text: Both systems offer some similar degree of remediation. For web presence management systems, remediation would include finding counterfeit properties that infringe on a brand or trademark. For reputation management systems, remediation would include identifying and eliminating misleading reviews and/or encouraging the contribution of authentic comments.

text: Both systems offer some similar degree of remediation. For web presence management systems, remediation would include finding counterfeit properties that infringe on a brand or trademark. For reputation management systems, remediation would include identifying and eliminating misleading reviews and/or encouraging the contribution of authentic comments.

method: dangnt-nlp

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answers: unanswerable

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2011, Shell was ordered by the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board to clean up the Carousel neighborhood after benzene and methane gas contamination was discovered, as well as soil and groundwater contamination.

text: In 2011, Shell was ordered by the

text: Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board

text: to clean up the Carousel neighborhood after

entity_name: Benzene

text: benzene

text: and

entity_name: Methane

text: methane

text: gas contamination was discovered, as well as soil and groundwater contamination.

method: UvABottomUpChangeOrder

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

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answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

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answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

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answers: NDQ_003968

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Monitoring the quality of drinking water is a joint responsibility of ADH and the State’s public water-supply systems. According to ADH (Bradley Jones, Arkansas Department of Health, oral commun., 2013), Arkansas has over 1,190 individual groundwater wells used for public drinking-water supply. Statewide, there are about 710 community public drinking-water systems, of which about 690 use groundwater as their only water source. These groundwater systems serve more than 870,000 residents. Additionally, there are about 35 facilities defined by the SDWA as noncommunity, nontransient public water systems that rely on groundwater. These smaller facilities include schools, daycare centers, and businesses. There are also about 375 transient noncommunity public systems such asrestaurants, churches, community centers, and campgrounds that use groundwater.

text: Monitoring the quality of drinking water is a joint responsibility of ADH and the State’s public water-supply systems. According to ADH (Bradley Jones, Arkansas Department of Health, oral commun., 2013), Arkansas has over 1,190 individual groundwater wells used for public drinking-water supply. Statewide, there are about 710 community public drinking-water systems, of which about 690 use groundwater as their only water source. These groundwater systems serve more than 870,000 residents. Additionally, there are about 35 facilities defined by the SDWA as noncommunity, nontransient public water systems that rely on groundwater. These smaller facilities include schools, daycare centers, and businesses. There are also about 375 transient noncommunity public systems such asrestaurants, churches, community centers, and campgrounds that use groundwater.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

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answers: groundwater systems serve more than 870,000 residents

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Monitoring the quality

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answers: These groundwater systems serve more than 870,000 residents

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: John A. Cherry (born ca. 1942) is the recipient of the 2016 Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize, awarded at Singapore International Water Week in July 2016 for his work in groundwater research, protection and management. He is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus from the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. He undertook research on the migration of contaminants in groundwater and he participated in the development of technologies for groundwater monitoring and remediation thus "revolutionizing groundwater research". His research resulted in a "paradigm shift in groundwater pollution control measures", leading to new groundwater remediation guidelines to be adopted in the United States and other countries in the 1990s.

text: John A. Cherry (born ca. 1942) is the recipient of the 2016

entity_name: Lee Kuan Yew

text: Lee Kuan Yew

text: Water Prize, awarded at

entity_name: Singapore International Water Week

text: Singapore International Water Week

text: in July 2016 for his work in groundwater research, protection and management. He is a Distinguished

entity_name: Emeritus

text: Professor Emeritus

text: from the

entity_name: University of Waterloo

text: University of Waterloo

text: in Ontario, Canada. He undertook research on the migration of contaminants in

entity_name: Groundwater

text: groundwater

text: and he participated in the development of technologies for groundwater monitoring and

entity_name: Groundwater remediation

text: remediation

text: thus "revolutionizing groundwater research". His research resulted in a "paradigm shift in

entity_name: Groundwater pollution

text: groundwater pollution

text: control measures", leading to new groundwater remediation guidelines to be adopted in the United States and other countries in the 1990s.

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answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Depending on the number of animals at a particular site, Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) may generate significant amounts of manure. One method to remove the manure is to apply it to land for fertilization. However, in an effort to dispose of manure at a reduced costs, some CAFOs have applied excess amounts of manure to land areas. The excess amounts of manure may then be washed away by rain into surface waters. This practice was a key feature in the U.S. Court of Appeals case Waterkeeper Alliance, et al. v. EPA, 399 F.3d 486 (2d Cir. 2005). Based on that case, the EPA created its 2008 CAFO Rule. The Rule notes that the CWA specifically exempts agricultural storm water runoff from being considered a point source, but, based on the Court of Appeals' decision in the Waterkeeper case, the EPA may treat land applications of excessive amounts of manure as a point source. So while in general agricultural storm water runoff from CAFOs is a nonpoint source, CAFOs may end up requiring a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit under the CWA.

text: Depending on the number of animals at a particular site,

entity_name: Concentrated animal feeding operation

text: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

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answers: groundwater

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answers: require a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Nonpoint source

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answers: The excess amounts of manure may then be washed away by rain

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface waters

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Help to clean up current polluted lands and preserve Long Valley in the long run.

text: Help to clean up current polluted lands and preserve Long Valley in the long run.

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

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answers: Clean up current polluted lands

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: preserve Long Valley

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up

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answers: NDQ_003968

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_003969

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1973, the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) first discovered PCP in nearby ground-water wells used as a source of residential drinking water. The control board issued several orders from 1973 to 1982 for cleanup of all contaminated groundwater, installation of groundwater recovery wells, and construction of wastewater treatment processes to end the use of unlined ponds and excavation of debris from the site 1963 fire. Koppers installed two recovery wells to recover PCP from local groundwater in accordance with the RWQCB. The RWQCB order was retracted after PCP concentrations decreased in off-site wells in 1974. However, in 1982, Koppers was issued a cease-and-desist order by the RWQCB to end the discharge of PCP into soil and ground water at the wood treatment plant and ordered a plan for mitigating the source, future prevention of chemical contamination, and remediation of contaminants.

text: In 1973, the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) first discovered PCP in nearby ground-water wells used as a source of residential drinking water. The control board issued several orders from 1973 to 1982 for cleanup of all contaminated groundwater, installation of groundwater recovery wells, and construction of

text: wastewater treatment

text: processes to end the use of unlined ponds and excavation of debris from the site 1963 fire.

text: Koppers

text: installed two recovery wells to recover PCP from local groundwater in accordance with the RWQCB. The RWQCB order was retracted after PCP concentrations decreased in off-site wells in 1974. However, in 1982, Koppers was issued a cease-and-desist order by the RWQCB to end the discharge of PCP into soil and ground water at the wood treatment plant and ordered a plan for mitigating the source, future prevention of chemical contamination, and remediation of contaminants.

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation of contaminants

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: installation of groundwater recovery wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Koppers

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: recovery wells

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical contamination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: excavation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: recovery wells

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: PCP

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A bailer in hydrogeology is a hollow tube used to retrieve groundwater samples from monitoring wells. Groundwater monitoring wells are drilled in areas where there are underground storage tanks or where there is environmental remediation occurring. The wells are typically built out of PVC casing which is slotted to allow groundwater to flow freely through the well. Bailers are tied to a piece of rope (usually made from nylon or polypropylene) or a piece of wire (composed of Teflon or stainless steel) and lowered into the water column. Once lowered, the bailer uses a simple ball check valve to seal at the bottom in order to pull up a sample of the groundwater table. Bailers can be disposable or reusable, and they are made out of polyethylene, PVC, FEP or stainless steel.

text: A bailer in

text: hydrogeology

text: is a hollow tube used to retrieve groundwater samples from monitoring wells. Groundwater monitoring wells are drilled in areas where there are

text: underground storage tanks

text: or where there is

text: environmental remediation

text: occurring. The wells are typically built out of PVC casing which is slotted to allow groundwater to flow freely through the well. Bailers are tied to a piece of rope (usually made from

text: nylon

text: or

text: polypropylene

text: ) or a piece of wire (composed of Teflon or stainless steel) and lowered into the water column. Once lowered, the bailer uses a simple ball

text: check valve

text: to seal at the bottom in order to pull up a sample of the groundwater table. Bailers can be disposable or reusable, and they are made out of polyethylene, PVC, FEP or stainless steel.

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answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater monitoring wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater monitoring wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Groundwater aquifers support drought refuges for water-dependent ecosystems.Pollution and over-extraction of groundwater are both problematic because it lowers its ability to support groundwater-supplied drought refuges. Over-extraction lowers the water table and degrades water-dependent ecosystems. Over-extraction often occurs in areas with surface water scarcity and frequent drought; where groundwater refuges and refugia are most important. Man-made disturbances can mimic the effects of drought, like water withdrawal, and dams. Man-made channel modifications threaten the hyporheic zone as a refuge.

text: Groundwater

text: aquifers

text: support drought refuges for water-dependent ecosystems.

text: Pollution

text: and over-extraction of

text: groundwater

text: are both problematic because it lowers its ability to support groundwater-supplied drought refuges. Over-extraction lowers the

text: water table

text: and degrades water-dependent

text: ecosystems

text: . Over-extraction often occurs in areas with

text: surface water

text: scarcity and frequent drought; where groundwater refuges and refugia are most important. Man-made disturbances can mimic the effects of drought, like water withdrawal, and dams. Man-made channel modifications threaten the

text: hyporheic zone

text: as a refuge.

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answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Over-extraction

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Over-extraction

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Pollution

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answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: lowers the water table and degrades water-dependent ecosystems

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the year 2000, groundwater pollution occurred in the small town of Walkerton, Canada leading to seven deaths in what is known as the Walkerton E. Coli outbreak. The water supply which was drawn from groundwater became contaminated with the highly dangerous O157:H7 strain of E. coli bacteria. This contamination was due to farm runoff into an adjacent water well that was vulnerable to groundwater pollution.

text: In the year 2000, groundwater pollution occurred in the small town of Walkerton, Canada leading to seven deaths in what is known as the

text: Walkerton E. Coli outbreak

text: . The water supply which was drawn from

text: groundwater

text: became contaminated with the highly dangerous

text: strain of

text: E. coli

text: bacteria. This contamination was due to farm runoff into an adjacent

text: water well

text: that was vulnerable to groundwater pollution.

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text: Ukrah is one of the areas where the groundwater is affected by arsenic contamination.

text: Ukrah is one of the areas where the

text: groundwater

text: is affected by

text: arsenic contamination

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answer: 1

text: Sprigg also became active in the Pure Water League, of which he served as chairman. The league was formed in December 1899 for the purpose of cleaning up the pollution of the North Branch Potomac River, Cumberland's main public water source. West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company which was blamed for the majority of the river's pollution. Other cities downstream from the company's Luke pulp mill, including Hancock, complained of pollution and decreased fish populations in the river. The league enlisted U.S. Senator George L. Wellington and U.S. House Representative George Alexander Pearre in seeking congressional support for the river's cleanup. The following year, the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company came to an agreement with the city of Cumberland, promising to abandon its process of using a sulfite process for producing pulp in favor of soda pulping. In exchange, the league and the city of Cumberland abandoned their pending court cases against the company. To celebrate the league's progress toward meeting its goal, it held a "Jubilee Concert" on August 27, 1900, at Cumberland's Riverside Park.

text: Sprigg also became active in the Pure Water League, of which he served as chairman. The league was formed in December 1899 for the purpose of cleaning up the pollution of the North Branch Potomac River, Cumberland's main public water source.

text: West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company

text: which was blamed for the majority of the river's pollution. Other cities downstream from the company's

text: Luke

text: pulp mill, including

text: Hancock

text: , complained of pollution and decreased fish populations in the river. The league enlisted U.S. Senator

text: George L. Wellington

text: and U.S. House Representative

text: George Alexander Pearre

text: in seeking congressional support for the river's cleanup. The following year, the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company came to an agreement with the city of Cumberland, promising to abandon its process of using a

text: sulfite process

text: for producing pulp in favor of

text: soda pulping

text: . In exchange, the league and the city of Cumberland abandoned their pending court cases against the company. To celebrate the league's progress toward meeting its goal, it held a "Jubilee Concert" on August 27, 1900, at Cumberland's Riverside Park.

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answers: Sprigg also became active in the Pure Water League

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: seeking congressional support

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfite

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answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: North Branch Potomac River

answers: NDQ_003968

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answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Each year, one hectare of the Swiss plateau filter an average of four million liters of clean groundwater. According to the Federal Office of Environment, the Swiss basement contains about fifty billion m3 of water. Groundwater is by far the main source of drinking water in Switzerland, covering 80% of requirements. Considering other uses (drinking water and industrial water), groundwater covers 58% of requirements.

text: Each year, one hectare of the Swiss plateau filter an average of four million liters of clean groundwater. According to the Federal Office of Environment, the Swiss basement contains about fifty billion m3 of water. Groundwater is by far the main source of drinking water in Switzerland, covering 80% of requirements. Considering other uses (drinking water and industrial water), groundwater covers 58% of requirements.

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answers: groundwater covers 58% of requirements

answers: NDQ_003962

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answers: NDQ_003968

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answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As plants are able to translocate and accumulate particular types of contaminants, plants can be used as biosensors of subsurface contamination, thereby allowing investigators to quickly delineate contaminant plumes. Chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene, have been observed in tree trunks at concentrations related to groundwater concentrations. To ease field implementation of phytoscreening, standard methods have been developed to extract a section of the tree trunk for later laboratory analysis, often by using an increment borer. Phytoscreening may lead to more optimized site investigations and reduce contaminated site cleanup costs.

text: As plants are able to translocate and accumulate particular types of contaminants, plants can be used as

text: biosensor

text: s of subsurface contamination, thereby allowing investigators to quickly delineate contaminant plumes. Chlorinated solvents, such as

text: trichloroethylene

text: , have been observed in tree trunks at concentrations related to groundwater concentrations. To ease field implementation of phytoscreening, standard methods have been developed to extract a section of the tree trunk for later laboratory analysis, often by using an

text: increment borer

text: . Phytoscreening may lead to more optimized site investigations and reduce contaminated site cleanup costs.

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answers: reduce contaminated site cleanup costs

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Phytoscreening

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: phytoscreening

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: an increment borer

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Phytoscreening

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chlorinated solvents

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated site cleanup costs

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: reduce contaminated site cleanup costs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Chlorinated solvents

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Phytoscreening

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Beyond the simple wear that check standards can experience, the mass of even the carefully stored national prototypes can drift relative to the IPK for a variety of reasons, some known and some unknown. Since the IPK and its replicas are stored in air (albeit under two or more nested bell jars), they gain mass through adsorption of atmospheric contamination onto their surfaces. Accordingly, they are cleaned in a process the BIPM developed between 1939 and 1946 known as "the BIPM cleaning method" that comprises firmly rubbing with a chamois soaked in equal parts ether and ethanol, followed by steam cleaning with bi-distilled water, and allowing the prototypes to settle for  days before verification. Before the BIPM's published report in 1994 detailing the relative change in mass of the prototypes, different standard bodies used different techniques to clean their prototypes. The NIST's practice before then was to soak and rinse its two prototypes first in benzene, then in ethanol, and to then clean them with a jet of bi-distilled water steam. Cleaning the prototypes removes between 5 and 60µg of contamination depending largely on the time elapsed since the last cleaning. Further, a second cleaning can remove up to 10µg more. After cleaning—even when they are stored under their bell jars—the IPK and its replicas immediately begin gaining mass again. The BIPM even developed a model of this gain and concluded that it averaged 1.11µg per month for the first 3 months after cleaning and then decreased to an average of about 1µg per year thereafter. Since check standards like K4 are not cleaned for routine calibrations of other mass standards—a precaution to minimize the potential for wear and handling damage—the BIPM's model of time-dependent mass gain has been used as an "after cleaning" correction factor.

text: Beyond the simple wear that check standards can experience, the mass of even the carefully stored national prototypes can drift relative to the IPK for a variety of reasons, some known and some unknown. Since the IPK and its replicas are stored in air (albeit under two or more nested

text: bell jar

text: s), they gain mass through

text: adsorption

text: of atmospheric contamination onto their surfaces. Accordingly, they are cleaned in a process the BIPM developed between 1939 and 1946 known as "the BIPM cleaning method" that comprises firmly rubbing with a

text: chamois

text: soaked in equal parts

text: ether

text: and

text: ethanol

text: , followed by

text: steam cleaning

text: with bi-

text: distilled water

text: , and allowing the

text: prototypes

text: to settle for  days before verification. Before the BIPM's published report in 1994 detailing the relative change in mass of the prototypes, different standard bodies used different techniques to clean their prototypes. The NIST's practice before then was to soak and rinse its two prototypes first in

text: benzene

text: , then in ethanol, and to then clean them with a jet of bi-distilled water steam. Cleaning the prototypes removes between 5 and 60µg of contamination depending largely on the time elapsed since the last cleaning. Further, a second cleaning can remove up to 10µg more. After cleaning—even when they are stored under their bell jars—the IPK and its replicas immediately begin gaining mass again. The BIPM even developed a model of this gain and concluded that it averaged 1.11µg per month for the first 3 months after cleaning and then decreased to an average of about 1µg per year thereafter. Since check standards like K4 are not cleaned for routine calibrations of other mass standards—a precaution to minimize the potential for wear and handling damage—the BIPM's model of time-dependent mass gain has been used as an "after cleaning" correction factor.

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: adsorption

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Clean the prototypes

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: adsorption

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a precaution to minimize the potential for wear and handling damage

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the IPK and its replicas immediately begin gaining mass again

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Surfaces

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area, its advancing boundary often called a plume edge, which can then intersect with groundwater wells or daylight into surface water such as seeps and springs, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. Different mechanism have influence on the transport of pollutants, e.g. diffusion, adsorption, precipitation, decay, in the groundwater. The interaction of groundwater contamination with surface waters is analyzed by use of hydrology transport models.

text: Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area, its advancing boundary often called a plume edge, which can then intersect with groundwater wells or daylight into surface water such as

text: seep

text: s and

text: spring

text: s, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. Different mechanism have influence on the transport of pollutants, e.g.

text: diffusion

text: adsorption

text: precipitation

text: decay

text: , in the groundwater. The interaction of groundwater contamination with surface waters is analyzed by use of

text: hydrology transport model

text: s.

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater contamination with surface waters

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: interaction of groundwater contamination with surface waters

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: adsorption

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: decay

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Adsorption

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: making the water supplies unsafe for humans

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the interaction of groundwater contamination with surface waters

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Contaminants found in groundwater cover a broad range of physical, inorganic chemical, organic chemical, bacteriological, and radioactive parameters. Principally, many of the same pollutants that play a role in surface water pollution may also be found in polluted groundwater, although their respective importance may differ.

text: Contaminants found in groundwater cover a broad range of physical, inorganic chemical, organic chemical, bacteriological, and radioactive parameters. Principally, many of the same pollutants that play a role in surface

text: water pollution

text: may also be found in polluted groundwater, although their respective importance may differ.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: polluted groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Contaminants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bacteriological

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Protecting groundwater is accomplished through issuance of permits, inspections, as well as continuous monitoring and enforcement of the regulations. ADEQ and other State agencies issue many types of permits for activities that can have a negative effect on groundwater quality. Permits can establish limits for specific chemicals or groups of pollutants or can require BMPs designed to reduce release of pollutants to surface and groundwater resources.

text: Protecting groundwater is accomplished through issuance of permits, inspections, as well as continuous monitoring and enforcement of the regulations. ADEQ and other State agencies issue many types of permits for activities that can have a negative effect on groundwater quality. Permits can establish limits for specific chemicals or groups of pollutants or can require BMPs designed to reduce release of pollutants to surface and groundwater resources.

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answers: BMPs

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: required BMPs

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: BMPs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: BMPs

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: BMPs

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: negative effect on groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater quality

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Petroleum leaks are not infrequent.  Of the three hundred storage tanks in the Española Basin, including tanks no longer in service, 137 releases were reported from the early 1990s until 2007, of which 96 had been closed.  The PSTB has a Corrective Action Fund that may be used to clean up tank leaks and protect groundwater.

text: Petroleum leaks are not infrequent.  Of the three hundred storage tanks in the

text: Española Basin

text: , including tanks no longer in service, 137 releases were reported from the early 1990s until 2007, of which 96 had been closed.  The PSTB has a Corrective Action Fund that may be used to clean up tank leaks and protect groundwater.

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text: The Wedding Belles is produced and filmed in and around Vancouver, British Columbia. Some episodes were filmed abroad; the London segment featuring the marriage of Prince William and Kate Middleton as well as the wedding of Groundwater Law filmed in Tuscany, Italy.  Arnason & Groundwater Law produce the series which airs on Shaw Television via The Express.

text: The Wedding Belles is produced and filmed in and around

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text: , British Columbia. Some episodes were filmed abroad; the

text: London

text: segment featuring the marriage of

text: Prince William

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text: as well as the wedding of Groundwater Law filmed in

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text: , Italy.  Arnason & Groundwater Law produce the series which airs on Shaw Television via The Express.

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text: Over ten years later, on June 9, 2008, the EPA announced its five-year plan for the clean-up of uranium contamination on the Navajo Nation. This five-year plan contained nine specific objectives for 2008-2012: assess up to 500 contaminated structures and remediate those that pose a health risk; assess up to 70 potentially contaminated water sources and assist those affected by it; assess and require cleanup of AUMs via a tiered ranking system of high priority mines; clean Church Rock Mine, the highest-priority mine; remediate groundwater of abandoned uranium milling sites; assess the Highway 160 site; assess and clean Tuba City Dump; assess and treat health conditions for populations near AUMs; and lastly to summarize the action of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in its assistance to the Navajo Nation’s cleanup efforts. Since the introduction of the five-year plan, the EPA has released a progress report (available online) each consecutive year. As of August 2011, the EPA lists its accomplishments as: screening 683 structures, sampling 250 unregulated water sources and shutting down 3 such contaminated sources, provision of public outreach and educational programs for safe water practices, instituting a 2.6 million dollar water hauling feasibility project, and providing up to 386 homes with clean drinking water through a 20 million dollar project with Indian Health Services. For 2012, the EPA has listed its next steps as replacing 6 contaminated structures, demolishing other contaminated structures, and continuing screening of these structures for referral to the EPA’s Response Program. The 2011 progress report also lists Church Rock, the Oljato Mesa, and the Mariano Lake Mine as sites of current or proposed remediation.

text: Over ten years later, on June 9, 2008, the EPA announced its five-year plan for the clean-up of uranium contamination on the Navajo Nation. This five-year plan contained nine specific objectives for 2008-2012: assess up to 500 contaminated structures and remediate those that pose a health risk; assess up to 70 potentially contaminated water sources and assist those affected by it; assess and require cleanup of AUMs via a tiered ranking system of high priority mines; clean Church Rock Mine, the highest-priority mine; remediate groundwater of abandoned uranium milling sites; assess the Highway 160 site; assess and clean Tuba City Dump; assess and treat health conditions for populations near AUMs; and lastly to summarize the action of the

text: Nuclear Regulatory Commission

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answers: groundwater of abandoned uranium milling sites

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean Tuba City Dump

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Church Rock Mine

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediate groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: uranium contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean Tuba City Dump

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Current practices can still impact groundwater, such as the over application of fertilizer or pesticides, spills from industrial operations, infiltration from urban runoff, and leaking from landfills. Using contaminated groundwater causes hazards to public health through poisoning or the spread of disease, and the practice of groundwater remediation has been developed to address these issues. Contaminants found in groundwater cover a broad range of physical, inorganic chemical, organic chemical, bacteriological, and radioactive parameters. Pollutants and contaminants can be removed from groundwater by applying various techniques, thereby bringing the water to a standard that is commensurate with various intended uses.

text: Current practices can still impact groundwater, such as the over application of

text: fertilizer

text: or

text: pesticide

text: s,

text: spills

text: from

text: industrial

text: operations, infiltration from

text: urban runoff

text: , and leaking from

text: landfill

text: s. Using contaminated groundwater causes hazards to

text: public health

text: through

text: poisoning

text: or the spread of disease, and the practice of groundwater remediation has been developed to address these issues. Contaminants found in groundwater cover a broad range of physical, inorganic chemical, organic chemical, bacteriological, and radioactive parameters. Pollutants and contaminants can be removed from groundwater by applying various techniques, thereby bringing the water to a standard that is commensurate with various intended uses.

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answers: Groundwater remediation has been developed to address these issues

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Using contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Contaminants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bacteriological

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Pollutants and contaminants can be removed from groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: inorganic chemical

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: From 1948 to 2001, the Oroville Plant conducted wood treatment operations to prevent wood from deteriorating. In 1963, an on-site fire released 20,000 gallons of pentachlorophenol (PCP) from tanks onto the soil. Another fire was documented in 1987 releasing high levels of dioxins. With many orders and remedial actions to clean up the site, KCI Superfund Site is under monitored recovery to clean the affected groundwater and soil contamination. The goal is to return the original source of groundwater to the 10,650 people living in the surrounding area.

text: From 1948 to 2001, the Oroville Plant conducted wood treatment operations to prevent wood from deteriorating. In 1963, an on-site fire released 20,000 gallons of pentachlorophenol (PCP) from tanks onto the soil. Another fire was documented in 1987 releasing high levels of dioxins. With many orders and remedial actions to clean up the site, KCI Superfund Site is under monitored recovery to clean the affected groundwater and soil contamination. The goal is to return the original source of groundwater to the 10,650 people living in the surrounding area.

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answers: remedial actions to clean up the site

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remedial actions

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answers: remedial actions

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The goal is to return the original source

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater and soil contamination

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Environmental issues can include erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes. In some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of mines to create space for the storage of the created debris and soil. Contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals can also affect the health of the local population if not properly controlled. Extreme examples of pollution from mining activities include coal fires, which can last for years or even decades, producing massive amounts of environmental damage.

text: Environmental issues

text: can include

text: erosion

text: , formation of

text: sinkhole

text: s, loss of

text: biodiversity

text: , and

text: contamination of soil

text: groundwater

text: and

text: surface water

text: by chemicals from mining processes. In some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of mines to create space for the storage of the created debris and soil. Contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals can also affect the health of the local population if not properly controlled. Extreme examples of pollution from mining activities include

text: coal fires

text: , which can last for years or even decades, producing massive amounts of environmental damage.

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answers: properly controlled

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answers: the health of the local population

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answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Domtar also operated a wood treatment facility in Cochrane, Alberta, treating railroad ties. This ceased operation about 1982, leaving significantly contaminated land. The latest of several clean-up operations is attempting to prevent the underground migration of the main contaminant plume. Building of non-residential structures is now in progress on part of the land.

text: Domtar also operated a wood treatment facility in

text: Cochrane, Alberta

text: , treating

text: railroad

text: ties. This ceased operation about 1982, leaving significantly contaminated land. The latest of several clean-up operations is attempting to prevent the underground migration of the main contaminant plume. Building of non-residential structures is now in progress on part of the land.

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answers: The latest of several clean-up operations

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Building of non-residential structures

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Domtar

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: underground migration

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: underground migration

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: underground migration of the main contaminant plume

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: underground

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: underground

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: TCP does not contaminate soil. Instead, it leaks down into groundwater and settles at the bottom of the reservoir because TCP is more dense than water. This makes TCP in its pure form a DNAPL (Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid) and it is, therefore, harder to remove it from groundwater. There is no evidence that TCP can naturally decompose, but it might in favorable conditions. Groundwater remediation of TCP can occur through in situ chemical oxidation, permeable reactive barriers, and other remediation techniques. Several TCP remediation strategies have been studied and/or applied with varying degrees of success. These include extraction with granular activated carbon, in situ chemical oxidation, and in situ chemical reduction. Recent studies suggest that reduction with zerovalent metals, particularly zerovalent zinc, may be particularly effective in TCP remediation. Bioremediation may also be a promising clean-up technique.

text: TCP does not contaminate soil. Instead, it leaks down into groundwater and settles at the bottom of the reservoir because TCP is more dense than water. This makes TCP in its pure form a DNAPL (Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid) and it is, therefore, harder to remove it from groundwater. There is no evidence that TCP can naturally decompose, but it might in favorable conditions. Groundwater remediation of TCP can occur through

text: in situ chemical oxidation

text: permeable reactive barrier

text: s, and other remediation techniques. Several TCP remediation strategies have been studied and/or applied with varying degrees of success. These include extraction with granular activated carbon, in situ chemical oxidation, and in situ chemical reduction. Recent studies suggest that reduction with zerovalent metals, particularly zerovalent zinc, may be particularly effective in TCP remediation. Bioremediation may also be a promising clean-up technique.

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 3

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: TCP

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: TCP in its pure form a DNAPL

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: there is no evidence that TCP can naturally decompose

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: TCP

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It is, therefore, harder to remove it from groundwater

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: DNAPLs that are not viscous, such as chlorinated solvents, tend to sink into aquifer materials below the water table and become much more difficult to locate and remediate than non aqueous phase liquids that are lighter than water (LNAPLs) which tend to float at the water table when spilled into natural soils. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has focused considerable attention on the remediation of DNAPL which can be costly. Removal or in situ destruction of DNAPLs eliminates the potential exposure to the compounds in the environment and can be an effective method for remediation; however, at some DNAPL sites remediation of DNAPL may not be practicable, and containment may be the only viable remedial action. The USEPA has a program to address sites where DNAPL removal is not practicable for remediation projects under CERCLA under the Resource Conservation and Recovery ActDense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), have low solubility and are with viscosity markedly lower and density higher than water-asphalt, heavy oils, lubricants and also chlorinated solvents-penetrate the full depth of the aquifer and accumulate on its bottom. "DNAPL movement follows the slope of the impermeable strata underlying the aquifer and can move in the opposite direction to the groundwater gradient."

text: DNAPLs that are not viscous, such as chlorinated solvents, tend to sink into aquifer materials below the water table and become much more difficult to locate and remediate than non aqueous phase liquids that are lighter than water (

text: LNAPL

text: s) which tend to float at the water table when spilled into natural soils. The

entity_name: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (USEPA) has focused considerable attention on the remediation of DNAPL which can be costly. Removal or in situ destruction of DNAPLs eliminates the potential exposure to the compounds in the environment and can be an effective method for remediation; however, at some DNAPL sites remediation of DNAPL may not be practicable, and containment may be the only viable remedial action. The USEPA has a program to address sites where DNAPL removal is not practicable for remediation projects under

text: CERCLA

text: under the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: Dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), have low solubility and are with viscosity markedly lower and density higher than water-asphalt, heavy oils, lubricants and also chlorinated solvents-penetrate the full depth of the aquifer and accumulate on its bottom. "DNAPL movement follows the slope of the impermeable strata underlying the aquifer and can move in the opposite direction to the groundwater gradient."

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 3

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Removal or in situ destruction of DNAPLs

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: containment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: DNAPLs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: in situ destruction

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: in situ destruction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: costly

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: in situ destruction of DNAPLs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Chlorinated solvents

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: DNAPLs that are not viscous

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are also packages using other patch systems, such as dpatch. It generates and executes shell scripts that are non-standard unified diff files with a header, which nevertheless are compatible with the standard diff utility. The debian/rules file is modified to call dpatch apply-all before building the binary package and dpatch deapply-all before building the source package (and cleaning up any build byproducts). quilt and certain other patch systems eliminate the need for special headers and use standard diff files.

text: There are also packages using other patch systems, such as dpatch. It generates and executes

text: shell scripts

text: that are non-standard

text: unified diff

text: files with a header, which nevertheless are compatible with the standard diff utility. The debian/rules file is modified to call dpatch apply-all before building the binary package and dpatch deapply-all before building the source package (and cleaning up any build byproducts). quilt and certain other patch systems eliminate the need for special headers and use standard diff files.

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answers: It generates and executes shell scripts

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: patch

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answers: quilt

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answers: build byproducts

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answers: clean up any build byproducts

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In situ can refer to where a clean up or remediation of a polluted site is performed using and simulating the natural processes in the soil, contrary to ex situ where contaminated soil is excavated and cleaned elsewhere, off site.

text: In situ can refer to where a clean up or

text: remediation

text: of a

text: polluted

text: site is performed using and simulating the natural processes in the

text: soil

text: , contrary to

text: ex situ

text: where contaminated soil is excavated and cleaned elsewhere, off site.

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answers: In situ

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: In situ

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ex situ

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: In situ

answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: ex situ

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: In situ

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: In situ

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: In situ

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit and a water source – a problem that also applies to septic tanks. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect groundwater sources from pollution from on-site sanitation. However, these are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition to that, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit and a water source – a problem that also applies to

text: septic tank

text: s. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect

text: groundwater

text: sources from pollution from on-site

text: sanitation

text: . However, these are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition to that, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe This results in

text: groundwater pollution

text: and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

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text: In Sept 2009, CAN teamed up with a youth filmmaking non-governmental organization, Focus on Film, to raise public awareness about the issue of Hong Kong’s air quality. "Clean Air 1-2 Go" involved 200 students who made short films about Hong Kong’s air pollution that were eventually aired on monitors in Hong Kong’s major malls.

text: In Sept 2009, CAN teamed up with a youth filmmaking non-governmental organization, Focus on Film, to raise public awareness about the issue of Hong Kong’s air quality. "Clean Air 1-2 Go" involved 200 students who made short films about Hong Kong’s air pollution that were eventually aired on monitors in Hong Kong’s major malls.

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answers: Clean Air 1-2 Go

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text: Carr was ordered to proceed to Naval Station Mayport.  Arriving the next morning, the local community had staged relief supplies to be taken to Charleston.  The next day, Carr was directed to return to her homeport.  Upon arrival, there were no shore services, so the Engineering Department kept the engineering plant on line to provide power, air-conditioning, fresh water and other support services.  Crew members were dispatched, during the day, to assist in the clean up of the Naval Station, the Naval Weapons Station and the local community.  As time permitted, they also helped each other's families secure their belongings and clean up their homes.  For this response the natural disaster, Carr was awarded the Humanitarian Service Medal.

text: Carr was ordered to proceed to Naval Station Mayport.  Arriving the next morning, the local community had staged relief supplies to be taken to Charleston.  The next day, Carr was directed to return to her homeport.  Upon arrival, there were no shore services, so the Engineering Department kept the engineering plant on line to provide power, air-conditioning, fresh water and other support services.  Crew members were dispatched, during the day, to assist in the clean up of the Naval Station, the Naval Weapons Station and the local community.  As time permitted, they also helped each other's families secure their belongings and clean up their homes.  For this response the natural disaster, Carr was awarded the

text: Humanitarian Service Medal

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answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up their homes

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Carr

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Marine bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: there were no shore services

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The groundwater pumpout system was constructed in 1985 and pumped contaminated groundwater from three wells to a storm sewer.  A pilot groundwater aeration (air injection) system was added in 1992 to augment the pumpout system.  Additional air injection wells were placed in operation in 1995 to aerate the width of the contaminant plume while pumping continued.  From 2001 to 2008, various combinations of pumping and air injection were used to control groundwater.  Since 2008, an expanded air injection system has been used alone to control and treat contaminants in groundwater.

text: The groundwater pumpout system was constructed in 1985 and pumped contaminated groundwater from three wells to a storm sewer.  A pilot groundwater aeration (air injection) system was added in 1992 to augment the pumpout system.  Additional air injection wells were placed in operation in 1995 to aerate the width of the contaminant plume while pumping continued.  From 2001 to 2008, various combinations of pumping and air injection were used to control groundwater.  Since 2008, an expanded air injection system has been used alone to control and treat contaminants in groundwater.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pumping and air injection

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: air injection

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater aeration

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: air injection

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: an expanded air injection system

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminant plume

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: In situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Severe conditions, such as extremely high temperatures and lack of water and fertile soil, hinder increased agricultural production. Orthents, the predominant soil type in the peninsula, accounting for approximately 1,020,000 ha., are unfavorable for crop cultivation because of their extreme shallowness. The limited groundwater that permits agriculture in some areas is being depleted so rapidly that saltwater is encroaching and making the soil inhospitable to all but the most salt-resistant crops.  The northern section of Qatar comprises the most significant source of fresh groundwater in the country, mainly due to the more advantageous hydro-geological conditions than those that exist in the southern section of the country. The rate of groundwater extraction in 1966 was 20 mm3/year. This increased to 120 mm3/year by 2000. Studies have approximated that aquifer storage will be completely exhausted by 2025.

text: Severe conditions, such as extremely high temperatures and lack of water and fertile soil, hinder increased

text: agricultural production

text: Orthent

text: s, the predominant soil type in the peninsula, accounting for approximately 1,020,000 ha., are unfavorable for crop cultivation because of their extreme shallowness. The limited

text: groundwater

text: that permits agriculture in some areas is being depleted so rapidly that

text: saltwater

text: is encroaching and making the soil inhospitable to all but the most salt-resistant crops.  The northern section of Qatar comprises the most significant source of fresh groundwater in the country, mainly due to the more advantageous hydro-geological conditions than those that exist in the southern section of the country. The rate of groundwater extraction in 1966 was 20 mm3/year. This increased to 120 mm3/year by 2000. Studies have approximated that aquifer storage will be completely exhausted by 2025.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater extraction in 1966 was 20 mm3/year

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: saltwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The rate of groundwater extraction in 1966 was 20 mm3/year

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: saltwater is encroaching

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: saltwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A major groundwater plume containing the contaminant PCE was discovered in Merced in the year 1987.  Subsequently, drilling of new water wells was severely restricted.

text: A major groundwater plume containing the contaminant

text: PCE

text: was discovered in Merced in the year 1987.  Subsequently, drilling of new water wells was severely restricted.

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answers: 4

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answers: groundwater plume

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Chemical contamination is a common problem with groundwater. Nitrates from sewage, sewage sludge or fertilizer are a particular problem for babies and young children. Pollutant chemicals include pesticides and volatile organic compounds from gasoline, dry-cleaning, the fuel additive methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and perchlorate from rocket fuel, airbag inflators, and other artificial and natural sources.

text: Chemical contamination is a common problem with groundwater.

text: Nitrate

text: s from

text: sewage

text: sewage sludge

text: or

text: fertilizer

text: are a particular problem for babies and young children. Pollutant chemicals include

text: pesticide

text: s and

text: volatile organic compound

text: s from

text: gasoline

text: dry-cleaning

text: , the fuel additive

text: methyl tert-butyl ether

text: (MTBE), and

text: perchlorate

text: from rocket fuel, airbag inflators, and other artificial and natural sources.

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answers: Chemical contamination is a common problem with groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Pollutant chemicals

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Nitrates

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Chemical contamination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: dry-cleaning

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Volatile organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Up to the year 2003, 33,600 cubic yards or sedimentation, sludge and soil have been removed for disposal and incineration. The area was then back filled with top soil. In June 2011, a five-year review of the site was published. At that time the remediation status was complete as of date: 9/21/2004. Finally a fence has been installed around the entire site to restrict access and protect human health but has been breached in several locations. The downstream area was cleaned up to residential levels. It was recommended that the NJDEP continued monitoring off Site groundwater for five years. The final suggestion was "Since hazardous substances, pollutants or contaminants remain at the Site which do not allow for unlimited use or unrestricted exposure, in accordance with 40 CFR 300.430 (f) (4) (ii), the remedial action for the Site shall be reviewed no less often than every five years. EPA will conduct another five-year review prior to June 2016."

text: Up to the year 2003, 33,600 cubic yards or sedimentation, sludge and soil have been removed for disposal and incineration. The area was then back filled with top soil. In June 2011, a five-year review of the site was published. At that time the remediation status was complete as of date: 9/21/2004. Finally a fence has been installed around the entire site to restrict access and protect human health but has been breached in several locations. The downstream area was cleaned up to residential levels. It was recommended that the NJDEP continued monitoring off Site groundwater for five years. The final suggestion was "Since hazardous substances, pollutants or contaminants remain at the Site which do not allow for unlimited use or unrestricted exposure, in accordance with 40 CFR 300.430 (f) (4) (ii), the remedial action for the Site shall be reviewed no less often than every five years. EPA will conduct another five-year review prior to June 2016."

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text: Many states, or concerned citizens of the state, have established their own programs to help promote pollution clean-up strategies.

text: Many states, or concerned citizens of the state, have established their own programs to help promote pollution clean-up strategies.

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text: The former DEW Line sites were operated using practices and materials accepted by the environmental standards of the time. With their closure and many of them rebuilt as NWS sites, a clean-up project was undertaken to remove surplus infrastructure, treat chemically contaminated soils, and stabilize landfill sites. The clean-up was designed to keep chemical contamination from the DEW Line sites out of the Arctic food chain, and ensure that the sites are restored to an environmentally safe condition. In 1989, the Canadian Department of National Defence (DND) started investigating the environmental conditions of the DEW Line sites and commenced clean-up work at two sites in 1996. The clean-up of 21 sites is scheduled to be completed in 2013. Currently, 14 sites have been cleaned up and the remaining seven are on-going in Nunavut.

text: The former DEW Line sites were operated using practices and materials accepted by the environmental standards of the time. With their closure and many of them rebuilt as NWS sites, a clean-up project was undertaken to remove surplus infrastructure, treat chemically contaminated soils, and stabilize landfill sites. The clean-up was designed to keep chemical contamination from the DEW Line sites out of the

text: Arctic

text: food chain, and ensure that the sites are restored to an environmentally safe condition. In 1989, the Canadian

text: Department of National Defence

text: (DND) started investigating the environmental conditions of the DEW Line sites and commenced clean-up work at two sites in 1996. The clean-up of 21 sites is scheduled to be completed in 2013. Currently, 14 sites have been cleaned up and the remaining seven are on-going in Nunavut.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat chemically contaminated soils

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminated soils

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: many of them rebuilt as NWS sites

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: keep chemical contamination from the DEW Line sites out of the Arctic food chain

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: chemical contamination

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Abating the effects of pollution draws funds from other sources to pay for cleaning up the environment (Sanderson, 1994).  This decreases the value of

text: Abating the effects of pollution draws funds from other sources to pay for cleaning up the environment (

text: Sanderson, 1994

text: ).  This decreases the value of

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answers: NDQ_003962

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answers: NDQ_003963

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answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumping water to the surface

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In November 2002, the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights asserted that access to clean, safe water goes beyond the classification of water as an economic commodity. The committee stressed the fundamental right of sufficient access to clean water for both domestic and personal use. “The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity.” With this in mind, manufacturers of water pumps, like those produced by GOAZ Development in Malaysia, have a wide range of potential customers: governments, non- governmental organizations, women’s groups, community groups and other organizations of various types interested to developing access to groundwater.

text: In November 2002, the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights asserted that access to clean, safe water goes beyond the classification of water as an economic commodity. The committee stressed the fundamental right of sufficient access to clean water for both domestic and personal use. “The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity.” With this in mind, manufacturers of water pumps, like those produced by GOAZ Development in Malaysia, have a wide range of potential customers: governments, non- governmental organizations, women’s groups, community groups and other organizations of various types interested to developing access to groundwater.

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: manufacturers of water pumps

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sufficient access to clean water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: GOAZ Development

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: GOAZ Development

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In Hindu traditions, cremation is one of the rites of passage and the Ghats of Varanasi are considered one of the auspicious locations for this ritual. At the time of the cremation or "last rites", a "Puja" (prayer) is performed. Hymns and mantras are recited during cremation to mark the ritual. The Manikarnika and Harishchandra Ghats are dedicated to the cremation ritual. Annually, less than 2 in 1000 people who die in India, or 25,000 to 30,000 bodies are cremated on various Varanasi Ghats; about an average of 80 per day. This practice has become controversial for the pollution it causes to the river. In 1980s, the Government of India funded a Clean Ganges initiative, to address cremation and other sources of pollution along the Ghats of Varanasi. In many cases, the cremation is done elsewhere and only the ashes are dispersed into the river near these Ghats.

text: In

text: Hindu

text: traditions, cremation is one of the

text: rites of passage

text: and the Ghats of Varanasi are considered one of the auspicious locations for this ritual. At the time of the cremation or "last rites", a "

text: Puja

text: " (prayer) is performed. Hymns and mantras are recited during cremation to mark the ritual. The Manikarnika and Harishchandra Ghats are dedicated to the cremation ritual. Annually, less than 2 in 1000 people who die in India, or 25,000 to 30,000 bodies are cremated on various Varanasi Ghats; about an average of 80 per day. This practice has become controversial for the pollution it causes to the river. In 1980s, the Government of India funded a Clean Ganges initiative, to address cremation and other sources of pollution along the Ghats of Varanasi. In many cases, the cremation is done elsewhere and only the ashes are dispersed into the river near these Ghats.

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answers: Clean Ganges initiative

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: address cremation and other sources of pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

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answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On-site sanitation systems can be designed in such a way that groundwater pollution from these sanitation systems is prevented from occurring. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect groundwater sources from pollution from on-site sanitation. The following criteria have been proposed for safe siting (i.e. deciding on the location) of on-site sanitation systems:

text: On-site sanitation systems can be designed in such a way that groundwater pollution from these sanitation systems is prevented from occurring. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect

text: groundwater

text: sources from pollution from on-site

text: sanitation

text: . The following criteria have been proposed for safe siting (i.e. deciding on the location) of on-site sanitation systems:

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater pollution from these sanitation systems is prevented

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect groundwater sources

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: On-site sanitation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater pollution from these sanitation systems

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Each POCIS disk will sample a certain volume of water per day. The volume of water sampled varies from chemical to chemical and is dependent on the physical and chemical properties of the compound as well as the duration of sampling. The sampling rate of POCIS can vary with changes in the water flow, turbulence, temperature, and the buildup of solids on the sampler’s surface. The accumulation of contaminants into a POCIS device is the result of three successive process occurring at the same time. First, the contaminants have to diffuse across the water boundary layer. The thickness of this layer is dependent on water flow and turbulence around the sampler and can significantly alter sampling rates. Second, the contaminant must transport across the membrane either through the water-filled pores or through the membrane itself. Finally, contaminants transfer from the membrane into the sorbent material mainly through adsorption. These last two steps make the modeling, understanding, and prediction of accumulation by a POCIS device challenging. To date, a limited number of chemical sampling rates have been determined.

text: Each POCIS disk will sample a certain volume of water per day. The volume of water sampled varies from chemical to chemical and is dependent on the

text: physical

text: and

text: chemical

text: properties of the compound as well as the duration of sampling. The sampling rate of POCIS can vary with changes in the water flow, turbulence, temperature, and the buildup of solids on the sampler’s surface. The accumulation of contaminants into a POCIS device is the result of three successive process occurring at the same time. First, the contaminants have to diffuse across the water

text: boundary layer

text: . The thickness of this layer is dependent on water flow and turbulence around the sampler and can significantly alter sampling rates. Second, the contaminant must transport across the membrane either through the water-filled pores or through the membrane itself. Finally, contaminants transfer from the membrane into the sorbent material mainly through

text: adsorption

text: . These last two steps make the modeling, understanding, and prediction of accumulation by a POCIS device challenging. To date, a limited number of chemical sampling rates have been determined.

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answers: To date, a limited number of chemical sampling rates

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sampling

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: POCIS

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: POCIS

answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: NDQ_003966

answers: To date, a limited number of chemical sampling rates have been determined

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: POCIS device

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: solids on the sampler’s surface

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: In situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The soil cleanup at the FMC site and installation of groundwater extraction wells were completed between 1983 and 1987.  In addition to storing contaminated soil in an on-site vault, the cleanup also included pumping contaminated groundwater and transporting it to a nearby treatment plant.  Routine monitoring of groundwater began in 1987 and continues to this day.  Although concentrations of VOCs in groundwater have decreased in most monitoring wells, pumping will continue until cleanup goals have been met.

text: The soil cleanup at the FMC site and installation of groundwater extraction wells were completed between 1983 and 1987.  In addition to storing contaminated soil in an on-site vault, the cleanup also included pumping contaminated groundwater and transporting it to a nearby treatment plant.  Routine monitoring of groundwater began in 1987 and continues to this day.  Although concentrations of VOCs in groundwater have decreased in most monitoring wells, pumping will continue until cleanup goals have been met.

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answers: 3

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answers: 2

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answers: pumping will continue until cleanup goals have been met

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: VOCs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: soil cleanup

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated soil in an on-site vault

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: treatment plant

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: VOCs

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Remediation of groundwater contaminated by anthropogenic sources often is required to restore groundwater to its previous uses. Numerous sites in Arkansas have been investigated or remediated under voluntary actions, through enforcement, or under hazardous waste permits. Most cleanups are overseen by ADEQ, but if radiological materials are involved, ADH will lead the cleanup effort. This section describes some of the programs through which groundwater remediation is managed in Arkansas.

text: Remediation of groundwater contaminated by anthropogenic sources often is required to restore groundwater to its previous uses. Numerous sites in Arkansas have been investigated or remediated under voluntary actions, through enforcement, or under hazardous waste permits. Most cleanups are overseen by ADEQ, but if radiological materials are involved, ADH will lead the cleanup effort. This section describes some of the programs through which groundwater remediation is managed in Arkansas.

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answers: Remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: radiological materials

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

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answers: radiological materials are involved

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answers: restore groundwater to its previous uses

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answers: groundwater remediation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Giant reed is adapted to a wide variety of ecological conditions, but is generally associated with riparian and wetland systems. It is distributed across the southern United States from Maryland to California. Plants can grow in a variety of soils, from heavy clays to loose sands and gravelly soils, but prefer wet drained soils, where they produce monotypic dense stands. In soil contaminated with arsenic, cadmium and lead, giant reed was found to grow rapidly, showing a strong metal-tolerance, with a limited metal translocation from roots to shoots. In this study, it is underlined that accumulation of As, Cd and Pb in shoots of giant reed is low, while metal concentration in roots is high, and the anatomical characteristics of stem tissues are thick and homogeneous according to SEM image. In Pakistan, where the detection of arsenic in  ground waters has threatened the use of groundwater as major source of drinking water, a research highlighted the phytoremediation potential of A. donax when grown in hydroponics cultures containing arsenic concentrations up to 1000 µg l. Giant reed was able to translocate the metals absorbed into the shoot and to accumulate metals in the stalk and leaves above the root concentration without showing any toxic effects up to As concentration of 600 µg l. Furthermore, the plant is not consumed by herbivores, a positive trait in phytoremediation plants.

text: Giant reed is adapted to a wide variety of ecological conditions, but is generally associated with riparian and wetland systems. It is distributed across the southern

text: United States

text: from

text: Maryland

text: to

text: California

text: . Plants can grow in a variety of soils, from heavy clays to loose sands and gravelly soils, but prefer wet drained soils, where they produce

text: monotypic

text: dense stands. In soil contaminated with

text: arsenic

text: cadmium

text: and

text: lead

text: , giant reed was found to grow rapidly, showing a strong metal-tolerance, with a limited metal translocation from roots to shoots. In this study, it is underlined that accumulation of As, Cd and Pb in shoots of giant reed is low, while metal concentration in roots is high, and the anatomical characteristics of stem tissues are thick and homogeneous according to

text: SEM

text: image. In

text: Pakistan

text: , where the detection of

text: arsenic

text: in

text: ground waters

text: has threatened the use of groundwater as major source of drinking water, a research highlighted the

text: phytoremediation

text: potential of A. donax when grown in

text: hydroponics

text: cultures containing arsenic concentrations up to 1000 µ

text: g

text: l

text: . Giant reed was able to translocate the metals absorbed into the shoot and to accumulate metals in the

text: stalk

text: and

text: leaves

text: above the

text: root

text: concentration without showing any toxic effects up to As concentration of 600 µ

text: g

text: l. Furthermore, the plant is not consumed by

text: herbivore

text: s, a positive trait in

text: phytoremediation

text: plants.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Giant reed

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Giant reed

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: phytoremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: hydroponics

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the plant is not consumed by herbivores

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater as major source of drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The plant is not consumed by herbivores

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Newer UCG technologies and practices claim to address environmental concerns, such as issues related to groundwater contamination, by implementing the “Clean Cavern” concept. This is the process whereby the gasifier is self-cleaned via the steam produced during operation and also after decommissioning. Another important practice is maintaining the pressure of the underground gasifier below that of the surrounding groundwater. The pressure difference forces groundwater to flow continuously into the gasifier and no chemical from the gasifier can escape into the surrounding strata. The pressure is controlled by the operator using pressure valves at the surface.

text: Newer UCG technologies and practices claim to address environmental concerns, such as issues related to groundwater contamination, by implementing the “Clean Cavern” concept. This is the process whereby the gasifier is self-cleaned via the steam produced during operation and also after decommissioning. Another important practice is maintaining the pressure of the underground gasifier below that of the surrounding groundwater. The pressure difference forces groundwater to flow continuously into the gasifier and no chemical from the gasifier can escape into the surrounding strata. The pressure is controlled by the operator using pressure valves at the surface.

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answers: Newer UCG technologies and practices claim to address environmental concerns

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: maintaining the pressure

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: gasifier

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Clean Cavern

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: UCG

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The pressure difference forces groundwater to flow continuously into the gasifier

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1981, a plume of contaminated groundwater was discovered beneath the former  Ammunition Plant, which occupies 20 square miles west of Grand Island. The plume extended to northeast of the plant for about five miles and migrated towards Grand Island. RDX was discovered at 371 parts per billion (ppb) and TNT at 445 ppb on the plant site and just over 100 ppb off-site. The safe drinking water standard for RDX and TNT is 2 ppb.

text: In 1981, a plume of contaminated groundwater was discovered beneath the former  Ammunition Plant, which occupies 20 square miles west of Grand Island. The plume extended to northeast of the plant for about five miles and migrated towards Grand Island.

text: RDX

text: was discovered at 371 parts per billion (ppb) and

text: TNT

text: at 445 ppb on the plant site and just over 100 ppb off-site. The safe drinking water standard for RDX and TNT is 2 ppb.

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answers: groundwater is easier and cheaper to clean up than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: TNT

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bacteria-based remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: safe drinking water standard

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As part of the remediation action, the City of Montgomery planted two acres of poplar trees, which take up and break down contaminants from shallow groundwater through their roots.  The Alliance has submitted a work plan to complete the assessment of the plume area. During the years of analysis and cleanup, the downtown area has remained open for business and redevelopment. This includes the building of a new Riverfront Amphitheater, a Conference Complex, and parks and attracting new retail outlets, housing, offices, and industry.

text: As part of the remediation action, the City of Montgomery planted two acres of

text: poplar

text: trees, which take up and break down contaminants from shallow groundwater through their roots.  The Alliance has submitted a work plan to complete the assessment of the plume area. During the years of analysis and cleanup, the downtown area has remained open for business and redevelopment. This includes the building of a new Riverfront Amphitheater, a Conference Complex, and parks and attracting new retail outlets, housing, offices, and industry.

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answers: NDQ_003962

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answers: NDQ_003963

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answers: NDQ_003964

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answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: shallow groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Alectoria sarmentosa is a long-lived, perennial lichen. It is also sometimes classified as a fungus. It is a light greenish colored and fruticose or bushy bodied.  This epiphytic lichen belonging to the Alectoriaceae family and the suborder Lecanorineae, which includes six similar species. A. sarmentosa grows draped or strung over conifer tree limbs and deciduous shrub branches in Northern temperate rainforest. This lichen favors mature and old growth, wet conifer and hardwood forests with clean air. A. sarmentosa is sensitive to air pollution and used for air quality monitoring. Areas required by A. sarmentosa are found in northern and southern  temperate zones and receive high rainfall. This lichen is commonly found in transitional areas between valley and mountainous forests, but usually avoiding the immediate coast.

text: Alectoria sarmentosa is a long-lived, perennial

text: lichen

text: . It is also sometimes classified as a

text: fungus

text: . It is a light greenish colored and

text: fruticose

text: or bushy bodied.  This

text: epiphytic

text: lichen belonging to the

text: Alectoriaceae

text: family and the suborder

text: Lecanorineae

text: , which includes six similar species. A. sarmentosa grows draped or strung over conifer tree limbs and deciduous shrub branches in Northern

text: temperate rainforest

text: . This lichen favors mature and

text: old growth

text: , wet

text: conifer

text: and hardwood forests with clean air. A. sarmentosa is sensitive to air pollution and used for

text: air quality monitoring

text: . Areas required by A. sarmentosa are found in northern and southern

text: temperate zones

text: and receive high rainfall. This lichen is commonly found in transitional areas between valley and mountainous forests, but usually avoiding the immediate coast.

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answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean air

answers: NDQ_003963

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answers: NDQ_003964

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answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: A. sarmentosa

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: After a well blowout by Windsor Energy Corp near Clark, Wyoming in August 2006, which forced evacuations and took nearly 56 hours to plug with drilling mud, liquid gas condensate and natural gas were released through a cracked well casing 255 feet below ground. On January 12, 2007 the DEQ water quality division issued a notice of violation; the company settled in August 2007 by promising to participate in the 'Voluntary Remediation Program' and paid a $2,812.50 fine. Monitoring wells showed groundwater contamination, but didn't include residential areas. In 2007, elevated levels of benzene in one private water well sped up the 2009 clean up schedule; Windsor had to deliver a clean up plan to the DEQ by May 1, 2008.  Not until 2010 did residents learn about the plan. In May 2011, Windsor presented a final remedy draft to Clark residents in a public meeting, where residents criticized lack of monitoring private wells and "some expressed frustration with Wyoming state laws that they feel favor industry over personal property rights", and where "county and the state both work together, and they’re all extremely pro industry".

text: After a

text: well blowout

text: by Windsor Energy Corp near

text: Clark, Wyoming

text: in August 2006, which forced evacuations and took nearly 56 hours to plug with drilling mud, liquid gas condensate and natural gas were released through a cracked

text: well casing

text: 255 feet below ground. On January 12, 2007 the DEQ water quality division issued a notice of violation; the company settled in August 2007 by promising to participate in the 'Voluntary Remediation Program' and paid a $2,812.50 fine. Monitoring wells showed groundwater contamination, but didn't include residential areas. In 2007, elevated levels of

text: benzene

text: in one private water well sped up the 2009 clean up schedule; Windsor had to deliver a

text: clean up

text: plan to the DEQ by May 1, 2008.  Not until 2010 did residents learn about the plan. In May 2011, Windsor presented a final remedy draft to Clark residents in a public meeting, where residents criticized lack of monitoring private wells and "some expressed frustration with Wyoming state laws that they feel favor industry over personal property rights", and where "county and the state both work together, and they’re all extremely pro industry".

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answers: Windsor Energy Corp near Clark, Wyoming in August 2006

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Monitoring wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Volunteery Remediation Program

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Voluntary

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: residents criticized lack of monitoring private wells

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: residential areas

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Monitoring wells showed groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The reduction of effluents from wastewater treatment plants and the introduction of biodegradable detergents have greatly reduced the incidence of pollution-related foam, the presence of which can be ascertained by a fragrant or perfume-like smell. The foam lines are restricted to the part of the water course in the vicinity of the source of the pollution.

text: The reduction of effluents from wastewater treatment plants and the introduction of biodegradable detergents have greatly reduced the incidence of pollution-related foam, the presence of which can be ascertained by a fragrant or perfume-like smell. The foam lines are restricted to the part of the water course in the vicinity of the source of the pollution.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: biodegradable detergents

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answers: biodegradable detergents

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Many things contributed to the pollution in Rio Santiago. Some say it is big corporate factories and businesses that should clean it up because it was their fault. Others say it was the locals who contaminated the lake. The thing is that whatever way the river got contaminated, the fact of the matter is that it needs to be cleaned up, and people need to be educated on how to properly dispose of their waste. It is also up to the government to constantly regulate and punish anyone who violates the regulations. The fact of the matter is that whichever way the river got contaminated in the first place it is everyone’s job to help clean up and to respect what mother nature has given us, because we might not get another chance. This not only goes for Rio Santiago, but for all polluted areas.

text: Many things contributed to the pollution in Rio Santiago. Some say it is big corporate factories and businesses that should clean it up because it was their fault. Others say it was the locals who contaminated the lake. The thing is that whatever way the river got contaminated, the fact of the matter is that it needs to be cleaned up, and people need to be educated on how to properly dispose of their waste. It is also up to the government to constantly regulate and punish anyone who violates the regulations. The fact of the matter is that whichever way the river got contaminated in the first place it is everyone’s job to help clean up and to respect what mother nature has given us, because we might not get another chance. This not only goes for Rio Santiago, but for all polluted areas.

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answers: It is everyone’s job to help clean up

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: punish anyone who violates the regulations

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up

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answers: it is everyone’s job to help clean up

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answers: Rio Santiago

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Big corporate factories and businesses that should clean it up because it was their fault

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The model can also be run 'backwards' to generate maps that locate possible plume originating sources.

text: The model can also be run 'backwards' to generate maps that locate possible plume originating sources.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: locate possible plume originating sources

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: The model

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: run 'backwards' to generate maps

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: plume originating sources

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: None

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: According to the lawsuit, PG&E was also required to discontinue use of chromium-6 and to clean up the contaminated groundwater. By 2008 however, the plume of chromium was spreading, capturing media attention by 2011. In November 2010 PG&E began to offer to purchase threatened homes and property in Hinkley and to provide bottled water. By 2013, the plume was "more than six miles long and two miles wide and gradually expanding."

text: According to the lawsuit, PG&E was also required to discontinue use of chromium-6 and to clean up the contaminated groundwater. By 2008 however, the plume of chromium was spreading, capturing media attention by 2011. In November 2010 PG&E began to offer to purchase threatened homes and property in Hinkley and to provide bottled water. By 2013, the plume was "more than six miles long and two miles wide and gradually expanding."

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up the contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chromium-6

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bacterial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the plume of chromium was spreading

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The plume

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Groundwater pumping has altered historical groundwater flow in the Sankoty aquifer.  The flat geography of the area leads to groundwater flows that are perpendicular to the Illinois River, however municipal groundwater pumping in the Peoria, Illinois area and to a lesser degree agricultural pumping elsewhere over the aquifer has led to numerous cones of depression.

text: Groundwater pumping has altered historical groundwater flow in the Sankoty aquifer.  The flat geography of the area leads to groundwater flows that are perpendicular to the Illinois River, however municipal groundwater pumping in the Peoria, Illinois area and to a lesser degree agricultural pumping elsewhere over the aquifer has led to numerous

text: cones of depression

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003968

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answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Sankoty aquifer

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater pumping

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Since then the Mass DEP and EPA have ordered remedial activities which included the removal of: potential contaminants, solid waste, construction debris, tires, and over 70 tons of impacted soils. The groundwater plume from the site contains low levels of a chemical called TCE. Due to the low and naturally declining levels (due to the removal of the source) the Mass DEP to conclude that no further water clean-up is required. Other chemicals recorded by the Mass DEP were VOCs. According to the EPA’s inspection the Ozone is considered to be a Non-Attainment Area. No further data was recorded.

text: Since then the Mass DEP and EPA have ordered remedial activities which included the removal of: potential contaminants, solid waste, construction debris, tires, and over 70 tons of impacted soils. The groundwater plume from the site contains low levels of a chemical called

text: TCE

text: . Due to the low and naturally declining levels (due to the removal of the source) the Mass DEP to conclude that no further water clean-up is required. Other chemicals recorded by the Mass DEP were

text: VOCs

text: . According to the EPA’s inspection the Ozone is considered to be a Non-Attainment Area. No further data was recorded.

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answers: remedial activities

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: removal of: potential contaminants, solid waste, construction debris, tires, and over 70 tons of impacted soils

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: TCE

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater plume

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater plume from the site contains low levels of a chemical called TCE

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: no further water clean-up is required

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater plume

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater plume

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Before the POCIS is constructed, all the hardware as well as the sorbents and membrane must be thoroughly cleaned so that any potential interference is removed. During and after sampling the only cleaning necessary is the removal of any sediment that has adhered to the surface of the sampler. After assembly, and prior to deployment, the samplers are stored in frozen airtight containers to avoid any contamination. The samplers should be kept in airtight containers during transportation both to and from the sampling site so that airborne contaminants do not contaminate the sampler. It is ideal to keep the samplers cold while transporting them in order to preserve the integrity of the samples.

text: Before the POCIS is constructed, all the hardware as well as the sorbents and membrane must be thoroughly cleaned so that any potential interference is removed. During and after sampling the only cleaning necessary is the removal of any sediment that has adhered to the surface of the sampler. After assembly, and prior to deployment, the samplers are stored in frozen airtight containers to avoid any contamination. The samplers should be kept in airtight containers during transportation both to and from the sampling site so that airborne contaminants do not contaminate the sampler. It is ideal to keep the samplers cold while transporting them in order to preserve the integrity of the samples.

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is ideal to keep the samplers cold

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: stored in frozen airtight containers to avoid any contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: POCIS

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: POCIS

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: POCIS

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: During and after sampling

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: POCIS

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: airborne contaminants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: In situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Councillor Evan Woolley estimated that the environmental remediation of this site would cost much more than remediation for the "East Village, which cost in the hundreds of millions." The costs of the clean-up is not presently known, but estimated between $50 and $300 million.

text: Councillor Evan Woolley estimated that the environmental remediation of this site would cost much more than remediation for the "East Village, which cost in the hundreds of millions." The costs of the clean-up is not presently known, but estimated between $50 and $300 million.

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answers: environmental remediation

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answers: not presently known

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answers: pumping water to the surface

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A further phenomenon of importance is whether a plume has laminar flow or turbulent flow. Usually there is a transition from laminar to turbulent as the plume moves away from its source. This phenomenon can be clearly seen in the rising column of smoke from a cigarette. When high accuracy is required, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be employed to simulate plumes, but the results can be sensitive to the turbulence model chosen. CFD is often undertaken for rocket plumes, where condensed phase constituents can be present in addition to gaseous constituents. These types of simulations can become quite complex, including afterburning and thermal radiation, and (for example) ballistic missile launches are often detected by sensing hot rocket plumes. Similarly, spacecraft managers are sometimes concerned with impingement of attitude control system thruster plumes onto sensitive subsystems like solar arrays and star trackers.

text: A further phenomenon of importance is whether a plume has

text: laminar flow

text: or

text: turbulent flow

text: . Usually there is a transition from laminar to turbulent as the plume moves away from its source. This phenomenon can be clearly seen in the rising column of smoke from a cigarette. When high accuracy is required,

text: computational fluid dynamics

text: (CFD) can be employed to simulate plumes, but the results can be sensitive to the

text: turbulence model

text: chosen. CFD is often undertaken for rocket plumes, where condensed phase constituents can be present in addition to gaseous constituents. These types of simulations can become quite complex, including

text: afterburning

text: and

text: thermal radiation

text: , and (for example)

text: ballistic missile

text: launches are often detected by sensing hot rocket plumes. Similarly, spacecraft managers are sometimes concerned with impingement of

text: attitude control system

text: thruster plumes onto sensitive subsystems like solar arrays and star trackers.

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answers: CFD is often undertaken for rocket plumes

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: CFD

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: CFD

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: CFD

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: CFD

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: impingement

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: This phenomenon can be clearly seen in the rising column of smoke from a cigarette

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The rising column of smoke from a cigarette

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: CFD is often undertaken for rocket plumes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Ellsworth Air Force Base is a military superfundsite, listed in August 1990. Contaminants are petroleum products, waste solvents and radioactive waste polluting soil and groundwater. The Air Force has been cleaning up 12 areas, under supervision by EPA, including landfills, a fire protection training area, spill sites, industrial areas and an explosive-ordnance disposal area. Remedies have included groundwater pump-and-treat systems, bio-dechlorination, soil excavation, landfill covers,  and institutional controls (fences/signs). In 2007, in-place reductive treatment for groundwater cleanup replaced the pump-and-treat systems.  operation and maintenance activities and groundwater monitoring are ongoing.

text: Ellsworth Air Force Base is a military superfundsite, listed in August 1990. Contaminants are petroleum products, waste solvents and radioactive waste polluting soil and groundwater. The Air Force has been cleaning up 12 areas, under supervision by EPA, including landfills, a fire protection training area, spill sites, industrial areas and an explosive-ordnance disposal area. Remedies have included groundwater pump-and-treat systems, bio-dechlorination, soil excavation, landfill covers,  and institutional controls (fences/signs). In 2007, in-place reductive treatment for groundwater cleanup replaced the pump-and-treat systems.  operation and maintenance activities and groundwater monitoring are ongoing.

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answers: in-place reductive treatment for groundwater cleanup replaced the pump-and-treat systems

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump-and-treat systems

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: bio-dechlorination

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bio-dechlorination

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answers: in-place reductive treatment

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: It can be argued that the depiction of groundwater is an even more complex task than that of surface water.  The two resources are by no means disjoint, as knowing where surface water recharges groundwater and where groundwater flows supply surface water is an important aspect of the hydrologic cycle.  Hydrogeology is especially well suited to GIS.  Groundwater moves much more slowly than surface water, on the order of less than a meter per day up to perhaps a hundred meters per day, and is 3-dimensional in flow.  In contrast, surface water flows much faster and is more two-dimensional.  Groundwater flow is a function of geology and “head,” the total potential energy at a location.  Groundwater flows from higher head to lower head at a travel rate and flow path dictated by geology.  Head values, geology, groundwater flow direction, even water table height and location of aquifers are among the quantities which may be presented spatially in GIS and used for analysis, management of water availability and water quality, and land use practices.

text: It can be argued that the depiction of groundwater is an even more complex task than that of surface water.  The two resources are by no means disjoint, as knowing where surface water recharges groundwater and where groundwater flows supply surface water is an important aspect of the hydrologic cycle.  Hydrogeology is especially well suited to GIS.  Groundwater moves much more slowly than surface water, on the order of less than a meter per day up to perhaps a hundred meters per day, and is 3-dimensional in flow.  In contrast, surface water flows much faster and is more two-dimensional.  Groundwater flow is a function of

text: geology

text: and “head,” the total potential energy at a location.  Groundwater flows from higher head to lower head at a travel rate and flow path dictated by geology.  Head values, geology, groundwater flow direction, even

text: water table

text: height and location of

text: aquifers

text: are among the quantities which may be presented spatially in GIS and used for analysis, management of water availability and water quality, and land use practices.

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answers: Groundwater moves much more slowly than surface water

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: GIS

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answers: GIS

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answers: remediation

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answers: Groundwater moves much more slowly than surface water

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater flows supply surface water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater flows from higher head to lower head at a travel rate and flow path dictated by geology

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Harford County has environmental issues in three major areas:  land use, water pollution/urban runoff, and soil contamination/groundwater contamination.

text: Harford County has environmental issues in three major areas:

text: land use

text: water pollution

text: urban runoff

text: , and

text: soil contamination

text: groundwater contamination

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answers: NDQ_003962

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answers: NDQ_003963

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answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: urban runoff

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: urban runoff

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Green Clean: How "Environmental" is Remediation?, Written by Keith Gaskill, in collaboration with Steve Henshaw, March 2012, Cleaner & Launderer.

text: Green Clean: How "Environmental" is Remediation?, Written by Keith Gaskill, in collaboration with Steve Henshaw, March 2012, Cleaner & Launderer.

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answers: The most dangerous contaminants

answers: NDQ_003969

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Monitoring-wells are often drilled for the purpose of collecting ground water samples for analysis. These wells, which are usually six inches or fewer in diameter, can also be used to remove hydrocarbons from the contaminant plume within a groundwater aquifer by using a belt style oil skimmer. Belt oil skimmers, which are simple in design, are commonly used to remove oil and other floating hydrocarbon contaminants from industrial water systems.

text: Monitoring-wells are often drilled for the purpose of collecting ground water samples for analysis. These wells, which are usually six inches or fewer in diameter, can also be used to remove hydrocarbons from the contaminant plume within a groundwater aquifer by using a belt style oil skimmer. Belt oil skimmers, which are simple in design, are commonly used to remove oil and other floating hydrocarbon contaminants from industrial water systems.

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater aquifer

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitoring-wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: monitoring-wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Belt oil skimmers

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: monitoring-wells

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remove hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: floating hydrocarbon contaminants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: There are two types of indicators of environmental impact: "means-based", which is based on the farmer's production methods, and "effect-based", which is the impact that farming methods have on the farming system or on emissions to the environment. An example of a means-based indicator would be the quality of groundwater, that is effected by the amount of nitrogen applied to the soil. An indicator reflecting the loss of nitrate to groundwater would be effect-based.

text: There are two types of indicators of environmental impact: "means-based", which is based on the farmer's production methods, and "effect-based", which is the impact that farming methods have on the farming system or on emissions to the environment. An example of a means-based indicator would be the quality of groundwater, that is effected by the amount of nitrogen applied to the soil. An indicator reflecting the loss of nitrate to groundwater would be effect-based.

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answers: effect-based

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: amount of nitrogen applied to the soil

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nitrate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: effect-based

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: effect-based

answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

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answers: NDQ_003968

answers: effect-based

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: nZVI appears to be useful for degrading organic contaminants, including chlorinated organic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and trichloroethene (TCE), as well as immobilizing or removing metals. nZVI and other nanoparticles that do not require light can be injected belowground into the contaminated zone for in situ groundwater remediation and, potentially, soil remediation.

text: nZVI appears to be useful for degrading organic contaminants, including

text: chlorinated organic compounds

text: such as

text: polychlorinated biphenyl

text: s (PCBs) and

text: trichloroethene

text: (TCE), as well as immobilizing or removing metals. nZVI and other nanoparticles that do not require light can be injected belowground into the contaminated zone for in situ

text: groundwater remediation

text: and, potentially, soil remediation.

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answers: in situ groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: in situ groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nZVI

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: in situ

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: in situ groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: nZVI

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Zero Valent Metals are the main reductants used in ISCR. The most common metal used is iron, in the form of ZVI (zero valent iron), and it is also the metal longest in use. However, some studies show that zero valent zinc (ZVZ) could actually be up to ten times more effective at eradicating the contaminants than ZVI. Some applications of ZVMs are to clean up Trichloroethylene (TCE) and Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). ZVMs are usually implemented by a permeable reactive barrier. For example, iron that has been embedded in a swellable, organically modified silica creates a permanent soft barrier underground to capture and reduce small, organic compounds as groundwater passes through it.

text: Zero Valent Metals are the main reductants used in ISCR. The most common metal used is iron, in the form of ZVI (zero valent iron), and it is also the metal longest in use. However, some studies show that zero valent zinc (ZVZ) could actually be up to ten times more effective at eradicating the contaminants than ZVI. Some applications of ZVMs are to clean up

text: Trichloroethylene

text: (TCE) and

text: Hexavalent chromium

text: (Cr(VI)). ZVMs are usually implemented by a

text: permeable reactive barrier

text: . For example, iron that has been embedded in a swellable, organically modified

text: silica

text: creates a permanent soft barrier underground to capture and reduce small, organic compounds as groundwater passes through it.

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: zero valent zinc (ZVZ)

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: a permeable reactive barrier

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Zero Valent Metals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: ISCR

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ISCR

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ZVMs are usually implemented by a permeable reactive barrier

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As the combustion flue gas exits the boiler it is routed through a rotating flat basket of metal mesh which picks up heat and returns it to incoming fresh air as the basket rotates. This is called the air preheater. The gas exiting the boiler is laden with fly ash, which are tiny spherical ash particles. The flue gas contains nitrogen along with combustion products carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. The fly ash is removed by fabric bag filters or electrostatic precipitators. Once removed, the fly ash byproduct can sometimes be used in the manufacturing of concrete. This cleaning up of flue gases, however, only occurs in plants that are fitted with the appropriate technology. Still, the majority of coal-fired power plants in the world do not have these facilities. Legislation in Europe has been efficient to reduce flue gas pollution. Japan has been using flue gas cleaning technology for over 30 years and the US has been doing the same for over 25 years. China is now beginning to grapple with the pollution caused by coal-fired power plants.

text: As the combustion

text: flue gas

text: exits the boiler it is routed through a rotating flat basket of metal mesh which picks up heat and returns it to incoming fresh air as the basket rotates. This is called the

text: air preheater

text: . The gas exiting the boiler is laden with

text: fly ash

text: , which are tiny spherical ash particles. The flue gas contains

text: nitrogen

text: along with combustion products

text: carbon dioxide

text: sulfur dioxide

text: , and

text: nitrogen oxide

text: s. The fly ash is removed by

text: fabric bag filter

text: s or

text: electrostatic precipitator

text: s. Once removed, the fly ash byproduct can sometimes be used in the manufacturing of

text: concrete

text: . This cleaning up of flue gases, however, only occurs in plants that are fitted with the appropriate technology. Still, the majority of coal-fired power plants in the world do not have these facilities. Legislation in Europe has been efficient to reduce flue gas pollution. Japan has been using flue gas cleaning technology for over 30 years and the US has been doing the same for over 25 years. China is now beginning to grapple with the pollution caused by coal-fired power plants.

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Legislation in Europe has been efficient to reduce flue gas pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up of flue gases

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: fabric bag filters or electrostatic precipitators

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: electrostatic precipitators

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: electrostatic precipitators

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the majority of coal-fired power plants in the world do not have these facilities

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Once removed, the fly ash byproduct can sometimes be used in the manufacturing of concrete

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The gas exiting the boiler is laden with fly ash

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Surface and groundwater in the Barada basin is polluted by industrial and domestic wastewater, as well as by agricultural non-point sources such as fertilizers and pesticides. Much of the wastewater generated from industrial activities in Greater Damascus is discharged into the environment, mainly to the Barada River, without prior treatment. The uncontrolled disposal of toxic, chemical products, primarily from lead industries and battery manufactories, has also resulted in severe soil pollution. There is no pre-treatment of industrial wastewater discharged into the sewer network. As a result, the largest wastewater treatment plant of Damascus in Adra frequently malfunctions. Measured concentrations of biological oxygen demand (BOD), a measure of organic water pollution, exceeded the allowed limits in most of the branches of the Barada River. According to the Syrian National Environmental Action Plan of 2003, concentrations of BOD and ammonia in the Barada River exceeded Syrian Standards for 86% of collected samples between 1995 and 2000. Well and spring water in the basin is bacteriologically contaminated because of sewage discharge. The concentrations of nitrates in some wells in the Ghouta exceeded the limits set by the drinking water standards. Because of discharges by tanneries concentrations of Chromium III reach 10 mg/liter in Al Daiyani River and exceed the allowable limits tenfold in the wells of Al Zablatini area, all located in the Barada basin. Surface water pollution reduces real estate values next to the river and its branches, as well as the recreational value of the river. It also damages fishery, aquaculture and biodiversity, in addition to its health impacts.

text: Surface and groundwater in the Barada basin is polluted by industrial and domestic wastewater, as well as by agricultural non-point sources such as fertilizers and pesticides. Much of the wastewater generated from industrial activities in Greater Damascus is discharged into the environment, mainly to the Barada River, without prior treatment. The uncontrolled disposal of toxic, chemical products, primarily from lead industries and battery manufactories, has also resulted in severe soil pollution. There is no pre-treatment of industrial wastewater discharged into the sewer network. As a result, the largest wastewater treatment plant of Damascus in Adra frequently malfunctions. Measured concentrations of

text: biological oxygen demand

text: (BOD), a measure of organic water pollution, exceeded the allowed limits in most of the branches of the Barada River. According to the Syrian National Environmental Action Plan of 2003, concentrations of BOD and

text: ammonia

text: in the Barada River exceeded Syrian Standards for 86% of collected samples between 1995 and 2000. Well and spring water in the basin is bacteriologically contaminated because of sewage discharge. The concentrations of nitrates in some wells in the Ghouta exceeded the limits set by the drinking water standards. Because of discharges by tanneries concentrations of

text: Chromium III

text: reach 10 mg/liter in Al Daiyani River and exceed the allowable limits tenfold in the wells of Al Zablatini area, all located in the Barada basin. Surface water pollution reduces real estate values next to the river and its branches, as well as the recreational value of the river. It also damages fishery, aquaculture and biodiversity, in addition to its health impacts.

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answers: There is no pre-treatment of industrial wastewater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Well and spring water in the basin

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Surface water pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2008 Waste Management applied to expand their landfill for the purpose of storing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) waste. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued an investigation of a variety of invertebrates, fish, reptiles, mammals, and plants were in order to determine an environmental impact, if any. The EPA’s July 2009 report followed that two species may be affected by the expansion: the San Joaquin kit fox and the blunt-nosed leopard lizard. Furthermore, in 1984, Waste Management discovered groundwater contamination underneath two formerly unlined ponds. Pond P-09 was lined in 1985 and cleanup began in 1988. Pond P-12 stopped receiving waste in 1985 and was closed in 1997. Groundwater cleanup began in 1985. Waste Management has 48 monitoring wells in the surrounding and impacted areas as of December 2012. The California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) ordered the facility to clean up spills of PCBs around the storage building, and as of February 2012, DTSC reported that the soil cleanup and removal was the final step in protecting human health and the environment as there was no longer a threat.

text: In 2008

text: Waste Management

text: applied to expand their landfill for the purpose of storing

text: polychlorinated biphenyl

text: (PCB) waste. The

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) issued an investigation of a variety of invertebrates, fish, reptiles, mammals, and plants were in order to determine an environmental impact, if any. The EPA’s July 2009 report followed that two species may be affected by the expansion: the San Joaquin

text: kit fox

text: and the

text: blunt-nosed leopard lizard

text: . Furthermore, in 1984, Waste Management discovered groundwater contamination underneath two formerly unlined ponds. Pond P-09 was lined in 1985 and cleanup began in 1988. Pond P-12 stopped receiving waste in 1985 and was closed in 1997. Groundwater cleanup began in 1985. Waste Management has 48 monitoring wells in the surrounding and impacted areas as of December 2012. The

entity_name: California Department of Toxic Substances Control

text: California Department of Toxic Substances Control

text: (DTSC) ordered the facility to clean up spills of PCBs around the storage building, and as of February 2012, DTSC reported that the soil cleanup and removal was the final step in protecting human health and the environment as there was no longer a threat.

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answers: Lined

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answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination underneath two formerly unlined ponds

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater cleanup began in 1985

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: spills

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The danger of pollution of municipal supplies is minimized by locating wells in areas of deep groundwater and impermeable soils, and careful testing and monitoring of the aquifer and nearby potential pollution sources.

text: The danger of pollution of municipal supplies is minimized by locating wells in areas of deep groundwater and impermeable soils, and careful testing and monitoring of the aquifer and nearby potential pollution sources.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater and impermeable soils

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: testing and monitoring

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: wells

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: municipal supplies

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: This means that all media, from literature to new digital media, is unable to make a radical break away from what has come before. Media continues to “function in a constant dialectic with earlier media” (p. 50) forms, where both old and new are able to impact on one another regardless of which came first. For example, “users of older media such as film and television can seek to appropriate and refashion digital graphics, just as digital graphics artists can refashion film and television” (p. 48). However these appropriations within digital technologies of immediacy have often sought to deny mediation. Bolter and Grusin elaborate on the double logic of this form of remediation as an integral function of contemporary immediacy in media. Although Bolter and Grusin acknowledge that not “all of our culture's claims of remediation are equally compelling or that we could necessarily identify all of the strategies through which digital media remediate and are remediated by their predecessors” (p. 55) they outline various ways in which “the double logic of remediation can function explicitly or implicitly” (p. 55) can be restated in the following ways:

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answers: Bolter and Grusin

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: refashion digital graphics

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Bolter and Grusin

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Media continues to function in a constant dialectic with earlier media

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: these appropriations within digital technologies of immediacy have often sought to deny mediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The most dangerous contaminants in water are the ones that are visible.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the 1960s, environmental hazards became a concern. Air pollution abatement began in 1969 and all coal burning heating systems had been converted to fuel oil by 1972. In 1983, the groundwater beneath the Letterkenny Army Depot's southeast area was found to be contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOC). In 1984, at least six major areas of VOC contamination and/or elevated levels of metals were found, particularly three industrial waste lagoons which had contributed to the contamination to the groundwater. The contaminated groundwater plume migrated off-site and discharged to springs up to two miles to the east and south downstream and to off-post water wells. The Army supplied residents with bottled water after residential well sampling showed the presence of VOC.

text: In the 1960s, environmental hazards became a concern. Air pollution abatement began in 1969 and all coal burning heating systems had been converted to fuel oil by 1972. In 1983, the groundwater beneath the Letterkenny Army Depot's southeast area was found to be contaminated with

text: volatile organic compounds

text: (VOC). In 1984, at least six major areas of VOC contamination and/or elevated levels of metals were found, particularly three industrial waste lagoons which had contributed to the contamination to the groundwater. The contaminated groundwater plume migrated off-site and discharged to springs up to two miles to the east and south downstream and to off-post water wells. The Army supplied residents with bottled water after residential well sampling showed the presence of VOC.

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answers: The Army supplied residents with bottled water after residential well sampling showed the presence of VOC

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater plume

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: three industrial waste lagoons

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: abatement

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: abatement

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: industrial waste lagoons

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The Army supplied residents with bottled water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: bottled water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater plume migrated off-site

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1989, the Salina School District unearthed three of later 107 underground fuel storage tanks on its vo-tech property. It first became known that Trichlorethylene (TCE), a degreaser used to clean aircraft and a carcinogen, as well as other compounds disposed off on the former base, have migrated into the soil and groundwater, forming a toxic plume. 107 underground storage were removed -In 1999, the US Army Corps of Engineers published its first remedial investigation.In 2005, the Corps shared the draft of a second remedial investigation of the contamination in the Salina Airport Industrial Area. Residents in the area of the plume were advised not to drink the water, per the Kansas Department of Health and Environment. Soilwater intrusion assays in 1999 by EPA and again in 2005 showed vapor levels inside Kansas State University's Tullis building did not exceed state standards for air quality, but they may exceed federal EPA guidelines. As of 2005, the federal government had spent more than $17 million studying the problem in its jurisdiction. In December 2007 the Corps groundwater contamination cleanup was put on hold. In August 2008, the city of Salina offered to clean-up former Schilling AFB, as suggested by the Corps.

text: In 1989, the Salina School District unearthed three of later 107 underground fuel storage tanks on its vo-tech property. It first became known that

text: Trichlorethylene

text: (TCE), a degreaser used to clean aircraft and a carcinogen, as well as other compounds disposed off on the former base, have migrated into the soil and groundwater, forming a toxic plume. 107 underground storage were removed -In 1999, the

text: US Army Corps of Engineers

text: published its first remedial investigation.In 2005, the Corps shared the draft of a second remedial investigation of the contamination in the Salina Airport Industrial Area. Residents in the area of the plume were advised not to drink the water, per the Kansas Department of Health and Environment. Soilwater intrusion assays in 1999 by EPA and again in 2005 showed vapor levels inside Kansas State University's Tullis building did not exceed state standards for air quality, but they may exceed federal EPA guidelines. As of 2005, the federal government had spent more than $17 million studying the problem in its jurisdiction. In December 2007 the Corps groundwater contamination cleanup was put on hold. In August 2008, the city of Salina offered to clean-up former Schilling AFB, as suggested by the Corps.

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answers: It first became known that Trichlorethylene (TCE)

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remedial investigation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Trichlorethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

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answers: NDQ_003968

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Botany Bay Groundwater Plume is contamination of the local aquifer in Botany Bay caused by a chemical leak. The groundwater that flows into Botany Bay contains pollutants linked to cancer and is regarded as the worst case of groundwater contamination in Australia.

text: Botany Bay Groundwater Plume is contamination of the local

text: aquifer

text: in

text: Botany Bay

text: caused by a chemical leak. The

text: groundwater

text: that flows into

text: Botany Bay

text: contains pollutants linked to

text: cancer

text: and is regarded as the worst case of groundwater contamination in

text: Australia

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answers: Groundwater Plume

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Contaminated

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical leak

answers: NDQ_003964

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answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical leak

answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Botany Bay Groundwater Plume

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The use of quality-controlled, commercially available receiving phases allow high reproducibility as compared to some other passive sampling devices. The bound receiving phase also ensures that the active sampling area of the device remains constant during laboratory or field calibration uptake experiments and in field deployments. By altering the combination of receiving phase and diffusion-limiting membrane (low-density polyethylene, polyethersulphone or cellulose acetate), you can monitor potable, surface , coastal and marine environment. The sampler can be deployed in the field for extended periods of time ranging from days to weeks. The specific pollutants of interest are sequestered by the samplers and these are retained on the receiving phase disk. After retrieval from the environment the pollutants are eluted from the disk and analysed in the laboratory using conventional instrumental methods. In order to obtain TWA concentrations the sampler must first be calibrated in the laboratory so as to ascertain the uptake rate (usually measured as the volume of water cleared per unit time i.e. L/h for the analyte) of the pollutant of interest. The Chemcatcher® has been used in a range of aquatic environments; however, most work to date has been in monitoring the TWA concentrations of priority and emerging pollutants surface waters.

text: The use of quality-controlled, commercially available receiving phases allow high reproducibility as compared to some other passive sampling devices. The bound receiving phase also ensures that the active sampling area of the device remains constant during laboratory or field calibration uptake experiments and in field deployments. By altering the combination of receiving phase and diffusion-limiting membrane (low-density polyethylene, polyethersulphone or

text: cellulose acetate

text: ), you can monitor potable, surface , coastal and marine environment. The sampler can be deployed in the field for extended periods of time ranging from days to weeks. The specific pollutants of interest are sequestered by the samplers and these are retained on the receiving phase disk. After retrieval from the environment the pollutants are eluted from the disk and analysed in the laboratory using conventional instrumental methods. In order to obtain TWA concentrations the sampler must first be calibrated in the laboratory so as to ascertain the uptake rate (usually measured as the volume of water cleared per unit time i.e. L/h for the analyte) of the pollutant of interest. The Chemcatcher® has been used in a range of aquatic environments; however, most work to date has been in monitoring the TWA concentrations of priority and emerging pollutants surface waters.

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answers: TWA concentrations of priority and emerging pollutants surface waters

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitoring TWA concentrations

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: The Chemcatcher®

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Chemcatcher

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Chemcatcher

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: high reproducibility as compared to some other passive sampling devices

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The Chemcatcher® has been used in a range of aquatic environments

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface waters

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The specific pollutants of interest are sequestered by the samplers

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: July 1996 - The EPA began investigating options for cleaning up the DDT- and PCB-polluted ocean sediments.

text: July 1996 - The EPA began investigating options for cleaning up the DDT- and PCB-polluted ocean sediments.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: DDT- and PCB-polluted ocean sediments

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PCB

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Microbiological remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: PCB-polluted ocean sediments

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ocean sediments

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: DDT- and PCB

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Landfills have the potential to cause a number of issues. Infrastructure disruption, such as damage to access roads by heavy vehicles, may occur. Pollution of local roads and water courses from wheels on vehicles when they leave the landfill can be significant and can be mitigated by wheel washing systems. Pollution of the local environment, such as contamination of groundwater or aquifers or soil contamination may occur, as well.

text: Landfills have the potential to cause a number of issues.

text: Infrastructure

text: disruption, such as damage to access roads by heavy vehicles, may occur. Pollution of local roads and water courses from wheels on vehicles when they leave the landfill can be significant and can be mitigated by

text: wheel washing system

text: s.

text: Pollution

text: of the local

text: environment

text: , such as contamination of

text: groundwater

text: or

text: aquifers

text: or

text: soil contamination

text: may occur, as well.

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answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In October 2000, Chad, Egypt, Libya and Sudan signed agreements for monitoring and managing groundwater in the Nubian Sandstone / Northwestern Sahara Aquifer Systems.

text: In October 2000, Chad, Egypt, Libya and Sudan signed agreements for monitoring and managing groundwater in the

text: Nubian Sandstone / Northwestern Sahara Aquifer Systems

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater

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answers: NDQ_003963

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answers: NDQ_003964

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: During the next several years, Dodge County hired an environmental consulting firm; submitted a site assessment to DNR; installed a system for dealing with petroleum contamination; cleaned up and disposed of contaminated soils; and put together a remedial action plan for removing non-petroleum products from groundwater. The effort cost the county nearly $1.5 million. The city of Beaver Dam created a Tax Increment Financing (TIF) District in September 1994 for development on the property, and contributed $350,000 toward environmental clean-up costs.The state provided some financial assistance as well. Dodge County received $657,000 from the state PECFA (Petroleum Environmental Clean-Up Fund Act) to clean up groundwater pollution caused by underground tanks. And the state Department of Development awarded Beaver Dam a $350,000 block grant for improvements, including street, sewer and water utilities, engineering and site work.

text: During the next several years, Dodge County hired an environmental consulting firm; submitted a site assessment to DNR; installed a system for dealing with petroleum contamination; cleaned up and disposed of contaminated soils; and put together a remedial action plan for removing non-petroleum products from groundwater. The effort cost the county nearly $1.5 million. The city of Beaver Dam created a

text: Tax Increment Financing

text: (TIF) District in September 1994 for development on the property, and contributed $350,000 toward environmental clean-up costs.The state provided some financial assistance as well. Dodge County received $657,000 from the state PECFA (Petroleum Environmental Clean-Up Fund Act) to clean up groundwater pollution caused by underground tanks. And the state Department of Development awarded Beaver Dam a $350,000 block grant for improvements, including street, sewer and water utilities, engineering and site work.

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answers: The effort cost the county nearly $1.5 million

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: disposed of contaminated soils

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a remedial action plan

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: system for dealing with petroleum contamination

answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

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answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The goal of groundwater remediation in Arkansas is to protect, enhance, and restore, to the extent technically and economically feasible, groundwater conditions to the maximum beneficial use, while maintaining conditions that are protective of human health and the environment (Ellen Carpenter, Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality, oral commun., 2005). It is the policy of ADEQ that until final regulations are enacted by APCEC specific to the establishment of groundwater cleanup standards, cleanup levels or goals will be established on a case-by-case basis in a consistent manner. The process includes full characterization of the contaminant plume, source-control measures, BMPs to control migration of the plume, and a groundwater cleanup strategy. Preliminary remediation goals are established after an evaluation of risks to human health and the environment; consideration is given to the current and reasonably anticipated future land use, including groundwater usage. Because many citizens drink groundwater and use it in their homes, ADEQ currently classifies all groundwater in Arkansas as a potential source of drinking water. It is not necessary for groundwater to be defined as an aquifer (that is, a saturated permeable geologic formation that can produce a significant quantity of water) in order to be protected. Thus, final groundwater remediation levels are the existing Federal MCLs. Institutional controls, such as deed restrictions or city ordinances, are used with source controls to minimize the potential for human exposure to contamination by limiting groundwater use.

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answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: limiting groundwater use

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: full characterization of the contaminant plume

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: BMPs

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater cleanup

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: final groundwater remediation levels are the existing Federal MCLs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: BMPs to control migration of the plume

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater remediation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Environmental remediation deals with the removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water. This would mean that once requested by the government or a land remediation authority, immediate action should be taken as this can impact negatively on human health and the environment.

text: Environmental remediation deals with the removal of

text: pollution

text: or

text: contaminant

text: s from

text: environmental

text: media such as

text: soil

text: groundwater

text: sediment

text: , or

text: surface water

text: . This would mean that once requested by the government or a land remediation authority, immediate action should be taken as this can impact negatively on human health and the environment.

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answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: immediate action should be taken

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: can impact negatively on human health

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Obuasi, Ghana is the home of one of the world’s top gold mining sites. It was in 1897 when the first machinery was used to mine the gold from the region. As the years went by, new strategies were needed to establish out ways to "treat the ores". By 1908, A leading chemist was brought in to help with the strategies and brought his Australian method of "dry crushing and roasting preparatory to treatment with cyanide". Many rivers, fishing areas, and irrigation systems have been either slightly or permanently damaged. The mining industry has tried to compensate by building standpipes but for many, they have been to no use. The average amount of contamination in the water system of Obuasi was over 10–38 times the maximum amount that is allowable by law. The two main sources of the contamination is the arsenic powder that flows out from the mills  and the extensive amount of run-off water that is disposed of through dams. "Thus in the processing of the ore for gold, the dust may contain particles of the ore, ferric oxide, oxides of arsenic and sulphur". The dust will then get carried into the atmosphere and settle on the soil, humans, and rivers. In Obuasi, they receive a high annual rainfall due to the tropical rainforest that surrounds it (Smedley,1996,464). During precipitation or rainfall, the dust "may be oxidized to the trioxide by the air and be converted to the sulphate in dew and rainwater". The soil is the main target of contamination because the soil is contaminated and whatever vegetation grows and decays goes right back in the soil which results in the contamination of the groundwater. However, the groundwater is not as polluted as the streams or rivers mainly due to the high dissolving process of the arsenic and due to the basement rocks that lie between the groundwater and the soil. "The only disadvantage is that whatever is deposited on the surface soil may be carried to greater depths with time by rainwater (Gish et al,2010, 1973)". The most extensively damaged areas are the ones closest to the mines, but with the wind carrying the dust, areas hundreds of miles away are getting contaminated by the chemicals. Due to the extensive output of the chemicals from the mining mills and un resolved toxic spills, many rivers, streams, lakes and irrigation systems have been damaged or obsolete. The local residents have been affected greatly by this phenomenon. Residents have seen the environmental changes especially in the water. Sludge floats down on streams that were once main sources of drinking water according to local residents. All the marine life in the rivers and streams has died due to the high amounts of chemicals in the water. According to Action Aid, residents have seen pipes that run straight into local streams and rivers that were depositing the waste directly sometimes causing flooding of the streams and rivers (2006,11). Many local farmers suffered the hardest with the contamination of the water. Due to the irrigation systems using the contaminated water to irrigate all of the soil were then contaminated as well. The soil was no longer usable, causing the killing off their crops that were used for their business as well as for their own families. Children have also been targeted and affected by the pollution. According to Action Aid, many schools have been flooded with the over flow of the local streams, causing the children to leave school, sometimes permanently. AngloGold Ashanti (AGA) has put up standpipes to compensate for the contaminated water supplies, but these have also been useless to the locals. Standpipes were installed in the 1940s and 50’s that have now been contaminated with arsenic from the mills. AGA staff claim it is because of them being made of iron, but studies have shown large amounts of arsenic in the water. Many standpipes have been either broken or obsolete. This leads to the residents to walk at least 1.5 miles to go get clean water. All the work the local people have to go through to get clean water is uncalled for. No compensation has been giving to the local residents for the damage they have done to their water and environment.

text: AngloGold Ashanti

text: (AGA) has put up standpipes to compensate for the contaminated water supplies, but these have also been useless to the locals. Standpipes were installed in the 1940s and 50’s that have now been contaminated with arsenic from the mills. AGA staff claim it is because of them being made of iron, but studies have shown large amounts of arsenic in the water. Many standpipes have been either broken or obsolete. This leads to the residents to walk at least 1.5 miles to go get clean water. All the work the local people have to go through to get clean water is uncalled for. No compensation has been giving to the local residents for the damage they have done to their water and environment.

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answers: groundwater is not as polluted as the streams or rivers

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answers: Smedley,1996,464)

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: In April 2006, three former next-door neighbors who contracted brain cancer filed suit against several manufacturers in the neighboring town of Ringwood, claiming that groundwater and air contamination caused their illnesses.

text: In April 2006, three former next-door neighbors who contracted brain cancer filed suit against several manufacturers in the neighboring town of

text: Ringwood

text: , claiming that groundwater and air contamination caused their illnesses.

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answers: groundwater and air contamination

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answer: 1

text: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants to waters of the United States. Created in 1972 by the Clean Water Act, the NPDES permit program is authorized to state governments by EPA to perform many permitting, administrative, and enforcement aspects of the program.

text: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants to waters of the United States. Created in 1972 by the Clean Water Act, the NPDES permit program is authorized to state governments by EPA to perform many permitting, administrative, and enforcement aspects of the program.

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answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Much attention has been given to the benefits of the use of hand pumps in developing nations, as opposed to more traditional methods. In communities reliant on groundwater, through a borehole or well, the utilization of a bucket and rope system has hygienic issues. The bucket and rope system is not compatible with the use of a cover slab, which can prevent pollution of groundwater. In addition, unwashed hands can contaminate the bucket and rope. Hand pumps avoid these issues and are therefore preferable.

text: Much attention has been given to the benefits of the use of hand pumps in developing nations, as opposed to more traditional methods. In communities reliant on groundwater, through a borehole or well, the utilization of a bucket and rope system has hygienic issues. The bucket and rope system is not compatible with the use of a cover slab, which can prevent pollution of groundwater. In addition, unwashed hands can contaminate the bucket and rope. Hand pumps avoid these issues and are therefore preferable.

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answers: Hand pumps avoid these issues and are therefore preferable

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: a cover slab

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a cover slab

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: hand pumps

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: traditional methods

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: hygienic

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a cover slab

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: unwashed hands

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumping water to the surface

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Seven factors to be cognizant of at this stage are: suitability of the site for the proposed works, economic and adequacy of design, optimum method of construction with reference to potential issues due to ground and groundwater. The effect of changes to the ground and environment due to the works, and, therefore the effect on the works from these changes. Consideration of suitability on a selection of sites. And finally, the existing works and their implications. If a site has been used in the past, this is a major factor in the investigation, mining, quarrying, landfill or waste disposal, industrial usages, archaeological or ecological factors may all have a bearing on the intended works. The cost of an SI is low relative to the project cost and when conducted thoroughly can be a significant saving later.Investigations should evaluate the nature of the ground and groundwater. The size and nature of the works will have a bearing on the investigations as will its former use as a site or contamination of ground or groundwater. It will be considered in 3 stages. First a desk study to collate the information above as far as possible. Where a site is contaminated it is appropriate at this stage to plan site safety procedures for any further investigations. Planning the details of further investigations is appropriate too. Existing records, local authorities, industry, libraries, present or past OS maps and aerial photography or even anecdotal information are to be used. A site reconnaissance should also be conducted at this stage and includes a thorough visual inspection of any exposed cuttings and note taken of level of vegetation. The surroundings should also be noted. Second, a more detailed investigation is undertaken and finally a construction review – these shall be discussed later.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/1d9d392c3e71d1cb4955417858818681

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/e7499c3d26e507ecc03094ba2fdf6cc4

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/bc4edd94b261d20cdb876b4aecd8e223

answers: 0

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answers: 5

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/8ca9127634f19ef8eab6309f82701355

answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/4a2f450e3588e4b504495418c29a37da

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/c392468cdb5edd65b4ff64798dd382de

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 2

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The cost of an SI is low relative to the project cost

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: a construction review

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: A site reconnaissance should also be conducted at this stage

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The cost of an SI

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: It will be considered in 3 stages

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: site reconnaissance should also be conducted

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Koore has four tribal (?) groups known as Oma: Koorese, Kana'e, Manna and Wogache. These groups or tribes are composed of more than 50 gosa (clans?), some of which do not establish clear genealogical links to a common ancestor. The Koorese and Kana'e think of themselves as shawo, "pure" or "clean"; whereas the other two clans, Mana and Wogache are despised, "impure" or "polluted." The former two tribes were cultivators who owned the agricultural land; whereas the latter two clans were (and still to some extent are) landless handicraftsmen. The Mana are potters and tanners and the Wogache are iron workers. The Mana and Wogache were not only landless, they also were and are marginalized and neglected. Because they were and are considered "unclean" or "polluted" they were/are not allowed to eat or intermarry with the "clean" or "pure" Koorese and Kana'e. Still they do not intermarry with the "clean" tribes and their burial sites are separate. Though these social stigma, discrimination and inequality is under challenge by the fast spreading Christianity, especially evangelical Christianity, still it survives. Still there is no intermarriage between the shawo and the artisan groups, even among the Christians. Pottery, tannery, and ironwork are still despised and are considered the business of "unclean" persons.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The Mana are potters and tanners and the Wogache are iron workers

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: owned the agricultural land

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Koorese and Kana'e

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Koore

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The Mana are potters and tanners and the Wogache are iron workers

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Koorese and Kana'e think of themselves as shawo

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Pottery, tannery, and ironwork

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Specific chemical compounds are often taken out of tap water during the treatment process to adjust the pH or remove contaminants, and chlorine may be added to kill biological toxins. Local geological conditions affecting groundwater are determining factors for the presence of various metal ions, often rendering the water "soft" or "hard".

text: Specific

text: chemical compounds

text: are often taken out of tap water during the treatment process to adjust the

text: pH

text: or remove contaminants, and

text: chlorine

text: may be added to kill

text: biological toxins

text: . Local geological conditions affecting

text: groundwater

text: are determining factors for the presence of various metal

text: ion

text: s, often rendering the water "

text: soft

text: " or "

text: hard

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: treatment process

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treatment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chlorine

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: kill biological toxins

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: treatment

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: kill biological toxins

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Biological toxins

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Groundwater in the vicinity of the oil field was formerly thought to exist only in perched zones not connected to the major aquifers of the Los Angeles Basin, and found mainly in canyon sediments and weathered bedrock. However, more recent modeling of regional groundwater occurrence and dynamics suggests that the Newport-Inglewood Fault is only a partial barrier to groundwater, and some hydraulic communication between the groundwater in the Baldwin Hills and the surrounding aquifers exists. Since the hills are higher than the adjoining plains, groundwater would necessarily move outward from the hills and the oilfield area. The base of fresh water in the oilfield area varies from about 200 to 350 feet below ground surface.

text: Groundwater

text: in the vicinity of the oil field was formerly thought to exist only in

text: perched zones

text: not connected to the major aquifers of the Los Angeles Basin, and found mainly in canyon sediments and weathered bedrock. However, more recent modeling of regional groundwater occurrence and dynamics suggests that the Newport-Inglewood Fault is only a partial barrier to groundwater, and some hydraulic communication between the groundwater in the Baldwin Hills and the surrounding aquifers exists. Since the hills are higher than the adjoining plains, groundwater would necessarily move outward from the hills and the oilfield area. The base of fresh water in the oilfield area varies from about 200 to 350 feet below ground surface.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater would necessarily move outward

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater would necessarily move outward from the hills and the oilfield area

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater would necessarily move outward

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the case of groundwater, the main issue is contamination of drinking water, if the aquifer is abstracted for human use. Regarding soil contamination, runoff waters can have two important pathways of concern. Firstly, runoff water can extract soil contaminants and carry them in the form of water pollution to even more sensitive aquatic habitats. Secondly, runoff can deposit contaminants on pristine soils, creating health or ecological consequences.

text: In the case of groundwater, the main issue is contamination of drinking water, if the

text: aquifer

text: is abstracted for human use. Regarding

text: soil contamination

text: , runoff waters can have two important pathways of concern. Firstly, runoff water can extract soil contaminants and carry them in the form of water pollution to even more sensitive aquatic habitats. Secondly, runoff can deposit contaminants on pristine soils, creating health or ecological consequences.

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answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Extract soil contaminants

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pristine soils

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Any system failing the checks will be denied general access to the network and will probably be placed in a quarantined role (how exactly a failed system is handled depends entirely on how the Clean Access Manager is configured, and may vary from network to network. For example: a failed system may simply be denied all network access afterward). Quarantined systems are then typically given a 60-minute window where the user can try to resolve the reason(s) for quarantine. In such a case, the user is only allowed connectivity to the Windows Update website and a number of antivirus providers (Symantec, McAfee, Trend Micro, etc.), or the user may be redirected to a Guest Server for remediation. All other traffic is typically blocked. Once the 60-minute window expires, all network traffic is blocked. The user has the option of re-authenticating with Clean Access again, and continuing the process as needed.

text: Any system failing the checks will be denied general access to the network and will probably be placed in a quarantined role (how exactly a failed system is handled depends entirely on how the Clean Access Manager is configured, and may vary from network to network. For example: a failed system may simply be denied all network access afterward). Quarantined systems are then typically given a 60-minute window where the user can try to resolve the reason(s) for quarantine. In such a case, the user is only allowed connectivity to the

text: Windows Update

text: website and a number of antivirus providers (

text: Symantec

text: McAfee

text: Trend Micro

text: , etc.), or the user may be redirected to a Guest Server for remediation. All other traffic is typically blocked. Once the 60-minute window expires, all network traffic is blocked. The user has the option of re-authenticating with Clean Access again, and continuing the process as needed.

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text: Regulatory regimes may also use definitions to reflect policy decisions, excluding certain classes of materials from the definition of water pollution that would otherwise be considered to constitute water pollution. For example, the U.S. Clean Water Act definition quoted above later excludes sewage discharged from vessels (further information at Regulation of ship pollution in the United States) - meaning that a common and important class of water pollution is, by definition, not considered a pollutant for purposes of the United States' primary water quality law.

text: Regulatory regimes may also use definitions to reflect policy decisions, excluding certain classes of materials from the definition of water pollution that would otherwise be considered to constitute water pollution. For example, the U.S. Clean Water Act definition quoted above later excludes sewage discharged from vessels (further information at

entity_name: Regulation of ship pollution in the United States

text: Regulation of ship pollution in the United States

text: ) - meaning that a common and important class of

text: water pollution

text: is, by definition, not considered a pollutant for purposes of the United States' primary water quality law.

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text: Sher was a major environmental proponent during his time in the legislature. Major legislative accomplishments of his include the Groundwater Protection Act (1983), California Clean Air Act (1988), and the California Safe Drinking Water Act (1989). He was the chairman of the Natural Resources Committee for 11 years.  Sher also authored a bill, signed by Jerry Brown, that increased the statute of limitations for rape from three years to six in response to the fact that many serial rapists--such as Melvin Carter--were able to avoid or partially avoid prosecution due to the shorter limit expiring.

text: Sher was a major environmental proponent during his time in the legislature. Major legislative accomplishments of his include the Groundwater Protection Act (1983), California Clean Air Act (1988), and the California Safe Drinking Water Act (1989). He was the chairman of the Natural Resources Committee for 11 years.  Sher also authored a bill, signed by

text: Jerry Brown

text: , that increased the statute of limitations for rape from three years to six in response to the fact that many serial rapists--such as

text: Melvin Carter

text: --were able to avoid or partially avoid prosecution due to the shorter limit expiring.

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answer: Yes

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text: Given the continued growth of the city and its population, problems are tackled only with difficulty—for instance, the Yamuna clean-up projects spent $500 million between 1993 and 2005, yet the river's pollution actually doubled during this same period.

text: Given the continued growth of the city and its population, problems are tackled only with difficulty—for instance, the Yamuna clean-up projects spent $500 million between 1993 and 2005, yet the river's pollution actually doubled during this same period.

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answers: clean-up projects spent $500 million

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution

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answers: problems are tackled only with difficulty

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answers: clean-up

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answers: problems are tackled only with difficulty

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answers: pumping water to the surface

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The government of India used early versions of the software developed by the EMRL to help with finding sources of clean groundwater, setting groundwater policy, and setting a course of action to clean up the contaminated groundwater in their country. State and local governments in Utah and California have used the software to help trace contaminant sources at farms and mining facilities, and to determine how to manage water resources in drier climates like the Los Angeles area.

text: The government of

text: India

text: used early versions of the software developed by the EMRL to help with finding sources of clean groundwater, setting groundwater policy, and setting a course of action to clean up the contaminated groundwater in their country. State and local governments in Utah and California have used the software to help trace contaminant sources at farms and mining facilities, and to determine how to manage water resources in drier climates like the Los Angeles area.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: setting groundwater policy

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: EMRL

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs and storage.  The critical difference is that due to its slow rate of turnover, groundwater storage is generally much larger (in volume) compared to inputs than it is for surface water. This difference makes it easy for humans to use groundwater unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences.  Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of seepage above a groundwater source is the upper bound for average consumption of water from that source.

text: Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs and storage.  The critical difference is that due to its slow rate of turnover, groundwater storage is generally much larger (in volume) compared to inputs than it is for surface water. This difference makes it easy for humans to use groundwater unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences.  Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of seepage above a groundwater source is the upper bound for average consumption of water from that source.

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater storage

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: humans to use groundwater unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs and storage

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater storage is generally much larger

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Though 92% of Bahrain is desert with periodic droughts and dust storms, the main natural hazards for Bahrainis. Environmental issues facing Bahrain include desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, distribution stations, and illegal land reclamation at places such as Tubli Bay. The agricultural and domestic sectors' over-utilisation of the Dammam Aquifer, the principal aquifer in Bahrain, has led to its salinisation by adjacent brackish and saline water bodies. A hydrochemical study identified the locations of the sources of aquifer salinisation and delineated their areas of influence. The investigation indicates that the aquifer water quality is significantly modified as groundwater flows from the northwestern parts of Bahrain, where the aquifer receives its water by lateral underflow from eastern Saudi Arabia, to the southern and southeastern parts. Four types of salinisation of the aquifer are identified: brackish-water up-flow from the underlying brackish-water zones in north-central, western, and eastern regions; seawater intrusion in the eastern region; intrusion of sabkha water in the southwestern region; and irrigation return flow in a local area in the western region. Four alternatives for the management of groundwater quality that are available to the water authorities in Bahrain are discussed and their priority areas are proposed, based on the type and extent of each salinisation source, in addition to groundwater use in that area.

text: Though 92% of Bahrain is desert with periodic droughts and dust storms, the main natural hazards for Bahrainis. Environmental issues facing Bahrain include desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, coastal degradation (damage to coastlines,

text: coral reef

text: s, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, distribution stations, and illegal land reclamation at places such as

text: Tubli Bay

text: . The agricultural and domestic sectors' over-utilisation of the

text: Dammam Aquifer

text: , the principal aquifer in Bahrain, has led to its

text: salinisation

text: by adjacent brackish and saline water bodies. A hydrochemical study identified the locations of the sources of aquifer salinisation and delineated their areas of influence. The investigation indicates that the aquifer water quality is significantly modified as groundwater flows from the northwestern parts of Bahrain, where the aquifer receives its water by lateral underflow from eastern Saudi Arabia, to the southern and southeastern parts. Four types of salinisation of the aquifer are identified: brackish-water up-flow from the underlying brackish-water zones in north-central, western, and eastern regions; seawater intrusion in the eastern region; intrusion of

text: sabkha

text: water in the southwestern region; and irrigation return flow in a local area in the western region. Four alternatives for the management of groundwater quality that are available to the water authorities in Bahrain are discussed and their priority areas are proposed, based on the type and extent of each salinisation source, in addition to groundwater use in that area.

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater quality

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater use

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: A hydrochemical study

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bacteria-based remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: hydrochemical

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: oil spills

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The agricultural and domestic sectors' over-utilisation of the Dammam Aquifer

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: oil spills

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Permits are required for various classes of landfills. Class 1 landfills include all municipal solid waste landfill units. These landfills can accept household wastes, commercial wastes, and approved industrial wastes. Class 3 landfills accept commercial, industrial, and special solid wastes, and Class 4 landfills accept construction and demolition debris and other nonputrescible wastes. The solid waste program permitting requirements for facilities accepting wastes are directed at protecting groundwater and surface water, while assuring the safe management and disposal of wastes. Permitting requirements for Class I landfills and most Class 3 landfills include liners and leachate-collection/treatment systems, groundwater-monitoring systems, and other environmental protection systems that protect groundwater. At a minimum, semiannual reports are submitted by facilities required to monitor groundwater. If constituents in groundwater around the landfill exceed the EPA MCLs for drinking-water supplies, corrective action is required to bring the facility into compliance. A Post-Closure Trust Fund pays for corrective action needed after closure of landfills. The SWMD currently (2013) evaluates environmental monitoring data for one closed landfill.

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answers: The solid waste program permitting requirements for facilities accepting wastes are directed at protecting groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: A Post-Closure Trust Fund

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Putrescible

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: leachate

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: leachate-collection/treatment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: A Post-Closure Trust Fund

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: More than a month after the first discovery of the groundwater contamination, TEPCO made a start to contain the radioactive groundwater. They assumed that the radioactivity had escaped early in the beginning of the disaster in 2011, but NRA-experts had serious doubts about their assumption. According to them, other sources could not be excluded. Numerous pipes were running everywhere on the reactor grounds to cool the reactors and decontaminate the water used, and leaks could be anywhere. This solution might easily redirect the groundwater flows, and spread the contamination even more. Besides that, TEPCO had plans for pumping groundwater. At that time the turbine-buildings of reactor nr.2 and nr.3 contained 5000 and 6000 cubic meter highly radioactive water. With wells in contact with the turbine-buildings, this could spread the radioactivity into the ground. The NRA announced that it would form a task force to find the leaks and to block the flow of the groundwater to the coastline, because the NRA suspected that the groundwater was leaking into the sea.

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answers: Contain the radioactive groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: TEPCO

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: decontamination

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: decontaminate

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: This solution might easily redirect the groundwater flows

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: This solution might easily redirect the groundwater flows

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumping groundwater

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Dredge plume evolution—how large it becomes, where it moves, how long it lasts, where its constituent materials settle—can be modeled, albeit imperfectly.  Examples of such models include DREDGEMAP, the MMS Dredge Plume Model and the Delft3D Suite.  The result of years of research and engineering, such models are important tools to help determine if the expected effects of proposed dredging are within acceptable governmental limits.

text: Dredge plume evolution—how large it becomes, where it moves, how long it lasts, where its constituent materials settle—can be modeled, albeit imperfectly.  Examples of such models include DREDGEMAP, the MMS Dredge Plume Model and the Delft3D Suite.  The result of years of research and engineering, such models are important tools to help determine if the expected effects of proposed dredging are within acceptable governmental limits.

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text: New forms of cleaning procedures are being tested in order to reduce biofilm formation in these processes which will lead to safer and more productive food processing industries. These new forms of cleaning procedures also have a profound effect on the environment, often releasing toxic gases into the groundwater reservoirs.

text: New forms of cleaning procedures are being tested in order to reduce biofilm formation in these processes which will lead to safer and more productive food processing industries. These new forms of cleaning procedures also have a profound effect on the environment, often releasing toxic gases into the groundwater reservoirs.

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text: When a pollutant source is in an attainment area, it becomes subject to the PSD permitting process. The PSD is part of the New Source Review program and was added to the CAA in 1977 with the goal of not allowing the good air to deteriorate, since it is only required for areas of attainment. The PSD is focused on air quality in the region, in regards to health effects, as opposed to the emission technology. While some argue that the PSD is not needed as the public health is protected by National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), others may say that the PSD prevents the "flight of industry" from dirty to clean areas that are in attainment, as they would not have to comply with as strict of regulations. Before this program was implemented, there was nothing in place that addressed potential air quality deterioration.

text: When a pollutant source is in an attainment area, it becomes subject to the PSD permitting process. The PSD is part of the

text: New Source Review

text: program and was added to the CAA in 1977 with the goal of not allowing the good air to deteriorate, since it is only required for areas of attainment. The PSD is focused on air quality in the region, in regards to health effects, as opposed to the emission technology. While some argue that the PSD is not needed as the public health is protected by

text: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

text: (NAAQS), others may say that the PSD prevents the "flight of industry" from dirty to clean areas that are in attainment, as they would not have to comply with as strict of regulations. Before this program was implemented, there was nothing in place that addressed potential air quality deterioration.

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answers: It becomes subject to the PSD permitting process

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answers: PSD

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answers: the PSD permitting process

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answers: Bacteria-based remediation

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answers: some argue that the PSD is not needed

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The primary piece of federal legislation governing the airborne release of mercury in the United States is the Clean Air Act. Unlike the criteria air pollutants, mercury is classified under the Act as a hazardous air pollutant and is thus subject to control under the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP's) rather than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).  The key distinction is that the former is controlled by establishing performance standards under a program known as maximum achievable control technology standards (MACT), designed to reduce hazardous air pollutant emissions to a maximum achievable degree, by setting a standard at least as stringent as the emission reductions achieved by the average of the top 12% best controlled in the same pollution sources. However, as of early 2011, no federal limits of mercury from coal and oil-fired electric utility steam generating units (EGU's) were on the books. The development of a regulatory policy framework to guide the emissions of mercury from power plants is on-going, the major developments of which have occurred largely within the last decade.

text: The primary piece of federal legislation governing the airborne release of mercury in the United States is the

text: Clean Air Act

text: . Unlike the

text: criteria air pollutants

text: , mercury is classified under the Act as a

entity_name: National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

text: hazardous air pollutant

text: and is thus subject to control under the

text: National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

text: (NESHAP's) rather than the

text: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

text: (NAAQS).  The key distinction is that the former is controlled by establishing

text: performance standards

text: under a program known as

text: maximum achievable control technology standards

text: (MACT), designed to reduce hazardous air pollutant emissions to a maximum achievable degree, by setting a standard at least as stringent as the emission reductions achieved by the average of the top 12% best controlled in the same pollution sources. However, as of early 2011, no federal limits of mercury from coal and oil-fired

text: electric utility steam generating units

text: (EGU's) were on the books. The development of a regulatory policy framework to guide the emissions of mercury from power plants is on-going, the major developments of which have occurred largely within the last decade.

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answers: Groundwater is easier and cheaper to clean up than to prevent

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: regulate emissions

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answer: No

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text: EPA investigations have been completed at multiple areas of contamination including landfills, discharge areas, chemical disposal areas, fire training areas, fuel spill areas, and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) spill areas. Through the fiscal year 2006, $164.27 million was spent on cleanup activities at Castle. The USAF expects to spend an additional $70.98 million through fiscal year 2044. Approximately 6000 people obtain their drinking water from both municipal and private wells located near the site. The principal pollutant at the base, trichloroethylene (TCE), was found in a plume. Merced Irrigation purified the water at the edge of the plume and released the purified water outside the plume. Working their way inward, they managed to clean the contaminated water. The methods used to purify the groundwater included passing the water through carbon filters and then aerating it. The pollutant remaining after purification was packaged in a barrel and removed from the site. In 1991, a Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Cleanup Team (BCT) was created to review and offer comments/recommendations on the progress of the cleanup effort at Castle. BCT membership included representatives from the Air Force, federal and state regulatory agencies, and appointed representatives from the governing bodies of surrounding communities. The Castle RAB, or Restoration Advisory Board, which was established in 1994 on behalf of the former Castle Air Force Base, was responsible for reviewing Federal cleanup methods and efforts, and was officially adjourned on January 16, 2007.

text: EPA

text: investigations have been completed at multiple areas of contamination including

text: landfills

text: , discharge areas, chemical disposal areas, fire training areas, fuel spill areas, and

text: polychlorinated biphenyl

text: (PCB) spill areas. Through the fiscal year 2006, $164.27 million was spent on cleanup activities at Castle. The USAF expects to spend an additional $70.98 million through fiscal year 2044. Approximately 6000 people obtain their

text: drinking water

text: from both municipal and private wells located near the site. The principal pollutant at the base,

text: trichloroethylene

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: purify the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical disposal

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Working their way inward, they managed to clean the contaminated water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Polychlorinated biphenyl

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It is more expensive because the soil and rock must be cleaned too.

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2008, the former Port Malabar Country Club property was revalued at $300,000, essentially "worthless" because of arsenic in the groundwater which would require an estimated $12 million to clean up.

text: In 2008, the former Port Malabar Country Club property was revalued at $300,000, essentially "worthless" because of

text: arsenic

text: in the groundwater which would require an estimated $12 million to clean up.

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answers: 1

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: arsenic in the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: arsenic in the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is a physical treatment process for in situ remediation of volatile contaminants in vadose zone (unsaturated) soils (EPA, 2012).  SVE (also referred to as in situ soil venting or vacuum extraction) is based on mass transfer of contaminant from the solid (sorbed) and liquid (aqueous or non-aqueous) phases into the gas phase, with subsequent collection of the gas phase contamination at extraction wells.  Extracted contaminant mass in the gas phase (and any condensed liquid phase) is treated in aboveground systems.  In essence, SVE is the vadose zone equivalent of the pump-and-treat technology for groundwater remediation.  SVE is particularly amenable to contaminants with higher Henry’s Law constants, including various chlorinated solvents and hydrocarbons.  SVE is a well-demonstrated, mature remediation technology (Hutzler et al., 1990; Pedersen and Curtis, 1991; Noyes, 1994; Stamnes and Blanchard, 1997; Suthersan, 1999; Kahn et al., 2004; Damera and Bhandari, 2007) and has been identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as presumptive remedy (EPA, 1993, 1996, 2011).

text: Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is a physical treatment process for

text: in situ

text: remediation of volatile contaminants in

text: vadose zone

text: (unsaturated) soils (EPA, 2012).  SVE (also referred to as in situ soil venting or vacuum extraction) is based on

text: mass transfer

text: of contaminant from the solid (sorbed) and liquid (aqueous or non-aqueous) phases into the gas phase, with subsequent collection of the gas phase contamination at extraction wells.  Extracted contaminant mass in the gas phase (and any condensed liquid phase) is treated in aboveground systems.  In essence, SVE is the vadose zone equivalent of the

text: pump-and-treat

text: technology for

text: groundwater remediation

text: .  SVE is particularly amenable to contaminants with higher

text: Henry’s Law

text: constants, including various chlorinated solvents and hydrocarbons.  SVE is a well-demonstrated, mature remediation technology (Hutzler et al., 1990; Pedersen and Curtis, 1991; Noyes, 1994; Stamnes and Blanchard, 1997; Suthersan, 1999; Kahn et al., 2004; Damera and Bhandari, 2007) and has been identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as presumptive remedy (EPA, 1993, 1996, 2011).

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003967

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answers: NDQ_003968

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Soil vapor extraction (SVE)

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Soil vapor extraction

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Soil vapor extraction

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Extracted contaminant mass in the gas phase

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: volatile

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pump-and-treat technology

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Several assessments have been made regarding the environmental impact of the sawmill and associated activities. A 2004 assessment by Wesfarmers showed arsenic contamination in and surrounding a drainage channel to Lefroy Brook. The WA government accepted responsibility for the issue, as State Saw Mills used arsenic to treat timber in the 1920s. Wesfarmers accepted responsibility for groundwater and soil contamination with creosote, and the clean-up cost was shared by Wesfarmers and the State government.

text: Several assessments have been made regarding the

text: environmental impact

text: of the sawmill and associated activities. A 2004 assessment by

text: Wesfarmers

text: showed

text: arsenic

text: contamination

text: in and surrounding a

text: drainage channel

text: to Lefroy Brook. The WA government accepted responsibility for the issue, as State Saw Mills used arsenic to treat timber in the 1920s. Wesfarmers accepted responsibility for groundwater and soil contamination with

text: creosote

text: , and the clean-up cost was shared by Wesfarmers and the State government.

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater and soil contamination

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: responsible for groundwater and soil contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: creosote

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Clean-up

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater and soil contamination with creosote

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean-up cost was shared by Wesfarmers and the State government

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater and soil

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Apart from the conventional surface water sources of freshwater such as rivers and lakes, other resources of freshwater such as groundwater and glaciers have become more developed sources of freshwater, becoming the main source of clean water. Groundwater is water that has pooled below the surface of the Earth and can provide a usable quantity of water through springs or wells. These areas where groundwater is collected are also known as aquifers. Glaciers provide freshwater in the form meltwater, or freshwater melted from snow or ice, that supply streams or springs as temperatures rise. More and more of these sources are being drawn upon as conventional sources' usability decreases due to factors such as pollution or disappearance due to climate changes. The exponential growth rate of the human population is a main contributing factor in the increasing use of these types of water resources.

text: Apart from the conventional surface water sources of freshwater such as rivers and lakes, other resources of freshwater such as groundwater and glaciers have become more developed sources of freshwater, becoming the main source of clean water.

text: Groundwater

text: is water that has pooled below the surface of the Earth and can provide a usable quantity of water through springs or wells. These areas where groundwater is collected are also known as aquifers.

text: Glaciers

text: provide freshwater in the form

text: meltwater

text: , or freshwater melted from snow or ice, that supply streams or springs as temperatures rise. More and more of these sources are being drawn upon as conventional sources' usability decreases due to factors such as pollution or disappearance due to climate changes. The exponential growth rate of the human population is a main contributing factor in the increasing use of these types of water resources.

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answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: conventional sources' usability decreases

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The purpose of a shipboard oily water separator (OWS) is to separate oil and other contaminants that could be harmful for the oceans. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) publishes regulations through the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC). On July 18, 2003, the MEPC issued new regulations that each vessel built after this date had to follow. This document is known as MEPC 107(49) and it details revised guidelines and specifications for pollution prevention equipment for machinery space bilges of ships.  Each OWS must be able to achieve clean bilge water under 15 ppm of type C oil or heavily emulsified oil, and any other contaminates that may be found. All oil content monitors (OCM) must be tamper-proof. Also whenever the OWS is being cleaned out the OCM must be active. An OWS must be able to clear out contaminants as well as oil. Some of these contaminating agents include lubricating oil, cleaning product, soot from combustion, fuel oil, rust, sewage, and several other things that can be harmful to the ocean environment.

text: The purpose of a shipboard oily water separator (OWS) is to separate oil and other contaminants that could be harmful for the oceans. The

text: International Maritime Organization

text: (IMO) publishes regulations through the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC). On July 18, 2003, the MEPC issued new regulations that each vessel built after this date had to follow. This document is known as MEPC 107(49) and it details revised guidelines and specifications for pollution prevention equipment for machinery space bilges of ships.  Each OWS must be able to achieve clean bilge water under 15 ppm of type C oil or heavily emulsified oil, and any other contaminates that may be found. All

text: oil content monitors

text: (OCM) must be tamper-proof. Also whenever the OWS is being cleaned out the OCM must be active. An OWS must be able to clear out contaminants as well as oil. Some of these contaminating agents include lubricating oil, cleaning product, soot from combustion, fuel oil, rust, sewage, and several other things that can be harmful to the ocean environment.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clear out contaminants as well as oil

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: an OWS

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: OCM

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: harmful to the ocean environment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean bilge water under 15 ppm

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: soot

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: How much groundwater is used by golf courses and whether the present use of groundwater is sustainable is the subject of many hot debates. In data from 2002, we find documentation that water used for domestic purposes per day in Jeju is 634,864㎥/day, (43%), while water used for agricultural purposes per day is 800,565㎥/day (54%). These researchers referred to the report issued by KOWACO. Water used by 16 golf courses during 2004 was 39,303 ton per day. Environmental organizations say that golf courses are the main cause of groundwater exhaustion and pollution, but we do not yet know whether this is true or not.

text: How much groundwater is used by golf courses and whether the present use of groundwater is sustainable is the subject of many hot debates. In data from 2002, we find documentation that water used for domestic purposes per day in Jeju is 634,864㎥/day, (43%), while water used for agricultural purposes per day is 800,565㎥/day (54%). These researchers referred to the report issued by KOWACO. Water used by 16 golf courses during 2004 was 39,303 ton per day. Environmental organizations say that golf courses are the main cause of groundwater exhaustion and pollution, but we do not yet know whether this is true or not.

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answers: Environmental organizations say that golf courses are the main cause

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: use of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: KOWACO

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater exhaustion and pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: water used for agricultural purposes per day is 800,565m3/day

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Groundwater exhaustion and pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As a result of pollution caused by harmful industrial chemicals, international legislation setting minimal levels of organic pollutants in potable and environmental waters and soil were introduced leading to the need for sensitive and cost effective methods for detection and routine monitoring.

text: As a result of pollution caused by harmful industrial chemicals, international legislation setting minimal levels of organic pollutants in potable and environmental waters and soil were introduced leading to the need for sensitive and cost effective methods for detection and routine monitoring.

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answers: cost effective

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answers: NDQ_003964

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answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: NDQ_003966

answers: cost effective

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: potable and environmental waters and soil

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: harmful industrial chemicals

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Pollution of the public resources is really not a different action, it just is a reverse tragedy of the commons, in that instead of taking something out, something is put into the commons.  When the costs of polluting the commons are not calculated into the cost of the items consumed, then it becomes only natural to pollute, as the cost of pollution is external to the cost of the goods produced and the cost of cleaning the waste before it is discharged exceeds the cost of releasing the waste directly into the commons.  So, the only way to solve this problem is by protecting the ecology of the commons by making it, through taxes or fines, more costly to release the waste directly into the commons than would be the cost of cleaning the waste before discharge.

text: Pollution of the public resources is really not a different action, it just is a reverse tragedy of the commons, in that instead of taking something out, something is put into the commons.  When the costs of polluting the commons are not calculated into the cost of the items consumed, then it becomes only natural to pollute, as the cost of pollution is external to the cost of the goods produced and the cost of cleaning the waste before it is discharged exceeds the cost of releasing the waste directly into the commons.  So, the only way to solve this problem is by protecting the ecology of the commons by making it, through taxes or fines, more costly to release the waste directly into the commons than would be the cost of cleaning the waste before discharge.

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The cost of cleaning the waste before it is discharged exceeds the cost of releasing the waste directly into the commons

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: taxes or fines

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: taxes or fines

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: reverse tragedy of the commons

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the cost of cleaning the waste before it is discharged exceeds the cost of releasing the waste directly into the commons

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: cost of cleaning the waste before it is discharged

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The cost of cleaning the waste before it is discharged exceeds the cost of releasing the waste directly into the commons

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It becomes only natural to pollute

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Environmental remediation is the process of physically removing, treating, or isolating pollutants in environmental media. Environmental cleanup laws may contain specific requisite remediation protocols, or may contain standards and processes by which a regulatory agency may determine an appropriate remedy.

text: Environmental remediation is the process of physically removing, treating, or isolating pollutants in environmental media. Environmental cleanup laws may contain specific requisite remediation protocols, or may contain standards and processes by which a regulatory agency may determine an appropriate remedy.

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Treating

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: remediation protocols

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: isolating

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: physically removing

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: physically removing

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The pollutant creates a contaminant plume within an aquifer. Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area. Its advancing boundary, often called a plume edge, can intersect with groundwater wells or daylight into surface water such as seeps and spring, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater pollution may focus on soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.

text: The pollutant creates a contaminant

text: plume

text: within an

text: aquifer

text: . Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area. Its advancing boundary, often called a plume edge, can intersect with

text: groundwater wells

text: or daylight into surface water such as seeps and spring, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a

text: hydrological transport model

text: or

text: groundwater model

text: . Analysis of groundwater pollution may focus on

text: soil

text: characteristics and site geology,

text: hydrogeology

text: hydrology

text: , and the nature of the contaminants.

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answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Analysis of groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a plume front

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: making the water supplies unsafe

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: safe for humans and wildlife

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Remediation, or sometimes referred to as developmental education, is a format of education aimed to help open doors for students by reinforcing or re-teaching them core skills. This educational strategy is utilized so students can meet competencies in various academic arenas and further progress in their academics. Remediation is prominent in community colleges, a type of two-year colleges, as these institutions are designed to accommodate students of various levels of academic abilities. Community college students are placed into remedial coursework according to their performance on placement-based testing they take prior to beginning classes.

text: Remediation, or sometimes referred to as developmental education, is a format of education aimed to help open doors for students by reinforcing or re-teaching them core skills. This educational strategy is utilized so students can meet competencies in various academic arenas and further progress in their academics. Remediation is prominent in community colleges, a type of two-year colleges, as these institutions are designed to accommodate students of various levels of academic abilities. Community college students are placed into remedial coursework according to their performance on placement-based testing they take prior to beginning classes.

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answers: Remediation

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answers: re-teaching them core skills

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answers: Remediation

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answers: Remediation

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answers: remedial

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answers: students can meet competencies in various academic arenas and further progress in their academics

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Remediation

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answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: During World War I Spring Valley was an undeveloped area on the main campus of American University that the Army was allowed to use for testing chemical weapons, such as mustard gas, therefore also known as the American University Experimental Station or Camp American University and Camp Leach. In 1993, during excavations of a utility trench, construction workers found unexploded ordnance, and scientists found high levels of arsenic in the soil. This touched off a cleanup effort by the Environmental Protection Agency and Army who call it the Spring Valley Formerly Used Defense Site. Cleanup lasted merely two years at first. A decade later, in 2003 many more dangerous sites in the area were uncovered, including perchlorate in groundwater and three burial pits on grounds of the South Korean ambassador’s residence. In 2005 ATSDR issued a "Health Consultation"' and 2 years later Johns Hopkins University was contracted for a health study, and reported in 2007. A review of all site data and previous health studies was supposed to be completed by 2013. As of 2014, the work is still ongoing with tons of earth being replaced and at least one house being scheduled for demolition.    A Restoration Advisory Board is in place. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is the lead agency in clean up.

text: During

text: World War I

text: Spring Valley was an undeveloped area on the main campus of

text: American University

text: that the Army was allowed to use for testing chemical weapons, such as

text: mustard gas

text: , therefore also known as the American University Experimental Station or

text: Camp American University

text: and

text: Camp Leach

text: . In 1993, during excavations of a utility trench, construction workers found

text: unexploded ordnance

text: , and scientists found high levels of

text: arsenic

text: in the soil. This touched off a cleanup effort by the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: and Army who call it the Spring Valley Formerly Used Defense Site. Cleanup lasted merely two years at first. A decade later, in 2003 many more dangerous sites in the area were uncovered, including

text: perchlorate

text: in groundwater and three burial pits on grounds of the South Korean ambassador’s residence. In 2005

entity_name: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

text: ATSDR

text: issued a "Health Consultation"' and 2 years later Johns Hopkins University was contracted for a health study, and reported in 2007. A review of all site data and previous health studies was supposed to be completed by 2013. As of 2014, the work is still ongoing with tons of earth being replaced and at least one house being scheduled for demolition.    A Restoration Advisory Board is in place. The

text: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

text: (USACE) is the lead agency in clean up.

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answers: Perchlorate in groundwater

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answers: clean up

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answers: high levels of arsenic in the soil

answers: NDQ_003964

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answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: Cleanup lasted merely two years at first

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: spring valley Formerly Used Defense Site

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Farmers were attracted to the Coachella Valley's inexpensive land, year-around growing season and what was initially a plentiful supply of groundwater. They soon realized, however, that the aquifer's water supply was finite and CVWD was voted into existence by Coachella Valley residents and established by the state Legislature on January 9, 1918 with the primary responsibility to protect local water resources. One of the first actions taken by the District was to claim the rights to the Whitewater River (the valley's only source of natural replenishment) to ensure that natural inflows of water to the valley would stay in the valley and benefit the groundwater basin. To better manage the groundwater basin (the only source of water that was then being used for agricultural irrigation) and minimize groundwater pumping, the District looked for alternate sources of water to irrigate agriculturally productive land.

text: Farmers were attracted to the Coachella Valley's inexpensive land, year-around growing season and what was initially a plentiful supply of groundwater. They soon realized, however, that the aquifer's water supply was finite and CVWD was voted into existence by Coachella Valley residents and established by the state Legislature on January 9, 1918 with the primary responsibility to protect local water resources. One of the first actions taken by the District was to claim the rights to the Whitewater River (the valley's only source of natural replenishment) to ensure that natural inflows of water to the valley would stay in the valley and benefit the groundwater basin. To better manage the groundwater basin (the only source of water that was then being used for agricultural irrigation) and minimize groundwater pumping, the District looked for alternate sources of water to irrigate agriculturally productive land.

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answers: NDQ_003967

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answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater pumping

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In October 2001 a resident of Ivatt Close, Bawtry, uncovered a coal tar pit, covered by wooden boards and a layer of soil, in his back garden. An investigation by Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council determined that the contamination also included nickel and affected parts of two adjacent streets, Stirling Avenue and Gresley Avenue. In total, 47 properties were found to be contaminated to some extent. The presence of a major aquifer beneath the site, its situation within a Groundwater Source Protection Zone and the potential for groundwater contamination, led to it being designated a 'special site' under the EPA in June 2003 and enforcement of the Act therefore passed from the local authority to the EA.

text: In October 2001 a resident of Ivatt Close, Bawtry, uncovered a coal tar pit, covered by wooden boards and a layer of soil, in his back garden. An investigation by

text: Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council

text: determined that the contamination also included

text: nickel

text: and affected parts of two adjacent streets, Stirling Avenue and Gresley Avenue. In total, 47 properties were found to be contaminated to some extent. The presence of a major

text: aquifer

text: beneath the site, its situation within a Groundwater Source Protection Zone and the potential for groundwater contamination, led to it being designated a 'special site' under the EPA in June 2003 and enforcement of the Act therefore passed from the local authority to the EA.

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: Groundwater Source Protection Zone

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater Source Protection Zone

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater Source Protection Zone

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater Source Protection

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater Source Protection Zone

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Two rivers meander through Chennai, the Cooum River (or Koovam) in the central region and the Adyar River in the southern region. Both rivers are heavily polluted with effluents and trash from domestic and commercial sources. The Adyar, which is much less polluted than the Cooum, is de-silted and cleaned periodically by the state government. A protected estuary of the Adyar forms the natural habitat of several species of birds and animals. The Buckingham Canal,  inland, travels parallel to the coast, linking the two rivers. The Otteri Nullah, an east-west stream runs through north Chennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at Basin Bridge.Several lakes of varying size are located on the western fringes of the city. Red Hills, Sholavaram and Chembarambakkam Lake supply Chennai with potable water. Groundwater sources are mostly brackish.

text: Two rivers meander through Chennai, the

text: Cooum River

text: (or Koovam) in the central region and the

text: Adyar River

text: in the southern region. Both rivers are heavily polluted with effluents and trash from domestic and commercial sources. The Adyar, which is much less polluted than the Cooum, is de-silted and cleaned periodically by the state government. A protected

text: estuary

text: of the Adyar forms the natural habitat of several species of birds and animals. The

text: Buckingham Canal

text: ,  inland, travels parallel to the coast, linking the two rivers. The

text: Otteri Nullah

text: , an east-west stream runs through north Chennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at

text: Basin Bridge

text: .Several lakes of varying size are located on the western fringes of the city.

text: Red Hills

text: Sholavaram

text: and

text: Chembarambakkam Lake

text: supply Chennai with

text: potable water

text: Groundwater

text: sources are mostly

text: brackish

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answers: Groundwater sources are mostly brackish

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean periodically

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: de-silted

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: de-silted

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: effluents and trash from domestic and commercial sources

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater sources are mostly brackish

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: effluents

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The model has the capability to calculate: the rise of buoyant plumes; deposition of pollution plume components due to rainfall (i.e., wet deposition); dry deposition; plume chemistry focusing on sulphate and nitrate chemistry; plume depletion via the decay of radioactive materials; the downwash effects of buildings.

text: The model has the capability to calculate: the rise of

text: buoyant plumes

text: ; deposition of pollution plume components due to rainfall (i.e.,

text: wet deposition

text: dry deposition

text: ; plume chemistry focusing on sulphate and nitrate chemistry; plume depletion via the decay of radioactive materials; the

text: downwash effects

text: of buildings.

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: According to Cherry, "the biggest cause of groundwater pollution and of water use not being sustainable is agriculture". Out of concern for environmental sustainability, he became a vegan in 2010. Noting that 80 percent of all freshwater is used for food production, Cherry said in his acceptance speech of the Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize that “eating meat is the largest single contributor to the global water crisis. Diet changes could reduce per capita water consumption in the industrialized countries by up to 40 percent.” He also noted that 50 percent of drinking water supplies globally depend on groundwater.” Cherry has also urged governments to devote more of their budget to groundwater monitoring, noting that unlike sewage treatment, it is not as politically popular because its benefits appear only over the long term.

text: According to Cherry, "the biggest cause of groundwater pollution and of water use not being sustainable is agriculture". Out of concern for environmental sustainability, he became a

text: vegan

text: in 2010. Noting that 80 percent of all freshwater is used for food production, Cherry said in his acceptance speech of the Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize that “eating meat is the largest single contributor to the global water crisis. Diet changes could reduce per capita water consumption in the industrialized countries by up to 40 percent.” He also noted that 50 percent of drinking water supplies globally depend on groundwater.” Cherry has also urged governments to devote more of their budget to groundwater monitoring, noting that unlike sewage treatment, it is not as politically popular because its benefits appear only over the long term.

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answers: 50 percent of drinking water supplies globally

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Polluted groundwater is less visible, but more difficult to clean up, than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage landfills, excessive fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process wastewater from mines, industrial fracking, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines, sewage sludge and septic systems.

text: Polluted groundwater

text: is less visible, but more difficult to clean up, than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage

text: landfills

text: , excessive

text: fertilizer

text: s and pesticides used in agriculture, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process

text: wastewater

text: from mines, industrial fracking, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines,

text: sewage sludge

text: and

text: septic systems

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answers: Polluted groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: disposal of wastes on land

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: industrial fracking

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: fracking

answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: NDQ_003966

answers: more difficult to clean up

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: rivers and lakes

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater pollution

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Another method based on plume modeling is maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). In this odor localization method, several matrices are defined as follows:

text: Another method based on plume modeling is

text: maximum likelihood estimation

text: (MLE). In this odor localization method, several matrices are defined as follows:

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/29ad634617d219e8bf3a1884a2f2b93a

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/c392468cdb5edd65b4ff64798dd382de

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: plume modeling

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: MLE

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: MLE

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: plume modeling

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: odor localization

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated water would be removed

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Plume modeling

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumping water to the surface

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), a form of advanced oxidation processes and advanced oxidation technology, is an environmental remediation technique used for soil and/or groundwater remediation to reduce the concentrations of targeted environmental contaminants to acceptable levels. ISCO is accomplished by injecting or otherwise introducing strong chemical oxidizers directly into the contaminated medium (soil or groundwater) to destroy chemical contaminants in place. It can be used to remediate a variety of organic compounds, including some that are resistant to natural degradation.

text: In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), a form of

text: advanced oxidation process

text: es and advanced oxidation technology, is an

text: environmental remediation

text: technique used for soil and/or

text: groundwater remediation

text: to reduce the concentrations of targeted environmental contaminants to acceptable levels. ISCO is accomplished by injecting or otherwise introducing strong

text: chemical oxidizers

text: directly into the contaminated medium (soil or groundwater) to destroy chemical contaminants in place. It can be used to remediate a variety of organic compounds, including some that are resistant to natural degradation.

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

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answers: NDQ_003963

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answers: NDQ_003964

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answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: 2

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answers: NDQ_003968

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answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It can be used to remediate a variety of organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: In situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: strong chemical oxidizers

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: In situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ISCO

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: In situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: chemical contaminants in place

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: In situ chemical oxidation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Approximately  of contaminated water had been leaking from the site on a daily basis, leaching into groundwater or washed away in the rain. In 1983, following the construction of a  wall constructed around the center of the dump site, seepage was reduced to  per day. The contaminated areas at the dump site were also covered with a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) cap.  In 1992 a treatment plant was constructed to flush the landfill.  By 1996 off-site work including excavation of the marsh, portions of the stream bed, and the lake sediment excavation was completed.  Drains to capture contaminated water from outside and below the landfill were completed which must be operated indefinitely.  These drains have successfully protected the surrounding environment from landfill contaminants and are constantly monitored to insure their effectiveness.  Today, remediation continues at the Landfill through the removal of vast quantities of volatile organic compounds, such as benzene and toluene.  These compounds are removed in the vapor phase and destroyed.  To date (2010) over  of contaminants have been removed from Lipari.

text: Approximately  of contaminated water had been leaking from the site on a daily basis, leaching into groundwater or washed away in the rain. In 1983, following the construction of a  wall constructed around the center of the dump site, seepage was reduced to  per day. The contaminated areas at the dump site were also covered with a

text: high-density polyethylene

text: (HDPE) cap.  In 1992 a treatment plant was constructed to flush the landfill.  By 1996 off-site work including excavation of the marsh, portions of the stream bed, and the lake sediment excavation was completed.  Drains to capture contaminated water from outside and below the landfill were completed which must be operated indefinitely.  These drains have successfully protected the surrounding environment from landfill contaminants and are constantly monitored to insure their effectiveness.  Today, remediation continues at the Landfill through the removal of vast quantities of

text: volatile organic compounds

text: , such as

text: benzene

text: and

text: toluene

text: .  These compounds are removed in the vapor phase and destroyed.  To date (2010) over  of contaminants have been removed from Lipari.

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answers: Drains to capture contaminated water

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Drains to capture contaminated water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: benzene and toluene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: in the vapor phase and destroyed

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: treatment plant

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: must be operated indefinitely

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: volatile organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Depending on geology and soil type, pump and treat may be a good method to quickly reduce high concentrations of pollutants. It is more difficult to reach sufficiently low concentrations to satisfy remediation standards, due to the equilibrium of absorption/desorption processes in the soil. However, pump and treat is typically not the best form of remediation. It is expensive to treat the groundwater, and typically is a very slow process to clean up a release with pump and treat. It is best suited to control the hydraulic gradient and keep a release from spreading further. Better options of in-situ treatment often include air sparge/soil vapor extraction (AS/SVE) or dual phase extraction/multiphase extraction(DPE/MPE). Other methods include trying to increase the dissolved oxygen content of the groundwater to support microbial degradation of the compound (especially petroleum) by direct injection of oxygen into the subsurface, or the direct injection of a slurry that slowly releases oxygen over time (typically magnesium peroxide or calium oxy-hydroxide).

text: Depending on

text: geology

text: and soil type, pump and treat may be a good method to quickly reduce high concentrations of pollutants. It is more difficult to reach sufficiently low concentrations to satisfy remediation standards, due to the equilibrium of

text: absorption

text: desorption

text: processes in the soil. However, pump and treat is typically not the best form of remediation. It is expensive to treat the groundwater, and typically is a very slow process to clean up a release with pump and treat. It is best suited to control the hydraulic gradient and keep a release from spreading further. Better options of in-situ treatment often include air sparge/soil vapor extraction (AS/SVE) or dual phase extraction/multiphase extraction(DPE/MPE). Other methods include trying to increase the dissolved oxygen content of the groundwater to support microbial degradation of the compound (especially petroleum) by direct injection of oxygen into the subsurface, or the direct injection of a slurry that slowly releases oxygen over time (typically magnesium peroxide or calium oxy-hydroxide).

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answers: pump and treat is typically not the best form of remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: calium oxy-hydroxide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial degradation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pump and treat is typically not the best form of remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: It is more difficult to reach sufficiently low concentrations to satisfy remediation standards

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pump and treat is typically not the best form of remediation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution. By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic plume.

text: Interactions between

text: groundwater

text: and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface

text: water pollution

text: . By its very nature, groundwater

text: aquifer

text: s are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemical or

text: radionuclide

text: contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic

text: plume

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: non-point source pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: radionuclide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: non-point source

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: toxic plume

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answers: groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: creating a toxic plume

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Nuclear power plant accidents include the Chernobyl disaster (1986), Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011), and the Three Mile Island accident (1979). There have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. In terms of lives lost per unit of energy generated, analysis has determined that nuclear power has caused less fatalities per unit of energy generated than the other major sources of energy generation. Energy production from coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydropower has caused a greater number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution and energy accident effects. However, the economic costs of nuclear power accidents is high, and meltdowns can take decades to clean up. The human costs of evacuations of affected populations and lost livelihoods is also significant.

entity_name: Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents

text: Nuclear power plant accidents

text: include the

text: Chernobyl disaster

text: Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

text: (2011), and the

text: Three Mile Island accident

text: (1979). There have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. In terms of lives lost per unit of energy generated, analysis has determined that nuclear power has caused less fatalities per unit of energy generated than the other major sources of energy generation. Energy production from

text: coal

text: petroleum

text: natural gas

text: and

text: hydropower

text: has caused a greater number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to

text: air pollution

text: and

text: energy accident

text: effects. However, the economic costs of nuclear power accidents is high, and meltdowns can take decades to clean up. The human costs of evacuations of affected populations and lost livelihoods is also significant.

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answers: The economic costs of nuclear power accidents is high

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: evacuated populations and lost livelihoods

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Nuclear power plant accidents

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bacteria-based remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: nuclear

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: meltdowns can take decades to clean up

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: meltdowns can take decades to clean up

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Upper Klamath Watershed lies between the Cascade Range and the Basin and Range Province in southern Oregon and northern California. Bedrock stratigraphy in the area includes volcanic deposits, volcanic ejecta, and fluviolacustrine deposits. This creates three general hydrologic layers: 1) Highly permeable basalt with an older depositional age serving as the principle aquifer, 2) fluvial deposits made up of tuff, shale, agglomerate, sandstone, and volcanic ash that are collectively known as the Yonna Formation and act as a groundwater cap, and 3) more recent eruptive volcanic deposits that overlie the aquifer. Little water is able to permeate through the upper volcanic deposit layers to the principle aquifers. Groundwater is able to move freely throughout the upper basin despite geologic structures that occur due to normal faulting which only confine groundwater on a local scale. Artesian wells discharging into the Upper Klamath Lake are essential for recharge into the lake and Klamath River flow throughout the year. Snowmelt is currently a large contributor of groundwater recharge in the Upper Klamath Basin.

text: The Upper Klamath Watershed lies between the

text: Cascade Range

text: and the

text: Basin and Range Province

text: in southern Oregon and northern California. Bedrock

text: stratigraphy

text: in the area includes volcanic deposits,

text: volcanic ejecta

text: , and fluviolacustrine deposits. This creates three general

text: hydrologic

text: layers: 1) Highly permeable

text: basalt

text: with an older depositional age serving as the principle

text: aquifer

text: , 2)

text: fluvial

text: deposits made up of tuff, shale, agglomerate, sandstone, and volcanic ash that are collectively known as the Yonna Formation and act as a groundwater cap, and 3) more recent eruptive volcanic deposits that overlie the aquifer. Little water is able to permeate through the upper volcanic deposit layers to the principle aquifers. Groundwater is able to move freely throughout the upper basin despite geologic structures that occur due to normal faulting which only confine groundwater on a local scale.

text: Artesian wells

text: discharging into the Upper Klamath Lake are essential for recharge into the lake and

text: Klamath River

text: flow throughout the year. Snowmelt is currently a large contributor of groundwater recharge in the Upper Klamath Basin.

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Artesian wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Fluviolacustrine

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Little water is able to permeate through the upper volcanic deposit layers to the principle aquifers

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Little water is able to permeate

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The Upper Klamath Watershed

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Although groundwater sources are quite prevalent, one major area of concern is the renewal rate or recharge rate of some groundwater sources. Abstracting from groundwater sources that are non-renewable could lead to exhaustion if not properly monitored and managed. Another concern of increased groundwater usage is the diminished water quality of the source over time. Reduction of natural outflows, decreasing stored volumes, declining water levels and water degradation are commonly observed in groundwater systems. Groundwater depletion may result in many negative effects such as increased cost of groundwater pumping, induced salinity and other water quality changes, land subsidence, degraded springs and reduced baseflows. Human pollution is also harmful to this important resource.

text: Although groundwater sources are quite prevalent, one major area of concern is the renewal rate or recharge rate of some groundwater sources.

text: Abstracting

text: from groundwater sources that are non-renewable could lead to exhaustion if not properly monitored and managed. Another concern of increased groundwater usage is the diminished water quality of the source over time. Reduction of natural outflows, decreasing stored volumes, declining water levels and water degradation are commonly observed in groundwater systems. Groundwater depletion may result in many negative effects such as increased cost of groundwater pumping, induced salinity and other water quality changes, land subsidence, degraded springs and reduced baseflows. Human pollution is also harmful to this important resource.

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answers: Groundwater depletion may result in many negative effects

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: properly monitored and managed

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater depletion

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater depletion may result in many negative effects

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Human pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater pumping

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: There are dozens of different transport models that can be generally grouped by pollutants addressed, complexity of pollutant sources, whether the model is steady state or dynamic, and time period modeled. Another important designation is whether the model is distributed (i.e. capable of predicting multiple points within a river) or lumped. In a basic model, for example, only one pollutant might be addressed from a simple point discharge into the receiving waters. In the most complex of models, various line source inputs from surface runoff might be added to multiple point sources, treating a variety of chemicals plus sediment in a dynamic environment including vertical river stratification and interactions of pollutants with in-stream biota. In addition watershed groundwater may also be included. The model is termed "physically based" if its parameters can be measured in the field.

text: There are dozens of different transport models that can be generally grouped by

text: pollutants

text: addressed, complexity of pollutant sources, whether the model is steady state or dynamic, and time period modeled. Another important designation is whether the model is distributed (i.e. capable of predicting multiple points within a river) or lumped. In a basic model, for example, only one pollutant might be addressed from a simple point discharge into the

text: receiving water

text: s. In the most complex of models, various

text: line source

text: inputs from

text: surface runoff

text: might be added to multiple

text: point source

text: s, treating a variety of

text: chemical

text: s plus

text: sediment

text: in a dynamic environment including vertical river stratification and interactions of pollutants with in-stream

text: biota

text: . In addition

text: watershed

text: groundwater

text: may also be included. The model is termed "physically based" if its parameters can be measured in the field.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: include watershed groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: line source inputs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: in-stream biota

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: watershed groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: line source inputs from surface runoff might be added to multiple point sources

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: watershed groundwater may also be included

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The remediation process in Palmerton has been contentious. Both the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the citizens' group Palmerton Citizens for a Clean Environment (PCCE) believe that extensive cleanup of the town's soil is necessary to protect human health. On the other hand, many citizens, including the Pro-Palmerton Coalition (PPC), argue that the health risks are exaggerated and that the town's Superfund status stigmatizes it. Both groups, as well as other stakeholders, are part of a Superfund Community Advisory Group called the Palmerton Environmental Task Force.

text: The remediation process in Palmerton has been contentious. Both the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: and the citizens' group Palmerton Citizens for a Clean Environment (PCCE) believe that extensive cleanup of the town's soil is necessary to protect human health. On the other hand, many citizens, including the Pro-Palmerton Coalition (PPC), argue that the health risks are exaggerated and that the town's Superfund status stigmatizes it. Both groups, as well as other stakeholders, are part of a Superfund Community Advisory Group called the Palmerton Environmental Task Force.

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answers: in situ cleaning

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The company has been the subject of several major federal lawsuits related to air pollution. In 2001, it agreed to pay a $1.46 million fine for violating federal and Illinois clean-air regulations at its Decatur feed plant and to spend $1.6 million to reduce air pollution there. In 2003, the company settled federal air pollution complaints related to the its efforts to avoid New Source Review provisions of the Clean Air Act that require pollution control upgrades when a plant is modernized. The company paid $4.5 million in penalties and more than $6 million to support environmental projects. In addition, ADM agreed to eliminate more than 60,000 tons of emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, organic volatile chemicals and other pollutants from 42 plants in 17 states at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars.

text: The company has been the subject of several major federal lawsuits related to air pollution. In 2001, it agreed to pay a $1.46 million fine for violating federal and Illinois clean-air regulations at its Decatur feed plant and to spend $1.6 million to reduce air pollution there. In 2003, the company settled federal air pollution complaints related to the its efforts to avoid

text: New Source Review

text: provisions of the

text: Clean Air Act

text: that require pollution control upgrades when a plant is modernized. The company paid $4.5 million in penalties and more than $6 million to support environmental projects. In addition, ADM agreed to eliminate more than 60,000 tons of emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, organic volatile chemicals and other pollutants from 42 plants in 17 states at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: support environmental projects

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answers: New Source Review provisions

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answers: pollution control upgrades when a plant is modernized

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answers: air

answers: NDQ_003969

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants until 2020 at a cost of  (Saidabad Phase II and III, Padma/Pagla and Khilkhet). The treatment plants will draw water from more distant and less polluted rivers up to  from the city. The four plants are expected to have a combined capacity of  per year, compared to a 2010 supply of  per year that is mainly from groundwater. , funding had been secured for the first plant which is under construction thanks to a  contribution from Danish development assistance. In 2012 the government signed a contract with a Chinese company to build a water treatment plant at Munshiganj on the Padma River. The project costs  of which  is financed by a soft loan from the Chinese government, the remainder coming from the Bangladeshi government.

text: The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants until 2020 at a cost of  (Saidabad Phase II and III, Padma/Pagla and Khilkhet). The treatment plants will draw water from more distant and less polluted rivers up to  from the city. The four plants are expected to have a combined capacity of  per year, compared to a 2010 supply of  per year that is mainly from groundwater. , funding had been secured for the first plant which is under construction thanks to a  contribution from Danish development assistance. In 2012 the government signed a contract with a Chinese company to build a water treatment plant at

text: Munshiganj

text: on the

text: Padma River

text: . The project costs  of which  is financed by a soft loan from the Chinese government, the remainder coming from the Bangladeshi government.

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answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: construction of four large water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The legal framework referred to as the "Clean Water Act" (CWA) has its statutory basis in the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, which was the first federal regulation designed to address water pollution.  The Clean Water Act has been amended many times, but the CWA amendments of 1972 provide the core statutory basis for the regulation of point source water pollution and created the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit program. The CWA amendments of 1972 were also the first instance where Congress acknowledged the problem of NPS water pollution through the passage of section 208 of the CWA. Congress passed additional amendments to the CWA in 1987 that address NPS water pollution. This section will chronologically address the parts of the CWA that regulate NPS water pollution.

text: The legal framework referred to as the "

text: Clean Water Act

text: " (CWA) has its

text: statutory

text: basis in the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, which was the first federal regulation designed to address water pollution.  The Clean Water Act has been amended many times, but the CWA amendments of 1972 provide the core statutory basis for the regulation of point source water pollution and created the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit program. The CWA amendments of 1972 were also the first instance where Congress acknowledged the problem of NPS water pollution through the passage of section 208 of the CWA. Congress passed additional amendments to the CWA in 1987 that address NPS water pollution. This section will chronologically address the parts of the CWA that regulate NPS water pollution.

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answers: CWA amendments of 1972

answers: NDQ_003962

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answers: NDQ_003963

answers: CWA amendments of 1972

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: CWA amendments of 1972

answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: NDQ_003966

answers: point source water pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: point source water pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The command-and-control permitting structure of the Clean Water Act (CWA) provides the basis for nearly all regulation of CAFOs in the United States. Generally speaking, the CWA prohibits the discharge of pollution to the "waters of the United States" from any "point source," unless the discharge is authorized by a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit issued by the EPA (or a state delegated by the EPA). CAFOs are explicitly listed as a "point source" in the CWA. Unauthorized discharges made from CAFOs (and other point sources) violate the CWA, even if the discharges are "unplanned or accidental." CAFOs that do not apply for NPDES permits "operate at their own risk because any discharge from an unpermitted CAFO (other than agricultural stormwater) is a violation of the CWA subject to enforcement action, including third party citizen suits."

text: The command-and-control permitting structure of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) provides the basis for nearly all regulation of CAFOs in the United States. Generally speaking, the CWA prohibits the discharge of pollution to the "waters of the United States" from any "point source," unless the discharge is authorized by a

text: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

text: (NPDES) permit issued by the EPA (or a state delegated by the EPA). CAFOs are explicitly listed as a "point source" in the CWA. Unauthorized discharges made from CAFOs (and other point sources) violate the CWA, even if the discharges are "unplanned or accidental." CAFOs that do not apply for NPDES permits "operate at their own risk because any discharge from an unpermitted CAFO (other than agricultural

text: stormwater

text: ) is a violation of the CWA subject to enforcement action, including third party citizen suits."

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text: Another remix, "Richard's Hairpiece", was done courtesy of Aphex Twin, in which the riff is removed, and Beck's vocals are sped up to the extent that his voice is extremely high-pitched. This remix was not included on either CD version of "Devils Haircut", because of Aphex Twin's delay in making it, but it was included on the subsequent CD for "The New Pollution".

text: Another remix, "Richard's Hairpiece", was done courtesy of

text: Aphex Twin

text: , in which the riff is removed, and Beck's vocals are sped up to the extent that his voice is extremely high-pitched. This remix was not included on either CD version of "Devils Haircut", because of Aphex Twin's delay in making it, but it was included on the subsequent CD for "

text: The New Pollution

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text: Although interrelated, surface water and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate resources. Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface water sources. Sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin.

text: Although interrelated,

text: surface water

text: and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate resources. Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface water sources. Sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin.

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answers: Groundwater can also feed surface water sources

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: groundwater can also feed surface water

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater can also feed surface water sources

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater can also feed surface water sources

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The nymphs dwell in the hyporheic zone, the interface between stream water and groundwater. Only immediately before moulting into the adult form will the nymphs move out of the substrate and appear on the stream bed. Thus, although they may be plentiful in clean rivers and streams, they are seldom encountered in standard samples of benthos.

text: The nymphs dwell in the

text: hyporheic zone

text: , the interface between stream water and

text: groundwater

text: . Only immediately before

text: moulting

text: into the adult form will the nymphs move out of the substrate and appear on the

text: stream bed

text: . Thus, although they may be plentiful in clean rivers and streams, they are seldom encountered in standard samples of

text: benthos

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answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean rivers and streams

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hyporheic zone

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: hyporheic zone

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: clean rivers and streams

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean rivers and streams

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: standard samples of benthos

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged with regulating stormwater pursuant to the Clean Water Act (CWA). The goal of the CWA is to restore all "Waters of the United States" to their "fishable" and "swimmable" conditions. Point source discharges, which originate mostly from municipal wastewater (sewage) and industrial wastewater discharges, have been regulated since enactment of the CWA in 1972. Pollutant loadings from these sources are tightly controlled through the issuance of National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits. However, despite these controls, thousands of water bodies in the U.S. remain classified as "impaired," meaning that they contain pollutants at levels higher than is considered safe by EPA for the intended beneficial uses of the water. Much of this impairment is due to polluted runoff.

text: In the

text: United States

text: , the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) is charged with

text: regulating

text: stormwater pursuant to the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA). The goal of the CWA is to restore all "Waters of the United States" to their "fishable" and "swimmable" conditions. Point source discharges, which originate mostly from municipal

text: wastewater

text: sewage

text: ) and industrial wastewater discharges, have been regulated since enactment of the CWA in 1972. Pollutant loadings from these sources are tightly controlled through the issuance of National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (

text: NPDES

text: ) permits. However, despite these controls, thousands of water bodies in the U.S. remain classified as "impaired," meaning that they contain pollutants at levels higher than is considered safe by EPA for the intended beneficial uses of the water. Much of this impairment is due to polluted runoff.

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answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: polluted runoff

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: NPDES permits

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: polluted runoff

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: polluted runoff

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Floods magnitude and frequency is likely to increase due to intense precipitation and land use change, especially around urban areas. Groundwater recharge will also be affected by change on precipitation, although it is not expected to be substantially lower. However, MVOTMA expects an increase in groundwater use in the future due to an increased water demand for irrigation and industrial purposes. Higher demand could increase pressure in already stressed systems such as the Raigon Aquifer and Southern areas where there is a need for groundwater integrated management systems.

text: Floods magnitude and frequency is likely to increase due to intense precipitation and land use change, especially around urban areas. Groundwater recharge will also be affected by change on precipitation, although it is not expected to be substantially lower. However, MVOTMA expects an increase in groundwater use in the future due to an increased water demand for irrigation and industrial purposes. Higher demand could increase pressure in already stressed systems such as the Raigon Aquifer and Southern areas where there is a need for groundwater integrated management systems.

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answers: Groundwater integrated management systems

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: integrated management systems

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater integrated management systems

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater integrated management systems

answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater recharge

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The only way to avoid environmental harm from waste is to prevent its generation. Pollution prevention means changing the way activities are conducted and eliminating the source of the problem. It does not mean doing without, but doing differently. For example, preventing waste pollution from litter caused by disposable beverage containers does not mean doing without beverages; it just means using refillable bottles.

text: The only way to avoid environmental harm from waste is to prevent its generation. Pollution prevention means changing the way activities are conducted and eliminating the source of the problem. It does not mean doing without, but doing differently. For example, preventing waste pollution from litter caused by disposable beverage containers does not mean doing without beverages; it just means using refillable bottles.

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answers: Pollution prevention

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: eliminating the source of the problem

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: the source of the problem

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

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answers: Pollution prevention

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: litter

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Waste disposal practices, common during that era, resulted in the contamination of its soil, its groundwater, and the Skykomish River by oil and heavy metals. BNSF (then BN) and the Washington State Department of Ecology began remediation discussions in the mid-1980s, and in 2006, agreed to a plan whereby the railroad would pay up to $50 million to clean up the area over a three-year period (completed in 2009). This effort involved massive excavations—essentially removing the contaminated soil and replacing it with clean soil—and the rebuilding of a levee. Many of  Skykomish's buildings—both homes and business—were moved during the cleanup process.

text: Waste disposal practices, common during that era, resulted in the

text: contamination

text: of its

text: soil

text: , its

text: groundwater

text: , and the

text: Skykomish River

text: by

text: oil

text: and

text: heavy metals

text: . BNSF (then BN) and the Washington State Department of Ecology began remediation discussions in the mid-1980s, and in 2006, agreed to a plan whereby the railroad would pay up to $50 million to clean up the area over a three-year period (completed in 2009). This effort involved massive

text: excavations

text: —essentially removing the contaminated soil and replacing it with clean soil—and the rebuilding of a

text: levee

text: . Many of  Skykomish's buildings—both homes and business—were moved during the cleanup process.

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answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: rebuilding of a levee

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: removing the contaminated soil and replacing it with clean soil

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: This effort involved massive excavations

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: massive excavations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Emoto claimed that different water sources would produce different crystalline structures when frozen. For example, he claimed that a water sample from a mountain stream when frozen would show structures of beautifully-shaped geometric design, but those structures would be distorted and randomly formed if the sample were taken from a polluted water source. Emoto believed that these changes could be eliminated by exposing water to ultraviolet light or certain electromagnetic waves.

text: Emoto claimed that different water sources would produce different crystalline structures when frozen. For example, he claimed that a water sample from a mountain stream when frozen would show structures of beautifully-shaped geometric design, but those structures would be distorted and randomly formed if the sample were taken from a polluted water source. Emoto believed that these changes could be eliminated by exposing water to

text: ultraviolet light

text: or certain

text: electromagnetic waves

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answers: polluted water

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: exposing water to ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ultraviolet light or certain electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: these changes could be eliminated by exposing water to ultraviolet light or certain electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: would show structures of beautifully-shaped geometric design

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: polluted water source

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The appropriate person responsible for remedial work is "any person, or any of the persons, who caused or knowingly permitted the substances" giving rise to the designation "to be in, on or under that land" (s.78F(2)). If no such person can be identified after reasonable enquiries, the present owner or occupier is the appropriate person (s.78F(4)-(5)). Any persons controlling other land to which access is required for remediation must grant such access and may apply to the appropriate person for compensation (s.78G). The appropriate person is deemed to be responsible for remediation of other land into which substances have escaped (s.78K).

text: The appropriate person responsible for remedial work is "any person, or any of the persons, who caused or knowingly permitted the substances" giving rise to the designation "to be in, on or under that land" (s.78F(2)). If no such person can be identified after reasonable enquiries, the present owner or occupier is the appropriate person (s.78F(4)-(5)). Any persons controlling other land to which access is required for remediation must grant such access and may apply to the appropriate person for compensation (s.78G). The appropriate person is deemed to be responsible for remediation of other land into which substances have escaped (s.78K).

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answers: The appropriate person is deemed to be responsible for remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: grant such access

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: s.78K

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answers: s.78K

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answers: remedial work

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation of other land into which substances have escaped

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: substances have escaped

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: In situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Groundwater (or ground water) is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.

text: Groundwater (or ground water) is the

text: water

text: present beneath

text: Earth

text: 's surface in

text: soil pore spaces

text: and in the

text: fracture

text: s of

text: rock formations

text: . A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an

text: aquifer

text: when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which

text: soil

text: pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the

text: water table

text: Groundwater is recharged

text: from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at

text: springs

text: and

text: seeps

text: , and can form

text: oases

text: or

text: wetland

text: s. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for

text: agricultural

text: municipal

text: , and

text: industrial

text: use by constructing and operating extraction

text: wells

text: . The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is

text: hydrogeology

text: , also called groundwater

text: hydrology

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answers: Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: constructing and operating extraction wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: eventually flows to, the surface naturally

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Pistachio shells may be helpful in cleaning up pollution created by mercury emissions.

text: Pistachio shells may be helpful in cleaning up pollution created by mercury emissions.

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answers: Clean up groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003963

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answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Microbiological remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: mercury emissions

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean up pollution

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Access to dependable and clean drinking water remains a major issue for the majority of cities within Azerbaijan. In particular, the Absheron peninsula lacks a source of potable water, as its groundwater is contaminated and polluted. Azerbaijan imports bottled drinking water from other nations such as Iran, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates, but the country actually has enough domestic water sources to avoid importing water, according to Parviz Moin, an Iranian fluid dynamicist.

text: Access to dependable and clean drinking water remains a major issue for the majority of cities within

text: Azerbaijan

text: . In particular, the

text: Absheron peninsula

text: lacks a source of potable water, as its groundwater is contaminated and polluted. Azerbaijan imports bottled drinking water from other nations such as

text: Iran

text: Turkey

text: , and the

text: United Arab Emirates

text: , but the country actually has enough domestic water sources to avoid importing water, according to

text: Parviz Moin

text: , an Iranian fluid dynamicist.

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answers: groundwater is contaminated and polluted

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answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: groundwater is contaminated and polluted

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: potable water

answers: NDQ_003968

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answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In addition to using "typical" scale iron in PRBs, nanoparticles (1-100 nm diameter)  containing zerovalent iron (nZVI) may be used. There are uncertainties regarding the features of this technology which have made it difficult to engineer applications for optimal performance or to assess the risk to human or ecological health. However, several key facts have been identified related to nZVIs which, if ignored, may lead to misconceptions of the technology. These are as follows: 1) nZVIs used in groundwater remediation are larger than particles that exhibit "true" nano-size effects 2) the high reactivity of nZVI is mainly due to its high specific surface area and 3) the mobility of the nZVI particles will, in almost all relevant scenarios, be less than a few meters (one implication of this limited mobility is that human exposure due to remediation applications of nZVI is likely to be minimal). However, there are still many characteristics of this technology about which very little is known: e.g., how quickly nZVI will be transformed and to what products, whether this residue will be detectable in the environment, and how surface modifications of nZVI will alter its long-term environmental fate and effectiveness for remediation.

text: In addition to using "typical" scale iron in

text: PRBs

text: nanoparticles

text: (1-100 nm diameter)  containing zerovalent iron (nZVI) may be used. There are uncertainties regarding the features of this technology which have made it difficult to engineer applications for optimal performance or to assess the risk to human or ecological health. However, several key facts have been identified related to nZVIs which, if ignored, may lead to misconceptions of the technology. These are as follows: 1) nZVIs used in

text: groundwater remediation

text: are larger than particles that exhibit "true"

text: nano-size effects

text: 2) the high reactivity of nZVI is mainly due to its high

text: specific surface area

text: and 3) the mobility of the nZVI particles will, in almost all relevant scenarios, be less than a few meters (one implication of this limited mobility is that human exposure due to

text: remediation

text: applications of nZVI is likely to be minimal). However, there are still many characteristics of this technology about which very little is known: e.g., how quickly nZVI will be transformed and to what products, whether this residue will be detectable in the environment, and how surface modifications of nZVI will alter its long-term environmental fate and effectiveness for remediation.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: using "typical" scale iron in PRBs

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: risk to human or ecological health

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: "typical" scale iron

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It is more expensive because the soil and rock must be cleaned

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The number of confirmed releases in Arkansas peaked in 2001 and has slowly declined since that time (Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality, 2012). Releases from USTs are required to be investigated, and those with groundwater impacts are required to have owners define the vertical and horizontal extent of contamination. Once defined, a Corrective Action Plan is implemented to mitigate the impact of contamination. The effectiveness of remediation normally is evaluated through groundwater monitoring.

text: The number of confirmed releases in Arkansas peaked in 2001 and has slowly declined since that time (Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality, 2012). Releases from USTs are required to be investigated, and those with groundwater impacts are required to have owners define the vertical and horizontal extent of contamination. Once defined, a Corrective Action Plan is implemented to mitigate the impact of contamination. The effectiveness of remediation normally is evaluated through groundwater monitoring.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003961

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answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Corrective Action Plan

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Corrective Action Plan

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: USTs

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation normally is evaluated through groundwater monitoring

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: USTs

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Beijing has a long history of environmental problems. Between 2000 and 2009 Beijing's urban extent quadrupled, which not only strongly increased the extent of anthropogenic emissions, but also changed the meteorological situation fundamentally, even if emissions of human society are not included. For example, surface albedo, wind speed and humidity near the surface were decreased, whereas ground and near-surface air temperatures, vertical air dilution and ozone levels were increased. Because of the combined factors of urbanisation and pollution caused by burning of fossil fuel, Beijing is often affected by serious environmental problems, which lead to health issues of many inhabitants. In 2013 heavy smog struck Beijing and most parts of northern China, in total 600 million people. After this "pollution shock" air pollution became an important economic and social concern in China. After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution, for example by lowering the share of coal from 24% in 2012 to 10% in 2017, while the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources.

text: Beijing has a long history of

text: environmental problems

text: . Between 2000 and 2009 Beijing's urban extent quadrupled, which not only strongly increased the extent of anthropogenic emissions, but also changed the meteorological situation fundamentally, even if

text: emissions

text: of human society are not included. For example, surface

text: albedo

text: , wind speed and

text: humidity

text: near the surface were decreased, whereas ground and near-surface

text: air temperature

text: s, vertical air dilution and

text: ozone

text: levels were increased. Because of the combined factors of urbanisation and pollution caused by burning of

text: fossil fuel

text: , Beijing is often affected by serious environmental problems, which lead to

text: health

text: issues of many inhabitants. In 2013 heavy

text: smog

text: struck Beijing and most parts of northern China, in total 600 million people. After this "pollution shock"

text: air pollution

text: became an important economic and social concern in China. After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution, for example by lowering the share of coal from 24% in 2012 to 10% in 2017, while the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources.

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answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: lowering the share of coal

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Beijing's urban extent quadrupled

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "pollution shock"

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean sources

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface albedo

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The cyanobacteria, Calothrix, Synechococcus and Gloeocapsa, can precipitate strontian calcite in groundwater. The strontium exists as strontianite in solid solution within the host calcite with the strontium content of up to one percent.

text: The

text: cyanobacteria

text: Calothrix

text: Synechococcus

text: and

text: Gloeocapsa

text: , can precipitate strontian

text: calcite

text: in

text: groundwater

text: . The strontium exists as

text: strontianite

text: in

text: solid solution

text: within the host calcite with the strontium content of up to one percent.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: cyanobacteria

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cyanobacteria

answers: NDQ_003964

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answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: cyanobacteria

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In some cases, a proposed use might be the highest and best use but for some cost that changes the net economics. An example might be an industrially-used site that can now be used legally for high-rise residential buildings, but would cost so much to clean up (remediate) that the value as currently used is higher. In that case, if it can be continued, the existing industrial use could be the highest and best use. In some cases appraisers are given specific instructions as to an assumed highest and best use. This use might not pass the tests discussed below as a legitimate highest and best use, and may very well produce a different value. One example of this might be a parkland valuation, where the appraiser has been instructed to ignore all other possible uses. Further, the highest and best use of a property can be a class of uses (such as retail or multi family), rather than a specific use (i.e. development of a fast food restaurant).

text: In some cases, a proposed use might be the highest and best use but for some cost that changes the net economics. An example might be an industrially-used site that can now be used legally for high-rise residential buildings, but would cost so much to clean up (remediate) that the value as currently used is higher. In that case, if it can be continued, the existing industrial use could be the highest and best use. In some cases appraisers are given specific instructions as to an assumed highest and best use. This use might not pass the tests discussed below as a legitimate highest and best use, and may very well produce a different value. One example of this might be a parkland valuation, where the appraiser has been instructed to ignore all other possible uses. Further, the highest and best use of a property can be a class of uses (such as retail or multi family), rather than a specific use (i.e. development of a fast food restaurant).

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answers: The existing industrial use could be the highest and best use

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: industrially-used site

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Clean up

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: cost so much to clean up

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the existing industrial use could be the highest and best use

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Cost so much to clean up

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Innovative remedial techniques used at distressed brownfields in recent years include in situ thermal remediation, bioremediation and in situ oxidation. Often, these strategies are used in conjunction with each other or with other remedial strategies such as soil vapor extraction. In this process, vapor from the soil phase is extracted from soils and treated, which has the effect of removing contaminants from the soils and groundwater beneath a site. Binders can be added to contaminated soil to prevent chemical leaching. Some brownfields with heavy metal contamination have even been cleaned up through an innovative approach called phytoremediation, which uses deep-rooted plants to soak up metals in soils into the plant structure as the plant grows. After they reach maturity, the plants – which now contain the heavy metal contaminants in their tissues – are removed and disposed of as hazardous waste.

text: Innovative remedial techniques used at distressed brownfields in recent years include

text: in situ thermal remediation

text: bioremediation

text: and

text: in situ oxidation

text: . Often, these strategies are used in conjunction with each other or with other remedial strategies such as

text: soil vapor extraction

text: . In this process, vapor from the soil phase is extracted from soils and treated, which has the effect of removing contaminants from the soils and

text: groundwater

text: beneath a site. Binders can be added to contaminated soil to prevent chemical leaching. Some brownfields with heavy metal contamination have even been cleaned up through an innovative approach called

text: phytoremediation

text: , which uses deep-rooted plants to soak up metals in soils into the plant structure as the plant grows. After they reach maturity, the plants – which now contain the heavy metal contaminants in their tissues – are removed and disposed of as hazardous waste.

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answers: NDQ_003962

answers: in situ thermal remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Binders can be added to contaminated soil

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

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answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The word "hydraulic" originates from the Greek word ὑδραυλικός (hydraulikos) which in turn stems from ὕδωρ (hydor, Greek for water) and αὐλός (aulos, meaning tube), and "containment" refers to the action of keeping something harmful under control or within limits. Thus, hydraulic containment is the attempt of confining the movement of any harmful fluid within a limit. In the pollution management sense, hydraulic containment is a technique used to control the movement of contaminated groundwater, preventing the continued expansion of the contaminated zone. It is the first step of pump and treat technology for environmental remediation.

text: The word "hydraulic" originates from the

text: Greek

text: word ὑδραυλικός (hydraulikos) which in turn stems from ὕδωρ (hydor, Greek for

text: water

text: ) and αὐλός (aulos, meaning tube), and "containment" refers to the action of keeping something harmful under control or within limits. Thus, hydraulic containment is the attempt of confining the movement of any harmful

text: fluid

text: within a limit. In the pollution management sense, hydraulic containment is a technique used to control the movement of

text: contaminated groundwater

text: , preventing the continued expansion of the contaminated zone. It is the first step of pump and treat technology for

text: environmental remediation

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answers: NDQ_003969

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Trees have been genetically engineered to overexpress the CYP2E1 enzyme.  These transgenic trees have been used to remove pollutants from groundwater, a process known as phytoremediation.

text: Trees have been genetically engineered to overexpress the CYP2E1 enzyme.  These

text: transgenic

text: trees have been used to remove pollutants from groundwater, a process known as

text: phytoremediation

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answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: USTs are regulated in the United States to prevent release of petroleum and contamination of groundwater, soil and air. The 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) required EPA to develop regulations for the underground storage of motor fuels to minimize and prevent environmental damage, by mandating owners and operators of UST systems to verify, maintain, and clean up sites damaged by petroleum contamination.

text: USTs are regulated in the United States to prevent release of petroleum and contamination of groundwater, soil and air. The 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA) required EPA to develop regulations for the underground storage of motor fuels to minimize and prevent environmental damage, by mandating owners and operators of UST systems to verify, maintain, and clean up sites damaged by petroleum contamination.

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answers: USTs

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: maintain

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: USTs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: RCRA

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: USTs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As of 2014 there were no approved plans for environmental remediation of either the liquid or the dissolved portion of the jet fuel plume.In 2009, the Albuquerque's groundwater table had dropped almost 120 feet, and the city started a water saving program. When the water level recovered and rose, the increasing pressure started to mix water and fuel together dissolving it, so the fuel could no longer be skimmed off the water.  In 2014, tons of soil were removed and in mid June 2015, the first well of a pump-and-treat system pulling the plume back to Kirtland to clean it up there had been drilled, to start by June 30. The Air Force expects to construct two more wells by the end of 2015 and five wells in 2016.New Mexico officials estimated in 2010 when the fuel spill was thought to be only 8 million gallons, the cleanup could cost $100 million, and have maintained that the Air Force's original plan to clean up the spill could take 56 years.

text: As of 2014 there were no approved plans for

text: environmental remediation

text: of either the liquid or the dissolved portion of the jet fuel plume.In 2009, the Albuquerque's groundwater table had dropped almost 120 feet, and the city started a water saving program. When the water level recovered and rose, the increasing pressure started to mix water and fuel together dissolving it, so the fuel could no longer be skimmed off the water.  In 2014, tons of soil were removed and in mid June 2015, the first well of a

text: pump-and-treat system

text: pulling the plume back to Kirtland to clean it up there had been drilled, to start by June 30. The Air Force expects to construct two more wells by the end of 2015 and five wells in 2016.New Mexico officials estimated in 2010 when the fuel spill was thought to be only 8 million gallons, the cleanup could cost $100 million, and have maintained that the Air Force's original plan to clean up the spill could take 56 years.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping and treating

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pump-and-treat system

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the fuel could no longer be skimmed off the water

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pump-and-treat system

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: liquid

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pump-and-treat

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As of 2016, there are four contaminated groundwater plumes, each 2 to 3 miles long and 200 feet to half a mile wide.

text: As of 2016, there are four contaminated groundwater plumes, each 2 to 3 miles long and 200 feet to half a mile wide.

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text: The Central Pollution Control Board, which had collected samples with CSE, also confirmed the contamination. This was the first-ever study that revealed continued contamination of surrounding areas from waste stored at the UCIL factory. This led to the re-opening of the Bhopal case and for the first time there was serious focus on the clean-up. The government of India has ordered cleaning up of the site and asked different institutions to prepare plans for remediation. Renewed the liability debate; senior Union ministers said Dow Chemicals should be held liable for the clean-up.

text: The Central Pollution Control Board, which had collected samples with CSE, also confirmed the contamination. This was the first-ever study that revealed continued contamination of surrounding areas from waste stored at the UCIL factory. This led to the re-opening of the Bhopal case and for the first time there was serious focus on the clean-up. The government of India has ordered cleaning up of the site and asked different institutions to prepare plans for remediation. Renewed the liability debate; senior Union ministers said Dow Chemicals should be held liable for the clean-up.

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text: A solvent-contamination plume is in the groundwater below Building 36. Monitoring well testing found chlorinated solvents leaking from underground into two portions of the Lake Cochituate shoreline. Sensitive tests have detected these solvents in lake waters and sediments.

text: A solvent-contamination plume is in the groundwater below Building 36. Monitoring well testing found chlorinated solvents leaking from underground into two portions of the Lake Cochituate shoreline. Sensitive tests have detected these solvents in lake waters and sediments.

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text: Currently, the in-situ process is the most attractive proposition due to the reduction in standard surface environmental problems. However, in-situ processes do involve possible significant environmental costs to aquifers, especially since in-situ methods may require ice-capping or some other form of barrier to restrict the flow of the newly gained oil into the groundwater aquifers. However, after the removal of the freeze wall these methods can still cause groundwater contamination as the hydraulic conductivity of the remaining shale increases allowing groundwater to flow through and leach salts from the newly toxic aquifer.

text: Currently, the

text: in-situ

text: process is the most attractive proposition due to the reduction in standard surface environmental problems. However, in-situ processes do involve possible significant environmental costs to

text: aquifer

text: s, especially since in-situ methods may require ice-capping or some other form of barrier to restrict the flow of the newly gained oil into the groundwater aquifers. However, after the removal of the freeze wall these methods can still cause groundwater contamination as the hydraulic conductivity of the remaining shale increases allowing groundwater to flow through and leach salts from the newly toxic aquifer.

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answers: in-situ processes do involve possible significant environmental costs

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ice-capping

answers: NDQ_003963

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answers: NDQ_003964

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: in-situ

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_003969

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The main aim of the statistics is to provide indicators to show the response of society to reduce pollution. The statistics can be used in different types of analysis. One type of analysis determines whether the "polluter pays" principle holds, i.e. whether those who pollute are also the ones who pay for remediation and clean-up. It can also be used to analyse the effects on enterprise competitiveness, for cost-effective analysis related to propositions of new regulations and policies.

text: The main aim of the statistics is to provide indicators to show the response of society to reduce pollution. The statistics can be used in different types of analysis. One type of analysis determines whether the "polluter pays" principle holds, i.e. whether those who pollute are also the ones who pay for remediation and clean-up. It can also be used to analyse the effects on enterprise competitiveness, for cost-effective analysis related to propositions of new regulations and policies.

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answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/8ca9127634f19ef8eab6309f82701355

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/4a2f450e3588e4b504495418c29a37da

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/c392468cdb5edd65b4ff64798dd382de

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It can also be used to analyse the effects on enterprise competitiveness

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: the "polluter pays" principle

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: remediation and clean-up

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation and clean-up

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The statistics can be used in different types of analysis

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The primary source area for the Baytown Township Groundwater Plume Contamination Superfund site is a property located at 11325 Stillwater Boulevard in Lake Elmo.  The property was used by a metal-working facility from 1940 to 1968.  The site is listed as a superfund site due to TCE contamination of a groundwater aquifer used for local drinking water supplies.

text: The primary source area for the Baytown Township Groundwater Plume Contamination

text: Superfund

text: site is a property located at 11325 Stillwater Boulevard in Lake Elmo.  The property was used by a metal-working facility from 1940 to 1968.  The site is listed as a superfund site due to

text: TCE

text: contamination

text: of a

text: groundwater

text: aquifer used for local drinking water supplies.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/6050a7b8900f3fa4079fc4e9b0f2841f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/29ad634617d219e8bf3a1884a2f2b93a

answers: 0

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/c392468cdb5edd65b4ff64798dd382de

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: TCE contamination of a groundwater aquifer

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: TCE contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: TCE

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: local drinking water supplies

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Groundwater Plume

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: According to the DEQ's 2007 factsheet, water testing results had revealed a subsurface plume extending about 2000' to the north-northwest of the dumpsite and covering at least  has contaminated the shallow groundwater aquifer at the site, but according to the DEQ, it has not expanded since their assessment of the area began in 1991. The area is polluted with dioxins: the soil contains up to 100 parts per trillion, and nearby groundwater is about 0.4 parts per trillion. A  fence was installed to prevent grazing cattle from entering the area.  The endangered Hutton Springs tui chub are only known to live at Hutton Spring,  away. According to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, "The DEQ has determined that the contaminated plume is spreading from east to west, away from Hutton Spring and thus does not currently constitute a threat to the water quality in Hutton Spring".  Threatened western snowy plovers have also been observed at the lake, feeding on brine shrimp. A low-temperature methanogen extremophile, Methanohalophilus oregonense, was found at the dump site in 1989 by David Boone, an Oregon Graduate Institute scientist.

text: According to the DEQ's 2007 factsheet, water testing results had revealed a subsurface

text: plume

text: extending about 2000' to the north-northwest of the dumpsite and covering at least  has contaminated the shallow

text: groundwater

text: aquifer

text: at the site, but according to the DEQ, it has not expanded since their assessment of the area began in 1991. The area is polluted with

text: dioxins

text: : the soil contains up to 100 parts per trillion, and nearby groundwater is about 0.4 parts per trillion. A  fence was installed to prevent grazing

text: cattle

text: from entering the area.  The endangered

text: Hutton Springs tui chub

text: are only known to live at

text: Hutton Spring

text: ,  away. According to the

text: United States Fish and Wildlife Service

text: , "The DEQ has determined that the contaminated plume is spreading from east to west, away from Hutton Spring and thus does not currently constitute a threat to the water quality in Hutton Spring".  Threatened

text: western snowy plover

text: s have also been observed at the lake, feeding on

text: brine shrimp

text: . A low-temperature

text: methanogen

text: extremophile

text: Methanohalophilus oregonense

text: , was found at the dump site in 1989 by David Boone, an

text: Oregon Graduate Institute

text: scientist.

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0990/55aefea75030fa73b12e1a4712025d73

answers: 4

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/c392468cdb5edd65b4ff64798dd382de

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater is about 0.4 parts per trillion

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: cover at least has contaminated

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Methanohalophilus oregonense

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Methanohalophilus

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: dioxins

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater aquifer

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: water quality in Hutton Spring

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: subsurface plume

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: subsurface plume

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Polychlorinated aliphatic C2 and C3 alkanes (ethanes and propanes with at least two chlorine substituents) are industrially important chemical intermediates globally produced on a massive scale. Due to spills and past inappropriate disposal methods, these chlorinated compounds are prevalent groundwater and soil contaminants throughout the US and around the world. Bioremediation approaches that rely on the action of anaerobic, reductively-dehalogenating bacteria, such as D. lykanthroporepellens, have shown great promise for clean-up of chlorinated solvent-contaminated soil and groundwater. Using qPCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction), 16S rRNA gene sequences for Dehalogenimonas strains have been found to be at concentrations as high as 10 copies/ml of groundwater contaminated with high concentrations of chlorinated solvents and comprise up to nearly 19% of the total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies.

text: Polychlorinated

text: aliphatic

text: C2 and C3 alkanes (ethanes and propanes with at least two chlorine substituents) are industrially important

text: chemical intermediate

text: s globally produced on a massive scale. Due to spills and past inappropriate disposal methods, these chlorinated compounds are prevalent groundwater and soil contaminants throughout the US and around the world.

text: Bioremediation

text: approaches that rely on the action of

text: anaerobic

text: , reductively-dehalogenating bacteria, such as D. lykanthroporepellens, have shown great promise for clean-up of chlorinated solvent-contaminated soil and

text: groundwater

text: . Using

text: qPCR

text: (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction), 16S rRNA gene sequences for Dehalogenimonas strains have been found to be at concentrations as high as 10 copies/ml of groundwater contaminated with high concentrations of chlorinated solvents and comprise up to nearly 19% of the total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies.

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The software is used primarily by hydrogeologists to simulate groundwater flow and contaminant transport.

text: The software is used primarily by

text: hydrogeologist

text: s to simulate

text: groundwater

text: flow and contaminant transport.

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text: Aerojet's manufacture, testing and disposal methods led to toxic contamination of both the land and groundwater in the Rancho Cordova area, leading to the designation of a Superfund site. Solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and chloroform and rocket fuel by-products such as N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and perchlorate were discovered in drinking water wells near Aerojet in 1979. Since then, two State agencies and the Environmental Protection Agency have been working with Aerojet to ensure that the company cleans up pollution caused by its operations at the site. Under state and federal enforcement orders, Aerojet installed several systems on the borders of its property to pump out and treat contaminated groundwater. Aerojet has also conducted a number of removal actions for onsite soils, liquids, and sludges. In 2003, groundwater sampling data revealed a plume of contamination extending northwest under Carmichael.

text: Aerojet's manufacture, testing and disposal methods led to

text: toxic contamination

text: of both the land and

text: groundwater

text: in the

text: Rancho Cordova

text: area, leading to the designation of a

text: Superfund

text: site.

text: Solvent

text: s such as

text: trichloroethylene

text: (TCE) and

text: chloroform

text: and rocket fuel by-products such as

text: N-Nitrosodimethylamine

text: (NDMA) and

text: perchlorate

text: were discovered in drinking water wells near Aerojet in 1979. Since then, two State agencies and the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: have been working with Aerojet to ensure that the company cleans up pollution caused by its operations at the site. Under state and federal enforcement orders, Aerojet installed several systems on the borders of its property to pump out and treat contaminated groundwater. Aerojet has also conducted a number of removal actions for onsite soils, liquids, and sludges. In 2003, groundwater sampling data revealed a plume of contamination extending northwest under

text: Carmichael

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answers: Aerojet installed several systems on the borders of its property

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text: Three small rivers flow north to south through the District of Itaim Paulista, emptying into the Rio Tietê (Tietê River). These are the Itaim, the Tijuco Preto and the Três Pontes (Three Bridges).  The Lajeado river marks the boundary between Itaim Paulista on the eastern side and Vila Curuçá.  In the past these rivers provided local residents with a source of income but now, like the Tietê, they are very badly polluted.  Along with the three Vila Curuca rivers, the watercourses have been included in the Prefecture of São Paulo's "Corrego Limpo" clean-up program

text: Three small rivers flow north to south through the District of Itaim Paulista, emptying into the

text: Rio Tietê

text: (Tietê River). These are the Itaim, the Tijuco Preto and the Três Pontes (Three Bridges).  The Lajeado river marks the boundary between Itaim Paulista on the eastern side and Vila Curuçá.  In the past these rivers provided local residents with a source of income but now, like the Tietê, they are very badly polluted.  Along with the three Vila Curuca rivers, the watercourses have been included in the Prefecture of São Paulo's "Corrego Limpo" clean-up program

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text: In 1992 Jagannathan started working on issues concerned with prawn farms along the coast of Tamil Nadu. This time the problems were not from the local landlords, but from large industries from cities such as Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkatta, Delhi and Hyderabad which occupied large areas of land for aquaculture along the coast, which not only threw the landless labourers out of employment but also converted fertile and cultivable land into salty deserts after a few years when the prawn companies moved on. The prawn farms also caused heavy seepage of seawater into the groundwater in the neighbourhood, thus the local people were deprived of clean drinking water resources. The result is that even more small farmers sell their meager land-holdings to multinational prawn companies and move to the cities, filling urban slums.

text: In 1992 Jagannathan started working on issues concerned with

text: prawn

text: farms along the coast of Tamil Nadu. This time the problems were not from the local landlords, but from large industries from cities such as

text: Chennai

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkatta

text: Delhi

text: and

text: Hyderabad

text: which occupied large areas of land for

text: aquaculture

text: along the coast, which not only threw the landless labourers out of employment but also converted fertile and cultivable land into salty deserts after a few years when the prawn companies moved on. The prawn farms also caused heavy seepage of

text: seawater

text: into the

text: groundwater

text: in the neighbourhood, thus the local people were deprived of clean drinking water resources. The result is that even more small farmers sell their meager land-holdings to multinational prawn companies and move to the cities, filling urban slums.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: . Under the plume modeling, different algorithms can be used to localize the odor source.

text: . Under the plume modeling, different algorithms can be used to localize the odor source.

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text: Metagenomics can improve strategies for monitoring the impact of pollutants on ecosystems and for cleaning up contaminated environments. Increased understanding of how microbial communities cope with pollutants improves assessments of the potential of contaminated sites to recover from pollution and increases the chances of bioaugmentation or biostimulation trials to succeed.

text: Metagenomics can improve strategies for monitoring the impact of

text: pollutant

text: s on

text: ecosystem

text: s and for cleaning up contaminated environments. Increased understanding of how microbial communities cope with pollutants improves assessments of the potential of contaminated sites to recover from pollution and increases the chances of

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text: or

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Metagenomics can improve strategies

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up contaminated environments

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: bioaugmentation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioaugmentation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: bioaugmentation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated environments

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean up contaminated environments

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Metagenomics

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Strong efforts were made to diminish pollution in the city, costing $1.2 billion so far. Although things have improved a lot, it is impossible to completely clean the soil and groundwater and while many large industries continue to work in such a small area, there will always be some pollution.

text: Strong efforts were made to diminish pollution in the city, costing

text: 1.2 billion so far. Although things have improved a lot, it is impossible to completely clean the soil and groundwater and while many large industries continue to work in such a small area, there will always be some pollution.

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: $1.2 billion

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: impossible

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean the soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumping water to the surface

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Synthetic pesticides such as 'Malathon, 'Rogor', 'Kelthane' and 'confidor' are the most widespread method of controlling pests in agriculture. Pesticides can leach through the soil and enter the groundwater, as well as linger in food products and result in death in humans. Pesticides can also kill non-target plants, birds, fish and other wildlife.A wide range of agricultural chemicals are used and some become pollutants through use, misuse, or ignorance. Pollutants from agriculture have a huge effect on water quality. Agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) solution impacts lakes, rivers, wetlands, estuaries, and groundwater. Agricultural NPS can be caused by poorly managed animal feeding operations, overgrazing, plowing, fertilizer, and improper, excessive, or badly timed use of Pesticides. Pollutants from farming include sediments, nutrients, pathogens, pesticides, metals, and salts.

text: Synthetic pesticides such as 'Malathon, 'Rogor', 'Kelthane' and 'confidor' are the most widespread method of controlling pests in agriculture. Pesticides can leach through the soil and enter the groundwater, as well as linger in food products and result in death in humans. Pesticides can also kill non-target plants, birds, fish and other wildlife.A wide range of

text: agricultural chemicals

text: are used and some become

text: pollutant

text: s through use, misuse, or ignorance. Pollutants from agriculture have a huge effect on water quality. Agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) solution impacts lakes, rivers,

text: wetland

text: s, estuaries, and

text: groundwater

text: . Agricultural NPS can be caused by poorly managed animal feeding operations, overgrazing, plowing, fertilizer, and improper, excessive, or badly timed use of

text: Pesticide

text: s. Pollutants from farming include sediments, nutrients, pathogens, pesticides, metals, and salts.

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answers: Pesticides can leach through the soil and enter the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Pesticides

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: nonpoint source

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: linger in food products and result in death in humans

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Pollutants from agriculture have a huge effect on water quality

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Pesticides

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Originally developed for cleaning closed systems as described above, CIP has more recently been applied to groundwater source boreholes used for high end-uses such as natural mineral / spring waters, food production and carbonated soft drinks (CSD).

text: Originally developed for cleaning closed systems as described above, CIP has more recently been applied to

text: groundwater

text: source

text: borehole

text: s used for high end-uses such as natural mineral / spring waters, food production and carbonated soft drinks (CSD).

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answers: closed systems

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answers: CIP

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: carbonated soft drinks

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater source boreholes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced the testing of a 95% "clean" (2-stage) fusion weapon, later identified to have been the 11 July Navajo test at Bikini Atoll during Operation Redwing.  This weapon had a yield of 4.5 megatons.  Previous "dirty" weapons had fission proportions of 50–77%, due to the use of uranium-238 as a "pusher" around the lithium deuteride (secondary) stage.  (The fusion neutrons have energies of up to 14.1 MeV, well exceeding the 1.1 MeV "fission threshold" for U-238.)  The 1956 "clean" tests used a lead pusher, while in 1958 a tungsten carbide pusher was employed.  Hans A. Bethe supported clean nuclear weapons in 1958 as Chairman of a Presidential science advisory group on nuclear testing:

text: In 1956, President

text: Dwight D. Eisenhower

text: announced the testing of a 95% "clean" (2-stage) fusion weapon, later identified to have been the 11 July Navajo test at Bikini Atoll during Operation Redwing.  This weapon had a yield of 4.5 megatons.  Previous "dirty" weapons had fission proportions of 50–77%, due to the use of uranium-238 as a "pusher" around the lithium deuteride (secondary) stage.  (The fusion neutrons have energies of up to 14.1 MeV, well exceeding the 1.1 MeV "fission threshold" for U-238.)  The 1956 "clean" tests used a lead pusher, while in 1958 a

text: tungsten carbide

text: pusher was employed.

text: Hans A. Bethe

text: supported clean nuclear weapons in 1958 as Chairman of a Presidential science advisory group on nuclear testing:

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answers: "clean" (2-stage) fusion weapon

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Operation Redwing

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answers: Operation Redwing

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Operation Redwing

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answers: dirty

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Operation Redwing

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: "clean"

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Another related issue for avoiding costly repairs (or disasters) is the proper operation of a home, including systems and appliances, in a way that prevents damage or prolongs their usefulness. For example, at higher latitudes, even a clean rain gutter can suddenly build up an ice dam in winter, forcing melt water into unprotected roofing, resulting in leaks or even flooding inside walls or rooms. This can be prevented by installing moisture barrier beneath the roofing tiles. A wary home-owner should be alert to the conditions that can result in larger problems and take remedial action before damage or injury occurs. It may be easier to tack down a bit of worn carpet than repair a large patch damaged by prolonged misuse. Another example is to seek out the source of unusual noises or smells when mechanical, electrical or plumbing systems are operating—sometimes they indicate incipient problems. One should avoid overloading or otherwise misusing systems, and a recurring overload may indicate time for an upgrade.

text: Another related issue for avoiding costly repairs (or disasters) is the proper operation of a home, including systems and appliances, in a way that prevents damage or prolongs their usefulness. For example, at higher latitudes, even a clean rain gutter can suddenly build up an ice dam in winter, forcing melt water into unprotected

text: roof

text: ing, resulting in leaks or even flooding inside walls or rooms. This can be prevented by installing

text: moisture barrier

text: beneath the roofing tiles. A wary home-owner should be alert to the conditions that can result in larger problems and take remedial action before damage or injury occurs. It may be easier to tack down a bit of worn carpet than repair a large patch damaged by prolonged misuse. Another example is to seek out the source of unusual noises or smells when mechanical, electrical or plumbing systems are operating—sometimes they indicate incipient problems. One should avoid overloading or otherwise misusing systems, and a recurring overload may indicate time for an upgrade.

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answers: Install moisture barrier beneath the roofing tiles

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: installing moisture barrier

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: moisture barrier beneath the roofing tiles

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remedial action

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: costly repairs

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: resulting in leaks or even flooding inside walls or rooms

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: leaks or even flooding inside walls or rooms

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A fully lined pit latrine has concrete lining also at the base so that no liquids infiltrate into the ground. One could argue that this is no longer a "pit" latrine in the stricter sense. The advantage is that no groundwater contamination can occur. The major disadvantage is that a fully lined pit latrine fills up very fast (as the urine cannot escape the pit) which results in high costs to empty and maintain the latrine. Increased odour can also be an issue as the pit content is much wetter and emits more odour. This type of pit latrine is used only in special circumstances, e.g. in denser settlements where groundwater protection is paramount.

text: A fully lined pit latrine has concrete lining also at the base so that no liquids infiltrate into the ground. One could argue that this is no longer a "pit" latrine in the stricter sense. The advantage is that no

text: groundwater

text: contamination can occur. The major disadvantage is that a fully lined pit latrine fills up very fast (as the urine cannot escape the pit) which results in high costs to empty and maintain the latrine. Increased odour can also be an issue as the pit content is much wetter and emits more odour. This type of pit latrine is used only in special circumstances, e.g. in denser settlements where groundwater protection is paramount.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater protection

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pit latrine

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: high costs to empty and maintain

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater contamination can occur

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: This type of pit latrine is used only in special circumstances

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A biological monitor, or biomonitor, can be defined as an organism that provides quantitative information on the quality of the environment around it. Therefore, a good biomonitor will indicate the presence of the pollutant and also attempt to provide additional information about the amount and intensity of the exposure.

text: A biological

text: monitor

text: , or biomonitor, can be defined as an

text: organism

text: that provides

text: quantitative

text: information on the quality of

text: the environment

text: around it. Therefore, a good biomonitor will indicate the presence of the pollutant and also attempt to provide additional information about the amount and intensity of the exposure.

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answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: provide additional information about the amount and intensity of the exposure

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: biomonitor

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answers: NDQ_003965

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a good biomonitor

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: biomonitor will indicate the presence of the pollutant

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Remediation efforts include capping the waste area, installation of surface water controls, a soil vapor extraction and remediation facility, fencing, and long-term monitoring of the site. Contaminated soil and waste material from up to 25 meters depth was removed from one of the waste pits between 1982 and 1984. This material was taken to an appropriate disposal facility, and the excavated area was backfilled with clean soil. Contaminated soil likely exists beneath the backfill, based on samples collected later. Between 1994 and 1999 Shell Oil Company performed routine inspections of the area and secured the waste pits.

text: Remediation efforts include capping the waste area, installation of surface water controls, a soil vapor extraction and remediation facility, fencing, and long-term monitoring of the site. Contaminated soil and waste material from up to 25 meters depth was removed from one of the waste pits between 1982 and 1984. This material was taken to an appropriate disposal facility, and the excavated area was backfilled with clean soil. Contaminated soil likely exists beneath the backfill, based on samples collected later. Between 1994 and 1999 Shell Oil Company performed routine inspections of the area and secured the waste pits.

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answers: Remediation efforts

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: long-term monitoring of the site

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: soil vapor extraction and remediation facility

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: soil vapor extraction

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Contaminated soil

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Contaminated soil likely exists beneath the backfill

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water controls

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Contaminated soil

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: 70% of Gujarat's area is classified as semi-arid to arid climatically, thus the demand on water from various economic activities puts a strain on the supply. Of the total gross irrigated area, 16–17% is irrigated by government-owned canals and 83–84% by privately owned tube wells and other wells extracting groundwater, which is the predominant source of irrigation and water supply to the agricultural areas. As a result, Gujarat has faced problems with groundwater depletion, especially after demand for water went up in the 1960s. As access to electricity in rural areas increased, subermersible electric pumps became more popular in the 1980s and 1990s. However, the Gujarat Electricity Board switched to flat tariff rates linked to the horsepower of pumps, which increased tubewell irrigation again and decreased the use of electric pumps. By the 1990s, groundwater abstraction rates exceeded groundwater recharge rate in many districts, whilst only 37.5% of all districts has "safe" recharge rates. Groundwater maintenance and preventing unnecessary loss of the available water supplies is now an issue faced by the state. The Sardar Sarovar Project, a debated dam project in the Narmada valley consisting of a network of canals, has significantly increased irrigation in the region. However, its impact on communities who were displaced is still a contested issue. Recently, in 2012, Gujarat began an experiment to reduce water loss due to evaporation in canals and to increase sustainability in the area by constructing solar panels over the canals. A one megawatt (MW) solar power project set up at Chandrasan, Gujarat uses solar panels fixed over a 750-metre stretch of an irrigation canal. Unlike many solar power projects, this one does not take up large amounts of land since the panels are constructed over the canals, and not on additional land. This results in lower upfront costs since land does not need to be acquired, cleared or modified to set up the panels. The Chandrasan project is projected to save 9 million litres of water per year.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: NDQ_003961

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answers: Groundwater maintenance and preventing unnecessary loss

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater maintenance and preventing unnecessary loss

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: subermersible electric pumps

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater depletion

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater depletion

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater depletion

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Scientists have air pollution dispersion models to evaluate the concentration of a pollutant at a receptor or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle exhausts and industrial flue gas stack emissions. To some extent, this field overlaps the desire to decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from combustion processes.They apply scientific and engineering principles to evaluate if there are likely to be any adverse impacts to water quality, air quality, habitat quality, flora and fauna, agricultural capacity, traffic impacts, social impacts, ecological impacts, noise impacts, visual (landscape) impacts, etc. If impacts are expected, they then develop mitigation measures to limit or prevent such impacts. An example of a mitigation measure would be the creation of wetlands in a nearby location to mitigate the filling in of wetlands necessary for a road development if it is not possible to reroute the road.

text: Scientists have air pollution dispersion models to evaluate the concentration of a pollutant at a receptor or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle exhausts and industrial flue gas stack emissions. To some extent, this field overlaps the desire to decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from combustion processes.They apply scientific and engineering principles to evaluate if there are likely to be any adverse impacts to water quality, air quality,

text: habitat

text: quality,

text: flora

text: and

text: fauna

text: , agricultural capacity,

text: traffic

text: impacts, social impacts, ecological impacts, noise impacts, visual (landscape) impacts, etc. If impacts are expected, they then develop mitigation measures to limit or prevent such impacts. An example of a mitigation measure would be the creation of

text: wetland

text: s in a nearby location to mitigate the filling in of wetlands necessary for a road development if it is not possible to reroute the road.

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answers: mitigation measures to limit or prevent such impacts

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: mitigation measures

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: the creation of wetlands

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: mitigation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: filling in of wetlands

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: An example of a mitigation measure would be the creation of wetlands

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: visual

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Due to overpopulation of Sonoma Valley as well as overly intensive agriculture, groundwater supplies have been drawn down to the point of causing deleterious effects. The U.S. Geological Survey has found in the Carneros region between Sonoma Creek and the Napa Ridge that due to excessive groundwater drawdown, saltwater intrusion is already occurring, rendering water unsuitable for many uses.

text: Due to

text: overpopulation

text: of

text: Sonoma Valley

text: as well as overly intensive

text: agriculture

text: groundwater

text: supplies have been drawn down to the point of causing deleterious effects. The

text: U.S. Geological Survey

text: has found in the

text: Carneros

text: region between Sonoma Creek and the Napa Ridge that due to excessive groundwater drawdown,

text: saltwater intrusion

text: is already occurring, rendering water unsuitable for many uses.

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answers: groundwater supplies have been drawn down

answers: NDQ_003962

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answers: intensive agriculture

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answers: unsuitable for many uses

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answers: unsuitable

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answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Clean Water Act does not directly address groundwater contamination. Groundwater protection provisions are included in the Safe Drinking Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Superfund act.

text: The Clean Water Act does not directly address

text: groundwater contamination

text: Groundwater

text: protection provisions are included in the

text: Safe Drinking Water Act

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: , and the

text: Superfund

text: act.

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answers: The Clean Water Act does not directly address groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003962

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answers: NDQ_003963

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answers: Groundwater protection provisions

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The device offers several cleaning modes. During the spot cleaning the robot circles around small, highly contaminated area. During Zig Zag cleaning, it attempts to cover all space in long "wall to wall" sections, resulting in faster but possibly less accurate cleaning. During Cell by Cell (or spatial extension) cleaning it divides the bigger area into cells and cleans each cell separately, only moving to the next cell after the current one is complete. It can also be directly steered with remote control.

text: The device offers several cleaning modes. During the spot cleaning the robot circles around small, highly contaminated area. During Zig Zag cleaning, it attempts to cover all space in long "wall to wall" sections, resulting in faster but possibly less accurate cleaning. During Cell by Cell (or spatial extension) cleaning it divides the bigger area into cells and cleans each cell separately, only moving to the next cell after the current one is complete. It can also be directly steered with remote control.

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answers: contaminated area

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Cell by Cell

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Zig Zag cleaning

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Cell by Cell

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: spot cleaning

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: less accurate cleaning

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the device offers several cleaning modes

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: highly contaminated area

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: In situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Surfactant enhanced recovery increases the mobility and solubility of the  contaminants absorbed to the saturated soil matrix or present as dense non-aqueous phase liquid. Surfactant-enhanced recovery injects surfactants (surface-active agents that are primary ingredient in soap and detergent) into contaminated  groundwater. A typical system uses an extraction pump to remove groundwater downstream from the injection point. The extracted groundwater is treated aboveground to separate the injected surfactants from the contaminants and groundwater. Once the surfactants have separated from the groundwater they are re-used. The surfactants used are non-toxic, food-grade, and biodegradable. Surfactant enhanced recovery is used most often when the groundwater is contaminated by dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). These dense compounds, such as trichloroethylene (TCE), sink in groundwater because they have a higher density than water. They then act as a continuous source for contaminant plumes that can stretch for miles within an aquifer. These compounds may biodegrade very slowly. They are commonly found in the vicinity of the original spill or leak where capillary forces have trapped them.

text: Surfactant enhanced recovery increases the mobility and solubility of the  contaminants absorbed to the saturated soil matrix or present as

text: dense non-aqueous phase liquid

text: . Surfactant-enhanced recovery injects

text: surfactant

text: s (surface-active agents that are primary ingredient in soap and detergent) into contaminated  groundwater. A typical system uses an extraction pump to remove groundwater downstream from the injection point. The extracted groundwater is treated aboveground to separate the injected surfactants from the contaminants and groundwater. Once the surfactants have separated from the groundwater they are re-used. The surfactants used are non-toxic, food-grade, and biodegradable. Surfactant enhanced recovery is used most often when the groundwater is contaminated by

text: dense non-aqueous phase liquids

text: (DNAPLs). These dense compounds, such as

text: trichloroethylene

text: (TCE), sink in groundwater because they have a higher density than water. They then act as a continuous source for

text: contaminant plume

text: s that can stretch for miles within an aquifer. These compounds may biodegrade very slowly. They are commonly found in the vicinity of the original spill or leak where capillary forces have trapped them.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: The extracted groundwater is treated aboveground to separate the injected surfactants from the contaminants and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Surfactant enhanced recovery

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Surfactant enhanced recovery

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: These compounds may biodegrade very slowly

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Once the surfactants have separated from the groundwater they are re-used

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Surfactant-enhanced recovery injects surfactants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The extracted groundwater is treated aboveground

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: ic toxin. In October 2011, the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment published an article and video by two British environmental scientists, showing the current state of the plant, landfill and solar evaporation ponds and calling for renewed international efforts to provide the necessary skills to clean up the site and contaminated groundwater.

text: ic toxin. In October 2011, the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment published an article and video by two British environmental scientists, showing the current state of the plant, landfill and solar evaporation ponds and calling for renewed international efforts to provide the necessary skills to clean up the site and contaminated groundwater.

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answers: clean up the site and contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ic toxin

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: ic toxin

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean up the site

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: ic toxin

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Chemicals abandoned at the plant continue to leak and pollute the groundwater. Whether the chemicals pose a health hazard is disputed. Contamination at the site and surrounding area was not caused by the gas leakage. The area around the plant was used as a dumping ground for hazardous chemicals and by 1982 water wells in the vicinity of the UCIL factory had to be abandoned. UCC states that "after the incident, UCIL began clean-up work at the site under the direction of Indian central and state government authorities", which was continued after 1994 by the successor to UCIL. The successor, Eveready Industries India, Limited (EIIL), ended cleanup on the site in 1998, when it terminated its 99-year lease and turned over control of the site to the state government of Madhya Pradesh.

text: Chemicals abandoned at the plant continue to leak and pollute the

text: groundwater

text: . Whether the chemicals pose a health hazard is disputed. Contamination at the site and surrounding area was not caused by the gas leakage. The area around the plant was used as a dumping ground for hazardous chemicals and by 1982 water wells in the vicinity of the UCIL factory had to be abandoned. UCC states that "after the incident, UCIL began clean-up work at the site under the direction of Indian central and state government authorities", which was continued after 1994 by the successor to UCIL. The successor, Eveready Industries India, Limited (EIIL), ended cleanup on the site in 1998, when it terminated its 99-year lease and turned over control of the site to the state government of Madhya Pradesh.

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text: A pit latrine generally consists of three major parts: a hole in the ground, a slab or floor with a small hole, and a shelter. The shelter is often known as an outhouse. The pit is typically at least 3 meters (10 feet) deep and 1 m (3.2 feet) across. The World Health Organization recommends they be built a reasonable distance from the house balancing issues of easy access versus that of smell. The distance from groundwater and surface water should be as large as possible to decrease the risk of groundwater pollution. The hole in the slab should not be larger than 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) to prevent children falling in. Light should be prevented from entering the pit to reduce access by flies. This may require the use of a lid to cover the hole in the floor when not in use. When the pit fills to within 0.5 meters (1.6 feet) of the top, it should be either emptied or a new pit constructed and the shelter moved or re-built at the new location. Fecal sludge management involves emptying pits as well as transporting, treating and using the collected fecal sludge. If this is not carried out properly, water pollution and public health risks can occur.

text: A pit latrine generally consists of three major parts: a hole in the ground, a slab or floor with a small hole, and a shelter. The shelter is often known as an

text: outhouse

text: . The pit is typically at least 3 meters (10 feet) deep and 1 m (3.2 feet) across. The

text: World Health Organization

text: recommends they be built a reasonable distance from the house balancing issues of easy access versus that of smell. The distance from

text: groundwater

text: and

text: surface water

text: should be as large as possible to decrease the risk of

text: groundwater pollution

text: . The hole in the slab should not be larger than 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) to prevent children falling in. Light should be prevented from entering the pit to reduce access by flies. This may require the use of a lid to cover the hole in the floor when not in use. When the pit fills to within 0.5 meters (1.6 feet) of the top, it should be either emptied or a new pit constructed and the shelter moved or re-built at the new location.

text: Fecal sludge management

text: involves emptying pits as well as transporting, treating and using the collected fecal sludge. If this is not carried out properly,

text: water pollution

text: and

text: public health

text: risks can occur.

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text: The Water Replenishment District of Southern California (WRD), in service since 1959, is one of the more aggressive agencies that use recycled water for their groundwater replenishment and seawater intrusion barriers. To prevent seawater contamination of their groundwater, they have several sets of injection wells that inject clean water between their aquifer and the sea. This creates a local water barrier to seawater intrusion. The other mechanism is to make sure the water level is above sea level.

text: The Water Replenishment District of Southern California (WRD), in service since 1959, is one of the more aggressive agencies that use recycled water for their groundwater replenishment and seawater intrusion barriers. To prevent seawater contamination of their groundwater, they have several sets of

text: injection well

text: s that inject clean water between their

text: aquifer

text: and the sea. This creates a local water barrier to seawater intrusion. The other mechanism is to make sure the water level is above sea level.

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answers: To prevent seawater contamination

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answer: 1

text: Before and after the event there was concern over the sponsorship of the Run For Water by Dow Chemical, whose sponsorship of this event has been described as "the ultimate in greenwashing", given Dow's ownership of Union Carbide, their refusal to clean up the Bhopal site, plus their direct responsibility for groundwater poisoning incidents in Morrisonville, Louisiana and the Tittabawassee River in Michigan. Their much-publicised water filtration plants in India have failed because the local population cannot afford to replace the expensive high-tech filters.

text: Before and after the event there was concern over the sponsorship of the Run For Water by

text: Dow Chemical

text: , whose sponsorship of this event has been described as "the ultimate in

text: greenwashing

text: ", given Dow's ownership of

text: Union Carbide

text: , their refusal to clean up the

text: Bhopal site

text: , plus their direct responsibility for groundwater poisoning incidents in

text: Morrisonville, Louisiana

text: and the

text: Tittabawassee River

text: in Michigan. Their much-publicised water filtration plants in India have failed because the local population cannot afford to replace the expensive high-tech filters.

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answers: groundwater poisoning

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sponsor the Run For Water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Bhopal site

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bhopal site

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater poisoning

answers: NDQ_003968

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answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater poisoning

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Dirt particles with an extremely reduced contact area are picked up by water droplets and are thus easily cleaned off the surface. If a water droplet rolls across such a contaminated surface the adhesion between the dirt particle, irrespective of its chemistry, and the droplet is higher than between the particle and the surface. As this self-cleaning effect is based on the high surface tension of water it does not work with organic solvents. Therefore, the hydrophobicity of a surface is no protection against graffiti.

text: Dirt particles with an extremely reduced contact area are picked up by water droplets and are thus easily cleaned off the surface. If a water droplet rolls across such a contaminated surface the adhesion between the dirt particle, irrespective of its chemistry, and the droplet is higher than between the particle and the surface. As this self-cleaning effect is based on the high surface tension of water it does not work with organic solvents. Therefore, the hydrophobicity of a surface is no protection against graffiti.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: organic solvents

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: organic solvents

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: organic solvents

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: organic solvents

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the hydrophobicity of a surface is no protection against graffiti

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: self-cleaning effect

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: graffiti

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Perennially popular with fishermen and home to several rare invertebrates, it has been polluted in its lower reaches in recent decades, due in part to the oil refinery at Stanlow and the arrival of the nearby M53 and M56 motorways, leading to schemes by environmental groups to clean up the area and to restock the fish population.

text: Perennially popular with fishermen and home to several rare invertebrates, it has been polluted in its lower reaches in recent decades, due in part to the

text: oil refinery

text: at

text: Stanlow

text: and the arrival of the nearby

text: and

text: motorways, leading to schemes by environmental groups to clean up the area and to restock the fish population.

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It has been polluted

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: restock the fish population

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: oil refinery

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean up the area

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: environmental groups

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: restock the fish population

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The model is capable of simulating passive or buoyant continuous plumes as well as short duration puff releases. It characterizes the atmospheric turbulence by two parameters, the boundary layer depth and the Monin-Obukhov length, rather the single parameter Pasquill class.

text: The model is capable of simulating

text: passive or buoyant

text: continuous plumes as well as short duration

text: puff

text: releases. It characterizes the

text: atmospheric turbulence

text: by two parameters, the

text: boundary layer

text: depth and the

text: Monin-Obukhov length

text: , rather the single parameter

text: Pasquill class

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answers: It characterizes the atmospheric turbulence

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: the boundary layer depth

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Pasquill class

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Puff releases

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: puff releases

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the single parameter Pasquill class

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: It characterizes the atmospheric turbulence

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Pasquill class

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: In situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S. Clean Water Act, describing a value of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive while still meeting water quality standards. Alternatively, TMDL is an allocation of that water pollutant deemed acceptable to the subject receiving waters.TMDLs have been used extensively by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state environmental agencies in implementing the Clean Water Act by establishing maximum pollution limits for industrial wastewater dischargers.  EPA published regulations in 1992 establishing TMDL procedures. Application of TMDL has broadened significantly in the last decade to include many watershed-scale efforts.  This process incorporates both point source and nonpoint source pollutants within a watershed.

text: A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S.

text: Clean Water Act

text: , describing a value of the maximum amount of a

text: pollutant

text: that a

text: body of water

text: can receive while still meeting

text: water quality standards

text: . Alternatively, TMDL is an allocation of that

text: water pollutant

text: deemed acceptable to the subject

text: receiving water

text: s.TMDLs have been used extensively by the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) and state environmental agencies in implementing the Clean Water Act by establishing maximum pollution limits for

text: industrial wastewater

text: dischargers.  EPA published regulations in 1992 establishing TMDL procedures. Application of TMDL has broadened significantly in the last decade to include many watershed-scale efforts.  This process incorporates both

text: point source

text: and

text: nonpoint source

text: pollutants within a

text: watershed

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answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Point source and nonpoint source pollutants

answers: NDQ_003963

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answers: TMDL

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answers: industrial wastewater dischargers

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: meeting water quality standards

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Nonpoint source pollutants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: New in situ oxidation technologies have become popular, for remediation of a wide range of soil and groundwater contaminants. Remediation by chemical oxidation involves the injection of strong oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone gas, potassium permanganate or persulfates.

text: New

text: in situ oxidation

text: technologies have become popular, for remediation of a wide range of soil and groundwater contaminants. Remediation by

text: chemical oxidation

text: involves the injection of strong

text: oxidant

text: s such as

text: hydrogen peroxide

text: ozone

text: gas,

text: potassium permanganate

text: or persulfates.

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answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: strong oxidants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contaminants

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: DTSC regulates the generation, handling, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste in California.  DTSC also cleans up thousands of hazardous waste sites in California including disposal sites and industrial sites that resulted in contamination of soil and groundwater.

text: DTSC regulates the generation, handling, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste in California.  DTSC also cleans up thousands of hazardous waste sites in California including disposal sites and industrial sites that resulted in contamination of soil and groundwater.

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: cleans up

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: DTSC

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: treatment

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: treatment

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of soil

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: General Electric and GENICOM manufactured circuit boards on site using a plating and etching processes that generated waste solvents. These solvents and other wastes contributed to groundwater contamination. General Electric assumed environmental responsibility for the contamination and operates a pump-and-treat system.

text: General Electric and GENICOM manufactured circuit boards on site using a plating and etching processes that generated waste solvents. These solvents and other wastes contributed to groundwater contamination. General Electric assumed environmental responsibility for the contamination and operates a pump-and-treat system.

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answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003962

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pump-and-treat system

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Water from the dams is released into flood-control channels and some is diverted into spreading basins where it percolates into the ground and recharges the groundwater. The surface water is not used directly as it requires more cleaning than groundwater. Near the coast, the department has constructed sea water barriers that use injection wells to create a fresh water barrier to prevent salt water intrusion from the ocean into the groundwater.

text: Water from the dams is released into flood-control channels and some is diverted into spreading basins where it percolates into the ground and recharges the

text: groundwater

text: . The surface water is not used directly as it requires more cleaning than groundwater. Near the coast, the department has constructed sea water barriers that use injection wells to create a fresh water barrier to prevent

text: salt water

text: intrusion from the

text: ocean

text: into the groundwater.

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answers: NDQ_003963

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: surface water is not used directly

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: surface water is not used directly

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Landfarming is an ex-situ waste treatment process that is performed in the upper soil zone or in biotreatment cells. Contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges are transported to the landfarming site, incorporated into the soil surface and periodically turned over (tilled) to aerate the mixture. Landfarming commonly uses a clay or composite liner to intercept leaching contaminants and prevent groundwater pollution, however, a liner is not a universal requirement.

text: Landfarming is an

entity_section: Ex-situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils

text: ex-situ waste treatment process

text: that is performed in the upper

text: soil

text: zone or in biotreatment cells.

text: Contaminated soils

text: sediment

text: s, or

text: sludge

text: s are transported to the landfarming site, incorporated into the

text: soil surface

text: and periodically turned over (

text: tilled

text: ) to

text: aerate

text: the mixture. Landfarming commonly uses a

text: clay

text: or

text: composite liner

text: to intercept

text: leaching

text: contaminants and prevent

text: groundwater pollution

text: , however, a liner is not a universal requirement.

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text: Gatto was the lead Los Angeles negotiator for the California Water Bond of 2014, securing just under a billion dollars for the Los Angeles region to clean up polluted groundwater reservoirs, which were still full despite the California drought, so that the region did not need to import so much water from elsewhere.

text: Gatto was the lead Los Angeles negotiator for the California Water Bond of 2014, securing just under a billion dollars for the Los Angeles region to clean up polluted groundwater reservoirs, which were still full despite the

text: California drought

text: , so that the region did not need to import so much water from elsewhere.

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text: TEPCO begins to construct facilities to establish an ice wall within the ground around the reactors to prevent contaminated water to mix with groundwater flowing under the area.

text: TEPCO begins to construct facilities to establish an ice wall within the ground around the reactors to prevent contaminated water to mix with groundwater flowing under the area.

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answers: 0

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: establish an ice wall

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: an ice wall

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: ice wall

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated water

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater flowing under the area

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Pollutants released to the ground can work their way down into the groundwater, leading to groundwater pollution. The resulting body of polluted water within an aquifer is called a plume, with its migrating edges called plume fronts. Plumes are used to locate, map, and measure water pollution within the aquifer's total body of water, and plume fronts to determine directions and speed of the contamination's spreading in it.

text: Pollutants

text: released to the ground can work their way down into the

text: groundwater

text: , leading to

text: groundwater pollution

text: . The resulting body of polluted water within an

text: aquifer

text: is called a plume, with its migrating edges called plume fronts. Plumes are used to locate, map, and measure

text: water pollution

text: within the aquifer's total body of water, and plume fronts to determine directions and speed of the contamination's spreading in it.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 2

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: plume fronts

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: plume fronts to determine directions and speed of the contamination's spreading

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text:
Vertical hydrological components along the boundary between two zones with arrows in the same direction can be combined into net values .
For example : Npc = Per − Cap (net percolation), Ncp = Cap − Per (net capillary rise).
Horizontal hydrological components in the same zone with arrows in same direction can be combined into excess values .
For example :  Egio = Iaq − Oaq (excess groundwater inflow over outflow), Egoi = Oaq − Iaq (excess groundwater outflow over inflow).

text:
Vertical hydrological components along the boundary between two zones with arrows in the same direction can be combined into net values .
For example : Npc = Per − Cap (net percolation), Ncp = Cap − Per (net capillary rise).
Horizontal hydrological components in the same zone with arrows in same direction can be combined into excess values .
For example :  Egio = Iaq − Oaq (excess groundwater inflow over outflow), Egoi = Oaq − Iaq (excess groundwater outflow over inflow).

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answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0990/3f4527a7c374df7a581ac84216589b33

answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0994/c392468cdb5edd65b4ff64798dd382de

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Excess groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Npc

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Microbiological remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: excess groundwater inflow over outflow

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Vertical hydrological components

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The soil and rock must be cleaned too.

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Kali Bein plays a key role in recharging the water table and in flood management in its watershed. It is also a key source of irrigation for the agricultural fields there. The Kanjli Wetland, a Ramsar site (a wetland site designated of international importance under the Ramsar Convention), is supported by the Kali Bein. As a result of the Green Revolution, the use of industrial and agricultural chemicals and the exploitation of groundwater led to the drying up of the Kali Bein along parts of its course and the contamination of groundwater leading to diseases and the drying up of farmlands.

text: Kali Bein plays a key role in recharging the

text: water table

text: and in flood management in its watershed. It is also a key source of irrigation for the agricultural fields there. The

text: Kanjli Wetland

text: , a

text: Ramsar site

text: (a wetland site designated of international importance under the

text: Ramsar Convention

text: ), is supported by the Kali Bein. As a result of the Green Revolution, the use of industrial and agricultural chemicals and the exploitation of groundwater led to the drying up of the Kali Bein along parts of its course and the contamination of groundwater leading to diseases and the drying up of farmlands.

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0990/55aefea75030fa73b12e1a4712025d73

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0990/ccaed60d4779498833d4c8e957a4aae1

answers: 0

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answers: exploitation of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: use of industrial and agricultural chemicals

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Kali Bein

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Green Revolution

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Green Revolution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Kali Bein

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: industrial and agricultural chemicals

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the on-line process, the cleaning body moves through the tubes with the conveying medium and cleans them by means of its oversize compared to the tube diameter. In the range of diameters of up to 50 mm these cleaning bodies consist of sponge rubber, in larger diameters up to the size of oil pipelines it is a matter of scrapers or so-called pigs. Sponge rubber balls are applied mainly for cooling water, like sea, river, or cooling tower water. For the chemical or pharmaceutical industry, specially adapted cleaning bodies are imaginable but the conveying media flows are so weak that off-line processes are employed in most cases. Given the fact that the cleaning bodies are not allowed to remain in the conveying medium they have to be collected after passing through the tubes. In the case of sponge rubber balls this is done through special strainer sections; for scrapers or pigs an outward transfer station is provided. According to the Taprogge process, the sponge rubber balls are re-injected upstream of the system to be cleaned by a corresponding ball recirculating unit whereas the scraper or pig is mostly taken out by hand and re-injected into another collector. Sponge rubber balls therefore safeguard a continuous cleaning while the scraper or pig system is discontinuous.

text: In the on-line process, the cleaning body moves through the tubes with the conveying medium and cleans them by means of its oversize compared to the tube diameter. In the range of diameters of up to 50 mm these cleaning bodies consist of sponge rubber, in larger diameters up to the size of

text: oil pipeline

text: s it is a matter of scrapers or so-called pigs. Sponge rubber balls are applied mainly for

text: cooling water

text: , like sea, river, or

text: cooling tower

text: water. For the chemical or pharmaceutical industry, specially adapted cleaning bodies are imaginable but the conveying media flows are so weak that off-line processes are employed in most cases. Given the fact that the cleaning bodies are not allowed to remain in the conveying medium they have to be collected after passing through the tubes. In the case of sponge rubber balls this is done through special

text: strainer

text: sections; for scrapers or pigs an outward transfer station is provided. According to the

text: Taprogge process

text: , the sponge rubber balls are re-injected upstream of the system to be cleaned by a corresponding ball recirculating unit whereas the scraper or pig is mostly taken out by hand and re-injected into another collector. Sponge rubber balls therefore safeguard a continuous cleaning while the scraper or pig system is discontinuous.

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answers: Off-line processes are employed in most cases

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: off-line processes

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Taprogge process

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Taprogge

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Taprogge process

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: off-line processes are employed in most cases

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sponge rubber balls are re-injected upstream of the system to be cleaned

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Sponge rubber balls

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Off-line processes are employed in most cases

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A member of the Waterkeeper Alliance, CRBI is also known as the Upper Coosa Riverkeeper. As such, they work to enforce the Clean Water Act, by monitoring pollution and polluters. When pollution problems are identified all necessary means , including legal action, are utilized to correct these problems.

text: A member of the

text: Waterkeeper Alliance

text: , CRBI is also known as the Upper Coosa Riverkeeper. As such, they work to enforce the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , by monitoring pollution and polluters. When pollution problems are identified all necessary means , including legal action, are utilized to correct these problems.

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answers: pollution problems are identified

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Over 200 contaminated sites are adjacent or drain into the lower Raritan River, including abandoned industrial sites, Superfund sites, old landfills, dredge dumping areas and old army arsenals.  Residents continue to be exposed to toxic waste through recreational use of the river and eating contaminated fish despite warning that it may be hazardous to their health.  The mission of the Raritan River Project is to clean up and protect the lower reaches of the Raritan River by identifying and reducing sources of contamination.  The goal of the EWA is to stop the ongoing pollution, clean up the existing contamination and restore the watershed.

text: Over 200 contaminated sites are adjacent or drain into the lower Raritan River, including abandoned industrial sites,

text: Superfund

text: sites, old landfills, dredge dumping areas and old army arsenals.  Residents continue to be exposed to toxic waste through recreational use of the river and eating contaminated fish despite warning that it may be hazardous to their health.  The mission of the Raritan River Project is to clean up and protect the lower reaches of the Raritan River by identifying and reducing sources of contamination.  The goal of the EWA is to stop the ongoing pollution, clean up the existing contamination and restore the watershed.

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answers: Clean up and protect the lower reaches of the Raritan River

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answers: stop the ongoing pollution

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answers: Superfund

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answers: EWA

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answers: Raritan River

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: When the contamination of the site was discovered, about 500 people live within a mile of the Site. Approximately 6,300 people get their drinking water from public and private wells within three miles of the Site. However, the contamination does not affect current residential populations since the groundwater contamination plume does not extend more than 350 feet from the burn pit.

text: When the contamination of the site was discovered, about 500 people live within a mile of the Site. Approximately 6,300 people get their drinking water from public and private wells within three miles of the Site. However, the contamination does not affect current residential populations since the groundwater contamination plume does not extend more than 350 feet from the burn pit.

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answers: groundwater contamination plume

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: wells

answers: NDQ_003963

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answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bacterial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: burn pit

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination plume

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the contamination does not affect current residential populations

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater contamination plume

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumping water to the surface to clean the pollutant

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Groundwater accounts for 64% of the volume for public water supply, 33% of all water used for agriculture and livestock, and 24% of water utilized by self-supplied industry. There are 653 groundwater aquifers in Mexico. CONAGUA estimates the total amount of groundwater recharge to be around  per year, 36.4% of which, (around  per year) are actually used. This average rate does not fully represent the situation of the arid region, where a negative balance is threatening the sustainable use of groundwater resources.

text: Groundwater

text: accounts for 64% of the volume for public water supply, 33% of all water used for agriculture and livestock, and 24% of water utilized by self-supplied industry. There are 653 groundwater aquifers in Mexico. CONAGUA estimates the total amount of groundwater recharge to be around  per year, 36.4% of which, (around  per year) are actually used. This average rate does not fully represent the situation of the arid region, where a negative balance is threatening the sustainable use of groundwater resources.

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answers: Groundwater accounts for 64% of the volume for public water supply

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a negative balance

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a negative balance

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 36.4% of which, (around per year) are actually used

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Miss Rose agrees on the condition that they must also clean up the existing pollution, she gives them 8 hours to clean up the pollution. If the water isn't cleaned by then, they attack. She also demands a "hostage for security" and Joni promptly volunteers herself. As the user completes the activities that entail tracking down the polluting companies and cleaning up the plants' water supply, Joni starts to turn green and seems to begin transforming into a plant herself as a result of the pollution in the plant creatures' food supply. Once all the pollution is cleaned up, Joni is saved and the memories of the human hostages are wiped, leaving the other ClueFinders the only ones who know of the plant empire. Owen and Leslie promise to keep the existence of the empire a secret before they are transported back to the surface.

text: Miss Rose agrees on the condition that they must also clean up the existing pollution, she gives them 8 hours to clean up the pollution. If the water isn't cleaned by then, they attack. She also demands a "hostage for security" and Joni promptly volunteers herself. As the user completes the activities that entail tracking down the polluting companies and cleaning up the plants' water supply, Joni starts to turn green and seems to begin transforming into a plant herself as a result of the pollution in the plant creatures' food supply. Once all the pollution is cleaned up, Joni is saved and the memories of the human hostages are wiped, leaving the other ClueFinders the only ones who know of the plant empire. Owen and Leslie promise to keep the existence of the empire a secret before they are transported back to the surface.

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean up the plants' water supply

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: existing pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Joni

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "hostage for security"

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: water remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Joni starts to turn green

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Joni starts to turn green

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Aslett says that the amount of time spent cleaning can be reduced 75% by if the homeowner were to reduce clutter, get the right cleaning tools, and make them accessible. One of his approaches is to develop a self-cleaning house, through the use of household items and flooring that are easy to maintain, and eliminating most of the dirt that comes into a house by taking one's shoes off at the door. Another way to manage cleanliness is to make each person responsible for cleaning up their own mess. He says that "even if President Bush stayed at my house, he'd know where the vacuum is."

text: Aslett says that the amount of time spent cleaning can be reduced 75% by if the homeowner were to reduce clutter, get the right cleaning tools, and make them accessible. One of his approaches is to develop a self-cleaning house, through the use of household items and flooring that are easy to maintain, and eliminating most of the dirt that comes into a house by taking one's shoes off at the door. Another way to manage cleanliness is to make each person responsible for cleaning up their own mess. He says that "even if

text: President Bush

text: stayed at my house, he'd know where the vacuum is."

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answers: The amount of time spent cleaning can be reduced

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: reduce clutter

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Aslett

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: self-cleaning house

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the amount of time spent cleaning

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated water would be removed

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dirt

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A 1991 study by Irene Gruenfeld, a Williams College undergraduate, measured various pollutants at eight points along the river, from just below the duck pond in Chappaqua to inside the tunnel in Yonkers. The levels increased as the river flowed along, suggesting that most pollutants, especially dissolved salts, came from urban runoff instead of any single point source. The exception was PCBs, which rose drastically south of Elmsford (a finding that concurred with an earlier study) and then doubled in Yonkers. The study noted that this suggested a point source, perhaps a known burial site for used capacitors in the Elmsford area, yet Gruenfeld argued that cleaning up this and other possible point sources would not eliminate PCBs in the river. While the PCBs in the river were found somewhat biodegraded, chlordane levels are high enough that DEC recommends eating no more than a half-pound () of fish or eel from the Saw Mill per month.

text: A 1991 study by Irene Gruenfeld, a

text: Williams College

text: undergraduate, measured various pollutants at eight points along the river, from just below the duck pond in Chappaqua to inside the tunnel in Yonkers. The levels increased as the river flowed along, suggesting that most pollutants, especially dissolved salts, came from

text: urban runoff

text: instead of any single

text: point source

text: . The exception was PCBs, which rose drastically south of

text: Elmsford

text: (a finding that concurred with an earlier study) and then doubled in Yonkers. The study noted that this suggested a point source, perhaps a known burial site for used

text: capacitor

text: s in the Elmsford area, yet Gruenfeld argued that cleaning up this and other possible point sources would not eliminate PCBs in the river. While the PCBs in the river were found somewhat

text: biodegraded

text: chlordane

text: levels are high enough that DEC recommends eating no more than a half-pound () of fish or eel from the Saw Mill per month.

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answers: urban runoff

answers: NDQ_003962

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answers: NDQ_003963

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answers: NDQ_003964

answers: biodegradation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: point source

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Gruenfeld

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: biodegraded

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dissolved salts

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Military operations in the early years at Otis AFB included the use of petroleum products and other hazardous materials such as fuels, motor oils, and cleaning solvents and the generation of associated wastes. Consistent with practices of other industries at the time, it was common practice for many years to dispose of such wastes in landfills, dry wells, sumps, and the sewage treatment plant. Spills and leaks also occurred.  These activities have resulted in serious impacts to the Upper Cape’s groundwater resources.  As a direct result of the threats from waste plumes in the groundwater, much of the water supply in the surrounding area was converted from wells to municipal water sources.

text: Military operations in the early years at Otis AFB included the use of petroleum products and other hazardous materials such as fuels, motor oils, and cleaning solvents and the generation of associated wastes. Consistent with practices of other industries at the time, it was common practice for many years to dispose of such wastes in landfills, dry wells, sumps, and the sewage treatment plant. Spills and leaks also occurred.  These activities have resulted in serious impacts to the Upper Cape’s groundwater resources.  As a direct result of the threats from waste

text: plumes

text: in the groundwater, much of the water supply in the surrounding area was converted from wells to municipal water sources.

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answers: Spills and leaks

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answers: dispose of such wastes in landfills

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text: See Your Lung CampaignNew Delhi is termed as one of the most polluted cities in the world. Therefore, the government is doing all it can to tackle land, water and air pollution in the city. The See Your Lung campaign comes as a helping hand for it in terms of bringing forth the message of anti-pollution to the citizens.Vijay Kannan, the founder of the  See Your Lung Campaign, said that people do not realize the risk that they are putting themselves and others by using motor vehicles. He further stressed on the point that what’s the point in using a vehicle for conveyance when a cycle can do all the work.Mr. Kannan is also the founder of the Clean India Air Movement (CLAIM) under which free car pool service was offered to around 10,000 citizens of New Delhi. CLAIM and the See Your Lung initiatives have quickly picked up the pace in terms of accomplishing their goals. The probability of the future being a bright, pollution-free one is slowly but surely turning into a reality.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

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answers: CLAIM

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text: Large-scale demonstrations have been held protesting the pollution of the Kishon. Zalul's report has prompted the Ministry of the Environment to investigate the problem and introduce clean-up measures.

text: Large-scale demonstrations have been held protesting the pollution of the

text: Kishon

text: . Zalul's report has prompted the

entity_name: Ministry of Environmental Protection (Israel)

text: Ministry of the Environment

text: to investigate the problem and introduce clean-up measures.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Pollution has cost. Manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs on the whole society, whereas the neighbors of an individual who chooses to fire-proof his home may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses. If external costs exist, such as pollution, the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the producer were required to pay all associated environmental costs. Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action lies partly outside the self, an element of externalization is involved. If there are external benefits, such as in public safety, less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others.

text: Pollution has cost. Manufacturing activities that cause

text: air pollution

text: impose health and clean-up costs on the whole society, whereas the neighbors of an individual who chooses to fire-proof his home may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses. If external costs exist, such as pollution, the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the producer were required to pay all associated environmental costs. Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action lies partly outside the self, an element of

text: externalization

text: is involved. If there are external benefits, such as in

text: public safety

text: , less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others.

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answers: If external costs exist, such as pollution

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answers: pay all associated environmental costs

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: an element of externalization

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

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answers: health and clean-up costs on the whole society

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answers: benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The neighbors of an individual who chooses to fire-proof his home may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Currently, groundwater remediation is the most common commercial application of nanoremediation technologies.Using nanomaterials, especially zero-valent metals (ZVMs), for groundwater remediation is an emerging approach that is promising due to the availability and effectiveness of many nanomaterials for degrading or sequestering contaminants.

text: Currently,

text: groundwater remediation

text: is the most common commercial application of nanoremediation technologies.Using

text: nanomaterials

text: , especially zero-valent metals (ZVMs), for groundwater remediation is an emerging approach that is promising due to the availability and effectiveness of many nanomaterials for degrading or sequestering contaminants.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The smelter was ranked 2 under Directive 96/82/EC (Seveso). The plant had an internal landfill site of 1.8 hectares located several kilometres from the smelter site at a place called Massada on the border with Vicdessos commune. This discharge area, as well as the groundwater and soil that supported the plant operations, are polluted by various pollutants including fluorides, cyanides, hydrocarbons, arsenic, aluminium, and barium.

text: The smelter was ranked 2 under

text: Directive 96/82/EC

text: (Seveso). The plant had an internal

text: landfill

text: site of 1.8 hectares located several kilometres from the smelter site at a place called Massada on the border with

text: Vicdessos

text: commune. This discharge area, as well as the groundwater and soil that supported the plant operations, are polluted by various pollutants including

text: fluoride

text: s,

text: cyanide

text: s,

text: hydrocarbon

text: s,

text: arsenic

text: aluminium

text: , and

text: barium

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answers: NDQ_003964

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater and soil that supported the plant operations

answers: NDQ_003968

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Many of these UDDTs serve indigenous communities who live along small rivers as well as ecotourism operations in the Amazonian part of the country. In these regions, piped water supply is often lacking, clay-rich soils do not permit infiltration of wastewater, and the groundwater level is usually high. These factors make other types of toilets or other forms of excreta management problematic. For example, local governments and ecotourism operations often install flush toilets that drain straight into rivers or into holes in the ground, where the water is intended to drain but cannot, since the soil is mostly impermeable clay. Coupled with the abundant local rainfall, these pits tend to fill very fast and overflow into the nearest streams. The streams get easily contaminated with fecal matter, as they are often quite small and there is not much dilution with clean river water. This leads to health hazards for the communities who use these rivers for drinking water, washing, swimming, and fishing.

text: Many of these UDDTs serve

text: indigenous communities

text: who live along small rivers as well as

text: ecotourism

text: operations in the Amazonian part of the country. In these regions, piped

text: water supply

text: is often lacking, clay-rich soils do not permit infiltration of wastewater, and the

text: groundwater

text: level is usually high. These factors make other types of toilets or other forms of excreta management problematic. For example, local governments and ecotourism operations often install flush toilets that drain straight into rivers or into holes in the ground, where the water is intended to drain but cannot, since the soil is mostly impermeable clay. Coupled with the abundant local rainfall, these pits tend to fill very fast and overflow into the nearest streams. The streams get easily contaminated with fecal matter, as they are often quite small and there is not much dilution with clean river water. This leads to health hazards for the communities who use these rivers for drinking water, washing, swimming, and fishing.

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answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: UDDTs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: infiltration of wastewater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil is mostly impermeable clay

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean river water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: fecal matter

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Traditional remediation approaches consist of soil excavation and disposal to landfill and groundwater "pump and treat". In-situ technologies include but are not limited to: solidification and stabilization, soil vapor extraction, permeable reactive barriers, monitored natural attenuation, bioremediation-phytoremediation, chemical oxidation, steam-enhanced extraction and in situ thermal desorption and have been used extensively in the USA.

text: Traditional remediation approaches consist of soil excavation and disposal to

text: landfill

text: and

text: groundwater

text: "pump and treat". In-situ technologies include but are not limited to:

entity_name: Remediation of contaminated sites with cement

text: solidification and stabilization

text: soil vapor extraction

text: , permeable reactive barriers, monitored natural attenuation,

text: bioremediation

text: phytoremediation

text: , chemical oxidation, steam-enhanced extraction and

text: in situ thermal desorption

text: and have been used extensively in the USA.

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answers: "pump and treat"

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: "pump and treat"

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: treat

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: In-situ technologies

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: "The remediation system consists of approximately 5 pumping wells that penetrate the contamination.  Special chemical resistant pumps pump the contaminated groundwater to a treatment building above ground.  Air Stripping is the primary form of treatment of the contaminated groundwater.  Once treated, water is pumped to the sewer system for disposal."

text: "The remediation system consists of approximately 5 pumping wells that penetrate the contamination.  Special chemical resistant pumps pump the contaminated groundwater to a treatment building above ground.  Air Stripping is the primary form of treatment of the contaminated groundwater.  Once treated, water is pumped to the sewer system for disposal."

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Air Stripping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Special chemical resistant pumps

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Air Stripping

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Air Stripping

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sewer system for disposal

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Air Stripping

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumping water to the surface

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1950, in what was then the largest oil spill in United States history, 17 to 30 million gallons of oil spilled into Newtown Creek. Oil is believed to have been seeping into the groundwater since then. Groundwater in this area is not used as drinking water, as all of New York City's drinking water presently comes from upstate reservoirs. However, local activists have been campaigning ever since to clean up the spill.   In January 2006, state and oil company officials asserted that to date half of the spill had been cleaned up.

text: In 1950, in what was then the largest

text: oil spill

text: in United States history, 17 to 30 million gallons of oil spilled into

text: Newtown Creek

text: . Oil is believed to have been seeping into the groundwater since then. Groundwater in this area is not used as drinking water, as all of New York City's drinking water presently comes from upstate reservoirs. However, local activists have been campaigning ever since to clean up the spill.   In January 2006, state and oil company officials asserted that to date half of the spill had been cleaned up.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up the spill

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater in this area is not used as drinking water

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: New York City's drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: NSTAR has had its share of environmental mishaps, including nearly a dozen spills at its former Watertown, Massachusetts facility. The spills, most of which occurred during the 1980s, consisted of transformer oil, which contained PCBs in high concentrations (6,200 Parts Per million). These spills have contaminated nearby Sawins and Williams Pond, both of which are downgradient of the NSTAR facility, and possibly flowed into the Charles river, which is downstream of Sawins Pond. Many local activists lobbied for NSTAR to abide by state regulations and spend the $20–40 million required to perform a PCB remediation of the affected lands. By 1997 NSTAR was responsible for nearly 50 hazardous waste sites, and by 2006 all but 5 of these had been cleaned up.

text: NSTAR has had its share of environmental mishaps, including nearly a dozen spills at its former Watertown, Massachusetts facility. The spills, most of which occurred during the 1980s, consisted of transformer oil, which contained PCBs in high concentrations (6,200 Parts Per million). These spills have contaminated nearby

text: Sawins and Williams Pond

text: , both of which are downgradient of the NSTAR facility, and possibly flowed into the Charles river, which is downstream of Sawins Pond. Many local activists lobbied for NSTAR to abide by state regulations and spend the $20–40 million required to perform a PCB remediation of the affected lands. By 1997 NSTAR was responsible for nearly 50 hazardous waste sites, and by 2006 all but 5 of these had been cleaned up.

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answers: 20–40 million

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

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answers: perform a PCB remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PCBs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: PCB remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

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answers: PCB remediation of the affected lands

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answers: possibly flowed into the Charles river

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: PCBs

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The site is located on the Burswood Peninsula, previously known as the Swan Portland Cement Site. The Swan Portland Cement Company Ltd operated at the site from 1927 and James Hardie Industries operated at the adjacent site from the 1920s up until 1981. In its report and recommendations, Remediation and Redevelopment of the Swan Portland Cement Site, Burswood, (January, 1998) the Environmental Protection Authority, states "The current site is contaminated with asbestos waste from the James Hardie operations and cement kiln dust, kiln bricks and associated contaminated soil and hydrocarbons from the Swan Portland cement operations." In its report it estimates 750,000 m3 cement kiln dust on the site, the effects of which should be managed, with regard to its effects upon public health, groundwater and surface water. Three zones of asbestos contamination on the site were identified in the report; zone 1 having 68,000 cubic metres of broken and loose asbestos, zone 2 having 150,000 cubic metres of asbestos contamination up to 15 metres below ground level and zone 3 being 180,000 cubic metres of asbestos contamination within 600,000 cubic metres of cement kiln dust.

text: The site is located on the Burswood Peninsula, previously known as the Swan Portland Cement Site. The Swan Portland Cement Company Ltd operated at the site from 1927 and

text: James Hardie Industries

text: operated at the adjacent site from the 1920s up until 1981. In its report and recommendations, Remediation and Redevelopment of the Swan Portland Cement Site, Burswood, (January, 1998) the

entity_name: Environmental Protection Authority of Western Australia

text: Environmental Protection Authority

text: , states "The current site is contaminated with

text: asbestos

text: waste from the James Hardie operations and cement kiln dust, kiln bricks and associated contaminated soil and hydrocarbons from the Swan Portland cement operations." In its report it estimates 750,000 m3 cement kiln dust on the site, the effects of which should be managed, with regard to its effects upon public health, groundwater and surface water. Three zones of asbestos contamination on the site were identified in the report; zone 1 having 68,000 cubic metres of broken and loose asbestos, zone 2 having 150,000 cubic metres of asbestos contamination up to 15 metres below ground level and zone 3 being 180,000 cubic metres of asbestos contamination within 600,000 cubic metres of cement kiln dust.

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answers: Remediation and Redevelopment

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Remediation and Redevelopment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: the Swan Portland Cement Site, Burswood

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: effects upon public health, groundwater and surface water

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are two volatile organic compounds of concern in the groundwater contaminant plume - trichloroethylene (TCE) and carbon tetrachloride.  The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) believes that use of the chlorinated solvent TCE at a former metal working facility at the location of the Hagberg Country Market was the major source of site ground water contamination.  The use of TCE at the Lake Elmo airport likely also have caused some of the TCE groundwater contaminant plume.  On the north side of the plume there are a few former grain storage bins which MPCA believes were the potential source of carbon tetrachloride that was previously detected in that area of the plume.

text: There are two

text: volatile organic compounds

text: of concern in the groundwater contaminant plume -

text: trichloroethylene

text: (TCE) and

text: carbon tetrachloride

text: .  The

text: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

text: (MPCA) believes that use of the chlorinated solvent TCE at a former metal working facility at the location of the

text: Hagberg Country Market

text: was the major source of site ground water contamination.  The use of TCE at the Lake Elmo airport likely also have caused some of the TCE groundwater contaminant plume.  On the north side of the plume there are a few former grain storage bins which MPCA believes were the potential source of carbon tetrachloride that was previously detected in that area of the plume.

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answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: carbon tetrachloride

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chlorinated solvent

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: chlorinated solvent

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: AVX appealed Wooten's 2011 decision on whether the air force should help with the cost of cleanup. S.C. DHEC stated in a March 13, 2012 letter that pollution in some areas came from AVX, but in one area another source was responsible. AVX argues that the government's expert, who said groundwater from the base flowed away from the polluted areas, was not qualified to testify about groundwater.  The findings could influence an upcoming class-action lawsuit by property owners.

text: AVX appealed Wooten's 2011 decision on whether the air force should help with the cost of cleanup.

entity_name: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control

text: S.C. DHEC

text: stated in a March 13, 2012 letter that pollution in some areas came from AVX, but in one area another source was responsible. AVX argues that the government's expert, who said groundwater from the base flowed away from the polluted areas, was not qualified to testify about groundwater.  The findings could influence an upcoming

text: class-action lawsuit

text: by property owners.

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answers: The findings could influence an upcoming class-action lawsuit by property owners

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: help with the cost

answers: NDQ_003963

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answers: Bioremediation

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answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Various studies, supervised by the French regional agency for industry and research, DRIRE, revealed serious pollution by heavy metals (zinc, copper and lead) almost everywhere on the site, plus mercury and cadmium in one area and nitrates, sulfates, ammonium and arsenic by the Deûle canal.Certain pollutants had percolated into the soil and polluted the surface groundwater: potassium, sulfates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, ammonium and sodium, and locally, zinc and cadmium, to depths of up to 2 m in the so-called ANS sector, plus arsenic under the AS/PS sector and manganese under the GMG sector.This groundwater rose when the industrial pumps were stopped and flooded the basements in nearby houses, requiring permanent pumping in order to drain the subsoil. Severe pollution by arsenic was discovered up to depths of 5 meters in the AS/PS sector, plus mercury in the northeast half of this same sector.The chalk layer under the site was contaminated by sulfates.For these reasons, the local authorities deemed that the site was compatible with industrial usage, but with restrictions to be applied on a case-by-case basis with the potential buyers of the various parts of the site, on a long-term and mandatory basis for third parties through publication in the land registry. The Lille city authorities considered locating a purification plant on the site. A number of projects for the industrial, urban or administrative use of the site are in progress. The position of the site in an area of designated as “green belt” on the banks of the Deûle, the pollution and its highly artificial character make it an important factor in the ecological fragmentation of the regional ‘’’blue infrastructure’’’.

text: Various studies, supervised by the French regional agency for industry and research,

text: DRIRE

text: , revealed serious pollution by heavy metals (zinc, copper and lead) almost everywhere on the site, plus mercury and cadmium in one area and nitrates, sulfates, ammonium and arsenic by the

text: Deûle canal

text: .Certain pollutants had

text: percolated

text: into the soil and polluted the surface groundwater: potassium, sulfates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, ammonium and sodium, and locally, zinc and cadmium, to depths of up to 2 m in the so-called ANS sector, plus arsenic under the AS/PS sector and manganese under the GMG sector.This groundwater rose when the industrial pumps were stopped and flooded the basements in nearby houses, requiring permanent pumping in order to drain the subsoil. Severe pollution by arsenic was discovered up to depths of 5 meters in the AS/PS sector, plus mercury in the northeast half of this same sector.The

text: chalk layer

text: under the site was contaminated by sulfates.For these reasons, the local authorities deemed that the site was compatible with industrial usage, but with restrictions to be applied on a case-by-case basis with the potential buyers of the various parts of the site, on a long-term and mandatory basis for third parties through publication in the land registry. The Lille city authorities considered locating a

text: purification plant

text: on the site. A number of projects for the industrial, urban or administrative use of the site are in progress. The position of the site in an area of designated as “green belt” on the banks of the Deûle, the pollution and its highly artificial character make it an important factor in the

text: ecological fragmentation

text: of the regional ‘’’blue infrastructure’’’.

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answers: purification plant

answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: groundwater rose when the industrial pumps were stopped

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a purification plant

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the past year, with the addition of water quality data, now it is possible to take into consideration the communities that have been affected by groundwater pollution.  Also, this new factor can address the issue of the lack of clean drinking water within disadvantaged communities. In addition, now the OEHHA is moving towards identifying areas based on the census tract rather than zipcodes. The problem with recording pollution under the current use of zip codes in such large areas is that it’s very difficult to be accurate.  A major goal of SB 535 is to make sure that a minimum of 25% of the cap and trade revenue will be distributed to highly impacted communities that face burdens from different types of pollution.

text: In the past year, with the addition of water quality data, now it is possible to take into consideration the communities that have been affected by groundwater pollution.  Also, this new factor can address the issue of the lack of clean drinking water within disadvantaged communities. In addition, now the OEHHA is moving towards identifying areas based on the census tract rather than zipcodes. The problem with recording pollution under the current use of zip codes in such large areas is that it’s very difficult to be accurate.  A major goal of

text: SB 535

text: is to make sure that a minimum of 25% of the cap and trade revenue will be distributed to highly impacted communities that face burdens from different types of pollution.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Because of the small size of individual nanocrystals, Fh is nanoporous yielding large surface areas of several hundred square meters per gram. In addition to having a high surface area to volume ratio, Fh also has a high density of local or point defects, such as dangling bonds and vacancies. These properties confer a high ability to adsorb many environmentally important chemical species, including arsenic, lead, phosphate, and organic molecules (e.g., humic and fulvic acids). Its strong and extensive interaction with trace metals and metalloids is used in industry, at large-scale in water purification plants, as in North Germany and to produce the city water at Hiroshima, and at small scale to clean wastewaters and groundwaters, for example to remove arsenic from industrial effluents and drinking water. Its nanoporosity and high affinity for gold can be used to elaborate Fh-supported nanosized Au particles for the catalytic oxidation of CO at temperatures below 0 °C.

text: Because of the small size of individual

text: nanocrystal

text: s, Fh is

text: nanoporous

text: yielding large surface areas of several hundred square meters per gram. In addition to having a high surface area to volume ratio, Fh also has a high density of local or

text: point defect

text: s, such as dangling bonds and vacancies. These properties confer a high ability to adsorb many environmentally important chemical species, including

text: arsenic

text: lead

text: phosphate

text: , and organic molecules (e.g.,

text: humic

text: and

text: fulvic acid

text: s). Its strong and extensive interaction with trace metals and metalloids is used in industry, at large-scale in

text: water purification

text: plants, as in North Germany and to produce the city water at

text: Hiroshima

text: , and at small scale to clean

text: wastewater

text: s and

text: groundwater

text: s, for example to remove arsenic from industrial effluents and

text: drinking water

text: . Its nanoporosity and high affinity for

text: gold

text: can be used to elaborate Fh-supported nanosized Au particles for the

text: catalytic oxidation

text: of CO at temperatures below 0 °C.

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answers: NDQ_003968

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answers: NDQ_003969

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwaters

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remove arsenic

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: catalytic oxidation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: These properties confer a high ability to adsorb many environmentally important chemical species

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: to remove arsenic from industrial effluents and drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwaters

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Kretschmarr Cave mold beetle was first listed on the endangered species list on September 16, 1988.  Threats to the beetle include loss of habitat due to urban development, invasive species, and mining.  Urban development is the number one threat to the beetle and affects their karst environment in many different ways.  For instance, urban development may lead to the filling in or collapse of caves, alteration of drainage patterns, alteration of surface plant and animal communities, as well as contamination and human visitation.  Many caves are filled in or collapsed during road and building construction.  A solid foundation is required for construction to take place so if there is a cave in the way it will be collapsed and filled for a sturdy foundation.  Road development destroys a majority of the karst habitats where the beetles live.  It is estimated that 10% of all caves in Travis County are destroyed every ten years.  Some ranchers even lead to the problem.  Many of them fill the entrances to the caves so their livestock do not roam into the caves.  This blocks the air movement in the cave changing the conditions in the cave.  If conditions are not just right the beetle will die.  Large paved areas and drainage systems that are put in during urban development alter the natural drainage patterns causing major problems to karst environments.  This environment depends on air filled gaps and infiltration from water above, diverting water away from a cave can dry it up killing all the species inside.  If water is diverted into a cave it can flood and alter living conditions.  Altering surface plant and animal communities affects karst environments as well.  When these communities are removed for development many of the nutrients that originally entered the cave are now lost.  Without nutrients the beetle and other karst invertebrates can not survive.  If a substantial amount of vegetation is removed, infiltration will increase changing their delicate habitat.  The caves also face the threat of contamination when developing close to their habitat.  Karst is very susceptible to groundwater contamination so when sewer and drainage systems are put in contaminated water can enter the caves.  Many of the caves in Travis County are used for disposal of refuse and have probable killed most organisms within the cave.  Farming as well leads to the contamination of habitat.  Fertilizers, pesticides, and other agricultural waste can infiltrate through the ground contaminating the groundwater that enters the cave.  The final way urban development has increased the loss of habitat is by increased human visitation.  When humans build close to a species habitat it likely that visitation to the cave will increase.  Some species are scared off by this new visitation.  If one species leaves it often affects the whole chain of that ecosystem.  Some caves are vandalized so much so that it changes the environment in which the beetle lives.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Contaminated water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Contaminated water

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Urban development is close to a cave it can be contaminated.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: alter the natural drainage patterns

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Urban development

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumping water to the surface

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: IPECC is designed to improve and enhance the efforts of governments, non-governmental actors—such as corporations, non-governmental organizations, trade unions, churches—and key decision-makers throughout the world in two ways: First by evaluating the extent to which their existing commitments and pledges are actually working; and second, by facilitating new and better clean and affordable energy solutions. IPECC will provide the information needed to improve the effectiveness of existing commitments and encourage new commitments where necessary. It is designed to track and monitor the implementation of sustainable energy commitments undertaken by governments, corporations and other entities, and to provide detailed information on the extent to which they are being complied with. In doing so it will serve as a watchdog over what is and should be happening with respect to these instruments and the commitments they embody. IPECC

text: IPECC is designed to improve and enhance the efforts of governments, non-governmental actors—such as corporations,

text: non-governmental organization

text: s, trade unions, churches—and key decision-makers throughout the world in two ways: First by evaluating the extent to which their existing commitments and pledges are actually working; and second, by facilitating new and better clean and affordable energy solutions. IPECC will provide the information needed to improve the effectiveness of existing commitments and encourage new commitments where necessary. It is designed to track and monitor the implementation of sustainable energy commitments undertaken by governments, corporations and other entities, and to provide detailed information on the extent to which they are being complied with. In doing so it will serve as a watchdog over what is and should be happening with respect to these instruments and the commitments they embody. IPECC

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0990/55aefea75030fa73b12e1a4712025d73

answers: 5

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answers: It is designed to track and monitor the implementation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: encourage new commitments where necessary

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: IPECC is designed to improve and enhance the efforts of governments, non-governmental actors

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: NDQ_003966

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answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The most dangerous contaminants in water are the ones that are visible

answers: NDQ_003969

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: For example, honey bees are susceptible to air pollution. Similarly both bats and swallows have been used to monitor pesticide contamination due to their diet of insects that may have been affected by the chemicals. By the same token, aquatic animals, or their direct predators, are used as sentinel species to monitor water pollution.

text: For example,

text: honey bee

text: s are susceptible to

text: air pollution

text: . Similarly both

text: bats

text: and

text: swallows

text: have been used to monitor pesticide contamination due to their diet of insects that may have been affected by the chemicals. By the same token, aquatic animals, or their direct predators, are used as sentinel species to monitor water pollution.

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answers: NDQ_003965

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answers: aquatic animals

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answers: aquatic animals

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: aquatic animals

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In traditional animation, the first drawings are called "roughs" or "rough animation" because they are often done in a very loose fashion. If the animation is successfully pencil tested and approved by the director, clean versions of the drawings have to be done. In larger studios this task is given to the animator's assistant, or, in a more specialised setting, to a clean-up-artist. The artist doing the clean-ups is responsible for the final line and finished look of the shot.

text: In

text: traditional animation

text: , the first drawings are called "roughs" or "rough animation" because they are often done in a very loose fashion. If the animation is successfully

text: pencil tested

text: and approved by the director, clean versions of the

text: drawing

text: s have to be done. In larger

text: studio

text: s this task is given to the animator's assistant, or, in a more specialised setting, to a clean-up-artist. The artist doing the clean-ups is responsible for the final line and finished look of the shot.

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answers: clean versions of the drawings

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answers: It is more expensive because the soil and rock must be cleaned too.

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Heating can be conducted at and below the groundwater table, and larger quantities of groundwater are extracted and treated through the system. The extraction system is connected to the header and set up to extract both groundwater and hydrocarbon vapors from the subsurface within the electrode array. All recovered groundwater is transferred into the treatment system and then discharged. Contaminant vapors can be discharged into the ambient air or combusted, dependent on local regulatory requirements.

text: Heating can be conducted at and below the groundwater table, and larger quantities of groundwater are extracted and treated through the system. The extraction system is connected to the header and set up to extract both groundwater and hydrocarbon vapors from the subsurface within the electrode array. All recovered groundwater is transferred into the treatment system and then discharged. Contaminant vapors can be discharged into the ambient air or combusted, dependent on local regulatory requirements.

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answers: groundwater are extracted and treated through the system

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treated

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: electrode array

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: combusted

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Heating

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Contaminant vapors

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: treatment system and then discharged

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: vapors

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Although water resources become scarce in some regions and seasons, the Philippines as a whole has more than enough surface and groundwater. However, the neglect of a coherent environmental policy led to the actual situation, in which 58% of the groundwater is contaminated. The main source of pollution is untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. Only one third of Philippine river systems are considered suitable for public water supply.

text: Although water resources become scarce in some regions and seasons, the Philippines as a whole has more than enough surface and groundwater. However, the neglect of a coherent environmental policy led to the actual situation, in which 58% of the groundwater is contaminated. The main source of pollution is untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. Only one third of Philippine river systems are considered suitable for public water supply.

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answers: untreated domestic and industrial wastewater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treated domestic and industrial wastewater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a coherent environmental policy

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: untreated domestic and industrial wastewater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The main source of pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the US there has been a mechanism for taxing polluting industries to form a Superfund to remediate abandoned sites, or to litigate to force corporations to remediate their contaminated sites. Other countries have other mechanisms and commonly sites are rezoned to "higher" uses such as high density housing, to give the land a higher value so that after deducting cleanup costs there is still an incentive for a developer to purchase the land, clean it up, redevelop it and sell it on, often as apartments (home units).

text: In the US there has been a mechanism for

text: tax

text: ing polluting industries to form a

text: Superfund

text: to remediate abandoned sites, or to

text: litigate

text: to force corporations to remediate their contaminated sites. Other countries have other mechanisms and commonly sites are rezoned to "higher" uses such as high density housing, to give the land a higher value so that after deducting cleanup costs there is still an incentive for a developer to purchase the land, clean it up, redevelop it and sell it on, often as apartments (home units).

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answers: remediate

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: taxing polluting industries

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: incentive for a developer

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: redevelop it and sell it on

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Superfund

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The soil and groundwater of the site was contaminated during operation as a gasification plant. The 1971 Master Plan called for "cleaning and greening" the park through bio-phytoremediation. Although the presence of organic pollutants had been substantially reduced by the mid-1980s, the US Environmental Protection Agency and Washington State Department of Ecology required additional measures, including removing and capping wastes, and air sparging in the southeast portion of the site to try to remove benzene that was a theoretical source of pollutants reaching Lake Union via ground water. There are no known areas of surface soil contamination remaining on the site today, although tar occasionally still oozes from some locations within the site and is isolated and removed.

text: The soil and groundwater of the site was contaminated during operation as a gasification plant. The 1971 Master Plan called for "cleaning and greening" the park through bio-

text: phytoremediation

text: . Although the presence of organic pollutants had been substantially reduced by the mid-1980s, the

text: US Environmental Protection Agency

text: and

text: Washington State Department of Ecology

text: required additional measures, including removing and capping wastes, and

text: air sparging

text: in the southeast portion of the site to try to remove

text: benzene

text: that was a theoretical source of pollutants reaching

text: Lake Union

text: via ground water. There are no known areas of surface

text: soil contamination

text: remaining on the site today, although

text: tar

text: occasionally still oozes from some locations within the site and is isolated and removed.

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: capping wastes

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bio-phytoremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: air sparging

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: removing and capping wastes

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Lake Union

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface soil contamination

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 2009, the Taiwanese Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan (EPA) found that the soil and the groundwater in the area close to Formosa Plastics' Renwu Plant has been polluted by benzene, chloroform, dichloromethane, 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and vinylchloride. The pollutants were all over 20 times than the government standard; and most frighteningly, the levels of 1,2-dichloroethane were 30,000 times higher than the standard.

text: In 2009, the Taiwanese Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan (EPA) found that the soil and the groundwater in the area close to Formosa Plastics' Renwu Plant has been polluted by

text: benzene

text: chloroform

text: dichloromethane

text: tetrachloroethylene

text: trichloroethylene

text: , and

text: vinylchloride

text: . The pollutants were all over 20 times than the government standard; and most frighteningly, the levels of 1,2-dichloroethane were 30,000 times higher than the standard.

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answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: 1,2-dichloroethane

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Microbiological remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the soil and the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 1,2-dichloroethane

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Benzene is considered a light aromatic hydrocarbon with high solubility and high volatility. It is unclear how temperature and depth would impact the volatility of benzene, so assumptions have been made that benzene in oil (1% weight by volume) would not volatilize before equilibrating with water.Using the octanol-water partition coefficient and a 100-year precipitation event for the area, a worst-case estimate of 75 mg/L of benzene is anticipated to flow toward the aquifer. The actual movement of the plume through groundwater systems is not well described, although one estimate is that up to 4.9 billion gallons of water in the Ogallala Aquifer could become contaminated with benzene at concentrations above the MCL. The Final Environmental Impact Statement from the State Department does not include a quantitative analysis because it assumed that most benzene will volatilize.

text: Benzene is considered a light

text: aromatic hydrocarbon

text: with high solubility and high volatility. It is unclear how temperature and depth would impact the volatility of benzene, so assumptions have been made that benzene in oil (1% weight by volume) would not volatilize before equilibrating with water.Using the octanol-water partition coefficient and a 100-year precipitation event for the area, a worst-case estimate of 75 mg/L of benzene is anticipated to flow toward the aquifer. The actual movement of the

text: plume

text: through

text: groundwater

text: systems is not well described, although one estimate is that up to 4.9 billion gallons of water in the Ogallala Aquifer could become contaminated with benzene at concentrations above the MCL. The Final Environmental Impact Statement from the State Department does not include a quantitative analysis because it assumed that most benzene will volatilize.

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answers: The Final Environmental Impact Statement from the State Department

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Quantitative analysis

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Benzene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: volatilize

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Volatilization

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The actual movement of the plume through groundwater systems is not well described

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: up to 4.9 billion gallons of water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Volatilize

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: See also: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

text: See also:

text: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: Arsenic contamination

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Arsenic contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Microbiological remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Arsenic contamination

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Arsenic

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumping water to the surface

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Remediation of contaminated sites with cement, also called solidification/stabilization with cement (S/S with cement) is a common method for the safe environmental remediation of contaminated land with cement. The cement solidifies the contaminated soil and prevents pollutants from moving, such as rain causing leaching of pollutants into the groundwater or being carried into streams by rain or snowmelt. Developed in the 1950s, the technology is widely used today to treat industrial hazardous waste and contaminated material at brownfield sites i.e. abandoned or underutilized properties that are not being redeveloped because of fears that they may be contaminated with hazardous waste. S/S provides an economically viable means of treating contaminated sites. This technology treats and contains contaminated soil on site thereby reducing the need for landfills.

text: Remediation of contaminated sites with cement, also called solidification/stabilization with cement (S/S with cement) is a common method for the safe

text: environmental remediation

text: of

text: contaminated

text: land with

text: cement

text: . The cement solidifies the contaminated

text: soil

text: and prevents

text: pollutant

text: s from moving, such as

text: rain

text: causing leaching of pollutants into the

text: groundwater

text: or being carried into

text: stream

text: s by rain or

text: snowmelt

text: . Developed in the 1950s, the technology is widely used today to treat industrial

text: hazardous waste

text: and contaminated material at

text: brownfield

text: sites i.e. abandoned or underutilized properties that are not being redeveloped because of fears that they may be contaminated with

text: hazardous waste

text: . S/S provides an economically viable means of treating contaminated sites. This technology treats and contains contaminated soil on site thereby reducing the need for

text: landfill

text: s.

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answers: S/S provides an economically viable means of treating contaminated sites

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: S/S with cement

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: S/S

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: S/S

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: leaching

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: landfills

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The cement solidifies the contaminated soil

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollutants from moving

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: S/S with cement

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Air sparging is the process of blowing air directly into the ground water. As the bubbles rise, the contaminants are removed from the groundwater by physical contact with the air (i.e., stripping) and are carried up into the unsaturated zone (i.e., soil). As the contaminants move into the soil, a soil vapor extraction system is usually used to remove vapors.

text: Air sparging is the process of blowing air directly into the ground water. As the bubbles rise, the contaminants are removed from the groundwater by physical contact with the air (i.e., stripping) and are carried up into the unsaturated zone (i.e., soil). As the contaminants move into the soil, a

text: soil vapor extraction

text: system is usually used to remove vapors.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remove vapors

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Air sparging

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: stripping

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: stripping

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater by physical contact with the air

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a soil vapor extraction system is usually used to remove vapors

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: vapors

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: In situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The term DNAPL is used primarily by environmental engineers and hydrogeologists to describe contaminants in groundwater, surface water and sediments. DNAPLs tends to sink below the water table when spilled in significant quantities and only stop when they reach impermeable bedrock. Their penetration into an aquifer makes them difficult to locate and remediate.

text: The term DNAPL is used primarily by environmental engineers and

text: hydrogeologist

text: s to describe contaminants in

text: groundwater

text: , surface water and sediments. DNAPLs tends to sink below the

text: water table

text: when spilled in significant quantities and only stop when they reach impermeable bedrock. Their penetration into an aquifer makes them difficult to locate and remediate.

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answers: 3

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answers: 0

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediate

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediate

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: DNAPLs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: difficult to locate and remediate

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sink below the water table

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The mining activity has caused severe environmental impact in Brazil area. Among the different types of environmental degradation, mining activities has caused landscape degradation, erosion, soil contamination, groundwater and surface water pollution.

text: The mining activity has caused severe

text: environmental impact

text: in Brazil area. Among the different types of

text: environmental degradation

text: , mining activities has caused landscape degradation,

text: erosion

text: soil contamination

text: groundwater

text: and

text: surface

text: water pollution

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: soil contamination

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: surface water pollution

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There has been a recent movement for control to be shifted to the "Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program" (FUSRAP), administered by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. FUSRAP was established in 1974 to clean up radioactive wastes resulting from early nuclear activity of the US Atomic Energy Commission. FUSRAP uses independent government scientists to conduct site studies and evaluations. After thorough evaluations are conducted, the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) determines how to manage the radioactive waste. Fiscally responsible parties are not able to legally challenge this decision. FUSRAP currently controls two on-going remediation projects within the greater St. Louis metropolitan area, the St. Louis Airport Site (SLAPS) and the Hazelwood Interim Storage Site (HISS), both of which contain the same composition of radioactive waste as the West Lake Landfill.

text: There has been a recent movement for control to be shifted to the "

entity_name: Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program

text: Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program

text: " (FUSRAP), administered by the

text: United States Army Corps of Engineers

text: FUSRAP

text: was established in 1974 to clean up radioactive wastes resulting from early nuclear activity of the

text: US Atomic Energy Commission

text: FUSRAP

text: uses independent government scientists to conduct site studies and evaluations. After thorough evaluations are conducted, the

text: US Army Corps of Engineers

text: (USACE) determines how to manage the radioactive waste. Fiscally responsible parties are not able to legally challenge this decision.

text: FUSRAP

text: currently controls two on-going remediation projects within the greater St. Louis metropolitan area, the St. Louis Airport Site (SLAPS) and the Hazelwood Interim Storage Site (HISS), both of which contain the same composition of radioactive waste as the West Lake Landfill.

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answers: NDQ_003961

answers: FUSRAP

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: conduct site studies and evaluations

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: FUSRAP

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: FUSRAP

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remedial action

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Fiscally responsible parties are not able to legally challenge this decision

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: FUSRAP uses independent government scientists to conduct site studies and evaluations

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Radioactive wastes

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: In situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Since housing is cheaper in Formosa than in nearby Brasília many people live there and commute, usually by bus, to the capital.  This influx of new dwellers has caused the population of Formosa to grow rapidly in recent years. This fact, in addition to the lack of public investment, has overburdened services such as health and education. At the time of this writing the city had no sewage system or sewage treatment plant, although extensive construction began in 2005 to remedy this problem. Almost all of the houses use septic tanks, endangering the groundwater which is vital to this region where so many important rivers have their source.Most public schools give poorly taught lessons to students, mainly because the majority of teachers only wanted to enter public service for the salary and accompanying benefits and have little interest in teaching mainly poor, black working-class family children. Private schools provide little better, mainly just paying the yearly fees is enough for the students to receive a high school diploma. Public security is minimal, waiting times for police to arrive when called is up to an hour. When large public shows appear in the outskirts of the city, the infrastructure is quickly overwhelmed and violence soon starts. Lack of oversight of local police also contributes to public safety problems.

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answers: construction began in 2005 to remedy this problem

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sewage treatment plant

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sewage treatment plant

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: sewage treatment plant

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Almost all of the houses use septic tanks

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater which is vital to this region

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: septic tanks

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Water pollution is caused by industrial and municipal wastewater, as well as by agriculture. Concerning municipal wastewater, the bulk of collected sewage is discharged untreated and constitutes a major source of pollution to groundwater and a risk to public health. In a number of cities without sanitary sewerage, households discharge their sewage through open rainwater drains.

text: Water pollution is caused by industrial and municipal wastewater, as well as by agriculture. Concerning municipal wastewater, the bulk of collected sewage is discharged untreated and constitutes a major source of pollution to groundwater and a risk to public health. In a number of cities without sanitary sewerage, households discharge their sewage through open rainwater drains.

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answers: NDQ_003967

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Scientists have developed air pollution dispersion models to evaluate the concentration of a pollutant at a receptor or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle exhausts and industrial flue gas stack emissions. To some extent, this field overlaps the desire to decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from combustion processes.

text: Scientists have developed

text: air pollution dispersion models

text: to evaluate the concentration of a pollutant at a receptor or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle

text: exhausts

text: and industrial

text: flue gas stack

text: emissions. To some extent, this field overlaps the desire to decrease

text: carbon dioxide

text: and other

text: greenhouse gas

text: emissions from combustion processes.

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answers: To some extent, this field overlaps

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: decrease carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: dispersion models

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Dispersion models

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The IBRP is designed to assist Native American tribes with identifying tribal property that may or may not have contamination, and then assisting with the clean up process.

text: The IBRP is designed to assist Native American tribes with identifying tribal property that may or may not have contamination, and then assisting with the clean up process.

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text: Each episode of the programme followed the same formula. Accompanied by a dramatic score of horror movie music, Kim and Aggie explore the abode on their own, examining the extent of the mess and looking for any particularly horrible areas.  Kim and Aggie then meet the resident before the cleaning begins, assisted by several professional cleaners. During this process, which takes up the bulk of the show, Kim and Aggie share tips for tackling particular cleaning tasks with the residents, often relying on traditional solutions rather than proprietary commercial cleaning products.

text: Each episode of the programme followed the same formula. Accompanied by a dramatic score of

text: horror movie

text: music, Kim and Aggie explore the abode on their own, examining the extent of the mess and looking for any particularly horrible areas.  Kim and Aggie then meet the resident before the cleaning begins, assisted by several professional cleaners. During this process, which takes up the bulk of the show, Kim and Aggie share tips for tackling particular cleaning tasks with the residents, often relying on traditional solutions rather than proprietary commercial cleaning products.

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text: Policy makers can use the intake fraction from various sources of a pollutant to determine which source will yield the largest return on the investment to reduce the pollutant.  For example, an oil drilling facility may emit far greater mass of pollutants than a refueling station.  However, if the oil drilling is located on a platform 10 miles offshore and the refueling station is in an urban area, then very few people will be exposed to the emitted pollutants.  A relatively small reduction in emissions from the refueling station may yield a larger reduction in health impact than a large reduction at the oil platform.

text: Policy makers can use the intake fraction from various sources of a pollutant to determine which source will yield the largest return on the investment to reduce the pollutant.  For example, an

text: oil drilling

text: facility may emit far greater mass of pollutants than a refueling station.  However, if the oil drilling is located on a platform 10 miles offshore and the refueling station is in an urban area, then very few people will be exposed to the emitted pollutants.  A relatively small reduction in emissions from the refueling station may yield a larger reduction in health impact than a large reduction at the

text: oil platform

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: reduce the pollutant

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: an oil drilling facility

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Intake fraction

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: health impact

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: very few people will be exposed to the emitted pollutants

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2010 the water quality monitoring found almost all rivers with high levels of BOD (a measure of pollution with organic matter). The worst pollution, in decreasing order, were found in river Markanda (490 mg/l BOD), followed by river Kali (364), river Amlakhadi (353), Yamuna canal (247), river Yamuna at the Delhi (70) and river Betwa (58). For context, a water sample with a 5-day BOD between 1 and 2 mg O/L indicates a very clean water, 3 to 8 mg O/L indicates a moderately clean water, 8 to 20 indicates borderline water, and greater than 20 mg O/L indicates ecologically-unsafe polluted water.

text: In 2010 the water quality monitoring found almost all rivers with high levels of

text: BOD

text: (a measure of pollution with organic matter). The worst pollution, in decreasing order, were found in river Markanda (490 mg/l BOD), followed by river Kali (364), river Amlakhadi (353), Yamuna canal (247), river Yamuna at the Delhi (70) and river Betwa (58). For context, a water sample with a 5-day BOD between 1 and 2 mg O/L indicates a very clean water, 3 to 8 mg O/L indicates a moderately clean water, 8 to 20 indicates borderline water, and greater than 20 mg O/L indicates ecologically-unsafe polluted water.

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answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: polluted water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: BOD

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: BOD

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: BOD

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: ecologically-unsafe

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: BOD between 1 and 2 mg O/L indicates a very clean water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: BOD

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During its nearly 60 years of operations, the cleaning, maintenance, and change out of process equipment at the site generated spent solvents and other contaminants that were disposed of in onsite landfills and surface storage buildings.  To date, contamination has been found in various locations on site including the process buildings, the former cooling towers, landfills, waste water ponds, and other buildings.  There are also groundwater plumes from the landfills. The Ohio EPA is monitoring cleanup operations, pursuant to a 1989 consent decree.

text: During its nearly 60 years of operations, the cleaning, maintenance, and change out of process equipment at the site generated spent solvents and other contaminants that were disposed of in onsite landfills and surface storage buildings.  To date, contamination has been found in various locations on site including the process buildings, the former cooling towers, landfills, waste water ponds, and other buildings.  There are also

text: groundwater plume

text: s from the landfills. The

text: Ohio EPA

text: is monitoring cleanup operations, pursuant to a 1989 consent decree.

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answers: groundwater plumes

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: EPA is monitoring cleanup operations

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater plumes

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater plumes

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: there are also groundwater plumes from the landfills

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater plumes

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Clean Air Act (United States) was passed in 1970 to insure that the general public was protected from harmful levels of criteria pollutants, established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The six regulated criteria pollutants include: Particulate Matter, Lead, Ozone, NO, Carbon Monoxide, and SO. All pollutant levels are calculated by associated health risks that would harm the most sensitive subgroup of people, which are considered to be inner city children. Any major pollution sources must abide by the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, by using only the Maximum Achievable Control Technology for their industry.

text: The

text: Clean Air Act (United States)

text: was passed in 1970 to insure that the general public was protected from harmful levels of

text: criteria pollutants

text: , established by the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA). The six regulated criteria pollutants include:

text: Particulate Matter

text: Lead

text: Ozone

text: NO

text: Carbon Monoxide

text: , and

text: SO

text: . All pollutant levels are calculated by associated health risks that would harm the most sensitive subgroup of people, which are considered to be inner city children. Any major pollution sources must abide by the

text: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

text: , by using only the Maximum Achievable Control Technology for their industry.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Use only the Maximum Achievable Control Technology

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: the maximum achievable control technology

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Maximum Achievable Control Technology

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: maximum achievable control technology

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answers: The six regulated criteria pollutants include: Particulate Matter, Lead, Ozone, NO, Carbon Monoxide, and SO

answers: NDQ_003967

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answers: NDQ_003968

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: One of the greatest barriers to entry for poor individuals to join in the environmental justice movement is legal fees. In order to try and prevent the kinds of pollution like that of Warren County, NC, there are a great number of legal fees involved which are often costly. To that end, many of the companies that produce pollution will encourage acceptance of this pollution by communities in order to avoid clean up costs and costs associated with making certain industries more environmentally sustainable. That is, the cost of paying communities to accept pollution is often less than the (initial) cost/s of avoiding pollution all together. Therefore, it can be ascertained that poorer communities are likely to accept compensation for a certain level of pollution, and wealthier communities are willing to accept a smaller amount of pollution and demand a greater level of environmental quality. The difference is that one group is able to pay for environmental quality, and the other group is not.

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answers: groundwater is easier and cheaper to clean up than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: legal fees

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: legal fees

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: costly

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the cost of paying communities to accept pollution

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The difference is that one group is able to pay for environmental quality

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The parameters to calculate the RMR value are similar to those used in the RMR system of Bieniawski. This may be confusing, as some of the parameters in the MRMR system are modified, such as the condition parameter that includes groundwater presence and pressure in the MRMR system whereas groundwater is a separate parameter in the RMR system of Bieniawski. The number of classes for the parameters and the detail of the description of the parameters are also more extensive than in the RMR system of Bieniawski.

text: The parameters to calculate the RMR value are similar to those used in the RMR system of Bieniawski. This may be confusing, as some of the parameters in the MRMR system are modified, such as the condition parameter that includes groundwater presence and pressure in the MRMR system whereas groundwater is a separate parameter in the RMR system of Bieniawski. The number of classes for the parameters and the detail of the description of the parameters are also more extensive than in the RMR system of Bieniawski.

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text: The MPO monitors the air quality and level of ozone in the area. This includes a forecast from May to the end of September and alerts if the forecast approaches the level of unhealthy for sensitive groups. The MPO also educates the public about pollution reducing activities through the school system and extensive public service announcements.

text: The MPO monitors the

text: air quality

text: and level of

text: ozone

text: in the area. This includes a forecast from May to the end of September and alerts if the forecast approaches the level of unhealthy for sensitive groups. The MPO also educates the public about pollution reducing activities through the school system and extensive public service announcements.

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text: A major alternative to the plume model is a model in which ruptures are caused by plate-related stresses that fractured the lithosphere, allowing melt to reach the surface from shallow heterogeneous sources. The high volumes of molten material that form the LIPs is postulated to be caused by convection in the upper mantle, which is secondary to the convection driving tectonic plate motion.

text: A major alternative to the plume model is a model in which ruptures are caused by plate-related stresses that fractured the lithosphere, allowing melt to reach the surface from shallow heterogeneous sources. The high volumes of molten material that form the LIPs is postulated to be caused by convection in the upper mantle, which is secondary to the convection driving tectonic plate motion.

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answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: convection in the upper mantle

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: LIPs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: LIPs

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: shallow heterogeneous

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: shallow heterogeneous sources

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The EPA created the National Priorities List in 1982 to identify and prioritize hazardous waste sites and facilities that warrant remedial actions. On September 8, 1983, the site was first proposed for placement on the National Priorities List. The site was designated as a Superfund site on September 21, 1984. Groundwater monitoring was initiated in September 1984, and the in June 1985 the use of PCP in wood treatment was phased out. In April 1987, the EPA issued a unilateral removal order to conduct cleanup, removal of contaminated soil. A temporary chip-seal cap was constructed in order to stop leaking of contaminants through the soil and into the groundwater. In May 1989 a record of decision for cleanup of groundwater and soil was issued for the site. Four specified soil units were removed and landfilled. Extraction wells and treatment plants were installed to treat contaminated groundwater by carbon adsorption for both on and off-property sites. In March 1993 groundwater remediation began. Treatment of groundwater was augmented to include bioremediation to treat PCP. Contaminated soil removal began in 1995 and completed in 2002. The second five-year review was completed in February 2003. The remedial actions were deemed protective and was stated in the third five-year report released in 2008. The next five-year review was expected to be released in July 2013. The site is still on the National Priorities List due to contaminated groundwater. The estimated date of cleanup completion and removal from the National Priorities List is September 2025.

text: The

text: EPA

text: created the

text: National Priorities List

text: in 1982 to identify and prioritize hazardous waste sites and facilities that warrant remedial actions. On September 8, 1983, the site was first proposed for placement on the National Priorities List. The site was designated as a Superfund site on September 21, 1984. Groundwater monitoring was initiated in September 1984, and the in June 1985 the use of PCP in wood treatment was phased out. In April 1987, the EPA issued a unilateral removal order to conduct cleanup, removal of contaminated soil. A temporary chip-seal cap was constructed in order to stop leaking of contaminants through the soil and into the groundwater. In May 1989 a

text: record of decision

text: for cleanup of groundwater and soil was issued for the site. Four specified soil units were removed and landfilled. Extraction wells and treatment plants were installed to treat contaminated groundwater by carbon adsorption for both on and off-property sites. In March 1993 groundwater remediation began. Treatment of groundwater was augmented to include

text: bioremediation

text: to treat PCP. Contaminated soil removal began in 1995 and completed in 2002. The second five-year review was completed in February 2003. The remedial actions were deemed protective and was stated in the third five-year report released in 2008. The next five-year review was expected to be released in July 2013. The site is still on the National Priorities List due to contaminated groundwater. The estimated date of cleanup completion and removal from the National Priorities List is September 2025.

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answers: treat contaminated groundwater

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answers: Superfund

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answers: A temporary chip-seal cap

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Even though Croatia has sufficient water resources at its disposal, these are not uniformly distributed and public water supply network losses remain high—estimated at 44%. Between 2004 and 2008, the number of stations monitoring surface water pollution increased by 20%; the CEA reported 476 cases of water pollution in this period. At the same time organic waste pollution levels decreased slightly, which is attributed to the completion of new sewage treatment plants; their number increased 20%, reaching a total of 101. Nearly all of Croatia's groundwater aquifers are top quality, unlike the available surface water; the latter's quality varies in terms of biochemical oxygen demand and bacteriological water analysis results. As of 2008, 80% of the Croatian population are served by the public water supply system, but only 44% of the population have access to the public sewerage network, with septic systems in use. Adriatic Sea water quality monitoring between 2004 and 2008 indicated very good, oligotrophic conditions along most of the coast, while areas of increased eutrophication were identified in the Bay of Bakar, the Bay of Kaštela, the Port of Šibenik and near Ploče; other areas of localized pollution were identified near the larger coastal cities. In the period between 2004 and 2008, the CEA identified 283 cases of marine pollution (including 128 from vessels), which was a drop of 15% relative to the period encompassed by the previous report, 1997 to August 2005.

text: Even though Croatia has sufficient

text: water resources

text: at its disposal, these are not uniformly distributed and public

text: water supply network

text: losses remain high—estimated at 44%. Between 2004 and 2008, the number of stations monitoring surface

text: water pollution

text: increased by 20%; the CEA reported 476 cases of water pollution in this period. At the same time

text: organic waste

text: pollution levels decreased slightly, which is attributed to the completion of new

text: sewage treatment

text: plants; their number increased 20%, reaching a total of 101. Nearly all of Croatia's

text: groundwater

text: aquifer

text: s are top

text: quality

text: , unlike the available surface water; the latter's quality varies in terms of

text: biochemical oxygen demand

text: and

text: bacteriological water analysis

text: results. As of 2008, 80% of the Croatian population are served by the public

text: water supply

text: system, but only 44% of the population have access to the public

text: sewerage

text: network, with

text: septic system

text: s in use. Adriatic Sea water quality monitoring between 2004 and 2008 indicated very good,

text: oligotroph

text: ic conditions along most of the coast, while areas of increased

text: eutrophication

text: were identified in the

text: Bay of Bakar

text: , the Bay of

text: Kaštela

text: , the Port of

text: Šibenik

text: and near

text: Ploče

text: ; other areas of localized pollution were identified near the larger coastal cities. In the period between 2004 and 2008, the CEA identified 283 cases of

text: marine pollution

text: (including 128

text: from vessels

text: ), which was a drop of 15% relative to the period encompassed by the previous report, 1997 to August 2005.

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater aquifers are top quality

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Restoration & Remediation "Cleaning Infectious Disease";

text: Restoration & Remediation "Cleaning Infectious Disease";

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0990/55aefea75030fa73b12e1a4712025d73

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0990/40da9c720ca21c1676b57b43ef1719c1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0990/a08b73c78dcc8af0bf8613898bc47b38

answers: 1

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0990/1647d5a4fc1a46e8e15cee5be8f68b33

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0990/6fbcbbed588d958576cf69163c9d7fbe

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0990/9786bd95b8f88975186d1d70285c6fbe

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0990/278e323f1cef7c232069129ffaecd7b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0990/9106c51b4ef6e5b436fb350c0b5f2891

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0991/4243f34d26620e2f96550c8a0ec89bfb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0991/3d355a081cb76bf611d0f8cdd928c4f4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0991/3d37f13b93b49823a7dce6ee53e62690

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0991/cc396cfb5be728b297223b4d33248db2

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0991/27830251d13f28509b3a84662b4ba1fc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0109/T_0991/1bbd1b9c2400b364c459604ef138f7ea

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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