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GSAT-7

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Skynet

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: SHF (also known as X-band) or EHF

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites can help you locate your precise position on Earths surface

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Global Command and Control Systems

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: MILSTAR

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: K band

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Command and Control

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: transponders

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: K band

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Skynet

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Command and Control Systems

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Global Command and Control

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: UHF

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: frequency bands

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Tromsø Satellite Station (, TSS), until 1988 known as Tromsø Telemetry Station (), is a satellite earth station located in Tromsø, Norway. The facility is owned by Kongsberg Satellite Services (KSAT), a joint venture between the Kongsberg Group and the Norwegian Space Centre (NSC). In addition to hosting its own antennas serving thirty satellites, TSS acts as the center-point of KSAT's operations and provides backbone services for the high Arctic Svalbard Satellite Station (SvalSat) and the Antarctic Troll Satellite Station (TrollSat).

text: Tromsø Satellite Station (, TSS), until 1988 known as Tromsø Telemetry Station (), is a

text: satellite earth station

text: located in

text: Tromsø

text: Norway

text: . The facility is owned by

text: Kongsberg Satellite Services

text: (KSAT), a joint venture between the

text: Kongsberg Group

text: and the

text: Norwegian Space Centre

text: (NSC). In addition to hosting its own antennas serving thirty satellites, TSS acts as the center-point of KSAT's operations and provides backbone services for the high Arctic

text: Svalbard Satellite Station

text: (SvalSat) and the Antarctic

text: Troll Satellite Station

text: (TrollSat).

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

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answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

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answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: earth station

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Troms Satellite Station

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Troms Telemetry Station

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Telemetry

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Troms Satellite Station

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Troms Satellite Station

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: Polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Troms Satellite

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: thirty satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Earth station

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Troms Satellite Station

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Troms Satellite Station

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Troms Satellite Station

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NSC

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: high Arctic

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth station

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Earth station

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: backbone services

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Troms

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Kongsberg Satellite Services

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Telemetry

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: thirty satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite earth station

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: CUTE-1.7 + APD (Cubical Tokyo Tech Engineering satellite 1.7) or CO-56 (Cubesat-Oscar-56) is an amateur radio satellite in the form of a double CubeSat.  The satellite uses commercial off-the-shelf components extensively, in particular, using the Hitachi NPD-20JWL PDA as a control computer, and using a USB hub for sensor communications.  At the end of its mission, the satellite will deploy an electrodynamic tether to help it deorbit. It was launched on February 21 2006 on board a Japanese launcher M-V.

text: CUTE-1.7 + APD (Cubical Tokyo Tech Engineering satellite 1.7) or CO-56 (Cubesat-

text: Oscar

text: -56) is an

text: amateur radio satellite

text: in the form of a double

text: CubeSat

text: .  The satellite uses

text: commercial off-the-shelf

text: components extensively, in particular, using the

text: Hitachi

text: PDA

text: as a control computer, and using a

text: USB hub

text: for sensor communications.  At the end of its mission, the satellite will deploy an

text: electrodynamic tether

text: to help it deorbit. It was launched on February 21 2006 on board a Japanese launcher

text: M-V

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answers: NDQ_001633

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite will deploy an electrodynamic tether to help it deorbit

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: amateur radio

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: uses commercial off-the-shelf components extensively

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: deploy an electrodynamic tether

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Hitachi NPD-20JWL PDA

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: The satellite uses commercial off-the-shelf components extensively

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It was launched on February 21 2006

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: amateur radio

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: CUTE-1.7 + APD

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: double CubeSat

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: CUTE-1.7 + APD

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Hitachi NPD-20JWL PDA

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellite will deploy an electrodynamic tether to help it deorbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites can help you locate your precise position on Earths surface

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The satellite will deploy an electrodynamic tether

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: USB hub for sensor communications

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: CubeSat

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: CubeSat

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: radio

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: deorbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: sensor communications

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Engineering

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: sensor communications

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: amateur radio satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: CubeSat

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: CO-56

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Once the GM goal had been reached, the satellite still had a useful life.  An opportunity existed to observe the next order physical process that affects the ocean surface.  Currents, tides and wind forcing all create changes in water levels.  While there are extreme waves and events (tsunamis and hurricane surge), typical ocean features would be considered large if the water level change caused by them were 1 m.  Most areas of the world experience features of typical amplitude of 20 cm.  The ERM established the satellite in an exact repeat orbit.  The satellite would orbit the Earth, and after 17.05 days the satellite would return to the same point.  The satellite was actively controlled through thrust maneuvers to maintain the exact repeat orbit to within 1 km of the predefined ground track.  In this manner, the satellite could observe long term changes at the points along the ground track.

text: Once the GM goal had been reached, the satellite still had a useful life.  An opportunity existed to observe the next order physical process that affects the ocean surface.

text: Currents

text: tide

text: s and wind forcing all create changes in water levels.  While there are extreme waves and events (

text: tsunami

text: s and

text: hurricane surge

text: ), typical ocean features would be considered large if the water level change caused by them were 1 m.  Most areas of the world experience features of typical amplitude of 20 cm.  The ERM established the satellite in an exact repeat orbit.  The satellite would orbit the Earth, and after 17.05 days the satellite would return to the same point.  The satellite was actively controlled through thrust maneuvers to maintain the exact repeat orbit to within 1 km of the predefined

text: ground track

text: .  In this manner, the satellite could observe long term changes at the points along the ground track.

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answers: 0

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answers: 1

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 1

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: exact repeat orbit

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: to observe long term changes at the points along the ground track

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite could observe long term changes at the points along the ground track

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: maintain the exact repeat orbit to within 1 km of the predefined ground track

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: ground track

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Currents, tides and wind forcing

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits the Earth

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbit to within 1 km of the predefined ground track

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: satellite could observe long term changes

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: It can only be done with a minimum of 4 satellites.

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbit to within 1 km of the predefined ground track

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: The satellite was actively controlled

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: satellite could observe long term changes at the points along the ground track

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The satellite was actively controlled through thrust maneuvers to maintain the exact repeat orbit

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: orbit to within 1 km

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: the satellite could observe long term changes at the points along the ground track

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: ground track

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: ground track

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: exact repeat

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: The ERM

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: ground track

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: exact repeat orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: ERM

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: long term changes

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 1 km

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: ERM

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: long term changes

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 1 km

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: ERM

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: water levels

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The HF-2E Block I missile uses inertial guidance with Global Positioning System (GPS) and TERCOM updates. For terminal guidance, it uses infrared homing (Imaging infrared) with an autonomous digital target recognition system. The IIR terminal seeker is used for target acquisition and to positively identify an optimal aim point. The target image is then compared against digitized files in the memory of the on-board guidance computer (DSMAC terminal guidance). The HF-2E block I missile's cruising speed is high subsonic, typically in the  range. When the missile approaches hostile territory, it would descend to an altitude of about . On its final approach to its target, the missile would climb up to avoid any physical barriers and to allow its IIR seeker to acquire the target and identify an optimal aim point before plunging down onto the designated impact point. The report in Taiwan Defense Review, credited the HF-2E block I missile with a pre-terminal accuracy of around 15 m.

text: The HF-2E Block I missile uses

text: inertial guidance

text: with

text: Global Positioning System

text: (GPS) and

text: TERCOM

text: updates. For

text: terminal guidance

text: , it uses

text: infrared homing

text: Imaging infrared

text: ) with an autonomous digital target recognition system. The IIR terminal seeker is used for target acquisition and to positively identify an optimal aim point. The target image is then compared against digitized files in the memory of the on-board guidance computer (

text: DSMAC

text: terminal guidance). The HF-2E block I missile's cruising speed is high subsonic, typically in the  range. When the missile approaches hostile territory, it would descend to an altitude of about . On its final approach to its target, the missile would climb up to avoid any physical barriers and to allow its IIR seeker to acquire the target and identify an optimal aim point before plunging down onto the designated impact point. The report in Taiwan Defense Review, credited the HF-2E block I missile with a pre-terminal accuracy of around 15 m.

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: altitude of

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: TERCOM updates

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: digitized files

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: satellites orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Global Positioning System (GPS)

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Spacecraft

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Taiwan Defense Review

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: global positioning system

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: hostile territory

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: TERCOM updates

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: altitude

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An anomaly occurred during the second burn of the Briz-M upper stage. As a result, the satellite failed to reach the planned orbit. The Russian commission investigating the anomaly determined the cause to be a rupture of the gas duct between the gas generator and the propellant pump turbine in the Briz M main engine, which caused the upper stage engine to shut down two minutes early.  AMC-14 was the 36th A2100 spacecraft and was expected to provide more than 15 years of service life. SES and Lockheed Martin explored ways to attempt to bring the functioning satellite into its correct orbital position, and subsequently began attempting to move the satellite into geosynchronous orbit by means of a lunar flyby (as done a decade earlier with HGS-1). In April 2008, it was announced that this had been abandoned after it was discovered that Boeing held a patent on the trajectory that would be required.  At the time, a lawsuit was ongoing between SES and Boeing, and Boeing refused to allow the trajectory to be used unless SES dropped its case. Another company had expressed interest in purchasing the satellite, however SES began procedures to expedite the satellite's immediate de-orbit. While it is expected that the patent would not stand up to legal challenge, SES intend to de-orbit the spacecraft in order to collect the insurance payout. If this attempt had been successful, the extra use of fuel needed to correct the orbital error would have significantly reduced AMC-14's originally expected service life of 15 years to just four.

text: An anomaly occurred during the second burn of the Briz-M

text: upper stage

text: . As a result, the satellite failed to reach the planned orbit. The Russian commission investigating the anomaly determined the cause to be a rupture of the gas duct between the gas generator and the propellant pump turbine in the Briz M main engine, which caused the upper stage engine to shut down two minutes early.  AMC-14 was the 36th A2100 spacecraft and was expected to provide more than 15 years of service life. SES and

text: Lockheed Martin

text: explored ways to attempt to bring the functioning satellite into its correct orbital position, and subsequently began attempting to move the satellite into geosynchronous orbit by means of a lunar flyby (as done a decade earlier with

text: ). In April 2008, it was announced that this had been abandoned after it was discovered that

text: Boeing

text: held a patent on the trajectory that would be required.  At the time, a lawsuit was ongoing between SES and Boeing, and Boeing refused to allow the trajectory to be used unless SES dropped its case. Another company had expressed interest in purchasing the satellite, however SES began procedures to expedite the satellite's immediate de-orbit. While it is expected that the patent would not stand up to legal challenge, SES intend to de-orbit the spacecraft in order to collect the insurance payout. If this attempt had been successful, the extra use of fuel needed to correct the orbital error would have significantly reduced AMC-14's originally expected service life of 15 years to just four.

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answers: NDQ_001635

answers: HGS-1

answers: NDQ_001637

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answers: NDQ_001638

answers: to attempt to bring the functioning satellite into its correct orbital position

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: orbital position

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellite failed to reach the planned orbit

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: The satellite failed to reach the planned orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: service life of 15 years to just four

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: The satellite failed to reach the planned orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: It is expected that the patent would not stand up to legal challenge

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellite images

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: the higher above Earth that a satellite orbits

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: orbital position

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Lockheed Martin

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Moon

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: NDQ_001670

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answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: SES

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: An anomaly occurred during the second burn of the Briz-M upper stage

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: air temperature

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A satellite finder (or sat finder) is a satellite signal meter used to accurately point satellite dishes at communications satellites in geostationary orbit.

text: A satellite finder (or sat finder) is a

text: satellite

text: signal meter used to accurately point

text: satellite dish

text: es at communications satellites in

text: geostationary orbit

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answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

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answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: NDQ_001663

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answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

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answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: satellite signal

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: At the time of the fire there were four satellites in the constellation, all US-K in molniya orbits. The effect of the fire was that control was lost of the satellites for 12 hours. Satellites in molniya orbits need contact from the ground station every 2 or three orbits to maintain their orbital position. The fire caused the loss of four satellites - two satellites were lost immediately (Kosmos 2340 and Kosmos 2351) and two more (Kosmos 2368 and Kosmos 2342) within a year due to the negative effect on their orbits.

text: At the time of the fire there were four satellites in the constellation, all

text: US-K

text: in

text: molniya orbit

text: s. The effect of the fire was that control was lost of the satellites for 12 hours. Satellites in molniya orbits need contact from the ground station every 2 or three orbits to maintain their orbital position. The fire caused the loss of four satellites - two satellites were lost immediately (

text: Kosmos 2340

text: and

text: Kosmos 2351

text: ) and two more (

text: Kosmos 2368

text: and

text: Kosmos 2342

text: ) within a year due to the negative effect on their orbits.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: ground station

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: US-K

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: control was lost of the satellites for 12 hours

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: maintain their orbital position

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: satellites in molniya orbits

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites in molniya orbits

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbits

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: US-K

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: US-K

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: US-K in molniya orbits

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: The effect of the fire

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Satellites in molniya orbits

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellite images and satellite data

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: molniya orbits

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites in molniya orbits

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The effect of the fire

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: The effect of the fire

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: molniya

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: constellation

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: ground station

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbital position

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: US-K

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: the fire

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: orbital position

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: orbital position

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: ground station

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: ground station

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: orbital position

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Regional Positioning and Timing System (), shortly BKZS, is a space-based project of the Turkish Armed Forces on global positioning and time transfer by satellite navigation system.

text: The Regional Positioning and Timing System (), shortly BKZS, is a space-based project of the

text: Turkish Armed Forces

text: on

text: global positioning

text: and

text: time transfer

text: by

text: satellite navigation system

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text: Ocean surface topography is also used to understand how the ocean moves heat around the globe, a critical component of Earth's climate, and for monitoring changes in global sea level.  The sea surface height (SSH) is calculated through altimetry satellites, which determine the distance from the satellite to a target surface by measuring the satellite-to-surface round-trip time of a radar pulse. The satellites then measure the distance between their orbit altitude and the surface of the water.  Due to the differing depths of the ocean, an approximation is made. This is called the Arbitrary Reference Surface.  Arbitrary Reference Surface is an estimated surface that is calculated to factor in the shape of the Earth.  The general shape of the earth is spherical, but flattened out at the North and South Pole. This approximated surface is called the reference ellipsoid.  This enables data to be taken precisely due to the uniform surface level.  The satellite’s altitude then has to be calculated with respect to the reference ellipsoid.  It is calculated using the orbital parameters of the satellite and various positioning instruments.  The sea surface height is then the difference between the satellite’s altitude relative to the reference ellipsoid and the altimeter range.  The satellite sends microwave pulses to the ocean surface.  The travel time of the pulses ascending to the oceans surface and back provides data of the sea surface height. In the image below you can see the measurement system using by the satellite Jason-1.

text: Ocean surface topography is also used to understand how the ocean moves heat around the globe, a critical component of Earth's

text: climate

text: , and for monitoring changes in global

text: sea level

text: .  The sea surface height (SSH) is calculated through altimetry satellites, which determine the distance from the satellite to a target surface by measuring the satellite-to-surface round-trip time of a radar pulse. The satellites then measure the distance between their orbit altitude and the surface of the water.  Due to the differing depths of the ocean, an approximation is made. This is called the Arbitrary Reference Surface.  Arbitrary Reference Surface is an estimated surface that is calculated to factor in the shape of the Earth.  The general shape of the earth is spherical, but flattened out at the

text: North and South Pole

text: . This approximated surface is called the reference ellipsoid.  This enables data to be taken precisely due to the uniform surface level.  The satellite’s altitude then has to be calculated with respect to the reference ellipsoid.  It is calculated using the orbital parameters of the satellite and various positioning instruments.  The sea surface height is then the difference between the satellite’s altitude relative to the reference ellipsoid and the altimeter range.  The satellite sends microwave pulses to the ocean surface.  The travel time of the pulses ascending to the oceans surface and back provides data of the sea surface height. In the image below you can see the measurement system using by the satellite

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answers: It is calculated using the orbital parameters

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answers: The satellite sends microwave pulses to the ocean surface

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The satellite’s altitude then has to be calculated with respect to the reference ellipsoid

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: The satellites then measure the distance between their orbit altitude and the surface of the water

answers: NDQ_001661

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Jason-1

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answers: Jason-1

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The space segment of the TDRSS constellation is the most dynamic part of the system. Even with nine satellites on orbit, the system provides support with three primary satellites, while using the rest as on-orbit spares capable of immediate usage as primaries. The original TDRSS design had two primary satellites, designated TDE, for "east", and TDW, for "west" and one on-orbit spare. The surge in user requirements during the 1980s allowed NASA to expand the network with the addition of more satellites, with some being co-located in a particularly busy orbital slot. See Tracking and Data Relay Satellite for more details on the satellites.

text: The space segment of the TDRSS constellation is the most dynamic part of the system. Even with nine satellites on orbit, the system provides support with three primary satellites, while using the rest as on-orbit spares capable of immediate usage as primaries. The original TDRSS design had two primary satellites, designated TDE, for "east", and TDW, for "west" and one on-orbit spare. The surge in user requirements during the 1980s allowed NASA to expand the network with the addition of more satellites, with some being co-located in a particularly busy orbital slot. See

text: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite

text: for more details on the satellites.

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answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: The same launcher carried French and Spanish scientific satellites and four Essaim ("Swarm") experimental ELINT satellites

text: The same launcher carried French and Spanish scientific satellites and four

text: Essaim

text: ("Swarm") experimental ELINT satellites

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text: Global Positioning System units were relatively new at the time and were important in enabling coalition units to easily navigate across the desert. Since military GPS receivers were not available for most troops, many used commercially available units. To permit these to be used to best effect, the "selective availability" feature of the GPS system was turned off for the duration of Desert Storm, allowing these commercial receivers to provide the same precision as the military equipment.

text: Global Positioning System

text: units were relatively new at the time and were important in enabling coalition units to easily navigate across the desert. Since military GPS receivers were not available for most troops, many used commercially available units. To permit these to be used to best effect, the "selective availability" feature of the GPS system was turned off for the duration of Desert Storm, allowing these commercial receivers to provide the same precision as the military equipment.

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answer: Yes

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text: Many companies today utilize some type of satellite vehicle tracking or trailer tracking to assist in fleet management. In this context "tracking" refers to a location tracking and "satellite" refers either to a  GPS or GLONASS satellites system providing location information or communications satellites used for location data transmission. A special location tracking device also known as tracker or an AVL unit is installed on a truck and automatically determines its position in real-time and sends it to a remote computer database for visualizing and analysis.

text: Many companies today utilize some type of

text: satellite

text: vehicle tracking

text: or

text: trailer tracking

text: to assist in

text: fleet management

text: . In this context "tracking" refers to a

text: location tracking

text: and "satellite" refers either to a

text: GPS

text: or

text: GLONASS

text: satellites system providing location information or

text: communications satellite

text: s used for location data transmission. A special location tracking device also known as tracker or an

text: AVL unit

text: is installed on a truck and automatically determines its position in real-time and sends it to a remote computer database for visualizing and analysis.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: USA-258, also known as GPS IIF-8, GPS SVN-69 and NAVSTAR 72, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the eighth of twelve Block IIF satellites to be launched.

text: USA-258, also known as GPS IIF-8, GPS SVN-69 and NAVSTAR 72, is an

text: American

text: navigation satellite

text: which forms part of the

text: Global Positioning System

text: . It was the eighth of twelve

text: Block IIF

text: satellites to be launched.

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answers: global temperature

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Typically, OV satellites carried scientific or technological experiments.

text: Typically, OV satellites carried scientific or technological experiments.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

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text: A geosynchronous satellite is a satellite in geosynchronous orbit, with an orbital period the same as the Earth's rotation period. Such a satellite returns to the same position in the sky after each sidereal day, and over the course of a day traces out a path in the sky that is typically some form of analemma. A special case of geosynchronous satellite is the geostationary satellite, which has a geostationary orbit – a circular geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator. Another type of geosynchronous orbit used by satellites is the Tundra elliptical orbit.

text: A geosynchronous satellite is a

text: satellite

text: in

text: geosynchronous orbit

text: , with an orbital period the same as the Earth's rotation period. Such a satellite returns to the same position in the sky after each

text: sidereal day

text: , and over the course of a day traces out a path in the sky that is typically some form of

text: analemma

text: . A special case of geosynchronous satellite is the geostationary satellite, which has a

text: geostationary orbit

text: – a circular geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator. Another type of geosynchronous orbit used by satellites is the

text: Tundra elliptical orbit

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answers: orbital period the same as the Earth's rotation period

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the Earth's rotation period

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: returns to the same position in the sky after each sidereal day

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Analemma

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answers: Such a satellite returns to the same position in the sky

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth's equator

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answers: Geostationary

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answers: Geostationary satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: The Earth's equator

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

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answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The Earth's rotation period

answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Such a satellite returns to the same position in the sky after each sidereal day

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: line of latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: The Earth's equator

answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

answers: sidereal

answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: analemma

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: geostationary satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: analemma

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Traditional launch methods of satellites are too costly to put small payloads into orbit without a larger payload accompanying it to make the launch worth the expense.  Current launches of sub-100-pound satellites are performed as "piggyback payloads" on launches of much larger spacecraft, usually headed for geostationary orbit, and are released at the altitude of the primary payload.  In addition, range costs of operating from ground-based infrastructure have escalated as they have aged, accounting for up to 35 percent of the launch cost.  This restricts the number of light satellite launches to 10-12 per year, which could be increased if small payloads could be launched into space affordably and without ground range constraints.  Air-launching satellites was first seriously considered during the 1950s and 1960s, but small payloads in the 100-pound class at the time did not have effective capabilities, so the method was overlooked.  The first air-launched rocket to put a satellite into orbit was the Orbital Sciences Corporation Pegasus, which did it on 13 June 1990; however, it is currently deployed from a heavily modified and expensive Lockheed L-1011 airliner.  The ALASA program's objective is to use an unmodified aircraft platform (except for software) that does not have to be dedicated to the mission to place a 100 lb satellite into orbit that requires only 24 hours notice to integrate and launch the payload, with the ability to re-plan the launch in flight and relocate the aircraft to any civilian airport or military airfield in a crisis situation, while using onboard GPS/inertial position reporting rather than ground-based radar tracking.

text: Traditional launch methods of satellites are too costly to put small payloads into orbit without a larger payload accompanying it to make the launch worth the expense.  Current launches of sub-100-pound satellites are performed as "piggyback payloads" on launches of much larger spacecraft, usually headed for

text: geostationary orbit

text: , and are released at the altitude of the primary payload.  In addition, range costs of operating from ground-based infrastructure have escalated as they have aged, accounting for up to 35 percent of the launch cost.  This restricts the number of light satellite launches to 10-12 per year, which could be increased if small payloads could be launched into space affordably and without ground range constraints.  Air-launching satellites was first seriously considered during the 1950s and 1960s, but small payloads in the 100-pound class at the time did not have effective capabilities, so the method was overlooked.  The first air-launched rocket to put a satellite into orbit was the

text: Orbital Sciences Corporation

text: Pegasus

text: , which did it on 13 June 1990; however, it is currently deployed from a heavily modified and expensive

text: Lockheed L-1011

text: airliner.  The ALASA program's objective is to use an unmodified aircraft platform (except for software) that does not have to be dedicated to the mission to place a 100 lb satellite into orbit that requires only 24 hours notice to integrate and launch the payload, with the ability to re-plan the launch in flight and relocate the aircraft to any civilian airport or military airfield in a crisis situation, while using onboard

text: GPS

text: /inertial position reporting rather than ground-based radar tracking.

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answers: altitude of the primary payload

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: ALASA program's objective is to use an unmodified aircraft platform

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: ground-based

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: onboard GPS/inertial position reporting

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: ground-based radar tracking

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: ground-based radar tracking

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: usually headed for geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Larger payloads

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Geostationary

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: ground-based radar tracking

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: ground-based radar tracking

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GPS/inertial position reporting

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: ground-based radar tracking

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Orbital Sciences

answers: NDQ_001665

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answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: ALASA

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Orbital Sciences

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: ground-based radar tracking

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: ground-based

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: ALASA program

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: ground-based radar tracking

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: "Ionosat-Micro" scientific instrumentation set is installed on the satellite platform «Microsat-M»  designed by Yuzhnoye State Design Office to conduct scientific and technological experiments. Ideas for the satellite launching into orbit are processed.

text: "Ionosat-Micro" scientific instrumentation set is installed on the satellite platform «Microsat-M»  designed by Yuzhnoye State Design Office to conduct scientific and technological experiments. Ideas for the satellite launching into orbit are processed.

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answers: NDQ_001635

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answers: NDQ_001637

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answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Microsat-M

answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

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answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Microsat-M

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Microsat-M

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Ionosat-Micro

answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001661

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answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Micro

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: location

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: State Design Office

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Micro

answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Micro

answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Ionosat

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answers: NDQ_001675

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Yuzhnoye

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: USA-265, also known as GPS IIF-11, GPS SVN-73 and NAVSTAR 75, is an American navigation satellite which forms part of the Global Positioning System. It was the eleventh of twelve Block IIF satellites to be launched.

text: USA-265, also known as GPS IIF-11, GPS SVN-73 and NAVSTAR 75, is an

text: American

text: navigation satellite

text: which forms part of the

text: Global Positioning System

text: . It was the eleventh of twelve

text: Block IIF

text: satellites to be launched.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: GPS IIF-11

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Block IIF satellites to be launched

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: forms part

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: USA-265

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: NAVSTAR 75

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: twelve Block IIF satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GPS IIF-11

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Block IIF satellites

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Block IIF

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Navigation

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: USA-265

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: NAVSTAR 75

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: global temperature

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In Resident Evil: Extinction, five years after the incident of the Hive, the world has succumbed to the T-virus. Alice stays on the move to avoid capture by the Umbrella Corporation after she learned Umbrella could track her through satellites. She left the group to protect them, using the satellites trajectories to stay off the grid. On her travels she finds a journal detailing the possibility of Alaska as a sanctuary, isolated from the rest of the T-virus infested world. However, the Umbrella Corporation is utilizing the White Queen, a more advanced artificial intelligence computer that is able to find Alice. Early in the film, she uses her mental powers to save Claire Redfield's Convoy — the convoy which L.J. and Carlos have since joined. However, in doing so, the massive psionic activity produced by Alice is detected by the White Queen through their Umbrella satellites, and Isaacs is then made aware of her location. The leaders of the convoy decide to make the trip to Alaska, but first refuel in Las Vegas. Isaacs decides to go after Alice, defying orders from Umbrella Chairman Albert Wesker.

text: In Resident Evil: Extinction, five years after the incident of the Hive, the world has succumbed to the T-virus. Alice stays on the move to avoid capture by the Umbrella Corporation after she learned Umbrella could track her through satellites. She left the group to protect them, using the satellites trajectories to stay off the grid. On her travels she finds a journal detailing the possibility of Alaska as a sanctuary, isolated from the rest of the T-virus infested world. However, the Umbrella Corporation is utilizing the

text: White Queen

text: , a more advanced artificial intelligence computer that is able to find Alice. Early in the film, she uses her mental powers to save Claire Redfield's Convoy — the convoy which L.J. and Carlos have since joined. However, in doing so, the massive psionic activity produced by Alice is detected by the White Queen through their Umbrella satellites, and Isaacs is then made aware of her location. The leaders of the convoy decide to make the trip to Alaska, but first refuel in

text: Las Vegas

text: . Isaacs decides to go after Alice, defying orders from Umbrella Chairman Albert Wesker.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The SI-200 satellite bus was a model of satellite, based on the Malaysian RazakSAT, produced by the South Korean Satrec Initiative. The bus was suitable for small satellites where the accommodation of Earth observation or other scientific payloads is required, and was used on the Emirati remote sensing satellite DubaiSat-1 launched in 2009.

text: The SI-200

text: satellite bus

text: was a model of satellite, based on the

text: Malaysia

text: n

text: RazakSAT

text: , produced by the

text: South Korea

text: n

text: Satrec Initiative

text: . The bus was suitable for small satellites where the accommodation of

text: Earth observation

text: or other scientific payloads is required, and was used on the

text: Emirati

text: remote sensing

text: satellite

text: launched in 2009.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: No

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text: As of February 2016, 72 Global Positioning System navigation satellites have been launched; not all remain operational.  The minimum number of satellites for a full constellation is 24 operational 95% of the time; the current number exceeds this.  The target number is 33 and decommissioned reserves are available to maintain the numbers.

text: As of February 2016, 72

text: Global Positioning System

text: navigation satellites

text: have been launched; not all remain operational.  The minimum number of satellites for a full constellation is 24 operational 95% of the time; the current number exceeds this.  The target number is 33 and decommissioned reserves are available to maintain the numbers.

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answers: 95% of the time

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answers: The target number is 33

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answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The UNAVCO GAGE Facility provides access to several types of data that scientists use for quantifying the motions of rock, ice and water at or near the Earth’s surface. Geodetic GPS/GNSS Data (Global Navigation Satellite System / Global Positioning System Data), enable millimeter-scale surface motion measurements at discrete points. Geodetic Imaging Data are collected by a variety of different sensors deployed on satellites, aircraft, and on the ground, and provide high resolution terrain models and deformation measurements over areas of tens of meters to hundreds of square kilometers. Data collected from Strain and Seismic Borehole instruments measure the deformation at or near the surface of the Earth and measure rock physical properties in the vicinity of the installations. At many of the sites where geodetic measurements are made, Meteorological Data are also collected to aid in the processing of the geodetic data. Under the large EarthScope Plate Boundary Observatory, UNAVCO acquires, archives, and/or distributes a number of community data sets including GPS, strainmeter, borehole seismometer, tilt meter, and geodetic imaging with radar and lidar, as part of EarthScope’s Plate Boundary Observatory.

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answers: Geodetic Imaging Data

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answers: deformation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The ISO containers are secured for sea using normal ship’s tie-down points in any appropriate open space. The design also includes satellite communication antennas for connectivity to DISA’s Global Information Grid. This connectivity may also be provided via the ship’s organic satellite communications system. The demonstrator, which has been successfully tested, can easily be scaled larger when the mission requires it by adding more ISO containers of each type. In addition, the C2 architecture is sufficiently robust to support a large number of additional external users in other ship spaces (e.g., embarked unit spaces). The demonstrator can be installed on a designated ship of opportunity – including Navy, Military Sealift Command, Maritime Pre-Positioning Force Units, Coalition Force ships – or ashore. Since it is self-contained and easy to install/uninstall, it can be moved as needed among ships and installed wherever space and power are available.

text: The ISO containers are secured for sea using normal ship’s tie-down points in any appropriate open space. The design also includes satellite communication antennas for connectivity to DISA’s

text: Global Information Grid

text: . This connectivity may also be provided via the ship’s organic satellite communications system. The demonstrator, which has been successfully tested, can easily be scaled larger when the mission requires it by adding more ISO containers of each type. In addition, the C2 architecture is sufficiently robust to support a large number of additional external users in other ship spaces (e.g., embarked unit spaces). The demonstrator can be installed on a designated ship of opportunity – including Navy,

text: Military Sealift Command

text: , Maritime Pre-Positioning Force Units, Coalition Force ships – or ashore. Since it is self-contained and easy to install/uninstall, it can be moved as needed among ships and installed wherever space and power are available.

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answers: This connectivity may also be provided via the ship’s organic satellite communications system

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answers: ISO containers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: However, Red Tornado is still alive in the satellite's wreckage. In Justice League of America Annual Vol. 1, #3 (August 1985), he links with the still-functioning JLA computer to learn more about himself. A bolt of energy sends the wreckage down to Earth (where the Martian Manhunter finds Red Tornado's head), but Red Tornado sends his consciousness into a nearby S.T.A.R. Labs weather-control satellite. Gathering energy to give himself physical form, he uses the satellites to wreak havoc on Earth. The JLA destroys the satellites one by one, eventually freeing the now-corporeal Tornado Champion. Red Tornado tries to contacting Kathy Sutton with several electronic devices. The JLA brings her to Tornado Champion, who says that he now has the power to remake worlds. Kathy convinces him that he needs to be more human to be accepted. Although he seems to believe Kathy, an attack by Superman angers him and he heads off into the universe. The Crisis on Infinite Earths ends when the Spectre confronts the Anti-Monitor at the moment when Krona creates the multiverse; Darkseid and the Earth-Two Superman then destroy the weakened Anti-Monitor.

text: However, Red Tornado is still alive in the satellite's wreckage. In Justice League of America Annual Vol. 1, #3 (August 1985), he links with the still-functioning JLA computer to learn more about himself. A bolt of energy sends the wreckage down to Earth (where the

text: Martian Manhunter

text: finds Red Tornado's head), but Red Tornado sends his consciousness into a nearby

text: S.T.A.R. Labs

text: weather-control satellite. Gathering energy to give himself physical form, he uses the satellites to wreak havoc on Earth. The JLA destroys the satellites one by one, eventually freeing the now-corporeal Tornado Champion. Red Tornado tries to contacting Kathy Sutton with several electronic devices. The JLA brings her to Tornado Champion, who says that he now has the power to remake worlds. Kathy convinces him that he needs to be more human to be accepted. Although he seems to believe Kathy, an attack by Superman angers him and he heads off into the universe. The Crisis on Infinite Earths ends when the Spectre confronts the Anti-Monitor at the moment when Krona creates the multiverse;

text: Darkseid

text: and the

text: Earth-Two Superman

text: then destroy the weakened Anti-Monitor.

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answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Red Tornado is still alive

answers: NDQ_001638

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001646

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answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth-Two

answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: NDQ_001652

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answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_001654

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answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

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answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Weather-control satellite

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answers: NDQ_001660

answers: smaller the view

answers: NDQ_001661

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answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: NDQ_001663

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answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: NDQ_001665

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answers: NDQ_001666

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answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Weather-control satellite

answers: NDQ_001668

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answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Infinite

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Anti-Monitor

answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Weather-control satellite

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: energy

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: a satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Weather-control satellite

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ekspress AM4 was a communications satellite placed into the wrong orbit from a faulty Briz-M rocket stage. This satellite was to be part of the Ekspress series of geostationary communications satellites owned by Russian State Company for Satellite Communications. The satellite was de-orbited on 28 March 2012 into the Pacific Ocean, in spite of efforts of it being used for Antarctic broadband purposes.

text: Ekspress AM4 was a

text: communications satellite

text: placed into the wrong

text: orbit

text: from a faulty

text: Briz-M

text: rocket stage

text: . This satellite was to be part of the

text: Ekspress

text: series of

text: geostationary

text: communications satellites owned by

entity_name: Russian Satellite Communications Company

text: Russian State Company for Satellite Communications

text: . The satellite was

text: de-orbited

text: on 28 March 2012 into the Pacific Ocean, in spite of efforts of it being used for Antarctic

text: broadband

text: purposes.

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answers: NDQ_001675

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answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: communications satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Antarctic broadband purposes

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: The satellite was placed into the wrong orbit

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: The satellite was placed into the wrong orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Geostationary

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Ekspress AM4

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: The satellite was placed into the wrong orbit

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Antarctic broadband purposes

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Antarctic

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The low-rate picture transmission (LRPT) is a digital transmission system, intended to deliver images and data from an orbital weather satellite directly to end users via a VHF radio signal. It is used aboard polar-orbiting, near-Earth weather satellite programs such as MetOp and NPOESS.

text: The low-rate picture transmission (LRPT) is a digital transmission system, intended to deliver images and data from an orbital

text: weather satellite

text: directly to end users via a

text: VHF

text: radio signal. It is used aboard polar-orbiting, near-Earth weather satellite programs such as

text: MetOp

text: and

text: NPOESS

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answers: near-Earth

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: meteorological

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: VHF radio signal

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: images and data

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: polar-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: orbital weather satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: near-Earth

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: polar-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: MetOp

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Near-Earth

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: polar-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: data

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: MetOp

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: VHF

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: MetOp

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: near-Earth

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: MetOp

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: data

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: VHF

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: NPOESS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Typically, satellites have a roughly sinusoidal ground track.  A satellite with an orbital inclination between zero and ninety degrees is said to be in what is called a direct or prograde orbit, meaning that it orbits in the same direction as the Earth's rotation.  A satellite with an orbital inclination between 90° and 180° (or, equivalently, between -90° and 0°) is said to be in a retrograde orbit. (Direct orbits are by far the most common for artificial satellites, as the initial velocity imparted by the Earth's rotation at launch reduces the delta-v needed to achieve orbit.)

text: Typically, satellites have a roughly

text: sinusoidal

text: ground track.  A satellite with an orbital

text: inclination

text: between zero and ninety degrees is said to be in what is called a direct or

text: prograde orbit

text: , meaning that it orbits in the same direction as the Earth's rotation.  A satellite with an orbital inclination between 90° and 180° (or, equivalently, between -90° and 0°) is said to be in a

text: retrograde orbit

text: . (Direct orbits are by far the most common for artificial satellites, as the initial velocity imparted by the Earth's rotation at launch reduces the

text: delta-v

text: needed to achieve orbit.)

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 3

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellites have a roughly sinusoidal ground track

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: artificial

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellites have a roughly sinusoidal ground track

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: reduces the delta-v needed to achieve orbit

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellites have a roughly sinusoidal ground track

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: direct or prograde orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: satellites have a roughly sinusoidal ground track

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: satellites have a roughly sinusoidal ground track

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: satellites have a roughly sinusoidal ground track

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: retrograde orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbits in the same direction as the Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS stands for Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: It orbits in the same direction as the Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: direct or prograde

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: satellites can help you locate your precise position

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: ground track

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: ground track

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: retrograde

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: artificial

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: ground track

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: retrograde

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: zero and ninety degrees

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: ground track

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: artificial satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: inclination

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Part of an orbiting satellite's broadcast included its precise orbital data. In order to ensure accuracy, the US Naval Observatory (USNO) continuously observed the precise orbits of these satellites. As a satellite's orbit deviated, the USNO would send the updated information to the satellite. Subsequent broadcasts from an updated satellite would contain the most recent accurate information about its orbit.

text: Part of an orbiting satellite's broadcast included its precise orbital data. In order to ensure accuracy, the

text: US Naval Observatory (USNO)

text: continuously observed the precise orbits of these satellites. As a satellite's orbit deviated, the USNO would send the updated information to the satellite. Subsequent broadcasts from an updated satellite would contain the most recent accurate information about its orbit.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: One reason to study reversible universal models of computation such as the billiard-ball model is that they could theoretically lead to actual computer systems that consume very low quantities of energy. According to Landauer's principle, irreversible computational steps require a certain minimal amount of energy per step, but reversible steps can be performed with an amount of energy per step that is arbitrarily close to zero. However, in order to perform computation using less energy than Landauer's bound, it is not good enough for a cellular automaton to have a transition function that is globally reversible: what is required is that the local computation of the transition function also be done in a reversible way. For instance, reversible block cellular automata are always locally reversible: the behavior of each individual block involves the application of an invertible function with finitely many inputs and outputs.  were the first to ask whether every reversible cellular automaton has a locally reversible update rule.  showed that for one- and two-dimensional automata the answer is positive, and  showed that any reversible cellular automaton could be simulated by a (possibly different) locally reversible cellular automaton. However, the question of whether every reversible transition function is locally reversible remains open for dimensions higher than two.

text: One reason to study reversible universal models of computation such as the billiard-ball model is that they could theoretically lead to actual computer systems that consume very low quantities of energy. According to

text: Landauer's principle

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answers: energy per step that is arbitrarily close to zero

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: in order to perform computation using less energy than Landauer's bound

answers: NDQ_001637

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answers: NDQ_001641

answers: billiard-ball model

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: According to Landauer's principle, irreversible computational steps require a certain minimal amount of energy per step

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answers: NDQ_001651

answers: According to Landauer's principle, irreversible computational steps require a certain minimal amount of energy per step

answers: NDQ_001652

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answers: NDQ_001659

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answers: The question of whether every reversible transition function is locally reversible remains open

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In a federated database system or any other more loosely defined multidatabase system, which are typically distributed in a communication network, transactions span multiple and possibly Distributed databases. Enforcing global serializability in such system is problematic. Even if every local schedule of a single database is serializable, still, the global schedule of a whole system is not necessarily serializable. The massive communication exchanges of conflict information needed between databases to reach conflict serializability would lead to unacceptable performance, primarily due to computer and communication latency. The problem of achieving global serializability effectively had been characterized as open until the public disclosure of CO in 1991 by its inventor Yoav Raz (Raz 1991a; see also Global serializability).

text: In a

text: federated database system

text: or any other more loosely defined multidatabase system, which are typically distributed in a communication network, transactions span multiple and possibly

text: Distributed database

text: s. Enforcing

text: global serializability

text: in such system is problematic. Even if every local schedule of a single database is serializable, still, the global schedule of a whole system is not necessarily serializable. The massive communication exchanges of conflict information needed between databases to reach conflict serializability would lead to unacceptable performance, primarily due to computer and communication

text: latency

text: . The problem of achieving global serializability effectively had been characterized as

text: open

text: until the public disclosure of CO in 1991 by its

text: inventor

text: Yoav Raz

text: Raz 1991a

text: ; see also

text: Global serializability

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answers: It is not necessarily serializable

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answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Global serializability

answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001656

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answers: NDQ_001657

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answers: NDQ_001658

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answers: NDQ_001659

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answers: NDQ_001660

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answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: NDQ_001663

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answers: NDQ_001664

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answers: NDQ_001672

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answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Yoav Raz

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Global serializability

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: a satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Yoav Raz

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: global schedule

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The ground control segment determines the orbital position of satellites and transmits information to satellites in space to keep the GPS system operational and performing within specification.  The Operation Control Segment (OCS) currently serves as the control segment of record. It provides the operational capability that supports global GPS users and keeps the GPS system operational and performing within specification. OCS successfully replaced the legacy 1970’s-era mainframe computer at Schriever Air Force Base in September 2007. After installation, the system helped enable upgrades and provide a foundation for a new security architecture.

text: The

text: ground control segment

text: determines the orbital position of satellites and transmits information to satellites in space to keep the GPS system operational and performing within specification.  The Operation Control Segment (OCS) currently serves as the control segment of record. It provides the operational capability that supports global GPS users and keeps the GPS system operational and performing within specification. OCS successfully replaced the legacy 1970’s-era mainframe computer at Schriever Air Force Base in September 2007. After installation, the system helped enable upgrades and provide a foundation for a new security architecture.

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answers: 3

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: ground control segment

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: mainframe computer

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: transmits information to satellites in space

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: the orbital position

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbital position

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: orbital position

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: orbital position of satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 4 satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbital position

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: The ground control segment

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The ground control segment determines the orbital position

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: OCS

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites in space

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: position

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Air Force

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: global

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: OCS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: orbital position

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: OCS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: position

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The geo graveyard belt orbital regime is valuable as a storage and disposal location for derelict satellite space debris after their useful economic life is completed as geosynchronous communication satellites.  Artificial satellites are left in space because the economic cost of removing the debris would be high, and current public policy does not require nor incentivize rapid removal by the party that first inserted the debris in outer space and thus created a negative externality for others.One public policy proposal to deal with growing space debris is a "one-up/one-down" launch license policy for Earth orbits. Launch vehicle operators would have to pay the cost of debris mitigation. They would need to build the capability into their launch vehicle-robotic capture, navigation, mission duration extension, and substantial additional propellant – to be able to rendezvous with, capture and deorbit an existing derelict satellite from approximately the same orbital plane.

text: The geo graveyard belt orbital regime is valuable as a storage and disposal location for

text: derelict satellite

text: space debris

text: after their

text: useful economic life

text: is completed as geosynchronous

text: communication satellites

text: .  Artificial satellites are left in space because the economic cost of removing the debris would be high, and current

text: public policy

text: does not require nor

text: incentivize

text: rapid removal by the party that first inserted the debris in

text: outer space

text: and thus created a

text: negative externality

text: for others.One public policy proposal to deal with growing space debris is a "one-up/one-down"

text: launch license

text: policy for Earth orbits. Launch vehicle operators would have to pay the cost of debris mitigation. They would need to build the capability into their launch vehicle-robotic capture, navigation, mission duration extension, and substantial additional propellant – to be able to rendezvous with, capture and deorbit an existing derelict satellite from approximately the same orbital plane.

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: communication satellites

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Derelict satellites are left in space because the economic cost of removing the debris would be high

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: artificial satellites are left in space because the economic cost of removing the debris would be high

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: require nor incentivize rapid removal

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth orbits

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be used to track the paths of hurricanes

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: communication satellites

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: The geo graveyard belt orbital regime

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbital plane

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS stands for Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: It would need to build the capability

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The geo graveyard belt orbital regime

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: orbital plane

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Navigation

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Navigation

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Space debris

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: navigation

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: communication satellites

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Derelict satellite

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: robotic capture

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: greenhouse gases

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The satellite’s scientific payload includes an array of 12 instruments. Eight instruments were designed for registering electromagnetic radiation from the Sun in a wide range of spectrum from near electromagnetic waves to gamma-radiation, as well as solar neutrons. Two instruments were designed to detect charged particles such as protons and electrons.

text: The satellite’s scientific payload includes an array of 12 instruments. Eight instruments were designed for registering electromagnetic radiation from the Sun in a wide range of spectrum from near electromagnetic waves to gamma-radiation, as well as solar neutrons. Two instruments were designed to detect charged particles such as protons and electrons.

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answers: 5

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite’s scientific payload

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: to detect charged particles

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: solar neutrons

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: registering electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: The satellite’s scientific payload

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: solar neutrons

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: solar neutrons

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Eight instruments were designed for registering electromagnetic radiation from the Sun

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The satellite’s scientific payload

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: the higher above Earth that a satellite orbits the smaller the view

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: satellite’s scientific payload

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The satellite’s scientific payload

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: instruments

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: solar neutrons

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: The satellite’s scientific payload

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: satellite’s scientific payload

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: VALIS has been described as one node of an artificial satellite network originating from the star Sirius in the Canis Major constellation. According to Dick, the Earth satellite used "pink laser beams" to transfer information and project holograms on Earth and to facilitate communication between an extraterrestrial species and humanity. Dick claimed that VALIS used "disinhibiting stimuli" to communicate, using symbols to trigger recollection of intrinsic knowledge through the loss of amnesia, achieving gnosis.  Drawing directly from Platonism and Gnosticism, Dick wrote in his Exegesis: "We appear to be memory coils (DNA carriers capable of experience) in a computer-like thinking system which, although we have correctly recorded and stored thousands of years of experiential information, and each of us possesses somewhat different deposits from all the other life forms, there is a malfunction—a failure—of memory retrieval."

text: VALIS has been described as one node of an artificial

text: satellite

text: network originating from the star

text: Sirius

text: in the

text: Canis Major

text: constellation. According to Dick, the Earth satellite used "pink laser beams" to transfer information and project holograms on Earth and to facilitate communication between an extraterrestrial species and humanity. Dick claimed that VALIS used "disinhibiting stimuli" to communicate, using symbols to trigger

text: recollection

text: of

text: intrinsic knowledge

text: through the

text: loss of amnesia

text: , achieving

text: gnosis

text: .  Drawing directly from

text: Platonism

text: and

text: Gnosticism

text: , Dick wrote in his Exegesis: "We appear to be memory coils (DNA carriers capable of experience) in a computer-like thinking system which, although we have correctly recorded and stored thousands of years of experiential information, and each of us possesses somewhat different deposits from all the other life forms, there is a malfunction—a failure—of

text: memory retrieval

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answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

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answers: NDQ_001633

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

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answers: NDQ_001655

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answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

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answers: NDQ_001671

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Earth satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: artificial

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: VALIS used "pink laser beams"

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: project holograms on Earth

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: holograms

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: According to Dick

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Sirius

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Canis Major

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: artificial satellite network

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: artificial satellite network

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: pink laser beams

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: satellite network

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Sirius

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: constellation

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: VALIS

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Canis Major

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: satellite network

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Sirius

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth satellite

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: artificial satellite network

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Canis Major

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: VALIS

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: experiential information

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Sirius

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: VALIS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Satellite phones are usually issued with numbers with a special country calling code. For example, Inmarsat satellite phones are issued with code +870, while Global Mobile Satellite System providers, such as Iridium, issue numbers in country code +881 ("Global Mobile Satellite System") or +882 ("International Networks"). Some satellite phones are issued with ordinary phone numbers, such as Globalstar satellite phones issued with NANP telephone numbers.

text: Satellite phone

text: s are usually issued with numbers with a special country calling code. For example,

text: Inmarsat

text: satellite phones are issued with code +870, while

text: Global Mobile Satellite System

text: providers, such as

text: Iridium

text: , issue numbers in country code +881 ("Global Mobile Satellite System") or +882 ("International Networks"). Some satellite phones are issued with ordinary phone numbers, such as

text: Globalstar

text: satellite phones issued with NANP telephone numbers.

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: special country calling code

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Inmarsat

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite phones are usually issued with numbers with a special country calling code

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: special country calling code

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Satellite phones

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellite phones are usually issued with numbers with a special country calling code

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Inmarsat

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Global Mobile Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Mobile Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Some satellite phones are issued with ordinary phone numbers

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Inmarsat satellite phones

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellite phones are usually issued with numbers with a special country calling code

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: special country calling code

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: special country calling code

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: country calling code

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Mobile Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Mobile Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Inmarsat

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: satellite orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Iridium

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: special country calling code

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Inmarsat

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Inmarsat

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: satellite phones

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1962 the 1009 was part of a test of data communications using the Telstar satellite to link two 1401 computer systems.

text: In 1962 the 1009 was part of a test of data communications using the

text: Telstar

text: satellite to link two 1401 computer systems.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001675

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answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: test of data communications

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Telstar satellite

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: test

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Telstar

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellite to link two 1401 computer systems

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Telstar satellite

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Telstar

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Telstar satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Telstar satellite

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Telstar

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Telstar satellite

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 1401

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Telstar

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The Telstar satellite

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: data

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Telstar

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Telstar

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Telstar

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: data communications

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: the 1009

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Telstar

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: data

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Telstar

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In Brazil, VLI and ALL deployed a technology based on an onboard computer that uses satellite communication (Autotrac or Iridium satellite constellation), GPS positioning system and, when possible, GPRS or Radio communication. The control center sends licenses to the train and its computer supervises the train avoiding it to overspeed or to occupy an unauthorized block. It is simple and effective. Also is a relatively cheap solution since it doesn't need any signaling system implemented on the railway.

text: In Brazil,

text: VLI

text: and

text: ALL

text: deployed a technology based on an onboard computer that uses satellite communication (Autotrac or

text: Iridium satellite constellation

text: ), GPS positioning system and, when possible, GPRS or Radio communication. The control center sends licenses to the train and its computer supervises the train avoiding it to overspeed or to occupy an unauthorized block. It is simple and effective. Also is a relatively cheap solution since it doesn't need any signaling system implemented on the railway.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

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answers: NDQ_001641

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answers: NDQ_001651

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001653

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answers: 3

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: relatively cheap solution

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Iridium

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: GPRS or Radio

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: supervises the train

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GPS positioning system

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: satellite communication

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Iridium

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Iridium

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GPS positioning system

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellite constellation

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: constellation

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Autotrac

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GPRS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Brazil

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: VLI and ALL

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: GPS positioning

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: GPRS

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: VLI

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: VMS units principally rely on global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) such as GPS for position and time information. LORAN may be a backup or complementary technology. These transceivers transmit data to monitoring systems generally using a variety of communication technologies including terrestrial & satellite AIS and conventional satellite systems from Inmarsat, Iridium, Argos, ORBCOMM or Qualcomm. Increasingly nations are implementing a mixture of technologies with the largest vessels over 60 tons being required to use the expensive traditional satellites and smaller vessels to use AIS.

text: VMS units principally rely on

text: global navigation satellite system

text: s (GNSS) such as

text: GPS

text: for position and time information. LORAN may be a backup or complementary technology. These transceivers transmit data to monitoring systems generally using a variety of communication technologies including terrestrial & satellite AIS and conventional satellite systems from

text: Inmarsat

text: Iridium

text: Argos

text: ORBCOMM

text: or

text: Qualcomm

text: . Increasingly nations are implementing a mixture of technologies with the largest vessels over 60 tons being required to use the expensive traditional satellites and smaller vessels to use AIS.

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 1

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 5

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: LORAN may be a backup or complementary technology

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: transmit data

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: global navigation satellite systems

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: (GNSS) such as GPS

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Inmarsat

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: global navigation satellite systems

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: global navigation satellite systems

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: AIS

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: AIS

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: traditional satellites

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: position and time information

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: position and time

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: ORBCOMM

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: global

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: AIS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: LORAN

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 60 tons

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: VMS

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: position and time

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: AIS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: AIS

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Global Navigation Satellite System or GNSS is the term for satellite navigation systems that provide positioning with global coverage. A GNSS allow small electronic receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude) to within a few metres using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites.  Receivers on the ground with a fixed position can also be used to calculate the precise time as a reference for scientific experiments.

text: Global Navigation Satellite System or GNSS is the term for satellite navigation systems that provide positioning with global coverage. A GNSS allow small

text: electronic

text: receivers to determine their location (

text: longitude

text: latitude

text: , and

text: altitude

text: ) to within a few metres using

text: time signal

text: s transmitted along a

text: line of sight

text: by

text: radio

text: from

text: satellite

text: s.  Receivers on the ground with a fixed position can also be used to calculate the precise time as a reference for scientific experiments.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9cb6fd71f99a9b47766269db32d43060

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/856a493a88d05f8c4c7384c53e90a40b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/c08b887101878f3264d8121ee9bb7355

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/93bffacf2474b4835c96b73d9bff54ef

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 1

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: fixed position

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the precise time as a reference for scientific experiments

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: provide positioning with global coverage

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Global Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: It orbits Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Global Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Global Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Global Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Global Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Global Navigation Satellite System or GNSS

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: global coverage

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: global

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Navigation Satellite System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: fixed position

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: scientific experiments

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: longitude, latitude, and altitude

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GNSS

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: GEO communications satellites <br>With its proprietary GEOStar-2 satellite platform, Orbital has become a leading supplier of 1.5 - 5.5 kilowatt Geosynchronous-Earth Orbit (GEO) communications satellites used to provide direct-to-home TV broadcasting, cable program distribution, business data network capacity, regional mobile communications and similar services. With its new GEOStar-3 satellite platform, Orbital is extending its capabilities with up to 8 kW of total satellite payload power. The list of Orbital built GeoStar satellites are provided next.

text: GEO communications satellites <br>With its proprietary

text: satellite platform, Orbital has become a leading supplier of 1.5 - 5.5 kilowatt

text: Geosynchronous-Earth Orbit

text: (GEO)

text: communications satellite

text: s used to provide direct-to-home TV broadcasting, cable program distribution, business data network capacity, regional mobile communications and similar services. With its new GEOStar-3 satellite platform, Orbital is extending its capabilities with up to 8 kW of total satellite

text: payload

text: power. The list of Orbital built GeoStar satellites are provided next.

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answers: NDQ_001676

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answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Earth Orbit

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GEO communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: GEO communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: payload power

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GEO communications satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Geosynchronous-Earth Orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GEO

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: GEOStar-2

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GEO

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: GEOStar-3

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: GEO

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GEOStar-2

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GEOStar-3

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: GEOStar-2 satellite platform

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: GEO

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: GEO

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: GEOStar-2 satellite platform

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Orbital

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth Orbit

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GEO

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Geosynchronous

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GEO

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth Orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: GEO

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 5.5 kilowatt

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: GEOStar-2

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Global Positioning System also broadcasts a very precise time signal worldwide, along with instructions for converting GPS time to UTC.  GPS-time is based on, and regularly synchronized with or from, UTC-time.

text: The

text: Global Positioning System

text: also broadcasts a very precise time signal worldwide, along with instructions for converting GPS time to UTC.  GPS-time is based on, and regularly synchronized with or from, UTC-time.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: very precise time signal

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: UTC-time

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: broadcasts a very precise time

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GPS-time

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: smaller the view it is able to see

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: UTC

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: UTC

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: GPS

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: UTC

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: The Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: precise time signal

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Global Positioning System

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: UTC

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Due to the difficulty in finding analytic solutions to most problems of interest, computer modeling and simulation is typically used to analyze orbital motion. Commercial software applications such as Satellite Tool Kit have been created for the specific purpose of simulating orbits and trajectories of spacecraft.

text: Due to the difficulty in finding analytic solutions to most problems of interest, computer

text: modeling and simulation

text: is typically used to analyze orbital motion. Commercial software applications such as

text: Satellite Tool Kit

text: have been created for the specific purpose of simulating orbits and trajectories of spacecraft.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: orbital motion

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: computer modeling and simulation

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: computer modeling and simulation

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: orbital motion

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbital motion

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: orbital motion

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: orbital motion

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Trajectories

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: orbital motion

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: orbital motion

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: orbital motion

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: orbital motion

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Satellite Tool Kit

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: orbital motion

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: For visualization on a modern computer screen the polar coordinates have to be converted into Cartesian coordinates. This process called radar scan conversion is presented with more detail in the next section.The second problem to solve arises from the fact that a radar system is placed in the real world and measures real world echo positions. These echoes have to be displayed together with other real world data like object positions, vector maps and satellite images in a consistent way. All this information refers to the curved earth surface but is dis-played on a flat computer display. Building a link from real world earth positions to dis-play pixels is commonly called geographical referencing or in short geo-referencing.Part of the geo-referencing process is to map the 3D earth surface onto a 2D display. This process of a geographical projection can be performed in many ways, but different data sources have their own ‘natural’ projection. E.g. Cartesian radar video data from a radar source on the earth surface are geo-referenced by a so-called radar projection. When using this radar projection the Cartesian radar video pixels can directly displayed on a computer screen (only being linearly transformed according to the current position on the screen and e.g. the current zoom level).A problem now arises if e.g. also a satellite map shall be shown together with the radar video data. The ‘natural’ geographical projection of a satellite image would be a satellite projection which depends on the satellite orbit, position and further parameters. Now either the satellite image has to be reprojected to a radar projection or the radar video has to use the satellite projection. This geographical re-projection is also called geographical warping or Geo Warping where each image pixel has to be transformed from one projection into another.This article describes in further detail the Geo Warping of radar video images in real time. It will also show that radar video Geo Warping is done most efficiently when it is integrated with the radar scan conversion process.

text: For visualization on a modern computer screen the

text: polar

text: coordinates have to be converted into

text: Cartesian

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answers: 0

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0397/5640bbd8d92fdb71e76aaac053b783cb

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/93bffacf2474b4835c96b73d9bff54ef

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite projection

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Satellite images

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: The ‘natural’ geographical projection

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: satellite images in a consistent way

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Geographical projection

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites can be used to track the paths of hurricanes

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Satellites orbit Earth from east to west.

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Satellite images have to be reprojected

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: It depends on the satellite orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: It can only be done with a minimum of 4 satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits are closer to Earth

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Satellites in polar orbits always remain over Earths north or south pole.

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The polar coordinates have to be converted into Cartesian coordinates

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Computers increase the accuracy of maps made from satellite images and satellite data.

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellite images in a consistent way

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites can help you locate your precise position on Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Lines of latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: vector maps and satellite images

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: radar

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: geo-referencing

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earths surface

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: satellite images

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: a satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Geo Warping

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: echo positions

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2012, the Defence Research and Development Organisation received a "miniaturised version" of the device with all the features from global positioning systems (GPS) and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). The module weighing just 17 gm, can be used in multiple platforms ranging from aircraft (e.g. winged or rotor-craft) to small boats, ships. Reportedly, it can also assist "survey applications". It is a cost-efficient device and can be of "tremendous" civilian use. The navigation output is composed of GPS, GLONASS and GPS+GLONASS position, speed and time data. According to a statement released by the DRDO, G3oM is a state-of-the-art technology receiver, integrating Indian GAGAN as well as both global positioning system and GLONASS systems.

text: In 2012, the

entity_name: Defence Research and Development Organisation

text: Defence Research and Development Organisation

text: received a "miniaturised version" of the device with all the features from

text: global positioning systems

text: (GPS) and

text: global navigation satellite systems

text: (GNSS). The module weighing just 17 gm, can be used in multiple platforms ranging from aircraft (e.g. winged or rotor-craft) to small boats, ships. Reportedly, it can also assist "survey applications". It is a cost-efficient device and can be of "tremendous" civilian use. The navigation output is composed of GPS, GLONASS and GPS+GLONASS position, speed and time data. According to a statement released by the DRDO, G3oM is a state-of-the-art technology receiver, integrating Indian GAGAN as well as both global positioning system and GLONASS systems.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Indian GAGAN

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: position, speed and time data

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: global positioning systems (GPS)

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: global positioning systems (GPS)

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: global positioning systems

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: position, speed and time data

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: GAGAN

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: GAGAN

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: global positioning systems

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: global positioning systems

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GLONASS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: GAGAN

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: (GNSS)

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Defence Research and Development Organisation

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: position, speed and time

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Indian GAGAN

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: global positioning systems

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The news station Satellite 5 is part of the Fourth Great and Bountiful Human Empire, and has five-hundred floors, along with floor 0.  Some of the upper floors are entirely abandoned due to the Editor keeping the Mighty Jagrafess of the Holy Hadrojassic Maxarodenfoe hidden. The people who work on Satellite 5 are marooned there forever, never allowed to leave. To work for Satellite 5, the people must have a computer chip inserted into their head so they can interact with the computers of the system. The reporters who travel around for Satellite 5 have all of the information partly stored in their heads until it is time to process.

text: The news station Satellite 5 is part of the Fourth Great and Bountiful Human Empire, and has five-hundred floors, along with floor 0.  Some of the upper floors are entirely abandoned due to

text: the Editor

text: keeping the

text: Mighty Jagrafess of the Holy Hadrojassic Maxarodenfoe

text: hidden. The people who work on Satellite 5 are marooned there forever, never allowed to leave. To work for Satellite 5, the people must have a computer chip inserted into their head so they can interact with the computers of the system. The reporters who travel around for Satellite 5 have all of the information partly stored in their heads until it is time to process.

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: never allowed to leave

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Satellite 5

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: The people who work on Satellite 5 are marooned there forever

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: a computer chip inserted into their head

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: the Fourth Great and Bountiful Human Empire

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit Earth from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Satellite 5

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Some of the upper floors are entirely abandoned

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: It can only be done with a minimum of 4 satellites.

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Satellites identify vegetation by the color of light it reflects

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The people who work on Satellite 5

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: smaller the view

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The people who work on Satellite 5 are marooned there forever

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: The Fourth Great and Bountiful Human Empire

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Satellite 5

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: computer chip

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: computer chip

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Satellite 5

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: satellite 5

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Satellite 5

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Satellite 5

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: temperature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: High-speed computers and sophisticated simulation software allow meteorologists to run computer models that forecast tropical cyclone tracks based on the future position and strength of high- and low-pressure systems.  Combining forecast models with increased understanding of the forces that act on tropical cyclones, and a wealth of data from Earth-orbiting satellites and other sensors, scientists have increased the accuracy of track forecasts over recent decades.  The addition of dropwindsonde missions around tropical cyclones in what are known as synoptic flow missions in the Atlantic Basin decreased track error by 15-20 percent. Using a consensus of forecast models, as well as ensemble members of the various models, can help reduce forecast error.  However, regardless how small the average error becomes, large errors within the guidance are still possible.  An accurate track forecast is important, because if the track forecast is incorrect, forecasts for intensity, rainfall, storm surge, and tornado threat will also be incorrect.

text: High-speed computers and sophisticated simulation software allow

text: meteorologist

text: s to run

text: computer models

text: that forecast tropical cyclone tracks based on the future position and strength of high- and low-pressure systems.  Combining forecast models with increased understanding of the forces that act on tropical cyclones, and a wealth of data from Earth-orbiting satellites and other sensors, scientists have increased the accuracy of track forecasts over recent decades.  The addition of

text: dropwindsonde

text: missions around tropical cyclones in what are known as synoptic flow missions in the Atlantic Basin decreased track error by 15-20 percent. Using a consensus of forecast models, as well as ensemble members of the various models, can help reduce forecast error.  However, regardless how small the average error becomes, large errors within the guidance are still possible.  An accurate track forecast is important, because if the track forecast is incorrect, forecasts for intensity, rainfall, storm surge, and tornado threat will also be incorrect.

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0397/6321aa6128f0beee20aa4f24447ac506

answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/d5e1d42c190de3225e979f301f681006

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/856a493a88d05f8c4c7384c53e90a40b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/c08b887101878f3264d8121ee9bb7355

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/93bffacf2474b4835c96b73d9bff54ef

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/f1f22984e584c3283417524881c302ea

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Earth-orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Earth-orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: tropical cyclone tracks

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Earth-orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbiting satellites

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Earth-orbiting satellite

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: High-speed computers and sophisticated simulation software

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: GPS receiver

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: data

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Earth orbiting

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Earth orbiting

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: sensors

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth-orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: satellites and other sensors

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: meteorologists

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Earth-orbiting satellites and other sensors

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellites and other sensors

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The constellation consists of 66 active satellites in orbit required for global coverage, and additional spare satellites to serve in case of failure. Satellites are in low Earth orbit at a height of approximately  and inclination of 86.4°. Orbital velocity of the satellites is approximately .  Satellites communicate with neighboring satellites via  inter-satellite links. Each satellite can have four inter-satellite links: two to neighbors fore and aft in the same orbital plane, and two to satellites in neighboring planes to either side. The satellites orbit from pole to same pole with an orbital period of roughly 100 minutes. This design means that there is excellent satellite visibility and service coverage even at the North and South poles. The over-the-pole orbital design produces "seams" where satellites in counter-rotating planes next to one another are traveling in opposite directions.  Cross-seam inter-satellite link hand-offs would have to happen very rapidly and cope with large Doppler shifts; therefore, Iridium supports inter-satellite links only between satellites orbiting in the same direction. The constellation of 66 active satellites has 6 orbital planes spaced 30 degrees apart, with 11 satellites in each plane (not counting spares). The original concept was to have 77 satellites, which is where the name Iridium came from, being the element with the atomic number 77 and the satellites evoking the Bohr model image of electrons orbiting around the Earth as its nucleus. This reduced set of 6 planes is sufficient to cover the entire Earth's surface at every moment.

text: The constellation consists of 66 active satellites in orbit required for global coverage, and additional spare satellites to serve in case of failure. Satellites are in

text: low Earth orbit

text: at a height of approximately  and

text: inclination

text: of 86.4°. Orbital velocity of the satellites is approximately .  Satellites communicate with neighboring satellites via  inter-satellite links. Each satellite can have four inter-satellite links: two to neighbors fore and aft in the same orbital plane, and two to satellites in neighboring planes to either side. The satellites orbit from pole to same pole with an orbital period of roughly 100 minutes. This design means that there is excellent satellite visibility and service coverage even at the North and South poles. The over-the-pole orbital design produces "seams" where satellites in counter-rotating planes next to one another are traveling in opposite directions.  Cross-seam inter-satellite link hand-offs would have to happen very rapidly and cope with large

text: Doppler shifts

text: ; therefore, Iridium supports inter-satellite links only between satellites orbiting in the same direction. The constellation of 66 active satellites has 6

text: orbital plane

text: s spaced 30 degrees apart, with 11 satellites in each plane (not counting spares). The original concept was to have 77 satellites, which is where the name Iridium came from, being

text: the element

text: with the atomic number 77 and the satellites evoking the

text: Bohr model

text: image of electrons orbiting around the Earth as its nucleus. This reduced set of 6 planes is sufficient to cover the entire Earth's surface at every moment.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0400/31d85b862eb104d1398a18e0e94dea11

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0400/6e492a7999451cc2d667cec1449f8eb3

answers: 0

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answers: 1

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0400/85ef946575fd6f5b9fbb0ec91267b570

answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/d5e1d42c190de3225e979f301f681006

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/856a493a88d05f8c4c7384c53e90a40b

answers: 66 active satellites

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/c08b887101878f3264d8121ee9bb7355

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/93bffacf2474b4835c96b73d9bff54ef

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/f1f22984e584c3283417524881c302ea

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0040/T_0401/9fba55b692c9961aae99e9378d91614f

answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracy.

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: low Earth orbit at a height of approximately and inclination of 86.4°

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: global coverage

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Iridium supports inter-satellite links only between satellites orbiting in the same direction

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: spare satellites to serve in case of failure

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Satellites communicate with neighboring satellites via inter-satellite links

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellites communicate with neighboring satellites via inter-satellite links

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: The satellites orbit from pole to same pole

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: The satellites orbit from pole to same pole

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: orbital period of roughly 100 minutes

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: low Earth orbit at a height of approximately and inclination of 86.4°

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Each satellite can have four inter-satellite links

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: The satellites orbit from pole to same pole with an orbital period of roughly 100 minutes

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS stands for Geostationary Information System

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Satellites communicate with neighboring satellites via inter-satellite links

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: This reduced set of 6 planes is sufficient to cover the entire Earth's surface at every moment

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: satellites orbit from pole to same pole

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellites communicate with neighboring satellites via inter-satellite links

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Lines of latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Satellites orbit from pole to same pole with an orbital period of roughly 100 minutes

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Iridium

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: Doppler shifts

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: over-the-pole

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Iridium

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Iridium

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Iridium

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Earth's surface at every moment

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 66 active satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Iridium

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: global coverage

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Payload of the Satellite is point to point packet communication with which a user can send and receive messages from one point to other point on the earth. Scientific objective of the satellite is to demonstrate passive attitude control to stabilise and appropriately orient the satellite. This technique is being used for the first time on an Indian Satellite. Another objective is to provide Low earth orbit channel characterisation in UHF HAM band.

text: Payload

text: of the Satellite is point to point packet communication with which a user can send and receive messages from one point to other point on the earth. Scientific objective of the satellite is to demonstrate passive

text: attitude control

text: to stabilise and appropriately orient the satellite. This technique is being used for the first time on an Indian Satellite. Another objective is to provide Low earth orbit channel characterisation in

text: UHF

text: HAM

text: band.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: In late 2009 satellite-positioning receivers for a new navigation system at Newark airport in New Jersey were suffering brief daily breaks in reception. Something was interfering with the signals from orbiting global positioning system (GPS) satellites. A driver who passed by on the nearby New Jersey Turnpike each day used a cheap GPS jammer in his truck. Jammers prevent tracking devices from determining (and then reporting) its location.

text: In late 2009 satellite-positioning receivers for a new navigation system at Newark airport in New Jersey were suffering brief daily breaks in reception. Something was interfering with the signals from orbiting global positioning system (GPS) satellites. A driver who passed by on the nearby New Jersey Turnpike each day used a cheap GPS jammer in his truck. Jammers prevent tracking devices from determining (and then reporting) its location.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: USA-213, also known as GPS SVN-62, GPS IIF SV-1 and NAVSTAR 65, is the first satellite in the Block IIF series of Global Positioning System navigation satellites. It will be used to relay signals for the United States Air Force Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS). The satellite was launched at 03:00 GMT on 28 May 2010. It will be placed into plane B of the GPS constellation, and will transmit the PRN-25 signal. PRN-25 was previously broadcast by USA-79, which was retired in late 2009 after almost eighteen years of service.

text: USA-213, also known as GPS SVN-62, GPS IIF SV-1 and NAVSTAR 65, is the first satellite in the

text: Block IIF

text: series of

text: Global Positioning System

text: navigation satellite

text: s. It will be used to relay signals for the

text: United States Air Force

text: Navstar

text: Global Positioning System

text: (GPS). The satellite was launched at 03:00 GMT on 28 May 2010. It will be placed into plane B of the GPS constellation, and will transmit the PRN-25 signal. PRN-25 was previously broadcast by

text: , which was retired in late 2009 after almost eighteen years of service.

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answers: It will be placed into plane B

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A PhoneSat-1.0 satellite, Graham was built to the single-unit (1U) CubeSat specification, and measures  in each dimension. The satellite is based on an off-the-shelf HTC Nexus One smartphone which serves in place of an onboard computer and avionics system. Unlike the more advanced PhoneSat-2.0 spacecraft, Graham is powered by non-rechargeable batteries, and has no attitude control system, however onboard sensors can be used to determine and monitor the satellite's attitude. The cameras built into the phones aboard Graham and its sister satellite Bell was used to return images of the Earth from space.

text: A PhoneSat-1.0 satellite, Graham was built to the single-unit (1U)

text: CubeSat

text: specification, and measures  in each dimension. The satellite is based on an off-the-shelf

text: HTC

text: Nexus One

text: smartphone

text: which serves in place of an onboard computer and avionics system. Unlike the more advanced PhoneSat-2.0 spacecraft, Graham is powered by non-rechargeable batteries, and has no attitude control system, however onboard sensors can be used to determine and monitor the satellite's attitude. The cameras built into the phones aboard Graham and its sister satellite Bell was used to return images of the Earth from space.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_001633

answers: no attitude control system

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: return images of the Earth from space

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: onboard sensors can be used to determine and monitor the satellite's attitude

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: onboard sensors

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: onboard sensors can be used to determine and monitor the satellite's attitude

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Its sister satellite Bell was used to return images of the Earth from space

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Graham

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: sister satellite

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Earths north or south pole

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Onboard sensors can be used to determine and monitor the satellite's attitude

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: onboard computer

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: PhoneSat-1.0

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: onboard sensors can be used to determine and monitor the satellite's attitude

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: onboard sensors

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: CubeSat

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: CubeSat

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: CubeSat

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: attitude control system

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: CubeSat

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: attitude control system

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: 1U

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: images

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: 1.0 satellite

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Graham

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Satellite communications are still used in many applications today. Remote islands such as Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Diego Garcia, and Easter Island, where no submarine cables are in service, need satellite telephones. There are also regions of some continents and countries where landline telecommunications are rare to nonexistent, for example large regions of South America, Africa, Canada, China, Russia, and Australia. Satellite communications also provide connection to the edges of Antarctica and Greenland. Other land use for satellite phones are rigs at sea, a back up for hospitals, military, and recreation. Ships at sea, as well as planes, often use satellite phones.

text: Satellite communications are still used in many applications today. Remote islands such as

text: Ascension Island

text: Saint Helena

text: Diego Garcia

text: , and

text: Easter Island

text: , where no submarine cables are in service, need satellite telephones. There are also regions of some continents and countries where landline telecommunications are rare to nonexistent, for example large regions of

text: South America

text: Africa

text: , Canada,

text: China

text: , Russia, and

text: Australia

text: . Satellite communications also provide connection to the edges of

text: Antarctica

text: and

text: Greenland

text: . Other land use for satellite phones are rigs at sea, a back up for hospitals, military, and recreation. Ships at sea, as well as planes, often use satellite phones.

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 3

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answers: 4

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answers: no submarine cables are in service

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: Antarctica and Greenland

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: satellite phones are rigs at sea

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: back up for hospitals

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: are still used in many applications today

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellite communications are still used in many applications today

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Earth orbits from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: Antarctica and Greenland

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Some weather satellites have geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: Satellite communications

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Antarctica and Greenland

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Remote islands

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Satellite communications are still used in many applications

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Satellite communications are still used in many applications today

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: Antarctica and Greenland

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Remote islands

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: Lines of latitude and longitude

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: Satellite communications are still used in many applications today

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: satellite communications

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: satellite telephones

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: satellite communications

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: military

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite phones

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Antarctica

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Wireless data connections used in mobile computing take three general forms so. Cellular data service uses technologies such as GSM, CDMA or GPRS, 3G networks such as W-CDMA, EDGE or CDMA2000. and more recently 4G networks such as LTE, LTE-Advanced.  These networks are usually available within range of commercial cell towers. Wi-Fi connections offer higher performance, may be either on a private business network or accessed through public hotspots, and have a typical range of 100 feet indoors and up to 1000 feet outdoors. Satellite Internet access covers areas where cellular and Wi-Fi are not available and may be set up anywhere the user has a line of sight to the satellite's location, which for satellites in geostationary orbit means having an unobstructed view of the southern sky. Some enterprise deployments combine networks from multiple cellular networks or use a mix of cellular, Wi-Fi and satellite. When using a mix of networks, a mobile virtual private network (mobile VPN) not only handles the security concerns, but also performs the multiple network logins automatically and keeps the application connections alive to prevent crashes or data loss during network transitions or coverage loss.

text: Wireless

text: data connections used in mobile computing take three general forms so.

text: Cellular

text: data service uses technologies such as

text: GSM

text: CDMA

text: or

text: GPRS

text: networks such as

text: W-CDMA

text: EDGE

text: or

text: . and more recently

text: networks such as

text: LTE

text: LTE-Advanced

text: .  These networks are usually available within range of commercial

text: cell towers

text: Wi-Fi

text: connections offer higher performance, may be either on a private business network or accessed through public

text: hotspots

text: , and have a typical range of 100 feet indoors and up to 1000 feet outdoors.

text: Satellite Internet access

text: covers areas where cellular and Wi-Fi are not available and may be set up anywhere the user has a

text: line of sight

text: to the satellite's location, which for satellites in

text: geostationary

text: orbit means having an unobstructed view of the southern sky. Some enterprise deployments combine networks from multiple cellular networks or use a mix of cellular, Wi-Fi and satellite. When using a mix of networks, a

text: mobile virtual private network

text: mobile VPN

text: ) not only handles the

text: security

text: concerns, but also performs the multiple network

text: login

text: s automatically and keeps the

text: application

text: connections alive to prevent

text: crashes

text: or data loss during network transitions or coverage loss.

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answers: unobstructed view of the southern sky

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: geostationary orbit means having an unobstructed view of the southern sky

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Wi-Fi connections offer higher performance

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: having an unobstructed view of the southern sky

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: satellites in geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Satellite Internet access

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: satellites in geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: geostationary orbit means having an unobstructed view of the southern sky

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: satellites in geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: Satellite

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Satellite Internet access

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Satellite Internet access covers areas where cellular and Wi-Fi are not available

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: Satellite Internet access covers areas where cellular and Wi-Fi are not available

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: line of sight

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: commercial cell towers

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: geostationary

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: GPRS

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: southern sky

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: the southern sky

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: commercial cell towers

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: satellite's location

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A network of ground stations, whose locations were accurately known, continually tracked the Transit satellites.  They measured the Doppler shift and transferred the data to 5-hole paper tape.  This data was sent to the Satellite Control Center at Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland using commercial and military teleprinter networks. The data from the fixed ground stations provided the location information on the Transit satellite orbit.  Locating a Transit satellite in earth orbit from a known ground station using the Doppler shift is simply the reverse of using the known location of the satellite in orbit to locate an unknown location on the earth, again using the Doppler shift .

text: A network of ground stations, whose locations were accurately known, continually tracked the Transit satellites.  They measured the Doppler shift and transferred the data to 5-hole paper tape.  This data was sent to the Satellite Control Center at Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland using commercial and military teleprinter networks. The data from the fixed ground stations provided the location information on the Transit satellite orbit.  Locating a Transit satellite in earth orbit from a known ground station using the Doppler shift is simply the reverse of using the known location of the satellite in orbit to locate an unknown location on the earth, again using the Doppler shift .

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_001633

answers: fixed ground stations

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: to locate an unknown location

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: Doppler shift

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: location information on the Transit satellite orbit

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: satellite control center

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: Doppler shift

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: orbit from east to west

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: ground stations

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: The transit satellites

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: polar orbits

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: Doppler shift

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: Doppler shift

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: Satellite Control Center

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: using the known location of the satellite in orbit to locate an unknown location on the earth

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: 5-hole paper tape

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: ground stations

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: Transit

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: Transit

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: ground station

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Transit

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: networks

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: Applied Physics Laboratory

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: location information

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: ground stations

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: Applied Physics Laboratory

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: Doppler shift

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: These types of satellites are almost always in Sun synchronous and "frozen" orbits.  The Sun synchronous orbit is in general sufficiently close to polar to get the desired global coverage while the relatively constant geometry to the Sun mostly is an advantage for the instruments.  The "frozen" orbit is selected as this is the closest to a circular orbit that is possible in the gravitational field of the Earth.

text: These types of satellites are almost always in

text: Sun synchronous

text: and

text: "frozen"

text: orbits.  The Sun synchronous orbit is in general sufficiently close to polar to get the desired global coverage while the relatively constant geometry to the Sun mostly is an advantage for the instruments.  The

text: "frozen"

text: orbit is selected as this is the closest to a circular orbit that is possible in the

text: gravitational field

text: of the Earth.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 3

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answers: Sun synchronous

answers: NDQ_001635

answers: global coverage

answers: NDQ_001637

answers: the gravitational field of the Earth

answers: NDQ_001638

answers: relatively constant geometry to the Sun

answers: NDQ_001641

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001646

answers: global coverage

answers: NDQ_001649

answers: Polar

answers: NDQ_001651

answers: "frozen" orbit

answers: NDQ_001652

answers: Polar

answers: NDQ_001653

answers: Sun synchronous

answers: NDQ_001654

answers: global coverage

answers: NDQ_001655

answers: Polar

answers: NDQ_001656

answers: The "frozen" orbit

answers: NDQ_001657

answers: satellites are almost always in Sun synchronous and "frozen" orbits

answers: NDQ_001658

answers: The "frozen" orbit

answers: NDQ_001659

answers: The "frozen" orbit

answers: NDQ_001660

answers: global coverage

answers: NDQ_001661

answers: The "frozen" orbit

answers: NDQ_001662

answers: The Sun synchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_001663

answers: global coverage

answers: NDQ_001664

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001665

answers: global coverage

answers: NDQ_001666

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_001667

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001668

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001669

answers: Sun synchronous

answers: NDQ_001670

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_001671

answers: global coverage

answers: NDQ_001672

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_001673

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_001674

answers: global coverage

answers: NDQ_001675

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001676

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_001677

answers: global coverage

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union put the first satellite into orbit around the Earth. Sputnik one caused many in the U.S. scientific community to outburst on the lack of work put into a satellite program. One of the key contributors to these outbursts was a former German scientist, turned American through project paperclip, Wernher von Braun. Von Braun stated that if given the correct materials and the go ahead he would have an American satellite in orbit in a matter of months, and he did not disappoint. January 31, 1958, two months after the Soviets launch their second satellite, Sputnik II, into orbit Explorer I, the first American satellite, was launched into orbit. The Soviets launch of Sputnik I and Sputnik II showed that America was falling behind in fall facets of scientific research only adding to the need of a national laboratory set aside for scientific research according to the issues present.

text: October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union put the first satellite into orbit around the Earth.

text: Sputnik

text: one caused many in the U.S. scientific community to outburst on the lack of work put into a satellite program. One of the key contributors to these outbursts was a former German scientist, turned American through project paperclip,

text: Wernher von Braun

text: . Von Braun stated that if given the correct materials and the go ahead he would have an American satellite in orbit in a matter of months, and he did not disappoint. January 31, 1958, two months after the Soviets launch their second satellite, Sputnik II, into orbit Explorer I, the first American satellite, was launched into orbit. The Soviets launch of Sputnik I and Sputnik II showed that America was falling behind in fall facets of scientific research only adding to the need of a national laboratory set aside for scientific research according to the issues present.