text: In 2010, Transocean was implicated in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill resulting from the explosion of one of its oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico.

text: In 2010, Transocean was implicated in the

entity_name: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: resulting from the explosion of one of its oil rigs in the

entity_name: Gulf of Mexico

text: Gulf of Mexico

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: Transocean was implicated in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: Small leaks

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text: The oil spill framework in the U.S. employs a multilateral system of governance where the federal authorities, NGO’s and private parties are all actively involved in response and cleanup procedures. Although the U.S. government plays an important role in regulating oil spills, it does not entirely command and control every aspect of the process. 	Due to the complex nature of oil and gas operations and limited technical expertise by the government in such industries, industry standard setting and self-policing play a significant role in the governing process of oil spills. This has inevitably led to the network governance approach used to govern oil spills. The insufficient expertise and specialist technical knowledge in the public sector makes it difficult for the government to rely entirely on its personnel hence resulting in public-private partnership known as a type II partnership. This style of new public management to oil spill governance is common in other aspects of environmental governance (e.g. climate change) in the U.S. and differs from the typical bureaucratic role of enforcement the federal government usually play. 	The governance process of oil spills relies on input from national, private and international institutions. To effectively implement response, prevention and cleanup procedures a number of public authorities were given responsibility under different jurisdictions. Since the 1970s the number of institutions governing oil spills has increased, indicating a steady shift from state led government approach to a broader and multi layered governance process. The implementation of international oil spill treaties into domestic legislation discussed earlier provides further evidence of the shift to a more governance based approach.

text: The oil spill framework in the U.S. employs a multilateral system of governance where the federal authorities,

entity_name: Non-governmental organization

text: NGO

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answers: a type II partnership

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answers: the government does not entirely command and control every aspect of the process

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answers: It does not entirely command and control every aspect of the process

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answers: government does not entirely command and control every aspect of the process

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answers: It does not entirely command and control every aspect of the process

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: Yes

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text: International conventions have played an important role in creating external networks for governing oil spills in the U.S. international treaties when signed by the U.S. are on the same level as federal law, hence signatory parties must implement domestic legislation to reflect the agreement. This mechanism helps to engineer a number of federal laws governing oil spills such as the intervention on the High Sea Act of 1974.   International conventions serve a key role in developing standards for oil carrying vessels from different nations into the U.S. The two major conventions which have contributed to oil spill governance are the 1969 International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (the Intervention Convention) and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78).

text: International conventions have played an important role in creating external networks for governing oil spills in the U.S. international treaties when signed by the U.S. are on the same level as federal law, hence signatory parties must implement domestic legislation to reflect the agreement. This mechanism helps to engineer a number of federal laws governing oil spills such as the intervention on the High Sea Act of 1974.   International conventions serve a key role in developing standards for oil carrying vessels from different nations into the U.S. The two major conventions which have contributed to oil spill governance are the 1969 International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (the Intervention Convention) and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78).

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1978, a United States Coast Guard helicopter on a routine patrol discovered the Greenpoint oil spill, a discharge that lasted another 30 years that spilled three times the oil of the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

text: In 1978, a

entity_name: United States Coast Guard

text: United States Coast Guard

text: helicopter on a routine patrol discovered the

entity_name: Greenpoint oil spill

text: Greenpoint oil spill

text: , a discharge that lasted another 30 years that spilled three times the oil of the

entity_name: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

method: UvABottomUpChangeOrder

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On the morning of April 22, Coast Guard Petty Officer Ashley Butler stated that "oil was leaking from the rig at the rate of about  of crude per day." That afternoon Coast Guard Senior Chief Petty Officer Michael O'Berry used the same figure. Two remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) were unsuccessfully sent down to attempt to cap the well. Butler warned of a leak of up to  of diesel fuel, and BP Vice President David Rainey termed the incident as being a potential "major spill." On April 23 a ROV reportedly found no oil leaking from the sunken rig and no oil flowing from the well. Coast Guard Rear Admiral  Mary Landry expressed cautious optimism of zero environmental impact, stating that no oil was emanating from either the wellhead or the broken pipes and that oil spilled from the explosion and sinking was being contained. On April 24 Landry announced that a damaged wellhead was indeed leaking oil into the Gulf and described it as "a very serious spill".

text: On the morning of April 22, Coast Guard Petty Officer Ashley Butler stated that "oil was leaking from the rig at the rate of about  of crude per day." That afternoon Coast Guard Senior Chief Petty Officer Michael O'Berry used the same figure. Two

entity_name: Remotely operated underwater vehicle

text: remotely operated underwater vehicle

text: s (ROVs) were unsuccessfully sent down to attempt to cap the well. Butler warned of a leak of up to  of diesel fuel, and BP Vice President David Rainey termed the incident as being a potential "major spill." On April 23 a ROV reportedly found no oil leaking from the sunken rig and no oil flowing from the well. Coast Guard

entity_name: Rear admiral (United States)

text: Rear Admiral

entity_name: Mary Landry

text: Mary Landry

text: expressed cautious optimism of zero environmental impact, stating that no oil was emanating from either the wellhead or the broken pipes and that oil spilled from the explosion and sinking was being contained. On April 24 Landry announced that a damaged wellhead was indeed leaking oil into the Gulf and described it as "a very serious spill".

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answers: Gulf

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: a very serious spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: leaking from the rig

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: about

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answers: a damaged wellhead was indeed leaking oil into the Gulf

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Gulf

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answers: cap the well

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no environmental impact

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: On April 23 a ROV reportedly found no oil leaking from the sunken rig

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A chemical explosion injured several workers at the Y-12 facility on December 8, 1999, when NaK was cleaned up after an accidental spill, inappropriately treated with mineral oil, and inadvertently ignited when the surface coating of potassium superoxide was scratched by a metal tool.

text: A chemical explosion injured several workers at the Y-12 facility on December 8, 1999, when

entity_name: NaK

text: NaK

text: was cleaned up after an accidental spill, inappropriately treated with mineral oil, and inadvertently ignited when the surface coating of

entity_name: Potassium superoxide

text: potassium superoxide

text: was scratched by a metal tool.

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answers: December 8, 1999

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: chemical explosion injured several workers

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 10,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Y-12 facility

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: accidental spill

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: mineral oil

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: cleaned up after an accidental spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: NaK was cleaned up after an accidental spill

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: accidental spill

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil platform, located in the Mississippi Canyon about  off the Louisiana coast, suffered a catastrophic explosion; it sank a day-and-a-half later. It was in the process of being sealed with cement for temporary abandonment, to avoid environmental problems. Although initial reports indicated that relatively little oil had leaked, by April 24, it was claimed by BP that approximately  of oil per day were issuing from the wellhead, about  below the surface on the ocean floor. On April 29, the U.S. government revealed that approximately  per day, five times the original estimate, were pouring into the Gulf from the wellhead.  The resulting oil slick quickly expanded to cover hundreds of square miles of ocean surface, posing a serious threat to marine life and adjacent coastal wetlands, and to the livelihoods of Gulf Coast shrimpers and fishermen. Coast Guard Rear Adm. Sally Brice O'Hare stated that the U.S. government will be "employing booms, skimmers, chemical dispersants and controlled burns" to combat the oil spill. By May 1, 2010, the oil spill cleanup efforts were underway, but hampered by rough seas and the "tea like" consistency of the oil. Cleanup operations were resumed after conditions became favorable. On May 27, 2010, The USGS had revised the estimate of the leak from  to 12,000– an increase from earlier estimates. On July 15, 2010, BP announced that the leak stopped for the first time in 88 days.

text: On April 20, 2010, the

text: Deepwater Horizon

text: oil platform, located in the

text: Mississippi Canyon

text: about  off the Louisiana coast, suffered a catastrophic explosion; it sank a day-and-a-half later. It was in the process of being sealed with cement for temporary abandonment, to avoid environmental problems. Although initial reports indicated that relatively little oil had leaked, by April 24, it was claimed by BP that approximately  of oil per day were issuing from the

text: wellhead

text: , about  below the surface on the ocean floor. On April 29, the U.S. government revealed that approximately  per day, five times the original estimate, were pouring into the Gulf from the wellhead.  The resulting

text: oil slick

text: quickly expanded to cover hundreds of square miles of ocean surface, posing a serious threat to

text: marine life

text: and adjacent

text: coastal wetlands

text: , and to the livelihoods of Gulf Coast shrimpers and fishermen. Coast Guard Rear Adm. Sally Brice O'Hare stated that the U.S. government will be "employing booms, skimmers, chemical dispersants and controlled burns" to combat the oil spill. By May 1, 2010, the oil spill cleanup efforts were underway, but hampered by rough seas and the "tea like" consistency of the oil. Cleanup operations were resumed after conditions became favorable. On May 27, 2010, The

text: USGS

text: had revised the estimate of the leak from  to 12,000– an

text: increase from earlier estimates

text: . On July 15, 2010, BP announced that the leak stopped for the first time in 88 days.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: BP announced that the leak stopped for the first time in 88 days

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: environmental problems

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answers: five times

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answers: conditions become favorable

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answers: chemical dispersants

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answers: controlled burns

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answers: BP announced that the leak stopped for the first time in 88 days

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: BP announced that the leak stopped for the first time in 88 days

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answers: five times the original estimate

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: These explosions were financed by various ministries: 51 explosions were financed by the Ministry for Geology, 26 explosions were financed by the Ministry for Natural Gas, 13 explosions were financed by the Ministry for Oil, 19 explosions were financed by the MinSredMash itself (the predecessor of the Federal Atomic Energy Agency). There were two large explosions of 140 kilotons and 105 kilotons; all others were relatively small with an average yield of 12.5 kilotons. For example, one 30 kiloton explosion was used to close the Uzbekistan Urtabulak gas well in 1966 that had been blowing since 1963, and a few months later a 47 kiloton explosive was used to seal a higher pressure blowout at the nearby Pamuk gas field, successful experiments later cited as possible precedents for stopping the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

text: These explosions were financed by various ministries: 51 explosions were financed by the Ministry for Geology, 26 explosions were financed by the Ministry for Natural Gas, 13 explosions were financed by the Ministry for Oil, 19 explosions were financed by the

text: MinSredMash

text: itself (the predecessor of the

entity_name: Federal Agency on Atomic Energy (Russia)

text: Federal Atomic Energy Agency

text: ). There were two large explosions of 140 kilotons and 105 kilotons; all others were relatively small with an average yield of 12.5

text: kilotons

text: . For example, one 30 kiloton explosion was used to close the

text: Uzbekistan

text: Urtabulak gas well in 1966 that had been blowing since 1963, and a few months later a 47 kiloton explosive was used to seal a higher pressure blowout at the nearby Pamuk gas field, successful experiments later cited as possible precedents for stopping the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: explosions were financed by various ministries

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answers: 12.5

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answers: all others were relatively small

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: No

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text: The theory behind the cleanup hitter is that at the beginning of the game, at least one of the first three batters will reach base with a single-base hit, walk or equivalent in the first inning, enabling the cleanup hitter a chance to drive in a run. This theory is backed up by sabermetric research, which postulates that the cleanup hitter should be the best hitter on the team with power.

text: The theory behind the cleanup hitter is that at the beginning of the game, at least one of the first three batters will reach base with a

text: single-base hit

text: walk

text: or equivalent in the first inning, enabling the cleanup hitter a chance to drive in a run. This theory is backed up by

text: sabermetric

text: research, which postulates that the cleanup hitter should be the best hitter on the team with power.

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answers: This theory is backed up by sabermetric research

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answers: dispersal of oil

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answers: The theory behind the cleanup hitter

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answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill are health effects related to the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico on April 20, 2010.  An oil discharge continued for 84 days, resulting in the largest oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry, estimated at approximately 206 million gallons (4.9 million barrels).  The spill exposed thousands of area residents and cleanup workers  to risks associated with oil fumes, particulate matter from controlled burns, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals.

text: The Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill are health effects related to the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig in the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: on April 20, 2010.  An oil discharge continued for 84 days, resulting in the largest oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry, estimated at approximately 206 million gallons (4.9 million barrels).  The spill exposed thousands of area residents and cleanup workers  to risks associated with oil fumes, particulate matter from controlled burns,

text: volatile organic compounds

text: (VOCs),

text: polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons

text: (PAHs), and

text: heavy metals

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answers: 4.9 million

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answers: the petroleum industry

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answers: no

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answers: the largest oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Oil spills are a major issue. The Prestige oil spill in 2002 spilt more oil than the Exxon Valdez in Alaska.

text: Oil spills are a major issue. The

text: Prestige oil spill

text: in 2002 spilt more oil than the

text: Exxon Valdez

text: in

text: Alaska

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answers: The Prestige oil spill

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answers: It's impossible to say

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: Cancer is the world’s leading cause of death, claiming the lives of an estimated 7.9 million people in 2007 alone. Experts expect these numbers to double before 2030. The unsafe handling of hazardous drugs used to treat many forms of cancer has been recognized since the 1970s as a significant health hazard to workers. Studies have shown that workers can be at risk of exposure to these drugs throughout their lifecycle—from manufacture to distribution to use in the clinical or home  care environment and all the way through to waste disposal. Healthcare workers who handle these drugs may be exposed  by inhaling aerosols or dust generated during pharmacy preparation and nursing administration, or by direct contact with the skin during accidental needlesticks, spills, or spill cleanup.

text: Cancer is the world’s leading cause of death, claiming the lives of an estimated 7.9 million people in 2007 alone. Experts expect these numbers to double before 2030. The unsafe handling of hazardous drugs used to treat many forms of cancer has been recognized since the 1970s as a significant health hazard to workers. Studies have shown that workers can be at risk of exposure to these drugs throughout their lifecycle—from manufacture to distribution to use in the clinical or home  care environment and all the way through to waste disposal. Healthcare workers who handle these drugs may be exposed  by inhaling aerosols or dust generated during pharmacy preparation and nursing administration, or by direct contact with the skin during accidental needlesticks, spills, or spill cleanup.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: unanswered

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answers: Workers can be at risk of exposure to these drugs

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answers: 7.9 million

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answers: 2030

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answers: spills

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answers: throw it away

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answers: spill cleanup

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answers: 7.9 million people in 2007 alone

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answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Gulf killifish plays an important role in scientific research concerning the disaster resulting from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The spill occurred in April 2010 and resulted in an estimated 53,000 barrels per day of Macondo-252 crude oil being spilled from the well before it was capped in September 2010. The spill affected the Gulf coast area about a year and was finally determined to be maintained in October 2011. Several coastal reconstruction projects are still underway  to try to restore the ecosystems of the Gulf.

text: The Gulf killifish plays an important role in scientific research concerning the disaster resulting from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The spill occurred in April 2010 and resulted in an estimated 53,000 barrels per day of Macondo-252 crude oil being spilled from the well before it was capped in September 2010. The spill affected the Gulf coast area about a year and was finally determined to be maintained in October 2011. Several coastal reconstruction projects are still underway  to try to restore the ecosystems of the Gulf.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: occurred in April 2010

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answers: oil spill

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answers: 53,000

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: 53,000 barrels per day

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answers: capped

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answers: It was capped in September 2010

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answers: The Gulf killifish plays an important role in scientific research

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The term conscious business implies that a business will seek to be conscious of its impact on the world in various spheres, and continue this inquiry over time. It is concerned with both its impact on a human’s inner and outer world as well as animal and environmental well-being.  Furthermore, a conscious business considers both short-term and long-term effects of its actions or inactions.  A conscious business evolves as does the methods that a business can and chooses to be of benefit to the world and to function with awareness. Therefore, though conscious businesses will be socially responsible, the term "conscious business" holds larger connotations for the businesses' actions than does social responsibility.

text: The term conscious business implies that a business will seek to be conscious of its impact on the world in various spheres, and continue this inquiry over time. It is concerned with both its impact on a human’s inner and outer world as well as animal and environmental well-being.  Furthermore, a conscious business considers both short-term and long-term effects of its actions or inactions.  A conscious business evolves as does the methods that a business can and chooses to be of benefit to the world and to function with awareness. Therefore, though conscious businesses will be socially responsible, the term "conscious business" holds larger connotations for the businesses' actions than does social responsibility.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: a conscious business considers both short-term and long-term effects

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: conscious business considers both short-term and long-term effects of its actions or inactions

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: ten

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answers: conscious businesses will be socially responsible

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: short-term and long-term effects of its actions or inactions

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answers: be of benefit to the world

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answers: A conscious business considers both short-term and long-term effects of its actions or inactions

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answers: the term conscious business holds larger connotations for the businesses' actions than does social responsibility

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Conscious business considers both short-term and long-term effects of its actions or inactions

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On April 20, 2010, an off shore oil drilling rig, the Deepwater Horizon, exploded and burned off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico. Dozens of workers fled the flames and were rescued by lifeboats and helicopters, however 11 were killed and 17 were injured in the incident. The rig burned for 36 hours before sinking. On April 24, it was discovered that a damaged wellhead was leaking oil into the Gulf of Mexico at a rapid rate. For approximately 90 days, tens of thousands of barrels of oil leaked into the ocean every day, resulting in the largest oil spill in United States history. The wellhead was successfully contained in mid-July, stopping the flow, and efforts are ongoing to cap the wellhead and create a replacement well. Despite significant efforts to protect coastlines, the spill has had devastating impacts on the environment and the economies of the Gulf Coast states. The Obama administration has ordered well operator BP responsible for all cleanup costs, which are expected to run in the tens of billions of dollars. The spill has resulted in negative public approval ratings of the U.S. government, the Obama administration, and BP, for their handling of the spill, with BP suffering the worst ratings.

text: On April 20, 2010, an

text: off shore oil drilling

text: rig, the

text: Deepwater Horizon

text: exploded and burned

text: off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico. Dozens of workers fled the flames and were rescued by lifeboats and helicopters, however 11 were killed and 17 were injured in the incident. The rig burned for 36 hours before sinking. On April 24, it was discovered that a damaged wellhead was leaking oil into the Gulf of Mexico at a rapid rate. For approximately 90 days, tens of thousands of barrels of oil leaked into the ocean every day, resulting in the largest oil spill in United States history. The wellhead was successfully contained in mid-July, stopping the flow, and efforts are ongoing to cap the wellhead and create a replacement well. Despite significant efforts to protect coastlines, the spill has had devastating impacts on the environment and the economies of the Gulf Coast states. The Obama administration has ordered well operator

text: BP

text: responsible for all cleanup costs, which are expected to run in the tens of billions of dollars. The spill has resulted in negative public approval ratings of the U.S. government, the Obama administration, and BP, for their handling of the spill, with BP suffering the worst ratings.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

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answers: 11 were killed and 17 were injured in the incident

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answers: tens

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: despite significant efforts to protect coastlines

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: The wellhead was successfully contained in mid-July, stopping the flow

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: cap the wellhead and create a replacement well

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: The wellhead was successfully contained in mid-July, stopping the flow

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: 11 were killed and 17 were injured in the incident

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Cameron became an expert on deep-sea exploration in conjunction with his research and underwater filming for The Abyss (1989) and Titanic (1997). In June 2010, Cameron met in Washington with the EPA to discuss possible solutions to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (BP) oil spill. Later that week at the All Things Digital Conference, he attracted some notoriety when he stated, "Over the last few weeks I've watched...and been thinking, 'Those morons don't know what they're doing'." Reportedly, Cameron had offered BP help to plug the oil well, but it declined. The oil spill was eventually stopped using techniques similar to those Cameron recommended.

text: Cameron became an expert on deep-sea exploration in conjunction with his research and underwater filming for

text: The Abyss (1989)

text: and

text: Titanic (1997)

text: . In June 2010, Cameron met in Washington with the

text: EPA

text: to discuss possible solutions to the 2010

text: Deepwater Horizon (BP) oil spill

text: . Later that week at the All Things Digital Conference, he attracted some notoriety when he stated, "Over the last few weeks I've watched...and been thinking, 'Those morons don't know what they're doing'." Reportedly, Cameron had offered

text: BP

text: help to plug the oil well, but it declined. The oil spill was eventually stopped using techniques similar to those Cameron recommended.

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answers: 2010 Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: BP

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Deepwater Horizon (BP) oil spill

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: BP

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: BP

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: The oil spill

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: plug the oil well

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answers: The oil spill was eventually stopped

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Cameron had offered BP help to plug the oil well

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As the largest oil exporter in OPEC, Saudi Arabia contributes to the immense environmental impacts associated with oil drilling. This includes hydraulic fracturing, oil spills, and air pollution. Saudi Arabia contributed to the world's most severe spill, the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill. The environmental impacts from oil spills are long lasting and often irreversible. The Gulf War spill directly affected the Saudi Arabian shoreline. While initial research found miniscule long-term impacts, recent studies show oil persistence in ocean habitats. Oil persistence affects ecosystem relationships and the livelihood of all marine animals. The Gulf Coast spill increased the toxicity of Saudi Arabia's coastline. During the initial aftermath, only visible oil was removed from the Gulf. The rest of the spill has remained in the ocean for the past 25 years and contributes to high-risk amounts of hydrocarbons in the environment. Saudi Arabia's salt marshes have has a hard time recovering from past spills. Thick oil coverage permanently changed the biodiversity and chemical compositions of many ocean related habitats. This environmental damage will take decades to reverse.

text: As the largest oil exporter in

text: OPEC

text: , Saudi Arabia contributes to the immense environmental impacts associated with oil drilling. This includes

text: hydraulic fracturing

text: , oil spills, and air pollution. Saudi Arabia contributed to the world's most severe spill, the 1991

text: Gulf War Oil Spill

text: . The environmental impacts from oil spills are long lasting and often irreversible. The

text: Gulf War

text: spill directly affected the Saudi Arabian shoreline. While initial research found miniscule long-term impacts, recent studies show oil persistence in ocean habitats. Oil persistence affects ecosystem relationships and the livelihood of all marine animals. The Gulf Coast spill increased the toxicity of Saudi Arabia's coastline. During the initial aftermath, only visible oil was removed from the Gulf. The rest of the spill has remained in the ocean for the past 25 years and contributes to high-risk amounts of

text: hydrocarbon

text: s in the environment. Saudi Arabia's

text: salt marsh

text: es have has a hard time recovering from past spills. Thick oil coverage permanently changed the

text: biodiversity

text: and chemical compositions of many ocean related habitats. This environmental damage will take decades to reverse.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: environmental damage will take decades to reverse

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: Gulf War

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: environmental damage will take decades to reverse

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: During the initial aftermath, only visible oil was removed

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: remove from the Gulf

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: environmental damage will take decades to reverse

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: During the initial aftermath, only visible oil was removed from the Gulf

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Litigation commenced almost immediately after the explosion and oil spill. By May 27, 2010, Transocean, which owned the Deepwater Horizon, said in testimony before the U.S. House Judiciary Committee that it was defendant in 120 lawsuits, of which more than 80 were class actions seeking payment for financial losses covered by the Oil Spill Pollution Act. The company said that most of these early plaintiffs were "fishermen, hotel operators, landowners, rental companies, restaurants and seafood processors, who claim a current or potential future loss of business in the aftermath of the oil spill."

text: Litigation commenced almost immediately after the explosion and oil spill. By May 27, 2010,

text: Transocean

text: , which owned the Deepwater Horizon, said in testimony before the

entity_name: United States House Committee on the Judiciary

text: U.S. House Judiciary Committee

text: that it was defendant in 120 lawsuits, of which more than 80 were class actions seeking payment for financial losses covered by the Oil Spill Pollution Act. The company said that most of these early plaintiffs were "fishermen, hotel operators, landowners, rental companies, restaurants and seafood processors, who claim a current or potential future loss of business in the aftermath of the oil spill."

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answers: most of these early plaintiffs were "fishermen, hotel operators, landowners, rental companies, restaurants and seafood processors

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ships can pollute waterways and oceans in many ways. Oil spills can have devastating effects. While being toxic to marine life, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), found in crude oil, are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the sediment and marine environment.

text: Ships can pollute waterways and oceans in many ways.

text: Oil spills

text: can have devastating effects. While being toxic to marine life,

text: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

text: (PAHs), found in

text: crude oil

text: , are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the

text: sediment

text: and marine environment.

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answers: oil spills can have devastating effects

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answers: Oil spills can have devastating effects

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answers: Oil spills can have devastating effects

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: The IUCN describes the significant threats to sea otters as oil pollution, predation by orcas, poaching, and conflicts with fisheries. Sea otters can drown if entangled in fishing gear. They can also be stressed by well-meaning human watchers who approach too closely. The most significant threat to sea otters is oil spills. Sea otters are particularly vulnerable, as they rely on their fur to keep warm. When their fur is soaked with oil, it loses its ability to retain air, and the animal quickly dies from hypothermia. The liver, kidneys, and lungs of sea otters also become damaged after they inhale oil or ingest it when grooming.

text: The

entity_name: International Union for Conservation of Nature

text: IUCN

text: describes the significant threats to sea otters as

text: oil pollution

text: , predation by

text: orcas

text: , poaching, and conflicts with fisheries. Sea otters can drown if entangled in fishing gear. They can also be stressed by well-meaning human watchers who approach too closely. The most significant threat to sea otters is

text: oil spill

text: s. Sea otters are particularly vulnerable, as they rely on their fur to keep warm. When their fur is soaked with oil, it loses its ability to retain air, and the animal quickly dies from

text: hypothermia

text: . The

text: liver

text: kidneys

text: , and

text: lungs

text: of sea otters also become damaged after they inhale oil or ingest it when grooming.

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answers: The most significant threat to sea otters is oil spills

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answers: 1,000

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answers: oil spills

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answers: The most significant threat to sea otters

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answers: no

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answer: Yes

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text: The purpose of mitigation is not only to minimize the loss of property damage, but minimize environmental damages due to development. To avoid impacts by not taking or limiting actions, to reduce or rectify impacts by rehabilitation or restoring the affected environments or instituting long-term maintenance operations and compensating for impacts by replacing or providing substitute environments for resourcesStructural mitigation is the current solution to eroding beaches and movement of sand is the use of engineered structures along the coast have been short lived and are only an illusion of safety to the public that result in long term damage of the coastline.  Structural management deals with the use of the following: groins which are man-made solution to longshore current movements up and down the coast. The use of groins are efficient to some extent yet cause erosion and sand build up further down the beaches. Bulkheads are man-made structures that help protect the homes built along the coast and other bodies of water that actually induce erosion in the long run. Jetties are structures built to protect sand movement into the inlets where boats for fishing and recreation move through.The use of nonstructural mitigation is the practice of using organic and soft structures for solutions to protect against coastal hazards. These include: artificial dunes, which are used to create dunes that have been either developed on or eroded. There needs to be at least two lines of dunes before any development can occur. Beach Nourishment is a major source of nonstructural mitigation to ensure that beaches are present for the communities and for the protection of the coastline. Vegetation is a key factor when protecting from erosion, specifically for to help stabilize dune erosion.

text: The purpose of

text: mitigation

text: is not only to minimize the loss of property damage, but minimize environmental damages due to development. To avoid impacts by not taking or limiting actions, to reduce or rectify impacts by rehabilitation or restoring the affected environments or instituting long-term maintenance operations and compensating for impacts by replacing or providing substitute environments for resourcesStructural mitigation is the current solution to eroding beaches and movement of sand is the use of engineered structures along the coast have been short lived and are only an illusion of safety to the public that result in long term damage of the coastline.  Structural management deals with the use of the following: groins which are man-made solution to

text: longshore current

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text: Oil spills are recorded both in case of maritime routes and pipeline routes to the main refineries. Oil spills, amounting to as much as 7.56 billion liters of oil entering the oceans every year, occur due to damaged equipment or human error.

text: Oil spills

text: are recorded both in case of maritime routes and pipeline routes to the main refineries. Oil spills, amounting to as much as 7.56 billion liters of oil entering the oceans every year, occur due to damaged equipment or human error.

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answers: 7.56 billion liters

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: Oil spills are recorded

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answers: damaged equipment or human error

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answers: Oil spills

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: refineries

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no longer hear about an oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: damaged equipment or human error

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: 7.56 billion liters

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the preparations and response to oil spills in inland waters, with the United States Coast Guard responding to spills in coastal waters. The EPA oil spill program is further broken down into two segments with different responsibilities. The Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure works with facilities that may leak oil into local rivers, streams, or other bodies of water to prevent said leakage. The Facility Response Plan requires at-risk facilities to have a plan to follow in the event of an oil spill. Both were created to plug holes left in the Clean Water Act, in an amendment called the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.

text: In the United States, the

text: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

text: regulates the preparations and response to oil spills in inland waters, with the United States Coast Guard responding to spills in coastal waters. The EPA oil spill program is further broken down into two segments with different responsibilities. The Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure works with facilities that may leak oil into local rivers, streams, or other bodies of water to prevent said leakage. The Facility Response Plan requires at-risk facilities to have a plan to follow in the event of an oil spill. Both were created to plug holes left in the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , in an amendment called the

text: Oil Pollution Act of 1990

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: spills in coastal waters

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Oil Pollution Act of 1990

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Oil Pollution Act of 1990

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: spills in inland waters

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: the United States Coast Guard

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the United States Coast Guard responding to spills in coastal waters

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: It does not say

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On June 23, 2010, oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill landed on Pensacola Beach and Navarre Beach, damaging the fishing and tourism industries, and prompting a massive clean-up effort.

text: On June 23, 2010, oil from the

text: Deepwater Horizon

text: oil spill landed on Pensacola Beach and Navarre Beach, damaging the fishing and tourism industries, and prompting a massive clean-up effort.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: oil from the Deepwater Horizon

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answers: oil spill

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answers: ten

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: clean-up effort

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answers: clean-up effort

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill landed on Pensacola Beach

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: President Bush also predicted that the enactment of the OPA could lead to larger oil shipping companies to be replaced by the smaller shipping companies to avoid being held liable. The issue with President Bush’s prediction is that more often than not, smaller companies with limited resources would not have the financial backing to pay for the remediation of oil spills disasters. Owners and operators of vessel would also be held liable for an case of an oil spill and faced with a significant increase in financial responsibility. This increase in liability under the OPA for vessel owners has resulted in the uprising of fear and concerns from the vast majority of the shipping industry. More uncertainty for the vessel owners stems from the fact that additional oil spill penalties imposed by the states are not subject to OPA limitations of the Limitation of Liability Act of 1851. Ultimately, the threat of unlimited liability under the OPA and other state statutes has lead countless oil shipping companies to reduce oil trade to and from the ports of the United States.

text: President Bush also predicted that the enactment of the OPA could lead to larger oil shipping companies to be replaced by the smaller shipping companies to avoid being held liable. The issue with President Bush’s prediction is that more often than not, smaller companies with limited resources would not have the financial backing to pay for the remediation of oil spills disasters. Owners and operators of vessel would also be held liable for an case of an oil spill and faced with a significant increase in financial responsibility. This increase in liability under the OPA for vessel owners has resulted in the uprising of fear and concerns from the vast majority of the shipping industry. More uncertainty for the vessel owners stems from the fact that additional oil spill penalties imposed by the states are not subject to OPA limitations of the

text: Limitation of Liability Act of 1851

text: . Ultimately, the threat of unlimited liability under the OPA and other state statutes has lead countless oil shipping companies to reduce oil trade to and from the ports of the United States.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: oil spills disasters

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: more often than not, smaller companies with limited resources would not have the financial backing to pay for the remediation of oil spills disasters

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: more often than not

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: OPA and other state statutes

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: oil spills disasters

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: pay for the remediation

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: Owners and operators of vessel

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: larger oil shipping companies to be replaced by the smaller shipping companies to avoid being held liable

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: more often than not

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Centrifugal oil–water separators are used for waste water processing and for cleanup of oil spills on sea or on lake.

text: Centrifugal oil–water separators are used for

text: waste water

text: processing and for cleanup of

text: oil spill

text: s on sea or on lake.

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil spills

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 1,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: oil spills on sea or on lake

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: cleanup of oil spills

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: separators

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: cleanup

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: cleanup of oil spills on lake

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1981, Sir John Franklin was used to test Coast Guard procedures in the oil spill exercise called "Baffin Island Oil Spill".  In 1987, the ship escorted the Arctic cargo ship/oil tanker  to Nanisivik. In July 1989, the icebreaker again attempted to transit the Northwest Passage but was forced to break off the attempt after ice conditions were found to be too severe. In June 1994, at the height of the Turbot War, Sir John Franklin was among the Coast Guard vessels sent to monitor the European fishing fleets on the Grand Banks. The ship was kept just out of sight but within radar range of foreign fishing trawlers. These actions led to the detainment and seizure of the Spanish fishing trawler Estai.

text: In 1981, Sir John Franklin was used to test Coast Guard procedures in the oil spill exercise called "Baffin Island Oil Spill".  In 1987, the ship escorted the Arctic cargo ship/

text: oil tanker

text: to

text: Nanisivik

text: . In July 1989, the icebreaker again attempted to transit the Northwest Passage but was forced to break off the attempt after ice conditions were found to be too severe. In June 1994, at the height of the

text: Turbot War

text: , Sir John Franklin was among the Coast Guard vessels sent to monitor the European fishing fleets on the

text: Grand Banks

text: . The ship was kept just out of sight but within radar range of foreign fishing trawlers. These actions led to the detainment and seizure of the Spanish fishing trawler Estai.

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answers: 20,000

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answers: the icebreaker again attempted to transit the Northwest Passage

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Spilled hot cooking oil can also cause severe third degree burns, In the worst-case scenario, severe burns can be fatal. The higher temperatures and tendency of oil to stick to the skin make spilled hot cooking oil far more dangerous than spilled hot water. Children can accidentally place their hands on top of the stove, playing with the materials while being cooked, or accidentally pull the pot down, which can cause significant injury. The utmost care should be used when deep frying when children are present, to protect their safety at all times.

text: Spilled hot cooking oil can also cause severe

text: third degree burn

text: s, In the worst-case scenario, severe burns can be fatal. The higher temperatures and tendency of oil to stick to the skin make spilled hot cooking oil far more dangerous than spilled hot water. Children can accidentally place their hands on top of the stove, playing with the materials while being cooked, or accidentally pull the pot down, which can cause significant injury. The utmost care should be used when deep frying when children are present, to protect their safety at all times.

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answers: The utmost care should be used when deep frying when children are present, to protect their safety

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answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: It can also cause severe third degree burns

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answers: clean up spilled oil

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Spilled hot water can also cause severe third degree burns

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Even with reduced impact per visitor, the increasing number of visitors could still have a considerable effect on the environment. Monitoring of impacts at specific sites can be used to determine whether tourists should be allowed to continue to visit a particular area. Although visits are usually short, they are concentrated into a small number of landing sites and have the potential to destroy parts of a unique environment and to jeopardize scientific research.

text: Even with reduced impact per visitor, the increasing number of visitors could still have a considerable effect on the environment. Monitoring of impacts at specific sites can be used to determine whether tourists should be allowed to continue to visit a particular area. Although visits are usually short, they are concentrated into a small number of landing sites and have the potential to destroy parts of a unique environment and to jeopardize scientific research.

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

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answers: The Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010

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answers: have the potential to destroy parts of a unique environment

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answers: ten

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answers: tourists should be allowed to continue to visit a particular area

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answers: have a considerable effect on the environment

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answers: land sites

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answers: no

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answers: the increasing number of visitors could still have a considerable effect on the environment

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answers: small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Oil at or near the site of the spill following well closure has suggested to some that there is continued or recurrent leakage. NBC Nightly News reported the slick on March 22, 2011. In August 2011, oil and oil sheen covering several square miles of water were again reported surfacing not far from BP’s Macondo well. Scientific analysis confirmed that the oil is a chemical match for Macondo 252. The USCG said the oil was too dispersed to recover and posed no threat to the coastline.

text: Oil at or near the site of the spill following well closure has suggested to some that there is continued or recurrent leakage.

text: NBC Nightly News

text: reported the slick on March 22, 2011. In August 2011, oil and oil sheen covering several square miles of water were again reported surfacing not far from BP’s Macondo well. Scientific analysis confirmed that the oil is a chemical match for Macondo 252. The USCG said the oil was too dispersed to recover and posed no threat to the coastline.

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answers: Macondo 252

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answers: BP

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answers: posed no threat to the coastline

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answers: recurrent

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answers: BP’s Macondo well

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answers: too dispersed to recover

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answers: recover

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answers: no

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil well, a 9-year-old semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit owned by BP,exploded in the Gulf of Mexico. The well spilled for three months, causing the world’s largest accidental release of oil into marine waters.  Federal science and engineering teams estimate that 53,000 barrels of oil a day poured from the well just before BP was able to cap it on July 15. They also estimate that the daily flow rate diminished over time, starting at about 62,000 barrels a day and decreasing as the reservoir of hydrocarbons feeding the gusher was gradually depleted.

text: On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil well, a 9-year-old semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit owned by BP,exploded in the Gulf of Mexico. The well spilled for three months, causing the world’s largest accidental release of oil into marine waters.  Federal science and engineering teams estimate that 53,000 barrels of oil a day poured from the well just before BP was able to cap it on July 15. They also estimate that the daily flow rate diminished over time, starting at about 62,000 barrels a day and decreasing as the reservoir of hydrocarbons feeding the gusher was gradually depleted.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

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answers: The well spilled for three months

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answers: 53,000

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answer: Yes

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text: Love Opera, Hate Oil Spills

text: Love Opera, Hate Oil Spills

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answers: Oil Spills

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answers: a day

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: The MT Hebei Spirit oil spill was a major oil spill in South Korea that began on the morning of 7 December 2007 local time, with ongoing environmental and economic effects. Government officials called it South Korea's worst oil spill ever, surpassing a spill that took place in 1995. This oil spill was about one-third of the size of the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

text: The MT Hebei Spirit oil spill was a major

text: oil spill

text: in

text: South Korea

text: that began on the morning of 7 December 2007 local time, with ongoing environmental and economic effects. Government officials called it South Korea's worst oil spill ever, surpassing a spill that took place in 1995. This oil spill was about one-third of the size of the

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

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text: McIlrath was inspired to write the lyrics for the song following a trip he took to New Orleans. While he had initially gone to discuss with local musicians how to merge politics and music, he was able to visit several areas affected by Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent flood, such as the Lower Ninth Ward. As McIlrath had felt that news outlets were quick to discuss other less important stories following the disaster, he compiled his thoughts and wrote the song's lyrics. McIlrath also noted that his criticism of the United States government for its handling of various disasters influenced the lyrics; he called Hurricane Katrina "as much a man-made disaster as it was a natural disaster", and lambasted the fact that no legislation was passed to prevent another oil spill following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010.

text: McIlrath was inspired to write the lyrics for the song following a trip he took to

text: New Orleans

text: . While he had initially gone to discuss with local musicians how to merge politics and music, he was able to visit several areas affected by

text: Hurricane Katrina

text: and the

entity_name: 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans

text: subsequent flood

text: , such as the

text: Lower Ninth Ward

text: . As McIlrath had felt that news outlets were quick to discuss other less important stories following the disaster, he compiled his thoughts and wrote the song's lyrics. McIlrath also noted that his criticism of the

text: United States government

text: for its handling of various disasters influenced the lyrics; he called Hurricane Katrina "as much a man-made disaster as it was a natural disaster", and lambasted the fact that no legislation was passed to prevent another

text: oil spill

text: following the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: in 2010.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Hurricane Katrina

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: pump out the oil

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: SS Arrow was built by Bethlehem Steel Company, Sparrows Point, Baltimore, Maryland in 1948 as the tanker Olympic Games. Renamed the Sea Robin in 1960 and finally to Arrow in 1962, the ship was a Liberian-registered tanker. At 551.2 feet (167.9 metres) in length, 68.3 feet (20.7 metres) in width, and a draft of 29.9 feet (9.1 metres), she was an enlarged version of the standard American wartime tanker design and one of the oldest tankers in the fleet of Aristotle Onassis, owned by the Sun Navigation Company. It remains the most significant oil spill off Canada’s East Coast (with some 10,000 tonnes or about 25% of the amount spilled by the Exxon Valdez in Alaska in 1989.) Only the MV Kurdistan comes close when that vessel spilled about 6,000 tons of oil after breaking apart just south of Cabot Strait on March 15, 1979.

text: SS Arrow was built by

text: Bethlehem Steel Company

text: Sparrows Point

text: , Baltimore, Maryland in 1948 as the tanker Olympic Games. Renamed the Sea Robin in 1960 and finally to Arrow in 1962, the ship was a Liberian-registered tanker. At 551.2 feet (167.9 metres) in length, 68.3 feet (20.7 metres) in width, and a draft of 29.9 feet (9.1 metres), she was an enlarged version of the standard American wartime tanker design and one of the oldest tankers in the fleet of Aristotle Onassis, owned by the Sun Navigation Company. It remains the most significant

text: oil spill

text: off Canada’s East Coast (with some 10,000 tonnes or about 25% of the amount spilled by the Exxon Valdez in Alaska in 1989.) Only the MV Kurdistan comes close when that vessel spilled about 6,000 tons of oil after breaking apart just south of

text: Cabot Strait

text: on March 15, 1979.

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answers: Exxon Valdez

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: SS Arrow

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil spill off Canada’s East Coast

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 10,000 tonnes

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Cabot Strait

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: It remains the most significant oil spill off Canada’s East Coast

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: SS Arrow

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: It remains the most significant oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: MV Kurdistan comes close

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: MV Kurdistan

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In addition to chemical explosives, there are a number of more exotic explosive materials, and exotic methods of causing explosions. Examples include nuclear explosives,  and abruptly heating a substance to a plasma state with a high-intensity laser or electric arc.

text: In addition to chemical explosives, there are a number of more exotic explosive materials, and exotic methods of causing explosions. Examples include

text: nuclear explosive

text: s,  and abruptly heating a substance to a

text: plasma

text: state with a high-intensity

text: laser

text: or

text: electric arc

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Another pressing environmental concern South Maury Island faces is oil spills. Although they are not directly related to the Glacier Northwest mining controversy, oil spills add to the sensitivity of the area as an aquatic reserve. On October 14, 2004, an oil spill occurred in the Dalco Passage at around 1 AM. An estimated 1,000 gallons spilled into the waterways surrounding Vashon/Maury Island. The source of the oil was initially unknown, but tests carried out by the Coast Guard and Washington Department of Ecology determined that the source was the Polar Texas oil tanker owned by ConocoPhillips. (Washington State Department of Ecology Web Page: Dalco Passage Spill)

text: Another pressing environmental concern South Maury Island faces is oil spills. Although they are not directly related to the Glacier Northwest mining controversy, oil spills add to the sensitivity of the area as an aquatic reserve. On October 14, 2004, an oil spill occurred in the Dalco Passage at around 1 AM. An estimated 1,000 gallons spilled into the waterways surrounding Vashon/Maury Island. The source of the oil was initially unknown, but tests carried out by the

text: Coast Guard

text: and Washington Department of Ecology determined that the source was the Polar Texas oil tanker owned by

text: ConocoPhillips

text: . (Washington State Department of Ecology Web Page: Dalco Passage Spill)

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answers: The source of the oil was initially unknown

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text: As listed above direct impacts such as noise and carbon monoxide emissions create direct and harmful effects on the environment, along with indirect impacts. The indirect impacts are often of higher consequence which lead to the misconception that it’s the opposite, since it is frequently understood that initial effects cause the most damage. For example, particulates which are the outcome of incomplete combustion done by an internal combustion engine, are not linked with respiratory and cardiovascular problems since they contribute to other factors not only to that specific condition. Even though the environmental impacts are usually listed individually there are also cumulative impacts. The synergetic consequences of transport activities. They take into account of the varied effects of direct and indirect impacts on an ecosystem. Climate change is the sum total impact of several natural and human made factors. 15% of global CO2 emissions are attributed to the transport sector.

text: As listed above direct impacts such as

text: noise

text: and

text: carbon monoxide

text: emissions create direct and harmful effects on the environment, along with indirect impacts. The indirect impacts are often of higher consequence which lead to the misconception that it’s the opposite, since it is frequently understood that initial effects cause the most damage. For example, particulates which are the outcome of incomplete combustion done by an internal combustion engine, are not linked with respiratory and cardiovascular problems since they contribute to other factors not only to that specific condition. Even though the environmental impacts are usually listed individually there are also cumulative impacts. The synergetic consequences of transport activities. They take into account of the varied effects of direct and indirect impacts on an ecosystem.

text: Climate change

text: is the sum total impact of several natural and human made factors. 15% of global CO2 emissions are attributed to the transport sector.

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_005461

answers: the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: contribute to other factors not only to that specific condition

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: harmful effects on the environment, along with indirect impacts

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 15

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: incomplete combustion

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: use alternative fuels

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: indirect impacts are often of higher consequence

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: direct impacts such as noise and carbon monoxide emissions create direct and harmful effects on the environment

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: 15% of global CO2 emissions are attributed to the transport sector

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: MV Jessica was an oil tanker that was involved in an oil spill in the Galápagos Islands, a chain of islands  west of continental Ecuador, of which they are a part. The ship was registered in Ecuador and owned by Acotramar. On the evening of 16 January 2001, Jessica ran aground at Wreck Bay, at the entrance to the port of Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, the capital of the Galápagos Province, located on the southwestern coast of San Cristóbal Island. The ship was carrying 600 tons (160,000 gallons) of diesel oil and 300 tons (80,000 gallons) of intermediate fuel oil. The diesel was destined for the fuel dispatch station on Baltra Island, while the fuel oil was destined for the tourist vessel Galapagos Explorer.

text: MV Jessica was an

text: oil tanker

text: that was involved in an

text: oil spill

text: in the

text: Galápagos Islands

text: , a chain of islands  west of continental

text: Ecuador

text: , of which they are a part. The ship was registered in Ecuador and owned by

text: Acotramar

text: . On the evening of 16 January 2001, Jessica ran aground at Wreck Bay, at the entrance to the port of

text: Puerto Baquerizo Moreno

text: , the capital of the

text: Galápagos Province

text: , located on the southwestern coast of

text: San Cristóbal Island

text: . The ship was carrying 600 tons (160,000 gallons) of

text: diesel oil

text: and 300 tons (80,000 gallons) of intermediate

text: fuel oil

text: . The diesel was destined for the fuel dispatch station on

text: Baltra Island

text: , while the fuel oil was destined for the tourist vessel Galapagos Explorer.

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answers: MV Jessica

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: MV Jessica

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil spill

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 600 tons

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Galápagos Islands

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: a chain of islands west of continental Ecuador

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: run aground

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: the Galápagos Islands

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Galapagos Explorer

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In a 2011 assessment of over 200 locations in Ogoniland by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), they found that impacts of the 50 years of oil production in the region extended deeper than previously thought. Because of oil spills, oil flaring, and waste discharge, the alluvial soil of the Niger Delta is no longer viable for agriculture. Furthermore, in many areas that seemed to be unaffected, groundwater was found to have high levels of hydrocarbons or were contaminated with benzene, a carcinogen, at 900 levels above WHO guidelines.

text: In a 2011 assessment of over 200 locations in Ogoniland by the United Nations Environment Programme (

text: UNEP

text: ), they found that impacts of the 50 years of oil production in the region extended deeper than previously thought. Because of oil spills, oil flaring, and waste discharge, the alluvial soil of the Niger Delta is no longer viable for agriculture. Furthermore, in many areas that seemed to be unaffected, groundwater was found to have high levels of hydrocarbons or were contaminated with benzene, a

text: carcinogen

text: , at 900 levels above

text: WHO

text: guidelines.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: oil spills

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: impacts of the 50 years of oil production in the region extended deeper than previously thought

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 900

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: oil production in the region extended deeper than previously thought

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answers: oil spills

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answers: unaffected

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: groundwater was found to have high levels of hydrocarbons or were contaminated with benzene

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to several hundred thousand tons (e.g., Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Atlantic Empress, Amoco Cadiz). Smaller spills have already proven to have a great impact on ecosystems, such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to several hundred thousand tons (e.g.,

text: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

text: Atlantic Empress

text: Amoco Cadiz

text: ). Smaller spills have already proven to have a great impact on ecosystems, such as the

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

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answers: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

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answers: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to several hundred thousand tons

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: several hundred thousand tons

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

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answers: spilled

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answers: no

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answers: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Smaller spills

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: There have been a number of major oil spills around the coast of Britain. The wreck of the Torrey Canyon in March 1967 resulted in the first major oil spill. The ship grounded on the Seven Stones reef between Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. The ship was bombed to break it up and detergent used to disperse the 700 km² oil slick. It is estimated that 15,000 birds were killed and there was also a large effect on marine life. As a result of this incident many lessons were learned on how to handle such problems and it led to changes in regulations. The grounding of MV Braer in January 1993 in the Shetlands led to the loss of 84,700 tons of light crude oil. There was again a large effect on wildlife, both birds and mammals. Because of the stormy conditions, the oil slick became broken up and had dispersed by October 1994. The Sea Empress hit a rock off Milford Haven in February 1996. Some 730,00 tons of oil were spilt, resulting in an estimated 5,000 birds being killed with much oil being washed up on beaches. It is estimated that the cost of the spill was £60 million.

text: There have been a number of major

text: oil spill

text: s around the coast of Britain. The wreck of the

text: Torrey Canyon

text: in March 1967 resulted in the first major

text: oil

text: spill. The ship grounded on the

text: Seven Stones reef

text: between Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. The ship was bombed to break it up and

text: detergent

text: used to disperse the 700 km² oil slick. It is estimated that 15,000 birds were killed and there was also a large effect on

text: marine life

text: . As a result of this incident many lessons were learned on how to handle such problems and it led to changes in regulations. The grounding of

text: MV Braer

text: in January 1993 in the

text: Shetland

text: s led to the loss of 84,700 tons of

text: light crude oil

text: . There was again a large effect on wildlife, both birds and mammals. Because of the stormy conditions, the oil slick became broken up and had dispersed by October 1994. The

text: Sea Empress

text: hit a rock off Milford Haven in February 1996. Some 730,00 tons of oil were spilt, resulting in an estimated 5,000 birds being killed with much oil being washed up on beaches. It is estimated that the cost of the spill was £60 million.

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answers: The Sea Empress

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: 730,00 tons of light crude oil

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: major oil spills around the coast of Britain

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 730,00 tons

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: it led to changes in regulations

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: detergent used to disperse

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: bombed

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: oil spills around the coast of Britain

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: The Sea Empress hit a rock off Milford Haven in February 1996

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: A real explosion was created during the filming of the episodes. Pickard said the explosion was "the biggest explosion I've ever seen in my life", explaining that he "watched from a safe distance" but he could still feel the heat due to the size of the explosion. On filming the explosion, Bowman said: "all the crew were put about four miles back behind cones, then the stunt double team were put about 10, 15 metres from the explosion, and then the sixth formers, including me, were the same distance as the stunt guys". She explained that she had to face away from the explosion and that the director instructed her not to "mess up" the continuity of the scene. She was instructed to "leap away from the explosion" which she initially felt would be easy but when the explosion played out she "just flew". Bowman explained that she could not see and could only feel the "burning heat" and hear a "horrendous explosion". Moss added that everything the audience see during the explosion is authentic.

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: The Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: A real explosion was created during the filming of the episodes

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 10,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Bowman explained that she could not see

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: "the biggest explosion I've ever seen"

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: create a real explosion

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no longer hear about an oil spill in the news

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: everything the audience see during the explosion is authentic

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: "the biggest explosion I've ever seen

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Although the spill has resulted in anecdotal evidence of sickness experienced by coastal residents and workers involved in the cleanup, scientific evidence has been scant.  The spill differed from previous spills in that the leak was at the ocean floor rather than on the surface and the volume of oil spilled and the amount of dispersant used was unprecedented.  The Louisiana state health officer stated, "This is more than a spill. This is ongoing leakage of a chemical, and adding chemicals to stop the chemicals. We're feeling like we're in a research lab." Moreover, the proximity to populated communities, the number of potentially exposed workers and community members, and the duration of the spill were far greater than any previously studied oil spills. Of more than 40 prior major oil spills, only 8 led to studies of health effects and only two of them included any long-term follow-up.  According to the researchers at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, early data from the two long-term studies "suggested that respiratory and genotoxicity effects were important to capture, as well as mental health outcomes commonly associated with disasters of this scale."

entity_name: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

text: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

text: , early data from the two long-term studies "suggested that respiratory and genotoxicity effects were important to capture, as well as mental health outcomes commonly associated with disasters of this scale."

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answers: Louisiana

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: the volume of oil spilled

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: The spill has resulted in anecdotal evidence of sickness experienced by coastal residents

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 40

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: environmental health sciences

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: amount of dispersant used was unprecedented

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: dispersant

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: We're feeling like we're in a research lab

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The long term effects from a nearby burst are more dangerous. Gamma rays cause chemical reactions in the atmosphere involving oxygen and nitrogen molecules, creating first nitrogen oxide then nitrogen dioxide gas. The nitrogen oxides cause dangerous effects on three levels. First, they deplete ozone, with models showing a possible global reduction of 25-35%, with as much as 75% in certain locations, an effect that would last for years. This reduction is enough to cause a dangerously elevated UV index at the surface. Secondly, the nitrogen oxides cause photochemical smog, which darkens the sky and blocks out parts of the sunlight spectrum. This would affect photosynthesis, but models show only about a 1% reduction of the total sunlight spectrum, lasting a few years. However, the smog could potentially cause a cooling effect on Earth's climate, producing a "cosmic winter" (similar to an impact winter, but without an impact), but only if it occurs simultaneously with a global climate instability. Thirdly, the elevated nitrogen levels in the atmosphere would wash out and produce nitric acid rain. Nitric acid is toxic to a variety of organisms, including amphibian life, but models show that it cannot reach levels that would cause a serious global effect. The nitrates might in fact be of benefit to some plants.

text: The long term effects from a nearby burst are more dangerous. Gamma rays cause chemical reactions in the atmosphere involving

text: oxygen

text: and

text: nitrogen

text: molecules

text: , creating first

text: nitrogen oxide

text: then

text: nitrogen dioxide

text: gas. The nitrogen oxides cause dangerous effects on three levels. First, they deplete

text: ozone

text: , with models showing a possible global reduction of 25-35%, with as much as 75% in certain locations, an effect that would last for years. This reduction is enough to cause a dangerously elevated

text: UV index

text: at the surface. Secondly, the nitrogen oxides cause

text: photochemical smog

text: , which darkens the sky and blocks out parts of the

text: sunlight

text: spectrum. This would affect

text: photosynthesis

text: , but models show only about a 1% reduction of the total sunlight spectrum, lasting a few years. However, the smog could potentially cause a cooling effect on Earth's climate, producing a "cosmic winter" (similar to an

text: impact winter

text: , but without an impact), but only if it occurs simultaneously with a global climate instability. Thirdly, the elevated nitrogen levels in the atmosphere would wash out and produce

text: nitric acid rain

text: Nitric acid

text: is toxic to a variety of organisms, including amphibian life, but models show that it cannot reach levels that would cause a serious global effect. The

text: nitrates

text: might in fact be of benefit to some plants.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Gamma rays

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: The long term effects from a nearby burst are more dangerous

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 25-35%

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Earth's climate is unstable

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Gamma rays

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: nitrates

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Nitrogen oxides cause dangerous effects on three levels

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An extensive cleaning initiative was implemented for the areas affected and damaged by the oil companies. Within 5 days of the spill over 90% of the impacted beaches and mainland had been cleaned. Although damage to wild life was still evident with turtles and sea birds covered in oil. Small oil spills are frequent in the area due to a number of offshore drilling sites. There are over 180 oil rigs operating in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Suez which accounts for a large percentage of the economy.

text: An extensive cleaning initiative was implemented for the areas affected and damaged by the oil companies. Within 5 days of the spill over 90% of the impacted beaches and mainland had been cleaned. Although damage to wild life was still evident with

text: turtle

text: s and

text: sea bird

text: s covered in oil. Small oil spills are frequent in the area due to a number of offshore drilling sites. There are over 180 oil rigs operating in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Suez which accounts for a large percentage of the economy.

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answers: Gulf of Suez

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answers: Gulf of Suez

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Small oil spills are frequent

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: over 180

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: offshore drilling sites

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Within 5 days of the spill

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: extensive cleaning initiative

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: damage to wild life was still evident with turtles and sea birds covered in oil

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small oil spills

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.  The term is usually applied to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur on land.  Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, pipelines, railcars, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil.

text: An oil spill is the release of a

text: liquid

text: petroleum

text: hydrocarbon

text: into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.  The term is usually applied to

text: marine

text: oil spills, where oil is released into the

text: ocean

text: or

text: coastal waters

text: , but spills may also occur on land.  Oil spills may be due to releases of

text: crude oil

text: from

text: tankers

text: , pipelines, railcars,

text: offshore platforms

text: drilling rig

text: s and

text: wells

text: , as well as spills of

text: refined petroleum products

text: (such as

text: gasoline

text: diesel

text: ) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as

text: bunker fuel

text: , or the spill of any oily refuse or

text: waste oil

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: drilling rigs and wells

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: crude oil

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: offshore platforms

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: An oil spill

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: offshore platforms

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no longer hear about an oil spill in the news

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: any oily refuse or waste oil

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: Explosive velocity, also known as detonation velocity or velocity of detonation (VoD), is the velocity at which the shock wave front travels through a detonated explosive. The data listed for a specific substance is usually a rough prediction based upon gas behavior theory (see Chapman-Jouguet condition), as in practice it is difficult to measure.  Explosive velocities are always faster than the local speed of sound in the material.

text: Explosive velocity, also known as detonation velocity or velocity of detonation (VoD), is the

text: velocity

text: at which the

text: shock wave

text: front travels through a

text: detonated

text: explosive

text: . The data listed for a specific substance is usually a rough prediction based upon

text: gas behavior theory

text: (see

text: Chapman-Jouguet condition

text: ), as in practice it is difficult to measure.  Explosive velocities are always faster than the local

text: speed of sound

text: in the material.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: Explosive velocities are always faster than the local speed of sound

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: in practice it is difficult to measure

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Explosive velocity

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answers: detonate explosive

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: Explosive velocity

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Chapman-Jouguet condition

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: It is difficult to measure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Maritime Safety Queensland has had to respond to a number of oil spills.  These include the 2010 Great Barrier Reef oil spill and the 2009 southeast Queensland oil spill. In 2006, response teams from MSQ coordinated cleanup efforts after the Global Peace leaked oil from damaged fuel tanks into Gladstone Harbour.

text: Maritime Safety Queensland has had to respond to a number of oil spills.  These include the

text: 2010 Great Barrier Reef oil spill

text: and the

text: 2009 southeast Queensland oil spill

text: . In 2006, response teams from MSQ coordinated cleanup efforts after the Global Peace leaked oil from damaged fuel tanks into Gladstone Harbour.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: 2009 southeast Queensland oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: 2009 southeast Queensland oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil spills

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 10,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Maritime Safety Queensland

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: spill

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answers: respond

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answers: cleanup efforts

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Global Peace leaked oil from damaged fuel tanks

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The oil's spread was initially increased by strong southerly winds caused by an impending cold front. By 25 April 2010, the spill covered  and was only  from the ecologically sensitive Chandeleur Islands. An 30 April 2010, estimate placed the total spread of the oil at . The spill quickly approached the Delta National Wildlife Refuge and Breton National Wildlife Refuge. On 19 May 2010, both NOAA and other scientists monitoring the spill with the European Space Agency Envisat radar satellite stated that oil had reached the Loop Current, which flows clockwise around the Gulf of Mexico towards Florida and then joins the Gulf Stream along the U.S. east coast. On 29 June 2010, NOAA determined that the oil slick was no longer a threat to the loop current and stopped tracking offshore oil predictions that include the loop currents region. The omission is noted prominently on the ongoing nearshore surface oil forecasts that are posted daily on NOAA's website.

text: The oil's spread was initially increased by strong southerly winds caused by an impending

text: cold front

text: . By 25 April 2010, the spill covered  and was only  from the ecologically sensitive

text: Chandeleur Islands

text: . An 30 April 2010, estimate placed the total spread of the oil at . The spill quickly approached the

text: Delta National Wildlife Refuge

text: and

text: Breton National Wildlife Refuge

text: . On 19 May 2010, both NOAA and other scientists monitoring the spill with the

text: European Space Agency

text: Envisat radar satellite stated that oil had reached the

text: Loop Current

text: , which flows clockwise around the Gulf of Mexico towards Florida and then joins the

text: Gulf Stream

text: along the U.S. east coast. On 29 June 2010, NOAA determined that the oil slick was no longer a threat to the loop current and stopped tracking offshore oil predictions that include the loop currents region. The omission is noted prominently on the ongoing nearshore surface oil forecasts that are posted daily on NOAA's website.

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: ecologically sensitive

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: no longer a threat to the loop current

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: strong southerly winds

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: stop tracking offshore oil predictions

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no longer a threat to the loop current

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the spill quickly approached the Delta National Wildlife Refuge and Breton National Wildlife Refuge

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: However, several oil spills from facilities on the field brought Greka media attention.  In 2007, Greka paid a fine of $17,500 for a tank leak at the Zaca field in which oil and produced water reached Zaca Creek.

text: However, several oil spills from facilities on the field brought Greka media attention.  In 2007, Greka paid a fine of $17,500 for a tank leak at the Zaca field in which oil and produced water reached Zaca Creek.

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answers: It is back to normal

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answers: Greka paid a fine of $17,500

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Dispersant was used in an attempt to clean up the Exxon Valdez oil spill though its use was discontinued as there was not enough wave action to mix the dispersant with the oil in the water. Dispersant Corexit 9500 was used on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Dispersant Corexit 9527 was used to disperse an oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico in 1979 (Ixtoc), used over one thousand square miles of sea.

text: Dispersant was used in an attempt to clean up the

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: though its use was discontinued as there was not enough wave action to mix the dispersant with the oil in the water. Dispersant

text: Corexit

text: 9500 was used on the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: . Dispersant Corexit 9527 was used to disperse an oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico in 1979 (

text: Ixtoc

text: ), used over one thousand square miles of sea.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: Corexit 9500

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answers: over one thousand

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answers: dispersant Corexit 9527

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answers: Dispersant

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answers: Dispersant

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: there was not enough wave action to mix the dispersant with the oil in the water

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: An explosion may occur under two general conditions: the first, unconfined, as in the open air where the pressure (atmospheric) is constant; the second, confined, as in a closed chamber where the volume is constant. The same amount of heat energy is liberated in each case, but in the unconfined explosion, a certain amount is used as work energy in pushing back the surrounding air, and therefore is lost as heat. In a confined explosion, where the explosive volume is small (such as occurs in the powder chamber of a firearm), practically all the heat of explosion is conserved as useful energy. If the quantity of heat liberated at constant volume under adiabatic conditions is calculated and converted from heat units to equivalent work units, the potential or capacity for work results.

text: An explosion may occur under two general conditions: the first, unconfined, as in the open air where the pressure (atmospheric) is constant; the second, confined, as in a closed chamber where the volume is constant. The same amount of heat energy is liberated in each case, but in the unconfined explosion, a certain amount is used as work energy in pushing back the surrounding air, and therefore is lost as heat. In a confined explosion, where the explosive volume is small (such as occurs in the powder chamber of a firearm), practically all the heat of explosion is conserved as useful energy. If the quantity of heat liberated at constant volume under adiabatic conditions is calculated and converted from heat units to equivalent work units, the potential or capacity for work results.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: unconfined explosion

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: confined explosion, where the explosive volume is small

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: adiabatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: unconfined

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: confined explosion

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: In a confined explosion

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: practically all the heat of explosion is conserved as useful energy

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion was the April 20, 2010 explosion and subsequent fire on the Deepwater Horizon semi-submersible Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU), which was owned and operated by Transocean and drilling for BP in the Macondo Prospect oil field about  southeast of the Louisiana coast. The explosion and subsequent fire resulted in the sinking of the Deepwater Horizon and the deaths of 11 workers; 17 others were injured. The same blowout that caused the explosion also caused a massive offshore oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, considered the largest accidental marine oil spill in the world, and the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history.

text: The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion was the April 20, 2010 explosion and subsequent fire on the

text: Deepwater Horizon

text: semi-submersible Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit

text: (MODU), which was owned and operated by

text: Transocean

text: and drilling for

text: BP

text: in the

text: Macondo Prospect

text: oil field

text: about  southeast of the

text: Louisiana

text: coast. The explosion and subsequent fire resulted in the sinking of the Deepwater Horizon and the deaths of 11 workers; 17 others were injured. The same

text: blowout

text: that caused the explosion also caused a massive

text: offshore oil spill

text: in the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: , considered the largest accidental marine oil spill in the world, and the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history.

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: BP

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Macondo Prospect oil field

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: sinking

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answers: no longer hear about an oil spill in the news

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: BP in the Macondo Prospect oil field about southeast of the Louisiana coast

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Dos Bocas oil fire was a 1908 blowout and oil fire that took place in Veracruz, Mexico. The fire started after a blowout occurred, causing crude oil to make contact with the flames that powered the oil derrick. The fire continued from 4 July 1908 to 30 August 1908 - until the oil deposit was burnt out. For the nearly two months that the fire burned, nearly 90000 barrels of oil flowed into the surrounding landscape each day. Ultimately, the Dos Bocas blowout (named for the two gaping black holes it left it the ground - "two mouths") ended up being one of the largest oil spills in the history of the oil industry. The two large craters formed in the ground around the oil well were caused by the pressure of the oilfield. It was impossible to stop the flow of oil because the well casing had been blown off during the gush.The heat exacerbated the difficulties workers faced when trying to stop the flow of oil. Temperatures were high which caused those working to put out the fire and contain the spill to be unable to go closer than a few hundred feet. The oil coming out was a 200 feet tall column and the fire burned at over 1,000°F.  Twenty-seven kilometers away from the fire, town residents said that they were able to read a newspaper at night by the light of the flames.

text: The Dos Bocas oil fire was a 1908

text: blowout

text: and

text: oil fire

text: that took place in

text: Veracruz, Mexico

text: . The fire started after a blowout occurred, causing

text: crude oil

text: to make contact with the flames that powered the

text: oil derrick

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answers: Dos Bocas oil fire

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Dos Bocas oil fire

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: It was impossible to stop the flow of oil because the well casing had been blown off during the gush

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 90000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: It was impossible to stop the flow of oil

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: 90000 barrels of oil flowed into the surrounding landscape each day

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: burnt out

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: It was impossible to stop the flow of oil

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: they were able to read a newspaper at night by the light of the flames

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In distilling the crude oil, it is important not to subject the crude oil to temperatures above 370 to 380 °C because the high molecular weight components in the crude oil will undergo thermal cracking and form petroleum coke at temperatures above that. Formation of coke would result in plugging the tubes in the furnace that heats the feed stream to the crude oil distillation column. Plugging would also occur in the piping from the furnace to the distillation column as well as in the column itself.

text: In distilling the crude oil, it is important not to subject the crude oil to temperatures above 370 to 380 °C because the high

text: molecular weight

text: components in the crude oil will undergo

text: thermal cracking

text: and form

text: petroleum coke

text: at temperatures above that. Formation of coke would result in plugging the tubes in the

text: furnace

text: that heats the feed stream to the crude oil distillation column. Plugging would also occur in the

text: piping

text: from the furnace to the distillation column as well as in the column itself.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: formation of coke would result in plugging the tubes

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answers: 400,000

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answers: formation of coke would result in plugging

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answers: feed stream

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answers: distilling the crude oil

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answers: no longer hear about an oil spill

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answers: the high molecular weight components in the crude oil will undergo thermal cracking and form petroleum coke at temperatures above that

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A cleanup clause is a contractual provision in a loan agreement which provides that all loans must be repaid within a specified period, after which no further loans will be made available to the debtor for a specified "cleanup" period.

text: A cleanup clause is a

text: contract

text: ual provision in a

text: loan agreement

text: which provides that all loans must be repaid within a specified period, after which no further loans will be made available to the

text: debtor

text: for a specified "cleanup" period.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: deepwater drilling

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answers: 20,000

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answers: no further loans

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answers: cleanup

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answers: repaid

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answers: A cleanup clause

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answers: no further loans will be made available to the debtor

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On October 13, 2016 just after 1 a.m a Texas-owned articulated tug/barge—a 28-metre tugboat, the Nathan E Stewart, secured to the stern of an empty 90-metre petroleum barge DBL 55—ran hard aground on the Edge Reef off Athlone Island at the entrance to Seaforth Channel in the Heiltsuk Nation's traditional territorial waters. contaminating the Seaforth Channel area with "more than 100,000 litres of fuel." The Nathan E Stewart held approximately 200,000 litres of industrial oils including diesel. Although the Seaforth Channel is part of the Voluntary Tanker Exclusion Zone, the Nathan E. Stewart which is a U.S. vessel under 10,000 gross tonnage was allowed to operate by the Pacific Pilotage Authority, "without a local pilot on the West Coast of Canada." This is a common practice "if the crew meets a minimum standard of experience and licensing." None of the seven-member crew of the Nathan E Stewart were injured. The fuel spill was about 20 kilometres west of Bella Bella, the core community of the Heiltsuk Nation. The fuel spill threatens "dozens of species that are harvested in the area, including manila clam beds that provide income of up to $150,000 per year for the community." A shellfish harvesting ban was imposed on October 14. The fuel spill is in the environmentally sensitive Great Bear Rainforest - the largest intact old-growth forest in the world. The operator responsible for the tug and barge are Kirby Offshore Marine, a Texas-based operator. In 2011 when the Nathan E Stewart lost power and was set adrift in rough waters of Alaska, journalists at the time drew attention to the Pacific Pilotage Authority waiver that exempted the barge which makes routine weekly runs "between Vancouver and Alaska through the Inside Passage" "from the requirement of having Canadian pilots on board." Following the October incident, the Pacific Pilotage Authority revoked the barge's waiver. The Canadian Coast Guard who were leading the cleanup, arrived on scene at 2:19 a.m. at CCG Station Bella Bella. They called in the Western Canada Marine Response Corporation (WCMRC) at 4:30 am and their vessels and crew from Vancouver and Prince Rupert arrived on site at 5:30 pm. A "mobile skimming vessel, boom skiff, work boat, and tug, along with a total of 2,500 feet of boom" were on site. The tugboat "settled under nine metres of water in Seaforth Channel." By October 26 the tanks of fuel on the submerged tug had been pumped out and "110,131 litres of an oil-water mixture" were recovered but oil was discovered in at "least three coves in Seaforth Channel." Bad weather prevented the salvage operation. Resolve Pioneer, a salvage vessel arrived in Bella Bella on November 8. and the damaged Nathan E. Stewart was raised from the sea floor on November 14. It was hauled to Surrey, B.C. on November 19 but cleanup continued. The Heiltsuk, B.C. Premier Christy Clark and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau criticized the oil spill response as "inadequate" and "unacceptable." The incident highlighted concerns about lack of capacity of existing response teams as on the eve of proposed pipelines which would lead to even more tanker traffic on the Inside Passage. On November 6 in Bella Bella Federal Minister of Transportation Marc Garneau met briefly with Heiltsuk hereditary and elected chiefs and on November 7 in Vancouver Prime Minister Trudeau announced a $1.5B ocean protection plan which will "creating a marine safety system, restoring marine ecosystems and research into oil spill cleanup methods."

text: On October 13, 2016 just after 1 a.m a Texas-owned articulated tug/barge—a 28-metre tugboat, the Nathan E Stewart, secured to the stern of an empty 90-metre petroleum barge DBL 55—ran hard aground on the Edge Reef off Athlone Island at the entrance to Seaforth Channel in the

text: Heiltsuk Nation

text: 's traditional territorial waters. contaminating the Seaforth Channel area with "more than 100,000 litres of fuel." The Nathan E Stewart held approximately 200,000 litres of industrial oils including diesel. Although the Seaforth Channel is part of the Voluntary Tanker Exclusion Zone, the Nathan E. Stewart which is a U.S. vessel under 10,000 gross tonnage was allowed to operate by the Pacific Pilotage Authority, "without a local pilot on the West Coast of Canada." This is a common practice "if the crew meets a minimum standard of experience and licensing." None of the seven-member crew of the Nathan E Stewart were injured. The fuel spill was about 20 kilometres west of Bella Bella, the core community of the

text: Heiltsuk Nation

text: . The fuel spill threatens "dozens of species that are harvested in the area, including manila clam beds that provide income of up to $150,000 per year for the community." A shellfish harvesting ban was imposed on October 14. The fuel spill is in the environmentally sensitive

text: Great Bear Rainforest

text: - the largest intact

text: old-growth forest

text: in the world. The operator responsible for the tug and barge are Kirby Offshore Marine, a Texas-based operator. In 2011 when the Nathan E Stewart lost power and was set adrift in rough waters of Alaska, journalists at the time drew attention to the Pacific Pilotage Authority waiver that exempted the barge which makes routine weekly runs "between Vancouver and Alaska through the Inside Passage" "from the requirement of having Canadian pilots on board." Following the October incident, the Pacific Pilotage Authority revoked the barge's waiver. The

text: Canadian Coast Guard

text: Christy Clark

text: and Prime Minister

text: Justin Trudeau

text: criticized the oil spill response as "inadequate" and "unacceptable." The incident highlighted concerns about lack of capacity of existing response teams as on the eve of proposed pipelines which would lead to even more tanker traffic on the Inside Passage. On November 6 in Bella Bella Federal Minister of Transportation Marc Garneau met briefly with Heiltsuk hereditary and elected chiefs and on November 7 in Vancouver Prime Minister Trudeau announced a $1.5B ocean protection plan which will "creating a marine safety system, restoring marine ecosystems and research into oil spill cleanup methods."

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: NDQ_005461

answers: more than 100,000 litres

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: The Nathan E Stewart held approximately 200,000 litres of industrial oils including diesel

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: The fuel spill is in the environmentally sensitive Great Bear Rainforest - the largest intact old-growth forest in the world

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 10,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: A shellfish harvesting ban

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Athlone Island

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: The Canadian Coast Guard

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: Athlone Island

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Canadian pilots on board

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Athlone Island

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Unlike conventional crude, unstabilized dilbit floats briefly in water but heavier components sink as light components evaporate. The remaining bitumen can make cleaning up a dilbit spill more difficult than a conventional oil spill, particularly if dredging is considered too ecologically damaging. During the Kalamazoo River oil spill, the heavier components sank to the bottom of the water column, making cleanup difficult. Cleanup of the spill was still underway three years after the event, and officials at the Michigan Department of Natural Resources' Fishery Division stated that it will "be many more years before the agency can measure the full impact on fish and other animals' reproductive cycles."  However, studies show that dilbit does not increase the risk of corrosion occurring within a pipeline or otherwise increase the risk of a release occurring.

text: Unlike conventional

text: crude

text: , unstabilized dilbit floats briefly in water but heavier components sink as light components

text: evaporate

text: . The remaining bitumen can make cleaning up a dilbit spill more difficult than a conventional oil spill, particularly if dredging is considered too ecologically damaging. During the

text: Kalamazoo River oil spill

text: , the heavier components sank to the bottom of the

text: water column

text: , making cleanup difficult. Cleanup of the spill was still underway three years after the event, and officials at the Michigan Department of Natural Resources' Fishery Division stated that it will "be many more years before the agency can measure the full impact on fish and other animals' reproductive cycles."  However, studies show that dilbit does not increase the risk of corrosion occurring within a pipeline or otherwise increase the risk of a release occurring.

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answers: Kalamazoo River

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Kalamazoo River oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: heavier components sink as light components evaporate

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: conventional crude

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: dilbit floats briefly in water but heavier components sink as light components evaporate

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: heavier components sink as light components evaporate

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: dredging

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: heavier components sink as light components evaporate

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: unstabilized dilbit floats briefly in water

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Oil Spill With Bird, 2013

text: Oil Spill With Bird, 2013

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answers: 2013 Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: Deepwater drilling is dangerous

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answers: tens

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answers: they can

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The operation later in November 2009 to finally plug the well after the leak was stopped involved pumping a 1,400 metre cement plug from the West Triton rig down the relief well to the bottom of the 2.5 kilometre well. Once completed, the West Triton relief rig was demobilised and returned to Singapore.

text: The operation later in November 2009 to finally plug the well after the leak was stopped involved pumping a 1,400 metre cement plug from the West Triton rig down the relief well to the bottom of the 2.5 kilometre well. Once completed, the West Triton relief rig was demobilised and returned to Singapore.

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answers: West Triton rig

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: West Triton

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: pumping a 1,400 metre cement plug

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 1,400

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: It will continue to go for hard-to-get-at deposits

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: plug the well

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: The operation later in November 2009

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the West Triton relief rig was demobilised and returned to Singapore

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On October 2002, near the port of Al Mukalla, suicide bombers rammed an explosive-laden boat into the Limburg, a French oil tanker, killing a Bulgarian crew member and spilling  of oil into the Gulf of Aden. Saudi born Abdulraheem al-Nashiri, prime suspect of the USS Cole bombing, paid $40,000 to fund the Limburg attack. With that money, the former Al Qaida leader Abu Ali al-Harithi bought the explosives and transported them from his house in Shabwa to Mukalla in Hadramut.

text: On October 2002, near the port of

text: Al Mukalla

text: suicide bombers

text: rammed an explosive-laden boat into the

text: Limburg

text: , a French oil tanker, killing a Bulgarian crew member and spilling  of oil into the

text: Gulf of Aden

text: . Saudi born

text: Abdulraheem al-Nashiri

text: , prime suspect of the USS Cole bombing, paid $40,000 to fund the Limburg attack. With that money, the former Al Qaida leader

text: Abu Ali al-Harithi

text: bought the explosives and transported them from his house in

text: Shabwa

text: to

text: Mukalla

text: in

text: Hadramut

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answers: Gulf of Aden

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Gulf of Aden

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: spilling of oil

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Al Mukalla

answers: NDQ_005466

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answers: pump out the oil

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answers: The Limburg attack

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answers: NDQ_005470

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: DOGGR also maintains a database of active wells, expired wells, surveyed lands and leases on California land, coastal waters (0–3 miles) and federal Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). When a well is no longer needed, either because the oil or gas reservoir becomes depleted, or because no oil or gas was found (called a dry-hole), the well is plugged and abandoned. A well is plugged by placing cement in the well-bore or casing at certain intervals as specified in California laws or regulations. The purpose of the cement is to seal the wellbore or casing and prevent fluid from migrating between underground rock layers. Cement plugs are required to be placed across the oil or gas reservoir (zone plug), across the base-of-fresh-water (BFW plug), and at the surface (surface plug). Other cement plugs may be required at the bottom of a string of open casing (shoe plug), on top of tools that may become stuck down hole (junk plug), on top of cut casing (stub plug), or anywhere else where  a cement plug may be needed. Also, the hole is filled with drilling mud to help prevent the migration of fluids.

text: DOGGR also maintains a database of active wells, expired wells, surveyed lands and leases on

text: California

text: land, coastal waters (0–3 miles) and federal

text: Outer Continental Shelf

text: (OCS). When a well is no longer needed, either because the oil or gas

text: reservoir

text: becomes depleted, or because no oil or gas was found (called a dry-hole), the well is plugged and abandoned. A well is plugged by placing

text: cement

text: in the well-bore or

text: casing

text: at certain intervals as specified in California laws or regulations. The purpose of the cement is to seal the wellbore or casing and prevent fluid from migrating between underground rock layers. Cement plugs are required to be placed across the oil or gas reservoir (zone plug), across the base-of-fresh-water (BFW plug), and at the surface (surface plug). Other cement plugs may be required at the bottom of a string of open casing (shoe plug), on top of tools that may become stuck down hole (junk plug), on top of cut casing (stub plug), or anywhere else where  a cement plug may be needed. Also, the hole is filled with

text: drilling mud

text: to help prevent the migration of fluids.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: the hole is filled with drilling mud to help prevent the migration of fluids

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 3 miles

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: no oil or gas was found

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: prevent fluid from migrating between underground rock layers

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: fill the hole with drilling mud

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no oil or gas was found (called a dry-hole)

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: drilling mud to help prevent the migration of fluids

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The underlying driver of direct human impacts on the environment is human consumption. This impact is reduced by not only consuming less but by also making the full cycle of production, use and disposal more sustainable. Consumption of goods and services can be analysed and managed at all scales through the chain of consumption, starting with the effects of individual lifestyle choices and spending patterns, through to the resource demands of specific goods and services, the impacts of economic sectors, through national economies to the global economy. Analysis of consumption patterns relates resource use to the environmental, social and economic impacts at the scale or context under investigation. The ideas of embodied resource use (the total resources needed to produce a product or service), resource intensity, and resource productivity are important tools for understanding the impacts of consumption. Key resource categories relating to human needs are food, energy, materials and water.

text: The underlying driver of direct human impacts on the environment is human consumption. This impact is reduced by not only consuming less but by also making the full cycle of production, use and disposal more sustainable. Consumption of goods and services can be analysed and managed at all scales through the chain of consumption, starting with the effects of individual lifestyle choices and spending patterns, through to the resource demands of specific goods and services, the impacts of economic sectors, through national economies to the global economy. Analysis of consumption patterns relates resource use to the environmental, social and economic impacts at the scale or context under investigation. The ideas of embodied resource use (the total resources needed to produce a product or service),

text: resource intensity

text: , and

text: resource productivity

text: are important tools for understanding the impacts of consumption. Key resource categories relating to human needs are

text: food

text: energy

text: , materials and water.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: a deepwater horizon spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: human impacts on the environment

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 2 million

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: human consumption

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: disposal

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answers: disposal

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answers: consumption of goods and services

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: The underlying driver of direct human impacts on the environment is human consumption

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: At the beginning of the Gulf spill, the proprietary composition was not public, but the manufacturer's own safety data sheet identified the main components as 2-butoxyethanol and a proprietary organic sulfonate with a small concentration of propylene glycol. Warnings from the Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet for 2-butoxyethanol include: "Cancer Hazard: 2-Butoxy Ethanol may be a carcinogen in humans since it has been shown to cause liver cancer in animals. Many scientists believe there is no safe level of exposure to a carcinogen....Reproductive Hazard: 2-Butoxy Ethanol may damage the developing fetus. There is limited evidence that 2-Butoxy Ethanol may damage the male reproductive system (including decreasing the sperm count) in animals and may affect female fertility in animals". 2-butoxyethanol was identified as a causal agent in the health problems experienced by cleanup workers after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill.  According to the Alaska Community Action on Toxics, the use of Corexit during the spill caused people "respiratory, nervous system, liver, kidney and blood disorders".

text: At the beginning of the Gulf spill, the proprietary composition was not public, but the manufacturer's own

text: safety data sheet

text: identified the main components as

text: and a proprietary

text: organic

text: sulfonate

text: with a small concentration of

text: propylene glycol

text: . Warnings from the Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet for 2-butoxyethanol include: "Cancer Hazard: 2-Butoxy Ethanol may be a

text: carcinogen

text: in humans since it has been shown to cause liver cancer in animals. Many scientists believe there is no safe level of exposure to a carcinogen....Reproductive Hazard: 2-Butoxy Ethanol may damage the developing fetus. There is limited evidence that 2-Butoxy Ethanol may damage the male reproductive system (including decreasing the sperm count) in animals and may affect female fertility in animals". 2-butoxyethanol was identified as a causal agent in the health problems experienced by cleanup workers after the 1989

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: .  According to the Alaska Community Action on Toxics, the use of Corexit during the spill caused people "respiratory, nervous system, liver, kidney and blood disorders".

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answers: 1989 Exxon Valdez

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answers: Gulf spill

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answers: Gulf spill

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answers: Many scientists believe there is no safe level of exposure

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answers: Gulf spill

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answers: use of Corexit

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answers: no

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answers: Many scientists believe there is no safe level of exposure to a carcinogen

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The effects of the spill were not as bad as initially predicted. This was due in part to the time of year when the spill occurred. In February, many migratory animals had not yet arrived back in Pembrokeshire for breeding. Along with stormy weather which helped break-up and naturally disperse the oil, the effect on wildlife would have been much worse if the spill had occurred just a month later. The spill would undoubtedly have been catastrophic for both the environment and local economy if it had occurred during the summer months.

text: The effects of the spill were not as bad as initially predicted. This was due in part to the time of year when the spill occurred. In February, many migratory animals had not yet arrived back in Pembrokeshire for breeding. Along with stormy weather which helped break-up and naturally disperse the oil, the effect on wildlife would have been much worse if the spill had occurred just a month later. The spill would undoubtedly have been catastrophic for both the environment and local economy if it had occurred during the summer months.

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answers: occurred during the summer months

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: The spill would undoubtedly have been catastrophic for both the environment and local economy

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 30,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: It would undoubtedly have been catastrophic

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: stormy weather

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answers: stormy weather

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: if it had occurred during the summer months

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin oil slick which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. This can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish and other organisms it coats. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly bulldozed around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily.

text: Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin

text: oil slick

text: which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. This can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish and other organisms it coats. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly

text: bulldozed

text: around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily.

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: oil spills at sea

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: hundreds

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Oil spills on land are more readily containable

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Oil spills on land are more readily containable

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answers: bulldozed

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: Oil spills on land are more readily containable

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Oil spills on land are more readily containable

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1990, in the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Congress enacted the Oil Pollution Act to consolidate various oil spill and oil pollution statutes into a single unified law, and to provide for a statutory regime for handling oil spill cleanup. This law was challenged as a bill of attainder by the shipping division of ExxonMobil.

text: In 1990, in the wake of the

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: , Congress enacted the

text: Oil Pollution Act

text: to consolidate various oil spill and oil pollution statutes into a single unified law, and to provide for a statutory regime for handling oil spill cleanup. This law was challenged as a bill of attainder by the shipping division of

text: ExxonMobil

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answers: Exxon Valdez

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: oil spill

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answers: 20,000

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answers: ExxonMobil

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answers: oil spill

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answers: enacted the Oil Pollution Act

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answers: Oil Pollution Act

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answers: the shipping division of ExxonMobil

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Dishwashing liquid has been used to treat birds affected by oil spills. After the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, the International Bird Rescue Research Center received hundreds of cases of dishwashing liquid that were used to clean up birds and other animals contaminated with spilled oil. More dishwashing liquid was donated during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill to the International Bird Rescue Research Center and the Marine Mammal Center. Some dishwashing soap brands donated to support oiled birds during the Deepwater Horizon spill have received criticism for being petroleum-based.

text: Dishwashing liquid has been used to treat

text: birds affected

text: by

text: oil spill

text: s. After the

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: in 1989, the

text: International Bird Rescue

text: Research Center received hundreds of cases of dishwashing liquid that were used to clean up birds and other animals contaminated with spilled oil. More dishwashing liquid was donated during the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: to the International Bird Rescue Research Center and the Marine Mammal Center. Some dishwashing soap brands donated to support oiled birds during the Deepwater Horizon spill have received criticism for being petroleum-based.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: petroleum-based

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: oil spills

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: oil spills

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: dishwashing liquid

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: petroleum-based

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Though recent spills have been minor, there is concern that Washington does not have the capacity to respond to a big oil spill in the future, which would devastate the environment and have significant impacts on the surrounding community, wildlife, and fisheries. Efforts are being made to strengthen the community, State, and Coast Guard partnership in preventing and responding to oil spills effectively. Washington is also working to improve Tug Escorts for loaded tankers, enhance oil spill contingency plans, and remedy environmental damage already cased by oil spills. (Washington State Department of Ecology Web Page: Spill Prevention, Preparedness, and Response)

text: Though recent spills have been minor, there is concern that

text: Washington

text: does not have the capacity to respond to a big oil spill in the future, which would devastate the environment and have significant impacts on the surrounding community,

text: wildlife

text: , and

text: fisheries

text: . Efforts are being made to strengthen the community, State, and Coast Guard partnership in preventing and responding to oil spills effectively. Washington is also working to improve

text: Tug Escorts

text: for loaded tankers, enhance oil spill contingency plans, and remedy environmental damage already cased by oil spills. (Washington State Department of Ecology Web Page: Spill Prevention, Preparedness, and Response)

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: a big oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: major oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: significant impacts on the surrounding community, wildlife, and fisheries

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: big oil spill

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Washington

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: would devastate the environment

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: Efforts

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Washington does not have the capacity to respond to a big oil spill

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The wreck of New Carissa caused one of the most serious oil spills to affect the state of Oregon, and the worst since a 1984 spill near Longview, Washington that dumped  of oil into the Columbia River. As Oregon has no significant oil refinery facilities, oil tankers do not often dock at its ports, making the state relatively safe from oil spills. Analysis conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service determined that over 3,000 shorebirds and seabirds perished. The birds belonged to more than 50 species. Among the birds killed were 262 threatened marbled murrelets and between four and eight endangered western snowy plovers. Harbor seals, fish, and shellfish were also killed or affected. Several beaches were fouled, with tarballs continuing to wash up for more than a month after the wreck.

text: The wreck of New Carissa caused one of the most serious

text: oil spill

text: s to affect the state of Oregon, and the worst since a 1984 spill near

text: Longview, Washington

text: that dumped  of oil into the

text: Columbia River

text: . As Oregon has no significant

text: oil refinery

text: facilities,

text: oil tanker

text: s do not often dock at its ports, making the state relatively safe from oil spills. Analysis conducted by the

text: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

text: determined that over 3,000

text: shorebirds

text: and

text: seabird

text: s perished. The birds belonged to more than 50 species. Among the birds killed were 262

text: threatened

text: marbled murrelet

text: s and between four and eight

text: endangered

text: western snowy plovers

text: Harbor seal

text: s, fish, and

text: shellfish

text: were also killed or affected. Several beaches were fouled, with

text: tarballs

text: continuing to wash up for more than a month after the wreck.

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answer: 1

text: In 2010, Mighty Servant 3 was outfitted with oil skimming equipment and used in the cleanup of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.

text: In 2010, Mighty Servant 3 was outfitted with

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answer: 1

text: Company founder Jim O'Brien fought his first oil spill in 1969 as an officer with the United States Coast Guard.  In 1983 he retired to form his own company, O'Brien's Oil Pollution Service, known as "OOPS Inc.", in Slidell, Louisiana.  O'Brien soon gained fame in the 1980s as the "Red Adair of oil spill cleanup".  O'Brien also helped manage the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989.  Following that event the United States enacted the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, requiring ships to carry sufficient insurance and hire a management company to handle any oil spill.

text: Company founder Jim O'Brien fought his first oil spill in 1969 as an officer with the

text: United States Coast Guard

text: .  In 1983 he retired to form his own company, O'Brien's Oil Pollution Service, known as "OOPS Inc.", in

text: Slidell, Louisiana

text: .  O'Brien soon gained fame in the 1980s as the "

text: Red Adair

text: of oil spill cleanup".  O'Brien also helped manage the

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: of 1989.  Following that event the United States enacted the

text: Oil Pollution Act of 1990

text: , requiring ships to carry sufficient insurance and hire a management company to handle any oil spill.

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text: Gazprom's oil drilling in the Arctic has drawn protests from environmental groups, particularly Greenpeace. Greenpeace has opposed oil drilling in the Arctic on the grounds that oil drilling would cause damage to the Arctic ecosystem and that there are no safety plans in place to prevent oil spills.

text: Gazprom's oil drilling in the Arctic has drawn protests from environmental groups, particularly

text: Greenpeace

text: . Greenpeace has opposed oil drilling in the Arctic on the grounds that oil drilling would cause damage to the Arctic ecosystem and that there are no safety plans in place to prevent oil spills.

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answer: Yes

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text: for spill cleanup (gloves, respirators, etc.) and an explanation of their proper use;

text: for spill cleanup (gloves, respirators, etc.) and an explanation of their proper use;

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

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answers: Gloves, respirators, etc.

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answers: small leaks

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In December 1993 Berry Petroleum had a leak in one of their oil pipelines, resulting in a spill into marine waters. The company had acquired the 40-year-old pipeline from Chevron in 1990 after it had been abandoned for some ten years. The line had been used to transport natural gas, yet Berry began to pump crude oil through it without making any upgrades. Moreover, it was revealed that ten months before the oil spill occurred, a safety valve that might have prevented the leak had broken, and no one supervising the pipeline bothered to repair it.

text: In December 1993 Berry Petroleum had a leak in one of their oil pipelines, resulting in a spill into marine waters. The company had acquired the 40-year-old pipeline from Chevron in 1990 after it had been abandoned for some ten years. The line had been used to transport natural gas, yet Berry began to pump crude oil through it without making any upgrades. Moreover, it was revealed that ten months before the oil spill occurred, a safety valve that might have prevented the leak had broken, and no one supervising the pipeline bothered to repair it.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: December 1993

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Berry Petroleum

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: marine waters

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 40

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Berry Petroleum

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: marine waters

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: repair it

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no one supervising the pipeline

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: The line had been used to transport natural gas

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The arrival of humans in an area, to live or to conduct agriculture, necessarily has environmental impacts. These range from simple crowding out of wild plants in favor of more desirable cultivars to larger scale impacts such as reducing biodiversity by reducing food availability of native species, which can propagate across food chains. The use of agricultural chemicals such as fertilizer and pesticides magnify those impacts. While advances in agrochemistry have reduced those impacts, for example by the replacement of long-lived chemicals with those that reliably degrade, even in the best case they remain substantial. These effects are magnified by the use of older chemistries and poor management practices.

text: The arrival of humans in an area, to live or to conduct agriculture, necessarily has environmental impacts. These range from simple crowding out of wild plants in favor of more desirable cultivars to larger scale impacts such as reducing

text: biodiversity

text: by reducing food availability of native species, which can propagate across food chains. The use of

text: agricultural chemical

text: s such as

text: fertilizer

text: and pesticides magnify those impacts. While advances in

text: agrochemistry

text: have reduced those impacts, for example by the replacement of long-lived chemicals with those that reliably degrade, even in the best case they remain substantial. These effects are magnified by the use of older chemistries and poor management practices.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: environmental impacts

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: hundreds

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: advances in agrochemistry have reduced those impacts

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: can propagate across food chains

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: degrade

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: advances in agrochemistry

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: advances in agrochemistry have reduced those impacts

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Helix Producer 1 has a Disconectable Transfer system (DTS) designed and supplied by Flexible Engineered Solutions LTD (FES), UK, and consists of a riser buoy supporting sub-sea risers and control umbilicals that would be connected to a deep water well and can be released from the hull, allowing the vessel to move out of the way of an approaching hurricane. After the storm, the vessel would return to the site and reconnect the buoy resuming normal oil extraction. It is  operated by the Helix Energy Solutions Group and was scheduled to operate on the Phoenix Oil Field in the Gulf of Mexico, but on June 14, 2010 Helix announced that the ship would be directed to assist BP at the Deepwater Horizon oil spill site.

text: Helix Producer 1 has a Disconectable Transfer system (DTS) designed and supplied by Flexible Engineered Solutions LTD (FES), UK, and consists of a riser buoy supporting sub-sea risers and control umbilicals that would be connected to a deep water well and can be released from the hull, allowing the vessel to move out of the way of an approaching

text: hurricane

text: . After the storm, the vessel would return to the site and reconnect the buoy resuming normal oil extraction. It is  operated by the

text: Helix Energy Solutions Group

text: and was scheduled to operate on the

text: Phoenix Oil Field

text: in the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: , but on June 14, 2010 Helix announced that the ship would be directed to assist

text: BP

text: at the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: site.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: The National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling is a bipartisan presidential commission, established by Executive Order 13543 signed by Barack Obama on May 21, 2010, that is “tasked with providing recommendations on how the United States can prevent and mitigate the impact of any future spills that result from offshore drilling.”  It came about as a result of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.  The first public hearings, held on July 12 and 13, 2010 in New Orleans, included scheduled testimony from  Federal government officials and representatives of BP on the status of the spill and clean-up efforts, as well as from local officials, community leaders, and scientists on the economic, cultural, and ecological impacts of the oil spill on Gulf Coast communities and ecosystems.

text: The National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling is a

text: bipartisan

text: presidential commission

text: , established by

text: Executive Order

text: signed by

text: Barack Obama

text: on May 21, 2010, that is “tasked with providing recommendations on how the United States can prevent and mitigate the impact of any future spills that result from offshore drilling.”  It came about as a result of the April 2010

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: .  The first public hearings, held on July 12 and 13, 2010 in New Orleans, included scheduled testimony from  Federal government officials and representatives of BP on the status of the spill and clean-up efforts, as well as from local officials, community leaders, and scientists on the economic, cultural, and ecological impacts of the oil spill on Gulf Coast communities and ecosystems.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the Gulf of Mexico, Royal Dutch Shell evacuated 125 personnel from its oil rigs on July 20, and evacuated another 60 on July 21. Diamond Offshore Drilling removed non-essential employees from some of its rigs, and the Rowan Companies also evacuated one of their eight oil rigs in the Gulf. Also on July 21, Chevron announced that it was evacuating some of its workers from its oil rigs in the Gulf, but did not disclose how many were removed. On July 22, BP announced the evacuation of non-essential personnel from two of its rigs, and on July 23, Petróleos Mexicanos evacuated 66 people from one of its rigs. In spite of this, oil production was not expected to be affected by Dolly.

text: In the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: Royal Dutch Shell

text: evacuated 125 personnel from its oil rigs on July 20, and evacuated another 60 on July 21.

text: Diamond Offshore Drilling

text: removed non-essential employees from some of its rigs, and the

text: Rowan Companies

text: also evacuated one of their eight

text: oil rig

text: s in the Gulf. Also on July 21,

text: Chevron

text: announced that it was evacuating some of its workers from its oil rigs in the Gulf, but did not disclose how many were removed. On July 22,

text: BP

text: announced the evacuation of non-essential personnel from two of its rigs, and on July 23,

text: Petróleos Mexicanos

text: evacuated 66 people from one of its rigs. In spite of this, oil production was not expected to be affected by Dolly.

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2000, for the 312 reported oil spills allegedly attributed to Koch and its subsidiaries that had taken place across six states, Koch paid what was at the time the largest civil fine ever imposed on a company under any federal environmental law for the illegal discharge of crude oil and petroleum products.  It was the first time the government had ever aggregated several spills over a number of years under one combined lawsuit against a company.  Koch disputed the EPA figures, saying the EPA did not file claims in over half of the 312 alleged cases, and further, that "Many of these alleged spills are not even listed in the EPA's own oil spill data base."  In a settlement with the U.S. Justice Department and the state of Texas which included "leaks that occurred as the result of third party actions, like digging," the company agreed to pay a "$30 million civil penalty, improve its leak-prevention programs and spend $5 million on environmental projects."

text: In 2000, for the 312 reported oil spills allegedly attributed to Koch and its subsidiaries that had taken place across six states, Koch paid what was at the time the largest civil fine ever imposed on a company under any federal

text: environmental law

text: for the illegal discharge of crude oil and petroleum products.  It was the first time the government had ever aggregated several spills over a number of years under one combined lawsuit against a company.  Koch disputed the EPA figures, saying the EPA did not file claims in over half of the 312 alleged cases, and further, that "Many of these alleged spills are not even listed in the EPA's own oil spill data base."  In a settlement with the

text: U.S. Justice Department

text: and the state of Texas which included "leaks that occurred as the result of third party actions, like digging," the company agreed to pay a "$30 million civil penalty, improve its leak-prevention programs and spend $5 million on environmental projects."

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answers: The deepwater horizon spill of 2010

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answers: 312

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answers: the government had ever aggregated several spills over a number of years

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answers: illegal

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answers: digging

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answers: no

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answers: the EPA did not file claims in over half of the 312 alleged cases

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answers: Koch disputed the EPA figures

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: govern the removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, sediment, surface water, or ground water. Unlike pollution control laws, cleanup laws are designed to respond after-the-fact to environmental contamination, and consequently must often define not only the necessary response actions, but also the parties who may be responsible for undertaking (or paying for) such actions. Regulatory requirements may include rules for emergency response, liability allocation, site assessment, remedial investigation, feasibility studies, remedial action, post-remedial monitoring, and site reuse.

text: govern the removal of

text: pollution

text: or

text: contaminant

text: s from environmental media such as

text: soil

text: sediment

text: surface water

text: , or

text: ground water

text: . Unlike pollution control laws, cleanup laws are designed to respond after-the-fact to environmental contamination, and consequently must often define not only the necessary response actions, but also the parties who may be responsible for undertaking (or paying for) such actions. Regulatory requirements may include rules for emergency response, liability allocation, site assessment, remedial investigation, feasibility studies, remedial action, post-remedial monitoring, and site reuse.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: cleanup laws are designed to respond after-the-fact to environmental contamination

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 4000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: remedial investigation

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: remedial action

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: remedial investigation

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: cleanup laws are designed to respond after-the-fact

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: pollution control laws

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: It's impossible to say

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A spill occurred in 2006 that resulted in approximately 31,000 gallons of oil released. Approximately 119,448 gallons of oil-water mixture were recovered and stored. Approximately 477,234 pounds of oil absorbents and other contaminated solids were removed during the cleanup.

text: A spill occurred in 2006 that resulted in approximately 31,000 gallons of oil released. Approximately 119,448 gallons of oil-water mixture were recovered and stored. Approximately 477,234 pounds of oil absorbents and other contaminated solids were removed during the cleanup.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: 31,000 gallons

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: 2006

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil-water mixture

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: approximately 31,000 gallons

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: oil-water mixture

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: recover and store

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: 31,000 gallons of oil released

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Initially, the strait was crossed by ferries.  The first swing bridge crossing Lennox Passage to connect with Isle Madame was constructed beginning in 1916, and opened in 1919.  The Grandique Ferry service also crossed the passage between Martinique and Louisdale.  In 1970, following the grounding and subsequent breakup of the Liberian tanker Arrow in Chedabucto Bay spilling her cargo of heavy bunker C oil, the Government of Nova Scotia built a causeway between Burnt Point and Burnt Island to prevent the spilled oil from further damaging the fishing area of the Passage. Following the oil spill cleanup in the early 1970s, the old bridge was demolished and the ferry service was terminated after a new combined causeway and single-leaf bascule bridge (the Burnt Island Bridge) was built across Lennox Passage.

text: Initially, the strait was crossed by

text: ferries

text: .  The first

text: swing bridge

text: crossing Lennox Passage to connect with Isle Madame was constructed beginning in 1916, and opened in 1919.  The

text: Grandique Ferry

text: service also crossed the passage between Martinique and Louisdale.  In 1970, following the grounding and subsequent breakup of the Liberian tanker Arrow in

text: Chedabucto Bay

text: spilling her cargo of heavy

text: bunker C

text: oil, the

text: Government of Nova Scotia

text: built a

text: causeway

text: between Burnt Point and Burnt Island to prevent the spilled oil from further damaging the fishing area of the Passage. Following the oil spill cleanup in the early 1970s, the old bridge was demolished and the ferry service was terminated after a new combined

text: causeway

text: and single-leaf

text: bascule bridge

text: (the Burnt Island Bridge) was built across Lennox Passage.

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answers: Liberian tanker Arrow

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Liberian tanker Arrow

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: damaging the fishing area of the Passage

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: bunker C

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: spilling her cargo of heavy bunker C oil

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: spilling her cargo of heavy bunker C oil

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: built a causeway

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: oil spill cleanup

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the old bridge was demolished and the ferry service was terminated

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Despite researcher’s knowledge about the adverse health effects these pollutants can have on humans and the environment, it’s challenging to fully understand the direct health impacts that are a result from fracking and assess the potential long term health and environmental effects. This is  because the oil and gas industry is legally protected from disclosing what is in the chemical compounds they use for fracking. “Policies are also lacking in requiring full health impact assessments to be required before companies are given the go-ahead to drill”

text: Despite researcher’s knowledge about the adverse health effects these pollutants can have on humans and the environment, it’s challenging to fully understand the direct health impacts that are a result from fracking and assess the potential long term health and environmental effects. This is  because the oil and gas industry is legally protected from disclosing what is in the chemical compounds they use for fracking. “Policies are also lacking in requiring full health impact assessments to be required before companies are given the go-ahead to drill”

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: fracking

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Pollutants can have on humans and the environment

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: legally protected

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: fracking

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: fracking

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: It’s challenging to fully understand the direct health impacts

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the oil and gas industry is legally protected

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On August 11, 2006, a Petron oil tanker, the Solar 1, carrying fuel oil sank, causing the Guimaras oil spill, the biggest oil spill in Philippine history.

text: On August 11, 2006, a Petron

text: oil tanker

text: , the Solar 1, carrying

text: fuel oil

text: sank, causing the

text: Guimaras oil spill

text: , the biggest

text: oil spill

text: in Philippine history.

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answers: Guimaras oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Guimaras

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil spill

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: oil spill

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: the Guimaras oil spill

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: sank

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no longer hear about an oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the Guimaras oil spill, the biggest oil spill in Philippine history

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 2011,  the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services launched the  Gulf Long-term Follow-up Study through the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. As the largest, most comprehensive study of long-term health effects from an oil spill, the GuLF Study will collect health data on cleanup workers and track them for at least 5 years. The study is trying to identify the exposure of workers to a variety of chemicals linked to health problems contained in the oil and natural gas released during the accident, including benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene, and the chemicals contained in dispersants used during the spill. The team will look at long-term problems such as cancer, birth defects, and psychosocial issues. Dale Sandler, chief epidemiologist for the National Institutes of Health,  said she is working to design a study that draws the strongest possible corollaries, even if absolute causation is not possible to determine: "I want to be able to say that workers who did this particular job are more likely to suffer this particular consequence."In 2013 it was reported that the agency had completed telephone interviews with more than 32,000 workers, and home visits with 9,967 of those.  Preliminary results of testing show that workers are carrying biomarkers  of chemicals contained in the oil in their bodies.

text: In 2011,  the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services launched the

text: Gulf Long-term Follow-up Study

text: through the

text: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

text: . As the largest, most comprehensive study of long-term health effects from an oil spill, the

text: GuLF Study

text: will collect health data on cleanup workers and track them for at least 5 years. The study is trying to identify the exposure of workers to a variety of chemicals linked to health problems contained in the oil and natural gas released during the accident, including benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene, and the chemicals contained in dispersants used during the spill. The team will look at long-term problems such as cancer, birth defects, and psychosocial issues. Dale Sandler, chief epidemiologist for the

text: National Institutes of Health

text: ,  said she is working to design a study that draws the strongest possible corollaries, even if absolute causation is not possible to determine: "I want to be able to say that workers who did this particular job are more likely to suffer this particular consequence."In 2013 it was reported that the agency had completed telephone interviews with more than 32,000 workers, and home visits with 9,967 of those.  Preliminary results of testing show that workers are carrying

text: biomarkers

text: of chemicals contained in the oil in their bodies.

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answers: Gulf

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answers: Gulf

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answers: workers who did this particular job are more likely to suffer this particular consequence

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answers: more than 32,000

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: chemicals contained in dispersants

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answers: dispersants

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answers: no

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answers: absolute causation is not possible to determine

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Some commentators have suggested that increased immigration has a negative effect on the environment, especially as the level of economic development of the United States (and by extension, its energy, water and other needs that underpin its prosperity) means that the impact of a larger population is greater than what would be experienced in other countries.

text: Some commentators have suggested that increased immigration has a negative effect on the environment, especially as the level of economic development of the United States (and by extension, its energy, water and other needs that underpin its prosperity) means that the impact of a larger population is greater than what would be experienced in other countries.

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answers: Gulf of Mexico oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: The Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: negative effect on the environment

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answers: more than 1,000

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answers: economic development of the United States

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answers: impact of a larger population

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answers: increase immigration

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answers: the impact of a larger population

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answers: the impact of a larger population is greater

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answers: The impact of a larger population is greater

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Oils spills, when they occur, are detrimental to the surrounding environment, humans, and native wildlife. This type of spill is statistically rare, given how much oil is pumped, refined, transported, and stored each day. In 1999, according to US Coast Guard data, of over 3.2 billion barrels of oil transported by oil tanker in the US, fewer than 200 barrels were spilled. The occurrence of oil spills has decreased in the current decades, with approximately 77% less oil spilled since the 1970s. This is due to increased awareness and improved technology.

text: Oils spills

text: , when they occur, are detrimental to the surrounding environment, humans, and native wildlife. This type of spill is statistically rare, given how much oil is pumped, refined, transported, and stored each day. In 1999, according to US Coast Guard data, of over 3.2 billion barrels of oil transported by oil tanker in the US, fewer than 200 barrels were spilled. The occurrence of oil spills has decreased in the current decades, with approximately 77% less oil spilled since the 1970s. This is due to increased awareness and improved technology.

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005461

answers: 3.2 billion barrels

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: 3.2 billion barrels

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: This type of spill is statistically rare

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 3.2 billion barrels

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: increased awareness and improved technology

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Oils spills

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: improve technology

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: increased awareness and improved technology

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: This type of spill is statistically rare, given how much oil is pumped, refined, transported, and stored each day

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Explosion left the UIFL after the 2012 season. The team remained idle for about a month, while fielding offers to join four different leagues. Owner Bill Stafford ultimately decided to join the Continental Indoor Football League (CIFL). Liotta needed to replace McKenna, who had left Erie for the Saginaw Sting (also of the CIFL). Liotta chose rookie Aaron Smetanka to lead the Explosion offense, and he did not disappoint. The Explosion finished with an undefeated regular season record of 10-0 securing the 2013 CIFL regular season championship and the #1 seed in the leagues playoff format. The Explosion hosted the Kentucky Xtreme in a league Semi-Final game May 5, 2013. They defeated the Xtreme 55-6. The Explosion defense held the leagues number 1 offense to 1 first down in the first half. The Xtreme did not score until 13 minutes remained in the game. The defensive charge was led by Ricardo Kemp who had 2 interceptions in the game. The Erie Explosion hosted the CIFL championship game on Mothers Day, May 12, 2013, where they beat the Sting, 37-36, to win the 2013 CIFL Championship Game. The 2013 CIFL Championship is the Erie Explosion's first championship, as well as the city of Erie's first championship in any league of indoor football.

text: The Explosion left the UIFL after the 2012 season. The team remained idle for about a month, while fielding offers to join four different leagues. Owner Bill Stafford ultimately decided to join the

text: Continental Indoor Football League

text: (CIFL). Liotta needed to replace McKenna, who had left Erie for the

text: Saginaw Sting

text: (also of the CIFL). Liotta chose rookie Aaron Smetanka to lead the Explosion offense, and he did not disappoint. The Explosion finished with an undefeated regular season record of 10-0 securing the 2013 CIFL regular season championship and the #1 seed in the leagues playoff format. The Explosion hosted the

text: Kentucky Xtreme

text: in a league Semi-Final game May 5, 2013. They defeated the Xtreme 55-6. The Explosion defense held the leagues number 1 offense to 1 first down in the first half. The Xtreme did not score until 13 minutes remained in the game. The defensive charge was led by Ricardo Kemp who had 2 interceptions in the game. The Erie Explosion hosted the CIFL championship game on Mothers Day, May 12, 2013, where they beat the Sting, 37-36, to win the 2013

text: CIFL Championship Game

text: . The 2013 CIFL Championship is the Erie Explosion's first championship, as well as the city of Erie's first championship in any league of indoor football.

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answers: 2013 CIFL Championship Game

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: the city of Erie's first championship in any league of indoor football

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 55-6

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: The Explosion

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: The Explosion left the UIFL after the 2012 season

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: spilled oil

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: The Explosion

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: The Explosion left the UIFL after the 2012 season

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Prestige oil spill was an oil spill in Galicia caused by the sinking of the oil tanker MV Prestige in 2002. The spill polluted thousands of kilometers of coastline and more than one thousand beaches on the Spanish, French and Portuguese coast, as well as causing great harm to the local fishing industry.

text: The Prestige oil spill was an

text: oil spill

text: in

text: Galicia

text: caused by the sinking of the

text: oil tanker

text: MV Prestige

text: in 2002. The spill polluted thousands of kilometers of

text: coastline

text: and more than one thousand

text: beach

text: es on the

text: Spanish

text: French

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: coast, as well as causing great harm to the local

text: fishing industry

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answers: polluted thousands of kilometers of coastline

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answers: It polluted thousands of kilometers of coastline

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text: Pugh was outspoken on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. In a feature in Business Day he said:

text: Pugh was outspoken on the

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text: in the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: . In a feature in

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text: Hydrocarbon exploration in deep water occasionally results in significant environmental degradation resulting mainly from accumulation of contaminated drill cuttings, but also from oil spills. While the oil gusher involved in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico originates from a wellhead only 1500 meters below the ocean surface, it nevertheless illustrates the kind of environmental disaster that can result from mishaps related to offshore drilling for oil and gas.

text: Hydrocarbon exploration in deep water occasionally results in significant

text: environmental degradation

text: resulting mainly from accumulation of contaminated

text: drill cuttings

text: , but also from

text: oil spill

text: s. While the

text: oil gusher

text: involved in the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: in the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: originates from a

text: wellhead

text: only 1500 meters below the ocean surface, it nevertheless illustrates the kind of

text: environmental disaster

text: that can result from mishaps related to

text: offshore drilling

text: for oil and gas.

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text: Unlike the crew aboard the Emily S., the governments of the United States and Puerto Rico were well prepared to deal with the spill. The two countries also met most of the requirements that were set forth by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. For example, a spill response plan for the area had been developed and it was executed to near perfection. Millions of dollars of oil cleanup equipment was already stationed in Puerto Rico and was deployed into action within a matter of hours after the spill. As mentioned earlier, despite the overall success of Puerto Rico's oil spill response plans there were still some areas for improvement. For example, there were some mechanical failures with some skimmer boats, inappropriate use of oil soaking materials, and an insufficient number of properly trained personnel. There were also problems with communication between agencies as well as some organizational issues during the cleanup process. The Berman spill served as a field test of how well the plans set forth by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 worked, and provided many examples on how future spill response efforts could be improved. Several, though not all, of the things learned during this spill affected response efforts for future spills such as the BP Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010.

text: Unlike the crew aboard the Emily S., the governments of the

text: United States

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text: The pipeline has at times been damaged due to sabotage, human error, maintenance failures, and natural disasters. By law, Alyeska is required to report significant oil spills to regulatory authorities. The Exxon Valdez oil spill is the best-known accident involving Alaska oil, but it did not involve the pipeline itself. Following the spill, Alyeska created a rapid response force that is paid for by the oil companies, including ExxonMobil, which was found liable for the spill.

text: The pipeline has at times been damaged due to sabotage, human error, maintenance failures, and natural disasters. By law, Alyeska is required to report significant oil spills to regulatory authorities. The

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: is the best-known accident involving Alaska oil, but it did not involve the pipeline itself. Following the spill, Alyeska created a rapid response force that is paid for by the oil companies, including

text: ExxonMobil

text: , which was found liable for the spill.

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answers: pipeline has at times been damaged

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: natural disasters

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answers: report significant oil spills to regulatory authorities

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

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answers: ExxonMobil, which was found liable for the spill

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Although double-hull design is superior in low energy casualties and prevents spillage in small casualties, in high energy casualties where both hulls are breached, oil can spill through the double-hull and into the sea and spills from a double-hull tanker can be significantly higher than designs like the Mid-Deck Tanker, the Coulombi Egg Tanker and even a pre-MARPOL tanker, as the last one has a lower oil column and reaches hydrostatic balance sooner.

text: Although double-hull design is superior in low energy casualties and prevents spillage in small casualties, in high energy casualties where both hulls are breached, oil can spill through the double-hull and into the sea and spills from a double-hull tanker can be significantly higher than designs like the

text: Mid-Deck Tanker

text: , the

text: Coulombi Egg Tanker

text: and even a pre-MARPOL tanker, as the last one has a lower oil column and reaches

text: hydrostatic balance

text: sooner.

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answers: a double-hull tanker

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil can spill through the double-hull and into the sea

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answers: a double-hull tanker

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answers: reaches hydrostatic balance sooner

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answers: spills

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: reaches hydrostatic balance sooner

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: double-hull design is superior in low energy casualties

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small casualties

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Dr. Halanych has also been a collaborator from Auburn University regarding the possible consequenses of and solutions to the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill

text: Dr. Halanych has also been a collaborator from Auburn University regarding the possible consequenses of and solutions to the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill

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answers: 2010 Gulf of Mexico

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

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answers: Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill

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answers: 20,000

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 2006, the Pacific States/British Columbia Oil Spill Task Force selected the Marine Exchange of Alaska as the recipient of its annual Legacy Award for Oil Spill Prevention, Preparedness, and Response. The award was “in recognition of the organization’s development of the Automated Secure Vessel Tracking System (ASVTS) that has served as an exemplary oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response tool for Alaska with applications throughout the Pacific and nationwide.”In 2010 the Marine Exchange of Alaska received the Meritorious Public Service Award, “one of the highest civilian awards offered by the U.S. Coast Guard,” recognizing the organization for its Alaskan AIS network. The award was presented to the Marine Exchange of Alaska by Rear Adm. Christopher Colvin, 17th District commander on February 4, 2010. Letters of congratulations from the Governor of Alaska, Sean Parnell and United States Senator Mark Begich were received following the ceremony.

text: In 2006, the Pacific States/British Columbia Oil Spill Task Force selected the Marine Exchange of Alaska as the recipient of its annual Legacy Award for

entity_name: Offshore oil spill prevention and response

text: Oil Spill Prevention, Preparedness, and Response

text: . The award was “in recognition of the organization’s development of the Automated Secure Vessel Tracking System (ASVTS) that has served as an exemplary oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response tool for Alaska with applications throughout the Pacific and nationwide.”In 2010 the Marine Exchange of Alaska received the Meritorious Public Service Award, “one of the highest

text: civilian awards

text: offered by the U.S. Coast Guard,” recognizing the organization for its Alaskan AIS network. The award was presented to the Marine Exchange of Alaska by Rear Adm. Christopher Colvin,

entity_name: List of United States Coast Guard stations

text: 17th District

text: commander on February 4, 2010. Letters of congratulations from the

text: Governor of Alaska

text: Sean Parnell

text: and

text: United States Senator

text: Mark Begich

text: were received following the ceremony.

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answers: Alaska

answers: NDQ_005462

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answers: Oil Spill

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 10,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Alaskan AIS network

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Oil Spill

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: ASVTS

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: Oil Spill Task Force

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Letters of congratulations from the Governor of Alaska, Sean Parnell

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Public concerns have particularly focused on the risk of a spill under the Straits of Mackinac, and the difficulty of controlling any spill that might occur. According to Enbridge, the pipes under the straits have never leaked, are monitored 24 hours a day, and are regularly inspected by underwater autonomous vehicles.  However, there have been numerous spills elsewhere in Michigan from Enbridge pipelines, including a major Line 5 spill at Crystal Falls in 1999, as well as the 2010 Kalamazoo River oil spill on Line 6.

text: Public concerns have particularly focused on the risk of a spill under the Straits of Mackinac, and the difficulty of controlling any spill that might occur. According to Enbridge, the pipes under the straits have never leaked, are monitored 24 hours a day, and are regularly inspected by

text: underwater autonomous vehicle

text: s.  However, there have been numerous spills elsewhere in Michigan from Enbridge pipelines, including a major Line 5 spill at

text: Crystal Falls

text: in 1999, as well as the 2010

text: Kalamazoo River oil spill

text: on Line 6.

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answers: 2010 Kalamazoo River oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Line 6

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Public concerns have particularly focused on the risk of a spill

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: Line 6

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Straits of Mackinac

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: difficulty of controlling any spill that might occur

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: underwater autonomous vehicles

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: The Straits of Mackinac

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the pipes under the straits have never leaked

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Oil spills are probably the most emotive of marine pollution events. However, while a tanker wreck may result in extensive newspaper headlines, much of the oil in the world’s seas comes from other smaller sources, such as tankers discharging ballast water from oil tanks used on return ships, leaking pipelines or engine oil disposed of down sewers.

text: Oil spills are probably the most emotive of marine pollution events. However, while a tanker wreck may result in extensive newspaper headlines, much of the oil in the world’s seas comes from other smaller sources, such as tankers discharging ballast water from oil tanks used on return ships, leaking pipelines or engine oil disposed of down sewers.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: a tanker wreck

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Oil spills are probably the most emotive of marine pollution events

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: leaking pipelines or engine oil

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: spills

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: down sewers

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no longer hear about an oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: down sewers

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: leaking pipelines or engine oil

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A VLCC tanker can carry  of crude oil. This is about eight times the amount spilled in the widely known Exxon Valdez oil spill. In this spill, the ship ran aground and dumped  of oil into the ocean in March 1989. Despite efforts of scientists, managers, and volunteers over 400,000 seabirds, about 1,000 sea otters, and immense numbers of fish were killed. Considering the volume of oil carried by sea, however, tanker owners' organisations often argue that the industry's safety record is excellent, with only a tiny fraction of a percentage of oil cargoes carried ever being spilled. The International Association of Independent Tanker Owners has observed that "accidental oil spills this decade have been at record low levels—one third of the previous decade and one tenth of the 1970s—at a time when oil transported has more than doubled since the mid 1980s."

text: A VLCC tanker can carry  of crude oil. This is about eight times the amount spilled in the widely known

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: . In this spill, the ship ran aground and dumped  of oil into the ocean in March 1989. Despite efforts of scientists, managers, and volunteers over 400,000

text: seabirds

text: , about 1,000

text: sea otters

text: , and immense numbers of fish were killed. Considering the volume of oil carried by sea, however, tanker owners' organisations often argue that the industry's safety record is excellent, with only a tiny fraction of a percentage of oil cargoes carried ever being spilled. The

entity_name: International Association of Independent Tanker Owners

text: International Association of Independent Tanker Owners

text: has observed that "accidental oil spills this decade have been at record low levels—one third of the previous decade and one tenth of the 1970s—at a time when oil transported has more than doubled since the mid 1980s."

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answers: Exxon Valdez

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answers: Exxon Valdez

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil transported has more than doubled since the mid 1980s

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: eight times

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: oil transported has more than doubled since the mid 1980s

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: The Exxon Valdez oil spill

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: run aground

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: oil transported has more than doubled since the mid 1980s

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On July 26, 2010, 840,000 gallons of dilbit crude oil leaked from the pipeline in Calhoun County, Michigan, spilling into Talmadge Creek that flows into the Kalamazoo River. Despite alarms at Edmonton headquarters it took eighteen hours and a report from a Michigan utilities employee before the pipeline company acted to halt the flow finally. Enbridge reached a settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice and Environmental Protection Agency for a total of $177 million in response to the spill, along with an additional spill in Romeoville, Illinois later that year. This settlement included $110 million in spill prevention, $62 million in Clean Water Act violations, and $5.4 million in cleanup costs. In addition, the company was fined $3.7 million by the United States Department of Transportation due to 24 violations in pipeline safety regulation. By 2014, the cost of cleanup to the company totaled to $1.21 billion.

text: On July 26, 2010, 840,000 gallons of

text: dilbit

text: crude oil leaked from the pipeline in

text: Calhoun County, Michigan

text: , spilling into Talmadge Creek that flows into the

text: Kalamazoo River

text: . Despite alarms at Edmonton headquarters it took eighteen hours and a report from a Michigan utilities employee before the pipeline company acted to halt the flow finally. Enbridge reached a settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice and Environmental Protection Agency for a total of $177 million in response to the spill, along with an additional spill in Romeoville, Illinois later that year. This settlement included $110 million in spill prevention, $62 million in Clean Water Act violations, and $5.4 million in cleanup costs. In addition, the company was fined $3.7 million by the

entity_name: United States Department of Transportation

text: United States Department of Transportation

text: due to 24 violations in pipeline safety regulation. By 2014, the cost of cleanup to the company totaled to $1.21 billion.

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answers: 840,000 gallons

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answers: 840,000 gallons

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answers: 840,000

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answers: 840,000 gallons

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answers: settle

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answers: Enbridge reached a settlement

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the cost of cleanup to the company totaled to $1.21 billion

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: With the advent of the Unit Deployment Program, on September 1, 1978, HMM-164 returned home to MCAS Santa Ana, California. In September 1978, the squadron rejoined Marine Aircraft Group 36 (MAG-36) at MCAS(H) Futenma for a six-month tour beginning in August 1979 and returning to MCAS(H) Tustin in February 1980. On November 1, 1980, HMM-164 became the first unit on the West Coast to receive the "E" model CH-46. By March 1981, the squadron had received its full complement of "Echo" helicopters.  During the summer of 1989, the squadron simultaneously supported oil spill cleanup efforts in Valdez, Alaska and an Air Contingency Force at Soto Cano Air Base, Honduras.

text: With the advent of the

text: Unit Deployment Program

text: , on September 1, 1978, HMM-164 returned home to MCAS Santa Ana, California. In September 1978, the squadron rejoined

text: Marine Aircraft Group 36

text: (MAG-36) at MCAS(H) Futenma for a six-month tour beginning in August 1979 and returning to

text: MCAS(H) Tustin

text: in February 1980. On November 1, 1980, HMM-164 became the first unit on the West Coast to receive the "E" model CH-46. By March 1981, the squadron had received its full complement of "Echo" helicopters.  During the summer of 1989, the squadron simultaneously supported oil spill cleanup efforts in

text: Valdez, Alaska

text: and an Air Contingency Force at Soto Cano Air Base, Honduras.

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answers: NDQ_005469

answers: On November 1, 1980, HMM-164 became the first unit on the West Coast to receive the "E" model CH-46

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Title II is entitled "Security, Enforcement, and Investigations." It makes appropriations for: (1) U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), including for border security fencing, infrastructure, and technology; (2) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), including to reimburse other federal agencies for the costs associated with the care, maintenance, and repatriation of smuggled aliens unlawfully present in the United States, to identify and remove from the United States aliens convicted of a crime once they are judged deportable, and for detention and removal operations; (3) the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), including for aviation security (including explosives detection systems), surface transportation security, screening programs of the Office of Transportation Threat Assessment and Credentialing, transportation security support and intelligence, and the Federal Air Marshals; (4) the Coast Guard, including funding derived from the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund for prevention, removal, and enforcement related to oil discharges, funding for environmental compliance and restoration functions, and funding for the Coast Guard Reserve; and (5) the U.S. Secret Service.

text: Title II is entitled "Security, Enforcement, and Investigations." It makes appropriations for: (1)

text: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: (CBP), including for border security fencing, infrastructure, and technology; (2)

entity_name: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

text: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

text: (ICE), including to reimburse other federal agencies for the costs associated with the care, maintenance, and repatriation of smuggled aliens unlawfully present in the United States, to identify and remove from the United States aliens convicted of a crime once they are judged deportable, and for detention and removal operations; (3) the

text: Transportation Security Administration

text: (TSA), including for aviation security (including explosives detection systems), surface transportation security, screening programs of the

text: Office of Transportation Threat Assessment and Credentialing

text: , transportation security support and intelligence, and the

text: Federal Air Marshals

text: ; (4) the

text: Coast Guard

text: , including funding derived from the

text: Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund

text: for prevention, removal, and enforcement related to oil discharges, funding for environmental compliance and restoration functions, and funding for the

text: Coast Guard Reserve

text: ; and (5) the

text: U.S. Secret Service

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Oil Spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil discharges

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answers: 5,000

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answers: Coast Guard

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Prestige was an oil tanker whose sinking in 2002 off the Galician coast caused a large oil spill. The spill polluted thousands of kilometers of coastline and more than one thousand beaches on the Spanish and French coast, as well as causing great damage to the local fishing industry.

text: The Prestige was an

text: oil tanker

text: whose sinking in 2002 off the

text: Galician

text: coast caused a large

text: oil spill

text: . The spill polluted thousands of kilometers of

text: coastline

text: and more than one thousand

text: beach

text: es on the

text: Spanish

text: and

text: French

text: coast, as well as causing great damage to the local

text: fishing industry

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answers: The Prestige

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: off the Galician coast

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: polluted

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answers: one thousand

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answers: Galician coast

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answers: no longer hear about an oil spill in the news

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answers: the spill polluted thousands of kilometers of coastline

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Vietnamese living along the Gulf of Mexico were affected by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010.

text: The Vietnamese living along the Gulf of Mexico were affected by the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: in 2010.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil spill

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: ten

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: The Vietnamese living along the Gulf of Mexico were not affected

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The light crude oil spilled in the Mega Borg incident was brown and evaporated much quicker than the heavy crude oil in spills such as the Exxon Valdez. This means that the oil is less likely to heavily coat nearby beaches, flora and fauna, however the tanker was carrying more oil than the Exxon Valdez incident spilled in total, so there was a lot of concern about the oil not being able to evaporate if the slick became too thick.

text: The

text: light crude oil

text: spilled in the Mega Borg incident was brown and

text: evaporated

text: much quicker than the

text: heavy crude oil

text: in spills such as the

text: Exxon Valdez

text: . This means that the oil is less likely to heavily coat nearby beaches, flora and fauna, however the tanker was carrying more oil than the Exxon Valdez incident spilled in total, so there was a lot of concern about the oil not being able to evaporate if the slick became too thick.

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answers: Exxon Valdez

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answers: oil is less likely to heavily coat nearby beaches, flora and fauna

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answers: heavy

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answers: if the slick became too thick

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: evaporated

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: evaporate

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: The light crude oil spilled in the Mega Borg incident was brown and evaporated much quicker than the heavy crude oil in spills such as the Exxon Valdez

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Major oil spills include the Kuwaiti oil fires, Kuwaiti oil lakes, Lakeview Gusher, Gulf War oil spill, and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Spilt oil penetrates into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water. Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up.

text: Major oil spills include the

text: Kuwaiti oil fires

text: Kuwaiti oil lakes

text: Lakeview Gusher

text: Gulf War oil spill

text: , and the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: . Spilt oil penetrates into the structure of the

text: plumage

text: of birds and the

text: fur

text: of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less

text: buoyant

text: in the water. Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Gulf War oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 30,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: evaporation and biodegradation

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: biodegradation

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: Cleanup and recovery

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: BP has been directly involved in several major environmental and safety incidents. Among them were the 2005 Texas City Refinery explosion, which caused the death of 15 workers and resulted in a record-setting OSHA fine; Britain's largest oil spill, the wreck of Torrey Canyon; and the 2006 Prudhoe Bay oil spill, the largest oil spill on Alaska's North Slope, which resulted in a US$25 million civil penalty, the largest per-barrel penalty at that time for an oil spill.

text: BP has been directly involved in several major environmental and safety incidents. Among them were the 2005

text: Texas City Refinery explosion

text: , which caused the death of 15 workers and resulted in a record-setting

entity_name: Occupational Safety and Health Administration

text: OSHA

text: fine; Britain's largest oil spill, the wreck of

text: Torrey Canyon

text: ; and the 2006

text: Prudhoe Bay oil spill

text: , the largest oil spill on

text: Alaska's North Slope

text: , which resulted in a US$25 million civil penalty, the largest per-barrel penalty at that time for an oil spill.

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text: For more than 50 years, there were oil spills every year in the Niger Delta, with nothing done to prevent new spills. The contamination was never cleaned, thereby leaving the water undrinkable, the lands infertile and causing the death of wildlife and aquatic lives. The conditions were compared to the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.

text: For more than 50 years, there were oil spills every year in the Niger Delta, with nothing done to prevent new spills. The contamination was never cleaned, thereby leaving the water undrinkable, the lands infertile and causing the death of wildlife and aquatic lives. The conditions were compared to the

text: BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

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answers: oil spills every year

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answers: every year

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answers: nothing done to prevent new spills

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answers: The contamination was never cleaned

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: However bleak this situation may seem for the Niger Delta region there are clearly alternatives that can be implemented to save it from future contamination. Satellite imagery combined with the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can be put to work to quickly identify and track spilled oil. To hasten the cleanup of spills, regional cleanup sites along the problem areas could help contain spills more quickly. To make these tasks feasible more funding must be provided by the stakeholders of the oil industry.  Nongovernmental organizations will keep fighting the damaging effects of oil, but will not win the battle alone.

text: However bleak this situation may seem for the Niger Delta region there are clearly alternatives that can be implemented to save it from future contamination. Satellite imagery combined with the use of

text: Geographical Information Systems

text: (GIS) can be put to work to quickly identify and track spilled oil. To hasten the cleanup of spills, regional cleanup sites along the problem areas could help contain spills more quickly. To make these tasks feasible more funding must be provided by the stakeholders of the oil industry.  Nongovernmental organizations will keep fighting the damaging effects of oil, but will not win the battle alone.

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answers: spilled oil

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answers: more funding

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answers: more funding must be provided by the stakeholders of the oil industry

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answers: Satellite imagery combined with the use of Geographical Information Systems

answers: NDQ_005467

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answers: no

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answers: more funding must be provided by the stakeholders of the oil industry

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Adriaens worked as a consultant on both the Exxon Valdez oil spill and the Gulf War oil spill, and has been interviewed about other oil spills in his capacity as an environmental engineer. He has also been interviewed on entrepreneurship issues, such as the valuation of newly public companies. At times he has been interviewed about the intersection between both engineering and entrepreneurship, in addition to the cleantech industry. Adriaens is a director of the Watershed Capital Group. Adriaens has made contributions to the field of Environmental Finance, especially in the field of cleantech clusters. He is the founder of Global CleanTech LLC, and a Director for CleanTech Acceleration Partners as well as for the Global CleanTech Cluster Association. In addition, he is appointed at Limnotech as academic in residence and director of Asian operations.

text: Adriaens worked as a consultant on both the

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: and the

text: Gulf War oil spill

text: , and has been interviewed about other oil spills in his capacity as an environmental engineer. He has also been interviewed on entrepreneurship issues, such as the valuation of newly public companies. At times he has been interviewed about the intersection between both engineering and entrepreneurship, in addition to the cleantech industry. Adriaens is a director of the Watershed Capital Group. Adriaens has made contributions to the field of Environmental Finance, especially in the field of cleantech clusters. He is the founder of Global CleanTech LLC, and a Director for CleanTech Acceleration Partners as well as for the Global CleanTech Cluster Association. In addition, he is appointed at Limnotech as academic in residence and director of Asian operations.

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answers: Gulf War

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answers: work as a consultant

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answers: no

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answers: he is appointed at Limnotech as academic in residence and director of Asian operations

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A variety of techniques were used to address fundamental strategies for addressing the spilled oil, which were: to contain oil on the surface, dispersal, and removal. While most of the oil drilled off Louisiana is a lighter crude, the leaking oil was of a heavier blend which contained asphalt-like substances. According to Ed Overton, who heads a federal chemical hazard assessment team for oil spills, this type of oil emulsifies well. Once it becomes emulsified, it no longer evaporates as quickly as regular oil, does not rinse off as easily, cannot be eaten by microbes as easily, and does not burn as well. "That type of mixture essentially removes all the best oil clean-up weapons", Overton said.

text: A variety of techniques were used to address fundamental strategies for addressing the spilled oil, which were: to contain oil on the surface, dispersal, and removal. While most of the oil drilled off Louisiana is a lighter crude, the leaking oil was of a heavier blend which contained

text: asphalt

text: -like substances. According to Ed Overton, who heads a federal chemical hazard assessment team for oil spills, this type of oil

text: emulsifies

text: well. Once it becomes emulsified, it no longer evaporates as quickly as regular oil, does not rinse off as easily, cannot be eaten by microbes as easily, and does not burn as well. "That type of mixture essentially removes all the best oil clean-up weapons", Overton said.

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answers: Louisiana

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answers: Louisiana

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answers: oil drilled off Louisiana is a lighter crude

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answers: a heavier blend

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answers: Louisiana is a lighter crude

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answers: fundamental strategies

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answers: contain oil

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answers: This type of mixture essentially removes all the best oil clean-up weapons

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On 11 March 2011, the US Department of Justice formed the "Deepwater Horizon Task Force" to consolidate several federal agencies' investigations into possible criminal charges stemming the explosion and spill.  On 14 November 2012, the DOJ announced that BP and the DOJ had reached a $4 billion settlement of all federal criminal charges related to the explosion and spill, the largest of its kind in US history.  Under the settlement, BP agreed to plead guilty to 11 felony counts of manslaughter, two misdemeanors, and a felony count of lying to Congress and agreed to four years of government monitoring of its safety practices and ethics.  BP also paid  $525 million to settle civil charges by the Securities and Exchange Commission that it misled investors about the flow rate of oil from the well. As part of the announcement of the settlement, BP said it was increasing its reserve for a trust fund to pay costs and claims related to the spill to about $42 billion.  On the same day, the US government filed criminal charges against three BP employees; two site managers were charged with manslaughter and negligence, and one former vice president with obstruction.

text: On 11 March 2011, the US

text: Department of Justice

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: the largest of its kind in US history

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answers: about 42 billion

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answers: a $4 billion settlement

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Changes and regulatory policies became the order of the day for the government following the oil spill.  Transforming the way government performed its regulatory measures were address.  One of the main changes that occurred was the enhanced precision by which the governing and the oil industries handle the environmental requirements for incidents such as this oil spill. The government changed their regulations and demanded Risk Management and an Emergency Plan to be put in place. Every oil institution must execute “oil Pollution Risk Assessment”.

text: Changes and regulatory policies became the order of the day for the government following the oil spill.  Transforming the way government performed its regulatory measures were address.  One of the main changes that occurred was the enhanced precision by which the governing and the oil industries handle the environmental requirements for incidents such as this oil spill. The government changed their regulations and demanded Risk Management and an Emergency Plan to be put in place. Every oil institution must execute “oil Pollution Risk Assessment”.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: environmental requirements

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: government changed their regulations

answers: NDQ_005466

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answers: NDQ_005467

answers: put in place

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: Oil Pollution Risk Assessment

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Every oil institution must execute “oil Pollution Risk Assessment”

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: At about 12:25 P.M. on January 29, 1975, the ship was entering the Port of Leixões in Portugal, while entering the Danish tanker hit sandbar and cause the ship to spill massive amounts of oil into the ocean followed by a few explosions inside the engine room. The cause of this infamous disaster was because of human error. 7 of those 17 crew members died in that explosion, the majority of deaths were engineers.

text: At about 12:25 P.M. on January 29, 1975, the ship was entering the Port of Leixões in Portugal, while entering the Danish tanker hit sandbar and cause the ship to spill massive amounts of oil into the ocean followed by a few explosions inside the engine room. The cause of this infamous disaster was because of human error. 7 of those 17 crew members died in that explosion, the majority of deaths were engineers.

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answers: January 29, 1975

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: spill massive amounts of oil into the ocean

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: the majority of deaths were engineers

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: massive amounts

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answers: sandbar

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answers: explosions inside the engine room

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answers: no longer hear about an oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the majority of deaths were engineers

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The recovery tanks, equipped with heating and an inert gas system that uses nitrogen to displace explosive gases, have a total capacity of 1,200 cubic metres for spilled oil and 200 cubic metres for chemicals. In addition to recovery equipment the vessel carries  of heavy duty oil boom.

text: The recovery tanks, equipped with heating and an

text: inert gas system

text: that uses

text: nitrogen

text: to displace explosive gases, have a total capacity of 1,200 cubic metres for spilled oil and 200 cubic metres for chemicals. In addition to recovery equipment the vessel carries  of heavy duty oil boom.

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answers: 1,200 cubic metres

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: spilled oil

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: carries of heavy duty oil boom

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answers: 1,200

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answers: NDQ_005466

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answers: NDQ_005468

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answers: NDQ_005469

answers: heavy duty oil boom

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ink uses up non-renewable oils and metals, which have a negative impact on the environment.

text: Ink uses up non-renewable oils and metals, which have a negative impact on the environment.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Deepwater Horizon spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: non-renewable oils and metals

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: ten

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answers: non-renewable

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: negative impact on the environment

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answers: ink

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answers: negative impact on the environment

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answers: non-renewable oils and metals

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Determine the properties, distribution, and extent of the oil spill and dispersants.Conduct baseline studies and impact assessments to provide the basis for long-term monitoring.Contribute to an integrated coastal and ocean observing system, and improve modeling capabilities for forecasting environmental impacts related to the oil spill.Develop and implement systems for data integration, synthesis, sharing, and dissemination.Develop and implement strategies to protect and restore habitats and species.Priority will be given to projects that are collaborative between two or more FIO members and/or the Northern Gulf Institute and Louisiana State University, which also received BP funding for initial research.

text: Determine the properties, distribution, and extent of the oil spill and dispersants.Conduct baseline studies and impact assessments to provide the basis for long-term monitoring.Contribute to an integrated coastal and ocean observing system, and improve modeling capabilities for forecasting environmental impacts related to the oil spill.Develop and implement systems for data integration, synthesis, sharing, and dissemination.Develop and implement strategies to protect and restore habitats and species.Priority will be given to projects that are collaborative between two or more FIO members and/or the Northern Gulf Institute and Louisiana State University, which also received BP funding for initial research.

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answers: no

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answers: BP funding for initial research

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin oil slick which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. These can kill seabirds, mammals, shellfish and other organisms they coat. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly bulldozed around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily.

text: Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin

text: oil slick

text: which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. These can kill seabirds, mammals, shellfish and other organisms they coat. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly

text: bulldozed

text: around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily.

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: oil spills at sea

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: hundreds

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Oil spills on land are more readily containable

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Oil spills on land are more readily containable

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answers: bulldozed

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answers: Oil spills on land

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Oil spills on land are more readily containable

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Rubin had been involved in some activism prior to 1969. However, the turning point for her came during the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, which began on January 28, 1969 and became the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history at the time. The spill, which lasted for eleven days and polluted the Santa Barbara Channel with almost 100,000 barrels of crude oil, killed thousands of seabirds and other aquatic wildlife. She, along with thousands of other volunteers, responded to the spill, which galvanized her environmental activism. In 1970, she successfully led a voter campaign to preserve the Gaviota Coast of California from a proposal to build 1,535 condos in the area.

text: Rubin had been involved in some activism prior to 1969. However, the turning point for her came during the

text: 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill

text: , which began on January 28, 1969 and became the largest

text: environmental disaster

text: in U.S. history at the time. The spill, which lasted for eleven days and polluted the

text: Santa Barbara Channel

text: with almost 100,000 barrels of

text: crude oil

text: , killed thousands of seabirds and other aquatic wildlife. She, along with thousands of other volunteers, responded to the spill, which galvanized her environmental activism. In 1970, she successfully led a voter campaign to preserve the

text: Gaviota Coast

text: of

text: California

text: from a proposal to build 1,535 condos in the area.

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answers: 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: is not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: killed thousands of seabirds

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: almost 100,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: the Santa Barbara Channel

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: lasted for eleven days

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: volunteers

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answers: no longer hear about an oil spill in the news

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: a proposal to build 1,535 condos

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The fruit of the Ceiba tree contains a fiber that is eight time lighter than cotton and five times more buoyant than cork. As such it was used as the flotation for early life preservers. In addition to these attributes, the fiber fully repels water, has a low thermal conductivity and is resistant to rot. A little known fact is that before synthetics were used for insulation materials, mattresses and pillows, these were stuffed with the fiber of the Ceiba tree fruit. It was recently discovered that the absorption capacity of this fiber is also higher than that of the polypropylene material normally used in the cleanup of environmental oil spills. "The wood of the Ceiba tree is exceedingly lightweight and easily worked. However, because it lacks durability and is susceptible to insects and decay, it was mostly used for the construction of large canoes by the indigenous inhabitants of the region." Canoes made of Ceiba tree trunks were able to seat over 100 men.

text: The fruit of the Ceiba tree contains a fiber that is eight time lighter than cotton and five times more

text: buoyant

text: than cork. As such it was used as the flotation for early life preservers. In addition to these attributes, the fiber fully repels water, has a low thermal conductivity and is resistant to rot. A little known fact is that before synthetics were used for insulation materials, mattresses and pillows, these were stuffed with the fiber of the Ceiba tree fruit. It was recently discovered that the absorption capacity of this fiber is also higher than that of the polypropylene material normally used in the cleanup of environmental

text: oil spill

text: s. "The wood of the Ceiba tree is exceedingly lightweight and easily worked. However, because it lacks durability and is susceptible to insects and decay, it was mostly used for the construction of large canoes by the indigenous inhabitants of the region." Canoes made of Ceiba tree trunks were able to seat over 100 men.

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answers: Gulf of Mexico oil spill

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: environmental oil spills

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answers: over 100

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answers: environmental oil spills

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: polypropylene material

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: polypropylene material

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Canoes made of Ceiba tree trunks were able to seat over 100 men

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Some specialized types of oil tankers have evolved. One of these is the naval replenishment oiler, a tanker which can fuel a moving vessel. Combination ore-bulk-oil carriers and permanently moored floating storage units are two other variations on the standard oil tanker design. Oil tankers have been involved in a number of damaging and high-profile oil spills. As a result, they are subject to stringent design and operational regulations.

text: Some specialized types of oil tankers have evolved. One of these is the naval

text: replenishment oiler

text: , a tanker which can

text: fuel a moving vessel

text: . Combination

text: ore-bulk-oil carrier

text: s and permanently moored

entity_name: Floating production storage and offloading

text: floating storage units

text: are two other variations on the standard oil tanker design. Oil tankers have been involved in a number of damaging and high-profile

text: oil spill

text: s. As a result, they are subject to stringent design and operational regulations.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Oil tankers

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: they are subject to stringent design and operational regulations

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: high-profile

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answers: they are subject to stringent design and operational regulations

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answers: high-profile oil spills

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answers: permanently moored floating storage units

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no longer hear about an oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: permanently moored floating storage units

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Hundreds of oiled birds and large numbers of dead lobsters, surf clams, and sea stars were recovered in the weeks following the spill. US federal and Rhode Island state governments undertook considerable work to clean up the spill and restore lost fishery stocks and coastal marine habitat. The  North Cape oil spill is considered a significant legal precedent in that it was the first major oil spill in the continental U.S. after the passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, resulting from the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska on March 24, 1989.

text: Hundreds of oiled birds and large numbers of dead lobsters, surf clams, and sea stars were recovered in the weeks following the spill. US federal and

text: Rhode Island

text: state governments undertook considerable work to clean up the spill and restore lost fishery stocks and coastal marine habitat. The  North Cape oil spill is considered a significant legal precedent in that it was the first major oil spill in the continental U.S. after the passage of the

text: Oil Pollution Act of 1990

text: , resulting from the

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: in

text: Alaska

text: on March 24, 1989.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: Yes

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text: On June 14, 2010, Murray was appointed by Barack Obama to the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling in the wake of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

text: On June 14, 2010, Murray was appointed by

text: Barack Obama

text: to the

entity_name: National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling

text: National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling

text: in the wake of the

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: The spill was also notable for the volume of Corexit oil dispersant used, as well as the methods of application which that time were "purely experimental".  Although usage of dispersants was described as "most effective and fast moving tool for minimizing shoreline impact", this use of dispersant was questioned at the time and its effects continue to be questioned and investigated.  Altogether,  of dispersants were used; of this  were used subsea at the wellhead.

text: The spill was also notable for the volume of

text: Corexit

text: oil dispersant

text: used, as well as the methods of application which that time were "purely experimental".  Although usage of dispersants was described as "most effective and fast moving tool for minimizing shoreline impact", this use of dispersant was questioned at the time and its effects continue to be questioned and investigated.  Altogether,  of dispersants were used; of this  were used subsea at the wellhead.

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answers: no

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answers: of this were used subsea at the wellhead

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101-380) was passed by the 101st United States Congress and signed by President George H. W. Bush. The Oil Pollution Act works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damages. The act requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages; specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries.

text: The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101-380) was passed by the

text: 101st United States Congress

text: and signed by President

text: George H. W. Bush

text: . The Oil Pollution Act works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damages. The act requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages; specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: The Oil Pollution Act

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA)

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 150,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Oil Pollution Act of 1990

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Oil Pollution Act works to avoid oil spills

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: remove of spilled oil

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: The Oil Pollution Act of 1990

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: President George H. W. Bush

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes impacts on biophysical environments, biodiversity, and other resources. The term anthropogenic designates an effect or object resulting from human activity. The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist Alexey Pavlov, and was first used in English by British ecologist Arthur Tansley in reference to human influences on climax plant communities. The atmospheric scientist Paul Crutzen introduced the term "anthropocene" in the mid-1970s. The term is sometimes used in the context of pollution emissions that are produced as a result of human activities but applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment.

text: Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes impacts on

text: biophysical environments

text: biodiversity

text: , and other resources. The term anthropogenic designates an effect or object resulting from

text: human activity

text: . The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist

text: Alexey Pavlov

text: , and was first used in English by British ecologist

text: Arthur Tansley

text: in reference to human influences on

text: climax

text: plant communities. The atmospheric scientist

text: Paul Crutzen

text: introduced the term "

text: anthropocene

text: " in the mid-1970s. The term is sometimes used in the context of

text: pollution

text: emissions that are produced as a result of human activities but applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: anthropogenic impact on the environment

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: impacts on biophysical environments, biodiversity, and other resources

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 1,500

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: human activity

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: pollution emissions

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: plant communities

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: The term anthropogenic designates an effect or object resulting from human activity

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: pollution emissions that are produced as a result of human activities

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: It is sometimes used in the context of pollution emissions

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Oil spills, as well daily oil runoff from urbanized areas can lead to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) entering marine ecosystems. Once PAHs  enter the marine environment, fish can be exposed to them via ingestion, ventilation of the gills, and dermal uptake. The major route of uptake will depend on the behavior of the species of fish and the physicochemical properties of the PAH of concern. Habitat can be a major deciding factor for the route of exposure. For example, demersal fish or fish that consume demersal fish are highly likely to ingest PAHs that have sorbed to the sediment, whereas fish that swim at the surface are at a higher risk for dermal exposure. Upon coming in contact with a PAH, bioavailability will effect how readily the PAH is taken up. The EPA identifies 16 major PAHs of concern and each of these PAHs has a different degree of bioavailability. For instance, PAHs with lower molecular weight are more bioavailable because they dissolve more readily in water and are therefore more bioavailable for fish within the water column. Similarly, hydrophilic PAHs are more bioavailable for uptake by fish. For this reason, usage of oil dispersants, like Corexit, to treat oil spills can increase the uptake of PAHs by increasing their solubility in water and making them more available for uptake via the gills. Once a PAH is taken up, the fish's metabolism can affect the duration and intensity of the exposure to target tissues. Fish are able to readily metabolize 99% of PAHs to a more hydrophilic metabolite through their hepato-bilary system. This allows for the excretion of PAHs. The rate of metabolism of PAHs will depend on the sex and size of the species. The ability to metabolize PAHs into a more hydrophillic form can prevent bioaccumulation and halt PAHs from being passed on to organisms further up the food web. Because oil can persist in the environment long after oil spills via sedimentation, demersal fish are likely to be continually exposed to PAHs many years after oil spills. This has been proven by looking at the biliary PAH metabolites of bottom dwelling fish. For instance, bottom dwelling fish still showed elevated levels of low molecular weight PAH metabolites 10 years after Exxon Valdez oil spill.

text: Oil spills, as well daily oil runoff from urbanized areas can lead to

text: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: (PAHs) entering marine ecosystems. Once PAHs  enter the marine environment, fish can be exposed to them via ingestion, ventilation of the gills, and dermal uptake. The major route of uptake will depend on the behavior of the species of fish and the physicochemical properties of the PAH of concern. Habitat can be a major deciding factor for the route of exposure. For example, demersal fish or fish that consume demersal fish are highly likely to ingest PAHs that have sorbed to the sediment, whereas fish that swim at the surface are at a higher risk for dermal exposure. Upon coming in contact with a PAH,

text: bioavailability

text: will effect how readily the PAH is taken up. The EPA identifies 16 major PAHs of concern and each of these PAHs has a different degree of bioavailability. For instance, PAHs with lower molecular weight are more bioavailable because they dissolve more readily in water and are therefore more bioavailable for fish within the water column. Similarly,

text: hydrophilic

text: PAHs are more bioavailable for uptake by fish. For this reason, usage of

text: oil dispersants

text: , like

text: Corexit

text: , to treat oil spills can increase the uptake of PAHs by increasing their solubility in water and making them more available for uptake via the gills. Once a PAH is taken up, the fish's metabolism can affect the duration and intensity of the exposure to target tissues. Fish are able to readily metabolize 99% of PAHs to a more hydrophilic

text: metabolite

text: through their hepato-bilary system. This allows for the excretion of PAHs. The rate of metabolism of PAHs will depend on the sex and size of the species. The ability to metabolize PAHs into a more hydrophillic form can prevent

text: bioaccumulation

text: and halt PAHs from being passed on to organisms further up the food web. Because oil can persist in the environment long after oil spills via sedimentation, demersal fish are likely to be continually exposed to PAHs many years after oil spills. This has been proven by looking at the biliary PAH metabolites of bottom dwelling fish. For instance, bottom dwelling fish still showed elevated levels of low molecular weight PAH metabolites 10 years after Exxon Valdez oil spill.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: marine ecosystems

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Corexit is used to treat oil spills.

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: can lead to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) entering marine ecosystems

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: daily

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: marine environment

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Corexit

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: Corexit can increase the uptake of PAHs

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: The ability to metabolize PAHs into a more hydrophillic form can prevent bioaccumulation

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: oil spills

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The third and final maritime safety package addressed civil liability and flag states. The Prestige oil spill showed that the existing regulations were inadequate, according to the Parliament member that guided the legislation.  "We could have avoided the Prestige oil spill," said Loyola de Palacio, vice-president in charge of Transport and Energy, claiming that the spill would not have happened if the European Commission's Erika I and II proposals had been fully adopted and implemented.

text: The third and final maritime safety package addressed civil liability and

text: flag states

text: . The

text: Prestige oil spill

text: showed that the existing regulations were inadequate, according to the Parliament member that guided the legislation.  "We could have avoided the Prestige oil spill," said Loyola de Palacio, vice-president in charge of Transport and Energy, claiming that the spill would not have happened if the European Commission's Erika I and II proposals had been fully adopted and implemented.

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answers: The Prestige oil spill

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answers: The Prestige oil spill

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answers: maritime safety

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answers: The third and final maritime safety package addressed civil liability

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: The Prestige oil spill

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: The third and final maritime safety package addressed civil liability and flag states

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: It's impossible to say

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Project Deep Spill was the first intentional deepwater oil spill, in order to study how crude oil behaved in-depth. A Joint Industry Project comprising 23 oil companies and the Minerals Management Service performed a sea trial in late June 2000 in the Helland Hansen region of the Norwegian Sea. The trial made several releases of varying combinations of crude oil (750 barrels), marine diesel, methane (18 cubic metres) and nitrogen gas from the seabed at 840 metres below sea-level.

text: Project Deep Spill was the first intentional deepwater

text: oil spill

text: , in order to study how crude oil behaved in-depth. A

text: Joint Industry Project

text: comprising 23 oil companies and the

text: Minerals Management Service

text: performed a sea trial in late June 2000 in the Helland Hansen region of the

text: Norwegian Sea

text: . The trial made several releases of varying combinations of crude oil (750 barrels), marine diesel, methane (18 cubic metres) and nitrogen gas from the seabed at 840 metres below sea-level.

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text: One equation for the modeling of oil spills is:

text: One equation for the modeling of oil spills is:

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answers: Gulf of Mexico oil spill

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Due to the threat of large swells, several oil rigs along the Texas coastline were evacuated as a precautionary measure. Workers from the Chevron Corporation and the Anadarko Petroleum Corporation were evacuated from offshore platforms while those working for ConocoPhillips and ExxonMobil remained on site. The Louisiana Offshore Oil Port was also shut down on November 9 as a result of Ida's passage. As a result of the decreased oil production, the price of oil rose more than $1 to $78 per barrel.  Among the rigs that were damaged was the Transocean Marianas which was drilling the Macondo well.  That vessel would be replaced on the Macondo Well by the Deepwater Horizon, which caused the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010.

text: Due to the threat of large swells, several oil rigs along the Texas coastline were evacuated as a precautionary measure. Workers from the

text: Chevron Corporation

text: and the

text: Anadarko Petroleum Corporation

text: were evacuated from offshore platforms while those working for

text: ConocoPhillips

text: and

text: ExxonMobil

text: remained on site. The

text: Louisiana Offshore Oil Port

text: was also shut down on November 9 as a result of Ida's passage. As a result of the decreased oil production, the price of oil rose more than $1 to $78 per barrel.  Among the rigs that were damaged was the

text: Transocean Marianas

text: which was drilling the

text: Macondo well

text: .  That vessel would be replaced on the Macondo Well by the

text: Deepwater Horizon

text: , which caused the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: in 2010.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 78

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answers: The price of oil rose more than $1 to $78 per barrel

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: evacuated

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Galician coast was an extremely vital source of income for Spain and the fishermen. Popular catch was crab, lobster, salmon farming, and their main profit came from their production of shellfish. Soon after the oil spill, Spain ordered a study of the ecosystem in order to evaluate the damage done to the benthic fauna in the region, and muddy sediments. This study was enforced due to the fact that an earlier oil spill had occurred in the same area; on May 12, 1976, the supertanker Urquiola scraped the bottom of the channel entrance in A Coruña, causing the ship to spill its cargo of 107,000 tons of oil. This, in turn, affected sea life as well as subtidal sediments, but the surviving sea life developed a defense mechanism which allowed them to survive such a crisis. The sea life in A Coruña seemed normal, but a second spilled occurred on December 3, 1993, this being Aegean Sea, which affected sea life once again. To determine the damage done to the sea life, a study was designed by determining the species richness, abundance, and biomass. Scientist analyzed the change from December 1992 to November 1996, and realized that the macrobenthic communities living in the coast of the affected areas displayed a similar trend as the original organisms in Urquiolas oil spill. Amphipods seemed to be affected the hardest by the oil spill, and experienced a high mortality rate up to the spring of 1995; also, a low abundance rate was experienced throughout this time Soon after, the species seemed to recover until the end of 1996. towards the end of the study, a trend was discovered in which resistant species dominated the ecosystem. A third oil spill occurred around the same area in A Coruña in which a tanker, Prestige, carrying 77,000 tons of oil crack into two and spilled its cargo. 10,000 tons of oil was spilled but the sunken hull of Prestige is still leaking oil from her tanks to this day.

text: macrobenthic

text: communities living in the coast of the affected areas displayed a similar trend as the original organisms in Urquiolas oil spill.

text: Amphipods

text: seemed to be affected the hardest by the oil spill, and experienced a high mortality rate up to the spring of 1995; also, a low abundance rate was experienced throughout this time Soon after, the species seemed to recover until the end of 1996. towards the end of the study, a trend was discovered in which resistant species dominated the ecosystem. A third oil spill occurred around the same area in A Coruña in which a tanker,

text: Prestige

text: , carrying 77,000 tons of oil crack into two and spilled its cargo. 10,000 tons of oil was spilled but the sunken hull of Prestige is still leaking oil from her tanks to this day.

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answers: 107,000 tons

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answers: Aegean Sea

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answers: This, in turn, affected sea life as well as subtidal sediments

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answers: 10,000 tons

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answers: to this day

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answers: spilled its cargo of 107,000 tons of oil

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answers: sunken hull

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the sunken hull of Prestige is still leaking oil from her tanks to this day

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The severity of damage directly correlates with the amount of oil spilled and the animal's exposure to oil. However, a small spill at a more sensitive season or environment may have more drastic impacts than a large spill in a less sensitive season or environment. External exposure to oil often leads to destroyed insulating fur or feathers, resulting in death from hypothermia. Contact with oil can also result in blindness, which impairs animals' ability to compete for food or to avoid predators.

text: The severity of damage directly correlates with the amount of oil spilled and the animal's exposure to oil. However, a small spill at a more sensitive season or environment may have more drastic impacts than a large spill in a less sensitive season or environment. External exposure to oil often leads to destroyed insulating fur or feathers, resulting in death from hypothermia. Contact with oil can also result in blindness, which impairs animals' ability to compete for food or to avoid predators.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: oil spilled

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: The severity of damage directly correlates with the amount of oil spilled and the animal's exposure to oil

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: a small spill

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: a small spill at a more sensitive season

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: amount of oil spilled

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: clean up spilled oil

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: a large spill in a less sensitive season or environment

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small spill at a more sensitive season or environment may have more drastic impacts

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Overall, long-term environmental effects of the spill seemed to be minimal.  In a "no strings attached" study funded by the Western Oil and Gas Association, through the Allan Hancock Foundation at the University of Southern California, the authors suggested several hypotheses for the lack of environmental damage to biologic resources in the Channel aside from pelagic birds and intertidal organisms.  First, creatures there may have evolved a tolerance to oil in the water due to the presence of natural seeps in the vicinity for at least tens of thousands of years; the area around Coal Oil Point has one of the most active natural underwater oil seeps in the world.  Second, the abundance of oil-eating bacteria in the water may be greater because of that routine presence of oil in the water.  Third, the spill happened between two large Pacific storms; the storms broke up the oil, scattering it more quickly than happens in many other oil spills, and additionally the sediment load in the seawater from freshwater runoff would have been greater, and this assisted the oil in quickly sinking.  Fourth, Santa Barbara Channel crude oil is heavy, having API gravity between 10 and 13, and is both minimally soluble in water, and sinks relatively easily.  Therefore, fish and other organisms were exposed to the oil for a shorter time than was the case with other oil spills, such as the 1967 Torrey Canyon spill in which the crude was lighter, and emulsified during treatment with massive quantities of toxic dispersants and detergents, causing it to remain in place longer.

text: Overall, long-term environmental effects of the spill seemed to be minimal.  In a "no strings attached" study funded by the Western Oil and Gas Association, through the

text: Allan Hancock

text: Foundation at the

text: University of Southern California

text: , the authors suggested several hypotheses for the lack of environmental damage to biologic resources in the Channel aside from

text: pelagic

text: birds and intertidal organisms.  First, creatures there may have evolved a tolerance to oil in the water due to the presence of natural seeps in the vicinity for at least tens of thousands of years; the area around Coal Oil Point has one of the most active natural underwater oil seeps in the world.  Second, the abundance of oil-eating bacteria in the water may be greater because of that routine presence of oil in the water.  Third, the spill happened between two large Pacific storms; the storms broke up the oil, scattering it more quickly than happens in many other oil spills, and additionally the sediment load in the seawater from freshwater runoff would have been greater, and this assisted the oil in quickly sinking.  Fourth, Santa Barbara Channel crude oil is heavy, having

text: API gravity

text: between 10 and 13, and is both minimally soluble in water, and sinks relatively easily.  Therefore, fish and other organisms were exposed to the oil for a shorter time than was the case with other oil spills, such as the 1967

text: Torrey Canyon

text: spill in which the crude was lighter, and emulsified during treatment with massive quantities of toxic dispersants and detergents, causing it to remain in place longer.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Santa Barbara Channel

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: The spill happened between two large Pacific storms

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: long-term environmental effects of the spill seemed to be minimal

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: between 10 and 13

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Coal Oil Point has one of the most active natural underwater oil seeps in the world

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: storms broke up the oil

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: toxic dispersants and detergents

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the abundance of oil-eating bacteria in the water may be greater because of that routine presence of oil in the water

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Council was formed after the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 by citizens of the region to provide a voice for communities affected by oil industry decisions in Prince William Sound, the Gulf of Alaska, and Cook Inlet. As part of a 1990 contract with the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, the Council receives funding but remains absolutely independent from Alyeska as long as oil flows through the trans-Alaska pipeline.  Under the terms of its contract with Alyeska, the Council reviews, monitors, and comments on various aspects of the company's operations, namely: oil spill prevention and response plans, environmental protection capabilities, and actual and potential environmental impacts of terminal and tanker operations.

text: The Council was formed after the

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: of 1989 by citizens of the region to provide a voice for communities affected by oil industry decisions in

text: Prince William Sound

text: , the

text: Gulf of Alaska

text: , and

text: Cook Inlet

text: . As part of a 1990 contract with the

text: Alyeska Pipeline Service Company

text: , the Council receives funding but remains absolutely independent from Alyeska as long as oil flows through the trans-Alaska pipeline.  Under the terms of its contract with Alyeska, the Council reviews, monitors, and comments on various aspects of the company's operations, namely: oil spill prevention and response plans, environmental protection capabilities, and actual and potential environmental impacts of terminal and tanker operations.

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: the Council receives funding but remains absolutely independent from Alyeska

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 90

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answers: as long as oil flows

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answers: respond plans

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answers: oil spill prevention and response plans

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answers: remains absolutely independent from Alyeska as long as oil flows through the trans-Alaska pipeline

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Both the long-term and short-term effects of the oil spill have been studied. Immediate effects included the deaths of 100,000 to as many as 250,000 seabirds, at least 2,800 sea otters, approximately 12 river otters, 300 harbor seals, 247 bald eagles, and 22 orcas, and an unknown number of salmon and herring.

text: Both the long-term and short-term effects of the oil spill have been studied. Immediate effects included the deaths of 100,000 to as many as 250,000 seabirds, at least 2,800

text: sea otter

text: s, approximately 12

text: river otters

text: , 300

text: harbor seals

text: , 247

text: bald eagle

text: s, and 22

text: orcas

text: , and an unknown number of salmon and herring.

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answers: Both the long-term and short-term effects

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answers: approximately 12

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answers: long-term

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answers: no

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answers: orcas, and an unknown number of salmon and herring

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The above legislations were the principle governing instruments of oil spills incidents prior to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Several attempts by congress to establish more encompassing and elaborate oil pollution laws were hindered by belligerent issues which mostly produced stalemates. One such conflict was federal law limiting a state’s ability to enforce requirements and liability for parties responsible for causing oil spills. The focus of the debates was mostly centred on party liability. An example of the type of debates is illustrated in the question “who is liable in the case of a vessel spill?” The cargo owner or the ship operator/ owner? Another significant issue was the interaction of domestic legislation and international measures. In 1980’s, international agreements being considered would take over oil spills federal and state laws adding further complexity to party liability.

text: The above legislations were the principle governing instruments of oil spills incidents prior to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Several attempts by congress to establish more encompassing and elaborate oil pollution laws were hindered by belligerent issues which mostly produced stalemates. One such conflict was federal law limiting a state’s ability to enforce requirements and liability for parties responsible for causing oil spills. The focus of the debates was mostly centred on party liability. An example of the type of debates is illustrated in the question “who is liable in the case of a vessel spill?” The cargo owner or the ship operator/ owner? Another significant issue was the interaction of domestic legislation and international measures. In 1980’s, international agreements being considered would take over oil spills federal and state laws adding further complexity to party liability.

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answers: international agreements being considered would take over oil spills federal and state laws adding further complexity to party liability

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answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: international agreements being considered would take over oil spills federal and state laws

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answers: international agreements being considered would take over oil spills

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The series opens with news anchor Will participating in a debate and giving a controversial speech on America's recent decline as a nation, shocking all those present. He then goes on vacation for two weeks to let the dust settle, and comes back to work only to find that his executive producer and most of his team are leaving him for another news anchor. He also discovers that his boss, Charlie Skinner, has hired him a new executive producer, Mackenzie MacHale, with whom Will has bad history. He protests, but Charlie is adamant, insisting that Mackenzie will build on his performance at Northwestern and help develop a new, improved news broadcast. Will eventually allows Mackenzie to work with him but only under the condition that he can fire her at the end of each week. Meanwhile, a news alert comes in about an explosion off the Gulf of Mexico, but no one in the newsroom believes it to be worth pursuing. Thanks to an anonymous tip given to one of Mackenzie's team members, Jim, they start to realize that the fire is actually an oil rig explosion that occurred relatively near to the Louisiana coast and that the oil spill has yet to be plugged. Will decides to take up the case and the Louisiana oil spill ends up being the main piece of news for the evening show. Their show ends up being the only one to do the piece on the oil spill; all other news stations had not realized the severity of the situation and based their shows on the iPhone prototype.

text: The series opens with news anchor Will participating in a debate and giving a controversial speech on America's recent decline as a nation, shocking all those present. He then goes on vacation for two weeks to let the dust settle, and comes back to work only to find that his executive producer and most of his team are leaving him for another news anchor. He also discovers that his boss, Charlie Skinner, has hired him a new executive producer, Mackenzie MacHale, with whom Will has bad history. He protests, but Charlie is adamant, insisting that Mackenzie will build on his performance at Northwestern and help develop a new, improved news broadcast. Will eventually allows Mackenzie to work with him but only under the condition that he can fire her at the end of each week. Meanwhile, a news alert comes in about an

text: explosion off the Gulf of Mexico

text: , but no one in the newsroom believes it to be worth pursuing. Thanks to an anonymous tip given to one of Mackenzie's team members, Jim, they start to realize that the fire is actually an oil rig explosion that occurred relatively near to the Louisiana coast and that the oil spill has yet to be plugged. Will decides to take up the case and the Louisiana oil spill ends up being the main piece of news for the evening show. Their show ends up being the only one to do the piece on the oil spill; all other news stations had not realized the severity of the situation and based their shows on the iPhone prototype.

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

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answers: Louisiana oil spill

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answers: oil spill has yet to be plugged

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answers: 20,000

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answers: America's recent decline as a nation

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answers: Louisiana oil spill

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answers: plugged

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answers: oil spill has yet to be plugged

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answers: All other news stations had not realized the severity of the situation and based their shows on the iPhone prototype

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Then a torpedo struck Attack amidships and blew her into two pieces, both of which sank with five to seven minutes. The explosion ruptured Attacks bunkers, spilling tons of thick, black bunker fuel oil into the sea as she sank. Hundreds of men were in the water, and many of them became covered in oil or overcome by its fumes.

text: Then a torpedo struck Attack amidships and blew her into two pieces, both of which sank with five to seven minutes. The explosion ruptured Attacks bunkers, spilling tons of thick, black

text: bunker fuel

text: oil into the sea as she sank. Hundreds of men were in the water, and many of them became covered in oil or overcome by its fumes.

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answers: Attack amidships

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: The explosion ruptured Attacks bunkers

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answers: many of them became covered in oil

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answers: tons

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answers: The explosion ruptured Attacks bunkers

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answers: The explosion ruptured Attacks bunkers

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answers: sank

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answers: no

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answers: Attack amidships and blew her into two pieces

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: At 11:30 PM on the evening of Saturday June 8, 1990, an explosion in the cargo room of the Norwegian oil tanker the Mega Borg “ruptured the bulkhead between the pump room and the engine room”, causing the ship to catch fire and begin to leak oil. The 853-foot-long, 15-year-old vessel was about 50 miles off the coast of Galveston, Texas when the explosion occurred. The weather at the time was calm and the tanker had easily passed Coast Guard safety inspections in April earlier that year. While the direct cause of the engine room explosion remains unknown, the initial blast occurred during a lightening process in which the Mega Borg was transferring oil onto a smaller Italian tanker, the Fraqmura, in order to then transport the oil to Houston. This transfer was necessary, as the Mega Borg was too large to dock at the Texas port. Three million gallons of the total 38 million gallons of light Angolan Palanca crude oil on board the tanker were able to be transferred to the Fraqmura before the blast.Two days after the initial blast, there were five successive explosions in a ten-minute window. These explosions greatly increased the rate of the spill from the tanker into the water. By the end of that day (June 11) the tanker stern had dropped 58 feet and had stabilized five feet above the water line. This was either due to shifting cargo or the tanker taking on water, which would be an indication of the vessel’s imminent sinking.

text: At 11:30 PM on the evening of Saturday June 8, 1990, an explosion in the cargo room of the

text: Norwegian

text: oil tanker the Mega Borg “ruptured the bulkhead between the pump room and the engine room”, causing the ship to catch fire and begin to leak oil. The 853-foot-long, 15-year-old vessel was about 50 miles off the coast of

text: Galveston, Texas

text: when the explosion occurred. The weather at the time was calm and the tanker had easily passed Coast Guard safety inspections in April earlier that year. While the direct cause of the engine room explosion remains unknown, the initial blast occurred during a lightening process in which the Mega Borg was transferring oil onto a smaller Italian tanker, the Fraqmura, in order to then transport the oil to

text: Houston

text: . This transfer was necessary, as the Mega Borg was too large to dock at the Texas port. Three million gallons of the total 38 million gallons of light

text: Angola

text: n Palanca crude oil on board the tanker were able to be transferred to the Fraqmura before the blast.Two days after the initial blast, there were five successive explosions in a ten-minute window. These explosions greatly increased the rate of the spill from the tanker into the water. By the end of that day (June 11) the tanker stern had dropped 58 feet and had stabilized five feet above the water line. This was either due to shifting cargo or the tanker taking on water, which would be an indication of the vessel’s imminent sinking.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Mega Borg

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: The Deepwater Horizon spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: The direct cause of the engine room explosion remains unknown

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 38 million gallons

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: The direct cause of the engine room explosion remains unknown

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: explosions greatly increased the rate of the spill from the tanker into the water

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: dock

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: The Mega Borg

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the Mega Borg was too large to dock at the Texas port

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 2013, opening on the Keystone XL pipeline proposal, the EPA recommended to the State Department that pipelines that carry dilbit (such as the proposed Keystone XL) should no longer be treated just like pipelines that carry any other oil. "We have learned from the 2010 Enbridge spill of oil sands crude in Michigan that spills of diluted bitumen (dilbit) may require different response actions or equipment from response actions for conventional oil spills. These spills can also have different impacts than spills of conventional oil. ... We recommend that the Final EIS more clearly acknowledge that in the event of a spill to water, it is possible that large portions of dilbit will sink and that submerged oil significantly changes spill response and impacts. We also recommend that the Final EIS include means to address the additional risks of releases that may be greater for spills of dilbit than other crudes. For example, in the Enbridge spill, the local health department issued voluntary evacuation notices based on the level of benzene measured in the air."

text: In 2013, opening on the

text: Keystone XL pipeline

text: proposal, the EPA recommended to the

text: State Department

text: that pipelines that carry dilbit (such as the proposed Keystone XL) should no longer be treated just like pipelines that carry any other oil. "We have learned from the 2010 Enbridge spill of oil sands crude in Michigan that spills of diluted bitumen (dilbit) may require different response actions or equipment from response actions for conventional oil spills. These spills can also have different impacts than spills of conventional oil. ... We recommend that the Final

text: EIS

text: more clearly acknowledge that in the event of a spill to water, it is possible that large portions of dilbit will sink and that submerged oil significantly changes spill response and impacts. We also recommend that the Final EIS include means to address the additional risks of releases that may be greater for spills of dilbit than other crudes. For example, in the Enbridge spill, the local health department issued voluntary evacuation notices based on the level of

text: benzene

text: measured in the air."

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: 2010 Enbridge spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Enbridge spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: submerged oil significantly changes spill response and impacts

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: dilbit

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: oil sands

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: submerged oil significantly changes spill response and impacts

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: sink

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: spills of diluted bitumen

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Keystone XL should no longer be treated just like pipelines that carry any other oil

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: It is possible that large portions of dilbit will sink

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The theory behind the cleanup hitter is that, at the beginning of the game, if at least one of the first three batters reaches base with a single-base hit or walk, a home run will result in two or more runs rather than just one (a "solo" home run). If all three players reach base, thereby loading the bases, the cleanup hitter has the chance to hit a grand slam, scoring four runs. But even without the grand slam, this batter can extend an inning with a high batting average and frequent walks.

text: The theory behind the cleanup hitter is that, at the beginning of the game, if at least one of the first three batters reaches base with a

text: single-base hit

text: or

text: walk

text: , a home run will result in two or more runs rather than just one (a "solo" home run). If all three players reach base, thereby

text: loading the bases

text: , the cleanup hitter has the chance to hit a

text: grand slam

text: , scoring four runs. But even without the grand slam, this batter can extend an inning with a high batting average and frequent walks.

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answers: Gulf of Mexico oil spill

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: a high batting average and frequent walks

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text: Oil spill model systems are used by industry and government to assist in planning and emergency decision making. Of critical importance for the skill of the oil spill model prediction is the adequate description of the wind and current fields. There is a worldwide oil spill modelling (WOSM) program.  Tracking the scope of an oil spill may also involve verifying that hydrocarbons collected during an ongoing spill are derived from the active spill or some other source.  This can involve sophisticated analytical chemistry focused on finger printing an oil source based on the complex mixture of substances present.  Largely, these will be various hydrocarbons, among the most useful being polyaromatic hydrocarbons.  In addition, both oxygen and nitrogen heterocyclic hydrocarbons, such as parent and alkyl homologues of carbazole, quinoline, and pyridine, are present in many crude oils.  As a result, these compounds have great potential to supplement the existing suite of hydrocarbons targets to fine-tune source tracking of petroleum spills.  Such analysis can also be used to follow weathering and degradation of crude spills.

text: Oil spill model systems are used by industry and government to assist in planning and emergency decision making. Of critical importance for the skill of the oil spill model prediction is the adequate description of the wind and current fields. There is a worldwide oil spill modelling (WOSM) program.  Tracking the scope of an oil spill may also involve verifying that hydrocarbons collected during an ongoing spill are derived from the active spill or some other source.  This can involve sophisticated analytical chemistry focused on finger printing an oil source based on the complex mixture of substances present.  Largely, these will be various hydrocarbons, among the most useful being

text: polyaromatic hydrocarbons

text: .  In addition, both oxygen and nitrogen heterocyclic hydrocarbons, such as parent and alkyl homologues of

text: carbazole

text: quinoline

text: , and

text: pyridine

text: , are present in many crude oils.  As a result, these compounds have great potential to supplement the existing suite of hydrocarbons targets to fine-tune source tracking of petroleum spills.  Such analysis can also be used to follow weathering and degradation of crude spills.

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

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answers: WOSM

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answers: Oil spill model systems are used by industry

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answers: It can involve sophisticated analytical chemistry

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answer: 1

text: In March 2012, the Alaska House and Senate passed legislation urging the Bureau of Land Management to plug the abandoned wells from the US government exploratory program; the resolution said just seven wells have been properly plugged and reclaimed and that the wells are an eyesore and are harming the environment.

text: In March 2012, the Alaska

text: House

text: and

text: Senate

text: passed legislation urging the

text: Bureau of Land Management

text: to plug the abandoned wells from the US government exploratory program; the resolution said just seven wells have been properly plugged and reclaimed and that the wells are an eyesore and are harming the environment.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Alaska House and Senate

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: harming the environment

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 7

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: the Bureau of Land Management

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answers: harming the environment

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: plug

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: properly plugged and reclaimed

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: just seven wells have been properly plugged and reclaimed

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: 100,000-year problem- 2005 Malaysian haze- 2006 Abule Egba pipeline explosion- 2006 Alaskan oil spill- 2006 Argentine nuclear reactivation plan- 2006 Atlas Creek pipeline explosion- 2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste spill- 2006 Danvers Chemical Fire- 2006 Mumbai "sweet" seawater incident- 2006 Southeast Asian haze- 2006 Zakouma elephant slaughter- 2007 Korea oil spill- 2010 Biodiversity Target- 2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership- 4 Degrees and Beyond International Climate Conference

text: 100,000-year problem

text: 2005 Malaysian haze

text: 2006 Abule Egba pipeline explosion

text: 2006 Alaskan oil spill

entity_name: 2006 Argentine nuclear reactivation plan

text: 2006 Argentine nuclear reactivation plan

text: 2006 Atlas Creek pipeline explosion

text: 2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste spill

text: 2006 Danvers Chemical Fire

text: 2006 Mumbai "sweet" seawater incident

text: 2006 Southeast Asian haze

text: 2006 Zakouma elephant slaughter

text: 2007 Korea oil spill

text: 2010 Biodiversity Target

text: 2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership

entity_name: 4 Degrees and Beyond International Climate Conference

text: 4 Degrees and Beyond International Climate Conference

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answers: 4: The answer is mostly relevant and complete, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: Alaskan oil spill

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answers: oil spill

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answers: 65,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: oil companies will continue to go for hard-to-get-at deposits

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: haze

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answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Argentine nuclear reactivation plan

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Argentine nuclear reactivation plan

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: While there have been no oil spill environmental disasters of the scale of the Exxon Valdez in the country, Australia has a large oil industry and there have been several large oil spills .  Spills remain a serious threat to the marine environment and Australian coastline.  The largest spill to date was the Kirki tanker in 1991 which dropped 17,280 tonnes of oil off the coast of Western Australia.

text: While there have been no

text: oil spill

text: environmental disasters of the scale of the

text: Exxon Valdez

text: in the country, Australia has a large oil industry and there have been several large oil spills .  Spills remain a serious threat to the marine environment and Australian coastline.  The largest spill to date was the

text: Kirki tanker

text: in 1991 which dropped 17,280 tonnes of oil off the coast of

text: Western Australia

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Exxon Valdez

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Exxon Valdez

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Spills remain a serious threat to the marine environment

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 17,280 tonnes

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Australia has a large oil industry

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Spills

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answers: oil spill environmental disasters

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: Spills remain a serious threat

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the Exxon Valdez

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Spills

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Pallop was dismissed from his ISOC deputy-director position after Thawatchai Klinchana, his driver, was found driving a car containing 4.5 kg of explosives near Thaksin's residence. According to Metropolitan Police Bureau commissioner Wiroj Jantharangsee, the explosives were assembled, equipped with a remote sensor and ready to be detonated. Kamthorn Ooycharoen, head of the police bomb-disposal squad at the scene, confirmed that the bomb was ready for detonation. It was composed of a remote control unit, M-8 military fuses, sticks of TNT, C-4 plastic explosives, and nine plastic containers containing ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO).

text: Pallop was dismissed from his ISOC deputy-director position after Thawatchai Klinchana, his driver, was found driving a car containing 4.5 kg of explosives near Thaksin's residence. According to Metropolitan Police Bureau commissioner Wiroj Jantharangsee, the explosives were assembled, equipped with a remote sensor and ready to be detonated. Kamthorn Ooycharoen, head of the police bomb-disposal squad at the scene, confirmed that the bomb was ready for detonation. It was composed of a remote control unit, M-8 military fuses, sticks of

text: TNT

text: plastic explosives

text: , and nine plastic containers containing

text: ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO)

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answers: ANFO

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answers: ANFO

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Kamthorn Ooycharoen

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answers: dispose of

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no longer hear about an oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the bomb was ready for detonation

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Little Buffalo oil spill on April 29, 2011, resulted in the discharge of 28,000 barrels of oil in an isolated stretch of boreal forest in northern Alberta, approximately  kilometres from Little Buffalo. The spill was caused by a rupture in the Rainbow Pipeline system, owned by Plains Midstream Canada, a unit of Plains All American Pipeline. It was the largest oil spill in Alberta in 36 years. The local school was closed following the oil spill due to concerns about the effects of fumes. In 2013, Alberta's Energy Resource Conservation Board (ERCB) issued a reprimand to Plains Mainstream for operational failures in connection with the oil spill.

text: The Little Buffalo oil spill on April 29, 2011, resulted in the discharge of

text: 28,000 barrels of oil

text: in an isolated stretch of

text: boreal forest

text: in northern

text: Alberta

text: , approximately  kilometres from Little Buffalo. The spill was caused by a rupture in the Rainbow Pipeline system, owned by Plains Midstream Canada, a unit of

text: Plains All American Pipeline

text: . It was the largest

text: oil spill

text: in Alberta in 36 years. The local school was closed following the oil spill due to concerns about the effects of fumes. In 2013, Alberta's Energy Resource Conservation Board (ERCB) issued a reprimand to Plains Mainstream for operational failures in connection with the oil spill.

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answers: Little Buffalo oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: concerns about the effects of fumes

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 28,000 barrels

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Alberta's Energy Resource Conservation Board

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: The local school was closed following the oil spill due to concerns about the effects of fumes

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: isolate stretch of boreal forest

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: It was the largest oil spill in Alberta in 36 years

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Plains Midstream Canada, a unit of Plains All American Pipeline

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The airline was established in 1983 with a share capital of NOK 50,000, and with Harald Olsen as managing director. In November 1983, they announced to the authorities and the general public plans to establish a fleet of four DHC-6/300 Twin Otters, for the application of dispersant on oil spills at sea as part of the national oil spill protection system, as well as providing an airborne radar surveillance and positioning system. The government was initially favorable to the concept, particularly as an element in improving oil spill protection and response at sea, in conjunction with permitting the oil industry to commence exploration north of the 62nd parallel north, but unfortunately government and departmental politics and the oil companies' unwillingness to contribute to the system, led to the company's demise.

text: The airline was established in 1983 with a share capital of NOK 50,000, and with Harald Olsen as managing director. In November 1983, they announced to the authorities and the general public plans to establish a fleet of four DHC-6/300 Twin Otters, for the application of dispersant on oil spills at sea as part of the national oil spill protection system, as well as providing an airborne radar surveillance and positioning system. The government was initially favorable to the concept, particularly as an element in improving oil spill protection and response at sea, in conjunction with permitting the oil industry to commence exploration north of the

text: 62nd parallel north

text: , but unfortunately government and departmental politics and the oil companies' unwillingness to contribute to the system, led to the company's demise.

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answers: 62nd parallel north

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: 2010 deepwater horizon spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: the oil industry to commence exploration north of the 62nd parallel north

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 62

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: permitting the oil industry to commence exploration north of the 62nd parallel north

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: application of dispersant

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: DHC-6/300 Twin Otters

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: oil spill protection system

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: government and departmental politics and the oil companies' unwillingness to contribute to the system

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The impacts of extreme events on the environment and human society will vary. Some impacts will be beneficial—e.g., fewer cold extremes will probably lead to fewer cold deaths. Overall, however, impacts will probably be mostly negative.

text: The impacts of extreme events on the environment and human society will vary. Some impacts will be beneficial—e.g., fewer cold extremes will probably lead to fewer cold deaths. Overall, however, impacts will probably be mostly negative.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: impacts will probably be mostly negative

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: mostly negative

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: impacts of extreme events

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: impacts will probably be mostly negative

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: spilled oil

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: cold extremes will probably lead to fewer cold deaths

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: When the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill eclipsed the loss of the Exxon Valdez as America's largest disaster of this kind, Dr. Ott travelled to the Gulf of Mexico to assess the damage from the spill and to speak with affected communities. She said that people were experiencing severe medical conditions and dying as a result of oil in their blood.  In an interview with Rose Aguilar, she expressed concern about the health issues in the Gulf following the spill, detailing some who had evacuated and criticizing public officials for their response. She cautioned workers involved in cleaning up the mess to be wary of the health effects of going near the oil slick, saying that those who had been affected by the spill from the Exxon Valdez had suffered long-term consequences of a medical nature. She also cautioned workers to guard against the perils of another 'money spill'.

text: When the 2010 BP

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: eclipsed the loss of the Exxon Valdez as America's largest disaster of this kind, Dr. Ott travelled to the Gulf of Mexico to assess the damage from the spill and to speak with affected communities. She said that people were experiencing severe medical conditions and dying as a result of oil in their blood.  In an interview with

text: Rose Aguilar

text: , she expressed concern about the health issues in the Gulf following the spill, detailing some who had evacuated and criticizing public officials for their response. She cautioned workers involved in cleaning up the mess to be wary of the health effects of going near the oil slick, saying that those who had been affected by the spill from the Exxon Valdez had suffered long-term consequences of a medical nature. She also cautioned workers to guard against the perils of another 'money spill'.

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answers: 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon

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answers: oil spill

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answers: people were experiencing severe medical conditions and dying as a result of oil in their blood

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answer: 1

text: Television productions like CSI: Crime Scene Investigation have added to the popularity of the term "crime scene cleanup". Australia, Canada and England have added it to their professional cleaning terminology. As a profession, it is growing in popularity because of media exposure and the growth of training programs worldwide.

text: Television productions like

text: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation

text: have added to the popularity of the term "crime scene cleanup". Australia, Canada and England have added it to their professional cleaning terminology. As a profession, it is growing in popularity because of media exposure and the growth of training programs worldwide.

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answers: It is growing in popularity because of media exposure

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answers: 20,000

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answers: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation

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answers: crime scene cleanup

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text: The fourth player in the batting order is known as the cleanup hitter, and in modern baseball is almost always one of the best hitters on the team, often the one with the most power and ability to drive in runs with extra-base hits (double, triple, or home run).  Baseball managers tend to place hitters who are most likely to reach base ahead of the clean-up man, so that the fourth batter can "clean" the bases by driving these baserunners home to score runs. His main goal is to drive in runs, although he is expected to score runs as well. Hitting cleanup requires an exceptional level of talent, and the ability to deliver big hits in important situations (such as the bases loaded with two out). Examples of #4 hitters include Lou Gehrig, Eddie Mathews, Willie McCovey, Billy Williams, Tony Pérez, Eddie Murray, Alex Rodriguez, Prince Fielder, David Ortiz, Edgar Martinez, and Ryan Howard.

text: The fourth player in the batting order is known as the

text: cleanup hitter

text: , and in modern baseball is almost always one of the best hitters on the team, often the one with the

text: most power

text: and ability to drive in runs with extra-base hits (double, triple, or home run).  Baseball managers tend to place hitters who are most likely to reach base ahead of the clean-up man, so that the fourth batter can "clean" the bases by driving these baserunners home to score runs. His main goal is to drive in runs, although he is expected to score runs as well. Hitting cleanup requires an exceptional level of talent, and the ability to deliver big hits in important situations (such as the bases loaded with two out). Examples of #4 hitters include

text: Lou Gehrig

text: Eddie Mathews

text: Willie McCovey

text: Billy Williams

text: Tony Pérez

text: Eddie Murray

text: Alex Rodriguez

text: Prince Fielder

text: David Ortiz

text: Edgar Martinez

text: , and

text: Ryan Howard

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answers: The fourth player in the batting order is known as the cleanup hitter

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answers: 4000

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answers: clean-up man

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answers: clean" the bases

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answers: Cleanup requires an exceptional level of talent

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answers: the fourth player in the batting order is known as the cleanup hitter

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answers: Small leaks

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: In 2011, Aravosis received a tip that British oil giant BP (British Petroleum) was posting falsified photos to its website during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. He analyzed the photos, then published an article on AMERICAblog proving that the images were doctored electronically. The story received widespread coverage in the media.

text: In 2011, Aravosis received a tip that British oil giant BP (British Petroleum) was posting falsified photos to its website during the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: . He analyzed the photos, then published an article on AMERICAblog proving that the images were doctored electronically. The story received widespread coverage in the media.

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answers: doctored electronically

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answers: no longer hear about an oil spill

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answers: the images were doctored electronically

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the BP oil disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and the Macondo blowout) began on April 20, 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect.  Eleven people went missing and were never found and it is considered the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry, an estimated 8% to 31% larger in volume than the previously largest, the Ixtoc I oil spill. The US Government estimated the total discharge at . After several failed efforts to contain the flow, the well was declared sealed on September 19, 2010. Reports in early 2012 indicated the well site was still leaking.

text: The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the BP oil disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and the Macondo blowout) began on April 20, 2010, in the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: on the

text: BP

text: -operated

text: Macondo Prospect

text: .  Eleven people went missing and were never found and it is considered the largest accidental marine

text: oil spill

text: in the history of the petroleum industry, an estimated 8% to 31% larger in volume than the previously largest, the

text: Ixtoc I oil spill

text: . The US Government estimated the total discharge at . After several failed efforts to contain the flow, the well was declared sealed on September 19, 2010. Reports in early 2012 indicated the well site was still leaking.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: BP oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Eleven people went missing and were never found

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 8,000 to 31% larger

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: BP-operated Macondo Prospect

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: The US Government estimated the total discharge

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: contain the flow

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: The Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Reports in early 2012 indicated the well site was still leaking

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Biologists said that the effects of the Montara oil spill could be catastrophic for marine ecosystems, with claims that although it is a lightweight crude oil spilling from the platform, it can still have toxic effects on birds, marine invertebrates, coral and marine algae. The Wilderness Society described the area as a "marine superhighway", and whales and endangered flatback turtles observed in the area are at risk from the spill. By 3 September 2009, fishers observed sick and dying marine life, and an absence of birds in the spill area. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) observed spinner dolphins, sooty terns, spotted sea snake and threatened hawksbill and flatback turtles swimming in the oil slick, and expressed concern about long-term effects. WWF also observed a wax-like residue from the oil spill. The Australian government has acknowledged treating a small number of birds as a result of the spill, including common noddies, brown boobies and a sooty tern.

text: Biologists said that the effects of the Montara oil spill could be catastrophic for

text: marine ecosystems

text: , with claims that although it is a lightweight

text: crude oil

text: spilling from the platform, it can still have toxic effects on birds,

text: marine invertebrates

text: coral

text: and

text: marine algae

text: The Wilderness Society

text: described the area as a "marine superhighway", and

text: whales

text: and endangered

text: flatback turtle

text: s observed in the area are at risk from the spill. By 3 September 2009, fishers observed sick and dying marine life, and an absence of birds in the spill area. The

text: World Wildlife Fund

text: (WWF) observed

text: spinner dolphin

text: s,

text: sooty tern

text: s,

text: spotted sea snake

text: and threatened

text: hawksbill

text: and

text: flatback turtle

text: s swimming in the oil slick, and expressed concern about long-term effects. WWF also observed a wax-like residue from the oil spill. The Australian government has acknowledged treating a small number of birds as a result of the spill, including

text: common noddies

text: brown boobies

text: and a

text: sooty tern

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answers: Montara

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Montara oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil spill could be catastrophic for marine ecosystems

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 3 September 2009

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Montara oil spill

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: a wax-like residue

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: treat a small number of birds

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: The Australian government has acknowledged treating a small number of birds

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Montara oil spill

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska and spilled more than  of crude oil. The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the second largest in U.S. history, and in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident, the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. An initial award of $5 billion USD punitive was reduced to $507.5 million by the US Supreme Court in June 2008, and distributions of this award have commenced.

text: On March 24, 1989, the

text: Exxon Valdez

text: oil tanker

text: struck

text: Bligh Reef

text: in

text: Prince William Sound

text: Alaska

text: and spilled more than  of crude oil. The

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: was the second largest in U.S. history, and in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident, the

text: U.S. Congress

text: passed the

text: Oil Pollution Act of 1990

text: . An initial award of $5 billion USD

text: punitive

text: was reduced to $507.5 million by the US Supreme Court in June 2008, and distributions of this award have commenced.

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answers: Exxon Valdez oil spill

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answers: Oil Pollution Act of 1990

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answers: Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990

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answers: The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the second largest in U.S. history

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text: In Virginia, Bret produced relatively light rainfall, peaking at  in Big Meadows, a section of Shenandoah National Park. At the time of Bret's landfall, portions of the Mid-Atlantic states were experiencing a strong drought, though the amounts of precipitation were not enough for farmers in Virginia to save their crops. In Virginia Beach, local street flooding and a brief tornado were reported. Minor beach erosion occurred in the area due to tides reaching about  above normal. One fatality was confirmed in North Carolina when a woman was killed after getting stuck in rip currents at Nags Head. Offshore, two boats lost contact with the Coast Guard during the approach to land, one of which washed up at Cape May, New Jersey and the other on the Virginia coast. The Coast Guard began cleanup of an oil spill at Nags Head caused by Bret off the coast. About  of the shoreline was filled with oil, little of which polluted the water. Most of the oil was thin and easily cleanup private contractor. Locally heavy rainfall in western Pennsylvania flooded streets and basements in some areas. The town of Brookville was inundated with up to  of water. Elsewhere, Bret dropped  of precipitation in several states. Overall, no considerable damage was reported.

text: In Virginia, Bret produced relatively light rainfall, peaking at  in

text: Big Meadows

text: , a section of

text: Shenandoah National Park

text: . At the time of Bret's landfall, portions of the Mid-Atlantic states were experiencing a strong drought, though the amounts of precipitation were not enough for farmers in Virginia to save their crops. In Virginia Beach, local street flooding and a brief tornado were reported. Minor beach erosion occurred in the area due to tides reaching about  above normal. One fatality was confirmed in North Carolina when a woman was killed after getting stuck in rip currents at Nags Head. Offshore, two boats lost contact with the

text: Coast Guard

text: during the approach to land, one of which washed up at

text: Cape May, New Jersey

text: and the other on the Virginia coast. The Coast Guard began cleanup of an oil spill at Nags Head caused by Bret off the coast. About  of the shoreline was filled with oil, little of which polluted the water. Most of the oil was thin and easily cleanup private contractor. Locally heavy rainfall in western

text: Pennsylvania

text: flooded streets and basements in some areas. The town of

text: Brookville

text: was inundated with up to  of water. Elsewhere, Bret dropped  of precipitation in several states. Overall, no considerable damage was reported.

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answers: Nags Head

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answers: The Coast Guard began cleanup of an oil spill at Nags Head

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answers: a strong drought

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answers: Most of the oil was thin and easily cleanup private contractor

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answers: private contractor

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answers: no considerable damage was reported

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: The town of Brookville was inundated with up to of water

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answers: small leaks

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answer: 1

text: Journalists attempting to document the impact of the spill were repeatedly refused access to public areas, and photojournalists were prevented from flying over areas of the gulf to document the scope of the disaster. Meanwhile, Phil Radford documented BP's methods of escaping liability and keeping people hired to clean the oil spill out of areas affected by the oil spill. These accusations were leveled at BP, its contractors, local law enforcement, USCG, and other government officials. Scientists also complained about prevention of access to information controlled by BP and government sources. BP stated that its policy was to allow the media and other parties as much access as possible.On 30 June 2010, the USCG put new restrictions in place across the Gulf Coast that prevented vessels from coming within  "of booming operations, boom, or oil spill response operations". In a press briefing, USCG admiral Thad Allen said the new regulation was related to safety issues. On CNN's 360, host Anderson Cooper rejected the motivation for the restrictions outright.The Civil Air Patrol also monitored the spill on behalf of the USCG. 27 May 2010

text: Journalists attempting to document the impact of the spill were repeatedly refused access to public areas, and photojournalists were prevented from flying over areas of the gulf to document the scope of the disaster. Meanwhile,

text: Phil Radford

text: documented BP's methods of escaping liability and keeping people hired to clean the oil spill out of areas affected by the oil spill. These accusations were leveled at BP, its contractors, local law enforcement, USCG, and other government officials. Scientists also complained about prevention of access to information controlled by BP and government sources. BP stated that its policy was to allow the media and other parties as much access as possible.On 30 June 2010, the USCG put new restrictions in place across the Gulf Coast that prevented vessels from coming within  "of booming operations, boom, or oil spill response operations". In a press briefing, USCG admiral

text: Thad Allen

text: said the new regulation was related to safety issues. On

text: CNN

text: 's

text: , host Anderson Cooper rejected the motivation for the restrictions outright.The Civil Air Patrol also monitored the spill on behalf of the USCG. 27 May 2010

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answers: BP

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answers: BP

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answers: The Civil Air Patrol also monitored the spill

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 27 May 2010

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: The Civil Air Patrol also monitored the spill on behalf of the USCG

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: The Civil Air Patrol also monitored the spill

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answers: boom

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answers: The Civil Air Patrol also monitored the spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: On CNN's 360, host Anderson Cooper rejected the motivation for the restrictions outright

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The presence of radioactive waste in the environment may cause long-term effects due to the activity and half-life of the radionuclides, leading their impact to grow with time. These particles exist in various oxidation states and are found as oxides, coprecipitates, or as organic or inorganic complexes, according to their origin and ways of liberation. Most commonly they are found in oxidized form, which makes them more soluble in water and thus more mobile. Unlike organic contaminants, however, they cannot be destroyed and must be converted into a stable form or extracted from the environment.

text: The presence of radioactive waste in the environment may cause long-term effects due to the

text: activity

text: and

text: half-life

text: of the radionuclides, leading their impact to grow with time. These particles exist in various

text: oxidation states

text: and are found as

text: oxides

text: coprecipitates

text: , or as

text: organic

text: or

text: inorganic

text: complexes, according to their origin and ways of liberation. Most commonly they are found in oxidized form, which makes them more soluble in water and thus more mobile. Unlike organic contaminants, however, they cannot be destroyed and must be converted into a stable form or extracted from the environment.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: Deepwater Horizon spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Most commonly they are found in oxidized form, which makes them more soluble in water and thus more mobile

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: They cannot be destroyed and must be converted into a stable form or extracted from the environment

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answers: Most commonly they are found in oxidized form, which makes them more soluble in water

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answers: converted into a stable form or extracted from the environment

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answers: They cannot be destroyed

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: must be converted into a stable form or extracted from the environment

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On March 24, 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef, spilling eleven million gallons of crude oil into the waters of Prince William Sound. The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the largest in United States history.

text: On March 24, 1989, the

text: oil tanker

text: Exxon Valdez

text: ran aground on

text: Bligh Reef

text: , spilling eleven million gallons of crude oil into the waters of

text: Prince William Sound

text: . The

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: was the largest in United States history.

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answers: Exxon Valdez

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Exxon Valdez

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: spilled eleven million gallons of crude oil

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: eleven million

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Bligh Reef

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: spilled eleven million gallons

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: run aground

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no longer hear about an oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the largest in United States history

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: The cleanup part of the block is always executed. In case an exception is raised by the body part, cleanup is executed immediately before propagating the exception outside the block 'unwind_protect'.

text: The cleanup part of the block is always executed. In case an exception is raised by the body part, cleanup is executed immediately before propagating the exception outside the block 'unwind_protect'.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: The cleanup part of the block is always executed

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 4000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: unwind_protect

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: unwind_protect

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: cleanup is always executed

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: cleanup is always executed

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: It's impossible to say

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2011 the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center did a study to compare the acute health impacts of the spill with the acute health impacts reported from previous spills to  predict health impacts in Louisiana as compared with the health impacts reported from prior crude oil spills. The study reported that "Acute health effects in cleanup workers mirrored those reported in cleanup workers following prior oil spills as ranked by systems (and by symptoms)."  The study advised that affected individuals "will require long-term surveillance for chronic adverse health effects including cancer, liver and kidney diseases, mental health disorders, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders."

text: In 2011 the

text: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center

text: did a study to compare the acute health impacts of the spill with the acute health impacts reported from previous spills to  predict health impacts in Louisiana as compared with the health impacts reported from prior crude oil spills. The study reported that "Acute health effects in cleanup workers mirrored those reported in cleanup workers following prior oil spills as ranked by systems (and by symptoms)."  The study advised that affected individuals "will require long-term surveillance for chronic adverse health effects including cancer, liver and kidney diseases, mental health disorders, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders."

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Louisiana

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: long-term surveillance for chronic adverse health effects

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 15,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: long-term surveillance for chronic adverse health effects

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: oil spills

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: cleanup workers

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Acute health effects in cleanup workers mirrored those reported in cleanup workers following prior oil spills as ranked by systems (and by symptoms)

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: It does not say

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The most significant threat to sea otters is oil spills. They are particularly vulnerable, as they rely on their fur to keep warm. When their fur is soaked with oil, it loses its ability to retain air, and the animals can quickly die from hypothermia. The liver, kidneys, and lungs of sea otters also become damaged after they inhale oil or ingest it when grooming. The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 24 March 1989 killed thousands of sea otters in Prince William Sound, and as of 2006, the lingering oil in the area continues to affect the population. Describing the public sympathy for sea otters that developed from media coverage of the event, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service spokesperson wrote:

text: The most significant threat to sea otters is

text: oil spill

text: s. They are particularly vulnerable, as they rely on their fur to keep warm. When their fur is soaked with oil, it loses its ability to retain air, and the animals can quickly die from

text: hypothermia

text: . The

text: liver

text: kidney

text: s, and

text: lung

text: s of sea otters also become damaged after they inhale oil or ingest it when grooming. The

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: of 24 March 1989 killed thousands of sea otters in

text: Prince William Sound

text: , and as of 2006, the lingering oil in the area continues to affect the population. Describing the public sympathy for sea otters that developed from media coverage of the event, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service spokesperson wrote:

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answers: They are particularly vulnerable, as they rely on their fur to keep warm

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text: Planning for the explosion scene began six weeks before it was shot, while filming took a total of four hours. The cast and crew underwent a safety drill first, while trained Occupational Health and Safety officers from FremantleMedia were on the set. Thomas Mitchell from TV Week revealed that a filming permit was not required for the explosion scene as it was not shot on public land, rather private land owned by FremantleMedia. To create the explosion, the production team used low-impact explosives and special effects. Two explosions were filmed from different angles, with the scenes then merged during post-production. Jasek said it was "certainly one of the biggest scenes" they had filmed since the car crash storyline. He added that everything went to plan, including the weather.

text: Planning for the explosion scene began six weeks before it was shot, while filming took a total of four hours. The cast and crew underwent a safety drill first, while trained Occupational Health and Safety officers from FremantleMedia were on the set. Thomas Mitchell from

text: TV Week

text: revealed that a filming permit was not required for the explosion scene as it was not shot on public land, rather private land owned by FremantleMedia. To create the explosion, the production team used low-impact explosives and special effects. Two explosions were filmed from different angles, with the scenes then merged during

text: post-production

text: . Jasek said it was "certainly one of the biggest scenes" they had filmed since the car crash storyline. He added that everything went to plan, including the weather.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: a filming permit was not required

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answers: four hours

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answers: It was not required for the explosion scene as it was not shot on public land

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answers: The cast and crew underwent a safety drill first

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answers: use low-impact explosives

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answers: The cast and crew underwent a safety drill first

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answers: a filming permit was required for the explosion scene

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answers: To create the explosion, the production team used low-impact explosives and special effects

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: While many technologies are aimed towards preventing oil spills or towards preparation for the spills, there is also technology available that can be quickly implemented in the event of a spill. As was the case with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, it may take a very long time for spills to be contained.

text: While many technologies are aimed towards preventing oil spills or towards preparation for the spills, there is also technology available that can be quickly implemented in the event of a spill. As was the case with the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: in 2010, it may take a very long time for spills to be contained.

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answers: spills to be contained

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answers: tens

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answers: spills to be contained

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answers: no

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010

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answers: small leaks

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text: In April 2010, approximately 210 million gallons of oil was released into the Gulf of Mexico marine environment following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. In response, over 2 million gallons of oil dispersant was released, in unprecedented quantities and untested ways, in an effort to break up and sink the oil.

text: In April 2010, approximately 210 million gallons of oil was released into the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: marine environment following the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: . In response, over 2 million gallons of

text: oil dispersant

text: was released, in unprecedented quantities and untested ways, in an effort to break up and sink the oil.

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text: The Helix fast-response system (HFRS) is a deep-sea oil spill response plan licensed by HWCG LLC, a consortium of 16 independent oil companies, to respond to subsea well incidents. Helix Energy Solutions Group designed the Helix fast-response system based on techniques used to contain the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. On February 28, 2011 the drilling moratorium imposed as a result of the spill ended when the United States Department of the Interior approved the first drilling permit based on the availability of the HFRS to offshore oil companies.

text: The Helix fast-response system (HFRS) is a

text: deep-sea

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text: HWCG LLC

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text: Helix Energy Solutions Group

text: designed the Helix fast-response system based on techniques used to contain the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. On February 28, 2011 the drilling moratorium imposed as a result of the spill ended when the

entity_name: United States Department of the Interior

text: United States Department of the Interior

text: approved the first drilling permit based on the availability of the HFRS to offshore oil companies.

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text: The Explosion's bassist, Damian Genuardi, had played in straight edge hardcore band In My Eyes before founding The Explosion in 1998. In My Eyes were signed to Revelation. When Revelation found out about The Explosion's success on Jade Tree Records, they threatened to sue Genaurdi if he was credited on any of The Explosion's records. They believed that The Explosion's success with Jade Tree should belong to them. The Explosion settled the dispute by writing this EP while on the road. As a result of its circumstances, it is not considered The Explosion's best work.

text: The Explosion's

text: bassist

text: Damian Genuardi

text: , had played in straight edge hardcore band

text: In My Eyes

text: before founding The Explosion in 1998. In My Eyes were signed to Revelation. When Revelation found out about The Explosion's success on

text: Jade Tree Records

text: , they threatened to sue Genaurdi if he was credited on any of The Explosion's records. They believed that The Explosion's success with Jade Tree should belong to them. The Explosion settled the dispute by writing this EP while on the road. As a result of its circumstances, it is not considered The Explosion's best work.

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text: The New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division said the spill's "short-term and long-term impacts on people and the environment were quite limited." United Nuclear denied claims that the spill caused livestock deaths. The company said in a statement issued by an attorney, "We just don't know of any substance to those claims. Some people aren't going to be satisfied no matter how thoroughly you show it."

text: The New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division said the spill's "short-term and long-term impacts on people and the environment were quite limited." United Nuclear denied claims that the spill caused livestock deaths. The company said in a statement issued by an attorney, "We just don't know of any substance to those claims. Some people aren't going to be satisfied no matter how thoroughly you show it."

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answers: United Nuclear

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answers: United Nuclear

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answers: short-term and long-term impacts on people and the environment

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 20,000

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answers: Some people aren't going to be satisfied

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answers: "short-term and long-term impacts on people and the environment were quite limited."

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answers: Environmental Improvement Division

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answers: no

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answers: Some people aren't going to be satisfied no matter how thoroughly you show it

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answers: It's impossible to say

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Official reports said  of oil were spilled, but critics of the oil company and the government say that the spill was much larger and warned of health risks posed both by the spill and by the chemicals being used to disperse the oil.

text: Official reports said  of oil were spilled, but critics of the oil company and the government say that the spill was much larger and warned of health risks posed both by the spill and by the chemicals being used to disperse the oil.

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answers: the spill was much larger

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answers: spilled

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answers: health risks

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answers: much larger

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answers: no

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answers: the spill was much larger

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 2010, through the Schmidt Family Foundation, she offered the prize purse of the Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge, a challenge award for the efficient capturing of crude oil from seawater motivated by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

text: In 2010, through the Schmidt Family Foundation, she offered the prize purse of the

text: Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge

text: , a challenge award for the efficient capturing of

text: crude oil

text: from seawater motivated by the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answer: Yes

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text: Although Al Jazeera compared the scale of the oil spill to that of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, later assessment found that the volume spilled was 30 000 tonnes of the higher estimates compared to 42 000 tonnes For Exxon Valdez oil spill. The coastline affected was between 150–170 km, while the Exxon Valdez oil spill affected 2,100 km of coastline.

text: Although

text: Al Jazeera

text: compared the scale of the oil spill to that of the

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: , later assessment found that the volume spilled was 30 000 tonnes of the higher estimates compared to 42 000 tonnes For Exxon Valdez oil spill. The coastline affected was between 150–170 km, while the Exxon Valdez oil spill affected 2,100 km of coastline.

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text: Oil spill eater II contains the biosurfactants, nutrients and other constituents for complete life cycles and biodegradation. When Oil spill Eater II is added to a spill, the process generally takes a few minutes to several minutes, depending on how heavy the damage is of the spill. As the biosurfactants do their job, the enzymes attach themselves to broken down hydrocarbon structures, forming digestive binding sites.

text: Oil spill eater II contains the biosurfactants, nutrients and other constituents for complete life cycles and biodegradation. When Oil spill Eater II is added to a spill, the process generally takes a few minutes to several minutes, depending on how heavy the damage is of the spill. As the biosurfactants do their job, the enzymes attach themselves to broken down hydrocarbon structures, forming digestive binding sites.

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

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answers: spill

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answers: Oil spill eater II

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answers: several minutes

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answers: spill eater II

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answers: biodegradation

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answers: Oil spill Eater II

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answers: no

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answers: the enzymes attach themselves to broken down hydrocarbon structures

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answers: It does not say

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The creation of Al Akhawayn University was largely funded by the King of Saudi Arabia from an endowment intended for the cleanup of an oil spill off the coast of Morocco. The cleanup was never realized as the wind blew the oil spill away and the endowment was used to create the university. Al Akhawayn University was founded by Royal Decree (Dahir) in 1993 and officially inaugurated by the former King Hassan II of Morocco, on January 16, 1995.

text: The creation of Al Akhawayn University was largely funded by the King of Saudi Arabia from an endowment intended for the cleanup of an oil spill off the coast of Morocco. The cleanup was never realized as the wind blew the oil spill away and the endowment was used to create the university. Al Akhawayn University was founded by Royal Decree (

text: Dahir

text: ) in 1993 and officially inaugurated by the former King Hassan II of Morocco, on January 16, 1995.

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answers: an oil spill off the coast of Morocco

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answers: off the coast of Morocco

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answers: The cleanup was never realized

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answers: 15,000

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answers: the wind blew

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answers: The cleanup was never realized

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answers: The cleanup was never realized

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The MT Castillo de Bellver oil spill began on 6 August 1983, when the Spanish tanker caught fire off Saldanha Bay, approximately 70 miles northwest of Cape Town, South Africa. It was carrying  of light crude oil, and was traveling through an environmentally sensitive area known for its seabird rookeries and productive fisheries. The burning vessel was abandoned and broke apart after drifting offshore. The stern capsized and sunk and the bow was sunk using explosives. A total of  of oil entered the sea. Onshore impacts were considered negligible as the slick travelled seaward. The only visible impact was the oiling of 1,500 gannets which were on a nearby island.

text: The MT Castillo de Bellver oil spill began on 6 August 1983, when the Spanish tanker caught fire off

text: Saldanha Bay

text: , approximately 70 miles northwest of

text: Cape Town

text: , South Africa. It was carrying  of

text: light crude oil

text: , and was traveling through an environmentally sensitive area known for its seabird rookeries and productive fisheries. The burning vessel was abandoned and broke apart after drifting offshore. The stern capsized and sunk and the bow was sunk using explosives. A total of  of oil entered the sea. Onshore impacts were considered negligible as the slick travelled seaward. The only visible impact was the oiling of 1,500 gannets which were on a nearby island.

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answers: MT Castillo de Bellver

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answers: MT Castillo de Bellver

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: environmentally sensitive area known for its seabird rookeries

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 1,500

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answers: Onshore impacts were considered negligible

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answers: Onshore impacts were considered negligible as the slick travelled seaward

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answers: sink using explosives

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answers: Onshore impacts were considered negligible

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answers: 1,500 gannets which were on a nearby island

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the July 2010 Kalamazoo River oil spill, a leaking pipeline spilled more than  of oil sands crude oil into Talmadge Creek leading to the Kalamazoo River in southwest Michigan on July 26, near Marshall, Michigan. A United States Environmental Protection Agency update of the Kalamazoo River spill concluded the pipeline rupture "caused the largest inland oil spill in Midwest history" and reported the cost of the cleanup at $36.7 million (US) as of November 14, 2011.  The cleanup is unfinished as of March 2013. PHMSA raised concerns in a Corrective Action Order (CAO) about numerous anomalies that had been detected on this pipeline by internal line inspection tools, yet Enbridge had failed to check a number of those anomalies in the field. The Michigan spill affected more than  of waterways and wetlands and about 320 people reported symptoms from crude oil exposure.  The National Transportation Safety Board said at $800 million, it was the costliest onshore spill cleanup in U.S. history.  The NTSB found Enbridge knew of a defect in the pipeline five years before it burst. In June 2013, a Kalamazoo man lodged himself into an Enbridge pipeline in Marshall, MI to protest Enbridge's lack of accountability for the 2010 spill and to encourage landowners along Enbridge's Line 6B expansion to offer increased resistance to construction in 2013.

text: In the July 2010

text: Kalamazoo River oil spill

text: , a leaking pipeline spilled more than  of

text: oil sands crude oil

text: into Talmadge Creek leading to the

text: Kalamazoo River

text: in southwest Michigan on July 26, near

text: Marshall, Michigan

text: . A United States Environmental Protection Agency update of the Kalamazoo River spill concluded the pipeline rupture "caused the largest inland oil spill in Midwest history" and reported the cost of the cleanup at $36.7 million (US) as of November 14, 2011.  The cleanup is unfinished as of March 2013. PHMSA raised concerns in a Corrective Action Order (CAO) about numerous anomalies that had been detected on this pipeline by internal line inspection tools, yet Enbridge had failed to check a number of those anomalies in the field. The Michigan spill affected more than  of waterways and wetlands and about 320 people reported symptoms from crude oil exposure.  The

text: National Transportation Safety Board

text: said at $800 million, it was the costliest onshore spill cleanup in U.S. history.  The NTSB found Enbridge knew of a defect in the pipeline five years before it burst. In June 2013, a Kalamazoo man lodged himself into an Enbridge pipeline in Marshall, MI to protest Enbridge's lack of accountability for the 2010 spill and to encourage landowners along Enbridge's Line 6B expansion to offer increased resistance to construction in 2013.

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answers: Kalamazoo River oil spill

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answers: Kalamazoo River oil spill

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answers: The cleanup is unfinished as of March 2013

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answers: more than

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answers: oil sands crude oil

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answers: The Michigan spill affected more than of waterways and wetlands

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: lodged himself into an Enbridge pipeline

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: The cleanup is unfinished

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Enbridge had failed to check a number of those anomalies in the field

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The first explosion occurred on the Red Arrow – 75 years train at the Lubyanka station at approximately 7:56 am local time (03:56 UTC). The train started from Yugo-Zapadnaya, and stopped at Lubyanka station. Once the train doors opened, explosives worn by a woman standing at the second carriage's second exit detonated. The explosive had a force of up to 1.5 kg of trinitrotoluene (TNT). Fifteen people on board the train, and eleven people on the platform, were killed. One victim from the third carriage died from a head injury caused by an  piece of metal.

text: The first explosion occurred on the Red Arrow – 75 years train at the

text: Lubyanka station

text: at approximately 7:56 am local time (03:56

text: UTC

text: ). The train started from

text: Yugo-Zapadnaya

text: , and stopped at Lubyanka station. Once the train doors opened, explosives worn by a woman standing at the second carriage's second exit detonated. The explosive had a force of up to 1.5 kg of

text: trinitrotoluene

text: (TNT). Fifteen people on board the train, and eleven people on the platform, were killed. One victim from the third carriage died from a head injury caused by an  piece of metal.

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answers: Trinitrotoluene

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answers: TNT

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Fifteen people on board the train, and eleven people on the platform, were killed

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 1.5 kg

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Trinitrotoluene (TNT)

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answers: TNT

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answers: spilled oil

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answers: no

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answers: a head injury caused by an piece of metal

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answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: A large number of animal deaths have resulted from the release of the oil. A Center study estimates that over 82,000 birds; about 6,000 sea turtles; and nearly 26,000 marine mammals were killed from either the initial explosion or the oil spill.

text: A large number of animal deaths have resulted from the release of the oil. A Center study estimates that over 82,000 birds; about 6,000 sea turtles; and nearly 26,000 marine mammals were killed from either the initial explosion or the oil spill.

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answers: the release of the oil

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: A large number of animal deaths

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answers: over 82,000 birds

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answers: no

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answers: oil spill

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answers: A Center study

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answers: no

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answers: the initial explosion or the oil spill

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit aground in the Prince Williams Sound and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point.  Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States. This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon.

text: On March 24, 1989, the

text: Exxon Valdez

text: hit aground in the

text: Prince Williams Sound

text: and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil—the largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point.  Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States. This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon.

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answers: the Exxon Valdez

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answers: Exxon Valdez

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answers: oil spills were not uncommon

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answers: 11 million

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: spills were not uncommon

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answers: oil spills were not uncommon

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answers: aground

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answers: no longer hear about an oil spill

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answers: three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States

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answers: three smaller spills

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The terminal is somewhat controversial because of a fear of oil spills, which have occurred. Protests took place in 1999 after an oil spill, and in November 2001 a 60-ton oil spill took place here, angering environmentalists.

text: The terminal is somewhat controversial because of a fear of

text: oil spill

text: s, which have occurred. Protests took place in 1999 after an oil spill, and in November 2001 a 60-ton oil spill took place here, angering environmentalists.

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text: RSMAS has focused significant resources to studying the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and its long term environmental effect. The school is an active member of the State of Florida's Oil Spill Academic Task Force that works with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection on spill issues. In the summer of 2010, a CIMAS team working with the research vessel Walton Smith was able to document a  long oil plume extending toward the Dry Tortugas.

text: RSMAS has focused significant resources to studying the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and its long term environmental effect. The school is an active member of the State of Florida's Oil Spill Academic Task Force that works with the

entity_name: Florida Department of Environmental Protection

text: Florida Department of Environmental Protection

text: on spill issues. In the summer of 2010, a CIMAS team working with the research vessel Walton Smith was able to document a  long oil plume extending toward the

text: Dry Tortugas

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answer: 1

text: On April 10, 2016, members of the Komi Izvatas (also known as Komi Izhemtsy) Indigenous subgroup reported to the Committee to Save the Pechora that a large oil spill had taken place on the Yagera River near Ukhta. According to the Committee, 400 metric tons of crude oil reached the Izhma River, reportedly causing concerns of effects on Izvatas livelihoods. On April 26, sixteen days later, a possible source of the leak was identified by the Committee on Malyi Voivoizh creek, although government officials could not confirm.Many residents of Izhma district believe that cancers are occurring at an increasing rate of incidence due to pollution. Food sources such as fish have allegedly become contaminated, and reindeer have been poisoned by oil spills on their grazing areas. According to Makliuk, most residents of the district live in poverty. They also claim discriminatory hiring processes that give preference to non-local workers, in spite of the enormous revenues generated from their traditional territories. According to one resident, "we have to live on the disposal dump of [the] oil industry. We can't even sell our houses and move away, because they cost nothing."

text: On April 10, 2016, members of the Komi

text: Izvatas

text: (also known as

text: Komi Izhemtsy

text: ) Indigenous subgroup reported to the Committee to Save the Pechora that a large oil spill had taken place on the Yagera River near

text: Ukhta

text: . According to the Committee, 400 metric tons of crude oil reached the

text: Izhma River

text: , reportedly causing concerns of effects on Izvatas livelihoods. On April 26, sixteen days later, a possible source of the leak was identified by the Committee on Malyi Voivoizh creek, although government officials could not confirm.Many residents of Izhma district believe that cancers are occurring at an increasing rate of incidence due to pollution. Food sources such as fish have allegedly become contaminated, and reindeer have been poisoned by oil spills on their grazing areas. According to Makliuk, most residents of the district live in poverty. They also claim discriminatory hiring processes that give preference to non-local workers, in spite of the enormous revenues generated from their traditional territories. According to one resident, "we have to live on the disposal dump of [the] oil industry. We can't even sell our houses and move away, because they cost nothing."

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answers: 400 metric tons

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answers: Yagera River

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answers: Many residents of Izhma district believe that cancers are occurring at an increasing rate of incidence due to pollution

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 400 metric tons

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: the enormous revenues generated from their traditional territories

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answers: 400 metric tons of crude oil

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answers: dispose of it

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answers: no

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answers: we can't even sell our houses and move away, because they cost nothing

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Petrotrin oil spill was a series of oil spills that occurred on the island of Trinidad and Tobago.

text: The Petrotrin oil spill was a series of oil spills that occurred on the island of

text: Trinidad and Tobago

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answers: The Petrotrin oil spill

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answers: Petrotrin oil spill

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answers: oil spills

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answers: tens

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answers: Trinidad and Tobago

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answers: spills

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answers: clean up

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answers: The Petrotrin oil spill

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answers: Trinidad and Tobago is an island

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: Oriental Nicety, formerly Exxon Valdez, Exxon Mediterranean, SeaRiver Mediterranean, S/R Mediterranean, Mediterranean, and Dong Fang Ocean, was an oil tanker that gained notoriety after running aground in Prince William Sound spilling hundreds of thousands of barrels of crude oil in Alaska. On March 24, 1989, while owned by the former Exxon Shipping Company, and captained by Joseph Hazelwood and First Mate James Kunkel bound for Long Beach, California, the vessel ran aground on the Bligh Reef resulting in the second largest oil spill in United States history.  The size of the spill is estimated to have been , or 257,000 to 750,000 barrels. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil spill was listed as the 54th largest spill in history.

text: Oriental Nicety, formerly Exxon Valdez, Exxon Mediterranean, SeaRiver Mediterranean, S/R Mediterranean, Mediterranean, and Dong Fang Ocean, was an

text: oil tanker

text: that gained notoriety after running aground in

text: Prince William Sound

text: spilling hundreds of thousands of

text: barrel

text: s of

text: crude oil

text: in Alaska. On March 24, 1989, while owned by the former

text: Exxon Shipping Company

text: , and captained by

text: Joseph Hazelwood

text: and First Mate James Kunkel bound for

text: Long Beach, California

text: , the vessel ran aground on the

text: Bligh Reef

text: resulting in the

text: second largest oil spill

text: in United States history.  The size of the spill is estimated to have been , or 257,000 to 750,000 barrels. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil spill was listed as the 54th

text: largest spill in history

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answers: Exxon Valdez

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answers: oil spill

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answers: 750,000

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answers: Bligh Reef

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answers: spilling hundreds of thousands of barrels of crude oil

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answers: run aground

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answers: It was an oil tanker

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answers: the Exxon Valdez oil spill was listed as the 54th largest spill in history

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: According to the structure–conduct–performance paradigm, the market environment has a direct, short-term impact on the market structure. The market structure then has a direct influence on the firm's economic conduct, which in turn affects its market performance. Therein, feedback effects occur such that market performance may impact conduct and structure, or conduct may affect the market structure. Additionally, external factors such as legal or political interventions affect the market framework and, by extension, the structure, conduct and performance of the market.

text: According to the structure–conduct–performance paradigm, the market environment has a direct, short-term impact on the

text: market structure

text: . The market structure then has a direct influence on the firm's economic conduct, which in turn affects its market performance. Therein, feedback effects occur such that market performance may impact conduct and structure, or conduct may affect the market structure. Additionally, external factors such as legal or political interventions affect the market framework and, by extension, the structure, conduct and performance of the market.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: The deepwater horizon spill of 2010

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answers: The market environment has a direct, short-term impact on the market structure

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: ten

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answers: market performance may impact conduct and structure, or conduct may affect the market structure

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answers: feedback effects occur

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answers: conduct

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answers: market performance may impact conduct and structure, or conduct may affect the market structure

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Amoco Cadiz spill was one of the most studied oil spills in history. Many studies remain in progress. This was the largest recorded spill in history and was the first spill in which estuarine tidal rivers were oiled. No follow-up mitigation existed to deal with asphalt formation and problems that resulted after the initial aggressive cleanup.

text: The Amoco Cadiz spill was one of the most studied oil spills in history. Many studies remain in progress. This was the largest recorded spill in history and was the first spill in which

text: estuarine

text: tidal rivers were oiled. No follow-up mitigation existed to deal with asphalt formation and problems that resulted after the initial aggressive cleanup.

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answers: Amoco Cadiz

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answers: Amoco Cadiz

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answers: Many studies remain in progress

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answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Many studies remain in progress

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: estuarine tidal rivers

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answers: aggressive cleanup

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answers: No follow-up mitigation existed

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: No follow-up mitigation existed to deal with asphalt formation

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Following the spill, there were significant negative impacts on the Chilean fishermen. The oil spill resulted in the heavy contamination of the waters of straits of Magellan- forcing Chilean Fishermen to other waters. The Straits were often turned to by the fishermen to hunt sea bass when they weren't hunting king crab. As a result of the spill, the fisheries were rendered unusable for an entire year for the Chilean fishermen. In addition, the overall quality of the fish remained poorer for a long time proceeding.

text: Following the spill, there were significant negative impacts on the Chilean fishermen. The oil spill resulted in the heavy contamination of the waters of straits of Magellan- forcing Chilean Fishermen to other waters. The Straits were often turned to by the fishermen to hunt

text: sea bass

text: when they weren't hunting

text: king crab

text: . As a result of the spill, the fisheries were rendered unusable for an entire year for the Chilean fishermen. In addition, the overall quality of the fish remained poorer for a long time proceeding.

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answers: BP Oil Spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: straits of Magellan

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: significant negative impacts on the Chilean fishermen

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: The Straits

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: heavy contamination of the waters

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Chilean Fishermen to other waters

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Explosion is the self-titled debut EP from The Explosion. It was released in 2000 on Jade Tree Records. All the tracks featured were originally part of a demo sold on The Explosion's tour with Kid Dynamite.

text: The Explosion is the self-titled debut EP from

text: The Explosion

text: . It was released in 2000 on

text: Jade Tree Records

text: . All the tracks featured were originally part of a demo sold on The Explosion's tour with

text: Kid Dynamite

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: The Explosion

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answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: An explosion is a type of spontaneous chemical reaction that, once initiated, is driven by both a large exothermic change (great release of heat) and a large positive entropy change (great quantities of gases are released) in going from reactants to products, thereby constituting a thermodynamically favorable process in addition to one that propagates very rapidly. Thus, explosives are substances that contain a large amount of energy stored in chemical bonds. The energetic stability of the gaseous products and hence their generation comes from the formation of strongly bonded species like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and (di)nitrogen, which contain strong double and triple bonds having bond strengths of nearly 1 MJ/mole. Consequently, most commercial explosives are organic compounds containing -NO, -ONO and -NHNO groups that, when detonated, release gases like the aforementioned (e.g., nitroglycerin, TNT, HMX, PETN, nitrocellulose).

text: An explosion is a type of spontaneous chemical reaction that, once initiated, is driven by both a large exothermic change (great release of heat) and a large positive

text: entropy

text: change (great quantities of gases are released) in going from reactants to products, thereby constituting a thermodynamically favorable process in addition to one that propagates very rapidly. Thus, explosives are substances that contain a large amount of energy stored in

text: chemical bonds

text: . The energetic stability of the gaseous products and hence their generation comes from the formation of strongly bonded species like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and (di)nitrogen, which contain strong double and triple bonds having bond strengths of nearly 1 MJ/mole. Consequently, most commercial explosives are organic compounds containing

text: -NO

text: -ONO

text: and

text: -NHNO

text: groups that, when detonated, release gases like the aforementioned (e.g.,

text: nitroglycerin

text: TNT

text: HMX

text: PETN

text: nitrocellulose

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Gulf of Mexico oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: TNT

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: explosion is a type of spontaneous chemical reaction

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: tens

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answers: explosives are substances that contain a large amount of energy stored in chemical bonds

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: explosives

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: detonate

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no longer hear about an oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: a thermodynamically favorable process in addition to one that propagates very rapidly

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers must be considered a threat to the environment. As discussed above, a VLCC tanker can carry  of crude oil. This is about eight times the amount spilled in the widely known Exxon Valdez incident. In this spill, the ship ran aground and dumped  of oil into the ocean in March 1989. Despite efforts of scientists, managers, and volunteers over 400,000 seabirds, about 1,000 sea otters, and immense numbers of fish were killed. Considering the volume of oil carried by sea, however, tanker owners' organisations often argue that the industry's safety record is excellent, with only a tiny fraction of a percentage of oil cargoes carried ever being spilled. The International Association of Independent Tanker Owners has observed that "accidental oil spills this decade have been at record low levels—one third of the previous decade and one tenth of the 1970s—at a time when oil transported has more than doubled since the mid 1980s."

text: By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers must be considered a threat to the environment. As discussed above, a VLCC tanker can carry  of crude oil. This is about eight times the amount spilled in the widely known

text: Exxon Valdez incident

text: . In this spill, the ship ran aground and dumped  of oil into the ocean in March 1989. Despite efforts of scientists, managers, and volunteers over 400,000

text: seabirds

text: , about 1,000

text: sea otters

text: , and immense numbers of fish were killed. Considering the volume of oil carried by sea, however, tanker owners' organisations often argue that the industry's safety record is excellent, with only a tiny fraction of a percentage of oil cargoes carried ever being spilled. The

text: International Association of Independent Tanker Owners

text: has observed that "accidental oil spills this decade have been at record low levels—one third of the previous decade and one tenth of the 1970s—at a time when oil transported has more than doubled since the mid 1980s."

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Exxon Valdez

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Exxon Valdez

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: modern oil tankers must be considered a threat to the environment

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: eight times

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: oil transported has more than doubled since the mid 1980s

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: the ship ran aground and dumped of oil into the ocean

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: scientists, managers, and volunteers

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: tanker owners' organisations often argue that the industry's safety record is excellent

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: AMSA aims to protect the marine environment by administering programs to prevent and respond to the threat of ship-sourced marine pollution; and together with the Australian Marine Oil Spill Centre, managing Australia's National Plan to combat pollution of the sea by oil and other noxious and hazardous substances.

text: AMSA aims to protect the marine environment by administering programs to prevent and respond to the threat of

text: ship-sourced marine pollution

text: ; and together with the

text: Australian Marine Oil Spill Centre

text: , managing Australia's National Plan to combat

text: pollution of the sea by oil

text: and other noxious and hazardous substances.

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answers: 15,000

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers must be considered something of a threat to the environment. An oil tanker can carry  of crude oil, or . This is more than six times the amount spilled in the widely known Exxon Valdez incident. In this spill, the ship ran aground and dumped  of oil into the ocean in March 1989. Despite efforts of scientists, managers, and volunteers, over 400,000 seabirds, about 1,000 sea otters, and immense numbers of fish were killed.

text: By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers must be considered something of a threat to the environment. An oil tanker can carry  of crude oil, or . This is more than six times the amount spilled in the widely known

text: Exxon Valdez incident

text: . In this spill, the ship ran aground and dumped  of oil into the ocean in March 1989. Despite efforts of scientists, managers, and volunteers, over 400,000

text: seabirds

text: , about 1,000

text: sea otters

text: , and immense numbers of fish were killed.

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answers: something of a threat to the environment

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answers: six times

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answers: the ship ran aground

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answers: run aground

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answers: no

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answers: the ship ran aground and dumped of oil into the ocean in March 1989

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: One of the largest land-based oil spills in North America, the Little Buffalo oil spill occurred on April 29, 2011. The Rainbow Pipeline system, owned by Plains Midstream Canada, ruptured, spilling 28,000 barrels of oil in a fairly isolated stretch of boreal forest in northern Alberta, about four miles from the nearest homes in Little Buffalo, Alberta. It was reported to be the largest oil spill in Alberta in 36 years. It was also the second spill in Alberta within a two-week period that year. The local school was closed following the oil spill due to concerns about the effects of fumes.

text: One of the largest land-based oil spills in North America, the

text: Little Buffalo oil spill

text: occurred on April 29, 2011. The Rainbow Pipeline system, owned by Plains Midstream Canada, ruptured, spilling 28,000 barrels of oil in a fairly isolated stretch of

text: boreal forest

text: in northern

text: Alberta

text: , about four miles from the nearest homes in

text: Little Buffalo, Alberta

text: . It was reported to be the largest

text: oil spill

text: in Alberta in 36 years. It was also the second spill in Alberta within a two-week period that year. The local school was closed following the oil spill due to concerns about the effects of fumes.

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answers: the Little Buffalo oil spill

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answers: The Rainbow Pipeline system

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: fumes

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answers: 28,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: a fairly isolated stretch of boreal forest

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answers: The local school was closed following the oil spill

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answers: oil spill

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answers: The local school was closed following the oil spill due to concerns about the effects of fumes

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources oversees the drilling, operation, maintenance, and the plugging of abandoned oil, natural gas and geothermal wells. DOGGR is also one of the main state sources for information about the state's oil, gas and geothermal industry, with more than 238,000 well records, production and injection statistics, well logs and field maps.

text: The Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources oversees the drilling, operation, maintenance, and the plugging of abandoned

text: oil

text: natural gas

text: and

text: geothermal

text: wells. DOGGR is also one of the main state sources for information about the state's oil, gas and geothermal industry, with more than 238,000 well records, production and injection statistics, well logs and field maps.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: drilling, operation, maintenance, and the plugging

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answers: more than 238,000

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answers: DOGGR

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answers: drilling

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answers: plugging of abandoned oil, natural gas and geothermal wells

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answers: It's impossible to say

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On 3 April 2010, the Chinese ship Shen Neng 1 carrying 950 tonnes of oil, ran aground east of Rockhampton in Central Queensland, Australia, causing the 2010 Great Barrier Reef oil spill and inflicting the largest damage to the GBR and the Coral Sea so far. The scarred area was roughly  long and  wide, and some parts of it have become completely devoid of marine life. There are concerns that there could be considerable long-term damage and it will take 10 to 20 years for the reef to recover. By 13 April 2010, oil tar balls were washing up on the beaches of North West Island, a significant bird rookery and turtle nesting colony.

text: On 3 April 2010, the Chinese ship

text: Shen Neng 1

text: carrying 950 tonnes of oil, ran aground east of

text: Rockhampton

text: in

text: Central Queensland

text: , Australia, causing the

text: 2010 Great Barrier Reef oil spill

text: and inflicting the largest damage to the GBR and the Coral Sea so far. The scarred area was roughly  long and  wide, and some parts of it have become completely devoid of marine life. There are concerns that there could be considerable long-term damage and it will take 10 to 20 years for the reef to recover. By 13 April 2010,

text: oil tar balls

text: were washing up on the beaches of

text: North West Island

text: , a significant bird

text: rookery

text: and turtle nesting colony.

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answers: 2010 Great Barrier Reef

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Great Barrier Reef oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: There are concerns that there could be considerable long-term damage

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answers: 950

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answers: 10 to 20 years for the reef to recover

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answers: oil tar balls

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answers: run aground

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answers: The scarred area was roughly long and wide

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answers: it will take 10 to 20 years for the reef to recover

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Hydrocarbons, being an extremely great source of energy due to their strong chemical bonds, were a great source of study in the Aegean Sea oil spill. Chemical markers were placed in a sample of the crude oil spilled, and an interesting data was revealed. Alkanes and acyclic hydrocarbons, both having single bonds, appeared to have deteriorated in only six months, while triterpane and steranane were still present after years of weathering. Both triterpane and steranane have multiple bonds, which is the reason they were still present after so many years. As a conclusion for the study, they stated that chemical markers are a great source to use against oil spills.  Apparently, they allow a scientist to determine how long the oil has contaminated the sea water, and how the sea water affected the oil collected with water. For instance, thousands of cubic meters of oil were collected through oil booms. Meaning, the oil is mixed with water and that a cleansing process must take place in order to use the oil once again. Chemical markers may now be placed into to the oil to determine how much the oil must be cleaned in order for it to be satisfactory.

text: Hydrocarbon

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answers: Aegean Sea

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answers: Aegean Sea

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answers: chemical markers are a great source

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answers: thousands of cubic meters

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answers: chemical markers are a great source to use against oil spills

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answers: chemical markers

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answers: Chemical markers

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answers: no

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answers: both having single bonds, appeared to have deteriorated in only six months

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: International Bird Rescue saw perhaps the most extensive international attention of its near-40-year existence in 2010 following the explosion of Deepwater Horizon, a semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit owned and operated by Transocean and leased by BP on the Macondo Prospect oil field in the Gulf of Mexico. The explosion and resulting fire on April 20, 2010 killed 11 workers and caused a sea-floor oil gusher that spewed 4.9 million barrels of crude oil before the wellhead was capped on July 15, 2010. The disaster remains the largest accidental marine oil spill in petroleum industry history.  International Bird Rescue teamed up with Tri-State Bird Rescue and Research, the lead oiled wildlife organization on the ground, to co-manage oiled bird rehabilitation centers in Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida as part of a large-scale response to the incident that involved federal and state agencies, industry, and non-governmental organizations. More than 8,000 oiled birds were captured and collected both dead and alive, according to government figures,  with 1,246 birds released back into the wild.

text: International Bird Rescue saw perhaps the most extensive international attention of its near-40-year existence in 2010 following the explosion of

text: Deepwater Horizon

text: , a semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit owned and operated by

text: Transocean

text: and leased by

text: BP

text: on the

text: Macondo Prospect

text: oil field in the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: . The explosion and resulting fire on April 20, 2010 killed 11 workers and caused a sea-floor oil gusher that spewed 4.9 million barrels of crude oil before the wellhead was capped on July 15, 2010. The disaster remains the largest accidental marine oil spill in petroleum industry history.  International Bird Rescue teamed up with

text: Tri-State Bird Rescue and Research

text: , the lead oiled wildlife organization on the ground, to co-manage oiled bird rehabilitation centers in

text: Louisiana

text: Alabama

text: Mississippi

text: , and

text: Florida

text: as part of a large-scale response to the incident that involved federal and state agencies, industry, and non-governmental organizations. More than 8,000 oiled birds were captured and collected both dead and alive, according to government figures,  with 1,246 birds released back into the wild.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: the largest accidental marine oil spill in petroleum industry history

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 4.9 million

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Macondo Prospect oil field

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: 4.9 million barrels of crude oil

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: rehabilitation centers

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: 1,246 birds released back into the wild

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the United States, offshore oil spill prevention contingency plans and emergency response plans are federally mandated requirements for all offshore oil facilities in U.S. Federal waters.  Currently administered by the Minerals Management Service (MMS), these regulatory functions were ordered on May 19, 2010 to be transferred to the United States Department of the Interior's newly created Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement.  Oil spills in inland waters are the responsibility of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), while  oil spills in coastal waters and deepwater ports are the responsibility of the U.S. Coast Guard.

text: In the United States, offshore oil spill prevention contingency plans and emergency response plans are federally mandated requirements for all offshore oil facilities in U.S. Federal waters.  Currently administered by the

text: Minerals Management Service

text: (MMS), these regulatory functions were ordered on May 19, 2010 to be transferred to the

text: United States Department of the Interior

text: 's newly created

entity_name: Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement

text: Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement

text: .  Oil spills in inland waters are the responsibility of the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA), while  oil spills in coastal waters and deepwater ports are the responsibility of the

text: U.S. Coast Guard

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: offshore oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: the responsibility of the U.S. Coast Guard

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answers: 20,000

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answers: federally mandated requirements

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answers: the U.S. Coast Guard

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In November 2010, Jindal published the book Leadership and Crisis, a semi-autobiography significantly influenced by his experiences with the most recent Gulf Oil Spill caused by the Deepwater Horizon explosion.

text: In November 2010, Jindal published the book Leadership and Crisis, a semi-autobiography significantly influenced by his experiences with the most recent

text: Gulf Oil Spill

text: caused by the

text: Deepwater Horizon explosion

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: Gulf Oil Spill

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answers: tens

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answers: publish the book

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answers: Deepwater Horizon explosion

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Oil spills penetrate into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water. Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up.

text: Oil spills penetrate into the structure of the

text: plumage

text: of birds and the

text: fur

text: of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less

text: buoyant

text: in the water. Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: hundreds

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: evaporation and biodegradation

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answers: biodegradation

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, is one of the largest members of the genus Fundulus; it is capable of growing up to 18 cm in length, whereas the majority of other Fundulus reach a maximum length of 10 cm. Therefore, F. grandis is among the largest minnows preyed upon by many sport fish, such as flounder, speckled trout, and red snapper. Fundulus derives from the Latin meaning "bottom," and grandis means "large".  The Gulf killifish is native the Gulf of Mexico from Texas to Florida and the eastern coast of Florida to Cuba in the Atlantic Ocean.  Threats to the survival of the Gulf killifish include extreme changes in salinity, changes in temperatures, and toxic events such as the hypoxic dead zone in Louisiana and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The Gulf killifish is currently being used to test the effects of oil and oil dispersants  on the physiology of marine species affected by these substances. This is significant to conservation biology, because with the continued extraction of oil and other natural resources from North American waters, it has become increasingly important to understand the risks and consequences in worst-case scenarios, such as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and the lasting effects on the marine ecosystem.

text: The Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, is one of the largest members of the genus Fundulus; it is capable of growing up to 18 cm in length, whereas the majority of other Fundulus reach a maximum length of 10 cm. Therefore, F. grandis is among the largest minnows preyed upon by many sport fish, such as flounder, speckled trout, and red snapper. Fundulus derives from the Latin meaning "bottom," and grandis means "large".  The Gulf killifish is native the Gulf of Mexico from Texas to Florida and the eastern coast of Florida to Cuba in the Atlantic Ocean.  Threats to the survival of the Gulf killifish include extreme changes in salinity, changes in temperatures, and toxic events such as the

text: hypoxic dead zone

text: in Louisiana and the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: . The Gulf killifish is currently being used to test the effects of oil and

text: oil dispersants

text: on the physiology of marine species affected by these substances. This is significant to

text: conservation biology

text: , because with the continued extraction of oil and other natural resources from North American waters, it has become increasingly important to understand the risks and consequences in worst-case scenarios, such as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and the lasting effects on the marine ecosystem.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Gulf killifish

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: it has become increasingly important to understand the risks and consequences in worst-case scenarios

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: North American waters

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: effects of oil and oil dispersants

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: killifish

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the majority of other Fundulus reach a maximum length of 10 cm

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: President Barack Obama cautiously welcomed the news that the leak had been stopped, though stressing, "it is important we don't get ahead of ourselves". If the cap holds for the planned 48 hours, its valves will be reopened temporarily in order to allow for seismic tests to ensure that oil is not escaping into the bedrock. At the time of the stoppage, oil had been leaking continuously into the Gulf of Mexico for 85 days, 16 hours and 25 minutes since the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig exploded on April 20, 2010.

text: President

text: Barack Obama

text: cautiously welcomed the news that the leak had been stopped, though stressing, "it is important we don't get ahead of ourselves". If the cap holds for the planned 48 hours, its valves will be reopened temporarily in order to allow for seismic tests to ensure that oil is not escaping into the bedrock. At the time of the stoppage, oil had been leaking continuously into the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: for 85 days, 16 hours and 25 minutes since the

text: Deepwater Horizon

text: drilling rig

text: exploded

text: on April 20, 2010.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: 85 days, 16 hours and 25 minutes

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil is not escaping into the bedrock

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answers: 85

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answers: It is important we don't get ahead of ourselves

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answers: seismic tests

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answers: seismic tests

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answers: The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig exploded

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answers: the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig exploded on April 20, 2010

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answers: Deepwater Horizon drilling rig exploded

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The aftermath of the BP oil spill in 2010 produced a significant amount of damage to the coral reef systems present throughout the Gulf of Mexico. In response to the damage, Ocean Conservancy developed a Gulf Restoration Program, led by senior conservation biologists and ecologists to try to help reverse the damage. Through this program, scientists were able to discover “deep sea” coral damage that was initially overlooked in the original projections of the costs of restoration. These deep sea corals have been in some cases developing for thousands of years, implying that they have a very slow growth rate and are especially vulnerable to disturbances such as oil spills. Taking this damage into account, the Gulf Restoration Program pressed for more compensation from the liable parties (the oil company as well as the rig company) and the government to offset the additional costs of restoration. The program funds monitoring of the damages as well as gulf restoration efforts. The organization projects that full restoration of the Gulf to its former state will require decades of work.

text: The aftermath of the

text: BP oil spill

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answers: BP oil spill

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answers: BP

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: full restoration of the Gulf to its former state will require decades of work

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: BP

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answers: decades of work

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answers: Deep sea corals have been in some cases developing for thousands of years

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: Gulf Restoration Program

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: full restoration of the Gulf

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: full restoration of the Gulf to its former state will require decades of work

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The spill was also notable for the volume of Corexit oil dispersant used and for application methods that were "purely experimental." Altogether,  of dispersants were used; of this  were released at the wellhead. Subsea injection had never previously been tried but due to the spill's unprecedented nature BP together with USCG and EPA decided to use it. Over 400 sorties were flown to release the product. Although usage of dispersants was described as "the most effective and fast moving tool for minimizing shoreline impact", the approach continues to be investigated.

text: The spill was also notable for the volume of

text: Corexit

text: oil dispersant

text: used and for application methods that were "purely experimental." Altogether,  of dispersants were used; of this  were released at the wellhead. Subsea injection had never previously been tried but due to the spill's unprecedented nature BP together with USCG and EPA decided to use it. Over 400 sorties were flown to release the product. Although usage of dispersants was described as "the most effective and fast moving tool for minimizing shoreline impact", the approach continues to be investigated.

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answers: Subsea injection had never previously been tried

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answers: Small leaks

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text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was vital toe in the cleanup process at Magnolia, Arkansas after this oil spill. Low temperatures and inclement weather initially delayed the cleanup procedures, but the EPA was eventually able to send out crews to various locations within the affected area.

text: The

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) was vital toe in the cleanup process at

text: Magnolia, Arkansas

text: after this oil spill. Low temperatures and inclement weather initially delayed the cleanup procedures, but the EPA was eventually able to send out crews to various locations within the affected area.

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answers: Magnolia, Arkansas

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answers: Low temperatures and inclement weather initially delayed the cleanup procedures

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text: Odyssey, which previously went by the name Oriental Phoenix, was an oil tanker in operation from 1971 to November 10, 1988, when an explosion caused it to sink in the North Atlantic off the coast of Canada. The resulting spill remains one of the largest oil spills in world history. The tanker was  off the coast of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia when it sank and released 132,157 tons (43 million gallons) of oil into the ocean. By way of comparison, 4.3 times as much oil was spilled by the Odyssey as from the much more famous Exxon Valdez.

text: Odyssey, which previously went by the name Oriental Phoenix, was an oil tanker in operation from 1971 to November 10, 1988, when an explosion caused it to sink in the

text: North Atlantic

text: off the coast of

text: Canada

text: . The resulting spill remains one of the largest

text: oil spills

text: in world history. The tanker was  off the coast of the Canadian province of

text: Nova Scotia

text: when it sank and released 132,157 tons (43 million gallons) of oil into the ocean. By way of comparison, 4.3 times as much oil was spilled by the Odyssey as from the much more famous

text: Exxon Valdez

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answers: Exxon Valdez

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: one of the largest oil spills in world history

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 43 million gallons

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: remains one of the largest oil spills in world history

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: 43 million gallons

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: sink

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no longer hear about an oil spill in the news

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the much more famous Exxon Valdez

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the next nine months, experts and divers including Red Adair were brought in to contain and cap the oil well. An average of approximately  per day were discharged into the Gulf until it was finally capped on 23 March 1980, nearly 10 months later. In similarity to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill 31 years later, the list of methods attempted to remediate the leak included lowering a cap over the well, plugging the leak with mud and "junk", use of dispersants, and spending months attempting to drill relief wells.

text: In the next nine months, experts and divers including

text: Red Adair

text: were brought in to contain and cap the oil well. An average of approximately  per day were discharged into the Gulf until it was finally capped on 23 March 1980, nearly 10 months later. In similarity to the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: 31 years later, the list of methods attempted to remediate the leak included lowering a cap over the well, plugging the leak with mud and "junk", use of dispersants, and spending months attempting to drill relief wells.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: 31 years later

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: approximately

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: drilling relief wells

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: use of dispersants

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: drill relief wells

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: it was finally capped

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: drilling relief wells

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: An average of approximately per day

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It should be noted that if an oil spill akin to that of the Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico (2010) occurred in the Basin, the environmental repercussions could be even worse. The Deepwater spill was due to the failure of the blowout preventer - a failure which may be attributed to the great depth of the well. The current Chevron well in the Basin is almost twice as deep as the Deepwater Horizon well in the Gulf, possibly posing increased risk for blowout preventer failure. Methane hydrate crystals, which form in low temperatures and high pressure, formed and prevented early attempts to plug the Gulf well. This pressure is doubled in the Basin due to the increased ocean depth. Any rigs to drill a relief well in the event of similar spill in the Basin would have to be brought in from other areas, such as the Gulf of Mexico. This increased wait time for a relief well to be drilled as well as the typically harsh weather conditions of the North Atlantic would make a spill in this region particularly difficult.

text: It should be noted that if an oil spill akin to that of the

text: Deepwater Horizon

text: in the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: (2010) occurred in the Basin, the environmental repercussions could be even worse. The Deepwater spill was due to the failure of the

text: blowout preventer

text: - a failure which may be attributed to the great depth of the well. The current

text: Chevron

text: well in the Basin is almost twice as deep as the

text: Deepwater Horizon

text: well in the Gulf, possibly posing increased risk for

text: blowout preventer

text: failure.

text: Methane hydrate

text: crystals, which form in low temperatures and high pressure, formed and prevented early attempts to plug the Gulf well. This pressure is doubled in the Basin due to the increased ocean depth. Any rigs to drill a

text: relief well

text: in the event of similar spill in the Basin would have to be brought in from other areas, such as the Gulf of Mexico. This increased wait time for a relief well to be drilled as well as the typically harsh weather conditions of the North Atlantic would make a spill in this region particularly difficult.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: occurred in the Basin

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: a failure which may be attributed to the great depth of the well

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: rigs

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: The current Chevron well in the Basin is almost twice as deep

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: environmental repercussions could be even worse

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: drill a relief well

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Deepwater Horizon well in the Gulf, possibly posing increased risk for blowout preventer failure

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has been described as the worst environmental disaster in the United States, releasing about  of crude oil making it the largest marine oil spill.  Both the spill and the cleanup efforts had effects on the environment.

text: The 2010

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: in the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: has been described as the worst

text: environmental disaster

text: in the

text: United States

text: , releasing about  of

text: crude oil

text: making it the largest marine oil spill.  Both the spill and the cleanup efforts had effects on the

text: environment

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has been described as the worst environmental disaster

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answer: Yes

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text: "The cleanup for the Rena Oil spill will take time," said New Zealand scientist Dr. Norm Duke. "Petroleum oil will naturally break down - but this takes time and oxygenation. So, the longer the oil remains floating at sea - the safer it becomes. And, the rougher the weather - the better also."

text: "The cleanup for the Rena Oil spill will take time," said New Zealand scientist Dr. Norm Duke. "

text: Petroleum oil

text: will naturally break down - but this takes time and oxygenation. So, the longer the oil remains floating at sea - the safer it becomes. And, the rougher the weather - the better also."

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answers: Rena Oil spill

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answers: Rena Oil

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answers: The cleanup for the Rena Oil spill will take time

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answers: ten

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answers: the oil remains floating at sea

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answers: takes time and oxygenation

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answers: break down

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answers: The cleanup

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answers: the longer the oil remains floating at sea - the safer it becomes

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Turning from these general principles to the case, Posner states that "we have been given no reason...for believing that a negligence regime is not perfectly adequate to remedy and deter, at reasonable cost, the accidental spillage of acrylonitrile from rail cars." Instead, the court says that under the facts of this case, the chemical spill was caused by the negligence of either (a) the North American Car Corporation in failing to maintain or inspect the rail car properly; (b) American Cyanamid in failing to maintain or inspect the car; or (c) the Missouri Pacific Railroad when it had custody of the rail car.  Under a negligence regime, the role of the courts is to consider the evidence and reach a determination as to which party's negligence caused the spill, and the negligent party would then have to pay the cleanup costs.  Under a strict liability regime, American Cyanamid would have to pay the cleanup costs, even if it did not act negligently, and the court is not convinced that there are compelling reasons to force American Cyanamid to bear the cleanup costs if it was not negligent.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: acrylonitrile

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: acrylonitrile from rail cars

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: At reasonable cost

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: a

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: a negligence regime is not perfectly adequate

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: accidental spillage

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: pay the cleanup costs

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: The court is not convinced that there are compelling reasons to force American Cyanamid to bear the cleanup costs

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: American Cyanamid would have to pay the cleanup costs, even if it did not act negligently

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Accidental spillage of acrylonitrile

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In May 2010, McNutt headed the Flow Rate Technical Group which attempted to measure the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Preliminary reports from the group said that the rate of the oil spill was at least twice and possibly up to five times as much as previously acknowledged. Subsequent estimates, based on six independent methodologies, were four times the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. A refined estimate based on new pressure readings, data, and analysis, released by the United States Secretary of Energy Steven Chu and McNutt in August, said that 4.9 million barrels (with uncertainty of plus or minus approximately 10 percent) of oil had leaked from the well until it was capped on July 15. The disaster was the largest ever accidental spill of oil into marine waters.

text: In May 2010, McNutt headed the

text: Flow Rate Technical Group

text: which attempted to measure the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: in the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: . Preliminary reports from the group said that the rate of the oil spill was at least twice and possibly up to five times as much as previously acknowledged. Subsequent estimates, based on six independent methodologies, were four times the 1989

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: . A refined estimate based on new pressure readings, data, and analysis, released by the

text: United States Secretary of Energy

text: Steven Chu

text: and McNutt in August, said that 4.9 million barrels (with uncertainty of plus or minus approximately 10 percent) of oil had leaked from the well until it was capped on July 15. The disaster was the largest ever accidental spill of oil into marine waters.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: the largest ever accidental spill of oil into marine waters

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 4.9 million

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: capped

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: It was capped on July 15

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: The disaster was the largest ever accidental spill of oil into marine waters

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The source of the spill was a blow-out on January 28, 1969,  from the coast on Union Oil's Platform A in the Dos Cuadras Offshore Oil Field.  Within a ten-day period, an estimated  of crude oil spilled into the Channel and onto the beaches of Santa Barbara County in Southern California, fouling the coastline from Goleta to Ventura as well as the northern shores of the four northern Channel Islands.  The spill had a significant impact on marine life in the Channel, killing an estimated 3,500 sea birds, as well as marine animals such as dolphins, elephant seals, and sea lions. The public outrage engendered by the spill, which received prominent media coverage in the United States, resulted in numerous pieces of environmental legislation within the next several years, legislation that forms the legal and regulatory framework for the modern environmental movement in the U.S.

text: The source of the spill was a

text: blow-out

text: on January 28, 1969,  from the coast on

text: Union Oil

text: 's Platform A in the

text: Dos Cuadras Offshore Oil Field

text: .  Within a ten-day period, an estimated  of

text: crude oil

text: spilled into the Channel and onto the beaches of

text: Santa Barbara County

text: in Southern California, fouling the coastline from

text: Goleta

text: to

text: Ventura

text: as well as the northern shores of the four northern

text: Channel Islands

text: .  The spill had a significant impact on marine life in the Channel, killing an estimated 3,500 sea birds, as well as marine animals such as dolphins, elephant seals, and sea lions. The public outrage engendered by the spill, which received prominent media coverage in the United States, resulted in numerous pieces of environmental legislation within the next several years, legislation that forms the legal and regulatory framework for the modern environmental movement in the U.S.

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: the Dos Cuadras Offshore Oil Field

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: 2010 deepwater horizon spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: The spill had a significant impact on marine life

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: an estimated of

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Offshore Oil Field

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: a blow-out

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: offshore oil field

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no longer hear about an oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Union Oil's Platform A in the Dos Cuadras Offshore Oil Field

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (called the "Gulf oil spill"), the entrance to Perdido Pass was closed, with a barrier system in June 2010, to control tidal flow of oil entering from the Gulf of Mexico. The daily high tide was causing oil-contaminated water to enter Perdido Bay. The barrier system is designed to allow boats to travel through Perdido Pass, during the outflowing tide, but to close during the incoming tide and collect oil deposits in a retention area on the eastern edge of the pass.

text: Following the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: (called the "Gulf oil spill"), the entrance to

text: Perdido Pass

text: was closed, with a barrier system in June 2010, to control tidal flow of oil entering from the Gulf of Mexico. The daily

text: high tide

text: was causing oil-contaminated water to enter Perdido Bay. The barrier system is designed to allow boats to travel through Perdido Pass, during the outflowing tide, but to close during the incoming tide and collect oil deposits in a retention area on the eastern edge of the pass.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: Gulf oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil spill

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answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: barrier system is designed to allow boats to travel through Perdido Pass

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: tidal flow

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: close during the incoming tide

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: boats to travel through Perdido Pass, during the outflowing tide

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Few media outlets reported on this oil spill due to the BP oil spill which overshadowed this issue. The BP oil spill which was one of the largest accidental oil spills in history. It happened weeks before the Egypt oil spill had occurred.

text: Few media outlets reported on this oil spill due to the

text: BP oil spill

text: which overshadowed this issue. The

text: BP oil spill

text: which was one of the largest accidental oil spills in history. It happened weeks before the Egypt oil spill had occurred.

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answers: It happened weeks before the Egypt oil spill

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text: •2010-2014: Ocean Alliance spends five summers in the Gulf of Mexico in an attempt to determine the long-term toxicological impacts of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

text: •2010-2014: Ocean Alliance spends five summers in the Gulf of Mexico in an attempt to determine the long-term toxicological impacts of the 2010

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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text: There are many oil wells in the LGA, which is laced with pipelines, with most of the oil installations being operated by Shell Nigeria. However, the local community has seen little benefit from oil extraction, and infrastructure is poor.In the 1990s, the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People began a struggle against the degradation of their lands, which at times erupted into violence. In June 2001 an oil pipeline that passes through the Baraale community ruptured and spilled crude oil into nearby forests, farmlands and houses. There were delays in repair, and in October 2001 the spilled oil caught fire, causing extensive environmental damage.The region suffers from violence, kidnapping and arson.

text: There are many oil wells in the LGA, which is laced with pipelines, with most of the oil installations being operated by

text: Shell Nigeria

text: . However, the local community has seen little benefit from oil extraction, and infrastructure is poor.In the 1990s, the

entity_name: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People

text: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People

text: began a struggle against the degradation of their lands, which at times erupted into violence. In June 2001 an oil pipeline that passes through the Baraale community ruptured and spilled crude oil into nearby forests, farmlands and houses. There were delays in repair, and in October 2001 the spilled oil caught fire, causing extensive environmental damage.The region suffers from violence, kidnapping and arson.

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answers: in October 2001 the spilled oil caught fire

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answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: He also serves as one of two independent trustees of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust., a $20 billion fund to pay claims arising from the 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.

text: He also serves as one of two independent trustees of the

text: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust

text: ., a $20 billion fund to pay claims arising from the 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

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answers: oil spill

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answers: BP

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answers: NDQ_005466

answers: 2010 BP oil spill

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answers: pay claims

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answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Wildlife and environmental groups accused the White House and BP of holding back information about the extent and impact of the growing slick, and urged the White House to order a more direct federal government role in the spill response. Greenpeace Executive Director Phil Radford used a preliminary report from the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling to claim that the White House had blocked efforts by federal scientists to publicly reveal how high the oil spill rate was. However, the preliminary report's findings were strongly disputed by the White House, which issued statements that disproved several of the report's most controversial claims as inaccurate. In prepared testimony for a congressional committee, National Wildlife Federation President Larry Schweiger claimed that BP had failed to disclose results from its tests of chemical dispersants used on the spill, and that BP had tried to withhold video showing the true magnitude of the leak. On 19 May 2010, BP established a live feed, popularly known as spillcam, of the spill after hearings in Congress accused the company of withholding data from the ocean floor and blocking efforts by independent scientists to come up with estimates for the amount of crude flowing into the Gulf each day. On 20 May 2010, United States Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar indicated that the U.S. government would verify how much oil had leaked into the Gulf of Mexico. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Lisa Jackson and United States Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano asked for the results of tests looking for traces of oil and dispersant chemicals in the waters of the gulf.

text: Wildlife and environmental groups accused the White House and BP of holding back information about the extent and impact of the growing slick, and urged the White House to order a more direct federal government role in the spill response.

text: Greenpeace

text: Executive Director

text: Phil Radford

text: used a preliminary report from the

text: National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling

text: to claim that the White House had blocked efforts by federal scientists to publicly reveal how high the oil spill rate was. However, the preliminary report's findings were strongly disputed by the White House, which issued statements that disproved several of the report's most controversial claims as inaccurate. In

text: prepared testimony

text: for a congressional committee,

text: National Wildlife Federation

text: President Larry Schweiger claimed that BP had failed to disclose results from its tests of chemical dispersants used on the spill, and that BP had tried to withhold video showing the true magnitude of the leak. On 19 May 2010, BP established a live feed, popularly known as spillcam, of the spill after hearings in Congress accused the company of withholding data from the ocean floor and blocking efforts by independent scientists to come up with estimates for the amount of crude flowing into the Gulf each day. On 20 May 2010, United States Secretary of the Interior

text: Ken Salazar

text: indicated that the U.S. government would verify how much oil had leaked into the Gulf of Mexico.

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) Administrator Lisa Jackson and United States Secretary of Homeland Security

text: Janet Napolitano

text: asked for the results of tests looking for traces of oil and dispersant chemicals in the waters of the gulf.

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answers: environmental groups accused the White House and BP of holding back information

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: BP

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answers: White House and BP

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: chemical dispersants

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answers: chemical dispersants

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: BP established a live feed, popularly known as spillcam

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The results of the inquiry were announced by the SMRTC on 19 October 1993. Shortly after the accident The Straits Times had reported that an oil spill on the tracks was responsible for the second train's inability to brake in time. Some 50 litres of oil had spilled from a locomotive doing maintenance work on the track in the pre-dawn hours of 5 August. SMRT staff had been alerted to the spill and had dispatched a cleaning crew to the neighbouring Buona Vista, but approval to access the tracks was delayed. Already ten trains had reported difficulty braking on the track that morning. The 11th train had to use its emergency brakes upon reaching Clementi station, and while it was waiting for the brakes to be recharged so that it could move off again, the 12th approached the station and could not brake in time to avoid hitting the 11th train.

text: The results of the inquiry were announced by the SMRTC on 19 October 1993. Shortly after the accident

text: The Straits Times

text: had reported that an

text: oil spill

text: on the tracks was responsible for the second train's inability to brake in time. Some 50 litres of oil had spilled from a locomotive doing maintenance work on the track in the pre-dawn hours of 5 August. SMRT staff had been alerted to the spill and had dispatched a cleaning crew to the neighbouring

text: Buona Vista

text: , but approval to access the tracks was delayed. Already ten trains had reported difficulty braking on the track that morning. The 11th train had to use its emergency brakes upon reaching Clementi station, and while it was waiting for the brakes to be recharged so that it could move off again, the 12th approached the station and could not brake in time to avoid hitting the 11th train.

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text: Tri-State staff also cooperate with interns and researchers from universities and institutions in order to conduct bird-related research not directly applicable to oil-spill situations. The organization has assisted the USGS with a study concerning the effects of lead and pesticide exposure on fish-eating birds, as well as surveys of the prevalence of West Nile virus among birds in the region.

text: Tri-State staff also cooperate with interns and researchers from universities and institutions in order to conduct bird-related research not directly applicable to oil-spill situations. The organization has assisted the

text: USGS

text: with a study concerning the effects of lead and pesticide exposure on fish-eating birds, as well as surveys of the prevalence of

text: West Nile virus

text: among birds in the region.

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text: In response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the Society with the assistance of researchers at the University of South Florida and environmental sensor company YSI were able to attach and interface a hydrocarbon sensor to the SeaKeeper 1000 environmental monitor in June 2010. SeaKeepers continues to focus on oil spill prevention and works with organizations like CARTHE, Consortium for Advanced Research on the Transport of Hydrocarbon in the Environment,  is a research team dedicated to predicting the fate of oil released into our environment to help inform and guide response teams, thereby protecting and minimizing damage to human health, the economy, and the environment with this research team dedicated to predicting the fate of oil released into the environment.

text: In response to the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: , the Society with the assistance of researchers at the

text: University of South Florida

text: and environmental sensor company YSI were able to attach and interface a hydrocarbon sensor to the SeaKeeper 1000 environmental monitor in June 2010. SeaKeepers continues to focus on oil spill prevention and works with organizations like CARTHE, Consortium for Advanced Research on the Transport of Hydrocarbon in the Environment,  is a research team dedicated to predicting the fate of oil released into our environment to help inform and guide response teams, thereby protecting and minimizing damage to human health, the economy, and the environment with this research team dedicated to predicting the fate of oil released into the environment.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: attach and interface a hydrocarbon sensor

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answers: no

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answers: CARTHE, Consortium for Advanced Research on the Transport of Hydrocarbon in the Environment

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On January 28, 1969 an oil rig belonging to Union Oil experienced a blow-out  off the coast of California. The resulting spill was, at the time, the largest oil spill to occur in United States territorial waters. Crews took approximately 11 days to seal the rupture using a cement plug, during which approximately  of crude oil spilled into the Pacific Ocean, creating an oil slick with an area of about . Following the spill, tides carried the oil onto the beaches of the Anacapa, San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands.

text: On January 28, 1969 an

text: oil rig

text: belonging to

text: Union Oil

text: experienced a

text: blow-out

text: off the coast of California. The resulting spill was, at the time, the largest oil spill to occur in United States territorial waters. Crews took approximately 11 days to seal the rupture using a cement plug, during which approximately  of

text: crude oil

text: spilled into the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: , creating an

text: oil slick

text: with an area of about . Following the spill, tides carried the oil onto the beaches of the Anacapa, San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands.

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answers: an oil rig belonging to Union Oil

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answers: The resulting spill

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answers: Following the spill, tides

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answers: seal the rupture

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answers: the largest oil spill to occur in United States territorial waters

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill were ongoing from the time that the Deepwater Horizon exploded on April 20, 2010 until the well was sealed by a cap on July 15, 2010. Various species of dolphins and other mammals (61 casualties), birds (2,095 casualties), and the endangered sea turtles (467 casualties) have been killed either directly or indirectly by the oil spill. The Deepwater Horizon spill has surpassed in volume the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill as the largest ever to originate in U.S.-controlled waters; it is comparable to the 1979 Ixtoc I oil spill in total volume released (Ixtoc discharged  to ; as of mid-July 2010, Deepwater Horizon has spilled  to ).

text: Efforts to stem the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: were ongoing from the time that the

text: Deepwater Horizon

text: exploded

text: on April 20, 2010 until the well was sealed by a cap on July 15, 2010. Various species of

text: dolphin

text: s and other

text: mammal

text: s (61 casualties),

text: bird

text: s (2,095 casualties), and the endangered

text: sea turtle

text: s (467 casualties) have been killed either directly or indirectly by the oil spill. The Deepwater Horizon spill has surpassed in volume the 1989

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: as the largest ever to originate in

text: U.S.-controlled waters

text: ; it is comparable to the 1979

text: Ixtoc I oil spill

text: in

text: total volume released

text: (Ixtoc discharged  to ; as of mid-July 2010, Deepwater Horizon has spilled  to ).

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answers: Various species of dolphins and other mammals have been killed either directly or indirectly by the oil spill

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answers: Deepwater Horizon has spilled to

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answers: seal by a cap

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answers: Deepwater Horizon has spilled to

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answers: Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill were ongoing

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On April 2, PHMSA issued a corrective action order to ExxonMobil Pipeline Co. preventing ExxonMobil from restarting operations on the affected segment of the pipeline until it is satisfied with repairs and all safety concerns have been addressed. According to the order: "continued operation of the Pegasus Pipeline would be hazardous to life, property, and the environment." Arkansas' Attorney General Dustin McDaniel promised a state investigation into the cause and impact of the spill. In a letter to ExxonMobil  McDaniel stated: "There are many questions and concerns remaining as to the long-term impacts, environmental or otherwise, from this spill,"  He asked ExxonMobil to preserve records pending his investigation.

text: On April 2, PHMSA issued a corrective action order to ExxonMobil Pipeline Co. preventing ExxonMobil from restarting operations on the affected segment of the pipeline until it is satisfied with repairs and all safety concerns have been addressed. According to the order: "continued operation of the Pegasus Pipeline would be hazardous to life, property, and the environment." Arkansas' Attorney General

text: Dustin McDaniel

text: promised a state investigation into the cause and impact of the spill. In a letter to ExxonMobil  McDaniel stated: "There are many questions and concerns remaining as to the long-term impacts, environmental or otherwise, from this spill,"  He asked ExxonMobil to preserve records pending his investigation.

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answers: Pegasus Pipeline

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answers: PHMSA

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answers: safety concerns have been addressed

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answers: 20,000

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answers: PHMSA issued a corrective action order to ExxonMobil Pipeline Co

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answers: spill

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answers: repairs

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answers: no

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answers: PHMSA issued a corrective action order to ExxonMobil

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answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A dramatic break somewhere along the length of an 8,750-foot injection well casing resulted in a gigantic methane eruption from the field on October 23, 2015, spewing on the order of 60 million cubic feet of methane per day at first, before the pressure was reduced. The well, Standard Sesnon 25 ("SS 25") had originally been installed in 1953, and reworked as a gas injection well in 1973, but lacked a blowout prevention valve, as it had not been considered a priority given the well's position, at the time, far from a populated area. Fallout from the methane cloud, in the form of oily droplets and persistent noxious odors, caused the evacuation of approximately 2,000 families, who have relocated to hotels and other rentals at SoCalGas's expense throughout the region.  On Dec. 4, 2015, SoCalGas commenced drilling a relief well to stop the natural gas leak by plugging the leaking well at its base. The relief well intercepted the base of the leaking well on Feb. 11, 2016, and the company began pumping heavy fluids to temporarily control the flow of gas out of the leaking well. SoCalGas was able to plug the leak permanently on February 18, 2016. Overall the well is estimated to have released 80,000 metric tons of methane as well as other hydrocarbons, the largest such release in U.S. history.

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answers: the largest such release in U.S. history

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: well's position, at the time, far from a populated area

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 60 million cubic feet

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: SoCalGas commenced drilling a relief well

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: Fallout from the methane cloud

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answers: drilling a relief well

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answers: SoCalGas was able to plug the leak permanently

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: SoCalGas was able to plug the leak permanently on February 18, 2016

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: About  of diesel fuel on board spilled creating a light sheen in the vicinity which dissipated in a few days without cleanup. The vessel owner, Whipple, was fined $2100 for the oil spill.

text: About  of diesel fuel on board spilled creating a light sheen in the vicinity which dissipated in a few days without cleanup. The vessel owner, Whipple, was fined $2100 for the oil spill.

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answers: About of diesel fuel on board

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answers: About of diesel fuel on board

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil spill

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: About

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: no cleanup

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answers: dissipated

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answers: fined

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answers: no longer hear about

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answers: Cleanup

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answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1989 the Exxon Valdez oil spill brought oil contamination to the Aniakchak coast. The spill took place on March 24, but oil did not reach the coast of the preserve until July 2. Roughly two thirds of the  of coast were oiled, but not heavily. Cleanup continued from 1989 into 1990.

text: In 1989 the

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: brought oil contamination to the Aniakchak coast. The spill took place on March 24, but oil did not reach the coast of the preserve until July 2. Roughly two thirds of the  of coast were oiled, but not heavily. Cleanup continued from 1989 into 1990.

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answers: Exxon Valdez

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answers: Exxon Valdez

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answers: oil contamination

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answers: Cleanup

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: oil did not reach the coast of the preserve until July 2

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: Cleanup

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: Cleanup

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Cleanup continued from 1989 into 1990

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Different types of methods were used in the cleanup of the oil spill, two of which included workers loading kelp covered in oil into trucks and vacuuming up pools of oil with specially designed vacuums. In addition, booms were used to keep the oil from entering Cape Town Harbor.

text: Different types of methods were used in the cleanup of the oil spill, two of which included workers loading

text: kelp

text: covered in oil into trucks and vacuuming up pools of oil with specially designed vacuums. In addition,

text: booms

text: were used to keep the oil from entering Cape Town Harbor.

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answers: Cape Town Harbor

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil spill

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answers: ten

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answers: kelp covered in oil

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answers: booms

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answers: clean up

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answers: Booms were used to keep the oil from entering Cape Town Harbor

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The effects of technology on the environment are both obvious and subtle.  The more obvious effects include the depletion of nonrenewable natural resources (such as petroleum, coal, ores), and the added pollution of air, water, and land. The more subtle effects include debates over long-term effects (e.g., global warming, deforestation, natural habitat destruction, coastal wetland loss.)

text: The effects of technology on the environment are both obvious and subtle.  The more obvious effects include the depletion of nonrenewable natural resources (such as petroleum, coal, ores), and the added

text: pollution

text: of air, water, and land. The more subtle effects include debates over long-term effects (e.g., global warming, deforestation, natural habitat destruction, coastal wetland loss.)

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: depletion of nonrenewable natural resources

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 20,000

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answers: nonrenewable

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answers: depletion of nonrenewable natural resources

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answers: deplete nonrenewable natural resources

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answers: no longer hear about an oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: debates over long-term effects

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Australian Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism estimated that the Montara oil leak could be as high as /day, five times the /day estimated by PTTEP Australasia. A spokesman for Resources Minister, Martin Ferguson, said the  referred to the amount of oil that the well could produce when brought into peak production. After flying over the spill site, Australian Greens Senator Rachel Siewert claimed the spill was far greater than had originally been reported. WWF-Australia also claimed that the spill was worse than originally expected.

text: The Australian

entity_name: Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism

text: Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism

text: estimated that the Montara oil leak could be as high as /day, five times the /day estimated by PTTEP Australasia. A spokesman for Resources Minister, Martin Ferguson, said the  referred to the amount of oil that the well could produce when brought into peak production. After flying over the spill site, Australian Greens Senator

text: Rachel Siewert

text: claimed the spill was far greater than had originally been reported.

text: WWF-Australia

text: also claimed that the spill was worse than originally expected.

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answers: five times

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Another consideration is how vulnerability to climate change varies with scale. At local scales, extreme weather events can have a significant impact, especially in vulnerable locations. Another potentially significant impact is the long-term effect of sea-level rise on low-lying coastal areas.

text: Another consideration is how vulnerability to climate change varies with scale. At local scales, extreme weather events can have a significant impact, especially in vulnerable locations. Another potentially significant impact is the long-term effect of sea-level rise on low-lying coastal areas.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010

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answers: vulnerability to climate change

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answers: ten

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answers: no

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text: The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was discovered on the afternoon of 22 April 2010 when a large oil slick began to spread at the former rig site. According to the Flow Rate Technical Group, the leak amounted to about  of oil, exceeding the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill as the largest ever to originate in U.S.-controlled waters and the 1979 Ixtoc I oil spill as the largest spill in the Gulf of Mexico.  BP has challenged this calculation saying that it is overestimated as it includes over  of oil which was collected before it could enter the Gulf waters.

text: The

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: was discovered on the afternoon of 22 April 2010 when a large oil slick began to spread at the former rig site. According to the

text: Flow Rate Technical Group

text: , the leak amounted to about  of oil, exceeding the 1989

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: as the largest ever to originate in

text: U.S.-controlled waters

text: and the 1979

text: Ixtoc I oil spill

text: as the largest spill in the Gulf of Mexico.  BP has challenged this calculation saying that it is overestimated as it includes over  of oil which was collected before it could enter the Gulf waters.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil spill

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: over

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: BP has challenged this calculation

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: a large oil slick

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: collected

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: BP has challenged this calculation saying that it is overestimated

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small oil slick

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The oil spilled from the Tanio was of low toxicity; thus, environmental effects were somewhat mitigated. Nevertheless, about 1,700 dead birds were found, oyster beds were contaminated, and the seaweed harvest was disrupted.Further contamination was mainly due to a speedy and thorough cleanup process. Within two months of the disaster, cleanup had switched removing oil with skimmers and pumps to the use of high-pressure hoses in rocky areas. In addition, cleanup was not restricted to tourist areas and collection areas, but also included efforts to clean removed or isolated areas, as well as locations where a relatively quick natural cleanup could be expected.

text: The oil spilled from the Tanio was of low toxicity; thus, environmental effects were somewhat mitigated. Nevertheless, about 1,700 dead birds were found, oyster beds were contaminated, and the seaweed harvest was disrupted.Further contamination was mainly due to a speedy and thorough cleanup process. Within two months of the disaster, cleanup had switched removing oil with skimmers and pumps to the use of high-pressure hoses in rocky areas. In addition, cleanup was not restricted to tourist areas and collection areas, but also included efforts to clean removed or isolated areas, as well as locations where a relatively quick natural cleanup could be expected.

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answers: Tanio

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Tanio

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: environmental effects were somewhat mitigated

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: about 1,700

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: natural cleanup could be expected

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: spilled from the Tanio

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: high-pressure hoses

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no longer hear about an oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: a relatively quick natural cleanup could be expected

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds is remarkable and has been used in waste processing and bioremediation. Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spills. Fertiliser was added to some of the beaches in Prince William Sound in an attempt to promote the growth of these naturally occurring bacteria after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These efforts were effective on beaches that were not too thickly covered in oil. Bacteria are also used for the bioremediation of industrial toxic wastes. In the chemical industry, bacteria are most important in the production of enantiomerically pure chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals or agrichemicals.

text: The ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds is remarkable and has been used in waste processing and

text: bioremediation

text: . Bacteria capable of digesting the

text: hydrocarbon

text: s in

text: petroleum

text: are often used to clean up

text: oil spill

text: s. Fertiliser was added to some of the beaches in

text: Prince William Sound

text: in an attempt to promote the growth of these naturally occurring bacteria after the 1989

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: . These efforts were effective on beaches that were not too thickly covered in oil. Bacteria are also used for the

text: bioremediation

text: of industrial

text: toxic waste

text: s. In the

text: chemical industry

text: , bacteria are most important in the production of

text: enantiomer

text: ically pure chemicals for use as

text: pharmaceuticals

text: or

text: agrichemical

text: s.

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answers: 1989 Exxon Valdez

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Exxon Valdez

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spills

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: oil spills

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Fertiliser was added to some of the beaches in Prince William Sound in an attempt to promote the growth of these naturally occurring bacteria

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Although Chinese government officials reported that as little as 1,500 tonnes of oil spilled, a former University of Alaska marine conservation specialist, Rick Steiner, estimates the spill to have a much higher total, with somewhere in the range of 60,000 to 90,000 tons (18.47 to 27.70 million gallons) of oil spilled into the Yellow Sea. He said that "[i]t's enormous. That's at least as large as the official estimate of the Exxon Valdez disaster." However, a government spokesperson for Dalian refuted this estimate, and referred to a panel of experts assessing the spill's size and environmental effect saying that "[w]e will know w[h]ether it's smaller or bigger than 60,000 tons based on the conclusion made by the panel".

text: Although Chinese government officials reported that as little as 1,500 tonnes of oil spilled, a former University of Alaska marine conservation specialist, Rick Steiner, estimates the spill to have a much higher total, with somewhere in the range of 60,000 to 90,000 tons (18.47 to 27.70 million gallons) of oil spilled into the

text: Yellow Sea

text: . He said that "[i]t's enormous. That's at least as large as the official estimate of the Exxon Valdez disaster." However, a government spokesperson for Dalian refuted this estimate, and referred to a panel of experts assessing the spill's size and environmental effect saying that "[w]e will know w[h]ether it's smaller or bigger than 60,000 tons based on the conclusion made by the panel".

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Exxon Valdez disaster

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: spilled

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: oil spilled

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 27.70 million gallons

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: government officials reported that as little as 1,500 tonnes of oil spilled

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: spilled

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: marine conservation

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: a government spokesperson for Dalian refuted this estimate

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: as little as 1,500 tonnes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Shortly thereafter, a second explosion occurred within Tank 231. Burning petroleum spilled from the tank’s vents into a diked area surrounding the tank. Within the diked area, a second tank (No. 114) just north of Tank 231, containing No. 6 grade fuel oil, also ignited as pipelines within the diked area began to fail. The initial explosion also damaged the pipe manifold outside of the dike wall and petroleum pouring out under pressure ignited.

text: Shortly thereafter, a second explosion occurred within Tank 231. Burning petroleum spilled from the tank’s vents into a

text: diked

text: area surrounding the tank. Within the diked area, a second tank (No. 114) just north of Tank 231, containing No. 6 grade

text: fuel oil

text: , also ignited as pipelines within the diked area began to fail. The initial explosion also damaged the pipe

text: manifold

text: outside of the dike wall and petroleum pouring out under pressure ignited.

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answers: No. 6 grade fuel oil

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: No. 231

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: petroleum pouring out under pressure

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: No. 6

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: pipelines within the diked area began to fail

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: spilled

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: diked

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: a second explosion occurred within Tank 231

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: When a well reaches the end of economic production, it must be plugged according to the terms of a plugging permit.

text: When a well reaches the end of economic production, it must be plugged according to the terms of a plugging permit.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: Deepwater Horizon spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: economic production

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 1,500

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answers: economic production

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: plugging

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answers: plugging

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: It must be plugged

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: a well reaches the end of economic production

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: It must be plugged

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Community Center was founded in 2006 to serve local residents of St. Bernard Parish after the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita. In St Bernard Parish, the epicenter of devastation, fully 93% of homes were rated as "severely damaged" or "destroyed". This is the only Parish (county) in the history of our country to have been completely inundated by flood waters. In many cases homes and businesses were covered up to the rooftops. One hundred and eighty people in the Parish drowned. It is also the home to the largest residential domestic oil spill in US history, when the Murphy Oil Spill (Chalmette, Louisiana)released more than 1,000,000 gallons of crude oil.

text: The Community Center was founded in 2006 to serve local residents of St. Bernard Parish after the devastation caused by

text: Hurricane Katrina

text: and

text: Hurricane Rita

text: . In

text: St Bernard Parish

text: , the epicenter of devastation, fully 93% of homes were rated as "severely damaged" or "destroyed". This is the only Parish (county) in the history of our country to have been completely inundated by flood waters. In many cases homes and businesses were covered up to the rooftops. One hundred and eighty people in the Parish drowned. It is also the home to the largest residential domestic oil spill in US history, when the

text: Murphy Oil Spill (Chalmette, Louisiana)

text: released more than 1,000,000 gallons of crude oil.

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answers: the Murphy Oil Spill

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answers: Murphy Oil Spill

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answers: oil spill

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 1,000,000

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: St Bernard Parish

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: the largest residential domestic oil spill

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: cover up to the rooftops

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: no longer hear about an oil spill in the news

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: One hundred and eighty people in the Parish drowned

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: Small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: H.R. 311 would have no significant net impact on the federal budget, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates. The bill would require the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to modify the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) rule, which regulates oil discharges into navigable waters and adjoining shorelines. A portion of the SPCC rule, effective as of September 23, 2013, requires certain farmers to develop an oil spill prevention plan that is certified by a professional engineer. Those plans could involve certain infrastructure changes to reduce the possibility of oil spills. Such plans apply to farms that store more than 1,320 gallons of oil products in aboveground containers or more than 42,000 gallons of oil products in buried containers that could reasonably be expected to discharge oil into waters of the United States.

text: H.R. 311 would have no significant net impact on the federal budget, the

text: Congressional Budget Office

text: (CBO) estimates. The bill would require the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to modify the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) rule, which regulates oil discharges into navigable waters and adjoining shorelines. A portion of the SPCC rule, effective as of September 23, 2013, requires certain farmers to develop an oil spill prevention plan that is certified by a professional engineer. Those plans could involve certain infrastructure changes to reduce the possibility of oil spills. Such plans apply to farms that store more than 1,320 gallons of oil products in aboveground containers or more than 42,000 gallons of oil products in buried containers that could reasonably be expected to discharge oil into waters of the United States.

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answer: 1

text: After the Texas City Refinery explosion in 2005, stock prices again fell. By January 2007, the explosion, coupled with a pipeline spill in Alaska and production delays in the Gulf of Mexico, left BP's stock down 4.5% from its position prior to the Texas City explosion. However, by April 2007, stocks had rebounded 13% erasing the 8.3% loss from 2006. Declining oil prices and concerns over oil sustainability also caused shares to fall in value in late 2008.

text: After the Texas City Refinery explosion in 2005, stock prices again fell. By January 2007, the explosion, coupled with a pipeline spill in Alaska and production delays in the Gulf of Mexico, left BP's stock down 4.5% from its position prior to the Texas City explosion. However, by April 2007, stocks had rebounded 13% erasing the 8.3% loss from 2006. Declining oil prices and concerns over oil sustainability also caused shares to fall in value in late 2008.

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answers: By April 2007, stocks had rebounded

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answers: stocks had rebounded 13%

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answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Additional long-term impacts of SOD may be inferred from regeneration patterns in areas that have experienced severe mortality. These patterns may indicate which tree species will replace tanoak in diseased areas. Such transitions will be of particular importance in forest types that were relatively poor in tree species diversity before the introduction of SOD, e.g., redwood forest.  , the only study to comprehensively examine regeneration in SOD-impacted redwood forests found no evidence that other broadleaf tree species are beginning to recruit.  Instead, redwood was colonizing most mortality gaps. However, they also found inadequate regeneration in some areas and concluded that regeneration is continuing. Since this study only considered one site in Marin County, California, these results may not apply to other forests. Other impacts to the local ecology include, among others, the residual effects of spraying heavy pesticides (Agrifos) to treat SOD symptoms, and the heavy mortality of the native pollinator community that occurs as a result. Bee hives situated in areas of heavy Agrifos spraying have incurred significant losses of population in direct correlation to the application of these chemicals. Counties such as Napa and Sonoma may be doing significant damage to their native pollinator populations by virtue of adopting broad-based prophylactic pesticide policies. Such damage to the pollinator populations may have tertiary negative effects on the entire local plant community, compounding the loss of biodiversity, and thus environmental value, attributable to SOD.

text: Additional long-term impacts of SOD may be inferred from regeneration patterns in areas that have experienced severe mortality. These patterns may indicate which tree species will replace tanoak in diseased areas. Such transitions will be of particular importance in forest types that were relatively poor in tree species diversity before the introduction of SOD, e.g., redwood forest.  , the only study to comprehensively examine regeneration in SOD-impacted redwood forests found no evidence that other broadleaf tree species are beginning to recruit.  Instead, redwood was colonizing most mortality gaps. However, they also found inadequate regeneration in some areas and concluded that regeneration is continuing. Since this study only considered one site in

text: Marin County, California

text: , these results may not apply to other forests. Other impacts to the local ecology include, among others, the residual effects of spraying heavy pesticides (Agrifos) to treat SOD symptoms, and the heavy mortality of the native pollinator community that occurs as a result. Bee hives situated in areas of heavy Agrifos spraying have incurred significant losses of population in direct correlation to the application of these chemicals. Counties such as Napa and Sonoma may be doing significant damage to their native pollinator populations by virtue of adopting broad-based prophylactic pesticide policies. Such damage to the pollinator populations may have tertiary negative effects on the entire local plant community, compounding the loss of biodiversity, and thus environmental value, attributable to SOD.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: loss of biodiversity, and thus environmental value

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: heavy pesticides

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: SOD may be inferred from regeneration patterns in areas that have experienced severe mortality

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: heavy pesticides (Agrifos)

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answers: spraying heavy pesticides

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answers: no

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answers: redwood was colonizing most mortality gaps

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answers: SOD may be inferred from regeneration patterns

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The following is a timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill or the Macondo blowout). It was a massive oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the largest offshore spill in U.S. history. It was a result of the well blowout that began with the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion  on April 20, 2010.

text: The following is a timeline of the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill or the Macondo blowout). It was a massive

text: oil spill

text: in the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: , the largest offshore spill in U.S. history. It was a result of the well blowout that began with the

text: Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion

text: on April 20, 2010.

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answers: Deepwater Horizon

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answers: April 20, 2010

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answers: largest offshore spill in U.S. history

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answers: BP

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answers: the largest offshore spill in U.S. history

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answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Some emergencies do not immediately endanger life, health or property, but do affect the natural environment and creatures living within it.  Not all agencies consider this a genuine emergency, but it can have far reaching effects on animals and the long term condition of the land.  Examples would include forest fires and marine oil spills.

text: Some emergencies do not immediately endanger life, health or property, but do affect the natural environment and creatures living within it.  Not all agencies consider this a genuine emergency, but it can have far reaching effects on animals and the long term condition of the land.  Examples would include

text: forest fire

text: s and marine

text: oil spill

text: s.

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text: The spill was much smaller than the nearby 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill on January 28, 1969 in which an oil rig blow-out spilled an estimated  of crude oil over a ten-day period.

text: The spill was much smaller than the nearby

text: 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill

text: on January 28, 1969 in which an oil rig

text: blow-out

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text: Oil spills can occur during transportation of oil or during extraction.  Such spills may dump significant quantities of oil into the ocean and pollute the environment, affecting ecosystems near and far.

text: Oil spills

text: can occur during

text: transportation of oil

text: or

text: during extraction

text: .  Such spills may dump significant quantities of oil into the ocean and pollute the environment, affecting ecosystems near and far.

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answers: Gulf of Mexico

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answers: Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010

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answers: spills may dump significant quantities of oil into the ocean

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answers: significant quantities

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answers: spills can occur

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text: In December 2007, thousands of tonnes of oil were spilled into the North Sea during the loading of a tanker at the Statfjord oil field. The spill, estimated at 21,750 barrels (approx 3,000 metric tons), was the country's second largest ever, according to Norway's oil safety authority. The accident happened in rough weather while the tanker Navion Britannica was loading oil from a storage buoy, according to the operator Statoil.o

text: In December 2007, thousands of tonnes of oil were spilled into the North Sea during the loading of a tanker at the Statfjord oil field. The spill, estimated at 21,750 barrels (approx 3,000 metric tons), was the country's second largest ever, according to Norway's oil safety authority. The accident happened in rough weather while the tanker Navion Britannica was loading oil from a storage buoy, according to the operator Statoil.o

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answers: 3,000 metric tons

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answers: Statfjord oil field

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answers: oil safety authority

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answers: 21,750

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answers: Statfjord

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answers: spilled

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answers: a storage buoy

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: The accident happened in rough weather

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the operator Statoil

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In total, eleven oil spills occurred between 17 December 2013 and 29 December 2013. The first spill began on 17 December at 4:45 a.m. when the  sea line No 10, operated by the Trinidad's national oil company Petrotrin, ruptured at the bottom of the Gulf of Paria near the company's Pointe-a-Pierre refinery.  It was initially reported as a single oil spill near the southwestern town of La Brea but by the end of the month, ten more oil spills were confirmed.  It is the largest oil spill in the history of Trinidad and Tobago.

text: In total, eleven oil spills occurred between 17 December 2013 and 29 December 2013. The first spill began on 17 December at 4:45 a.m. when the  sea line No 10, operated by the Trinidad's

text: national oil company

text: Petrotrin

text: , ruptured at the bottom of the

text: Gulf of Paria

text: near the company's

text: Pointe-a-Pierre

text: refinery.  It was initially reported as a single oil spill near the southwestern town of

text: La Brea

text: but by the end of the month, ten more oil spills were confirmed.  It is the largest oil spill in the history of Trinidad and Tobago.

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answers: Gulf of Paria

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answers: oil spills

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answers: ten

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answers: ten more oil spills were confirmed

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answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the largest oil spill in the history of Trinidad and Tobago

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The oil spill had a dangerous impact on the Brazilian society and the overall Brazilian economy. There was a drastic decrease in the number of fish species living in the bay after the spill, because the bay no longer remained a habitable environment. Almost 4000 fishermen - more than half - that had previously been employed to fish at the Guanabara Bay had to resort to alternative methods of income and working odd jobs to support their families. It was unlikely that after the spill one would be able to catch more than 10 kilos of fish, where in comparison to before the spill, the average of catching fish was almost 100 kilos.  In addition, the quality of the fish from the bay area had also been an issue as many buyers claimed that the quality of the fish had decreased because it was now contaminated. As a result, the fish had been valued less and the prices had been reduced to about half.

text: The oil spill had a dangerous impact on the Brazilian society and the overall

text: Brazilian economy

text: . There was a drastic decrease in the number of fish species living in the bay after the spill, because the bay no longer remained a habitable environment. Almost 4000

text: fishermen

text: - more than half - that had previously been employed to fish at the

text: Guanabara Bay

text: had to resort to alternative methods of income and working odd jobs to support their families. It was unlikely that after the spill one would be able to catch more than 10

text: kilos

text: of fish, where in comparison to before the spill, the average of catching fish was almost 100 kilos.  In addition, the quality of the fish from the bay area had also been an issue as many buyers claimed that the quality of the fish had decreased because it was now

text: contaminate

text: d. As a result, the fish had been valued less and the prices had been reduced to about half.

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answers: Guanabara Bay

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answers: The oil spill

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: the quality of the fish had decreased because it was now contaminated

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: more than half

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: no longer remained a habitable environment

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: The oil spill had a dangerous impact

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answers: fish

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: the average of catching fish was almost 100 kilos

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: small leaks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation has researched 9,351 accidental spills since 1974.  According to this study, most spills result from routine operations such as loading cargo, discharging cargo, and taking on fuel oil.  91% of the operational oil spills were small, resulting in less than 7 tons per spill. Spills resulting from accidents like collisions, groundings, hull failures, and explosions are much larger, with 84% of these involving losses of over 700 tons.

text: The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation has researched 9,351 accidental spills since 1974.  According to this study, most spills result from routine operations such as loading cargo, discharging cargo, and taking on fuel oil.  91% of the operational oil spills were small, resulting in less than 7 tons per spill. Spills resulting from accidents like collisions, groundings, hull failures, and explosions are much larger, with 84% of these involving losses of over 700 tons.

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answers: over 700 tons

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: Spills resulting from accidents

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: 91% of the operational oil spills were small, resulting in less than 7 tons per spill

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: over 700 tons

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Spills resulting from accidents

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: most spills result from routine operations

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: discharging cargo

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: 91% of the operational oil spills were small, resulting in less than 7 tons per spill

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: 91% of the operational oil spills

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: According to the Africa Partnership Forum, "Although Africa is the continent least responsible for climate change, it is particularly vulnerable to the effects," and the long-term impacts include, "changing rainfall patterns affecting agriculture and reducing food security; worsening water security; decreasing fish resources in large lakes due to rising temperature; shifting vector-borne diseases; rising sea level affecting low-lying coastal areas with large populations; and rising water stress".

text: According to the Africa Partnership Forum, "Although Africa is the continent least responsible for

text: climate change

text: , it is particularly vulnerable to the effects," and the long-term impacts include, "changing rainfall patterns affecting agriculture and reducing food security; worsening water security; decreasing fish resources in large lakes due to rising temperature; shifting vector-borne diseases; rising sea level affecting low-lying coastal areas with large populations; and rising water stress".

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answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1523/61ace7578b6a7a42008712a04924d200

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1523/06c4c5646d8b3006b3496366e999f652

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1523/b3d3396d68f45831043c5e53b43cdc99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1523/11e5fd06f56c7341fdf1476f504eaf0e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1523/c6c2ca41b0b866d162c355e6c6e81b15

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1523/0d594bed7363d0e607e06631ded6431c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1523/bbe7e3a2ed643b47d7680aa355ebe261

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1524/470a9c9ae8165391667c8f96f2bb4ef2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1524/930b0ed0444886cb253218319cb6cdb1

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1524/cf215b8063b1d88b1a493e55b2ad2e9a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1524/ebb7ce15003074ba16c07086c8b7ec59

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1524/a72cb2148e4cdb2adaea9c1508bf4313

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1524/3227aef2c88f52d231720083faa30197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1524/3912a521da031c96741fd84fb5447dba

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1524/b7a040a2f795e220d26b83ea194b241d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0259/T_1524/2cb7236bbe9401b1e577b6324ba6f4ac

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answers: NDQ_005461

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_005461

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_005462

answers: reducing food security

answers: NDQ_005463

answers: rising sea level

answers: NDQ_005464

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005465

answers: Africa Partnership Forum

answers: NDQ_005466

answers: shifting vector-borne diseases

answers: NDQ_005467

answers: decontaminate

answers: NDQ_005468

answers: oil spill

answers: NDQ_005469

answers: Africa is the continent least responsible for climate change

answers: NDQ_005470

answers: According to the Africa Partnership Forum

answer: No