text: Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, from the Late Cretaceous of the Cenozoic Era.

entity_name: Dinosaur

text: Dinosaur

text: remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, from the

entity_name: Late Cretaceous

text: Late Cretaceous

text: of the Cenozoic Era.

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answers: Dinosaur

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answers: Cenozoic Era

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The terrain of Korea is rumpled, covered with low mountains. Most rocks are of Precambrian origin, although isolated pockets of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic rock can also be found.

text: The terrain of Korea is rumpled, covered with low mountains. Most rocks are of

entity_name: Precambrian

text: Precambrian

text: origin, although isolated pockets of

entity_name: Paleozoic

text: Paleozoic

entity_name: Mesozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

entity_name: Cenozoic

text: Cenozoic

text: rock can also be found.

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answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Notable hominids include:

text: Notable hominids include:

method: dangnt-nlp

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: hominids

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answers: Humans

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answers: Hominids include

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answers: modern humans

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answers: carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Aiello studies evolutionary anthropology with focuses on human adaptation and life history, as well as the evolution of the brain, diet, language and cognition, and locomotion and its energetic costs. She has also researched Paleolithic hominids and their thermoregulation and climate adaptation.

text: Aiello studies evolutionary anthropology with focuses on human adaptation and life history, as well as the evolution of the brain, diet, language and cognition, and locomotion and its energetic costs. She has also researched Paleolithic hominids and their thermoregulation and climate adaptation.

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text: The continuum concept is an idea, coined by Jean Liedloff in her 1975 book The Continuum Concept, that human beings have an innate set of expectations (which Liedloff calls the continuum) that our evolution as a species has designed us to meet in order to achieve optimal physical, mental, and emotional development and adaptability. According to Liedloff, in order to achieve this level of development, young humans—especially babies—require the kind of experience to which our species adapted during the long process of our evolution by natural selection. For infants, these include, for example, that they experience:

text: The continuum concept is an idea, coined by

entity_name: Jean Liedloff

text: Jean Liedloff

text: in her 1975 book The Continuum Concept, that

entity_name: Human

text: human being

text: s have an

entity_name: Intrinsic and extrinsic properties

text: innate

text: set of expectations (which Liedloff calls the continuum) that our evolution as a species has designed us to meet in order to achieve optimal physical, mental, and emotional

entity_name: Human development (biology)

text: development and adaptability

text: . According to Liedloff, in order to achieve this level of development, young humans—especially babies—require the kind of experience to which our species adapted during the long process of

entity_name: Human evolution

text: our evolution

text: by

entity_name: Natural selection

text: natural selection

text: . For infants, these include, for example, that they experience:

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text: Lyell's most important specific work was in the field of stratigraphy. From May 1828, until February 1829, he travelled with Roderick Impey Murchison (1792–1871) to the south of France (Auvergne volcanic district) and to Italy. In these areas he concluded that the recent strata (rock layers) could be categorised according to the number and proportion of marine shells encased within. Based on this he proposed dividing the Tertiary period into three parts, which he named the Pliocene, Miocene, and Eocene. He also renamed the traditional Primary, Secondary and Tertiary periods (now called eras) to Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, which nomenclature was gradually accepted worldwide.

text: Lyell's most important specific work was in the field of

entity_name: Stratigraphy

text: stratigraphy

text: . From May 1828, until February 1829, he travelled with

entity_name: Roderick Murchison

text: Roderick Impey Murchison

text: (1792–1871) to the south of France (Auvergne volcanic district) and to Italy. In these areas he concluded that the recent strata (rock layers) could be categorised according to the number and proportion of marine shells encased within. Based on this he proposed dividing the

entity_name: Tertiary

text: Tertiary

text: period into three parts, which he named the

entity_name: Pliocene

text: Pliocene

entity_name: Miocene

text: Miocene

text: , and

entity_name: Eocene

text: Eocene

text: . He also renamed the traditional Primary, Secondary and Tertiary periods (now called

entity_name: Era (geology)

text: eras

text: ) to

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: , which nomenclature was gradually accepted worldwide.

method: UNH-ecn

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text: During the Cenozoic, mammals proliferated from a few small, simple, generalized forms into a diverse collection of terrestrial, marine, and flying animals, giving this period its other name, the Age of Mammals, despite the fact that there are more than twice as many bird species as mammal species.  The Cenozoic is just as much the age of savannas, the age of co-dependent flowering plants and insects, and the age of birds. Grass also played a very important role in this era, shaping the evolution of the birds and mammals that fed on it.  One group that diversified significantly in the Cenozoic as well were the snakes. Evolving in the Cenozoic, the variety of snakes increased tremendously, resulting in many colubrids, following the evolution of their current primary prey source, the rodents.

text: During the Cenozoic,

entity_section: Expansion of ecological niches in the Mesozoic

text: mammals proliferated

text: from a few small, simple, generalized forms into a diverse collection of

text: terrestrial

text: marine

text: , and

text: flying

text: animals, giving this period its other name, the Age of Mammals, despite the fact that there are more than twice as many

text: bird

text: species as mammal species.  The Cenozoic is just as much the age of

text: savanna

text: s, the age of co-dependent

text: flowering plant

text: s and

text: insect

text: s, and the age of birds.

text: Grass

text: also played a very important role in this era, shaping the evolution of the birds and mammals that fed on it.  One group that diversified significantly in the Cenozoic as well were the

text: snake

text: s. Evolving in the Cenozoic, the variety of snakes increased tremendously, resulting in many

text: colubrids

text: , following the evolution of their current primary prey source, the

text: rodent

text: s.

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text: Ungar has written or coauthored more than 150 scientific papers on ecology and evolution for books and journals including Nature,  Science,  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.  These have focused on food choices and feeding in living primates, and the role of diet in the evolution of human ancestors and other fossil species.  His book  Mammal Teeth: Origin, Evolution and Diversity was published in 2010, and he edited <ref>''Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown and the Unknowable'' and coedited Human Diet: Its Origins and Evolution. His most recent book is  Teeth: A Very Short Introduction.

text: Ungar has written or coauthored more than 150 scientific papers on

text: ecology

text: and

text: evolution

text: for books and journals including Nature,  Science,  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.  These have focused on food choices and feeding in living primates, and the role of diet in the evolution of human ancestors and other fossil species.  His book  Mammal Teeth: Origin, Evolution and Diversity was published in 2010, and he edited <ref>''Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown and the Unknowable'' and coedited Human Diet: Its Origins and Evolution. His most recent book is  Teeth: A Very Short Introduction.

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text: The evolution of trichromatic color vision in primates occurred as the ancestors of modern monkeys, apes, and humans switched to diurnal (daytime) activity and began consuming fruits and leaves from flowering plants.(see-Evolution of color vision,  Evolution of color vision in primates)

text: The

text: evolution of trichromatic color vision in primates

text: occurred as the ancestors of modern monkeys, apes, and humans switched to

text: diurnal

text: (daytime) activity and began consuming fruits and leaves from flowering plants.(see-

text: Evolution of color vision

text: Evolution of color vision in primates

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Texas contains a great variety of geologic settings.  The state's stratigraphy has been largely influenced by marine transgressive-regressive cycles during the Phanerozoic, with a lesser but still significant contribution from late Cenozoic tectonic activity, as well as the remnants of a Paleozoic mountain range.

text: Texas

text: contains a great variety of geologic settings.  The state's

text: stratigraphy

text: has been largely influenced by marine

text: transgressive-regressive

text: cycles during the

text: Phanerozoic

text: , with a lesser but still significant contribution from late

text: Cenozoic

text: tectonic activity

text: , as well as the remnants of a

text: Paleozoic

text: mountain range.

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answers: Paleozoic

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answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 0

text: The story offers an early view of human evolution. The majority of the story is told through the eyes of the man's hominid alter ego, one of the Cave People. In addition to the Cave People, there are the more advanced Fire People, and the more animal-like Tree People.

text: The story offers an early view of human evolution. The majority of the story is told through the eyes of the man's hominid alter ego, one of the Cave People. In addition to the Cave People, there are the more advanced Fire People, and the more animal-like Tree People.

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text: The philosophical current indicated under the name philosophy of evolution has been developed since the 1970s by Humanist Ecology (also called Environmental or Evolutive Humanism) and by the neo-darwinian school. Its purpose is the long-term evolution of the complex living being in its universal environment, analysed through its Human cultural expression.

text: The philosophical current indicated under the name philosophy of evolution has been developed since the 1970s by Humanist Ecology (also called Environmental or Evolutive Humanism) and by the

text: neo-darwinian

text: school. Its purpose is the long-term evolution of the complex

text: living being

text: in its universal environment, analysed through its Human cultural expression.

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answers: The philosophical current indicated under the name philosophy of evolution

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answer: Yes

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answer: Yes

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text: The fossil is regarded by its describers as shedding light on a stage of human evolution about which little was known, more than a million years before Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis), the iconic early human ancestor candidate who lived 3.2 million years ago, and was discovered in 1974 just  away from Ardi's discovery site. However, because the "Ardi" skeleton is no more than 200,000 years older than the earliest fossils of Australopithecus, and may in fact be younger than they are, some researchers doubt that it can represent a direct ancestor of Australopithecus.

text: The fossil is regarded by its describers as shedding light on a stage of human evolution about which little was known, more than a million years before

text: Lucy

text: (Australopithecus afarensis), the iconic early human ancestor candidate who lived 3.2 million years ago, and was discovered in 1974 just  away from Ardi's discovery site. However, because the "Ardi" skeleton is no more than 200,000 years older than the earliest fossils of Australopithecus, and may in fact be younger than they are, some researchers doubt that it can represent a direct ancestor of Australopithecus.

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answers: Australopithecus

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answers: 3.2 million years ago

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answers: no

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answers: Ardi

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answers: 3.2 million years ago

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answers: carved stone figurines

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answers: 3.2 million years

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Because ancestors of the MRCA are by definition also common ancestors, we can continue to find (less recent) common ancestors by pushing further back in time to find more and more ancestors that are the ancestors of all people alive today. Eventually we will reach a point in the past where all humans can be divided into two groups: those who have no descendants today and those who are common ancestors of all living humans today.  This point in time is termed the identical ancestors point. Even though each living person receives genes in dramatically different proportions from these ancestors from the identical ancestors point, all living people share exactly the same set of ancestors from this point back, all the way to the very first single-celled organism.

text: Because ancestors of the MRCA are by definition also common ancestors, we can continue to find (less recent) common ancestors by pushing further back in time to find more and more ancestors that are the ancestors of all people alive today. Eventually we will reach a point in the past where all humans can be divided into two groups: those who have no descendants today and those who are common ancestors of all living humans today.  This point in time is termed the identical ancestors point. Even though each living person receives genes in dramatically different proportions from these ancestors from the identical ancestors point, all living people share exactly the same set of ancestors from this point back, all the way to the very first single-celled organism.

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text: Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly, as shown in the second diagram. A paraphyletic group consists of all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups. Thus, a paraphyletic group is 'nearly' monophyletic (hence the prefix 'para', meaning 'near' or 'alongside'.) A polyphyletic group is characterized by convergent features or habits (for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, aquatic insects); the features by which the group is differentiated from others are not inherited from a common ancestor.

text: Monophyly is contrasted with

text: paraphyly

text: and

text: polyphyly

text: , as shown in the second diagram. A paraphyletic group consists of all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups. Thus, a paraphyletic group is 'nearly' monophyletic (hence the prefix 'para', meaning 'near' or 'alongside'.) A polyphyletic group is characterized by

text: convergent

text: features or habits (for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, aquatic insects); the features by which the group is differentiated from others are not inherited from a common ancestor.

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text: Hrdlička was interested in the origin of the human being. He was a critic of hominid evolution as well as the Asia hypothesis, as he claimed there was little evidence to go on for those theories. He dismissed finds such as the Ramapithecus which were labeled as hominids by most scientists, instead believing that they were nothing more than fossil apes, unrelated to human ancestry.

text: Hrdlička was interested in the origin of the human being. He was a critic of

text: hominid

text: evolution as well as the Asia hypothesis, as he claimed there was little evidence to go on for those theories. He dismissed finds such as the

text: Ramapithecus

text: which were labeled as hominids by most scientists, instead believing that they were nothing more than

text: fossil

text: apes

text: , unrelated to human ancestry.

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text: Erik Trinkaus, PhD, (December 24, 1948) is a prominent paleoanthropologist and expert on Neandertal biology and human evolution.  Trinkaus researches the evolution of the species Homo sapiens and recent human diversity, focusing on the paleoanthropology and emergence of late archaic and early modern humans, and the subsequent evolution of anatomically modern humanity.  Trinkaus is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a contributor to publications including Natural History and Scientific American, and is frequently quoted in the popular media.  Trinkaus is the Mary Tileston Hemenway Professor of Physical Anthropology at Washington University in St. Louis.

text: Erik Trinkaus, PhD, (December 24, 1948) is a prominent

text: paleoanthropologist

text: and expert on

text: Neandertal

text: biology

text: and

text: human evolution

text: .  Trinkaus researches the

text: evolution

text: of the

text: species

text: Homo sapiens

text: and recent

text: human diversity

text: , focusing on the

text: paleoanthropology

text: and emergence of late

text: archaic

text: and early modern

text: human

text: s, and the subsequent evolution of

text: anatomically

text: modern humanity.  Trinkaus is a member of the

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: , a contributor to publications including

text: Natural History

text: and

text: Scientific American

text: , and is frequently quoted in the popular

text: media

text: .  Trinkaus is the

text: Mary Tileston Hemenway

text: Professor of Physical Anthropology at

text: Washington University in St. Louis

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text: Laitman is an active member in a number of scientific and scholarly societies, most notably the American Association of Anatomists (AAA), one of the premier scientific and educational societies in the world.  He has held many positions in the AAA, including being elected a Member of the Board of Directors from 2006–2009.  In 2009 Laitman was elected President of the Association and will serve as President-Elect from 2009–2011, President from 2011–13, and Past-President from 2013–2015.  In 2009 he was elected Vice President of The Mount Sinai Alumni, Inc., and in 2011 elected President of that organization.  In 2009 he was also elected Vice-Chair of the Anatomical Committee of the Associated Medical Schools of New York (ASMSNY).  Laitman also serves as Associate Editor and Editor for Functional and Evolutionary Morphology for The Anatomical Record, and in that role has overseen many special issues of that journal, such as ones on aquatic mammals, paranasal sinuses, dinosaurs, primate functional anatomy, new world monkey evolution, the anatomy underlying new advances in cochlear and vestibular implants and the evolution of primate special senses.

text: Laitman is an active member in a number of scientific and scholarly societies, most notably the

text: American Association of Anatomists

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text: The Cenozoic era began afterward. The inland sea of the Cretaceous vanished and mammals came to dominate the land. The western states were home to primitive camels and horses as well as the carnivorous creodonts. Soon mammals had entered the oceans and the early whale Basilosaurus swam the coastal waters of the southeast. Rhino-like titanotheres dominated Oligocene South Dakota. From this point on the climate in the United States cooled until the Pleistocene, when glaciers spread. Saber-toothed cats, woolly mammoths, mastodons, and dire wolves roamed the land. Humans arrived across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and may have played a role in hunting these animals into extinction.

text: The

text: Cenozoic era

text: began afterward. The inland sea of the Cretaceous vanished and

text: mammal

text: s came to dominate the land. The western states were home to primitive

text: camel

text: s and

text: horse

text: s as well as the carnivorous

text: creodonts

text: . Soon mammals had entered the oceans and the early

text: whale

text: Basilosaurus

text: swam the coastal waters of the southeast.

text: Rhino

text: -like

text: titanotheres

text: dominated

text: Oligocene

text: South Dakota. From this point on the climate in the United States cooled until the

text: Pleistocene

text: , when

text: glacier

text: s spread.

text: Saber-toothed cat

text: s,

text: woolly mammoth

text: s,

text: mastodon

text: s, and

text: dire wolves

text: roamed the land.

text: Human

text: s arrived across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and may have played a role in hunting these animals into extinction.

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text: In his work The Descent of Man (1871) Charles Darwin and some of his supporters argued for the monogenesis of the human species, seeing the common origin of all humans as essential for evolutionary theory. This is known as the single-origin hypothesis. Darwin even dedicated a chapter of his The Descent of Man in attempt to refute the polygenists and support common ancestry for all races. Polygenist evolution views however continued into the early 20th century, and still found support amongst prominent scientists. Henry Fairfield Osborn for example in his The Origin and Evolution of Life (1916) claimed blacks and whites both evolved from different primates.

text: In his work The Descent of Man (1871)

text: Charles Darwin

text: and some of his supporters argued for the

text: monogenesis

text: of the human species, seeing the common origin of all humans as essential for

text: evolutionary theory

text: . This is known as the

text: single-origin hypothesis

text: . Darwin even dedicated a chapter of his The Descent of Man in attempt to refute the polygenists and support common ancestry for all races. Polygenist evolution views however continued into the early 20th century, and still found support amongst prominent scientists.

text: Henry Fairfield Osborn

text: for example in his The Origin and Evolution of Life (1916) claimed blacks and whites both evolved from different primates.

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answers: NDQ_004867

answers: monogenesis

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Polygenist

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: monogenesis

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Cenozoic era began afterward. The inland sea of the Cretaceous gradually vanished and mammals were beginning to dominate the land. During the Eocene the western states were home to small primitive camels and horses as well as the carnivorous creodonts. Soon mammals had entered the oceans and the early whale Basilosaurus swam the coastal waters of the southeast. Rhino-like titanotheres dominated Oligocene South Dakota. From this point on the climate in the United States cooled until the Pleistocene, when glaciers spread. Saber-toothed cats, woolly mammoths, mastodons, and dire wolves roamed the land. Humans arrived across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and may have played a role in hunting these animals into extinction.

text: The

text: Cenozoic era

text: began afterward. The inland sea of the Cretaceous gradually vanished and mammals were beginning to dominate the land. During the

text: Eocene

text: the western states were home to small primitive

text: camels

text: and

text: horses

text: as well as the carnivorous

text: creodonts

text: . Soon mammals had entered the oceans and the early

text: whale

text: Basilosaurus

text: swam the coastal waters of the southeast.

text: Rhino

text: -like

text: titanotheres

text: dominated

text: Oligocene

text: South Dakota. From this point on the climate in the United States cooled until the

text: Pleistocene

text: , when

text: glacier

text: s spread.

text: Saber-toothed cat

text: s,

text: woolly mammoth

text: s,

text: mastodon

text: s, and

text: dire wolves

text: roamed the land.

text: Humans arrived across a land bridge

text: between Siberia and Alaska and may have played a role in hunting these animals into extinction.

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answers: 2

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: camels

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Cenozoic era began afterward

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic era began afterward

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: land bridge

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Independent experts have raised concern about publicity exaggerating the importance of the find before information was available for scrutiny. Chris Beard, curator of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, was "awestruck" by the publicity machine but concerned that if the hype was exaggerated, it could damage the popularisation of science if the creature was not all that it was hyped up to be. Paleoanthropologist Elwyn Simons of Duke University stated that it is a wonderful specimen but most of the information had been previously known, and paleoanthropologist Peter Brown of the University of New England said that the paper had insufficient evidence that Darwinius was ancestral to the simians. Others have also criticized claims that the fossil represents the "missing link in human evolution", arguing that there is no such thing unless evolution is visualized as a chain as there are an enormous number of missing branches, and that while the fossil is a primate, there is no evidence to suggest that its species is a direct ancestor of humans. ScienceBlogger Brian Switek questioned the sensationalist coverage of claims of ancestral relationships made before a full cladistic analysis, and in a column in The Times he stated that a unique opportunity to communicate science had been lost, with press releases forestalling the necessary discovery and debate which should now proceed.

text: Independent experts have raised concern about publicity exaggerating the importance of the find before information was available for scrutiny. Chris Beard, curator of the

text: Carnegie Museum of Natural History

text: , was "awestruck" by the publicity machine but concerned that if the hype was exaggerated, it could damage the popularisation of science if the creature was not all that it was hyped up to be. Paleoanthropologist Elwyn Simons of

text: Duke University

text: stated that it is a wonderful specimen but most of the information had been previously known, and paleoanthropologist Peter Brown of the

text: University of New England

text: said that the paper had insufficient evidence that Darwinius was ancestral to the simians. Others have also criticized claims that the fossil represents the "missing link in human evolution", arguing that there is no such thing unless evolution is visualized as

text: a chain

text: as there are an enormous number of

text: missing branches

text: , and that while the fossil is a primate, there is no evidence to suggest that its species is a direct ancestor of humans.

text: ScienceBlogger

text: Brian Switek questioned the sensationalist coverage of claims of ancestral relationships made before a full

text: cladistic analysis

text: , and in a column in

text: The Times

text: he stated that a unique opportunity to communicate science had been lost, with press releases forestalling the necessary discovery and debate which should now proceed.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cladistic analysis

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no evidence to suggest that its species is a direct ancestor of humans

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The fossil is a primate

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no evidence to suggest that its species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleoanthropologist Elwyn Simons of Duke University

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the section of the Danakil Depression in Eritrea was also a major player in terms of human evolution, and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans.

text: At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest

text: hominid

text: s representing a possible link between

text: Homo erectus

text: and an archaic

text: Homo sapiens

text: was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest

text: anatomically modern humans

text: . It is believed that the section of the

text: Danakil Depression

text: in Eritrea was also a major player in terms of human evolution, and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans.

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answers: 4

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answers: Homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Danakil Depression

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Other theorists have argued that neoteny has not been the main cause of human evolution, because humans only retain some juvenile traits, while relinquishing others. For example, the high leg-to-body ratio (long legs) of adult humans as opposed to human infants shows that there is not a holistic trend in humans towards neoteny when compared to the other great apes. Andrew Arthur Abbie agrees, citing the gerontomorphic fleshy human nose and long human legs as contradicting the neoteny hominid evolution hypothesis, although he does believe humans are generally neotenous. Brian K. Hall also cites the long legs of humans as a peramorphic trait, which is in sharp contrast to neoteny.

text: Other theorists have argued that neoteny has not been the main cause of human evolution, because humans only retain some juvenile traits, while relinquishing others. For example, the high leg-to-body ratio (long legs) of adult humans as opposed to human infants shows that there is not a holistic trend in humans towards neoteny when compared to the other

text: great apes

text: . Andrew Arthur Abbie agrees, citing the gerontomorphic fleshy human nose and long human legs as contradicting the neoteny hominid evolution hypothesis, although he does believe humans are generally neotenous.

text: Brian K. Hall

text: also cites the long legs of humans as a

text: peramorphic

text: trait, which is in sharp contrast to neoteny.

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answers: gerontomorphic

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: The evolution of human intelligence is closely tied to the evolution of the human brain and to the origin of language.  The timeline of human evolution spans approximately 7 million years, from the separation of the Pan genus until the emergence of behavioral modernity by 50,000 years ago. The first 3 million years of this timeline concern Sahelanthropus, the following 2 million concern Australopithecus and the final 2 million span the history of actual human genus in the Paleolithic era.

text: The evolution of human intelligence is closely tied to the evolution of the

text: human brain

text: and to the

text: origin of language

text: .  The

text: timeline of human evolution

text: spans approximately 7 million years, from the separation of the

text: Pan

text: genus until the emergence of

text: behavioral modernity

text: by 50,000 years ago. The first 3 million years of this timeline concern

text: Sahelanthropus

text: , the following 2 million concern

text: Australopithecus

text: and the final 2 million span the history of actual

text: human

text: genus in the

text: Paleolithic

text: era.

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answers: the Ice Ages

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Provisioning may actually be a form of sexual competition between males for females.<ref name = "Norton">Larsen, Clark S. "Early Hominid Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity." Chapter 10:. W.W. Norton & Company, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012.

text: Provisioning may actually be a form of sexual competition between males for females.<ref name = "Norton">Larsen, Clark S. "Early Hominid Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity." Chapter 10:. W.W. Norton & Company, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012.

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answers: Early Hominids

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answers: Early Hominid

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answers: No

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answers: Hominids evolved about 200,000 years ago.

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answers: Humanity

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answers: Carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The human capacity to store and transmit culture arose from genetically evolved psychological mechanisms.  This implies that at some point during the evolution of the human species a type of social learning leading to cumulative cultural evolution was evolutionarily advantageous.

text: The human capacity to store and transmit culture arose from genetically evolved psychological mechanisms.  This implies that at some point during the evolution of the human species a type of

text: social learning

text: leading to cumulative cultural evolution was evolutionarily advantageous.

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answers: modern humans

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answers: No

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answer: Yes

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text: It formed during the Alpine orogeny of the Cenozoic Era. Initially, it was a large lake that filled in with Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary materials. It was originally part of the Mediterranean basin, connected to the sea by the corridor of the Almanzora River. Later, the action of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates raised it upward to become an endorheic lake (that is, one without an outlet)  above sea level.

text: It formed during the

text: Alpine orogeny

text: of the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era. Initially, it was a large lake that filled in with

text: Paleogene

text: Neogene

text: and

text: Quaternary

text: materials. It was originally part of the

text: Mediterranean

text: basin

text: , connected to the sea by the corridor of the

text: Almanzora

text: River. Later, the action of the African and Eurasian

text: tectonic plates

text: raised it upward to become an

text: endorheic

text: lake (that is, one without an outlet)  above sea level.

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: It formed during the Alpine orogeny

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: It was originally part of the Mediterranean basin

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answers: Alpine orogeny

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Somel et al. said that 48% of the genes that affect the development of the prefrontal cortex change with age differently between humans and chimpanzees. Somel et al. said that there is a "significant excess of genes" related to the development of the prefrontal cortex that show "neotenic expression in humans" relative to chimpanzees and rhesus macaques. Somel et al. said that this difference was in accordance with the neoteny hypothesis of human evolution.

text: Somel et al. said that 48% of the genes that affect the development of the

text: prefrontal cortex

text: change with age differently between humans and chimpanzees. Somel et al. said that there is a "significant excess of genes" related to the development of the prefrontal cortex that show "neotenic expression in humans" relative to

text: chimpanzee

text: s and

text: rhesus macaque

text: s. Somel et al. said that this difference was in accordance with the neoteny hypothesis of human evolution.

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answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Somel et al

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times notes that, "Documentaries about prehistory and paleoanthropology are usually interesting, sometimes even thought-provoking. But you don’t often encounter one that’s thrilling. Yet that is a fitting adjective for “Dawn of Humanity,” a program ... that brings an aura of breaking news to a field that can often seem musty." Brooke Cain of the Charlotte Observer reports that the documentary features "exclusive footage of the hair-raising descent deep into a nearly inaccessible cave to retrieve more than 1,500 hominid fossils."

text: Neil Genzlinger

text: of

text: The New York Times

text: notes that, "Documentaries about

text: prehistory

text: and

text: paleoanthropology

text: are usually interesting, sometimes even thought-provoking. But you don’t often encounter one that’s thrilling. Yet that is a fitting adjective for “Dawn of Humanity,” a program ... that brings an aura of

text: breaking news

text: to a field that can often seem musty." Brooke Cain of the

text: Charlotte Observer

text: reports that the documentary features "exclusive footage of the hair-raising descent deep into a nearly inaccessible cave to retrieve more than 1,500 hominid fossils."

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text: The Phanerozoic is divided into three eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.  The Paleozoic era spanned from roughly  (ICS, 2004), and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian.

text: The

text: Phanerozoic

text: is divided into three

text: eras

text: : the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Cenozoic

text: .  The

text: Paleozoic era

text: spanned from roughly  (ICS, 2004), and is subdivided into six

text: geologic periods

text: ; from oldest to youngest they are: the

text: Cambrian

text: Ordovician

text: Silurian

text: Devonian

text: Carboniferous

text: , and

text: Permian

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text: It dates to the Upper Miocene epoch of the Miocene Period, in the Cenozoic Era.

text: It dates to the

text: Upper Miocene

text: epoch of the

text: Miocene

text: Period, in the

text: Cenozoic Era

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answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: What is the origin of these changes? In earlier work Crow considered but was able to rule out a viral causation. There is a genetic component but its nature has been obscure. Crow is known for his suggestion that schizophrenia is a widespread genetic anomaly which arose quite recently in human evolution. He believes that it arose with the evolution of language and that the two are linked. In his argument, he says that schizophrenia is associated with atypical patterns of lateralisation – which is the differential functioning of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. He argues that through studying epigenetic variation, we can look at the changes in human evolution and see where the alterations in our genes have occurred, that lead to language development and henceforth schizophrenia. Crow reported that lateralisation occurs greater in males, who undergo more severe psychosis. Crow’s particular recent contribution has been the proposal that the origins of the psychoses relate particularly to those characteristics (e.g. cerebral asymmetry) that are associated with the specifically human capacity for language. This leads to a theory of the origin of psychotic symptoms – that they are associated with deviations in the subtle asymmetries of development of the cortex, and that the symptoms arise as confusions between thought and speech and through the abnormal attachment of meaning to perceived speech – and to its genetic basis in the change that led to the evolution of Homo sapiens as a species.

text: What is the origin of these changes? In earlier work Crow considered but was able to rule out a viral causation. There is a genetic component but its nature has been obscure. Crow is known for his suggestion that schizophrenia is a widespread genetic anomaly which arose quite recently in human evolution. He believes that it arose with the evolution of language and that the two are linked. In his argument, he says that schizophrenia is associated with atypical patterns of

text: lateralisation

text: – which is the differential functioning of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. He argues that through studying epigenetic variation, we can look at the changes in human evolution and see where the alterations in our genes have occurred, that lead to language development and henceforth schizophrenia. Crow reported that lateralisation occurs greater in males, who undergo more severe psychosis. Crow’s particular recent contribution has been the proposal that the origins of the psychoses relate particularly to those characteristics (e.g.

text: cerebral asymmetry

text: ) that are associated with the specifically human capacity for language. This leads to a theory of the origin of psychotic symptoms – that they are associated with deviations in the subtle asymmetries of development of the cortex, and that the symptoms arise as confusions between thought and speech and through the abnormal attachment of meaning to perceived speech – and to its genetic basis in the change that led to the evolution of

text: Homo sapiens

text: as a species.

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answers: Homo sapiens as a species

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Homo sapiens

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Each of the gene sequences went through specific changes that lead to the evolution of humans from ancestral relatives. In order to determine these alterations, Lahn and his colleagues used DNA sequences from multiple primates then compared and contrasted the sequences with those of humans. Following this step, the researchers statistically analyzed the key differences between the primate and human DNA to come to the conclusion, that the differences were due to natural selection. The changes in DNA sequences of these genes accumulated to bring about a competitive advantage and higher fitness that humans possess in relation to other primates. This comparative advantage is coupled with a larger brain size which ultimately allows the human mind to have a higher cognitive awareness.

text: Each of the gene sequences went through specific changes that lead to the evolution of humans from ancestral relatives. In order to determine these alterations, Lahn and his colleagues used DNA sequences from multiple primates then compared and contrasted the sequences with those of humans. Following this step, the researchers statistically analyzed the key differences between the primate and human DNA to come to the conclusion, that the differences were due to natural selection. The changes in DNA sequences of these genes accumulated to bring about a competitive advantage and higher fitness that humans possess in relation to other primates. This comparative advantage is coupled with a larger brain size which ultimately allows the human mind to have a higher cognitive awareness.

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answers: NDQ_004860

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Lahn and his colleagues

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The supporting evidence of the cooking hypothesis argues that compared to the nutrient in the raw food, nutrients in cooked food are much easier to digest for hominid as shown in the research of protein ingestion from raw vs. cooke egg. Such a feature is essential for brain evolution: through studying the metabolic activities between primate species, scientists had found that there is a limitation of energy harvesting through food sources due to limited feeding time. Besides the brain, other organs in the human body also demand a high level of metabolism. At the same time, the body mass portion of different organs was changing throughout the process of evolution as a means for brain expansion. Homo genus was able to break through the limit by cooking food to lower their feeding time and be able to absorb more nutrients to accommodate the increasing need for energy. In addition, scientists argue that the Homo species was also able to obtain nutrients like DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) from algae that were especially beneficial and critical for brain evolution and, as mentioned in the previous sections, the detoxification of the cooking process enabled early humans to access these resources.

text: The supporting evidence of the cooking hypothesis argues that compared to the nutrient in the raw food, nutrients in cooked food are much easier to digest for hominid as shown in the research of protein ingestion from raw vs. cooke egg. Such a feature is essential for brain evolution: through studying the metabolic activities between primate species, scientists had found that there is a limitation of energy harvesting through food sources due to limited feeding time. Besides the brain, other organs in the human body also demand a high level of

text: metabolism

text: . At the same time, the body mass portion of different organs was changing throughout the process of evolution as a means for brain expansion.

text: Homo genus

text: was able to break through the limit by cooking food to lower their feeding time and be able to absorb more nutrients to accommodate the increasing need for energy. In addition, scientists argue that the Homo species was also able to obtain nutrients like DHA (

text: Docosahexaenoic acid

text: ) from algae that were especially beneficial and critical for brain evolution and, as mentioned in the previous sections, the detoxification of the cooking process enabled early humans to access these resources.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: process of evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: early humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Humans are the only primate species that have undergone significant hair loss and of the approximately 5000 extant species of mammal, only a handful are effectively hairless. This list includes elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, walruses, some species of pigs, whales and other cetaceans, and naked mole rats. Most mammals have light skin that is covered by fur, and biologists believe that early human ancestors started out this way also. Dark skin probably evolved after humans lost their body fur, because the naked skin was vulnerable to the strong UV radiation as explained in the Out of Africa hypothesis. Therefore, evidence of the time when human skin darkened has been used to date the loss of human body hair, assuming that the dark skin was needed after the fur was gone.It was expected that dating the split of the ancestral human louse into two species, the head louse and the pubic louse, would date the loss of body hair in human ancestors. However, it turned out that the human pubic louse does not descend from the ancestral human louse, but from the gorilla louse, diverging 3.3 million years ago. This suggests that humans had lost body hair (but retained head hair) and developed thick pubic hair prior to this date, were living in or close to the forest where gorillas lived, and acquired pubic lice from butchering gorillas or sleeping in their nests.The evolution of the body louse from the head louse, on the other hand, places the date of clothing much later, some 100,000 years ago.

text: Humans are the only primate species that have undergone significant hair loss and of the approximately 5000 extant species of mammal, only a handful are effectively hairless. This list includes elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, walruses, some species of

text: pig

text: s, whales and other

text: cetaceans

text: , and naked mole rats. Most mammals have light skin that is covered by fur, and biologists believe that early human ancestors started out this way also. Dark skin probably evolved after humans lost their body fur, because the naked skin was vulnerable to the strong

text: UV radiation

text: as explained in the

text: Out of Africa hypothesis

text: . Therefore, evidence of the time when human skin darkened has been used to date the loss of human body hair, assuming that the dark skin was needed after the fur was gone.It was expected that dating the split of the ancestral human louse into two species, the

text: head louse

text: and the

text: pubic louse

text: , would date the loss of body hair in human ancestors. However, it turned out that the human pubic louse does not descend from the ancestral human louse, but from the

text: gorilla louse

text: , diverging 3.3 million years ago. This suggests that humans had lost body hair (but retained head hair) and developed thick pubic hair prior to this date, were living in or close to the forest where gorillas lived, and acquired pubic lice from butchering gorillas or sleeping in their nests.The evolution of the

text: body louse

text: from the head louse, on the other hand, places the date of clothing much later, some 100,000 years ago.

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: gorilla

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution of the body louse

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Out of Africa hypothesis

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: clothing much later, some 100,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human ancestors

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: gorilla

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: humans are the only primate species that have undergone significant hair loss

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Humanity’s closest living relatives are common chimpanzees and bonobos. These primates share a common ancestor with humans who lived four to six million years ago. It is for this reason that chimpanzees and bonobos are viewed as the best available surrogate for this common ancestor. Barbara King argues that while primates may not possess morality in the human sense, they do exhibit some traits that would have been necessary for the evolution of morality. These traits include high intelligence, a capacity for symbolic communication, a sense of social norms,  realization of "self", and a concept of continuity.Frans de Waal and Barbara King both view human morality as having grown out of primate sociality.Many social animals such as primates, dolphins and whales have shown to exhibit what Michael Shermer refers to as premoral sentiments. According to Shermer, the following characteristics are shared by humans and other social animals, particularly the great apes:

text: Humanity’s closest living relatives are

text: common chimpanzee

text: s and

text: bonobo

text: s. These primates share a

text: common ancestor

text: with humans who lived four to six million years ago. It is for this reason that chimpanzees and bonobos are viewed as the best available surrogate for this common ancestor. Barbara King argues that while primates may not possess morality in the human sense, they do exhibit some traits that would have been necessary for the evolution of morality. These traits include high intelligence, a capacity for symbolic communication, a sense of social norms,  realization of "self", and a concept of continuity.

text: Frans de Waal

text: and Barbara King both view human morality as having grown out of primate sociality.Many social animals such as primates, dolphins and whales have shown to exhibit what

text: Michael Shermer

text: refers to as premoral sentiments. According to Shermer, the following characteristics are shared by humans and other social animals, particularly the great apes:

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answers: bonobos

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Humanity’s closest living relatives are common chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: four to six million years ago

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: shared a common ancestor with humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: bonobos

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Humanity’s closest living relatives

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Humanity’s closest living relatives are common chimpanzees and bonobos

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: four to six million years

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The cladogram to the right represents the current universally accepted hypothesis that all primates, including strepsirrhines like the lemurs and lorises, had a common ancestor all of whose descendants were primates, and so form a clade; the name Primates is therefore recognized for this clade. Within the primates, all anthropoids (monkeys, apes and humans) are hypothesized to have had a common ancestor all of whose descendants were anthropoids, so they form the clade called Anthropoidea. The "prosimians", on the other hand, form a paraphyletic taxon. The name Prosimii is not used in phylogenetic nomenclature, which names only clades; the "prosimians" are instead divided between the clades Strepsirhini and Haplorhini, where the latter contains Tarsiiformes and Anthropoidea.

text: The cladogram to the right represents the current universally accepted hypothesis that all

text: primate

text: s, including

text: strepsirrhines

text: like the

text: lemur

text: s and

text: loris

text: es, had a common ancestor all of whose descendants were primates, and so form a clade; the name Primates is therefore recognized for this clade. Within the primates, all anthropoids (monkeys, apes and humans) are hypothesized to have had a common ancestor all of whose descendants were anthropoids, so they form the clade called Anthropoidea. The "prosimians", on the other hand, form a paraphyletic taxon. The name Prosimii is not used in

text: phylogenetic nomenclature

text: , which names only clades; the "prosimians" are instead divided between the clades

text: Strepsirhini

text: and

text: Haplorhini

text: , where the latter contains Tarsiiformes and Anthropoidea.

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answers: apes

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answers: Haplorhini

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The cladogram to the right represents the current universally accepted hypothesis

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The current universally accepted hypothesis

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: anthropoids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: monkeys, apes and humans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Anthropoidea

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The evolution of a novel feature may permit a clade to diversify by making new areas of morphospace accessible. A classic example is the evolution of a fourth cusp in the mammalian tooth. This trait permits a vast increase in the range of foodstuffs which can be fed on. Evolution of this character has thus increased the number of ecological niches available to mammals. The trait arose a number of times in different groups during the Cenozoic, and in each instance was immediately followed by an adaptive radiation. Birds find other ways to provide for each other, i.e. the evolution of flight opened new avenues for evolution to explore, initiating an adaptive radiation.Other examples include placental gestation (for eutherian mammals), or bipedal locomotion (in hominins).

text: The evolution of a novel feature may permit a clade to diversify by making new areas of morphospace accessible. A classic example is the evolution of a fourth cusp in the mammalian tooth. This trait permits a vast increase in the range of foodstuffs which can be fed on. Evolution of this character has thus increased the number of

text: ecological niche

text: s available to mammals. The trait arose a number of times in different groups during the

text: Cenozoic

text: , and in each instance was immediately followed by an adaptive radiation. Birds find other ways to provide for each other, i.e. the evolution of flight opened new avenues for evolution to explore, initiating an adaptive radiation.Other examples include

text: placental

text: gestation (for

text: eutheria

text: n mammals), or

text: bipedal locomotion

text: (in

text: hominins

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answers: hominins

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: locomotion

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominins

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answers: hominins

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answers: hominins

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: evolution of a fourth cusp in the mammalian tooth

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Shepard's books have become landmark texts among ecologists and helped pave the way for the modern primitivist train of thought, the essential elements being that "civilization" itself runs counter to human nature - that human nature, as Shepard so eloquently stated, is a consciousness shaped by our evolution and our environment. We are, essentially, "beings of the Paleolithic".

text: Shepard's books have become landmark texts among

text: ecologist

text: s and helped pave the way for the modern

text: primitivist

text: train of thought, the essential elements being that "

text: civilization

text: " itself runs counter to

text: human nature

text: - that human nature, as Shepard so eloquently stated, is a

text: consciousness

text: shaped by our evolution and our environment. We are, essentially, "beings of the

text: Paleolithic

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answers: beings of the Paleolithic

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answers: the Ice Ages

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Humanist ecology naturally favours the permanent adaptation and the best possible development of humanity, and of the human being, in an uncertain universal environment in permanent evolution, with a mind open enough to consider all the possibilities. In humanist ecological comprehension, it is vain to want to freeze an arbitrary cultural schemata and choose the apparent equilibrium and the supposed future of one moment of evolution. A permanent evolutive adaptation is necessary, as much biologically as mentally. That requires relativity and a caution in the analysis. According to this concept, for the human mind, any representation belongs to the domain of belief, considering the uncertainty of the relation of man to the universe, and the natural imperfection of his senses to represent his environment and his interactions with this environment; the reality perceived by Man being only one representation of reality, particular in mankind. Humanist ecology admits this relativized relation with belief but refutes any final and locking form, knowing that no truth can be final for the human mind without upsetting its natural evolutive necessity. This school of thought accepts belief in the present, for want of anything better, but dictates that you must take care to verify and update beliefs.

text: Humanist ecology naturally favours the permanent adaptation and the best possible development of humanity, and of the human being, in an uncertain universal environment in permanent evolution, with a mind open enough to consider all the possibilities. In humanist ecological comprehension, it is vain to want to freeze an arbitrary cultural schemata and choose the apparent equilibrium and the supposed future of one moment of evolution. A permanent evolutive adaptation is necessary, as much biologically as mentally. That requires relativity and a caution in the analysis. According to this concept, for the

text: human mind

text: , any representation belongs to the domain of belief, considering the uncertainty of the relation of man to the universe, and the natural imperfection of his senses to represent his environment and his interactions with this environment; the reality perceived by Man being only one representation of reality, particular in mankind. Humanist ecology admits this relativized relation with

text: belief

text: but refutes any final and locking form, knowing that no truth can be final for the human mind without upsetting its natural evolutive necessity. This

text: school of thought

text: accepts belief in the present, for want of anything better, but dictates that you must take care to verify and update beliefs.

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answers: Man

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answers: permanent evolution

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answers: no

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answers: The reality perceived by Man being only one representation of reality, particular in mankind

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answers: evolution

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Evolutionary biologists like Jeremy Griffith have drawn parallels between adolescent psychology and the developmental evolution of modern humans from hominid ancestors as a manifestation of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny.

text: Evolutionary biologists like

text: Jeremy Griffith

text: have drawn parallels between adolescent psychology and the developmental evolution of modern humans from hominid ancestors as a manifestation of

text: ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny

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answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: phylogeny

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004863

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answers: NDQ_004869

answers: phylogeny

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In differentiating his idea from the "New Age", a term that he felt trivialized the significance of the next phase in human evolution, McKenna stated that: "The New Age is essentially humanistic psychology '80s-style, with the addition of neo-shamanism, channeling, crystal and herbal healing. The archaic revival is a much larger, more global phenomenon that assumes that we are recovering the social forms of the late neolithic, and reaches far back in the 20th century to Freud, to surrealism, to abstract expressionism, even to a phenomenon like National Socialism which is a negative force. But the stress on ritual, on organized activity, on race/ancestor-consciousness – these are themes that have been worked out throughout the entire 20th century, and the archaic revival is an expression of that."

text: In differentiating his idea from the "

text: New Age

text: ", a term that he felt trivialized the significance of the next phase in human evolution, McKenna stated that: "The New Age is essentially

text: humanistic psychology

text: '80s-style, with the addition of neo-shamanism, channeling, crystal and herbal healing. The archaic revival is a much larger, more global phenomenon that assumes that we are recovering the social forms of the late

text: neolithic

text: , and reaches far back in the 20th century to

text: Freud

text: , to surrealism, to abstract expressionism, even to a phenomenon like

text: National Socialism

text: which is a negative force. But the stress on

text: ritual

text: , on organized activity, on race/ancestor-consciousness – these are themes that have been worked out throughout the entire 20th century, and the archaic revival is an expression of that."

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text: The Harold Formation preserves Cenozoic Era fossils.

text: The Harold Formation preserves

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text: fossils

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text: The origin of the earliest primates, from which both the strepsirrhines and haplorhines (simians and tarsiers) evolved, is a mystery.  Both their place of origin and the group from which they evolved are uncertain.  Although the fossil record demonstrating their initial radiation across the Northern Hemisphere is very detailed, the fossil record from the tropics—where primates most likely evolved—is very poor, particularly around the time that primates and other major clades (groups consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants) of eutherian mammals were first appearing.  Consequently, geneticists and primatologists have used genetic analyses to determine the relatedness between primate lineages and the amount of time since they diverged.  Using this molecular clock, divergence dates for the major primate lineages have suggested that primates evolved more than 80–90 mya, nearly 40 million years before the first primates appear in the fossil record.

text: The origin of the earliest primates, from which both the strepsirrhines and haplorhines (simians and tarsiers) evolved, is a mystery.  Both their place of origin and the group from which they evolved are uncertain.  Although the

text: fossil record

text: demonstrating their initial

text: radiation

text: across the Northern Hemisphere is very detailed, the fossil record from the tropics—where primates most likely evolved—is very poor, particularly around the time that primates and other major

text: clade

text: s (groups consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants) of

text: eutheria

text: n mammals were first appearing.  Consequently,

text: geneticists

text: and primatologists have used genetic analyses to determine the relatedness between primate lineages and the amount of time since they

text: diverged

text: .  Using this

text: molecular clock

text: , divergence dates for the major primate lineages have suggested that primates evolved more than 80–90 mya, nearly 40 million years before the first primates appear in the fossil record.

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answers: 80–90 mya

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answers: It is not known

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answers: primates evolved more than 80–90 mya

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Geary’s research in evolutionary psychology also ranges across a variety of issues, from evolution of the hominid brain to men’s hormonal responses while competing against members of their in-group or against an out-group. He has also written extensively on human paternal investment (fatherhood) and the evolution of the human family, and is one of the pioneers in evolutionary developmental psychology and evolutionary educational psychology.

text: Geary’s research in evolutionary psychology also ranges across a variety of issues, from evolution of the hominid brain to men’s hormonal responses while competing against members of their in-group or against an out-group. He has also written extensively on human paternal investment (fatherhood) and the evolution of the human family, and is one of the pioneers in evolutionary developmental psychology and

text: evolutionary educational psychology

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A possible scenario for the progression from a fully functional cecum to the current human appendix was put forth by Charles Darwin. He suggested that the appendix was used for digesting leaves as primates. It may be a vestigial organ of ancient humans that has degraded to nearly nothing of its original purpose, or evolved to take on a new purpose over the course of evolution. The very long cecum of some herbivorous animals, such as found in the horse or the koala, appears to support this theory. The koala's cecum enables it to host bacteria that specifically help to break down cellulose. Human ancestors may have also relied upon this system when they lived on a diet rich in foliage. As people began to eat more easily digested foods, they may have become less reliant on cellulose-rich plants for energy. As the cecum became less necessary for digestion, mutations that were previously deleterious (and would have hindered evolutionary progress) were no longer important, so the mutations survived. It is suggested that these alleles became more frequent and the cecum continued to shrink. After millions of years, the once-necessary cecum degraded to be the appendix of modern humans.

text: A possible scenario for the progression from a fully functional cecum to the current human appendix was put forth by

text: Charles Darwin

text: . He suggested that the appendix was used for digesting leaves as

text: primate

text: s. It may be a vestigial organ of ancient humans that has degraded to nearly nothing of its original purpose, or evolved to take on a new purpose over the course of evolution. The very long cecum of some herbivorous animals, such as found in the

text: horse

text: or the

text: koala

text: , appears to support this theory. The koala's cecum enables it to host bacteria that specifically help to break down cellulose. Human ancestors may have also relied upon this system when they lived on a diet rich in foliage. As people began to eat more easily digested foods, they may have become less reliant on cellulose-rich plants for energy. As the cecum became less necessary for digestion, mutations that were previously deleterious (and would have hindered evolutionary progress) were no longer important, so the mutations survived. It is suggested that these

text: allele

text: s became more frequent and the cecum continued to shrink. After millions of years, the once-necessary cecum degraded to be the appendix of modern humans.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: At the time of publication, it was not even commonly accepted that early man were hunters, much less that hunting behavior influenced their evolution. Following publication of Ardrey's work this thesis gained support and eventually widespread acceptance."For decades researchers have been locked in debate over how and when hunting began and how big a role it played in human evolution. Recent analyses of human anatomy, stone tools and animal bones are helping to fill in the details of this game-changing shift in subsistence strategy. This evidence indicates that hunting evolved far earlier than some scholars had envisioned – and profoundly impacted subsequent human evolution."

text: At the time of publication, it was not even commonly accepted that early man were hunters, much less that hunting behavior influenced their evolution. Following publication of Ardrey's work this thesis gained support and eventually widespread acceptance."For decades researchers have been locked in debate over how and when hunting began and how big a role it played in human evolution. Recent analyses of human anatomy, stone tools and animal bones are helping to fill in the details of this game-changing shift in subsistence strategy. This evidence indicates that hunting evolved far earlier than some scholars had envisioned – and profoundly impacted subsequent human evolution."

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answers: It was not even commonly accepted

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: The concept of the last common ancestor from the perspective of human evolution is described for a popular audience in The Ancestor's Tale by Richard Dawkins (2004). Dawkins lists "concestors" of the human lineage in order of increasing age, including hominin (human-chimpanzee), hominine (human-gorilla), hominid (human-orangutan), hominoid (human-gibbon), and so on in 39 stages in total, down to the last universal ancestor (human-bacteriae).

text: The concept of the last common ancestor from the perspective of

text: human evolution

text: is described for a popular audience in

text: The Ancestor's Tale

text: by

text: Richard Dawkins

text: (2004). Dawkins lists "concestors" of the

text: human lineage

text: in order of increasing age, including

text: hominin

text: (human-

text: chimpanzee

text: hominine

text: (human-

text: gorilla

text: hominid

text: (human-

text: orangutan

text: hominoid

text: (human-

text: gibbon

text: ), and so on in 39 stages in total, down to the

text: last universal ancestor

text: (human-

text: bacteria

text: e).

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answers: NDQ_004863

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answers: bacteria

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answers: The Ancestor's Tale

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answers: Bacteria

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominids and non-hominid primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science. Various fields and disciplines of evolutionary anthropology are:

text: Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the

text: evolution

text: of

text: human physiology

text: and

text: human behaviour

text: and the relation between

text: hominids

text: and non-hominid

text: primate

text: s. Evolutionary anthropology is based in

text: natural science

text: and

text: social science

text: . Various fields and disciplines of evolutionary anthropology are:

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answers: hominids

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answers: Anthropology is based in natural science and social science

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include Gigantopithecus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Kenyanthropus, and the australopithecines Australopithecus and Paranthropus.

text: Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include

text: Gigantopithecus

text: Orrorin

text: Ardipithecus

text: Kenyanthropus

text: , and the

text: australopithecine

text: s

text: Australopithecus

text: and

text: Paranthropus

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answers: Australopithecus

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answers: family

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answers: Extinct hominids

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answers: Australopithecus

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It preserves fossils dating back to the middle and late Eocene epoch of the Paleogene period, during the Cenozoic Era.

text: It preserves

text: fossils

text: dating back to the middle and late

text: Eocene

text: epoch of the

text: Paleogene

text: period

text: , during the

text: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Eocene

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Eocene

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic Era

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Sherwood Larned Washburn ( – ), nicknamed  "Sherry", was an American physical anthropologist and pioneer in the field of primatology, opening it to the study of primates in their natural habitats. His research and influence in the comparative analysis of primate behaviors to theories of human origins established a new course of study within the field of human evolution.

text: Sherwood Larned Washburn ( – ), nicknamed  "Sherry", was an

text: American

text: physical anthropologist

text: and pioneer in the field of

text: primatology

text: , opening it to the study of primates in their natural habitats. His research and influence in the comparative analysis of primate behaviors to theories of human origins established a new course of study within the field of

text: human evolution

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answers: human evolution

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answers: carved stone figurines

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answers: America

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Eskov graduated from the Department of Biology of Moscow State University in 1979. In 1986 he defended a dissertation for the Candidate of Biological Sciences at the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Animal Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the theme being "Spiders of Northern Siberia (horology analysis)". His main scientific interests as a biologist are the spiders of Siberia and the Russian Far East and, as a paleontologist, the Paleozoic and Cenozoic eras.  he is the Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of Arthropods of the Paleontological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences and vice-president of the Eurasian Arachnological Society. He has worked at the institute since 1988. As of 2002 he had 86 scientific publications.

text: Eskov graduated from the Department of Biology of

text: Moscow State University

text: in 1979. In 1986 he defended a dissertation for the

text: Candidate of Biological Sciences

text: at the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Animal Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology of the

text: USSR Academy of Sciences

text: , the theme being "

text: Spider

text: s of Northern

text: Siberia

text: horology

text: analysis)". His main scientific interests as a biologist are the

text: spider

text: s of Siberia and the

text: Russian Far East

text: and, as a paleontologist, the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: eras

text: .  he is the Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of

text: Arthropods

text: of the

entity_name: Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

text: Paleontological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences

text: and vice-president of the Eurasian Arachnological Society. He has worked at the institute since 1988. As of 2002 he had 86 scientific publications.

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answers: spiders

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: It is impossible to say

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answers: Paleozoic and Cenozoic

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answers: Paleozoic

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answers: He has worked at the institute since 1988

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answers: Paleozoic and Cenozoic

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answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: It has been argued that human evolution has accelerated since the development of agriculture and civilization some 10,000 years ago, resulting, it is claimed, in substantial genetic differences between different current human populations. Lactase persistence is an example of such recent evolution. Recent human evolution seems to have been largely confined to genetic resistance to infectious disease that have appeared in human populations by crossing the species barrier from domesticated animals.

text: It has been argued that human evolution has accelerated since the development of agriculture and civilization some 10,000 years ago, resulting, it is claimed, in substantial genetic differences between different current human populations.

text: Lactase persistence

text: is an example of such recent evolution. Recent human evolution seems to have been largely confined to genetic resistance to infectious disease that have appeared in human populations by crossing the species barrier from domesticated animals.

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answers: domesticated animals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: development of agriculture and civilization

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answers: no

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answers: 10,000 years ago

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answers: 10,000 years ago

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answers: domesticated animals

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answers: populations

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The development of agriculture and civilization some 10,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: species barrier

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Bugtilemur is an extinct genus of Strepsirhine primate tentatively placed within family Cheirogaleidae, which includes the dwarf and mouse lemurs of Madagascar. It is represented by only one species, B. mathesoni, which was found in the Chitarwata Formation of Pakistan. If this classification is correct, Bugtilemur would be the oldest lemur fossil and the only lemuriform primate, extinct or extant, that has been found outside of Madagascar, significantly complicating the evolution and diversification of lemurs.

text: Bugtilemur is an extinct genus of

text: Strepsirhine

text: primate

text: tentatively placed within family

text: Cheirogaleidae

text: , which includes the dwarf and mouse

text: lemur

text: s of Madagascar. It is represented by only one species, B. mathesoni, which was found in the

text: Chitarwata Formation

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: . If this classification is correct, Bugtilemur would be the oldest lemur fossil and the only lemuriform primate, extinct or

text: extant

text: , that has been found outside of

text: Madagascar

text: , significantly complicating the

text: evolution and diversification of lemurs

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text: The evolution of trichromatic color vision in primates occurred as the ancestors of modern monkeys, apes, and humans switched to diurnal (daytime) activity and began consuming fruits and leaves from flowering plants.  Color vision, with UV discrimination, is also present in a number of arthropods—the only terrestrial animals besides the vertebrates to possess this trait.

text: The

text: evolution of trichromatic color vision in primates

text: occurred as the ancestors of modern monkeys, apes, and humans switched to

text: diurnal

text: (daytime) activity and began consuming fruits and leaves from flowering plants.  Color vision, with UV discrimination, is also present in a number of arthropods—the only terrestrial animals besides the vertebrates to possess this trait.

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text: The order Primates contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines, tarsiers, monkeys of the New World, and monkeys and apes of the Old World.  Madagascar's 15 genera of extant nonhuman primates compares with 6 in Central America, 20 in South America, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia. The endemic primates of Madagascar are the lemurs, the largest branch of strepsirrhines.  Between 2000 and 2008, 39 new species were described, bringing the total number of recognized species and subspecies to 99; by 2014, the number of extant species and subspecies recognized had increased to 105. Of these, the IUCN classified 24 as critically endangered, 49 as endangered, 20 as vulnerable, three as near-threatened, three as of least concern and four as data-deficient; two were yet to be evaluated. The common ancestor of Madagascar's lemurs is believed to have rafted across the Mozambique Channel from Africa between 50 and 60 million years ago. A number of lemur species larger than any now alive, ranging in size up to that of a gorilla, are believed to have gone extinct shortly after the arrival of humans. Strepsirrhines make up all of Madagascar's native primates species, but comprise only a quarter of those of Africa, the rest being simians. Madagascar's strepsirrhines occupy both diurnal and nocturnal niches, while all those outside Madagascar are nocturnal and nearly all simians are diurnal (the only exception being Aotus, which lives where strepsirrhines are absent).

text: The order Primates contains all the species commonly related to the

text: lemur

text: s,

text: monkey

text: s, and

text: ape

text: s, with the latter category including

text: humans

text: . It is divided into four main groupings:

text: strepsirrhine

text: s,

text: tarsier

text: s, monkeys of the

text: New World

text: , and monkeys and apes of the

text: Old World

text: .  Madagascar's 15 genera of extant nonhuman primates compares with

text: 6 in Central America

text: 20 in South America

text: 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia

text: . The endemic primates of Madagascar are the lemurs, the largest branch of strepsirrhines.  Between 2000 and 2008, 39 new species were described, bringing the total number of recognized species and subspecies to 99; by 2014, the number of extant species and subspecies recognized had increased to 105. Of these, the IUCN classified 24 as critically endangered, 49 as endangered, 20 as vulnerable, three as near-threatened, three as of least concern and four as data-deficient; two were yet to be evaluated. The common ancestor of Madagascar's lemurs is believed to have

text: rafted across

text: the

text: Mozambique Channel

text: from Africa between 50 and 60 million years ago. A number of lemur species larger than any now alive, ranging in size up to that of a gorilla, are believed to have gone extinct shortly after the arrival of humans. Strepsirrhines make up all of Madagascar's native primates species, but comprise only a quarter of those of Africa, the rest being

text: simian

text: s. Madagascar's strepsirrhines occupy both

text: diurnal

text: and

text: nocturnal

text: niches, while all those outside Madagascar are nocturnal and nearly all simians are diurnal (the only exception being

text: Aotus

text: , which lives where strepsirrhines are absent).

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answers: lemurs

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answers: Between 2000 and 2008, 39 new species were described

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answers: The order Primates contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes

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answers: walk

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answers: It is divided into four main groupings:

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answers: Aotus

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answers: The common ancestor of Madagascar's lemurs is believed to have rafted across the Mozambique Channel from Africa between 50 and 60 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Mozambique Channel

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Geraldine and Clive Finlayson gave a lecture on human evolution at the University of Granada in 2009.  The lecture, entitled "The Luck of Man: the role of historical contingency in human evolution,” traced the history of the evolution of Homo sapiens.

text: Geraldine and Clive Finlayson gave a lecture on human evolution at the

text: University of Granada

text: in 2009.  The lecture, entitled "The Luck of Man: the role of historical contingency in human evolution,” traced the history of the evolution of Homo sapiens.

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answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominins

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Granada

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Even though the order of flies (Diptera) is much older, true houseflies are believed to have evolved in the beginning of the Cenozoic era. They are thought to have originated in the southern Palearctic region, particularly the Middle East. Because of their close, commensal relationship with humans, they probably owe their worldwide dispersal to co-migration with humans.

text: Even though the order of flies (

text: Diptera

text: ) is much older, true houseflies are believed to have evolved in the beginning of the

text: Cenozoic

text: era. They are thought to have originated in the southern

text: Palearctic

text: region, particularly the Middle East. Because of their close,

text: commensal

text: relationship with humans, they probably owe their worldwide dispersal to co-migration with humans.

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answers: NDQ_004860

answers: true houseflies

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: No

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: their close, commensal relationship with humans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The human mitochondrial molecular clock is the rate at which mutations have been accumulating in the mitochondrial genome of hominids during the course of human evolution. The archeological record of human activity from early periods in human prehistory is relatively limited and its interpretation has been controversial. Because of the uncertainties from the archeological record, scientists have turned to molecular dating techniques in order to refine the timeline of human evolution. A major goal of scientists in the field is to develop an accurate hominid mitochondrial molecular clock which could then be used to confidently date events that occurred during the course of human evolution.

text: The human mitochondrial molecular clock is the rate at which mutations have been accumulating in the

text: mitochondrial

text: genome

text: of hominids during the course of

text: human evolution

text: . The archeological record of human activity from early periods in human prehistory is relatively limited and its interpretation has been controversial. Because of the uncertainties from the archeological record, scientists have turned to molecular dating techniques in order to refine the timeline of human evolution. A major goal of scientists in the field is to develop an accurate hominid mitochondrial molecular clock which could then be used to confidently date events that occurred during the course of human evolution.

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answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: human prehistory

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The human mitochondrial molecular clock

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The archeological record of human activity from early periods in human prehistory is relatively limited

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the ice

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Amphipithecus mogaungensis ("ape-like creature of Mogaung", derived from the Ancient Greek ἀμφί, amphi- meaning "around" and pithēkos, pithecus meaning "ape") was a primate that lived in Late Eocene Myanmar. Along with another primate Pondaungia cotteri, both are difficult to categorise within the Order Primates. What little is known suggests that they are neither adapiform or omomyid primates, two of the earliest primate groups to appear in the fossil record. Deep mandibles and mandibular molars with low, broad crowns suggest they are both simians, a group that includes monkeys, apes, and humans, though more material is needed for further comparison. The teeth also suggest that these were frugivore primates, with a body mass of .

text: Amphipithecus mogaungensis ("ape-like creature of Mogaung", derived from the

text: Ancient Greek

text: ἀμφί

text: amphi-

text: meaning "around" and pithēkos, pithecus meaning "ape") was a

text: primate

text: that lived in Late

text: Eocene

text: Myanmar

text: . Along with another primate

text: Pondaungia cotteri

text: , both are difficult to categorise within the Order Primates. What little is known suggests that they are neither

text: adapiform

text: or

text: omomyid

text: primates, two of the earliest primate groups to appear in the fossil record. Deep mandibles and mandibular molars with low, broad crowns suggest they are both

text: simian

text: s, a group that includes monkeys, apes, and humans, though more material is needed for further comparison. The teeth also suggest that these were

text: frugivore

text: primates, with a body mass of .

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: simians

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Deep mandibles and mandibular molars

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: adapiform

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: simians

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Pondaungia cotteri

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: simians

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Since that 1980 court case, there has been much patenting of genetically modified organisms.  This includes bacteria (as just mentioned), viruses, seeds, plants, cells, and even non-human animals.   Isolated and manipulated cells  - even human cells - can also be patented.  In 1998, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) issued a broad patent claiming primate (including human) embryonic stem cells, entitled "Primate Embryonic Stem Cells" (Patent 5,843,780). On 13 March 2001, a second patent (6,200,806) was issued with the same title but focused on human embryonic stem cells.   In another example, a genetically modified mouse, dubbed the Oncomouse, that is useful for studying cancer, was patented by Harvard University as

text: Since that 1980 court case, there has been much patenting of

text: genetically modified organisms

text: .  This includes bacteria (as just mentioned), viruses, seeds, plants, cells, and even non-human animals.   Isolated and manipulated cells  - even human cells - can also be patented.  In 1998, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) issued a broad patent claiming primate (including human) embryonic stem cells, entitled "Primate Embryonic Stem Cells" (Patent 5,843,780). On 13 March 2001, a second patent (6,200,806) was issued with the same title but focused on human embryonic stem cells.   In another example, a genetically modified mouse, dubbed the

text: Oncomouse

text: , that is useful for studying cancer, was patented by

text: Harvard University

text: as

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answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Primate Embryonic Stem Cells

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answers: primate

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answers: embryonic stem cells

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Engels begins by stating that labour is not only the fundamental source of wealth and value, but that it represents the “basic condition for all human existence,” in the sense that the human mind and body have been produced by the historical process of labour. He suggests that “labour begins with the making of tools,” and therefore the first essential moment in this history was the development of bipedalism, which freed the hominids’ hands to become more dexterous and capable of crafting rudimentary implements. Thus he emphasizes that “the hand is not only the organ of labour, it is also the product of labour.”

text: Engels begins by stating that labour is not only the fundamental source of wealth and value, but that it represents the “basic condition for all human existence,” in the sense that the human mind and body have been produced by the historical process of labour. He suggests that “labour begins with the making of tools,” and therefore the first essential moment in this history was the development of bipedalism, which freed the hominids’ hands to become more dexterous and capable of crafting rudimentary implements. Thus he emphasizes that “the hand is not only the organ of labour, it is also the product of labour.”

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answers: hominids

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answers: bipedalism

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answers: no

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answers: craft rudimentary implements

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answers: carved stone figurines

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answers: bipedalism

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum at about  was a significant global warming event; however, since the Azolla event of , the Cenozoic Era has been a period of long-term cooling. After the tectonic creation of Drake Passage, when South America fully detached from Antarctica during the Oligocene, the climate cooled significantly due to the advent of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which brought cool deep Antarctic water to the surface. The cooling trend continued in the Miocene, with relatively short warmer periods. When South America became attached to North America creating the Isthmus of Panama, the Arctic region cooled due to the strengthening of the Humboldt and Gulf Stream currents, eventually leading to the glaciations of the Quaternary ice age, the current interglacial of which is the Holocene Epoch.Recent analysis of the geomagnetic reversal frequency, oxygen isotope record, and tectonic plate subduction rate, which are indicators of the changes in the heat flux at the core mantle boundary, climate and plate tectonic activity, shows that all these changes indicate similar rhythms on million years’ timescale in the Cenozoic Era occurring with the common fundamental periodicity of ∼13 Myr during most of the time.

text: The

text: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

text: at about  was a significant global warming event; however, since the

text: Azolla event

text: of , the Cenozoic Era has been a period of long-term cooling. After the tectonic creation of

text: Drake Passage

text: , when South America fully detached from Antarctica during the

text: Oligocene

text: , the climate cooled significantly due to the advent of the

text: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

text: which brought cool deep Antarctic water to the surface. The cooling trend continued in the

text: Miocene

text: , with relatively short warmer periods. When South America became attached to North America creating the

text: Isthmus of Panama

text: , the Arctic region cooled due to the strengthening of the

text: Humboldt

text: and

text: Gulf Stream

text: currents, eventually leading to the glaciations of the

text: Quaternary ice age

text: , the current

text: interglacial

text: of which is the

text: Holocene

text: Epoch.Recent analysis of the geomagnetic reversal frequency, oxygen isotope record, and tectonic plate subduction rate, which are indicators of the changes in the heat flux at the core mantle boundary, climate and plate tectonic activity, shows that all these changes indicate similar rhythms on million years’ timescale in the Cenozoic Era occurring with the common fundamental periodicity of ∼13 Myr during most of the time.

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: Holocene Epoch

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answers: It does not say

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: the Holocene Epoch

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answers: Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Holocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Drake Passage

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The sea floor contains Paleozoic and Mesozoic granite and metamorphic rocks. The abysses are caused by the formation of the Himalayas in the Cenozoic.

text: The sea floor contains

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: granite

text: and

text: metamorphic rock

text: s. The

text: abysses

text: are caused by the formation of the

text: Himalayas

text: in the

text: Cenozoic

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text: The Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the Geological Survey of China was established at the Peking Union Medical College in 1928 with the assistance of Chinese geologists Ding Wenjiang and Weng Wenhao for the research and appraisal of the fossils unearthed. Black stayed on at the Laboratory as honorary director while excavations continued at the site under Chinese paleontologist Yang Zhongjian, anthropologists Pei Wenzhong and Jia Lanpo.

text: The

text: Cenozoic Research Laboratory

text: of the

text: Geological Survey of China

text: was established at the

text: Peking Union Medical College

text: in

text: with the assistance of

text: Chinese

text: geologist

text: s

text: Ding Wenjiang

text: and

text: Weng Wenhao

text: for the research and appraisal of the fossils unearthed. Black stayed on at the Laboratory as honorary director while excavations continued at the site under Chinese

text: paleontologist

text: Yang Zhongjian

text: anthropologists

text: Pei Wenzhong

text: and

text: Jia Lanpo

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text: The Paleocene () or Palaeocene, the "old recent", is a geologic epoch that lasted from about . It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. As with many geologic periods, the strata that define the epoch's beginning and end are well identified, but the exact ages remain uncertain.

text: The Paleocene () or Palaeocene, the "old recent", is a geologic

text: epoch

text: that lasted from about . It is the first epoch of the

text: Paleogene

text: Period

text: in the modern

text: Cenozoic

text: Era

text: . As with many

text: geologic periods

text: , the

text: strata

text: that define the epoch's beginning and end are well identified, but the exact ages remain uncertain.

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text: After the Cretaceous, a new era of geologic time began; the Cenozoic era, which means the era of "recent life". Traditionally, the first period of the Cenozoic was called the Tertiary, however recent recommendations of the International Commission on Stratigraphy discourage its use, with the correspondent time span divided between the earlier Paleogene and the more recent Neogene periods. The geologic turmoil on the west coast was maintained as the Pacific Plate continued to slide under the North American Plate. During the early part of the Cenozoic period climates were much warmer than they are today. Latitudes as high as South Dakota had a subtropical climate until as recently as the end of the Oligocene.

text: After the Cretaceous, a new era of geologic time began; the

text: Cenozoic

text: era, which means the era of "recent life". Traditionally, the first period of the Cenozoic was called the

text: Tertiary

text: , however recent recommendations of the

entity_name: International Commission on Stratigraphy

text: International Commission on Stratigraphy

text: discourage its use, with the correspondent time span divided between the earlier

text: Paleogene

text: and the more recent

text: Neogene

text: periods. The geologic turmoil on the west coast was maintained as the

text: Pacific Plate

text: continued to slide under the

text: North American Plate

text: . During the early part of the Cenozoic period climates were much warmer than they are today. Latitudes as high as South Dakota had a

text: subtropical

text: climate until as recently as the end of the

text: Oligocene

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answers: Cretaceous

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text: The order Primates includes the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines, tarsiers, monkeys of the New World (parvorder Platyrrhini), and monkeys and apes of the Old World.  Central America's 6 genera of nonhuman primates compares with 20 in South America, 15 in Madagascar, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia. Central American monkeys are recent immigrants from South America, where their ancestors arrived after rafting over from Africa 25 million years ago.

text: The order Primates includes the

text: lemur

text: s,

text: monkey

text: s, and

text: ape

text: s, with the latter category including

text: humans

text: . It is divided into four main groupings:

text: strepsirrhine

text: s,

text: tarsier

text: s,

text: monkeys of the New World

text: parvorder

text: Platyrrhini), and

text: monkeys and apes of the Old World

text: .  Central America's 6 genera of nonhuman primates compares with

text: 20 in South America

text: 15 in Madagascar

text: 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia

text: . Central American monkeys are recent immigrants from South America, where their ancestors arrived after

text: rafting over

text: from

text: Africa

text: 25 million years ago.

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answers: Central American monkeys

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answers: Central American monkeys are recent immigrants from South America

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

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text: [[File:Primate Tree.tiff|thumb|500px|Primate phylogenetic tree and complex-vocal learning vs. auditory sequence learning. Shown is a primate phylogenetic tree based on a combination of DNA sequence and fossil age data (Goodman et al., 1998; Page et al., 1999). Humans (Homo) are the only primates classified as “vocal learners.” However, non-human primates might be better at auditory sequence learning than their limited vocal-production learning capabilities would suggest. In blue text and (#) we highlight species for which there is some evidence of Artificial Grammar Learning capabilities for at least adjacent relationships between the elements in a sequence (tamarins: Fitch and Hauser, 2004), (macaques: Wilson et al., 2011). Presuming that the auditory capabilities of guenons and gibbons (or the symbolic learning of signs by apes) would mean that these animals are able to learn at least adjacent relationships in Artificial Grammars we can tentatively mark these species also in blue #. Note however, that for the species labeled in black text, future studies might show them to be capable of some limited-vocal learning or various levels of complexity in learning the structure of auditory sequences. Three not mutually exclusive hypotheses are illustrated for both complex-vocal learning and auditory sequence learning. From Petkov, CI; Jarvis ED (2012). "Birds, primates, and spoken language origins: behavioral phenotypes and neurobiological substrates". Front. Evol. Neurosci. 4:12.]]In primates, only humans are known to be capable of complex vocal learning.  Similar to the first hypothesis relating to birds, one explanation is that vocal learning evolved independently in humans. An alternative hypothesis suggests evolution from a primate common ancestor capable of vocal learning, with the trait subsequently being lost at least eight other times. Considering the most parsimonious analysis, it seems unlikely that the number of independent gains (one in humans) would be exceeded so greatly by the number of independent losses (at least eight), which supports the independent evolution hypothesis.

text: primates

text: , only

text: humans

text: are known to be capable of complex vocal learning.  Similar to the first hypothesis relating to birds, one explanation is that vocal learning evolved independently in humans. An alternative hypothesis suggests evolution from a primate common ancestor capable of vocal learning, with the trait subsequently being lost at least eight other times. Considering the most parsimonious analysis, it seems unlikely that the number of independent gains (one in humans) would be exceeded so greatly by the number of independent losses (at least eight), which supports the independent evolution hypothesis.

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answers: Humans are the only primates classified as “vocal learners.” However, non-human primates might be better at auditory sequence learning than their limited vocal-production learning capabilities would suggest.

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text: Many prominent evolutionary theorists propose that neoteny has been a key feature in human evolution. Stephen Jay Gould believed that the "evolutionary story" of humans is one where we have been "retaining to adulthood the originally juvenile features of our ancestors". J. B. S. Haldane mirrors Gould's hypothesis by stating a "major evolutionary trend in human beings" is "greater prolongation of childhood and retardation of maturity." Delbert D. Thiessen said that "neoteny becomes more apparent as early primates evolved into later forms" and that primates have been "evolving toward flat face." However, in light of some groups using arguments based around neoteny to support racism, Gould also argued "that the whole enterprise of ranking groups by degree of neoteny is fundamentally unjustified" (Gould, 1996, pg. 150).

text: Many prominent evolutionary theorists propose that neoteny has been a key feature in

text: human evolution

text: Stephen Jay Gould

text: believed that the "evolutionary story" of humans is one where we have been "retaining to adulthood the originally juvenile features of our ancestors".

text: J. B. S. Haldane

text: mirrors Gould's hypothesis by stating a "major evolutionary trend in human beings" is "greater prolongation of childhood and retardation of maturity."

text: Delbert D. Thiessen

text: said that "neoteny becomes more apparent as early primates evolved into later forms" and that primates have been "evolving toward flat face." However, in light of some groups using arguments based around neoteny to support

text: racism

text: , Gould also argued "that the whole enterprise of ranking groups by degree of neoteny is fundamentally unjustified" (Gould, 1996, pg. 150).

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text: Dubois was bitter about this and locked the fossil up in a trunk until 1923 when he showed it to Ales Hrdlicka from the Smithsonian Institution. In response to critics who refused to accept that Java Man was a "missing link", in 1932 Dubois published a paper arguing that the Trinil bones looked like those of a "giant gibbon". Dubois' use of the phrase has been widely misinterpreted as a retraction, but it was intended an argument to support his claim that Pithecanthropus was a transitional form. According to Dubois, evolution occurred by leaps, and the ancestors of humanity had doubled their brain-to-body ratio on each leap. To prove that Java Man was the "missing link" between apes and humans, he therefore had to show that its brain-to-body ratio was double that of apes and half that of humans. The problem was that Java Man's cranial capacity was 900 cubic centimeters, about two thirds of modern humans'.

text: Dubois was bitter about this and locked the fossil up in a trunk until 1923 when he showed it to Ales Hrdlicka from the Smithsonian Institution. In response to critics who refused to accept that Java Man was a "missing link", in 1932 Dubois published a paper arguing that the Trinil bones looked like those of a "giant gibbon". Dubois' use of the phrase has been widely misinterpreted as a retraction, but it was intended an argument to support his claim that Pithecanthropus was a transitional form. According to Dubois, evolution occurred by leaps, and the ancestors of humanity had doubled their

text: brain-to-body ratio

text: on each leap. To prove that Java Man was the "missing link" between apes and humans, he therefore had to show that its brain-to-body ratio was double that of apes and half that of humans. The problem was that Java Man's cranial capacity was 900 cubic centimeters, about two thirds of modern humans'.

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text: The models represent fifteen genera of extinct animals, not all dinosaurs. They are from a wide range of geological ages, and include true dinosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and plesiosaurs mainly from the Mesozoic era, and some mammals from the more recent Cenozoic era.

text: The models represent fifteen

text: genera

text: of extinct animals, not all dinosaurs. They are from a wide range of geological ages, and include true dinosaurs,

text: ichthyosaur

text: s, and

text: plesiosaur

text: s mainly from the

text: Mesozoic

text: era, and some mammals from the more recent

text: Cenozoic

text: era.

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text: Homo sapiens (Latin: "wise man") is the binomial nomenclature (also known as the scientific name) for the only extant human species. Homo is the human genus, which also includes Neanderthals and many other extinct species of hominid; H. sapiens is the only surviving species of the genus Homo. Modern humans are the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens, which differentiates them from what has been argued to be their direct ancestor, Homo sapiens idaltu. The ingenuity and adaptability of Homo sapiens has led to its becoming the most influential species on the Earth; it is currently deemed of least concern on the Red List of endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

text: Homo sapiens (

text: Latin

text: : "wise man") is the

text: binomial nomenclature

text: (also known as the

text: scientific name

text: ) for the only extant

text: human

text: species.

text: Homo

text: is the human

text: genus

text: , which also includes

text: Neanderthal

text: s and many other

text: extinct

text: species of

text: hominid

text: ; H. sapiens is the only surviving species of the genus Homo. Modern humans are the subspecies

text: Homo sapiens sapiens

text: , which differentiates them from what has been argued to be their direct ancestor,

text: Homo sapiens idaltu

text: . The ingenuity and adaptability of Homo sapiens has led to its becoming the most influential species on the

text: Earth

text: ; it is currently deemed of least concern on the

text: Red List

text: of endangered species by the

entity_name: International Union for Conservation of Nature

text: International Union for Conservation of Nature

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answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo sapiens idaltu

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answers: walk

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answers: Homo sapiens

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answers: Neanderthals

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answers: Neanderthals

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answers: the only extant human species

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answers: Homo sapiens idaltu

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answers: Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: TLR4 originated when TLR2 and TLR4 diverged about 500 million years ago near the beginning of vertebrate evolution. Sequence alignments of human and great ape TLR4 exons have demonstrated that not much evolution has occurred in human TLR4 since our divergence from our last common ancestor with chimpanzees; human and chimp TLR4 exons only differ by three substitutions while humans and baboons are 93.5% similar in the extracellular domain. Notably, humans possess a greater number of early stop codons in TLR4 than great apes; in a study of 158 humans worldwide, 0.6% had a nonsense mutation. This suggests that there are weaker evolutionary pressures on the human TLR4 than on our primate relatives. The distribution of human TLR4 polymorphisms matches the out-of-Africa migration, and it is likely that the polymorphisms were generated in Africa before migration to other continents.

text: TLR4 originated when TLR2 and TLR4 diverged about 500 million years ago near the beginning of vertebrate evolution. Sequence alignments of human and great ape TLR4 exons have demonstrated that not much evolution has occurred in human TLR4 since our divergence from our last common ancestor with chimpanzees; human and chimp TLR4 exons only differ by three substitutions while humans and baboons are 93.5% similar in the extracellular domain. Notably, humans possess a greater number of early stop codons in TLR4 than great apes; in a study of 158 humans worldwide, 0.6% had a nonsense mutation. This suggests that there are weaker evolutionary pressures on the human TLR4 than on our primate relatives. The distribution of human TLR4 polymorphisms matches the out-of-Africa migration, and it is likely that the polymorphisms were generated in Africa before migration to other continents.

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answers: great ape

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: vertebrate evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Our last common ancestor with chimpanzees

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answers: migrate

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: TLR4 originated

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: TLR4

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: baboons

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answers: last common ancestor with chimpanzees

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answers: TLR4 originated when TLR2 and TLR4 diverged about 500 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The evolutionary history of lemurs occurred in isolation from other primates, on the island of Madagascar, for at least 40 million years. Lemurs are primates belonging to the suborder Strepsirrhini, which branched off from other primates less than 63 mya (million years ago).  They share some traits with the most basal primates, and thus are often confused as being ancestral to modern monkeys, apes, and humans.  Instead, they merely resemble ancestral primates.

text: The evolutionary history of

text: lemur

text: s occurred in isolation from other

text: primate

text: s, on the island of

text: Madagascar

text: , for at least 40 million years.

text: Lemur

text: s are primates belonging to the suborder

text: Strepsirrhini

text: , which branched off from other primates less than 63

text: mya

text: (million years ago).  They share some traits with the most

text: basal

text: primates, and thus are often confused as being ancestral to modern monkeys, apes, and humans.  Instead, they merely resemble ancestral primates.

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answers: less than 63 mya

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answers: apes

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answers: less than 63 mya

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answers: they merely resemble ancestral primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Madagascar

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: More recently, RFT has also been proposed as a way to guide discussion within evolution science, whether within evolutionary biology or evolutionary psychology, toward a more informed understanding of the role of language in shaping human social behavior. The effort at integrating RFT into evolution science has been led by, among others, Steven C. Hayes, a co-developer of RFT, and David Sloan Wilson, an evolutionary biologist at Binghamton University. For example, in 2011, Hayes presented at a seminar at Binghamton, on the topic of Symbolic Behavior, Behavioral Psychology, and the Clinical Importance of Evolution Science, while Wilson likewise presented at a symposium at the annual conference in Parma, Italy, of the Association for Contextual Behavioral Science, the parent organization sponsoring RFT research, on the topic of Evolution for Everyone, Including Contextual Psychology - Interplay between evolution and contextual behavior science.

text: More recently, RFT has also been proposed as a way to guide discussion within evolution science, whether within

text: evolutionary biology

text: or

text: evolutionary psychology

text: , toward a more informed understanding of the role of language in shaping human social behavior. The effort at integrating RFT into evolution science has been led by, among others,

text: Steven C. Hayes

text: , a co-developer of RFT, and

text: David Sloan Wilson

text: , an evolutionary biologist at

text: Binghamton University

text: . For example, in 2011, Hayes presented at a seminar at Binghamton, on the topic of Symbolic Behavior, Behavioral Psychology, and the Clinical Importance of Evolution Science, while Wilson likewise presented at a symposium at the annual conference in Parma, Italy, of the

entity_name: Association for Contextual Behavioral Science

text: Association for Contextual Behavioral Science

text: , the parent organization sponsoring RFT research, on the topic of Evolution for Everyone, Including Contextual Psychology - Interplay between evolution and contextual behavior science.

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answers: no

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Early Paleozoic and the Middle to Late Mesozoic oceans were predominantly calcite seas, whereas the Middle Paleozoic through the Early Mesozoic and the Cenozoic (including today) are characterized by aragonite seas.

text: The Early

text: Paleozoic

text: and the Middle to Late

text: Mesozoic

text: oceans were predominantly calcite seas, whereas the Middle Paleozoic through the Early Mesozoic and the

text: Cenozoic

text: (including today) are characterized by aragonite seas.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Paleoparasitology (or "palaeoparasitology") is the study of parasites from the past, and their interactions with hosts and vectors; it is a subfield of Paleontology, the study of living organisms from the past.    Some authors define this term more narrowly, as "Paleoparasitology is the study of parasites in archaeological material." (p. 103) K.J. Reinhard suggests that the term "archaeoparasitology" be applied to "... all parasitological remains excavated from archaeological contexts ... derived from human activity" and that "the term 'paleoparasitology' be applied to studies of nonhuman, paleontological material." (p. 233)  This article follows Reinhard's suggestion and discusses the protozoan and animal parasites of non-human animals and plants from the past, while those from humans and our hominid ancestors are covered in archaeoparasitology.

text: Paleoparasitology (or "palaeoparasitology") is the study of

text: parasite

text: s from the past, and their interactions with hosts and

text: vectors

text: ; it is a subfield of

text: Paleontology

text: , the study of living organisms from the past.    Some authors define this term more narrowly, as "Paleoparasitology is the study of parasites in archaeological material." (p. 103) K.J. Reinhard suggests that the term "

text: archaeoparasitology

text: " be applied to "... all parasitological remains excavated from archaeological contexts ... derived from human activity" and that "the term 'paleoparasitology' be applied to studies of nonhuman, paleontological material." (p. 233)  This article follows Reinhard's suggestion and discusses the

text: protozoa

text: n and animal parasites of non-human animals and plants from the past, while those from humans and our

text: hominid

text: ancestors are covered in

text: archaeoparasitology

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answers: hominid

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answers: It is not known

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Paleoanthropological estimates of the time frame for the evolution of monogamy are primarily based on the level of sexual dimorphism seen in the fossil record because, in general, the reduced male-male competition seen in monogamous mating results in reduced sexual dimorphism.  According to Reno et al., the sexual dimorphism of Australopithecus afarensis, a human ancestor from approximately 3.9–3.0 million years ago, was within the modern human range, based on dental and postcranial morphology.  Although careful not to say that this indicates monogamous mating in early hominids, the authors do say that reduced levels of sexual dimorphism in A. afarensis “do not imply that monogamy is any less probable than polygyny”.  However, Gordon, Green and Richmond claim that in examining postcranial remains, A. afarensis is more sexually dimorphic than modern humans and chimps with levels closer to those of orangutans and gorillas.  Furthermore, Homo habilis, living approximately 2.3 mya, is the most sexually dimorphic early hominid.  Plavcan and van Schaik conclude their examination of this controversy by stating that, overall, sexual dimorphism in australopithecines is not indicative of any behavioral implications or mating systems.

text: Paleoanthropological estimates of the time frame for the evolution of monogamy are primarily based on the level of

text: sexual dimorphism

text: seen in the fossil record because, in general, the reduced male-male competition seen in monogamous mating results in reduced sexual dimorphism.  According to Reno et al., the sexual dimorphism of Australopithecus afarensis, a human ancestor from approximately 3.9–3.0 million years ago, was within the modern human range, based on dental and postcranial morphology.  Although careful not to say that this indicates monogamous mating in early

text: hominid

text: s, the authors do say that reduced levels of sexual dimorphism in A. afarensis “do not imply that monogamy is any less probable than polygyny”.  However, Gordon, Green and Richmond claim that in examining postcranial remains, A. afarensis is more sexually dimorphic than modern humans and chimps with levels closer to those of orangutans and gorillas.  Furthermore, Homo habilis, living approximately 2.3 mya, is the most sexually dimorphic early hominid.  Plavcan and van Schaik conclude their examination of this controversy by stating that, overall, sexual dimorphism in australopithecines is not indicative of any behavioral implications or mating systems.

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answers: Homo habilis

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answers: 2.3 mya

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: No

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answers: 2.3 mya

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answers: Australopithecus afarensis

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Australopithecus

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The order Primates includes the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines, tarsiers, monkeys of the New World (parvorder Platyrrhini), and monkeys and apes of the Old World.  South America's 20 genera of nonhuman primates compares with 6 in Central America, 15 in Madagascar, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia.  All South American monkeys are believed to be descended from ancestors that rafted over from Africa about 25 million years ago in a single dispersal event.

text: The order Primates includes the

text: lemur

text: s,

text: monkey

text: s, and

text: ape

text: s, with the latter category including

text: humans

text: . It is divided into four main groupings:

text: strepsirrhine

text: s,

text: tarsier

text: s,

text: monkeys of the New World

text: parvorder

text: Platyrrhini), and

text: monkeys and apes of the Old World

text: .  South America's 20 genera of nonhuman primates compares with

text: 6 in Central America

text: 15 in Madagascar

text: 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia

text: .  All South American monkeys are believed to be descended from ancestors that

text: rafted over

text: from Africa about 25 million years ago in a single dispersal event.

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answers: The order Primates includes the lemurs, monkeys, and apes

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answers: All South American monkeys are believed to be descended from ancestors that rafted

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: rafted

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Population and admixture studies suggest a three-way model for the evolution of human skin color, with dark skin evolving in early hominids in Africa and light skin evolving partly separately at least two times after modern humans had expanded out of Africa.

text: Population and admixture studies suggest a three-way model for the evolution of human skin color, with dark skin evolving in early

text: hominids

text: in

text: Africa

text: and light skin evolving partly separately at least two times after modern humans had expanded

text: out of Africa

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answers: no

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answers: admixture

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In modern Chinese terms of human evolution, zhenren means "true human" as distinct from other primates.

text: In modern Chinese terms of

text: human evolution

text: , zhenren means "true human" as distinct from other primates.

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answers: other primates

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answers: modern Chinese

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answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It preserves fossils from the Pleistocene Epoch of the Quaternary Period, during the Cenozoic Era.

text: It preserves

text: fossils

text: from the

text: Pleistocene

text: Epoch of the

text: Quaternary Period

text: , during the

text: Cenozoic Era

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text: Human knee joints are enlarged for the same reason as the hip – to better support an increased amount of body weight.  The degree of knee extension (the angle between the thigh and shank in a walking cycle) has decreased. The changing pattern of the knee joint angle of humans shows a small extension peak, called the “double knee action,” in the midstance phase.  Double knee action decreases energy lost by vertical movement of the center of gravity. Humans walk with their knees kept straight and the thighs bent inward so that the knees are almost directly under the body, rather than out to the side, as is the case in ancestral hominids. This type of gait also aids balance.

text: Human

text: knee

text: joints are enlarged for the same reason as the hip – to better support an increased amount of body weight.  The degree of knee extension (the angle between the thigh and shank in a walking cycle) has decreased. The changing pattern of the knee joint angle of humans shows a small extension peak, called the “double knee action,” in the midstance phase.  Double knee action decreases energy lost by vertical movement of the center of gravity. Humans walk with their knees kept straight and the

text: thigh

text: s bent inward so that the knees are almost directly under the body, rather than out to the side, as is the case in ancestral hominids. This type of gait also aids balance.

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

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text: While much discussed, a yet more important find was to be made by Brunet's team on July 19, 2001; a Chadian student of the mission, Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye, unearthed a nearly complete cranium, from 6 to 7 million years old, nicknamed Toumaï  by the Chadian President Idriss Déby, and classified by Brunet as the first exemplary of the Sahelanthropus tchadensis. Brunet and others, like Tim White, are strongly convinced Toumai to be a hominid, though this is contested by colleagues like Milford Wolpoff, who instead believe it to be an ape. Other experts, like Chris Stringer, argued it was inconclusive where the Sahelanthropus belongs in the human evolutionary line.  Brunet has argued that further excavations have uncovered additional remains which further confirm that Sahelanthropus was a hominid, though his conclusions with these newer findings are also debated by some scientists.

text: While much discussed, a yet more important find was to be made by Brunet's team on July 19, 2001; a Chadian student of the mission, Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye, unearthed a nearly complete

text: cranium

text: , from 6 to 7 million years old, nicknamed

text: Toumaï

text: by the

text: Chadian President

text: Idriss Déby

text: , and classified by Brunet as the first exemplary of the

text: Sahelanthropus tchadensis

text: . Brunet and others, like Tim White, are strongly convinced Toumai to be a hominid, though this is contested by colleagues like Milford Wolpoff, who instead believe it to be an ape. Other experts, like Chris Stringer, argued it was inconclusive where the Sahelanthropus belongs in the human evolutionary line.  Brunet has argued that further excavations have uncovered additional remains which further confirm that Sahelanthropus was a hominid, though his conclusions with these newer findings are also debated by some scientists.

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text: The geology of Germany is heavily influenced by several phases of orogeny in the Paleozoic and the Cenozoic, by sedimentation in shelf seas and epicontinental seas and on plains in the Permian and Mesozoic as well as by the Quaternary glaciations.

text: The geology of Germany is heavily influenced by several phases of

text: orogeny

text: in the

text: Paleozoic

text: and the

text: Cenozoic

text: , by

text: sedimentation

text: in shelf seas and

text: epicontinental sea

text: s and on

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text: s in the

text: Permian

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: as well as by the

text: Quaternary glaciation

text: s.

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: Paleozoic

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answers: glaciations

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: In the novel Evolution by Stephen Baxter, some chapters are dedicated to the description of futuristic animals, including the posthumans. In various chapters of the book we see elements of speculative evolution. These are intelligent Ornitholestes dinosaurs, Cenozoic dinosaurs and other primitive inhabitants of Antarctica, futuristic descendants of pigs, goats, rats, rabbits and humans, and symbiosis between barometz tree and posthumans of New Pangea 500 MY in the future.

text: In the novel

text: Evolution

text: by

text: Stephen Baxter

text: , some chapters are dedicated to the description of futuristic animals, including the posthumans. In various chapters of the book we see elements of speculative evolution. These are intelligent

text: Ornitholestes

text: dinosaurs, Cenozoic dinosaurs and other primitive inhabitants of Antarctica, futuristic descendants of pigs, goats, rats, rabbits and humans, and symbiosis between barometz tree and posthumans of New Pangea 500 MY in the future.

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answer: Yes

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text: Cooper's Cave is now recognised as the fifth richest hominid site in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (behind Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Drimolen and Kromdraai) and one of the richest sites for early hominid stone tools of the Developed Olduwan culture. Excavations are still underway at Cooper's and are currently being directed by Christine Steininger and Lee Berger of the Institute for Human Evolution and the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research at the University of the Witwatersrand.

text: Cooper's Cave is now recognised as the fifth richest hominid site in the

text: Cradle of Humankind

text: World Heritage Site

text: (behind Sterkfontein,

text: Swartkrans

text: , Drimolen and Kromdraai) and one of the richest sites for early hominid stone tools of the Developed

text: Olduwan

text: culture. Excavations are still underway at Cooper's and are currently being directed by Christine Steininger and

text: Lee Berger

text: of the Institute for Human Evolution and the

entity_name: Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research

text: Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research

text: at the

text: University of the Witwatersrand

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text: The theory, using precedents established in biological theory, proposes to explain many aspects of human social and sexual behavior. It proposed to account for the evolution of the human species from the advent of its phylogenetic branching from other hominids through physiological and behavioral adaptations until  our current civilization.  This theory of human uniqueness claims to answer the fundamental scientific challenge posted by Charles Darwin, to explain the descent of man: how did the 'incremental' process of evolution by natural selection suddenly produce an utterly unprecedented kind of animal, humans?  It suggests an explanation of human origins, and also of human properties (from speech to political/economic/religious behavior).

text: The theory, using precedents established in biological theory, proposes to explain many aspects of human social and sexual behavior. It proposed to account for the

text: evolution

text: of the human species from the advent of its phylogenetic branching from other hominids through physiological and behavioral adaptations until  our current civilization.  This theory of

text: human uniqueness

text: claims to answer the fundamental scientific challenge posted by

text: Charles Darwin

text: , to explain the descent of man: how did the 'incremental' process of evolution by natural selection suddenly produce an utterly unprecedented kind of animal, humans?  It suggests an explanation of

text: human origins

text: , and also of human properties (from speech to political/economic/religious behavior).

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answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Anthropogeny is the study of human origins. It is not simply a synonym for human evolution by natural selection, which is only a part of the processes involved in human origins. Many other factors besides biological evolution were involved, ranging over climatic, geographic, ecological, social, and cultural ones. Anthropogenesis, meaning the process or point of becoming human, is also called hominization.

text: Anthropogeny is the study of human origins. It is not simply a synonym for

text: human evolution

text: by

text: natural selection

text: , which is only a part of the processes involved in human origins. Many other factors besides biological

text: evolution

text: were involved, ranging over climatic, geographic, ecological, social, and cultural ones.

text: Anthropogenesis

text: , meaning the process or point of becoming human, is also called

text: hominization

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text: Marine regression is a geological process occurring when areas of submerged seafloor are exposed above the sea level. The opposite event, marine transgression, occurs when flooding from the sea covers previously exposed land.

text: Marine regression is a

text: geological

text: process occurring when areas of submerged seafloor are exposed above the sea level. The opposite event,

text: marine transgression

text: , occurs when flooding from the sea covers previously exposed land.

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text: The journal content covers all aspects of human evolution, focusing on those topics in physical anthropology, primatology, paleoanthropology, and paleolithic archaeology. Topics include but are not limited to studies of human and primate fossils, comparative studies of living species through morphological and molecular evidence (See Molecular Anthropology), and studies supporting fossil evidence of primate and human evolution through stratigraphy and taphonomy. Additional research areas include interpretative analyses of new and previously described fossil or skeletal material, assessments of the phylogeny and paleobiology of primate species including the line of Homo, and studies involving paleoecological and paleogeographical models of primate and human evolution. In addition to articles and studies published in the journal, the journal makes available space to publish brief announcements of new or important discoveries.

text: The journal content covers all aspects of human evolution, focusing on those topics in

text: physical anthropology

text: primatology

text: paleoanthropology

text: , and

text: paleolithic archaeology

text: . Topics include but are not limited to studies of human and primate fossils, comparative studies of living species through morphological and molecular evidence (

text: See Molecular Anthropology

text: ), and studies supporting fossil evidence of primate and human evolution through

text: stratigraphy

text: and

text: taphonomy

text: . Additional research areas include interpretative analyses of new and previously described fossil or skeletal material, assessments of the

text: phylogeny

text: and

text: paleobiology

text: of primate species including the line of

text: Homo

text: , and studies involving paleoecological and paleogeographical models of primate and

text: human evolution

text: . In addition to articles and studies published in the journal, the journal makes available space to publish brief announcements of new or important discoveries.

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text: The proportions of the human hand are plesiomorphic (shared by both ancestors and extant primate species); the elongated thumbs and short hands more closely resemble the hand proportions of Miocene apes than those of extant primates.Humans did not evolve from knuckle-walking apes, and chimpanzees and gorillas independently acquired elongated metacarpals as part of their adaptation to their modes of locomotion.Several of primitive hand features most likely present in the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor (CHLCA) and absent in modern humans are still present in the hands of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo floresiensis.  This suggests that the derived changes in modern humans and Neanderthals did not evolve until  or after the appearance of the earliest Acheulian stone tools, and that these changes are associated with tool-related tasks beyond those observed in other hominins.The thumbs of Ardipithecus ramidus, an early hominin, are almost as robust as in humans, so this may be a primitive trait, while the palms of other extant higher primates are elongated to the extent that some of the thumb's original function has been lost (most notably in highly arboreal primates such as the spider monkey).  In humans, the big toe is thus more derived than the thumb.

text: The proportions of the human hand are

text: plesiomorphic

text: (shared by both ancestors and extant primate species); the elongated thumbs and short hands more closely resemble the hand proportions of

text: Miocene

text: apes than those of extant primates.Humans did not evolve from knuckle-walking apes, and chimpanzees and gorillas independently acquired elongated metacarpals as part of their adaptation to their modes of locomotion.Several of primitive hand features most likely present in the

text: chimpanzee-human last common ancestor

text: (CHLCA) and absent in

text: modern humans

text: are still present in the hands of

text: Australopithecus

text: Paranthropus

text: , and

text: Homo floresiensis

text: .  This suggests that the

text: derived

text: changes in modern humans and

text: Neanderthal

text: s did not evolve until  or after the appearance of the earliest

text: Acheulian

text: stone tools, and that these changes are associated with tool-related tasks beyond those observed in other hominins.The thumbs of

text: Ardipithecus ramidus

text: , an early hominin, are almost as robust as in humans, so this may be a primitive trait, while the palms of other extant higher primates are elongated to the extent that some of the thumb's original function has been lost (most notably in highly arboreal primates such as the

text: spider monkey

text: ).  In humans, the

text: big toe

text: is thus more derived than the thumb.

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answers: 4: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: Acheulian stone tools, and that these changes are associated with tool-related tasks beyond those observed in other hominins

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: The beginning of the Cenozoic was also the beginning of the Age of Mammals. The small shrew-like generalist insectivores that survived the Late Cretaceous extinction event began diversifying into the mammals that dominate the modern world's terrestrial ecosystems. The creodonts, which first appeared in the Paleocene, were among the first mammals to specialize in carnivory. The coastal region of the southeastern states, like Alabama and Mississippi were covered in seawater and home to the primitive whale Basilosaurus during the Eocene. The diversity of mammalian carnivores on land increased from the Eocene to the Miocene.

text: The beginning of the Cenozoic was also the beginning of the Age of Mammals. The small

text: shrew

text: -like generalist

text: insectivores

text: that survived the Late Cretaceous extinction event began diversifying into the mammals that dominate the modern world's terrestrial ecosystems. The

text: creodonts

text: , which first appeared in the

text: Paleocene

text: , were among the first mammals to specialize in carnivory. The coastal region of the southeastern states, like Alabama and Mississippi were covered in seawater and home to the primitive whale

text: Basilosaurus

text: during the Eocene. The diversity of mammalian carnivores on land increased from the Eocene to the Miocene.

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: By the end of the Mesozoic Era, most of the once-mighty Marathon-Ouachita-Appalachian mountain chain had eroded. Today, only a small part of the original range, rejuvenated in the Cenozoic Era, remains.

text: By the end of the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era, most of the once-mighty Marathon-Ouachita-Appalachian mountain chain had eroded. Today, only a small part of the original range, rejuvenated in the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era, remains.

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: Cenozoic Era

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Zeresenay then moved back to Ethiopia, and it was the next year, 1999, while working as a research associate at the National Museum of Ethiopia and the French Center for Ethiopian Studies in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, that he formed the Dikika Research Project (DRP), the first Ethiopian-led paleoanthropological field research project, whose ongoing multi-national and multi-disciplinary mission is aimed at recovering data addressing Zeresenay’s primary research interests: hominin evolution and the ways by which that evolution was influenced by the paleoenvironment. Zeresenay both leads the project and studies the recovered hominins and other primates.

text: Zeresenay then moved back to Ethiopia, and it was the next year, 1999, while working as a research associate at the National Museum of Ethiopia and the French Center for Ethiopian Studies in

text: Addis Ababa

text: , Ethiopia, that he formed the

text: Dikika Research Project

text: (DRP), the first Ethiopian-led paleoanthropological field research project, whose ongoing multi-national and multi-disciplinary mission is aimed at recovering data addressing Zeresenay’s primary research interests:

text: hominin evolution

text: and the ways by which that evolution was influenced by the paleoenvironment. Zeresenay both leads the project and studies the recovered hominins and other

text: primates

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text: Since 1991, research groups at the University of Barcelona interested in the origin of the human species and primate behavior have been working in collaboration, a unique initiative in the international sphere. For the first time, the study of evolution and the behavior of the human species, as well as of other primates, was being conducted between research teams from different backgrounds: Evolution of Hominids and Other Primates; HOMINID, Human Origins Group, and Information Technology in behavioral Sciences. This collection of researchers constituted the Special Centre of Primate Research (CERP in Catalan), of which Joaquim Veà was director. It is from this centre, at the University of Barcelona, from which all field work on primates is coordinated.

text: Since 1991, research groups at the University of Barcelona interested in the origin of the human species and primate behavior have been working in collaboration, a unique initiative in the international sphere. For the first time, the study of evolution and the behavior of the human species, as well as of other primates, was being conducted between research teams from different backgrounds: Evolution of Hominids and Other Primates; HOMINID, Human Origins Group, and Information Technology in behavioral Sciences. This collection of researchers constituted the

text: Special Centre of Primate Research

text: (CERP in Catalan), of which Joaquim Veà was director. It is from this centre, at the University of Barcelona, from which all field work on primates is coordinated.

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text: By the end of the Renaissance the number of courses had grown to ten, and during the Baroque era the number continued to grow until it reached 14 (and occasionally as many as 19). These instruments, with up to 26-35 strings, required innovations in the structure of the lute. At the end of the lute's evolution the archlute, theorbo and torban had long extensions attached to the main tuning head to provide a greater resonating length for the bass strings, and since human fingers are not long enough to stop strings across a neck wide enough to hold 14 courses, the bass strings were placed outside the fretboard, and were played open, i.e., without pressing them against the fingerboard with the left hand.

text: By the end of the Renaissance the number of courses had grown to ten, and during the Baroque era the number continued to grow until it reached 14 (and occasionally as many as 19). These instruments, with up to 26-35 strings, required innovations in the structure of the lute. At the end of the lute's evolution the

text: archlute

text: theorbo

text: and

text: torban

text: had long extensions attached to the main tuning head to provide a greater resonating length for the bass strings, and since human fingers are not long enough to stop strings across a neck wide enough to hold 14 courses, the bass strings were placed outside the fretboard, and were played open, i.e., without pressing them against the fingerboard with the left hand.

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answers: no

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answers: glaciers

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: For his reviews, which used population genetics to illuminate such anthropological questions as race and intelligence, the biological and cultural components of language, "scientific creationism" relationships among species, and the timetable of human evolution.

text: For his reviews, which used population genetics to illuminate such anthropological questions as race and intelligence, the biological and cultural components of language, "scientific creationism" relationships among species, and the timetable of human evolution.

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answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Periods of greenhouse climate: Early Paleozoic, Mesozoic–early Cenozoic.

text: Periods of greenhouse climate: Early

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: –early

text: Cenozoic

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answers: Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Early Paleozoic, Mesozoic–early Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: During Paleozoic to Mesozoic times, the Himalaya shows two major depositional strata, which are Tethyan Himalayan Strata and Lesser Himalayan Strata. Tethyan Himalayan Strata consists of well-defined marine succession from Upper Proterozoic to Cretaceous, and it is well-developed in many basins to the north of Great Himalaya. On the contrary, the Lesser Himalayan Strata in Paleozoic times has a quite different succession. Most parts of it are sparsely fossiliferous or even devoid of any well-defined fossils. Moreover, it consists of many varied litho-facies, making correlation work more difficult. This article describes the major formations of the Paleozoic - Mesozoic Lesser Himalayan Strata, including the Tal Formation, Gondwana Strata, Singtali Formation and Subathu Formation.

text: During

text: Paleozoic

text: to

text: Mesozoic

text: times, the

text: Himalaya

text: shows two major depositional

text: strata

text: , which are Tethyan Himalayan Strata and Lesser Himalayan Strata. Tethyan Himalayan Strata consists of well-defined marine succession from

text: Upper Proterozoic

text: to

text: Cretaceous

text: , and it is well-developed in many basins to the north of Great Himalaya. On the contrary, the Lesser Himalayan Strata in

text: Paleozoic

text: times has a quite different succession. Most parts of it are sparsely fossiliferous or even devoid of any well-defined

text: fossil

text: s. Moreover, it consists of many varied

text: litho-facies

text: , making correlation work more difficult. This article describes the major formations of the Paleozoic - Mesozoic Lesser Himalayan Strata, including the Tal Formation, Gondwana Strata, Singtali Formation and Subathu Formation.

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answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Most parts of it are sparsely fossiliferous

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Himalaya

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Human evolution is the part of biological evolution concerning the emergence of anatomically modern humans as a distinct species.

text: Human evolution is the part of biological

text: evolution

text: concerning the emergence of

text: anatomically modern humans

text: as a distinct species.

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answers: 5

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: anatomically

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: biological evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Human evolution

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Human evolution

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Human evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Anatomically modern humans

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: anatomically

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: The contemporary relief of Bulgaria is a result of continuous geological evolution. The Bulgarian lands were often submerged by ancient seas and lakes, some land layers rose others sank. Volcanic eruptions were common both on land and in the water basins. All three main groups of rocks, magmatic, sedimentary and metamorphic, are found in the country. The oldest rock formations in Bulgaria date from the Precambrian period than 500 million years ago. During the Archean, Proterozoic and Paleozoic eras (4.0 billion to 252 million years ago) the magmatic rocks were formed. Throughout most of that period the only land areas were Rila, Pirin and the western Rhodope Mountains. The Mesozoic era (252 million to 66 million years ago) saw the beginning of the Alpine orogeny that has formed the mountain ranges of the Alpide belt, including the Balkan Mountains and Sredna Gora. The Cenozoic era (since 66 million years ago) is characterized with active tectonic processes, the definitive formation of the Balkan Mountains, the formation of grabens and horsts in Rila, Pirin and Kraishte region.

text: The contemporary relief of Bulgaria is a result of continuous

text: geological

text: evolution. The Bulgarian lands were often submerged by ancient seas and lakes, some land layers rose others sank.

text: Volcanic eruption

text: s were common both on land and in the water basins. All three main groups of rocks,

text: magmatic

text: sedimentary

text: and

text: metamorphic

text: , are found in the country. The oldest rock formations in Bulgaria date from the

text: Precambrian

text: period than 500 million years ago. During the

text: Archean

text: Proterozoic

text: and

text: Paleozoic

text: eras (4.0 billion to 252 million years ago) the magmatic rocks were formed. Throughout most of that period the only land areas were Rila, Pirin and the western Rhodope Mountains. The

text: Mesozoic

text: era (252 million to 66 million years ago) saw the beginning of the

text: Alpine orogeny

text: that has formed the mountain ranges of the

text: Alpide belt

text: , including the Balkan Mountains and

text: Sredna Gora

text: . The

text: Cenozoic

text: era (since 66 million years ago) is characterized with active tectonic processes, the definitive formation of the Balkan Mountains, the formation of

text: graben

text: s and

text: horsts

text: in Rila, Pirin and Kraishte region.

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text: The Bernard and Anne Spitzer Hall of Human Origins, formerly The Hall of Human Biology and Evolution, opened on February 10, 2007. Originally known under the name "Hall of the Age of Man", at the time of its original opening in 1921 it was the only major exhibition in the United States to present an in-depth investigation of human evolution. The displays traced the story of Homo sapiens, illuminated the path of human evolution and examined the origins of human creativity.

text: The

text: Bernard and Anne Spitzer

text: Hall of Human Origins, formerly The Hall of Human Biology and Evolution, opened on February 10, 2007. Originally known under the name "Hall of the Age of Man", at the time of its original opening in 1921 it was the only major exhibition in the United States to present an in-depth investigation of human evolution. The displays traced the story of

text: Homo sapiens

text: , illuminated the path of human evolution and examined the origins of human creativity.

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text: In a recent review of the major research on human and primate tool-use, communication, and learning strategies, Tomasello argues that the key human advances over primates (language, complex technologies, and complex social organization) are all the results of humans pooling cognitive resources. This is called "the ratchet effect:" innovations spread and are shared by a group, and mastered "by youngsters, which enables them to remain in their new and improved form within the group until something better comes along." The key point is that children are born good at a particular kind of social learning; this creates a favored environment for social innovations, making them more likely to be maintained and transmitted to new generations than individual innovations. For Tomasello, human social learning—the kind of learning that distinguishes humans from other primates and that played a decisive role in human evolution—is based on two elements: first, what he calls "imitative learning," (as opposed to "emulative learning" characteristic of other primates) and second,  the fact that humans represent their experiences symbolically (rather than iconically, as is characteristic of other primates).  Together, these elements enable humans to be both inventive, and to preserve useful inventions. It is this combination that produces the ratchet effect.

text: In a recent review of the major research on human and primate tool-use, communication, and learning strategies, Tomasello argues that the key human advances over primates (language, complex technologies, and complex social organization) are all the results of humans pooling cognitive resources. This is called "the

text: ratchet effect

text: :" innovations spread and are shared by a group, and mastered "by youngsters, which enables them to remain in their new and improved form within the group until something better comes along." The key point is that children are born good at a particular kind of social learning; this creates a favored environment for social innovations, making them more likely to be maintained and transmitted to new generations than individual innovations. For Tomasello, human social learning—the kind of learning that distinguishes humans from other primates and that played a decisive role in human evolution—is based on two elements: first, what he calls "imitative learning," (as opposed to "

text: emulative learning

text: " characteristic of other primates) and second,  the fact that humans represent their experiences symbolically (rather than iconically, as is characteristic of other primates).  Together, these elements enable humans to be both inventive, and to preserve useful inventions. It is this combination that produces the ratchet effect.

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text: Joseph Jordania has suggested that music (as well as several other universal elements of contemporary human culture, including dance and body painting) was part of a predator control system used by early hominids. He suggested that rhythmic loud singing and drumming, together with the threatening rhythmic body movements and body painting, was the core element of the ancient "Audio-Visual Intimidating Display" (AVID). AVID  was also a key factor in putting the hominid group into a specific altered state of consciousness which he calls  "battle trance" where they would not feel fear and pain, and would be religiously dedicated to group interests. Jordania suggested that listening and dancing to the sounds of loud rhythmic rock music, used in many contemporary combat units before the combat missions is directly related to this. Apart from the defense from predators, Jordania suggested that this system was the core strategy to obtain food via confrontational, or aggressive scavenging.

text: Joseph Jordania

text: has suggested that music (as well as several other universal elements of contemporary human culture, including

text: dance

text: and

text: body painting

text: ) was part of a predator control system used by early

text: hominids

text: . He suggested that rhythmic loud singing and drumming, together with the threatening rhythmic body movements and body painting, was the core element of the ancient "Audio-Visual Intimidating Display" (AVID). AVID  was also a key factor in putting the hominid group into a specific

text: altered state of consciousness

text: which he calls  "battle trance" where they would not feel fear and pain, and would be religiously dedicated to group interests. Jordania suggested that listening and dancing to the sounds of loud rhythmic rock music, used in many contemporary combat units before the combat missions is directly related to this. Apart from the defense from predators, Jordania suggested that this system was the core strategy to obtain food via confrontational, or aggressive

text: scavenging

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answers: hominids

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answers: religiously dedicated

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answers: Hominids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The book's extensive teachings about the history of the world include its physical development about 4.5 billion years ago, the gradual changes in conditions that allowed life to develop, and long ages of organic evolution that started with microscopic marine life and led to plant and animal life in the oceans, later on land. The emergence of humans is presented as having occurred about a million years ago from a branch of superior primates originating from a lemur ancestor. The first humans are said to have been male and female twins called Andon and Fonta, born "993,419 years prior to 1934."

text: The book's extensive teachings about the history of the world include its physical development about 4.5 billion years ago, the gradual changes in conditions that allowed life to develop, and long ages of organic evolution that started with microscopic marine life and led to plant and animal life in the oceans, later on land. The emergence of humans is presented as having occurred about a million years ago from a branch of superior

text: primate

text: s originating from a

text: lemur

text: ancestor. The first humans are said to have been male and female twins called Andon and Fonta, born "993,419 years prior to 1934."

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answers: "993,419 years prior to 1934

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answers: lemur ancestor

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answers: a branch of superior primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The first humans are said to have been male and female twins

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 4.5 billion years

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many ungulates and glires, that switched from browsing diets to grazing diets. Traditionally, the spread of grasslands and the development of grazers have been strongly linked. However, an examination of mammalian teeth suggests that it is the open, gritty habitat and not the grass itself which is linked to diet changes  in mammals, giving rise to the "grit, not grass" hypothesis.

text: During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the

text: Miocene

text: and

text: Pliocene

text: epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new

text: niche

text: for mammals, including many

text: ungulate

text: s and

text: glires

text: , that switched from browsing diets to grazing diets. Traditionally, the spread of grasslands and the development of grazers have been strongly linked. However, an examination of mammalian teeth suggests that it is the open, gritty habitat and not the grass itself which is linked to diet changes  in mammals, giving rise to the "grit, not grass" hypothesis.

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answers: ungulates

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answers: Pliocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: graze

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: During the Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: ungulates and glires

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: grazers

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: grit, not grass

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In scientific terms, the meanings of "hominid" and "hominin" have changed during the recent decades with advances in the discovery and study of the fossil ancestors of modern humans. The previously clear boundary between humans and apes has blurred, resulting in now acknowledging the hominids as encompassing multiple species, and Homo and close relatives since the split from chimpanzees as the only hominins. There is also a distinction between anatomically modern humans and Archaic Homo sapiens, the earliest fossil members of the species.

text: In scientific terms, the meanings of "

text: hominid

text: " and "

text: hominin

text: " have changed during the recent decades with advances in the discovery and study of the fossil ancestors of modern humans. The previously clear boundary between humans and apes has blurred, resulting in now acknowledging the hominids as encompassing multiple

text: species

text: , and Homo and close relatives since the split from chimpanzees as the only hominins. There is also a distinction between

text: anatomically modern humans

text: and

text: Archaic Homo sapiens

text: , the earliest fossil members of the species.

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answers: Archaic Homo sapiens

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: David Tab Rasmussen (June 17, 1958 – August 7, 2014), also known as D. Tab Rasmussen, was an American biological anthropologist. Specializing in both paleontology and behavioral ecology with interests in Paleogene mammals, early primate evolution, prosimians (lorises, lemurs, and tarsiers), and birds, he synthesized multiple fields of study in order to better understand evolutionary processes. His field research spanned the western United States as well as internationally in Africa and the Neotropics. He published over 85 research articles.

text: David Tab Rasmussen (June 17, 1958 – August 7, 2014), also known as D. Tab Rasmussen, was an American

text: biological anthropologist

text: . Specializing in both

text: paleontology

text: and

text: behavioral ecology

text: with interests in

text: Paleogene

text: mammals, early

text: primate evolution

text: prosimian

text: s (

text: lorises

text: lemur

text: s, and

text: tarsier

text: s), and birds, he synthesized multiple fields of study in order to better understand

text: evolutionary processes

text: . His field research spanned the western United States as well as internationally in Africa and the

text: Neotropics

text: . He published over 85 research articles.

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answers: Prosimians

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Geologically, the area of modern Indonesia appeared from under the Southeast Asian seas as the result of the Indian and Australian plates colliding and slipping under the Sunda Plate, sometime in the early Cenozoic era around 63 million years ago. This tectonic collision created Sunda volcanic Arc that has produced chains of islands of Sumatra, Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands. The active volcanic arc creating supervolcano that today become Lake Toba in Sumatra. The massive eruption of Toba supervolcano that occurred some time between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago instigated the Toba catastrophe theory, a global volcanic winter that caused a bottleneck in human evolution. Other notable volcanoes in Sunda Arc are Mount Tambora and Krakatau. The region is known for its instability due to volcano formations and other volcanic and tectonic activities as well as climate changes; resulted in lowlands drowned occasionally under shallow seas, the formation of islands, the connection and disconnection of islands through narrow land-bridges, etc.

text: Geologically, the area of modern

text: Indonesia

text: appeared from under the Southeast Asian seas as the result of the Indian and Australian plates colliding and slipping under the

text: Sunda Plate

text: , sometime in the early

text: Cenozoic

text: era around 63 million years ago. This tectonic collision created

text: Sunda volcanic Arc

text: that has produced chains of islands of

text: Sumatra

text: Java

text: and the

text: Lesser Sunda Islands

text: . The active volcanic arc creating

text: supervolcano

text: that today become

text: Lake Toba

text: in Sumatra. The massive eruption of Toba supervolcano that occurred some time between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago instigated the

text: Toba catastrophe theory

text: , a global volcanic winter that caused a bottleneck in human evolution. Other notable volcanoes in Sunda Arc are

text: Mount Tambora

text: and

text: Krakatau

text: . The region is known for its instability due to volcano formations and other volcanic and tectonic activities as well as climate changes; resulted in lowlands drowned occasionally under shallow seas, the formation of islands, the connection and disconnection of islands through narrow land-bridges, etc.

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answers: 77,000 years ago

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answers: 63 million years ago

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answers: 63 million years ago

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answers: Toba catastrophe theory

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: land

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: It dates to the Upper Eocene—Lower Oligocene epochs of the Paleogene Period, in the Cenozoic Era.

text: It dates to the

text: Upper Eocene

text: —Lower

text: Oligocene

text: epochs of the

text: Paleogene

text: Period, in the

text: Cenozoic Era

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answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Upper Eocene—Lower Oligocene epochs of the Paleogene Period

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Upper Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic Era

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene Series of the Cenozoic Era, 3.6 to 2.2 Ma (million years ago), the Arctic was much warmer than it is at the present day (with summer temperatures from 3.6-3.4 Ma some 8 °C warmer than today). That is a key finding of research into a lake-sediment core obtained in Eastern Siberia, which is of exceptional importance because it has provided the longest continuous late Cenozoic land-based sedimentary record thus far.

text: During the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene Series of the Cenozoic Era, 3.6 to 2.2 Ma (million years ago), the Arctic was much warmer than it is at the present day (with summer temperatures from 3.6-3.4 Ma some 8 °C warmer than today). That is a key finding of research into a lake-sediment core obtained in Eastern Siberia, which is of exceptional importance because it has provided the longest continuous late Cenozoic land-based sedimentary record thus far.

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: Pleistocene Series

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Pliocene

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: At the beginning of the Paleolithic, hominids were found primarily in eastern Africa, east of the Great Rift Valley. Most known hominid fossils dating earlier than one million years before present are found in this area, particularly in Kenya, Tanzania, and Ethiopia.

text: At the beginning of the Paleolithic,

text: hominids

text: were found primarily in eastern Africa, east of the

text: Great Rift Valley

text: . Most known hominid fossils dating earlier than one million years before present are found in this area, particularly in

text: Kenya

text: Tanzania

text: , and

text: Ethiopia

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answers: hominids

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answers: Paleolithic

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answers: Paleolithic

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answers: Paleolithic

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answers: Great Rift Valley

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Arthur M. Young and Edward Haskell have each independently incorporated the findings of science into a larger theory of spiritual evolution, and extended the traditional human, animal, vegetable, and mineral categories with kingdoms representing photons, atoms and molecules. Arthur M. Young goes further in considering the human state as a subset of a larger kingdom of "Dominion", of which the sixth stage is represented for example by Christ and Buddha, and the seventh (final) stage an even higher level of Enlightenment or God-realisation. Moreover, both Haskell and Young present profound accounts of evolution through these kingdoms in terms of cybernetic principles. A more "mainstream" scientific presentation of this same idea is provided by Erich Jantsch in his account of how self-organising systems evolve and develop as a series of "symmetry breaks" through the sequence of matter, life, and mind. Although abiding strictly by the understanding of science, Jantsch arranges the various elements of cosmic, planetary, biological, psychological, and human evolution in a single overall framework of emergent evolution that may or may not be considered teleological.

text: Arthur M. Young

text: and

text: Edward Haskell

text: have each independently incorporated the findings of science into a larger theory of spiritual evolution, and extended the traditional human, animal, vegetable, and mineral categories with kingdoms representing

text: photon

text: s,

text: atom

text: s and

text: molecule

text: s. Arthur M. Young goes further in considering the human state as a subset of a larger kingdom of "Dominion", of which the sixth stage is represented for example by Christ and Buddha, and the seventh (final) stage an even higher level of Enlightenment or God-realisation. Moreover, both Haskell and Young present profound accounts of evolution through these kingdoms in terms of

text: cybernetic

text: principles. A more "mainstream" scientific presentation of this same idea is provided by

text: Erich Jantsch

text: in his account of how self-organising systems evolve and develop as a series of "

text: symmetry break

text: s" through the sequence of matter, life, and mind. Although abiding strictly by the understanding of science, Jantsch arranges the various elements of cosmic, planetary, biological, psychological, and human evolution in a single overall framework of

text: emergent evolution

text: that may or may not be considered teleological.

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answers: atoms

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Geologic upheaval during the early Cenozoic era formed the state's basin and range physiographic province. The landscape was divided by rivers and dotted by lakes. Garfish inhabited the local lakes while magnolias grew in the floodplains between rivers. Many volcanic eruptions occurred in the region at this time. The Raton area was covered in swamps during the Paleocene epoch of the Cenozoic era. The individual leaves from some of the contemporary palms could be more than 9 feet wide. At least 42 different kinds of mammals lived in New Mexico at the time. Groups including the amblypods, carnivorans, condylarths, marsupials, multituberculates, and taeniodonts. Other kinds of animal life included two kinds of crocodiles, fishes, snails relatives of the modern tuatara, and 16 kinds of turtle.

text: Geologic upheaval during the early

text: Cenozoic

text: era formed the state's

text: basin and range

text: physiographic province

text: . The landscape was divided by rivers and dotted by lakes.

text: Garfish

text: inhabited the local lakes while

text: magnolias

text: grew in the floodplains between rivers. Many

text: volcanic eruptions

text: occurred in the region at this time. The

text: Raton

text: area was covered in

text: swamps

text: during the

text: Paleocene epoch

text: of the

text: Cenozoic era

text: . The individual leaves from some of the contemporary

text: palms

text: could be more than 9 feet wide. At least 42 different kinds of mammals lived in New Mexico at the time. Groups including the

text: amblypods

text: carnivorans

text: condylarths

text: marsupials

text: multituberculates

text: , and

text: taeniodonts

text: . Other kinds of animal life included two kinds of crocodiles, fishes, snails relatives of the modern

text: tuatara

text: , and 16 kinds of turtle.

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answers: at least 42 different kinds

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic era

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Some species are partially terrestrial, such as baboons and patas monkeys, and a few species are fully terrestrial, such as geladas and humans. Non-human primates live in a diverse number of forested habitats in the tropical latitudes of Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and South America, including rainforests, mangrove forests, and montane forests. There are some examples of non-human primates that live outside of the tropics; the mountain-dwelling Japanese macaque lives in the north of Honshū where there is snow-cover eight months of the year; the Barbary macaque lives in the Atlas Mountains of Algeria and Morocco. Primate habitats span a range of altitudes: the black snub-nosed monkey has been found living in the Hengduan Mountains at altitudes of 4,700 meters (15,400 ft), the mountain gorilla can be found at 4,200 meters (13,200 ft) crossing the Virunga Mountains, and the gelada has been found at elevations of up to  in the Ethiopian Highlands. Although most species are generally shy of water, a few are good swimmers and are comfortable in swamps and watery areas, including the proboscis monkey, De Brazza's monkey and Allen's swamp monkey, which has developed small webbing between its fingers. Some primates, such as the rhesus macaque and gray langurs, can exploit human-modified environments and even live in cities.

text: Some species are partially

text: terrestrial

text: , such as

text: baboon

text: s and

text: patas monkey

text: s, and a few species are fully terrestrial, such as

text: gelada

text: s and

text: human

text: s. Non-human primates live in a diverse number of forested habitats in the tropical latitudes of Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and South America, including

text: rainforest

text: s,

text: mangrove

text: forests, and

text: montane forest

text: s. There are some examples of non-human primates that live outside of the tropics; the mountain-dwelling

text: Japanese macaque

text: lives in the north of

text: Honshū

text: where there is snow-cover eight months of the year; the

text: Barbary macaque

text: lives in the

text: Atlas Mountains

text: of Algeria and Morocco. Primate habitats span a range of altitudes: the

text: black snub-nosed monkey

text: has been found living in the

text: Hengduan Mountains

text: at altitudes of 4,700 meters (15,400 ft), the

text: mountain gorilla

text: can be found at 4,200 meters (13,200 ft) crossing the

text: Virunga Mountains

text: , and the gelada has been found at elevations of up to  in the

text: Ethiopian Highlands

text: . Although most species are generally shy of water, a few are good swimmers and are comfortable in swamps and watery areas, including the

text: proboscis monkey

text: De Brazza's monkey

text: and

text: Allen's swamp monkey

text: , which has developed small webbing between its fingers. Some primates, such as the

text: rhesus macaque

text: and gray langurs, can exploit human-modified environments and even live in cities.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: geladas

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answers: human-modified environments

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Some species are partially terrestrial

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answers: live in cities

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answers: humans

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answers: humans

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answers: gray langurs

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answers: geladas

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Some primates can exploit human-modified environments and even live in cities

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The museum has a unique collection of casts of the original human fossils which represent the evolution of the hominids in general and that of the Neanderthals in particular. This cast collection, prepared on the basis of finds from various excavated sites in the world, was facilitated by the donations given by Alfred Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation.

text: The museum has a unique collection of casts of the original human fossils which represent the evolution of the

text: hominids

text: in general and that of the Neanderthals in particular. This cast collection, prepared on the basis of finds from various excavated sites in the world, was facilitated by the donations given by Alfred Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation.

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answers: Neanderthals

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answers: the ice

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Serial recall is the ability to recall items or events in the order in which they occurred.  The ability of humans to store items in memory and recall them is important to the use of language.  Imagine recalling the different parts of a sentence, but in the wrong order.  The ability to recall in serial order has been found not only in humans, but in a number of non-human primate species and some non-primates.  Imagine mixing up the order of phonemes, or meaningful units of sound, in a word so that "slight" becomes "style."  Serial-order also helps us remember the order of events in our lives, our autobiographical memories.  Our memory of our past appears to exist on a continuum on which more recent events are more easily remembered in order.

text: Serial recall is the ability to recall items or events in the order in which they occurred.  The ability of humans to store items in memory and recall them is important to the use of language.  Imagine recalling the different parts of a sentence, but in the wrong order.  The ability to recall in serial order has been found not only in humans, but in a number of non-human primate species and some non-primates.  Imagine mixing up the order of

text: phonemes

text: , or meaningful units of sound, in a word so that "slight" becomes "style."  Serial-order also helps us remember the order of events in our lives, our autobiographical memories.  Our memory of our past appears to exist on a continuum on which more recent events are more easily remembered in order.

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answers: primate species

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answers: continuum

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answers: It has not been proven

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answers: recall items or events

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answers: The ability to recall items or events in the order in which they occurred

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answers: a continuum

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Altai mountains were home to the Denisovan branch of hominids who were contemporaries of Neanderthals and of Homo Sapiens (modern humans), descended from Hominids who reached Asia earlier than modern humans. The Denisova hominin, dated to 40,000 years ago, was discovered in the Denisova Cave of the Altai mountains in southern Siberia in 2008. Knowledge of the Denisovan humans derives primarily from DNA evidence and artifacts, as no complete skeletons have yet been recovered. DNA evidence has been unusually well preserved because of the low average temperature in the Denisova caves. The same cave has uncovered Neanderthal bones, and tools made by Homo sapiens, making it the only known locale in the world where all three hominids are known to have lived.

text: The Altai mountains were home to the

text: Denisovan

text: branch of

text: hominid

text: s who were contemporaries of

text: Neanderthals

text: and of

text: Homo Sapiens

text: (modern humans), descended from Hominids who reached Asia earlier than modern humans. The

text: Denisova hominin

text: , dated to 40,000 years ago, was discovered in the

text: Denisova Cave

text: of the Altai mountains in southern Siberia in 2008. Knowledge of the Denisovan humans derives primarily from DNA evidence and artifacts, as no complete skeletons have yet been recovered. DNA evidence has been unusually well preserved because of the low average temperature in the Denisova caves. The same cave has uncovered Neanderthal bones, and tools made by Homo sapiens, making it the only known locale in the world where all three hominids are known to have lived.

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answers: no complete skeletons have yet been recovered

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answers: Asia

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Classical figures have not discussed the subject as it has only come up in the 19th century. Contemporaries have come up with several distinct stances. One stance is that adaptation, or evolution on a micro scale, is accepted within a species, but cross-species evolution, that is evolution from one species into another species, is not as the human beginning is considered to be miraculous. However, this traditional thought would not conflict with the view that human-like beings could have been created around the same time as human beings, which, in this view, would explain the fossil records that look human but are not. Another stance is that since evolution is the simplest explanation it is the most reasonable to accept under the condition that it is not random but occurs only with the permission of God every step of the way. One particular argument that supports the idea that evolution is possible is the one stating that in that the stages of human development in evolution are akin to the distinct stages of development acknowledged in the Koran. The final stance completely rejects cross-species evolution across all organisms, but approves of adaptation (micro evolution).

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answers: 19th century

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answers: It has only come up

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answers: Humans evolved about 200,000 years ago.

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answers: within a species

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Agustín Fuentes is an American primatologist and biological anthropologist whose work focuses largely on human and non-human primate interaction, pathogen transfer, communication, cooperation, and human social evolution.

text: Agustín Fuentes is an American

text: primatologist

text: and biological anthropologist whose work focuses largely on human and non-human primate interaction, pathogen transfer, communication, cooperation, and human social evolution.

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text: This is, geologically speaking, rather a young group, having evolved from the Late Paleocene in the Cenozoic Era.

text: This is, geologically speaking, rather a young group, having evolved from the Late

text: Paleocene

text: in the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era.

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text: According to the savanna-based theory, hominines descended from the trees and adapted to life on the savanna by walking erect on two feet. The theory suggests that early hominids were forced to adapt to bipedal locomotion on the open savanna after they left the trees. This theory is closely related to the knuckle-walking hypothesis, which states that human ancestors used quadrupedal locomotion on the savanna, as  evidenced by morphological characteristics found in Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis forelimbs, and that it is less parsimonious to assume that knuckle walking developed twice in genera Pan and Gorilla instead of evolving it once as synapomorphy for Pan and Gorilla before losing it in Australopithecus. The evolution of an orthograde posture would have been very helpful on a savanna as it would allow the ability to look over tall grasses in order to watch out for predators, or terrestrially hunt and sneak up on prey. It was also suggested in P.E. Wheeler's "The evolution of bipedality and loss of functional body hair in hominids", that a possible advantage of bipedalism in the savanna was reducing the amount of surface area of the body exposed to the sun, helping regulate body temperature. In fact, Elizabeth Vrba’s turnover pulse hypothesis supports the savanna-based theory by explaining the shrinking of forested areas due to global warming and cooling, which forced animals out into the open grasslands and caused the need for hominids to acquire bipedality.

text: According to the savanna-based theory,

text: hominines

text: Elizabeth Vrba

text: ’s

text: turnover pulse hypothesis

text: supports the savanna-based theory by explaining the shrinking of forested areas due to global warming and cooling, which forced animals out into the open grasslands and caused the need for hominids to acquire bipedality.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: The timeline of human evolution outlines the major events in the development of the human species, Homo sapiens, and the evolution of human ancestors. It includes brief explanations of some of the species, genera, and the higher ranks of taxa that are seen today as possible ancestors of modern humans.

text: The timeline of human evolution outlines the major events in the development of the

text: human

text: species

text: Homo sapiens

text: , and the

text: evolution

text: of human ancestors. It includes brief explanations of some of the

text: species

text: genera

text: , and the

text: higher ranks of taxa

text: that are seen today as possible ancestors of modern humans.

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answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: The structure was originally depicted by Tiedemann, and later by Knox in the early 19th century, but it was John Struthers was the first to draw attention to this structure in 1848 as a "peculiar process" that bore curious resemblance to anatomy that he had seen in cats.  This observation was one of many that Struthers made in subsequent investigations of vestigial and rudimentary structures, and in sharing these observations with his contemporary, Charles Darwin, provided significant evidence for the theories of evolution. Charles Darwin took the ligament to mean that humans and other mammals had a common ancestor, and used Struthers' work as evidence in Chapter 1 of his Descent of Man (1871).  Struthers went on to create an museum of Comparative Anatomy filled with zoological specimens to illustrate Darwin's theory of common descent.

text: The structure was originally depicted by Tiedemann, and later by Knox in the early 19th century, but it was

text: John Struthers

text: was the first to draw attention to this structure in 1848 as a "peculiar process" that bore curious resemblance to anatomy that he had seen in cats.  This observation was one of many that Struthers made in subsequent investigations of vestigial and rudimentary structures, and in sharing these observations with his contemporary, Charles Darwin, provided significant evidence for the theories of evolution.

text: Charles Darwin

text: took the ligament to mean that humans and other mammals had a

text: common ancestor

text: , and used Struthers' work as evidence in Chapter 1 of his

entity_name: The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

text: Descent of Man

text: (1871).  Struthers went on to create an museum of Comparative Anatomy filled with zoological specimens to illustrate Darwin's theory of common descent.

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answers: common descent

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answers: ligament

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The ACC is a relatively ancient cortical region, and is involved with many autonomic functions, including motor and digestive functions, while also playing a role in the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate. Significant olfactory and gustatory capabilities of the ACC and fronto-insular cortex appear to have been usurped, during recent evolution, to serve enhanced roles related to higher cognitionranging from planning and self-awareness to role playing and deception. The diminished olfactory function of humans, compared to other primates, may be related to the fact that spindle cells located at crucial neural network hubs have only two dendrites rather than many, resulting in reduced neurological integration.

text: The ACC is a relatively ancient cortical region, and is involved with many

text: autonomic

text: functions, including motor and digestive functions, while also playing a role in the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate. Significant

text: olfactory

text: and

text: gustatory

text: capabilities of the ACC and fronto-insular cortex appear to have been usurped, during recent evolution, to serve enhanced roles related to higher cognitionranging from planning and self-awareness to role playing and deception. The diminished olfactory function of humans, compared to other primates, may be related to the fact that spindle cells located at crucial neural network hubs have only two dendrites rather than many, resulting in reduced neurological integration.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Neoteny has been important to human evolution, because it has increased the maturation period and the size of the human brain. Two to three million years ago, there was an "incomplete segmental duplication of [the] ancestral SRGAP2" gene in the ancestors of humans. This new gene, SRGAC2, slowed spine maturation and allowed for more neuronal migration. As a result, the dendrite spines increased in number and length, and they became "more complex". This accounts for the greater synaptic densities in humans when compared to other primates and rodents.

text: Neoteny has been important to human evolution, because it has increased the maturation period and the size of the human brain. Two to three million years ago, there was an "incomplete segmental duplication of [the] ancestral SRGAP2" gene in the ancestors of humans. This new gene, SRGAC2, slowed spine maturation and allowed for more neuronal migration. As a result, the

text: dendrite

text: spines increased in number and length, and they became "more complex". This accounts for the greater

text: synaptic

text: densities in humans when compared to other

text: primate

text: s and

text: rodent

text: s.

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answers: rodents

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answers: Two to three million years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: No

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answers: walk

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answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_004865

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answers: NDQ_004866

answers: SRGAP2

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: ancestors

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answers: Two to three million years ago

answers: NDQ_004869

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Further than the basic scientific theory of evolution (notably neo-darwinian, Evolutive Humanism, developed by Richard Dawkins and Stephen Jay Gould),  looks at the necessity for Man of a permanent adaptation of both his organism and his thoughts to his universal environment. And from there to the relativized relation to belief and to uncertainty, because human ideas evolve and are transformed, as are physical qualities, in a universal process of evolution and adaptive improvement in their environment. But this does not suppose determinism, genetic or cultural, it refers to the evolutive interactivity and reactivity, partly random, of the living being with his surroundings. According to Marc Carl, "Man must necessarily learn to manage the insufficient appearance and the uncertainty of information to fit and to develop in his relational interactions with his environment, as well as physically and culturally". In a universal environment still as much as 90% unknown, this evolutive cogitation therefore tries not to be locked in premature schemata and answers. It encourages humility in proposals and intuitive boldness in investigations.A subjacent humanist thought encourages human beings to deliberately take his destiny in his hands, in careful correlation with his environment, knowing that human thought is one of the most impacting manifestations of the living being, as an agent of transformation of the environment, and consequently not only of the Earth's environment. In terms of philosophy of evolution, the organized collective thought of humanity, and in general his evolutive culture, appears as the key to development of our species in its universal environment, and the key to a possibly significant interactive modification, in the long term, of this environment. It is principally a prospective step.

text: Further than the basic

text: scientific theory

text: of evolution (notably neo-

text: darwinian

text: , Evolutive Humanism, developed by

text: Richard Dawkins

text: and

text: Stephen Jay Gould

text: ),  looks at the necessity for Man of a permanent adaptation of both his organism and his thoughts to his universal

text: environment

text: . And from there to the relativized relation to belief and to uncertainty, because human ideas evolve and are transformed, as are physical qualities, in a universal process of

text: evolution

text: and adaptive improvement in their environment. But this does not suppose

text: determinism

text: , genetic or cultural, it refers to the evolutive interactivity and reactivity, partly random, of the living being with his surroundings. According to

text: Marc Carl

text: , "Man must necessarily learn to manage the insufficient appearance and the uncertainty of information to fit and to develop in his relational interactions with his environment, as well as physically and culturally". In a universal environment still as much as 90% unknown, this evolutive cogitation therefore tries not to be locked in premature schemata and answers. It encourages humility in proposals and intuitive boldness in investigations.A subjacent humanist thought encourages human beings to deliberately take his destiny in his hands, in careful correlation with his environment, knowing that human thought is one of the most impacting manifestations of the living being, as an agent of transformation of the environment, and consequently not only of the Earth's environment. In terms of philosophy of evolution, the organized collective thought of humanity, and in general his evolutive culture, appears as the key to development of our

text: species

text: in its universal environment, and the key to a possibly significant interactive modification, in the long term, of this environment. It is principally a prospective step.

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answers: darwinian

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answers: It is principally a prospective step

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answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The basic scientific theory of evolution

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answers: evolution

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answers: evolution

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answers: Evolutive Humanism

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answers: Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Bailey described a concept of racial differentiation that posited a division of humanity into races that are on different levels in a "ladder of evolution". These '"races" do not represent a national or physical type but a stage of evolution. For example, she states that the Aryan root race (or '5th race'), is an "emerging new race" and so a relative new evolutionary phenomena.  The term "Aryan" as used by her has a different meaning than a separative or racist use of the word. She stated that this newer type is forming in every land but primarily in lands where Caucasian peoples are found and indicates a culture where thought or intellect is dominant. Bailey considered the Aryan race to be determined by a state of consciousness rather than by genetic or racial traits.  She stated that as evolution proceeds, things are accelerated and humanity will soon be predominantly distinguished by the Aryan consciousness. "I speak not in terms of the Aryan race as it is generally understood today or in its Nordic implications.” In her book Education in the New Age, Bailey made predictions about the use of this esoteric racial concept in the schools of the future and that these schools would incorporate the idea of "root races".  These "races" are a way of conceptualizing evolution as it occurs over vast prehistoric spans of time, and during which humanity developed body (Lemurian), emotion (Atlantean), and mind (Aryan).  She states that there is now being developed a "new race" with a spiritual dimension that expresses as "group qualities and consciousness and idealistic vision". However, she stated that this new development may take many thousands of years and may therefore not be the quick advance some of her New Age followers wish for. In her The Destiny of the Nations, Bailey described a process by which this "new race" will evolve, after which "very low grade human bodies will disappear, causing a general shift in the racial types toward a higher standard."  For Bailey, the evolution of humanity was intimately bound up with its relationship to this Spiritual Hierarchy. She believed that the influences of religions, philosophies, sciences, educational movements, and human culture in general are the result of this relationship.

text: Bailey described a concept of racial differentiation that posited a division of humanity into races that are on different levels in a "ladder of evolution". These '"races" do not represent a national or physical type but a stage of evolution. For example, she states that the

text: Aryan

text: root race

text: New Age

text: followers wish for. In her The Destiny of the Nations, Bailey described a process by which this "new race" will evolve, after which "very low grade human bodies will disappear, causing a general shift in the racial types toward a higher standard."  For Bailey, the evolution of humanity was intimately bound up with its relationship to this Spiritual Hierarchy. She believed that the influences of religions, philosophies, sciences, educational movements, and human culture in general are the result of this relationship.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: Lemurian

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answers: Aryan

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Biological Anthropology and Physical Anthropology are synonymous terms to describe anthropological research focused on the study of humans and non-human primates in their biological, evolutionary, and demographic dimensions. It examines the biological and social factors that have affected the evolution of humans and other primates, and that generate, maintain or change contemporary genetic and physiological variation.

text: Biological Anthropology and Physical Anthropology are synonymous terms to describe anthropological research focused on the study of humans and non-human primates in their biological, evolutionary, and demographic dimensions. It examines the biological and social factors that have affected the evolution of humans and other primates, and that generate, maintain or change contemporary genetic and physiological variation.

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answers: non-human primates

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answers: carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Hominid species that lived 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago. Continuing the pattern of hominid dental morphological evolution, ergaster had a less prognathic face, smaller dental arcade. The mandibular symphysis is also shown to have grown.  In general the dentition, is very similar to that of Homo erectus.

text: Hominid species that lived 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago. Continuing the pattern of hominid dental morphological evolution, ergaster had a less prognathic face, smaller dental arcade. The mandibular symphysis is also shown to have grown.  In general the dentition, is very similar to that of Homo erectus.

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text: Paleogenetics opens up many new possibilities for the study of hominid evolution and dispersion. By analyzing the genomes of hominid remains, their lineage can be traced back to from where they came, or from where they share a common ancestor. The Denisova hominid, a species of hominid found in Siberia from which DNA was able to be extracted, may show signs of having genes that are not found in any Neanderthal nor Homo sapiens genome, possibly representing a new lineage or species of hominid.

text: Paleogenetics opens up many new possibilities for the study of hominid evolution and dispersion. By analyzing the genomes of

text: hominid

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text: Denisova hominid

text: , a species of hominid found in

text: Siberia

text: from which DNA was able to be extracted, may show signs of having genes that are not found in any Neanderthal nor

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text: genome, possibly representing a new lineage or species of hominid.

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text: She was a former editor-in-chief of the journal Evolution and Human Behavior along with Daly, and served as president of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society.

text: She was a former

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text: Palaeoarchaeology (or paleoarcheology) is the archaeology of deep time. Paleoarchaeologists' studies focus on hominid fossils ranging from 15,000,000 to 10,000 years ago, and  emphasize human evolution and how humans have adapted to the environment in the past few million years.

text: Palaeoarchaeology (or paleoarcheology) is the

text: archaeology

text: of

text: deep time

text: . Paleoarchaeologists' studies focus on hominid fossils ranging from 15,000,000 to 10,000 years ago, and  emphasize human evolution and how humans have adapted to the environment in the past few million years.

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answers: hominid

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answers: 10,000 years ago

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text: The Dunajec River Gorge represents the main stages of geological and geomorphological evolution of mountain terrain from the early Cenozoic era to the Quaternary period including tectonic movement, geological structure, petrographic composition and proportion of rocks.

text: The Dunajec River Gorge represents the main stages of geological and geomorphological evolution of mountain terrain from the early

text: Cenozoic

text: era to the

text: Quaternary period

text: including tectonic movement, geological structure,

text: petrographic

text: composition and proportion of rocks.

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answer: No

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text: Wilson then moved to the University of California, Berkeley, to pursue his doctoral research. At the time the family thought Allan would only be gone two years. Instead, Wilson remained in the United States, gaining his PhD at Berkeley in 1961 under the direction of biochemist Arthur Pardee for work on the regulation of flavin biosynthesis in bacteria. From 1961 to 1964, Wilson studied as a post-doc under biochemist Nathan O. Kaplan at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts.  In Kaplan's lab, working with lactate and malate dehydrogenases, Wilson was first introduced to the nascent field of molecular evolution.  Nate Kaplan was one of the very earliest pioneers to address phylogenetic problems with evidence from protein molecules, an approach that Wilson later famously applied to human evolution and primate relationships. After Brandeis, Wilson returned to Berkeley where he set up his own lab in the Biochemistry department, remaining there for the rest of his life.

text: Wilson then moved to the

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: , to pursue his doctoral research. At the time the family thought Allan would only be gone two years. Instead, Wilson remained in the United States, gaining his PhD at Berkeley in 1961 under the direction of biochemist

text: Arthur Pardee

text: for work on the regulation of

text: flavin

text: biosynthesis in bacteria. From 1961 to 1964, Wilson studied as a post-doc under biochemist

text: Nathan O. Kaplan

text: at

text: Brandeis University

text: in Waltham, Massachusetts.  In Kaplan's lab, working with

text: lactate

text: and

text: malate dehydrogenase

text: s, Wilson was first introduced to the nascent field of molecular evolution.  Nate Kaplan was one of the very earliest pioneers to address phylogenetic problems with evidence from protein molecules, an approach that Wilson later famously applied to human evolution and primate relationships. After Brandeis, Wilson returned to Berkeley where he set up his own lab in the Biochemistry department, remaining there for the rest of his life.

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text: In the context of modern theistic evolution, "hominization" refers to the theory that there was a point at which a population of hominids who had (or may have) evolved by a process of evolution acquired souls and thus (with their descendants) became fully human in theological terms.  This group might be restricted to Adam and Eve, or indeed to Mitochondrial Eve, although versions of the theory allow for larger populations. The point at which this occurred should essentially be the same as in paleoanthropology and archeology, but theological discussion of the matter tends to concentrate on the theoretical.  The term "special transformism" refers to theories of a divine intervention of some sort, achieving hominization.

text: In the context of modern

text: theistic evolution

text: , "hominization" refers to the theory that there was a point at which a population of

text: hominid

text: s who had (or may have) evolved by a process of

text: evolution

text: acquired souls and thus (with their descendants) became fully human in theological terms.  This group might be restricted to

text: Adam and Eve

text: , or indeed to

text: Mitochondrial Eve

text: , although versions of the theory allow for larger populations. The point at which this occurred should essentially be the same as in paleoanthropology and archeology, but theological discussion of the matter tends to concentrate on the theoretical.  The term "

text: special transformism

text: " refers to theories of a divine intervention of some sort, achieving hominization.

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answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolved by a process of evolution acquired souls

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: paleoanthropology and archeology

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Hominids

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Thus the fossil record of an evolutionary progression typically consists of species that suddenly appear, and ultimately disappear, in many cases close to a million years later, without any change in external appearance. Graphically, these fossil species are represented by horizontal lines, whose lengths depict how long each of them existed. The horizontality of the lines illustrates the unchanging appearance of each of the fossil species depicted on the graph. During each species' existence new species appear at random intervals, each also lasting many hundreds of thousands of years before disappearing without a change in appearance. The exact relatedness of these concurrent species is generally impossible to determine. This is illustrated in the following diagram depicting the evolution of modern humans from the time that the Hominins separated from the line that led to the evolution of our closest living primate relatives, the chimpanzees.

text: Thus the fossil record of an evolutionary progression typically consists of species that suddenly appear, and ultimately disappear, in many cases close to a million years later, without any change in external appearance. Graphically, these fossil species are represented by horizontal lines, whose lengths depict how long each of them existed. The horizontality of the lines illustrates the unchanging appearance of each of the fossil species depicted on the graph. During each species' existence new species appear at random intervals, each also lasting many hundreds of thousands of years before disappearing without a change in appearance. The exact relatedness of these concurrent species is generally impossible to determine. This is illustrated in the following diagram depicting the

text: evolution of modern humans

text: from the time that the

text: Hominins

text: separated from the line that led to the evolution of our closest living primate relatives, the chimpanzees.

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answers: 0

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answers: 3

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answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominins

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominins

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Hominins

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominins

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the Hominins

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: It is generally impossible to determine

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: a million years

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A geologic era is a subdivision of geologic time that divides an eon into smaller units of time. The Phanerozoic Eon is divided into three such time frames: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic represent the major stages in the macroscopic fossil record. These eras are separated by catastrophic extinction boundaries, the P-T boundary between the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic and the K-T boundary between the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. There is evidence that catastrophic meteorite impacts played a role in demarcating the differences between the eras.

text: A geologic era is a subdivision of

text: geologic time

text: that divides an

text: eon

text: into smaller units of time. The

text: Phanerozoic

text: Eon is divided into three such time frames: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Cenozoic

text: represent the major stages in the macroscopic

text: fossil record

text: . These eras are separated by catastrophic

text: extinction

text: boundaries, the

text: P-T boundary

text: between the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic and the

text: K-T boundary

text: between the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. There is evidence that catastrophic

text: meteorite impact

text: s played a role in demarcating the differences between the eras.

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answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: catastrophic meteorite impacts

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: K-T boundary

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: It a forest from the Cenozoic era, the petrified wood is of primitive conifers and palm trees.

text: It a forest from the

text: Cenozoic

text: era, the

text: petrified wood

text: is of primitive conifers and palm trees.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The pollical palmar interosseous (PPIM) is absent in non-human primates and probably is an autapomorphic muscle unique to the human thumb (together with flexor pollicis longus) which probably evolved from the oblique portion of adductor pollicis.  In African apes, adductor pollicis is notably well-developed, with an origin on the carpus and its ligaments, and an insertion that has migrated distally, in some cases as far as the distal phalanx.  The insertion of the PPIM into the extensor mechanism is likely to have evolved with tool usage in early hominids. As comparative anatomy studies of the human PPIM strongly suggest that the muscle is evolutionarily derived from the adductor pollicis, it has been proposed that PPIM should be designated by the name musculus adductor pollicis accessorius, which indicates that the muscle is most likely a de novo structure derived from the adductor pollicis.

text: The pollical palmar interosseous (PPIM) is absent in non-human

text: primate

text: s and probably is an

text: autapomorphic

text: muscle unique to the human thumb (together with

text: flexor pollicis longus

text: ) which probably evolved from the oblique portion of adductor pollicis.  In African apes, adductor pollicis is notably well-developed, with an origin on the carpus and its ligaments, and an insertion that has migrated distally, in some cases as far as the distal phalanx.  The insertion of the PPIM into the extensor mechanism is likely to have evolved with tool usage in early hominids. As comparative anatomy studies of the human PPIM strongly suggest that the muscle is evolutionarily derived from the adductor pollicis, it has been proposed that PPIM should be designated by the name musculus adductor pollicis accessorius, which indicates that the muscle is most likely a de novo structure derived from the adductor pollicis.

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answers: African apes

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answers: It has been suggested that the muscle is evolutionarily derived from the adductor pollicis

answers: NDQ_004863

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answers: The pollical palmar interosseous (PPIM)

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The evolution of Rhinocerotidae follows a very similar pattern to the evolution of the Equidae, both being facets of the evolution of mammalian herbivores during the Cenozoic. The overall pattern is based on the evolutionary development of grass and grassland, and further the changing distribution of C and C types of plant metabolism, so-called because they generate a molecule containing three or four Carbon atoms by different metabolic pathways (sequences of chemical reactions).

text: The evolution of Rhinocerotidae follows a very similar pattern to the evolution of the

text: Equidae

text: , both being facets of the evolution of mammalian herbivores during the

text: Cenozoic

text: . The overall pattern is based on the evolutionary development of grass and

text: grassland

text: , and further the changing distribution of

text: C

text: and

text: C

text: types of plant metabolism, so-called because they generate a molecule containing three or four

text: Carbon

text: atoms by different metabolic pathways (sequences of chemical reactions).

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answers: no

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: mammalian herbivores

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answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Hominids started using primitive stone tools millions of years ago. The earliest stone tools were little more than a fractured rock, but approximately 75,000 years ago, pressure flaking provided a way to make much finer work.

text: Hominids started using primitive stone tools millions of years ago. The earliest stone tools were little more than a fractured rock, but approximately 75,000 years ago,

text: pressure flaking

text: provided a way to make much finer work.

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answers: Hominid

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answers: 75,000 years ago

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answers: Hominids

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answers: Hominids

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answers: Hominids

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answers: Hominids

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answers: carved stone figurines

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answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In humans, the lips are important for the production of stops and fricatives, in addition to vowels. Nothing, however, suggests that the lips evolved for those reasons. During primate evolution, a shift from nocturnal to diurnal activity in tarsiers, monkeys and apes (the haplorhines) brought with it an increased reliance on vision at the expense of olfaction. As a result, the snout became reduced and the rhinarium or "wet nose" was lost. The muscles of the face and lips consequently became less constrained, enabling their co-option to serve purposes of facial expression. The lips also became thicker. "Hence", according to one major authority, "the evolution of mobile, muscular lips, so important to human speech, was the exaptive result of the evolution of diurnality and visual communication in the common ancestor of haplorhines". It is unclear whether our lips have undergone more recent adaptation to the specific requirements of speech.

text: In humans, the lips are important for the production of

text: stops

text: and

text: fricatives

text: , in addition to

text: vowel

text: s. Nothing, however, suggests that the lips evolved for those reasons. During primate evolution, a shift from nocturnal to diurnal activity in

text: tarsier

text: s, monkeys and apes (the

text: haplorhines

text: ) brought with it an increased reliance on vision at the expense of olfaction. As a result, the snout became reduced and the

text: rhinarium

text: or "wet nose" was lost. The muscles of the face and lips consequently became less constrained, enabling their co-option to serve purposes of facial expression. The lips also became thicker. "Hence", according to one major authority, "the evolution of mobile, muscular lips, so important to human speech, was the exaptive result of the evolution of diurnality and visual communication in the common ancestor of haplorhines". It is unclear whether our lips have undergone more recent adaptation to the specific requirements of speech.

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text: In the Evolution mode players purchase and race cars in a series of tournaments and club meeting events. Each is divided into three eras: Classic Era, Golden Era, and Modern Era. Players start from the introduction of the Porsche 356 1100 to the debut of the Porsche 911 Turbo (996). Most tournaments differ in difficulty level, the fee for entry, and the number of tracks and course types.

text: In the Evolution mode players purchase and race cars in a series of tournaments and club meeting events. Each is divided into three eras: Classic Era, Golden Era, and Modern Era. Players start from the introduction of the Porsche 356 1100 to the debut of the Porsche 911 Turbo (996). Most tournaments differ in difficulty level, the fee for entry, and the number of tracks and course types.

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: Several revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term "hominid" to vary over time. Its original meaning referred only to humans (Homo) and their closest non-extant relatives. That restrictive meaning has now been largely assumed by the term "hominin", which comprises all members of the human clade after the split from the chimpanzees (Pan). (See below, for a fuller discussion of related and very similar terms, at Terminology.) The current, 21st-century meaning of "hominid" refers to all the great apes including humans. Usage still varies, however, and some scientists and laypersons still use "hominid" in the original restrictive sense; the scholarly literature generally shows the traditional usage until around the turn of the 21st century.

text: Several revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term "hominid" to vary over time. Its original meaning referred only to humans (Homo) and their closest non-extant relatives. That restrictive meaning has now been largely assumed by the term "

text: hominin

text: ", which comprises all members of the human clade after the split from the chimpanzees (Pan). (See below, for a fuller discussion of related and very similar terms, at

text: Terminology

text: .) The current, 21st-century meaning of "hominid" refers to all the great apes including humans. Usage still varies, however, and some scientists and laypersons still use "hominid" in the original restrictive sense; the scholarly literature generally shows the traditional usage until around the turn of the 21st century.

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answers: "hominid" refers to all the great apes

answers: NDQ_004868

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: This cultural trend seems to have emerged because the concept of progressive permanent adaptation, which is no longer appreciated only by its scientific aspects, also took a metaphysical dimension (in a sense of research of the essence of the human), which consequently encourages analysis of human evolution, an agent which potentially modifies our environment, in philosophical terms. The possibilities and the risks of this evolution, non-deterministic because of its integration into a dynamic complex living system, gives the human existence and destiny a new sense. And to be involved in such a cogitation opens a philosophical way in which curious minds could not miss advancing sooner or later, a way which rests on a regenerated metaphysics, encouraging us to take back in an evolutive way Aristoteles original concept of physis and its substance, and to search with modern conceptual tools the essence and the sense of our life.

text: This cultural trend seems to have emerged because the concept of progressive permanent adaptation, which is no longer appreciated only by its scientific aspects, also took a metaphysical dimension (in a sense of research of the essence of the human), which consequently encourages analysis of

text: human evolution

text: , an agent which potentially modifies our environment, in philosophical terms. The possibilities and the risks of this evolution,

text: non-deterministic

text: because of its integration into a dynamic complex living system, gives the human existence and destiny a new sense. And to be involved in such a cogitation opens a philosophical way in which curious minds could not miss advancing sooner or later, a way which rests on a regenerated

text: metaphysics

text: , encouraging us to take back in an evolutive way Aristoteles original concept of physis and its substance, and to search with modern conceptual tools the essence and the sense of our life.

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text: The Cenozoic comprises the Palaeogene, Neogene and Quaternary periods (66 Ma–present).

text: The

text: Cenozoic

text: comprises the

text: Palaeogene

text: , Neogene and Quaternary periods (66 Ma–present).

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Glynn Isaac is best remembered for a series of papers and ideas which attempted to combine the available archeological record with models of both human behavior and a human activity from the standpoint of evolution. In the early 1970s Isaac published on the effect of social networks, gathering, meat eating and other factors on human evolution, and proposed a series of models to examine how groups of humans in the paleolithic would have engaged in acquiring the necessities of life, and interacting with each other. Isaac's models focused on a "home base" and the importance of sexual division of labor on hominid social organization.

text: Glynn Isaac is best remembered for a series of papers and ideas which attempted to combine the available archeological record with models of both human behavior and a human activity from the standpoint of

text: evolution

text: . In the early 1970s Isaac published on the effect of social networks, gathering, meat eating and other factors on human evolution, and proposed a series of models to examine how groups of humans in the paleolithic would have engaged in acquiring the necessities of life, and interacting with each other. Isaac's models focused on a "home base" and the importance of sexual division of labor on hominid social organization.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The evolution is the development of all entities in the cosmos, including humans, in order to attain their fulfillment, including the discovery of spiritual Delight, which was, and always is, the experience of the Source Creator. The evolution is the progressive development from the original inconscience of matter into life (movement, sensation, desire, etc. and living physical beings), and from thence to mind (in conscious animals and most especially humans - the self-conscious thinking animal), and from thence to spiritualized mind, culminating in The Supermind  or Truth Consciousness (as supramental individuals, and finally the  supramental, i.e. a divine life on earth.)

text: The evolution is the development of all entities in the

text: cosmos

text: , including

text: humans

text: , in order to attain their fulfillment, including the discovery of spiritual Delight, which was, and always is, the experience of the Source Creator. The evolution is the progressive development from the original inconscience of matter into life (movement, sensation, desire, etc. and living physical beings), and from thence to

text: mind

text: (in conscious animals and most especially humans - the self-conscious thinking animal), and from thence to spiritualized mind, culminating in

text: The Supermind

text: or Truth Consciousness (as supramental individuals, and finally the  supramental, i.e. a divine life on earth.)

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answer: 2

text: David Deutsch argues that the mediocrity principle is not actually correct from a physical point of view, either in reference to our part of the universe or to our species. Deutsch refers to Stephen Hawking's quote that "The human race is just a chemical scum on a moderate-sized planet, orbiting around a very average star in the outer suburb of one among a hundred billion galaxies", writing that our neighborhood in the universe is not typical (80% of the universe's matter is dark matter) and that a concentration of mass such as the Solar System is an "isolated, uncommon phenomenon". He also argues with Richard Dawkins' opinion that humans, as result of natural evolution, are limited to the capabilities of our species — Deutsch responds that even though evolution did not give humans the ability to detect neutrinos, scientists can currently detect them, significantly expanding their capabilities beyond what is available as a result of evolution.

text: David Deutsch

text: argues that the mediocrity principle is not actually correct from a physical point of view, either in reference to our part of the universe or to our species. Deutsch refers to

text: Stephen Hawking

text: 's quote that "The human race is just a chemical scum on a moderate-sized planet, orbiting around a very average star in the outer suburb of one among a hundred billion galaxies", writing that our neighborhood in the universe is not typical (80% of the universe's matter is

text: dark matter

text: ) and that a concentration of mass such as the Solar System is an "isolated, uncommon phenomenon". He also argues with

text: Richard Dawkins

text: ' opinion that humans, as result of natural evolution, are limited to the capabilities of our species — Deutsch responds that even though evolution did not give humans the ability to detect

text: neutrino

text: s, scientists can currently detect them, significantly expanding their capabilities beyond what is available as a result of evolution.

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answers: Richard Dawkins

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answers: natural evolution

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answers: no

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answers: walk

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answers: David Deutsch

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answers: human race

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answers: Deutsch

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answers: as result of natural evolution, are limited to the capabilities of our species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: David Deutsch

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: natural evolution

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Cenozoic is divided into three periods: the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary; and seven epochs: the Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene. The Quaternary Period was officially recognized by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in June 2009, and the former Tertiary Period was officially disused in 2004 because of the necessity to divide the Cenozoic into periods more like that of the previous Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. The common use of epochs during the Cenozoic helps paleontologists better organize and group the many significant events that occurred during this comparatively short interval of time. There is also more detailed knowledge of this era than any other because of the relatively young, well-preserved rocks associated with it.

text: The Cenozoic is divided into three periods: the

text: Paleogene

text: Neogene

text: , and

text: Quaternary

text: ; and seven epochs: the

text: Paleocene

text: Eocene

text: Oligocene

text: Miocene

text: Pliocene

text: Pleistocene

text: , and

text: Holocene

text: . The Quaternary Period was officially recognized by the

text: International Commission on Stratigraphy

text: in June 2009, and the former

text: Tertiary Period

text: was officially disused in 2004 because of the necessity to divide the Cenozoic into periods more like that of the previous Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. The common use of epochs during the Cenozoic helps

text: paleontologist

text: s better organize and group the many significant events that occurred during this comparatively short interval of time. There is also more detailed knowledge of this era than any other because of the relatively young, well-preserved rocks associated with it.

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answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Holocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Holocene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Holocene

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Neogene

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Homo erectus ("upright man") lived about  in West Asia and Africa and is thought to be the first hominid to hunt in coordinated groups, use complex tools, and care for infirm or weaker companions. Homo antecessor the earliest hominid in Northern Europe lived from 1.2 million to 800,000 years ago and used stone tools. Homo heidelbergensis lived between 600,000 and 400,000  years ago and used stone tool technology similar the Acheulean tools used by Homo erectus.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rightmire | first1 = G. P. | year = 1998 | title = Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene: The Role of Homo heidelbergensis | url = http://www.archeo.uw.edu.pl/zalaczniki/upload23.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Evolutionary Anthropology | volume = 6 | issue = 6| pages = 218–227 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:6

text: Homo erectus

text: ("upright man") lived about  in

text: West Asia

text: and

text: Africa

text: and is thought to be the first

text: hominid

text: to hunt in coordinated groups, use complex tools, and care for infirm or weaker companions.

text: Homo antecessor

text: the earliest hominid in Northern Europe lived from 1.2 million to 800,000 years ago and used stone tools.

text: Homo heidelbergensis

text: lived between 600,000 and 400,000  years ago and used stone tool technology similar the

text: Acheulean

text: tools used by

text: Homo erectus

text: .<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rightmire | first1 = G. P. | year = 1998 | title = Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene: The Role of Homo heidelbergensis | url = http://www.archeo.uw.edu.pl/zalaczniki/upload23.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Evolutionary Anthropology | volume = 6 | issue = 6| pages = 218–227 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:6

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: Homo antecessor

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Middle Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo heidelbergensis

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: hunt in coordinated groups

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo heidelbergensis

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo heidelbergensis

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo heidelbergensis

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Homo heidelbergensis lived between 600,000 and 400,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Middle Pleistocene

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Many modern insect genera developed during the Cenozoic. Insects from this period on are often found preserved in amber, often in perfect condition. The body plan, or morphology, of such specimens is thus easily compared with modern species. The study of fossilized insects is called paleoentomology.

text: Many modern insect

text: genera

text: developed during the Cenozoic. Insects from this period on are often found preserved in

text: amber

text: , often in perfect condition. The body plan, or

text: morphology

text: , of such specimens is thus easily compared with modern species. The study of fossilized insects is called

text: paleoentomology

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text: Gene–culture coevolution was developed to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution.

text: Gene–culture coevolution was developed to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: All of this more recent research has shown that primates possess cognitive abilities that many thought were too advanced for them. Tomasello firmly believes that the study of primate cognition should be continued and that in the next 30 years after these studies, many gray areas involving specific cognitive capabilities of non-human primates will be made clear. Additionally, he believes that increased research on primate cognition will reveal more about evolution and help explain what exactly makes human cognition so unique and special.

text: All of this more recent research has shown that primates possess cognitive abilities that many thought were too advanced for them. Tomasello firmly believes that the study of primate cognition should be continued and that in the next 30 years after these studies, many gray areas involving specific cognitive capabilities of non-human primates will be made clear. Additionally, he believes that increased research on primate cognition will reveal more about

text: evolution

text: and help explain what exactly makes human cognition so unique and special.

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answers: The study of primate cognition should be continued

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: "The goal is to reconstruct the history of every gene in the human genome," said Evan Eichler, University of Washington, Seattle. DNA from different branches of the primate tree will allow us "to trace back the evolutionary changes that occurred at various time points, leading from the common ancestors of the primate clade to Homo sapiens," said Bruce Lahn, University of Chicago.

text: "The goal is to reconstruct the history of every gene in the human genome," said

text: Evan Eichler

text: , University of Washington, Seattle. DNA from different branches of the primate tree will allow us "to trace back the evolutionary changes that occurred at various time points, leading from the common ancestors of the primate clade to Homo sapiens," said

text: Bruce Lahn

text: , University of Chicago.

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text: He studied lemurs and the insectivorous primates, as always concerning himself with evolutionary origins. From the 1920s he became involved in the study of marsupials, in 1947 developing his palimpsest theory by showing a connection between the monotremes and early reptiles. Around the early 1920s he also became interested in recent human evolution particularly after the discovery of the early African hominids. His specialist knowledge of mammalian dentition led him to pursue the same path with regard to human evolution and he came to be regarded as the world's leading expert on the evolution of human dentition, a reputation secured by the 1922 publication of The Evolution of the Human Dentition. However, he did initially think the hoax, Piltdown Man, likely to be genuine.

text: He studied

text: lemurs

text: and the insectivorous primates, as always concerning himself with evolutionary origins. From the 1920s he became involved in the study of

text: marsupial

text: s, in 1947 developing his palimpsest theory by showing a connection between the

text: monotreme

text: s and early reptiles. Around the early 1920s he also became interested in recent human evolution particularly after the discovery of the early African

text: hominid

text: s. His specialist knowledge of mammalian dentition led him to pursue the same path with regard to human evolution and he came to be regarded as the world's leading expert on the evolution of human dentition, a reputation secured by the 1922 publication of The Evolution of the Human Dentition. However, he did initially think the hoax,

text: Piltdown Man

text: , likely to be genuine.

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text: The Interior Plains continued to receive deposits from the eroding Rocky Mountains to the west and Appalachian and Ozark/Ouachita Mountains to the east and south throughout the most recent Era, the Cenozoic. The flatness of the Interior Plains is a reflection of the platform of mostly flat-lying marine and stream deposits laid down in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras.

text: The Interior Plains continued to receive deposits from the eroding Rocky Mountains to the west and Appalachian and Ozark/Ouachita Mountains to the east and south throughout the most recent Era, the Cenozoic. The flatness of the Interior Plains is a reflection of the platform of mostly flat-lying marine and stream deposits laid down in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras.

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: McGrew suggests a definition of culture that he finds scientifically useful for studying primate culture. He points out that scientists do not have access to the subjective thoughts or knowledge of non-human primates. Thus, if culture is defined in terms of knowledge, then scientists are severely limited in their attempts to study primate culture. Instead of defining culture as a kind of knowledge, McGrew suggests that we view culture as a process. He lists six steps in the process:

text: McGrew suggests a definition of culture that he finds scientifically useful for studying primate culture. He points out that scientists do not have access to the subjective thoughts or knowledge of non-human primates. Thus, if culture is defined in terms of knowledge, then scientists are severely limited in their attempts to study primate culture. Instead of defining culture as a kind of knowledge, McGrew suggests that we view culture as a process. He lists six steps in the process:

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answers: It is not known

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answers: McGrew suggests that we view culture as a process

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answers: glaciers

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Footsteps Through Time: This exhibit displays Bone Clones replicas of skulls and reconstructions of early hominids, arranged to show the timeline of human evolution.  The reconstructions include Lucy, the Taung Child, Zinj, Mrs. Ples, and a replica of a Neanderthal skeleton based on the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Old Man.  A small reconstruction of a cave allows visitors to walk into the habitat of Cro-Magnon man, and view the bones of their kills and replicas of their cave paintings. The Primate Hall and Human Lab are also a part of the exhibit.

text: Footsteps Through Time: This exhibit displays

text: Bone Clones

text: replicas of skulls and reconstructions of early hominids, arranged to show the timeline of human evolution.  The reconstructions include

text: Lucy

text: , the

text: Taung Child

text: Zinj

text: Mrs. Ples

text: , and a replica of a

text: Neanderthal

text: skeleton based on the La Chapelle-aux-Saints

text: Old Man

text: .  A small reconstruction of a cave allows visitors to walk into the habitat of

text: Cro-Magnon

text: man, and view the bones of their kills and replicas of their

text: cave painting

text: s. The Primate Hall and Human Lab are also a part of the exhibit.

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text: The R class reflected an ongoing evolution of VR locomotive design and a response to the changing operational environment of the VR in the postwar era.

text: The R class reflected an ongoing evolution of VR locomotive design and a response to the changing operational environment of the VR in the postwar era.

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text: Lewis Wolpert argues that causal beliefs that emerged from tool use played a major role in the evolution of belief. The manufacture of complex tools requires creating a mental image of an object which does not exist naturally before actually making the artifact. Furthermore, one must understand how the tool would be used, that requires an understanding of causality. Accordingly, the level of sophistication of stone tools is a useful indicator of causal beliefs. Wolpert contends use of tools composed of more than one component, such as hand axes, represents an ability to understand cause and effect.   However, recent studies of other primates indicate that causality may not be a uniquely human trait.   For example, chimpanzees have been known to escape from pens closed with multiple latches, which was previously thought could only have been figured out by humans who understood causality.  Chimpanzees are also known to mourn the dead, and notice things that have only aesthetic value, like sunsets, both of which may be considered to be components of religion or spirituality.The difference between the comprehension of causality by humans and chimpanzees is one of degree. The degree of comprehension in an animal depends upon the size of the prefrontal cortex: the greater the size of the prefrontal cortex the deeper the comprehension.

text: Lewis Wolpert

text: argues that causal beliefs that emerged from tool use played a major role in the evolution of belief. The manufacture of complex tools requires creating a mental image of an object which does not exist naturally before actually making the artifact. Furthermore, one must understand how the tool would be used, that requires an understanding of

text: causality

text: . Accordingly, the level of sophistication of stone tools is a useful indicator of causal beliefs. Wolpert contends use of tools composed of more than one component, such as hand axes, represents an ability to understand cause and effect.   However, recent studies of other primates indicate that causality may not be a uniquely human trait.   For example, chimpanzees have been known to escape from pens closed with multiple latches, which was previously thought could only have been figured out by humans who understood causality.  Chimpanzees are also known to mourn the dead, and notice things that have only aesthetic value, like sunsets, both of which may be considered to be components of religion or spirituality.The difference between the comprehension of causality by humans and chimpanzees is one of degree. The degree of comprehension in an animal depends upon the size of the prefrontal cortex: the greater the size of the prefrontal cortex the deeper the comprehension.

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answers: Chimpanzees are also known to mourn the dead, and notice things that have only aesthetic value

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answer: No

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text: Scientific study of human evolution is concerned, primarily, with the development of the genus Homo (extant and extinct human species), but usually involves studying other hominids as well, i.e. other "great apes"; these include Australopithecus, an important ancestor of humans, and our current as well as extinct relatives among the Homininae subfamily: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and the related extinct hominins.

text: Scientific study of

text: human evolution

text: is concerned, primarily, with the development of the genus Homo (

text: extant

text: and extinct human species), but usually involves studying other

text: hominids

text: as well, i.e. other "great apes"; these include

text: Australopithecus

text: , an important ancestor of humans, and our current as well as extinct relatives among the

text: Homininae

text: subfamily:

text: chimpanzee

text: s,

text: bonobo

text: s,

text: gorilla

text: s, and the related extinct hominins.

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answers: Australopithecus

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1929, the first evidence, called Bennett Kamm, of the presence of ancient early human ancestors in Kenya was discovered when Louis Leakey unearthed 1 million year old Acheulian hand axes at Kariandusi in south west Kenya. Subsequently many species of early hominid have been discovered in Kenya. Maxim Stromeier is the oldest was found by Martin Pickford in the year 2000 and is the 6 million years old Orrorin tugenensis, named after the Tugen Hills where it was unearthed. It is the second oldest fossil hominid in the world after Sahelanthropus tchadensis.

text: In 1929, the first evidence, called Bennett Kamm, of the presence of ancient early human ancestors in Kenya was discovered when

text: Louis Leakey

text: unearthed 1 million year old

text: Acheulian

text: hand axes at

text: Kariandusi

text: in south west Kenya. Subsequently many species of early

text: hominid

text: have been discovered in Kenya. Maxim Stromeier is the oldest was found by

text: Martin Pickford

text: in the year 2000 and is the 6 million years old

text: Orrorin tugenensis

text: , named after the

text: Tugen Hills

text: where it was unearthed. It is the second oldest fossil hominid in the world after

text: Sahelanthropus tchadensis

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answers: Acheulian

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answers: Acheulian

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Acheulian

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answers: Maxim Stromeier

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answers: Maxim Stromeier

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: ancient early human ancestors

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Acheulian hand axes

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Tugen Hills

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: During the Upper Paleolithic Revolution, advancements in human intelligence and technology changed radically with the advent of Behavioral modernity between 60,000 and 30,000 years ago. Behavioral modernity is a set of traits that distinguish Homo sapiens from extinct hominid lineages. Homo sapiens reached full behavior modernity around 50,000 years ago due to a highly developed brain capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and problem solving.

text: During the

text: Upper Paleolithic Revolution

text: , advancements in human intelligence and technology changed radically with the advent of

text: Behavioral modernity

text: between 60,000 and 30,000 years ago.

text: Behavioral modernity

text: is a set of traits that distinguish

text: Homo sapiens

text: from extinct

text: hominid

text: lineages. Homo sapiens reached full behavior modernity around 50,000 years ago due to a

text: highly developed

text: brain

text: capable of abstract

text: reasoning

text: language

text: introspection

text: , and

text: problem solving

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answers: extinct hominid

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answers: introspection

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hominid lineages

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Devín Carpathians consist of Paleozoic era landforms (south-eastern part), Mesozoic era landforms, Cenozoic era landforms, the latter including Quaternary period landforms.

text: Devín Carpathians consist of

text: Paleozoic

text: era landforms (south-eastern part),

text: Mesozoic

text: era landforms,

text: Cenozoic

text: era landforms, the latter including

text: Quaternary

text: period landforms.

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answers: Quaternary period

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: At the beginning of the Palaeogene period of the Cenozoic era (66 to 23.8 million years ago) the formation of the Alps led to considerable tensions in the earth's crust, which, in their forelands to the north of the Alps, caused a bulge in the mantle and crust. At the apex of the arch so formed, there were considerable tensile stresses, so that the rock layers were stretched and about 35 million years ago, deep cracks and depressions in the earth's crust occurred (passive rifting). At the same time the sides of the newly created lowlands were uplifted, in the case of the Palatinate Forest, to a height of about 1000 metres.

text: At the beginning of the

text: Palaeogene

text: period of the

text: Cenozoic

text: era (66 to 23.8 million years ago) the formation of the

text: Alps

text: led to considerable tensions in the

text: earth's crust

text: , which, in their forelands to the north of the Alps, caused a bulge in the

text: mantle

text: and crust. At the apex of the arch so formed, there were considerable tensile stresses, so that the rock layers were stretched and about 35 million years ago, deep cracks and depressions in the earth's crust occurred (passive

text: rift

text: ing). At the same time the sides of the newly created lowlands were uplifted, in the case of the Palatinate Forest, to a height of about 1000 metres.

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answers: Cenozoic era

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answers: Palaeogene period

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answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Cenozoic Era formation can regionally overlie the Vaqueros Formation, and can regionally underlie the Martinez Formation or Tejon Formation.

text: The

text: Cenozoic Era

text: formation can regionally overlie the

text: Vaqueros Formation

text: , and can regionally underlie the

text: Martinez Formation

text: or

text: Tejon Formation

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: The Cenozoic Era

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answers: Cenozoic Era

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The order Primates, established by Linnaeus in 1758, includes humans and their immediate ancestors. However, contrarily to the common opinion, most primates do not have especially large brains. Brain size is a derived character, which only appeared with genus Homo, and was lacking in the first hominid. In fact, hominid encephalization quotient is only 1.5 Ma more recent than that of some dolphin species. The encephalization quotient of some cetaceans is therefore higher than that of most primates, including the nearest relatives of humans, such as Australopithecus.

text: The order Primates, established by

text: Linnaeus

text: in 1758, includes humans and their immediate ancestors. However, contrarily to the common opinion, most primates do not have especially large brains. Brain size is a derived character, which only appeared with genus

text: Homo

text: , and was lacking in the first

text: hominid

text: . In fact, hominid encephalization quotient is only 1.5

text: Ma

text: more recent than that of some dolphin species. The encephalization quotient of some

text: cetacean

text: s is therefore higher than that of most primates, including the nearest relatives of humans, such as

text: Australopithecus

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answers: Australopithecus

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answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was lacking in the first hominid

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answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: order Primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Teilhard's life work was predicated on the conviction that human spiritual development is moved by the same universal laws as material development.  He wrote, "...everything is the sum of the past" and "...nothing is comprehensible except through its history.  'Nature' is the equivalent of 'becoming', self-creation: this is the view to which experience irresistibly leads us. ...  There is nothing, not even the human soul, the highest spiritual manifestation we know of, that does not come within this universal law."  There is no doubt that The Phenomenon of Man represents Teilhard's attempt at reconciling his religious faith with his academic interests as a paleontologist. One particularly poignant observation in Teilhard's book entails the notion that evolution is becoming an increasingly optional process. Teilhard points to the societal problems of isolation and marginalization as huge inhibitors of evolution, especially since evolution requires a unification of consciousness. He states that "no evolutionary future awaits anyone except in association with everyone else." Teilhard argued that the human condition necessarily leads to the psychic unity of humankind, though he stressed that this unity can only be voluntary;  this voluntary psychic unity he termed "unanimization."  Teilhard also states that "evolution is an ascent toward consciousness", giving encephalization as an example of early stages, and therefore, signifies a continuous upsurge toward the Omega Point, which for all intents and purposes, is God.

text: Teilhard's life work was predicated on the conviction that human spiritual development is moved by the same universal laws as material development.  He wrote, "...everything is the sum of the past" and "...nothing is comprehensible except through its history.  'Nature' is the equivalent of 'becoming', self-creation: this is the view to which experience irresistibly leads us. ...  There is nothing, not even the human soul, the highest spiritual manifestation we know of, that does not come within this universal law."  There is no doubt that The Phenomenon of Man represents Teilhard's attempt at reconciling his religious

text: faith

text: with his academic interests as a

text: paleontologist

text: . One particularly poignant observation in Teilhard's book entails the notion that

text: evolution

text: is becoming an increasingly optional

text: process

text: . Teilhard points to the societal problems of

text: isolation

text: and

text: marginalization

text: as huge

text: inhibitor

text: s of evolution, especially since evolution requires a unification of

text: consciousness

text: . He states that "no evolutionary future awaits anyone except in association with everyone else." Teilhard argued that the human condition necessarily leads to the psychic unity of humankind, though he stressed that this unity can only be voluntary;  this voluntary psychic unity he termed "unanimization."  Teilhard also states that "evolution is an ascent toward consciousness", giving

text: encephalization

text: as an example of early stages, and therefore, signifies a continuous upsurge toward the

text: Omega Point

text: , which for all intents and purposes, is

text: God

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answers: dinosaurs

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answers: evolution is an ascent toward consciousness

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answers: It is impossible to say

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answers: The Phenomenon of Man

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answers: encephalization

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answers: the Omega Point

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The primate lineage is thought to go back at least 65 million years ago (mya), even though the oldest known primates from the fossil record date to the Late Paleocene of Africa (Altiatlasius) or the Paleocene-Eocene transition in the northern continents, c. 55 mya (Cantius, Donrussellia, Altanius, and Teilhardina). Other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-Cretaceous period, around 85 mya.

text: The primate lineage is thought to go back at least 65 million years ago (

text: mya

text: ), even though the oldest known primates from the fossil record date to the Late Paleocene of Africa (

text: Altiatlasius

text: ) or the Paleocene-Eocene transition in the northern continents, c. 55 mya (

text: Cantius

text: Donrussellia

text: Altanius

text: , and

text: Teilhardina

text: ). Other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-Cretaceous period, around 85 mya.

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answers: Cretaceous

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answers: Cretaceous period

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answers: the Late Paleocene

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answers: The primate lineage

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answers: Late Paleocene

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answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cretaceous

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Australopithecines are generally all species in the related Australopithecus and Paranthropus genera, and it typically includes Kenyanthropus, Ardipithecus, and Praeanthropus. All these related species are now sometimes collectively classified as a subtribe of the Hominini tribe called Australopithecina. They are the extinct, close relatives of humans and, with the extant genus Homo, comprise the human clade. Members of the human clade, i.e. the Hominini after the split from the chimpanzees, are now called hominins (see Hominidae; terms "hominids" and hominins).

text: Australopithecines are generally all species in the related

text: Australopithecus

text: and

text: Paranthropus

text: genera

text: , and it typically includes

text: Kenyanthropus

text: Ardipithecus

text: , and

text: Praeanthropus

text: . All these related species are now sometimes collectively classified as a subtribe of the

text: Hominini

text: tribe

text: called Australopithecina. They are the extinct, close relatives of

text: human

text: s and, with the extant genus

text: Homo

text: , comprise the human

text: clade

text: . Members of the human clade, i.e. the Hominini after the split from the chimpanzees, are now called

text: hominins

text: (see Hominidae;

text: terms "hominids" and hominins

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answers: Kenyanthropus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominini

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Hominini

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answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004865

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answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Hominini

answers: NDQ_004868

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answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Hominidae

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There is an academic debate on the time the first primates appeared. One of the earliest probable primate fossils is the problematic Altiatlasius koulchii, perhaps an Omomyid, but perhaps a non-Primate Plesiadapiform, which lived in Morocco, during the Paleocene, around 60 Ma. However, other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-Cretaceous period, around 85 Ma, that is to say, in the time previous to the extinction of dinosaurs and the successful mammal radiation. Nevertheless, there seems to be a consensus about the monophyletic origin of the order, although the evidence is not clear. There are no fossils known that can be directly linked to the living African apes, nor any that could be considered representative of the last common ancestor between them and humans.

text: There is an academic debate on the time the first primates appeared. One of the earliest probable primate fossils is the problematic

text: Altiatlasius koulchii

text: , perhaps an

text: Omomyid

text: , but perhaps a non-Primate

text: Plesiadapiform

text: , which lived in Morocco, during the

text: Paleocene

text: , around 60

text: Ma

text: . However, other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-

text: Cretaceous

text: period, around 85 Ma, that is to say, in the time previous to the extinction of dinosaurs and the successful mammal radiation. Nevertheless, there seems to be a consensus about the monophyletic origin of the order, although the evidence is not clear. There are no fossils known that can be directly linked to the living African apes, nor any that could be considered representative of the last common ancestor between them and humans.

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answers: African apes

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answers: Cretaceous period

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answers: no fossils known

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answers: around 85 Ma

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answers: the last common ancestor

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answers: Omomyid

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answers: The last common ancestor between them and humans

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answers: Altiatlasius koulchii

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answers: Cretaceous

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The deep layer of the precursor extensor mass is known to be phylogenetically unstable and is undergoing evolution as high variability is seen in non-human primates.  In humans, anomalous or additional muscles can be seen in small portion of population.

text: The deep layer of the precursor extensor mass is known to be phylogenetically unstable and is undergoing evolution as high variability is seen in non-human primates.  In humans, anomalous or additional muscles can be seen in small portion of population.

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answers: primates

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answers: extensor mass

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answers: no

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answers: humans

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answers: humans

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answers: non-human primates

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answers: small portion of population

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answers: non-human primates

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answers: extensor

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Lester Frank Ward (1841–1913), sometimes referred to as the "father" of American sociology, rejected many of Spencer's theories regarding the evolution of societies. Ward, who was also a botanist and a paleontologist, believed that the law of evolution functioned much differently in human societies than it did in the plant and animal kingdoms, and theorized that the "law of nature" had been superseded by the "law of the mind". He stressed that humans, driven by emotions, create goals for themselves and strive to realize them (most effectively with the modern scientific method) whereas there is no such intelligence and awareness guiding the non-human world. Plants and animals adapt to nature; man shapes nature. While Spencer believed that competition and "survival of the fittest" benefited human society and socio-cultural evolution, Ward regarded competition as a destructive force, pointing out that all human institutions, traditions and laws were tools invented by the mind of man and that that mind designed them, like all tools, to "meet and checkmate" the unrestrained competition of natural forces. Ward agreed with Spencer that authoritarian governments repress the talents of the individual, but he believed that modern democratic societies, which minimized the role of religion and maximized that of science, could effectively support the individual in his or her attempt to fully utilize their talents and achieve happiness. He believed that the evolutionary processes have four stages:

text: Lester Frank Ward (1841–1913), sometimes referred to as the "father" of American sociology, rejected many of Spencer's theories regarding the evolution of societies. Ward, who was also a botanist and a paleontologist, believed that the law of evolution functioned much differently in human societies than it did in the plant and animal kingdoms, and theorized that the "law of nature" had been superseded by the "law of the mind". He stressed that humans, driven by emotions, create goals for themselves and strive to realize them (most effectively with the modern

text: scientific method

text: ) whereas there is no such intelligence and awareness guiding the non-human world. Plants and animals adapt to nature; man shapes nature. While Spencer believed that competition and "survival of the fittest" benefited human society and socio-cultural evolution, Ward regarded competition as a destructive force, pointing out that all human institutions, traditions and laws were tools invented by the mind of man and that that mind designed them, like all tools, to "meet and checkmate" the unrestrained competition of natural forces. Ward agreed with Spencer that authoritarian governments repress the talents of the individual, but he believed that modern democratic societies, which minimized the role of religion and maximized that of science, could effectively support the individual in his or her attempt to fully utilize their talents and achieve happiness. He believed that the evolutionary processes have four stages:

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: Plants and animals adapt to nature

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Hominid is a short novel which contains one single and linear storyline. However, it is subdivided into seven chapters, each standing for a narrated day. The satirical character of the book stems from the underlying grotesque scenario, the speeches of Pitar and his fellow hominids, the mentioning of artifacts which have not yet been invented, and the numerous allusions to world history and literature.

text: Hominid is a

text: short novel

text: which contains one single and linear storyline. However, it is subdivided into seven chapters, each standing for a narrated day. The satirical character of the book stems from the underlying grotesque scenario, the speeches of Pitar and his fellow hominids, the mentioning of artifacts which have not yet been invented, and the numerous allusions to world history and literature.

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answers: hominid

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answers: Hominid

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answers: Hominid

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answers: Hominid

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answers: fellow hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: artifacts which have not yet been invented

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hominids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The expansion of grassland biomes and the evolutionary radiation of grasses during the Miocene is believed to have increased the flux of soluble silicon to the oceans, and it has been argued that this promoted the diatoms during the Cenozoic era.  Recent work suggests that diatom success is decoupled from the evolution of grasses, although both diatom and grassland diversity increased strongly from the middle Miocene.  Diatom diversity over the Cenozoic has been very sensitive to global temperature, particularly to the equator-pole temperature gradient. Warmer oceans, particularly warmer polar regions, have in the past been shown to have had substantially lower diatom diversity.  Future warm oceans with enhanced polar warming, as projected in global-warming scenarios, could thus in theory result in a significant loss of diatom diversity, although from current knowledge it is impossible to say if this would occur rapidly or only over many tens of thousands of years.

text: The expansion of

text: grassland

text: biome

text: s and the

text: evolutionary radiation

text: of

text: grass

text: es during the

text: Miocene

text: is believed to have increased the flux of soluble silicon to the oceans, and it has been argued that this promoted the diatoms during the Cenozoic era.  Recent work suggests that diatom success is decoupled from the evolution of grasses, although both diatom and grassland diversity increased strongly from the middle Miocene.  Diatom diversity over the Cenozoic has been very sensitive to global temperature, particularly to the equator-pole temperature gradient. Warmer oceans, particularly warmer polar regions, have in the past been shown to have had substantially lower diatom diversity.  Future warm oceans with enhanced polar warming, as projected in global-warming scenarios, could thus in theory result in a significant loss of diatom diversity, although from current knowledge it is impossible to say if this would occur rapidly or only over many tens of thousands of years.

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answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

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answers: It is impossible to say

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answers: walk

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answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Miocene

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answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: It is impossible to say if this would occur rapidly or only over many tens of thousands of years

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: polar regions

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Sexuality is related to family structure and partly shapes it. The involvement of fathers in education is quite unique to humans, at least when compared to other Homininae. Concealed ovulation and menopause in women both also occur in a few other primates however, but are uncommon in other species. Testis and penis size seems to be related to family structure: monogamy or promiscuity, or harem, in humans, chimpanzees or gorillas, respectively. The levels of sexual dimorphism are generally seen as a marker of sexual selection. Studies have suggested that the earliest hominins were dimorphic and that this lessened over the course of the evolution of the genus Homo, correlating with humans becoming more monogamous, whereas gorillas, who live in harems, show a large degree of sexual dimorphism. Concealed (or "hidden") ovulation means that the phase of fertility is not detectable in women, whereas chimpanzees advertise ovulation via an obvious swelling of the genitals. Women can be partly aware of their ovulation along the menstrual phases, but men are essentially unable to detect ovulation in women. Most primates have semi-concealed ovulation, thus one can think that the common ancestor had semi-concealed ovulation, that was inherited by gorillas, and that later evolved in concealed ovulation in humans and advertised ovulation in chimpanzees. Menopause also occurs in rhesus monkeys, and possibly in chimpanzees, but does not in gorillas and is quite uncommon in other primates (and other mammal groups).

text: Sexuality is related to family structure and partly shapes it. The involvement of fathers in education is quite unique to humans, at least when compared to other Homininae.

text: Concealed ovulation

text: and

text: menopause

text: in women both also occur in a few other primates however, but are uncommon in other species.

text: Testis

text: and

text: penis size

text: seems to be related to family structure:

text: monogamy

text: or

text: promiscuity

text: , or

text: harem

text: , in humans, chimpanzees or gorillas, respectively. The levels of

text: sexual dimorphism

text: are generally seen as a marker of

text: sexual selection

text: . Studies have suggested that the earliest hominins were dimorphic and that this lessened over the course of the evolution of the genus Homo, correlating with humans becoming more monogamous, whereas gorillas, who live in harems, show a large degree of sexual dimorphism. Concealed (or "hidden") ovulation means that the phase of fertility is not detectable in women, whereas chimpanzees advertise ovulation via an obvious swelling of the genitals. Women can be partly aware of their ovulation along the menstrual phases, but men are essentially unable to detect ovulation in women. Most primates have semi-concealed ovulation, thus one can think that the common ancestor had semi-concealed ovulation, that was inherited by gorillas, and that later evolved in concealed ovulation in humans and advertised ovulation in chimpanzees. Menopause also occurs in

text: rhesus monkeys

text: , and possibly in chimpanzees, but does not in gorillas and is quite uncommon in other primates (and other mammal groups).

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: NDQ_004860

answers: gorillas

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: the evolution of the genus Homo

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homininae

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homininae

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Most primates have semi-concealed ovulation

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Gorillas

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Many sociologists and anthropologists have created social theories dealing with social and cultural evolution. Some, like Lewis H. Morgan, Leslie White, and Gerhard Lenski have declared technological progress to be the primary factor driving the development of human civilization. Morgan's concept of three major stages of social evolution (savagery, barbarism, and civilization) can be divided by technological milestones, such as fire. White argued the measure by which to judge the evolution of culture was energy.

text: Many

text: sociologists

text: and

text: anthropologists

text: have created

text: social theories

text: dealing with

text: social

text: and

text: cultural evolution

text: . Some, like

text: Lewis H. Morgan

text: Leslie White

text: , and

text: Gerhard Lenski

text: have declared

text: technological progress

text: to be the primary factor driving the development of human civilization. Morgan's concept of three major stages of social evolution (savagery,

text: barbarism

text: , and

text: civilization

text: ) can be divided by technological milestones, such as

text: fire

text: . White argued the measure by which to judge the evolution of culture was

text: energy

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text: John Scales Avery (born in 1933 in Lebanon to American parents) is a theoretical chemist noted for his research publications in quantum chemistry, thermodynamics, evolution, and history of science.  Since the early 1990s, Avery has been an active World peace activist.  During these years, he was part of a group associated with the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs.  In 1995, this group received the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts.  Presently, he is an Associate Professor in quantum chemistry at the University of Copenhagen.  His 2003 book Information Theory and Evolution set forth the view that the phenomenon of life, including its origin and evolution, that including human cultural evolution, has it background situated over thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and information theory.

text: John Scales Avery (born in 1933 in

text: Lebanon

text: to American parents) is a theoretical chemist noted for his research publications in

text: quantum chemistry

text: thermodynamics

text: evolution

text: , and

text: history of science

text: .  Since the early 1990s, Avery has been an active World

text: peace activist

text: .  During these years, he was part of a group associated with the

entity_name: Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

text: Pugwash Conferences

text: on Science and World Affairs.  In 1995, this group received the

text: Nobel Peace Prize

text: for their efforts.  Presently, he is an Associate Professor in

text: quantum chemistry

text: at the

text: University of Copenhagen

text: .  His 2003 book Information Theory and Evolution set forth the view that the phenomenon of

text: life

text: , including its origin and

text: evolution

text: , that including human

text: cultural evolution

text: , has it background situated over

text: thermodynamics

text: statistical mechanics

text: , and

text: information theory

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answer: 1

text: Susan Cachel is an American anthropologist, paleontologist and researcher who specializes in primate evolution, including humans. In 2009 she was named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in honor of her work in primate evolution. She is the author of Primate and Human Evolution, published in 2006 by the Cambridge University Press.

text: Susan Cachel is an American

text: anthropologist

text: paleontologist

text: and

text: researcher

text: who specializes in primate evolution, including humans. In 2009 she was named a

entity_name: Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: in honor of her work in primate evolution. She is the author of Primate and Human Evolution, published in 2006 by the

text: Cambridge University Press

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answers: glaciers

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The geological history of Antarctica covers the geological development of the continent through the Proterozoic Eon, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.

text: The geological history of Antarctica covers the

text: geological

text: development of the continent through the

text: Proterozoic

text: Eon,

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text: The order Primates includes the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines, tarsiers, monkeys of the New World (parvorder Platyrrhini), and monkeys and apes of the Old World. Mexico's 2 genera of nonhuman primates compares to 6 in Central America, 20 in South America, 15 in Madagascar, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia. Mexican and Central American monkeys are recent immigrants from South America, where their ancestors arrived after rafting over from Africa roughly 25 million years ago. Southeastern Mexico is the northernmost limit of the distribution of New World monkeys, which are restricted to tropical rainforest habitat.

text: The order Primates includes the

text: lemur

text: s,

text: monkey

text: s, and

text: ape

text: s, with the latter category including

text: humans

text: . It is divided into four main groupings:

text: strepsirrhine

text: s,

text: tarsier

text: s,

text: monkeys of the New World

text: parvorder

text: Platyrrhini), and

text: monkeys and apes of the Old World

text: . Mexico's 2 genera of nonhuman primates compares to

text: 6 in Central America

text: 20 in South America

text: 15 in Madagascar

text: 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia

text: . Mexican and Central American monkeys are recent immigrants from South America, where their ancestors arrived after

text: rafting over

text: from

text: Africa

text: roughly 25 million years ago. Southeastern Mexico is the northernmost limit of the distribution of New World monkeys, which are restricted to

text: tropical rainforest

text: habitat.

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answers: Southeastern Mexico is the northernmost limit of the distribution of New World monkeys

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answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: It was formed during the Neogene period of the Cenozoic Era, and overlies the Repetto Formation.

text: It was formed during the

text: Neogene period

text: of the

text: Cenozoic Era

text: , and overlies the

text: Repetto Formation

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answer: No

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text: However, the view that human ancestors were knuckle-walkers is now questioned since the anatomy and biomechanics of knuckle-walking in chimpanzees and gorillas are different, suggesting that this ability evolved independently after the last common ancestor with the human lineage. Further comparative analysis with other primates suggests that these wrist-bone adaptations support a palm-based tree walking.

text: However, the view that human ancestors were knuckle-walkers is now questioned since the anatomy and biomechanics of knuckle-walking in chimpanzees and gorillas are different, suggesting that this ability evolved independently after the last common ancestor with the human lineage. Further comparative analysis with other primates suggests that these wrist-bone adaptations support a palm-based tree walking.

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answers: no

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The image of the caveman is commonly associated with the Stone Age. For example, the 2003 documentary series showing the evolution of humans through the Stone Age was called Walking with Cavemen, but only the last programme showed humans living in caves. While the idea that human beings and dinosaurs coexisted is sometimes portrayed in popular culture in cartoons, films and computer games, such as The Flintstones, One Million Years B.C. and Chuck Rock, the notion of hominids and non-avian dinosaurs co-existing is not supported by any scientific evidence.

text: The image of the

text: caveman

text: is commonly associated with the Stone Age. For example, the 2003 documentary series showing the evolution of humans through the Stone Age was called

text: Walking with Cavemen

text: , but only the last programme showed humans living in caves. While the idea that human beings and

text: dinosaur

text: s coexisted is sometimes portrayed in popular culture in cartoons, films and computer games, such as

text: The Flintstones

text: One Million Years B.C.

text: and

text: Chuck Rock

text: , the notion of hominids and non-

text: avian

text: dinosaurs co-existing is not supported by any scientific evidence.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: The research group led by Varki has made many contributions over the last few decades towards understanding the biological roles of the sugar chains or "glycans" found on all vertebrate cell surfaces and glycoproteins. In this field of Glycobiology, his present focus is on the Sialic Acids, which are found at the outermost position on such glycans, and which can be recognized by intrinsic receptors such as Selectins and the Siglecs (which he co-discovered and named as a sub-group of I-type Lectins), and also by the binding proteins of various pathogens. The group studies the significance of these interactions in biology, evolution and disease. A particular focus is on multiple differences in sialic acid biology between humans and our closest evolutionary cousins, the great apes. These represent unusual events that occurred during human evolution and are relevant to understanding aspects of human uniqueness in health and disease.

text: The research group led by Varki has made many contributions over the last few decades towards understanding the biological roles of the sugar chains or "

text: glycan

text: s" found on all vertebrate cell surfaces and

text: glycoproteins

text: . In this field of

text: Glycobiology

text: , his present focus is on the

text: Sialic Acids

text: , which are found at the outermost position on such glycans, and which can be recognized by intrinsic receptors such as

text: Selectins

text: and the Siglecs (which he co-discovered and named as a sub-group of I-type

text: Lectins

text: ), and also by the binding proteins of various pathogens. The group studies the significance of these interactions in biology, evolution and disease. A particular focus is on multiple differences in sialic acid biology between humans and our closest evolutionary cousins, the

text: great apes

text: . These represent unusual events that occurred during

text: human evolution

text: and are relevant to understanding aspects of human uniqueness in health and disease.

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answers: our closest evolutionary cousins

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answers: These represent unusual events that occurred during human evolution

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answers: Siglecs

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Discussion concerning culture among biological anthropologists centers around two debates. First, is culture uniquely human or shared by other species (most notably, other primates)? This is an important question, as the theory of evolution holds that humans are descended from (now extinct) non-human primates. Second, how did culture evolve among human beings?

text: Discussion concerning culture among

text: biological anthropologists

text: centers around two debates. First, is culture uniquely human or shared by other species (most notably, other primates)? This is an important question, as the theory of

text: evolution

text: holds that humans are descended from (now extinct) non-human primates. Second, how did culture evolve among human beings?

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answers: homo sapiens evolved about 200,000 years ago

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answers: The theory of evolution holds that humans are descended from (now extinct) non-human primates

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: is culture uniquely human

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Amundsen Basin formed during the Cenozoic Era from seafloor spreading.

text: The Amundsen Basin formed during the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era from

text: seafloor spreading

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text: The blog deals primarily with Paleoanthropology. The blog provides analysis of current research in Paleoanthropology, discussing the significance and implications of fossils related to human evolution, genetics and genomics of hominid populations (alive and extinct), archaeological topics, as well as general commentary and review of both scientific and popular literature.

text: The blog deals primarily with Paleoanthropology. The blog provides analysis of current research in Paleoanthropology, discussing the significance and implications of fossils related to human evolution, genetics and genomics of hominid populations (alive and extinct), archaeological topics, as well as general commentary and review of both scientific and popular literature.

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text: Joseph Jordania recently suggested that the sense of rhythm was developed in the early stages of hominid evolution by the forces of natural selection . Plenty of animals walk rhythmically and hear the sounds of the heartbeat in the womb, but only humans have the ability to be engaged (entrained) in rhythmically coordinated vocalizations and other activities. According to Jordania, development of the sense of rhythm was central for the achievement of the specific neurological state of the battle trance, crucial for the development of the effective defense system of early hominids. Rhythmic war cry, rhythmic drumming by shamans, rhythmic drilling of the soldiers and contemporary professional combat forces listening to the heavy rhythmic rock music  all use the ability of rhythm to unite human individuals into a shared collective identity where group members put the interests of the group above their individual interests and safety.

text: Joseph Jordania

text: recently suggested that the sense of rhythm was developed in the early stages of

text: hominid

text: evolution by the forces of

text: natural selection

text: . Plenty of animals walk rhythmically and hear the sounds of the heartbeat in the womb, but only humans have the ability to be engaged (

text: entrained

text: ) in rhythmically coordinated vocalizations and other activities. According to Jordania, development of the sense of rhythm was central for the achievement of the specific neurological state of the

text: battle trance

text: , crucial for the development of the effective

text: defense

text: system of early hominids. Rhythmic

text: war cry

text: , rhythmic drumming by

text: shaman

text: s, rhythmic

text: drilling

text: of the soldiers and contemporary professional combat forces listening to the heavy rhythmic rock music  all use the ability of rhythm to unite human individuals into a shared

text: collective identity

text: where group members put the interests of the group above their individual interests and safety.

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text: Transhumanist philosophers argue that there not only exists a perfectionist ethical imperative for humans to strive for progress and improvement of the human condition, but that it is possible and desirable for humanity to enter a transhuman phase of existence in which humans enhance themselves beyond what is naturally human. In such a phase, natural evolution would be replaced with deliberate participatory or directed evolution.

text: Transhumanist philosophers argue that there not only exists a

text: perfectionist ethical imperative

text: for humans to strive for progress and improvement of the human condition, but that it is possible and desirable for humanity to enter a

text: transhuman

text: phase of existence in which humans

text: enhance themselves

text: beyond what is naturally human. In such a phase, natural evolution would be replaced with deliberate participatory or

text: directed evolution

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text: Contrary to appearances and some complaints, the original 1965 text of "The Road to Homo Sapiens" reveals an understanding of the fact that a linear presentation of a sequence of primate species, all of which are in the direct line of human ancestors, would not be a correct interpretation. For example, the fourth of Zallinger's figures (Oreopithecus) is said to be "a likely side branch on man's family tree". Only the next figure (Ramapithecus) is described as "now thought by some experts to be the oldest of man's ancestors in a direct line" (something no longer considered likely). This implies that none of the first four primates are to be considered actual human ancestors. Likewise, the seventh figure (Paranthropus) is said to be "an evolutionary dead end".  In addition, the colored stripes across the top of the figure that indicate the age and duration of the various lineages clearly imply that there is no evidence of direct continuity between extinct and extant lineages, and also that multiple lineages of the figured hominids occurred contemporaneously at several points in the history of the group.

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answer: Yes

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text: "A new understanding of the term "noogenesis" as an evolution of the intellect was proposed by Alexey Eryomin. A hypothesis based on recapitulation theory links the evolution of the human brain to the development of human civilization. The parallel between the amount of people living on Earth and the amount of neurons becomes more and more obvious leading us to viewing global intelligence as an analogy for human brain.All of the people living on this planet have undoubtedly inherited the amazing cultural treasures of the past, be it production, social and intellectual ones. We are genetically hardwired to be a sort of "live RAM" of the global intellectual system. Alexey Eryomin suggests that humanity is moving towards a unified self-contained informational and intellectual system.  His research has shown the probability of Super Intellect realizing itself as Global Intelligence on Earth. We could get closer to understanding the most profound patterns and laws of the Universe if these kinds of research were given enough attention. Also, the resemblance between the individual human development and such of the whole human race has to be explored further if we are to face some of the threats of the future».

text: "A new understanding of the term "noogenesis" as an evolution of the intellect was proposed by Alexey Eryomin. A hypothesis based on

text: recapitulation theory

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answer: Yes

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text: Concomitantly, the hominids underwent a process of adaptation encompassing a change in their diets that allowed them to inhabit new environments. Fishing and hunting with the assistance of crafted tools were an essential part of this process, because, although often time-consuming, they provided a rich source of protein that helped nourish their bodies and their physical brains.

text: Concomitantly, the hominids underwent a process of adaptation encompassing a change in their diets that allowed them to inhabit new environments. Fishing and hunting with the assistance of crafted tools were an essential part of this process, because, although often time-consuming, they provided a rich source of protein that helped nourish their bodies and their physical brains.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It was formed in two volcanic phases during the Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary period in the Cenozoic Era.

text: It was formed in two volcanic phases during the

text: Pleistocene epoch

text: of the

text: Quaternary

text: period in the

text: Cenozoic Era

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text: In response to the unfalsifiability criticism of evolutionary theory, numerous examples of potential ways to falsify evolution have been proposed. J. B. S. Haldane, when asked what hypothetical evidence could disprove evolution, replied "fossil rabbits in the Precambrian era." Numerous other potential ways to falsify evolution have also been proposed. For example, the fact that humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes than the great apes offered a testable hypothesis involving the fusion or splitting of chromosomes from a common ancestor. The fusion hypothesis was confirmed in 2005 by discovery that human chromosome 2 is homologous with a fusion of two chromosomes that remain separate in other primates. Extra, inactive telomeres and centromeres remain on human chromosome 2 as a result of the fusion. The assertion of common descent could also have been disproven with the invention of DNA sequencing methods. If true, human DNA should be far more similar to chimpanzees and other great apes, than to other mammals. If not, then common descent is falsified. DNA analysis has shown that humans and chimpanzees share a large percentage of their DNA (between 95% to 99.4% depending on the measure).<ref>

text: In response to the unfalsifiability criticism of evolutionary theory, numerous examples of potential ways to falsify evolution have been proposed.

text: J. B. S. Haldane

text: , when asked what hypothetical evidence could disprove evolution, replied "

text: fossil rabbits in the Precambrian era

text: ." Numerous other potential ways to falsify evolution have also been proposed. For example, the fact that humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes than the

text: great apes

text: offered a testable hypothesis involving the fusion or splitting of chromosomes from a common ancestor. The fusion hypothesis was confirmed in 2005 by discovery that

text: human chromosome 2

text: is homologous with a fusion of two chromosomes that remain separate in other

text: primate

text: s. Extra, inactive

text: telomere

text: s and

text: centromere

text: s remain on human chromosome 2 as a result of the fusion. The assertion of common descent could also have been disproven with the invention of

text: DNA sequencing

text: methods. If true, human

text: DNA

text: should be far more similar to chimpanzees and other great apes, than to other

text: mammal

text: s. If not, then common descent is falsified. DNA analysis has shown that humans and chimpanzees share a large percentage of their DNA (between 95% to 99.4% depending on the measure).<ref>

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text: The Hanau-Seligenstadt Basin is a Cenozoic graben. As a subbasin of the Upper Rhine Graben it belongs to the European Cenozoic Rift System, a fracture zone crossing Europe from the North Sea to the Mediterranean.

text: The Hanau-Seligenstadt Basin is a

text: Cenozoic

text: graben

text: . As a subbasin of the Upper Rhine Graben it belongs to the

text: European Cenozoic Rift System

text: , a fracture zone crossing Europe from the North Sea to the Mediterranean.

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text: Falling in Love With Hominids is a collection of short stories by Nalo Hopkinson. One of the stories in this collection, "Flying Lessons" is a new story, while other stories had been written and published in the decade proceeding publication of the collection. In the introduction to the collection, Hopkinson explains the double meaning behind its title. Partially derived from a phrase written by science fiction author Cordwainer Smith, "falling in love with hominids" also describes her own feelings about the human race. When she was younger, Hopkinson writes that she hated human beings, but has grown to love and be fascinated by the human race over the intervening years. The paradox of people who are "capable simultaneously of such great good and such horrifying evil" runs throughout the stories brought together in the collection.

text: Falling in Love With Hominids is a collection of short stories by

text: Nalo Hopkinson

text: . One of the stories in this collection, "Flying Lessons" is a new story, while other stories had been written and published in the decade proceeding publication of the collection. In the introduction to the collection, Hopkinson explains the double meaning behind its title. Partially derived from a phrase written by science fiction author

text: Cordwainer Smith

text: , "falling in love with hominids" also describes her own feelings about the human race. When she was younger, Hopkinson writes that she hated human beings, but has grown to love and be fascinated by the human race over the intervening years. The paradox of people who are "capable simultaneously of such great good and such horrifying evil" runs throughout the stories brought together in the collection.

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text: In Andean geology the basement refers to the Proterozoic, Paleozoic and early Mesozoic (Triassic to Jurassic) rock units as the basement to the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic Andean sequences developed following the onset of subduction along the western margin of the South American Plate.

text: In

text: Andean

text: geology the basement refers to the

text: Proterozoic

text: Paleozoic

text: and early

text: Mesozoic

text: Triassic

text: to

text: Jurassic

text: ) rock units as the basement to the late Mesozoic and

text: Cenozoic

text: Andean sequences developed following the onset of

text: subduction

text: along the western margin of the

text: South American Plate

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text: l evolution” (Shennan, 2008).  Initially cultural evolution focused on human transitions from foragers to horticulturalist, to implementation of agriculture, and eventually rise of civilizations.  In the 19 century, the goal of evolution theory was to explain cultural traits and human history and account for the significant differences between cultural groups and their current state of living. However, this notion of evolution was not as one would define in the biological sciences, and thus “not a coherent theoretical evolutionary framework, and even after Darwin’s publication of On the Origin of Species the 19th- and early 20th-century cultural evolutionists maintained a thoroughly non-Darwinian notion of evolution” (Bettinger 1991).

text: l evolution” (Shennan, 2008).  Initially cultural evolution focused on human transitions from foragers to horticulturalist, to implementation of agriculture, and eventually rise of civilizations.  In the 19 century, the goal of evolution theory was to explain cultural traits and human history and account for the significant differences between cultural groups and their current state of living. However, this notion of evolution was not as one would define in the biological sciences, and thus “not a coherent theoretical evolutionary framework, and even after Darwin’s publication of On the

text: Origin of Species

text: the 19th- and early 20th-century cultural evolutionists maintained a thoroughly non-Darwinian notion of evolution” (Bettinger 1991).

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text: Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark was one of the primatologists who developed the idea of trends in primate evolution and the methodology of arranging the living members of an order into an "ascending series" leading to humans. Commonly used names for groups of primates such as "prosimians", "monkeys", "lesser apes", and "great apes" reflect this methodology. According to our current understanding of the evolutionary history of the primates, several of these groups are paraphyletic: a paraphyletic group is one which does not include all the descendants of the group's common ancestor.

text: Sir

text: Wilfrid Le Gros Clark

text: was one of the

text: primatologists

text: who developed the idea of trends in primate evolution and the methodology of arranging the living members of an order into an "ascending series" leading to humans. Commonly used names for groups of primates such as "

text: prosimian

text: s", "

text: monkey

text: s", "

text: lesser ape

text: s", and "

text: great ape

text: s" reflect this methodology. According to our current understanding of the evolutionary history of the primates, several of these groups are

text: paraphyletic

text: : a paraphyletic group is one which does not include all the descendants of the group's common ancestor.

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text: For many years, many scientists thought that the frontal lobe was disproportionately enlarged in humans compared to other primates. They thought that this was an important feature of human evolution and was the primary reason why human cognition differs from that of other primates. However, this view has been challenged by newer research. Using magnetic resonance imaging to determine the volume of the frontal cortex in humans, all extant ape species and several monkey species, Semendeferi et al. found that the human frontal cortex was not relatively larger than the cortex of other great apes but was relatively larger than the frontal cortex of lesser apes and the monkeys.

text: For many years, many scientists thought that the frontal lobe was disproportionately enlarged in humans compared to other primates. They thought that this was an important feature of human evolution and was the primary reason why human cognition differs from that of other primates. However, this view has been challenged by newer research. Using

text: magnetic resonance imaging

text: to determine the volume of the frontal cortex in humans, all extant ape species and several

text: monkey

text: species, Semendeferi et al. found that the human frontal cortex was not relatively larger than the cortex of other

text: great ape

text: s but was relatively larger than the frontal cortex of

text: lesser ape

text: s and the monkeys.

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text: The show revolved around themes of evolution, as well as her paranoias represented on The Fame Monster. While developing the tour Gaga spoke about original sin and demons inside human beings; "So we talked about growth, and that led us into this kind of scientific space, and we started talking about evolution and the evolution of humanity and how we begin as one thing, and we become another." This theme of monsters and evolution played a part in the fashion for the tour, which according to Gaga was "another level from where we were with the Fame Ball. [...] It's going to be a truly artistic experience that is going to take the form of the greatest post-apocalyptic house party that you've ever been to." Although Gaga stated that she was inspired by the things she and West were doing with the Fame Kills tour, she concluded that she did not want to use any of the things that they had designed together. Later, she said that Fame Kills was "the great lost tour", but confirmed that some of the elements of it were incorporated into The Monster Ball.

text: The show revolved around themes of evolution, as well as her paranoias represented on The Fame Monster. While developing the tour Gaga spoke about

text: original sin

text: and demons inside human beings; "So we talked about growth, and that led us into this kind of scientific space, and we started talking about evolution and the evolution of humanity and how we begin as one thing, and we become another." This theme of monsters and evolution played a part in the fashion for the tour, which according to Gaga was "another level from where we were with the

text: Fame Ball

text: . [...] It's going to be a truly artistic experience that is going to take the form of the greatest post-apocalyptic house party that you've ever been to." Although Gaga stated that she was inspired by the things she and West were doing with the Fame Kills tour, she concluded that she did not want to use any of the things that they had designed together. Later, she said that Fame Kills was "the great lost tour", but confirmed that some of the elements of it were incorporated into The Monster Ball.

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text: The term "missing link" has been used extensively in popular writings on human evolution to refer to a perceived gap in the hominid evolutionary record. It is most commonly used to refer to any new transitional fossil finds. Scientists, however, do not use the term, as it refers to a pre-evolutionary view of nature.

text: The term "missing link" has been used extensively in popular writings on

text: human evolution

text: to refer to a perceived gap in the

text: hominid

text: evolutionary record. It is most commonly used to refer to any new transitional fossil finds. Scientists, however, do not use the term, as it refers to a pre-evolutionary view of nature.

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answers: hominid

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answers: pre-evolutionary view

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: transitional

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It preserves numerous fossils dating back to the  Neogene Period of the Cenozoic Era, including mollusks.

text: It preserves numerous

text: fossils

text: dating back to the

text: Neogene

text: Period

text: of the

text: Cenozoic Era

text: , including

text: mollusk

text: s.

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answers: mollusks

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Neogene Period

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Neogene Period

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answers: Neogene Period

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Neogene Period

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Neogene Period

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The relationship between known fossil primate families remains unclear.  A conservative estimate for the divergence of haplorhines (tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans) and strepsirrhines is 58 to 63 mya.  A consensus is emerging that places omomyids as a sister group to tarsiers, eosimids as a stem group to simians (non-tarsier haplorhines), and Djebelemur, an African genus likely to be related to an early Asian branch of cercamoniine adapiforms, as a stem group to modern strepsirrhines, including lemurs.  In 2009, a highly publicized and scientifically criticized publication proclaimed that a 47-million-year-old adapiform fossil, Darwinius masillae, demonstrated both adapiform and simian traits, making it a transitional form between the prosimian and simian lineages.  Media sources inaccurately dubbed the fossil as a "missing link" between lemurs and humans.

text: The relationship between known fossil primate families remains unclear.  A conservative estimate for the divergence of

text: haplorhines

text: tarsier

text: s,

text: monkey

text: s,

text: ape

text: s, and

text: human

text: s) and strepsirrhines is 58 to 63 mya.  A consensus is emerging that places omomyids as a

text: sister group

text: to tarsiers, eosimids as a

text: stem group

text: to

text: simian

text: s (non-tarsier haplorhines), and

text: Djebelemur

text: , an African genus likely to be related to an early Asian branch of

text: cercamoniine

text: adapiforms, as a stem group to modern strepsirrhines, including lemurs.  In 2009, a highly publicized and scientifically criticized publication proclaimed that a 47-million-year-old adapiform fossil,

text: Darwinius masillae

text: , demonstrated both adapiform and

text: simian

text: traits, making it a

text: transitional form

text: between the

text: prosimian

text: and

text: simian

text: lineages.  Media sources inaccurately dubbed the fossil as a "missing link" between lemurs and humans.

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answers: lemurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 58 to 63 mya

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The relationship between known fossil primate families remains unclear

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 58 to 63 mya

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: tarsiers

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Djebelemur

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: haplorhines

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Darwinius masillae

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: tarsiers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Anthropologists Sir E.B. Tylor in England and Lewis Henry Morgan in the United States worked with data from indigenous people, whom they claimed represented earlier stages of cultural evolution that gave insight into the process and progression of cultural evolution. Morgan would later have a significant influence on Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who developed a theory of cultural evolution in which the internal contradictions in society created a series of escalating stages that ended in a socialist society (see Marxism). Tylor and Morgan elaborated upon, modified and expanded the theory of unilinear evolution, specifying criteria for categorizing cultures according to their standing within a fixed system of growth of humanity as a whole while examining the modes and mechanisms of this growth.

text: Anthropologists

text: Sir E.B. Tylor

text: in England and Lewis Henry Morgan in the United States worked with data from

text: indigenous people

text: , whom they claimed represented earlier stages of cultural evolution that gave insight into the process and progression of cultural evolution. Morgan would later have a significant influence on

text: Karl Marx

text: and

text: Friedrich Engels

text: , who developed a theory of cultural evolution in which the internal contradictions in society created a series of escalating stages that ended in a socialist society (see

text: Marxism

text: ). Tylor and Morgan elaborated upon, modified and expanded the theory of unilinear evolution, specifying criteria for categorizing cultures according to their standing within a fixed system of growth of humanity as a whole while examining the modes and mechanisms of this growth.

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answers: no

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answers: NDQ_004866

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answers: NDQ_004867

answers: humanity

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: indigenous people

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the Ice Ages

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Human evolution is the study of the biological evolution of humans as a distinct species from its common ancestors with other animals. Analysis of fossil evidence and genetic distance are two of the means by which scientists understand this evolutionary history.

text: Human evolution is the study of the biological evolution of humans as a distinct

text: species

text: from its common ancestors with other animals. Analysis of fossil evidence and

text: genetic distance

text: are two of the means by which scientists understand this evolutionary history.

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answer: Yes

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text: The Phanerozoic comprises the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, each of which are represented in English geology.

text: The Phanerozoic comprises the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, each of which are represented in English geology.

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answer: No

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text: Sperm competition is a form of post-copulatory sexual selection whereby male ejaculates simultaneously physically compete to fertilize a single ovum. Sperm competition occurs between sperm from two or more rival males when they make an attempt to fertilize a female within a sufficiently short period of time.  This results primarily as a consequence of polyandrous mating systems, or due to extra-pair copulations of females, which increases the chance of cuckoldry, in which the male mate raises a child that is not genetically related to him. Sperm competition among males has resulted in numerous physiological and psychological adaptations, including the relative size of testes, the size of the sperm midpiece, prudent sperm allocation, and behaviors relating to sexual coercion, however this is not without consequences: the production of large amounts of sperm is costly and therefore, researchers have predicted that males will produce larger amounts of semen when there is a perceived or known increase in sperm competition risk. Sperm competition is not exclusive to humans, and has been studied extensively in other primates, as well as throughout much of the animal kingdom. The differing rates of sperm competition among other primates indicates that sperm competition is highest in primates with multi-male breeding systems, and lowest in primates with single-male breeding systems. Compared to other animals, and primates in particular, humans show low-to-intermediate levels of sperm competition, suggesting that humans have a history of little selection pressure for sperm competition.

text: Sperm competition

text: is a form of post-copulatory

text: sexual selection

text: whereby male

text: ejaculate

text: s simultaneously physically compete to fertilize a single ovum. Sperm competition occurs between sperm from two or more rival males when they make an attempt to fertilize a female within a sufficiently short period of time.  This results primarily as a consequence of

text: polyandrous

text: mating system

text: s, or due to extra-pair copulations of females, which increases the chance of

text: cuckoldry

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answers: other primates

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answers: post-copulatory sexual selection

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answers: no

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answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: This model, which invokes sexual selection, is proposed by Geoffrey Miller who argues that human intelligence is unnecessarily sophisticated for the needs of hunter-gatherers to survive. He argues that the manifestations of intelligence such as language, music and art did not evolve because of their utilitarian value to the survival of ancient hominids. Rather, intelligence may have been a fitness indicator. Hominids would have been chosen for greater intelligence as an indicator of healthy genes and a Fisherian runaway positive feedback loop of sexual selection would have led to the evolution of human intelligence in a relatively short period.

text: This model, which invokes

text: sexual selection

text: , is proposed by

text: Geoffrey Miller

text: who argues that human intelligence is unnecessarily sophisticated for the needs of

text: hunter-gatherers

text: to survive. He argues that the manifestations of intelligence such as language, music and art did not evolve because of their utilitarian value to the survival of ancient hominids. Rather, intelligence may have been a

text: fitness

text: indicator. Hominids would have been

text: chosen

text: for greater intelligence as an indicator of healthy genes and a

text: Fisherian runaway

text: positive feedback

text: loop of sexual selection would have led to the evolution of human intelligence in a relatively short period.

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answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: The Hominidae (), whose members are known as great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes seven extant species in four genera: Pongo, the Bornean and Sumatran orangutan; Gorilla, the eastern and western gorilla; Pan, the common chimpanzee and the bonobo; and Homo, the human (and though not extant, the near-human ancestors and relatives (e.g., the Neanderthal)).

text: The Hominidae (), whose members are known as great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic

text: family

text: of primates that includes seven

text: extant

text: species in four

text: genera

text: Pongo

text: , the

text: Bornean

text: and

text: Sumatran orangutan

text: Gorilla

text: , the

text: eastern

text: and

text: western gorilla

text: Pan

text: , the

text: common chimpanzee

text: and the

text: bonobo

text: ; and

text: Homo

text: , the

text: human

text: (and though not extant, the near-human ancestors and relatives (e.g., the

text: Neanderthal

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answers: Neanderthal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: According to Symons, the ideas that he developed in The Evolution of Human Sexuality were partly inspired by a conversation he had with ethologist Richard Dawkins in 1968. Symons, who had concluded that "men tend to want a variety of sexual partners and women tend not to because this desire always was adaptive for ancestral males and never was adaptive for ancestral females", found that Dawkins had independently reached the same conclusion. Symons presented an early draft of The Evolution of Human Sexuality during a 1974 seminar on primate and human sexuality he co-taught with anthropologist Donald Brown. Symons argued in the draft that there are universal human sex differences. Brown assisted Symons in writing The Evolution of Human Sexuality.

text: According to Symons, the ideas that he developed in The Evolution of Human Sexuality were partly inspired by a conversation he had with ethologist

text: Richard Dawkins

text: in 1968. Symons, who had concluded that "men tend to want a variety of sexual partners and women tend not to because this desire always was adaptive for ancestral males and never was adaptive for ancestral females", found that Dawkins had independently reached the same conclusion. Symons presented an early draft of The Evolution of Human Sexuality during a 1974 seminar on primate and

text: human sexuality

text: he co-taught with anthropologist

text: Donald Brown

text: . Symons argued in the draft that there are universal human sex differences. Brown assisted Symons in writing The Evolution of Human Sexuality.

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answer: Yes

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text: While some workers (e.g., Lyatsky and Haggart, 1993; Lyatsky, 2006) regard the Mesozoic horizons to be the primary oil-exploration targets, others (e.g., Dietrich, 1995; Hannigan et al., 2001) focus more on the overlying Cenozoic rocks.  Rohr and Dietrich (1992) considered the Queen Charlotte Basin to have formed largely by strike-slip movements in the Cenozoic.  On the other hand, Lyatsky (1993, 2006) considered significant strike-slip movements to be impossible in this basin since at least the Late Oligocene, based on kinematic indicators and cross-cutting relationships of major faults and dated dikes; instead, he viewed the basin's Cenozoic evolution to be a product of reactivation of older networks of block-bounding faults.

text: While some workers (e.g., Lyatsky and Haggart, 1993; Lyatsky, 2006) regard the Mesozoic horizons to be the primary oil-exploration targets, others (e.g., Dietrich, 1995; Hannigan et al., 2001) focus more on the overlying Cenozoic rocks.  Rohr and Dietrich (1992) considered the Queen Charlotte Basin to have formed largely by strike-slip movements in the Cenozoic.  On the other hand, Lyatsky (1993, 2006) considered significant strike-slip movements to be impossible in this basin since at least the Late

text: Oligocene

text: , based on kinematic indicators and cross-cutting relationships of major faults and dated

text: dikes

text: ; instead, he viewed the basin's Cenozoic evolution to be a product of reactivation of older networks of block-bounding faults.

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text: David R. Begun  concluded that early primates flourished in Eurasia and that a lineage leading to the African apes and humans, including to Dryopithecus, migrated south from Europe or Western Asia into Africa. The surviving tropical population of primates—which is seen most completely in the Upper Eocene and lowermost Oligocene fossil beds of the Faiyum depression southwest of Cairo—gave rise to all extant primate species, including the lemurs of Madagascar, lorises of Southeast Asia, galagos or "bush babies" of Africa, and to the anthropoids, which are the Platyrrhines or New World monkeys, the Catarrhines or Old World monkeys, and the great apes, including humans and other hominids.

text: David R. Begun  concluded that early primates flourished in Eurasia and that a lineage leading to the African apes and humans, including to

text: Dryopithecus

text: , migrated south from Europe or Western Asia into Africa. The surviving tropical population of primates—which is seen most completely in the Upper Eocene and lowermost

text: Oligocene

text: fossil beds of the

text: Faiyum

text: depression southwest of

text: Cairo

text: —gave rise to all extant primate species, including the

text: lemur

text: s of

text: Madagascar

text: loris

text: es of Southeast Asia,

text: galago

text: s or "bush babies" of Africa, and to the

text: anthropoids

text: , which are the

text: Platyrrhine

text: s or New World monkeys, the

text: Catarrhine

text: s or Old World monkeys, and the great apes, including humans and other hominids.

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text: The Phanerozoic is divided into three eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, which are further subdivided into 12 periods. The Paleozoic features the rise of fish, amphibians and reptiles. The Mesozoic is ruled by the reptiles, and features the evolution of mammals, birds and more famously, dinosaurs. The Cenozoic is the time of the mammals, and more recently, humans.

text: The Phanerozoic is divided into three

text: era

text: s: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Cenozoic

text: , which are further subdivided into 12 periods. The Paleozoic features the rise of fish, amphibians and reptiles. The Mesozoic is ruled by the reptiles, and features the evolution of mammals, birds and more famously, dinosaurs. The Cenozoic is the time of the mammals, and more recently, humans.

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text: Into the Cenozoic era, geologic processes elevated the state's topography. Utah was also host to a complex of large lakes. Many of these lakes' inhabitants fossilized. These massive lakes gradually vanished as the Cenozoic era proceeded. The Uinta Basin region near the state's border with neighboring Wyoming has been a source of fossil bird tracks, fish, insects, and leaves dating back to the Eocene epoch of the Cenozoic era. Later in the Cenozoic geologic uplift created the state's Basin and Range physiographic province. More recently, in the Quaternary, the state's many canyons were formed by rivers eroding through uplifted rock. Lake Bonneville formed and then largely dried out as local precipitation decreased. Its remnants are known as Great Salt Lake. Local wildlife included short-faced bears, bison, musk oxen, saber teeth, and giant ground sloths.

text: Into the

text: Cenozoic

text: era, geologic processes elevated the state's

text: topography

text: . Utah was also host to a complex of large lakes. Many of these lakes' inhabitants fossilized. These massive lakes gradually vanished as the Cenozoic era proceeded. The

text: Uinta Basin

text: region near the state's border with neighboring

text: Wyoming

text: has been a source of fossil

text: bird

text: tracks,

text: fish

text: insects

text: , and

text: leaves

text: dating back to the

text: Eocene

text: epoch

text: of the

text: Cenozoic

text: era. Later in the Cenozoic geologic uplift created the state's

text: Basin and Range

text: physiographic province

text: . More recently, in the

text: Quaternary

text: , the state's many

text: canyons

text: were formed by rivers eroding through uplifted rock.

text: Lake Bonneville

text: formed and then largely dried out as local precipitation decreased. Its remnants are known as

text: Great Salt Lake

text: . Local wildlife included

text: short-faced bear

text: s,

text: bison

text: musk oxen

text: saber teeth

text: , and

text: giant ground sloth

text: s.

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answers: NDQ_004869

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The novel features a reference to 2001: A Space Odyssey in that Starr’s full name is Starchilde, an allusion to the new creature at the end of the film that is presumably the next stage of humanity’s evolution; this represents the political uprising in the novel as being a rebirth of humanity and the next stage in human evolution, entirely new creatures existing outside of capitalist concerns. The novel also contains references to Webster’s mother being addicted to living via interface in the world of the Dragons of Pern, where life itself is heavily genetically modified to defend human colonists. This might be understood as a jab against colonialism, as it is willing to modify the nature of life, or as an attack against escapism, since the dragons serve as a mere diversion from the real world. The novel additionally alludes to The Postman with Kevin Costner, and notes the irony in that the viewers were living in the time of an apocalypse, even while the watching the movie, as the political implications of widespread capitalism had corrupted society to its core.

text: The novel features a reference to

text: 2001: A Space Odyssey

text: in that Starr’s full name is Starchilde, an allusion to the new creature at the end of the film that is presumably the next stage of humanity’s evolution; this represents the political uprising in the novel as being a rebirth of humanity and the next stage in human evolution, entirely new creatures existing outside of capitalist concerns. The novel also contains references to Webster’s mother being addicted to living via interface in the world of the

text: Dragons of Pern

text: , where life itself is heavily genetically modified to defend human colonists. This might be understood as a jab against colonialism, as it is willing to modify the nature of life, or as an attack against escapism, since the dragons serve as a mere diversion from the real world. The novel additionally alludes to

text: The Postman

text: with Kevin Costner, and notes the irony in that the viewers were living in the time of an apocalypse, even while the watching the movie, as the political implications of widespread capitalism had corrupted society to its core.

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answer: Yes

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answer: Yes

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text: Thalamic regions may be functionally inhomogeneous. The elements of the lateral region have been frequently separated into ventral and dorsal (in fact named lateral) nuclei. This subdivision no more hold true. Cytoarchitectonics have partly failed. What differentiates anatomofunctional parts are the major afferent systems present in the thalamus as terminal parts of axons and axonal arborisations. Three-dimensional analyses of the distribution of all the axonal ending coming from the same source show that they occupy together an own space in the thalamus, which is called a territory. Such a main territory do no mix or overlap in primates with neighbouring territories (Percheron et al. 1998). This is what made possible a solid partition of the thalamus. These territories may cover one or several nuclei. The analyses of the three-dimensional geometry of the main afferent territories in macaques have shown that a dorsal element on transverse sections is simply the posterior part of the preceding territory. There are thus no "dorsal nuclei". This is one reason why the nomenclature selected by the Nomina anatomica and the Terminologia Anatomica (1998) is hardly applicable. The evolution of the thalamus follows that of the cortex and there are differences including between primates (new world monkeys and old world; old world and humans), which means that a universal nomenclature valid in all species is not simply reachable.

text: Thalamic regions may be functionally inhomogeneous. The elements of the lateral region have been frequently separated into ventral and dorsal (in fact named lateral) nuclei. This subdivision no more hold true.

text: Cytoarchitectonics

text: have partly failed. What differentiates anatomofunctional parts are the major afferent systems present in the thalamus as terminal parts of axons and axonal arborisations. Three-dimensional analyses of the distribution of all the axonal ending coming from the same source show that they occupy together an own space in the thalamus, which is called a territory. Such a main territory do no mix or overlap in primates with neighbouring territories (Percheron et al. 1998). This is what made possible a solid partition of the thalamus. These territories may cover one or several nuclei. The analyses of the three-dimensional geometry of the main afferent territories in macaques have shown that a dorsal element on transverse sections is simply the posterior part of the preceding territory. There are thus no "dorsal nuclei". This is one reason why the nomenclature selected by the Nomina anatomica and the

text: Terminologia Anatomica

text: (1998) is hardly applicable. The evolution of the thalamus follows that of the cortex and there are differences including between primates (new world monkeys and old world; old world and humans), which means that a universal nomenclature valid in all species is not simply reachable.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: This subdivision no more hold true

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text: Like the other regular Dalek members of the Cult, he had doubts about Dalek Sec's plan to merge with a human as part of Sec's vision of Dalek "evolution". He sacrificed three panels of his skirt to create the lightning conductor of the Empire State Building, and also served as the Cult's contact to Mr. Diagoras. In the climax of "Evolution of the Daleks", Thay dismisses the warnings of the Hybrid Dalek Sec and kills him. Moments later, Thay was destroyed (along with Dalek Jast) when the Dalek Human hybrids rebelled against the orders to kill the Doctor and opened fire on the Daleks instead.

text: Like the other regular Dalek members of the Cult, he had doubts about Dalek Sec's plan to merge with a human as part of Sec's vision of Dalek "evolution". He sacrificed three panels of his skirt to create the lightning conductor of the Empire State Building, and also served as the Cult's contact to Mr. Diagoras. In the climax of "

text: Evolution of the Daleks

text: ", Thay dismisses the warnings of the Hybrid Dalek Sec and kills him. Moments later, Thay was destroyed (along with Dalek Jast) when the Dalek Human hybrids rebelled against the orders to kill the Doctor and opened fire on the Daleks instead.

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answers: no

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Like Huxley before them, anthropologists of the late 19th and early 20th century, still tended to classify and consider the increasingly more numerous hominid fossils as to be representatives of early "races" of modern man.

text: Like Huxley before them, anthropologists of the late 19th and early 20th century, still tended to classify and consider the increasingly more numerous hominid fossils as to be representatives of early "races" of modern man.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying human skin color variation is still incomplete, however genetic studies have discovered a number of genes that affect human skin color in specific populations, and have shown that this happens independently of other physical features such as eye and hair color. Different populations have different allele frequencies of these genes, and it is the combination of these allele variations that bring about the complex, continuous variation in skin coloration we can observe today in modern humans. Population and admixture studies suggest a 3-way model for the evolution of human skin color, with dark skin evolving in early hominids in sub-Saharan Africa and light skin evolving independently in Europe and East Asia after modern humans had expanded out of Africa.

text: The understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying human skin color variation is still incomplete, however genetic studies have discovered a number of genes that affect human skin color in specific populations, and have shown that this happens independently of other physical features such as eye and hair color. Different populations have different allele frequencies of these genes, and it is the combination of these allele variations that bring about the complex, continuous variation in skin coloration we can observe today in modern humans. Population and admixture studies suggest a 3-way model for the evolution of human skin color, with dark skin evolving in early

text: hominids

text: in

text: sub-Saharan Africa

text: and light skin evolving independently in

text: Europe

text: and

text: East Asia

text: after modern humans had expanded

text: out of Africa

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answers: The understanding of the genetic mechanisms

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Europe and East Asia

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The term hominid is easily confused with a number of very similar words:

text: The term hominid is easily confused with a number of very similar words:

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: hominid

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answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004863

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answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo erectus

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answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.

text: The earliest known ancestor of

text: primate

text: s is

text: Archicebus achilles

text: from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The word evolution (from the Latin evolutio, meaning "to unroll like a scroll") appeared in English in the 17th century, referring to an orderly sequence of events, particularly one in which the outcome was somehow contained within it from the start. Notably, in 1677 Sir Matthew Hale, attacking the atheistic atomism of Democritus and Epicurus, used the term evolution to describe his opponent's ideas that vibrations and collisions of atoms in the void — without divine intervention — had formed "Primordial Seeds" (semina) which were the "immediate, primitive, productive Principles of Men, Animals, Birds and Fishes." For Hale, this mechanism was "absurd", because "it must have potentially at least the whole Systeme of Humane Nature, or at least that Ideal Principle or Configuration thereof, in the evolution whereof the complement and formation of the Humane Nature must consist ... and all this drawn from a fortuitous coalition of senseless and dead Atoms."

text: The word evolution (from the

text: Latin

text: evolutio, meaning "to unroll like a scroll") appeared in English in the 17th century, referring to an orderly sequence of events, particularly one in which the outcome was somehow contained within it from the start. Notably, in 1677 Sir

text: Matthew Hale

text: , attacking the

text: atheist

text: ic

text: atomism

text: of

text: Democritus

text: and

text: Epicurus

text: , used the term evolution to describe his opponent's ideas that vibrations and collisions of atoms in the void — without divine intervention — had formed "Primordial Seeds" (semina) which were the "immediate, primitive, productive Principles of Men, Animals, Birds and Fishes." For Hale, this mechanism was "absurd", because "it must have potentially at least the whole Systeme of Humane Nature, or at least that Ideal Principle or Configuration thereof, in the evolution whereof the complement and formation of the Humane Nature must consist ... and all this drawn from a fortuitous coalition of senseless and dead Atoms."

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Hominid appears during one of the levels in The Behemoth's 2nd game, Castle Crashers, using a lance weapon based on his ray gun. He is playable to anyone who has also downloaded Alien Hominid HD on the XBLA version, while he is unlocked by completing said level on the PlayStation Network and Steam versions of the game. The green eyeball from an early boss fight also appears as an Animal Orb, firing lasers at enemies. Hominid appears as a playable character in Team Meat's Super Meat Boy, another game that originated as a flash game on Newgrounds. The Super Soviet Missile Mastar minigame from Alien Hominid was released as a free app for iOS on February 7, 2011. An improved version of the PDA Games minigame was released for iOS on December 9, 2011. Developer Tom Fulp has cited the PDA Games as being the inspiration for The Behemoth's third game, BattleBlock Theater, which features unlockable Hominid character heads for those who own Alien Hominid HD.

text: Hominid appears during one of the levels in The Behemoth's 2nd game,

text: Castle Crashers

text: , using a lance weapon based on his ray gun. He is playable to anyone who has also downloaded Alien Hominid HD on the XBLA version, while he is unlocked by completing said level on the PlayStation Network and Steam versions of the game. The green eyeball from an early boss fight also appears as an Animal Orb, firing lasers at enemies. Hominid appears as a playable character in Team Meat's

text: Super Meat Boy

text: , another game that originated as a flash game on Newgrounds. The Super Soviet Missile Mastar minigame from Alien Hominid was released as a free app for

text: iOS

text: on February 7, 2011. An improved version of the PDA Games minigame was released for iOS on December 9, 2011. Developer Tom Fulp has cited the PDA Games as being the inspiration for The Behemoth's third game,

text: BattleBlock Theater

text: , which features unlockable Hominid character heads for those who own Alien Hominid HD.

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answer: No

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answer: 1

text: During November 1928, a lower jaw and several teeth and skull fragments were discovered. His find expanded the knowledge of human evolution.   Black presented this to the Foundation, which granted him $80,000. This grant continued the investigation and Black established the Cenozoic Research Laboratory with it.

text: During November 1928, a lower jaw and several teeth and skull fragments were discovered. His find expanded the knowledge of human evolution.   Black presented this to the Foundation, which granted him $80,000. This grant continued the investigation and Black established the

text: Cenozoic Research Laboratory

text: with it.

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answers: Cenozoic Research Laboratory

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answers: the oceans

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The discovery of fire came to provide a wide variety of uses for early hominids.  It acted as a source of warmth, making it easier to get through cold nighttime temperatures and allowing hominids to survive in colder environments, through which geographic expansion from tropical and subtropical climates to areas of temperate climates containing colder winters began to occur.  The use of fire continued to aid hominids at night by also acting as a means by which to ward off predatory animals.  This allowed hominids to sleep on the ground and in caves instead of trees and led to more time being spent on the ground.  This may have contributed to the evolution of bipedalism as such an ability became increasingly necessary for human activity.

text: The discovery of fire came to provide a wide variety of uses for early hominids.  It acted as a source of warmth, making it easier to get through cold nighttime temperatures and allowing hominids to survive in colder environments, through which geographic expansion from tropical and subtropical climates to areas of temperate climates containing colder winters began to occur.  The use of fire continued to aid hominids at night by also acting as a means by which to ward off predatory animals.  This allowed hominids to sleep on the ground and in caves instead of trees and led to more time being spent on the ground.  This may have contributed to the evolution of bipedalism as such an ability became increasingly necessary for human activity.

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answers: geographic expansion

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The olfactory tubercle differs in location and relative size between humans, non-human primates, rodents, birds, and other animals. In most cases, the olfactory tubercle is identified as a round bulge along the basal forebrain anterior to the optic chiasm and posterior to the olfactory peduncle. In humans and non-human primates, visual identification of the olfactory tubercle is not easy because the basal forebrain bulge is small in these animals. With regard to functional anatomy, the olfactory tubercle can be considered to be a part of three larger networks. First, it is considered to be part of the basal forebrain, the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdaloid nuclei because of its location along the rostral ventral region of the brain, that is, the front-bottom part. Second, it is considered to be part of the olfactory cortex because it receives direct input from the olfactory bulb. Third, it is also considered to be part of the ventral striatum based on anatomy, neurochemical, and embryology data.

text: The olfactory tubercle differs in location and relative size between humans, non-human primates, rodents, birds, and other animals. In most cases, the olfactory tubercle is identified as a round bulge along the

text: basal forebrain

text: anterior to the

text: optic chiasm

text: and posterior to the olfactory peduncle. In humans and non-human primates, visual identification of the olfactory tubercle is not easy because the basal forebrain bulge is small in these animals. With regard to functional

text: anatomy

text: , the olfactory tubercle can be considered to be a part of three larger networks. First, it is considered to be part of the basal forebrain, the

text: nucleus accumbens

text: , and the

text: amygdaloid nuclei

text: because of its location along the rostral ventral region of the brain, that is, the front-bottom part. Second, it is considered to be part of the olfactory cortex because it receives direct input from the

text: olfactory bulb

text: . Third, it is also considered to be part of the

text: ventral striatum

text: based on anatomy, neurochemical, and embryology data.

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answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: embryology

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

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answers: walk

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answers: In humans and non-human primates, visual identification of the olfactory tubercle is not easy because the basal forebrain bulge is small in these animals

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: olfactory tubercle

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Spiritual evolution is the philosophical, theological, esoteric or spiritual idea that nature and human beings and/or human culture evolve: either extending from the established cosmological pattern (ascent), or in accordance with certain pre-established potentials. The phrase "spiritual evolution" can occur in the context of "higher evolution", a term used to differentiate psychological, mental, or spiritual evolution from the "lower" or biological evolution of physical form.

text: Spiritual evolution is the

text: philosophical

text: theological

text: esoteric

text: or

text: spiritual

text: idea that nature and human beings and/or human culture evolve: either extending from the established

text: cosmological

text: pattern

text: (ascent), or in accordance with certain pre-established potentials. The phrase "spiritual evolution" can occur in the context of "higher evolution", a term used to differentiate psychological, mental, or spiritual evolution from the "lower" or biological evolution of physical form.

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answers: evolution

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answers: NDQ_004862

answers: "lower" or biological

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answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: lower" or biological evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human beings

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Spiritual evolution

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ascend

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2012, John Langdon reviewed an e-book published by Bentham Science Publishers collecting 50 years of theorizing about the AAH. In his review, Langdon noted there is no longer a single "aquatic ape hypothesis", but rather  multiple hypotheses with a common theme of evolutionary pressure due to dependence on an aquatic habitat. While original versions attempted to explain an apparently substantial gap between humans and closely related common ancestors, more recent variants of these hypotheses have had to adjust to the fact that the gap was more apparent than real and the significant commonalities found between humans and other African apes. Three main strands of thought now exist regarding the AAH, varying according to when the theorized aquatic phase occurred: from the Middle Miocene to approximately three million years ago (Hardy's original model, which was based on a large gap in the fossil record that has since been filled in), from the Early Miocene when ancestral hominids were thought to wade in coastal swamps and from which Homo species were thought to split off and adapt to swimming and diving (associated with the work of Marc Verhaegen), and from 200,000 years ago when exploitation of coastal resources led humans out of Africa and resulted in the evolution of modern humans (associated with the work of Algis Kuliukas). Langdon notes the strong associations of humans with water, as well as the adaptability of the species to incredibly diverse ecological niches (including coastal and wetland regions), both within and across lifetimes. Whether these associations define humans as "semiaquatic" or not "represents a fundamental point of departure between anthropologists and the [aquatic hypothesis] community." Langdon describes the three lines of evidence cited to support the AAH: comparative anatomy between humans and other semiaquatic species, hypothetical situations in which evolutionary pressure might have produced convergent evolution between humans and semiaquatic species, and the ability of humans to perform various activities in the water. He rejects these as unproven:

text: In 2012, John Langdon reviewed an

text: e-book

text: published by

text: Bentham Science Publishers

text: collecting 50 years of theorizing about the AAH. In his review, Langdon noted there is no longer a single "aquatic ape hypothesis", but rather  multiple hypotheses with a common theme of

text: evolutionary pressure

text: due to dependence on an aquatic habitat. While original versions attempted to explain an apparently substantial gap between humans and closely related

text: common ancestors

text: , more recent variants of these hypotheses have had to adjust to the fact that the gap was more apparent than real and the significant commonalities found between humans and other African apes. Three main strands of thought now exist regarding the AAH, varying according to when the theorized aquatic phase occurred: from the

text: Middle Miocene

text: to approximately three million years ago (Hardy's original model, which was based on a large gap in the

text: fossil record

text: that has since been filled in), from the

text: Early Miocene

text: when ancestral hominids were thought to wade in coastal swamps and from which Homo species were thought to split off and adapt to swimming and diving (associated with the work of Marc Verhaegen), and from 200,000 years ago when exploitation of coastal resources led humans out of Africa and resulted in the evolution of modern humans (associated with the work of Algis Kuliukas). Langdon notes the strong associations of humans with water, as well as the adaptability of the species to incredibly diverse ecological niches (including coastal and wetland regions), both within and across lifetimes. Whether these associations define humans as "semiaquatic" or not "represents a fundamental point of departure between anthropologists and the [aquatic hypothesis] community." Langdon describes the three lines of evidence cited to support the AAH: comparative anatomy between humans and other semiaquatic species, hypothetical situations in which evolutionary pressure might have produced

text: convergent evolution

text: between humans and semiaquatic species, and the ability of humans to perform various activities in the water. He rejects these as unproven:

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answers: 3

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_004860

answers: African apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 200,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The gap was more apparent than real

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: swim and diving

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Humans evolved about 200,000 years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: exploitation of coastal resources led humans out of Africa

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: It does not say.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: According to the Guardian newspaper, some British Muslim students have distributed leaflets on campus, advocating against Darwin's theory of evolution. At a conference in the UK in January 2004, entitled Creationism: Science and Faith in Schools, "Dr Khalid Anees, of the Islamic Society of Britain stated that 'Muslims interpret the world through both the Koran and what is tangible and seen. There is no contradiction between what is revealed in the Koran and natural selection and survival of the fittest'." Maurice Bucaille, famous in the Muslim world for his commentary on the Quran and science, attempted to reconcile evolution with the Quran by accepting animal evolution up to early hominid species, and then positing a separate hominid evolution leading to modern humans. However, these ideas differ from the theory of evolution as accepted by biologists.

text: According to

text: the Guardian

text: newspaper, some British Muslim students have distributed leaflets on campus, advocating against Darwin's theory of evolution. At a conference in the UK in January 2004, entitled Creationism: Science and Faith in Schools, "Dr Khalid Anees, of the Islamic Society of Britain stated that 'Muslims interpret the world through both the Koran and what is tangible and seen. There is no contradiction between what is revealed in the Koran and natural selection and survival of the fittest'."

text: Maurice Bucaille

text: , famous in the Muslim world for his commentary on the

text: Quran and science

text: , attempted to reconcile evolution with the Quran by accepting animal evolution up to early hominid species, and then positing a separate hominid evolution leading to modern humans. However, these ideas differ from the theory of evolution as accepted by biologists.

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answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Maurice Bucaille

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Maurice Bucaille

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

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answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Maurice Bucaille

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hominid

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Maestripieri has published six books, several popular science essays, and over 175 scientific articles. His books provide an illustration of his intellectual interests. Evolutionary Theory and Primate Behavior includes a collection of essays illustrating evolutionary analyses of major aspects of primate socioecology and behavior including feeding, social, and reproductive strategies. In Primate Psychology, Maestripieri integrates human and nonhuman primate research on many aspects of social behavior, development, communication and cognition. In Macachiavellian Intelligence: How Rhesus Macaques and Humans Have Conquered the World, he highlights the many parallels between the social behavior of rhesus macaques and human beings and explains them using evolutionary and economic cost-benefit analyses. He also suggests that complex political intelligence evolved in highly competitive primate societies played a role in the evolution of the human brain and human intelligence, as well as in our ecological success on this planet. Maternal Effects in Mammals is an edited collection of theoretical and empirical essays addressing the role of nongenetic maternal influences on phenotypic evolution in many species of mammals. In Animal Personalities: Behavior, Physiology, and Evolution, research on individual differences in behavior and reactivity to the environment in many animals and humans is discussed and integrated from a comparative and evolutionary perspective. In Games Primates Play: An Undercover Investigation of the Evolution and Economics of Human Relationships, Maestripieri illustrates how evolutionary and comparative studies, along with economic cost-benefit analyses of behavior, can explain why people behave the way they do in everyday social situations and in the negotiation of their personal and business relationships.

text: Maestripieri has published six books, several popular science essays, and over 175 scientific articles. His books provide an illustration of his intellectual interests. Evolutionary Theory and Primate Behavior includes a collection of essays illustrating evolutionary analyses of major aspects of

text: primate

text: socioecology

text: and behavior including feeding, social, and reproductive strategies. In Primate Psychology, Maestripieri integrates human and nonhuman primate research on many aspects of social behavior, development, communication and

text: cognition

text: . In Macachiavellian Intelligence: How Rhesus Macaques and Humans Have Conquered the World, he highlights the many parallels between the social behavior of rhesus macaques and human beings and explains them using evolutionary and economic

text: cost-benefit analyses

text: . He also suggests that complex political intelligence evolved in highly competitive primate societies played a role in the evolution of the human brain and human intelligence, as well as in our ecological success on this planet. Maternal Effects in Mammals is an edited collection of theoretical and empirical essays addressing the role of nongenetic maternal influences on

text: phenotypic

text: evolution in many species of mammals. In Animal Personalities: Behavior, Physiology, and Evolution, research on individual differences in behavior and reactivity to the environment in many animals and humans is discussed and integrated from a comparative and evolutionary perspective. In Games Primates Play: An Undercover Investigation of the Evolution and Economics of Human Relationships, Maestripieri illustrates how evolutionary and comparative studies, along with economic cost-benefit analyses of behavior, can explain why people behave the way they do in everyday social situations and in the negotiation of their personal and business relationships.

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answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: highly competitive primate societies

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Rhesus Macaques

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: communicate and cognition

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Maestripieri

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answers: primates

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answers: Maestripieri integrates human and nonhuman primate research on many aspects of social behavior, development, communication and cognition

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The hills date from the late Cenozoic era, and range up to over . Composed mainly of basalt, the mountains were formed by several flows of the Grande Ronde basalt flows that were part of the larger Columbia River basalts. Human settlement goes back 10,000 years to the area's earliest known residents, the Chinook people.

text: The hills date from the late

text: Cenozoic

text: era, and range up to over . Composed mainly of

text: basalt

text: , the mountains were formed by several flows of the Grande Ronde basalt flows that were part of the larger

text: Columbia River basalts

text: . Human settlement goes back 10,000 years to the area's earliest known residents, the

text: Chinook

text: people.

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answers: Chinook people

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answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Geology of Kansas encompasses the geologic history of the US state of Kansas and the present-day rock and soil that is exposed there. Rock that crops out in Kansas was formed during the Phanerozoic eon, which consists of three geologic eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Paleozoic rocks at the surface in Kansas are primarily from the Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and Permian periods.

text: The Geology of Kansas encompasses the

text: geologic history

text: of the

text: US

text: state of Kansas and the present-day

text: rock

text: and

text: soil

text: that is exposed there. Rock that

text: crops out

text: in Kansas was formed during the

text: Phanerozoic eon

text: , which consists of three geologic

text: eras

text: : the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: . Paleozoic rocks at the surface in Kansas are primarily from the

text: Mississippian

text: Pennsylvanian

text: and

text: Permian

text: periods.

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answers: It does not say.

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answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Many scientists, including paleoanthropologists, continue to use the term "hominid" to mean humans and their direct and near-direct bipedal ancestors.

text: Many scientists, including

text: paleoanthropologist

text: s, continue to use the term "hominid" to mean humans and their direct and near-direct bipedal

text: ancestors

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answers: Hominid

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: s during the Late Cenozoic. Deng currently assumes several positions, including Deputy Director for the Academic Committee of IVPP, and professor of palaeontology at the graduate school of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is also the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of two technical journals, Vertebrata Palasiatica and Evolution of Life.

text: s during the Late Cenozoic. Deng currently assumes several positions, including Deputy Director for the Academic Committee of IVPP, and professor of palaeontology at the graduate school of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is also the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of two technical journals, Vertebrata Palasiatica and Evolution of Life.

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text: The human FPR2 gene encodes the 351 amino acid receptor, FPR2, within an intronless open reading frame.  It forms a cluster with FPR1 and FPR3 genes on chromosome 19q.13.3 in the order of FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3; this cluster also includes the genes for two other chemotactic factor receptors, the G protein-coupled C5a receptor (also termed CD88) and a second C5a receptor, GPR77 (i.e. C5a2 or C5L2), which has the structure of G protein receptors but apparently does not couple to G proteins and is of uncertain function.  The FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3 paralogs, based on phylogenetic analysis, originated from a common ancestor with early duplication of FPR1 and FPR2/FPR3 splitting with FPR3 originating from the latest duplication event near the origin of primates.

text: The human FPR2 gene encodes the 351 amino acid receptor, FPR2, within an intronless open reading frame.  It forms a cluster with FPR1 and FPR3 genes on chromosome 19q.13.3 in the order of FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3; this cluster also includes the genes for two other chemotactic factor receptors, the G protein-coupled

text: C5a receptor

text: (also termed CD88) and a second C5a receptor,

text: (i.e. C5a2 or C5L2), which has the structure of G protein receptors but apparently does not couple to G proteins and is of uncertain function.  The FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3

text: paralog

text: s, based on

text: phylogenetic analysis

text: , originated from a common ancestor with early duplication of FPR1 and FPR2/FPR3 splitting with FPR3 originating from the latest duplication event near the origin of primates.

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text: Various mutations can stop a gene from being successfully transcribed or translated, and a gene may become nonfunctional or deactivated if such a mutation becomes fixed in the population. This is the same mechanism by which non-processed genes become deactivated, but the difference in this case is that the gene was not duplicated before becoming disabled. Normally, such gene deactivation would be unlikely to become fixed in a population, but various population effects, such as genetic drift, a population bottleneck, or in some cases, natural selection, can lead to fixation. The classic example of a unitary pseudogene is the gene that presumably coded the enzyme L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (GULO) in primates. In all mammals studied besides primates (except guinea pigs), GULO aids in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), but it exists as a disabled gene (GULOP) in humans and other primates. Another interesting and more recent example of a disabled gene links the deactivation of the caspase 12 gene (through a nonsense mutation) to positive selection in humans.

text: Various mutations can stop a gene from being successfully transcribed or translated, and a gene may become nonfunctional or deactivated if such a mutation becomes fixed in the population. This is the same mechanism by which non-processed genes become deactivated, but the difference in this case is that the gene was not duplicated before becoming disabled. Normally, such gene deactivation would be unlikely to become fixed in a population, but various population effects, such as

text: genetic drift

text: , a

text: population bottleneck

text: , or in some cases,

text: natural selection

text: , can lead to fixation. The classic example of a unitary pseudogene is the gene that presumably coded the enzyme

text: L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase

text: (GULO) in primates. In all mammals studied besides primates (except guinea pigs), GULO aids in the biosynthesis of

text: ascorbic acid

text: (vitamin C), but it exists as a disabled gene (GULOP) in humans and other primates. Another interesting and more recent example of a disabled gene links the deactivation of the

text: caspase 12

text: gene (through a

text: nonsense mutation

text: ) to positive selection in humans.

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answer: No

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text: The Cenozoic evolution of Borneo is predominantly controlled by active regional and local tectonics and climate.  In the Paleocene, Borneo was a promontory of SE Asia, partially separated by oceanic crust of the proto-South China Sea.  There is geologic evidence that suggests Borneo has rotated counter clock wise about 45° from its orentation at the end of the Oligocene while remaining to straddle the equator.  This would indicate most of the Paleogene sediment in North Borneo was sourced from Indochina.  In the Mid Eocene formation of the Celebs Sea and Makassar Strait rifted the eastern margin of Borneo while subduction of oceanic crust occurred on the western margin, producing deep basins on both sides. In the late Oligocene to Early Miocene, the central mountain ranges of Borneo began to rise.  The equatorial perhumid climate provided intense chemical weathering and erosion of the newly uplifted rock and filled the marginal basins of Borneo with sediment.  Neogene sediments are up to 9 km thick in sections of some basins.  Reconstruction of the sediment volume indicates that at least 6 km of crust was removed from the interior of Borneo in the Neogene.  A period of punctuated compressional events beginning in the mid Miocene affected the continued evolution of these basins, deforming and inverting them.  Igneous activity continued throughout the Cenozoic but was particularly more active in the northern region of Borneo in the Neogene.

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text: Dr. Walker is a paleoanthropologist who works on primate and human evolution.

text: Dr. Walker is a paleoanthropologist who works on primate and human evolution.

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text: Ridley argues that few, if any, aspects of human nature can be understood apart from sex, since human nature is a product of evolution, driven by sexual reproduction in the case of sexual selection in human evolution.

text: Ridley argues that few, if any, aspects of human nature can be understood apart from sex, since human nature is a product of

text: evolution

text: , driven by

text: sexual reproduction

text: in the case of

text: sexual selection in human evolution

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the early Eocene Epoch (55.8 million years ago) the Coastal Plain of Virginia was completely underwater. Sediment accumulating beneath this sea eventually would become the Crow's Nest of today. The Paleocene and the Eocene epochs are found in the Cenozoic Era, or the age of the mammals. The Cenozoic Era spanned a length of time from 66 million years ago to the present.

text: In the early

text: Eocene Epoch

text: (55.8 million years ago) the Coastal Plain of Virginia was completely underwater. Sediment accumulating beneath this sea eventually would become the Crow's Nest of today. The

text: Paleocene

text: and the

text: Eocene

text: epochs

text: are found in the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era, or the age of the mammals. The Cenozoic Era spanned a length of time from 66 million years ago to the present.

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answers: Eocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Eocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic Era

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The GRIK4 gene displayed significantly higher rates of evolution in primates than in rodents and especially in the lineage leading from primates to humans.  Furthermore, the GRIK4 gene is implicated in the development of the nervous system.  Hence evolution of the GRIK4 gene is thought to have played a role in the dramatic increases in size and complexity of the brain that occurred during evolutionary history leading to humans.

text: The GRIK4 gene displayed significantly higher rates of evolution in primates than in rodents and especially in the lineage leading from primates to humans.  Furthermore, the GRIK4 gene is implicated in the development of the nervous system.  Hence evolution of the GRIK4 gene is thought to have played a role in the dramatic increases in size and complexity of the brain that occurred during evolutionary history leading to humans.

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answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolutionary history

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: GRIK4 gene

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Clarence (2012) suggests that afro-textured hair may have initially evolved because of an adaptive need amongst humans' early hominid ancestors for protection against the intense UV radiation of the sun in Africa. With regard to the hypothesized recent African origin of modern humans, the author argues that afro-textured hair was the original hair texture of all modern humans prior to the "Out-of-Africa" migration that populated the rest of the globe. According to Clarence (2012), afro-textured hair may have been adaptive for the earliest modern humans in Africa because the relatively sparse density of such hair, combined with its elastic helix shape, results in an airy effect. The resulting increased circulation of cool air onto the scalp may have thus served to facilitate the body-temperature-regulation system of hominids while they lived on the open savannah. Afro-hair requires more moisture than straight hair and tends to shrink when dry. Instead of sticking to the neck and scalp when damp (as do straighter textures), unless completely drenched it tends to retain its basic springiness. The trait may have been retained and/or preferred among many anatomically modern populations in equatorial areas, such as Polynesians, Micronesians, Melanesians, Australoids and the Negrito, because of its contribution to enhanced comfort levels under tropical climate conditions.

text: Clarence (2012) suggests that afro-textured hair may have initially evolved because of an adaptive need amongst humans' early

text: hominid

text: ancestors for protection against the intense

text: UV

text: radiation

text: of the sun in Africa. With regard to the hypothesized

text: recent African origin of modern humans

text: , the author argues that afro-textured hair was the original hair texture of all modern humans prior to the "Out-of-Africa" migration that populated the rest of the globe. According to Clarence (2012), afro-textured hair may have been adaptive for the earliest modern humans in Africa because the relatively sparse density of such hair, combined with its elastic helix shape, results in an airy effect. The resulting increased circulation of cool air onto the scalp may have thus served to facilitate the

text: body-temperature-regulation system

text: of hominids while they lived on the open

text: savannah

text: . Afro-hair requires more moisture than straight hair and tends to shrink when dry. Instead of sticking to the neck and scalp when damp (as do straighter textures), unless completely drenched it tends to retain its basic springiness. The trait may have been retained and/or preferred among many anatomically modern populations in equatorial areas, such as

text: Polynesians

entity_name: Demographics of the Federated States of Micronesia

text: Micronesians

text: Melanesians

text: Australoids

text: and the

text: Negrito

text: , because of its contribution to enhanced comfort levels under

text: tropical climate

text: conditions.

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answers: NDQ_004861

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answers: NDQ_004862

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answers: NDQ_004863

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answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Afro-hair requires more moisture than straight hair and tends to shrink when dry

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Some fossil snakes from the Cenozoic era are also known.

text: Some fossil snakes from the

text: Cenozoic

text: era are also known.

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answers: snakes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cenozoic

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: fossil snakes

answers: NDQ_004868

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answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Archicebus is a genus of fossil primates that lived in the early Eocene forests (~55 million years ago) of what is now Jingzhou in the Hubei Province in central China, discovered in 2003. The only known species, A. achilles, was a small primate, estimated to weigh approximately , and is the only known member of the family Archicebidae. As of 2013, it is the oldest fossil haplorhine primate skeleton discovered, and is most closely related to tarsiers and the fossil omomyids, although A. achilles is suggested to have been diurnal whereas tarsiers are nocturnal. Resembling tarsiers and simians (monkeys, apes, and humans), it was a haplorhine primate, and it also may have resembled the last common ancestor of all haplorhines as well as the last common ancestor of all primates. Its discovery further supports the hypothesis that primates originated in Asia, not in Africa.

text: Archicebus is a

text: genus

text: of

text: fossil primates

text: that lived in the early

text: Eocene

text: forests (~55 million years ago) of what is now

text: Jingzhou

text: in the

text: Hubei

text: Province in central China, discovered in 2003. The only known

text: species

text: , A. achilles, was a small

text: primate

text: , estimated to weigh approximately , and is the only known member of the

text: family

text: Archicebidae. As of 2013, it is the oldest fossil haplorhine primate skeleton discovered, and is most closely related to

text: tarsier

text: s and the fossil

text: omomyid

text: s, although A. achilles is suggested to have been

text: diurnal

text: whereas tarsiers are

text: nocturnal

text: . Resembling tarsiers and

text: simian

text: s (

text: monkey

text: s,

text: ape

text: s, and

text: human

text: s), it was a

text: haplorhine

text: primate, and it also may have resembled the last common ancestor of all haplorhines as well as the last

text: common ancestor

text: of all primates. Its discovery further supports the hypothesis that primates originated in Asia, not in Africa.

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text: There is a fourth meaning for the word evolution that is not used by biologists today. In 1857, the philosopher Herbert Spencer defined it as "change from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous." He claimed (before Darwin) that this was "settled beyond dispute" for organic evolution and applied it to the evolution of star systems, geology and human society. Even Spencer by 1865 was admitting that his definition was imperfect, but it remained popular throughout the nineteenth century before declining under the criticisms of William James and others.

text: There is a fourth meaning for the word evolution that is not used by biologists today. In 1857, the philosopher

text: Herbert Spencer

text: defined it as "change from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous." He claimed (before Darwin) that this was "settled beyond dispute" for organic evolution and applied it to the evolution of star systems, geology and human society. Even Spencer by 1865 was admitting that his definition was imperfect, but it remained popular throughout the nineteenth century before declining under the criticisms of

text: William James

text: and others.

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text: In New Zealand, these epochs and stages use local place names (mainly Maori in origin) back to the Permian. Prior to this time, they largely use the same terms as used in the Australian geologic time scale, and are not divided into epochs. In practice, these early terms are rarely used, as most New Zealand geology is of more recent origin. In all cases, New Zealand uses the same periods as used internationally; it is only the subdivisions of these periods that have been renamed. Very few epochs and stages cross international period boundaries. Of those that do, almost all are within the Cenozoic Era.

text: In

text: New Zealand

text: , these epochs and stages use local place names (mainly

text: Maori

text: in origin) back to the

text: Permian

text: . Prior to this time, they largely use the same terms as used in the

text: Australian geologic time scale

text: , and are not divided into epochs. In practice, these early terms are rarely used, as most New Zealand geology is of more recent origin. In all cases, New Zealand uses the same periods as used internationally; it is only the subdivisions of these periods that have been renamed. Very few epochs and stages cross international period boundaries. Of those that do, almost all are within the Cenozoic Era.

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text: The theory builds on human evolution ideas and has been proposed as an alternative to media richness theory. Media naturalness theory argues that since our Stone Age hominid ancestors have communicated primarily face-to-face, evolutionary pressures have led to the development of a brain that is consequently designed for that form of communication. Other forms of communication are too recent and unlikely to have posed evolutionary pressures that could have shaped our brain in their direction. Using communication media that suppress key elements found in face-to-face communication, as many electronic communication media do, thus ends up posing cognitive obstacles to communication. This is particularly the case in the context of complex tasks (e.g., business process redesign, new product development, online learning), because such tasks seem to require more intense communication over extended periods of time than simple tasks.

text: The theory builds on human evolution ideas and has been proposed as an alternative to

text: media richness theory

text: . Media naturalness theory argues that since our Stone Age hominid ancestors have communicated primarily face-to-face, evolutionary pressures have led to the development of a brain that is consequently designed for that form of communication. Other forms of communication are too recent and unlikely to have posed evolutionary pressures that could have shaped our brain in their direction. Using communication media that suppress key elements found in face-to-face communication, as many electronic communication media do, thus ends up posing cognitive obstacles to communication. This is particularly the case in the context of complex tasks (e.g.,

text: business process redesign

text: new product development

text: online learning

text: ), because such tasks seem to require more intense communication over extended periods of time than simple tasks.

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text: The range is typical of the Basin and Range Province with isolated high mountains surrounded by downfaulted basins filled with sediments. The rocks of the range include Paleozoic sedimentary and metamorphic rocks intruded by Mesozoic igneous rocks and covered by Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanic rocks.

text: The range is typical of the

text: Basin and Range Province

text: with isolated high mountains surrounded by downfaulted basins filled with sediments. The rocks of the range include

text: Paleozoic

text: sedimentary

text: and

text: metamorphic

text: rocks intruded by

text: Mesozoic

text: igneous rock

text: s and covered by Mesozoic and

text: Cenozoic

text: volcanic rock

text: s.

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answers: Paleozoic

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text: At the beginning of the Cenozoic era and the early Alpine tectonic cycle, large anticlines, or folds were being formed in the Balkan Mountains, and during this time the region turned to dry land.  About 45 million years ago, the rising of the Belogradchik anticline began, and during this folding, the limestone and the conglomerates in the core cracked, creating vertical and horizontal rifts in the ridge of the anticline.  In the core of the Belogradchik anticline, Paleozoic rocks are found and the slopes are formed of conglomerates, sandstone, and Jurassic limestone.

text: At the beginning of the

text: Cenozoic

text: era

text: and the early Alpine tectonic cycle, large anticlines, or folds were being formed in the Balkan Mountains, and during this time the region turned to dry land.  About 45 million years ago, the rising of the Belogradchik

text: anticline

text: began, and during this folding, the limestone and the conglomerates in the core cracked, creating vertical and horizontal rifts in the ridge of the anticline.  In the core of the Belogradchik anticline, Paleozoic rocks are found and the slopes are formed of conglomerates, sandstone, and Jurassic limestone.

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answers: Jurassic

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answers: Jurassic

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: Paleozoic rocks

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answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: The second and third timelines are each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks. The Cenozoic is sometimes divided into the Quaternary and Tertiary periods, although the latter is no longer used officially.

text: The second and third timelines are each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks. The Cenozoic is sometimes divided into the

text: Quaternary

text: and

text: Tertiary

text: periods, although the latter is no longer used officially.

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text: It deals with many esoteric topics and also metaphysics, physiology and cosmology (the visible and invisible worlds, human evolution, death and rebirth, nutrition, esoteric training, ...). It contains a history of the evolution of the human spirit and related bodies (from before awareness, through various incarnations of our planet on various planes, and into the future development) and of animal, vegetable and mineral life waves (the myriad life forms and types of consciousness on this physical plane, experiencing their own points in evolution). It also presents an esoteric interpretation about the mission of Christ and an occult analysis of Biblical texts which include the fall of man, the Law of Cause and Consequence and Bible and rebirth, and many other themes which were further developed in the subsequent books, lectures and lessons given by the author at the time (1910s) in the United States.

text: It deals with many esoteric topics and also

text: metaphysics

text: physiology

text: and

text: cosmology

text: (the visible and invisible worlds, human evolution,

text: death and rebirth

text: , nutrition, esoteric training, ...). It contains a history of the evolution of the human spirit and related bodies (from before awareness, through various incarnations of our planet on various planes, and into the future development) and of animal, vegetable and mineral life waves (the myriad life forms and types of consciousness on this physical plane, experiencing their own points in evolution). It also presents an

text: esoteric interpretation

text: about the mission of Christ and an

text: occult

text: analysis of

text: Biblical

text: texts which include the fall of man, the

text: Law of Cause and Consequence

text: and Bible and rebirth, and many other themes which were further developed in the subsequent books, lectures and lessons given by the author at the time (1910s) in the United States.

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text: David Begun concluded that early primates flourished in Eurasia and that a lineage leading to the African apes and humans, including Dryopithecus, migrated south from Europe or Western Asia into Africa. The surviving tropical population of primates, which is seen most completely in the upper Eocene and lowermost Oligocene fossil beds of the Faiyum depression southwest of Cairo, gave rise to all living species—lemurs of Madagascar, lorises of Southeast Asia, galagos or "bush babies" of Africa, and the anthropoids: platyrrhine or New World monkeys, catarrhines or Old World monkeys, and the great apes, which share common ancestors with Homo sapiens.

text: David Begun

text: concluded that early primates flourished in Eurasia and that a lineage leading to the African apes and humans, including

text: Dryopithecus

text: , migrated south from Europe or Western Asia into Africa. The surviving tropical population of primates, which is seen most completely in the upper Eocene and lowermost Oligocene fossil beds of the

text: Faiyum

text: depression southwest of Cairo, gave rise to all living species—

text: lemur

text: s of Madagascar,

text: loris

text: es of Southeast Asia,

text: galago

text: s or "bush babies" of Africa, and the

text: anthropoids

text: platyrrhine or New World monkeys

text: catarrhine

text: s or Old World monkeys, and the great apes, which share common ancestors with

text: Homo sapiens

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text: The evolution of color vision in primates is unique compared to most eutherian mammals. A remote vertebrate ancestor of primates possessed tetrachromacy, but nocturnal, warm-blooded, mammalian ancestors lost two of four cones in the retina at the time of dinosaurs. Most teleost fish, reptiles and birds are therefore tetrachromatic while all mammals, with the exception of some primates and marsupials, are strictly dichromats.

text: The evolution of

text: color vision

text: in primates is unique compared to most

text: eutherian

text: mammals

text: . A remote

text: vertebrate

text: ancestor of primates possessed

text: tetrachromacy

text: , but

text: nocturnal

text: warm-blooded

text: , mammalian ancestors lost two of four cones in the

text: retina

text: at the

text: time of dinosaur

text: s. Most

text: teleost fish

text: reptile

text: s and

text: bird

text: s are therefore tetrachromatic while all mammals, with the exception of some

text: primate

text: s and

text: marsupial

text: s, are strictly dichromats.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: One of the original aspects of the noosphere concept deals with evolution. Henri Bergson, with his L'évolution créatrice  (1907), was one of the first to propose evolution is "creative" and cannot necessarily be explained solely by Darwinian natural selection. L'évolution créatrice is upheld, according to Bergson, by a constant vital force which animates life and fundamentally connects mind and body, an idea opposing the dualism of René Descartes. In 1923, C. Lloyd Morgan took this work further, elaborating on an "emergent evolution" which could explain increasing complexity (including the evolution of mind). Morgan found many of the most interesting changes in living things have been largely discontinuous with past evolution. Therefore, these living things did not necessarily evolve through a gradual process of natural selection. Rather, he posited, the process of evolution experiences jumps in complexity (such as the emergence of a self-reflective universe, or noosphere). Finally, the complexification of human cultures, particularly language, facilitated a quickening of evolution in which cultural evolution occurs more rapidly than biological evolution. Recent understanding of human ecosystems and of human impact on the biosphere have led to a link between the notion of sustainability with the "co-evolution" and harmonization of cultural and biological evolution.

text: One of the original aspects of the noosphere concept deals with

text: evolution

text: Henri Bergson

text: , with his

text: L'évolution créatrice

text: (1907), was one of the first to propose evolution is "creative" and cannot necessarily be explained solely by Darwinian

text: natural selection

text: . L'évolution créatrice is upheld, according to Bergson, by a constant

text: vital force

text: which animates life and fundamentally connects mind and body, an idea opposing the dualism of

text: René Descartes

text: . In 1923,

text: C. Lloyd Morgan

text: took this work further, elaborating on an "

text: emergent evolution

text: " which could explain increasing

text: complexity

text: (including the evolution of mind). Morgan found many of the most interesting changes in living things have been largely discontinuous with past evolution. Therefore, these living things did not necessarily evolve through a gradual process of natural selection. Rather, he posited, the process of evolution experiences jumps in complexity (such as the emergence of a self-reflective universe, or noosphere). Finally, the complexification of human cultures, particularly language, facilitated a quickening of evolution in which cultural evolution occurs more rapidly than biological evolution. Recent understanding of human ecosystems and of human impact on the biosphere have led to a link between the notion of

text: sustainability

text: with the "co-evolution" and harmonization of cultural and biological evolution.

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answers: NDQ_004860

answers: C. Lloyd Morgan

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: the complexification of human cultures

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: L'évolution créatrice

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: L'évolution créatrice

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answers: L'évolution créatrice

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: L'évolution créatrice

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the noosphere

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: L'évolution créatrice

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Amylase is an enzyme in saliva that is responsible for the breakdown of starch into monosaccharides, and one type of amylase is encoded by the alpha-amylase gene (AMY1). The AMY1 locus, as well as the amylase enzyme, is one of the most extensively studied and sequenced gene in the human genome. Its homologs are also found in other primates and therefore it is likely that the primate AMY1 gene is ancestral to the human AMY1 gene and was adapted early in primate evolution. AMY1 is a particularly interesting gene to examine as it is one of the most well studied genes which has wide range of variable numbers of copies throughout different human populations. The AMY1 gene is also one of the few genes that had been studied that displayed convincing evidence which correlates its protein function to its copy number. Copy number is known to alter transcription as well as translation levels of a particular gene, however research has shown that the relationship between protein levels and copy number is variable. In the AMY1 genes of European Americans it is found that the concentration of salivary amylase is closely correlated to the copy number of the AMY1 gene. As a result, it was hypothesized that the copy number of the AMY1 gene is closely correlated with its protein function, which is to digest starch.

text: Amylase is an

text: enzyme

text: in saliva that is responsible for the breakdown of

text: starch

text: into

text: monosaccharides

text: , and one type of amylase is encoded by the alpha-amylase gene (AMY1). The AMY1 locus, as well as the amylase enzyme, is one of the most extensively studied and sequenced gene in the human genome. Its homologs are also found in other primates and therefore it is likely that the

text: primate

text: AMY1 gene is ancestral to the human AMY1 gene and was adapted early in primate evolution. AMY1 is a particularly interesting gene to examine as it is one of the most well studied genes which has wide range of variable numbers of copies throughout different human populations. The AMY1 gene is also one of the few genes that had been studied that displayed convincing evidence which correlates its protein function to its copy number. Copy number is known to alter

text: transcription

text: as well as

text: translation

text: levels of a particular gene, however research has shown that the relationship between protein levels and copy number is variable. In the AMY1 genes of European Americans it is found that the concentration of salivary amylase is closely correlated to the copy number of the AMY1 gene. As a result, it was hypothesized that the copy number of the AMY1 gene is closely correlated with its protein function, which is to digest starch.

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answers: European Americans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Its homologs are also found in other primates

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: primates

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answers: primates

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answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: European Americans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Its homologs are also found in other primates

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: European Americans

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Captain Marshall Field Expeditions were undertaken by the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois.  The two Captain Marshall Field paleontological expeditions had the goal of finding South American  Cenozoic mammals. The mammals of South America had evolved in near total isolation from the rest of the world from almost the beginning of the Cenozoic Era until only a few million years ago.

text: The Captain Marshall Field Expeditions were undertaken by the

text: Field Museum of Natural History

text: in

text: Chicago

text: Illinois

text: .  The two Captain Marshall Field paleontological expeditions had the goal of finding South American

text: Cenozoic

text: mammals. The mammals of South America had evolved in near total isolation from the rest of the world from almost the beginning of the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era until only a few million years ago.

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answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic mammals

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the Ice Ages

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Bringmans' research and teaching interests include archaeological method and theory, Quaternary research, geoarchaeology, especially loess-stratigraphy and paleosols, lithic technology, dating methods in archaeology and human evolution.

text: Bringmans'

text: research

text: and

text: teaching

text: interests include archaeological method and theory,

text: Quaternary

text: research,

text: geoarchaeology

text: , especially

text: loess

text: stratigraphy

text: and

text: paleosols

text: lithic technology

text: , dating methods in

text: archaeology

text: and

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text: The Mississippi embayment still covered part of Missouri during the early Cenozoic. The state's early Cenozoic flora comprised plants typical of moderate climatic conditions. During the Eocene epoch of the Cenozoic era, the plant life of the time left behind fossils. Hickory, linden, sycamore, and walnut left behind remains in southeastern Missouri, especially, Stottard and Scott County

text: The Mississippi embayment still covered part of Missouri during the early

text: Cenozoic

text: . The state's early Cenozoic flora comprised plants typical of moderate climatic conditions. During the

text: Eocene

text: epoch of the

text: Cenozoic

text: era, the plant life of the time left behind fossils.

text: Hickory

text: linden

text: sycamore

text: , and

text: walnut

text: left behind remains in southeastern Missouri, especially,

text: Stottard

text: and

text: Scott County

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answers: Cenozoic

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text: The University of the Witwatersrand is the curator of the fossils. The fossils are owned by the Republic of South Africa and will likely stay there, in accord with a 1998 resolution by the International Association for the Study of Human Paleontology – also approved by a South African permanent council member of the organisation – "strongly recommending that original hominid fossils not be transported beyond the boundaries of the country of origin, unless there are compelling scientific reasons which must include the demonstration that the proposed investigations cannot proceed in the forseeable [sic] future in the country of origin".

text: The University of the Witwatersrand is the curator of the fossils. The fossils are owned by the Republic of South Africa and will likely stay there, in accord with a 1998 resolution by the

text: International Association for the Study of Human Paleontology

text: – also approved by a South African permanent council member of the organisation – "strongly recommending that original hominid fossils not be transported beyond the boundaries of the country of origin, unless there are compelling scientific reasons which must include the demonstration that the proposed investigations cannot proceed in the forseeable [sic] future in the country of origin".

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answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Palaeoanthropologists Alice Roberts and Mark Maslin have published a website critique of the AAH (also published in the ‘i’ newspaper) dismissing it as a distraction "from the emerging story of human evolution that is more interesting and complex", adding AAH has become "a theory of everything" that is simultaneously "too extravagant and too simple".  This was a response, as their title indicates, to two BBC radio documentaries made by David Attenborough aired in September 2016, which referred to a number of recent research findings presented as consistent with the AAH/Waterside Hypothesis standpoint. Several authors of papers in a special issue of the Journal of Human Evolutionwere interviewed about their work including Kathlyn Stewart,Michael Crawford and Curtis Marean Other research findings highlighted were on the common chemistry of vernix in human and aquatic mammalian neonates and aural exostoses (surfer's ear) found in hominid fossils.

text: Palaeoanthropologists

text: Alice Roberts

text: and Mark Maslin have published a website critique of the AAH (also published in the ‘i’ newspaper) dismissing it as a distraction "from the emerging story of human evolution that is more interesting and complex", adding AAH has become "a theory of everything" that is simultaneously "too extravagant and too simple".  This was a response, as their title indicates, to two BBC radio documentaries made by

text: David Attenborough

text: aired in September 2016, which referred to a number of recent research findings presented as consistent with the AAH/Waterside Hypothesis standpoint. Several authors of papers in a special issue of the Journal of Human Evolutionwere interviewed about their work including Kathlyn Stewart,Michael Crawford and Curtis Marean Other research findings highlighted were on the common chemistry of vernix in human and aquatic mammalian neonates and aural exostoses (

text: surfer's ear

text: ) found in hominid fossils.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: After the Ancients' ascension they continued to oppose their former nemesis, the Ori, who had also reached Enlightenment. Although the two factions were deadlocked in strength, the Ori were still bent on destroying the Ancients once and for all. The Ancients probably outnumbered the Ori as the ranks of the ascended Ori were not swelled by new ascendants, rather they preferred to hoard the energy they derived from their own mortal worshipers, sapping power from this second evolution of humanity created in their own galaxy to gather enough strength to, ultimately, attack the Ancients. In response, the Ancients chose to hide their own second evolution created in the Milky Way from the Ori with the sole purpose of protecting the Milky Way humans from being coerced into forced religious servitude to the Ori, and thus used as a resource for the Ori to empower themselves. To this end they also probably influenced the association of fire, the central icon of the Ori religion, with demonic imagery. Still, they refused to take direct action because of their strict self-imposed edict of self-determination.  It is also likely that the Ancients knew the slippery slope of addiction to empowerment by way of the worship of `Lowers` and understood that there was a danger in this reliance, giving the Ori and later Adria a weakness despite `God` like powers. There are several examples of "lowers" praying and giving thanks to the Ancients/Ancestors in the Pegasus Galaxy. Such as "The Tower", even an exiled Ancient on a planet where the people worship her as "Athar" in the Stargate Atlantis episode, "Sanctuary."

text: After the Ancients' ascension they continued to oppose their former nemesis, the Ori, who had also reached Enlightenment. Although the two factions were deadlocked in strength, the Ori were still bent on destroying the Ancients once and for all. The Ancients probably outnumbered the Ori as the ranks of the ascended Ori were not swelled by new ascendants, rather they preferred to hoard the energy they derived from their own mortal worshipers, sapping power from this second evolution of humanity created in their own galaxy to gather enough strength to, ultimately, attack the Ancients. In response, the Ancients chose to hide their own second evolution created in the Milky Way from the Ori with the sole purpose of protecting the Milky Way humans from being coerced into forced religious servitude to the Ori, and thus used as a resource for the Ori to empower themselves. To this end they also probably influenced the association of

text: fire

text: , the central icon of the Ori religion, with demonic imagery. Still, they refused to take direct action because of their strict self-imposed edict of self-determination.  It is also likely that the Ancients knew the slippery slope of addiction to empowerment by way of the worship of `Lowers` and understood that there was a danger in this reliance, giving the Ori and later Adria a weakness despite `God` like powers. There are several examples of "lowers" praying and giving thanks to the Ancients/Ancestors in the Pegasus Galaxy. Such as "

text: The Tower

text: ", even an exiled Ancient on a planet where the people worship her as "Athar" in the

text: Stargate Atlantis

text: episode,

text: "Sanctuary."

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: The Ancients probably outnumbered the Ori

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text: Chimpanzees live in fission-fusion groups that average 50 individuals. It is likely that early ancestors of humans lived in groups of similar size. Based on the size of extant hunter-gatherer societies, recent Paleolithic hominids lived in bands of a few hundred individuals. As community size increased over the course of human evolution, greater enforcement to achieve group cohesion would have been required. Morality may have evolved in these bands of 100 to 200 people as a means of social control, conflict resolution and group solidarity. According to Dr. de Waal, human morality has two extra levels of sophistication that are not found in primate societies. Humans enforce their society’s moral codes much more rigorously with rewards, punishments and reputation building. Humans also apply a degree of judgment and reason not otherwise seen in the animal kingdom.

text: Chimpanzees live in

text: fission-fusion groups

text: that average 50 individuals. It is likely that early ancestors of humans lived in groups of similar size. Based on the size of

text: extant

text: hunter-gatherer societies, recent Paleolithic

text: hominid

text: s lived in bands of a few hundred individuals. As community size increased over the course of human evolution, greater enforcement to achieve group cohesion would have been required. Morality may have evolved in these bands of 100 to 200 people as a means of social control, conflict resolution and group solidarity. According to Dr. de Waal, human morality has two extra levels of sophistication that are not found in primate societies. Humans enforce their society’s moral codes much more rigorously with rewards, punishments and reputation building. Humans also apply a degree of judgment and reason not otherwise seen in the animal kingdom.

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answer: 1

text: Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades. The oldest is Little Foot, a collection of footbones of an unknown hominid between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old, discovered at Sterkfontein by Ronald J. Clarke. An important recent find was that of 1.9 million year old Australopithecus sediba, discovered in 2008. In 2015, the discovery near Johannesburg of a previously unknown species of Homo was announced, named Homo naledi. It has been described as one of the most important paleontological discoveries in modern times.

text: Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades. The oldest is

text: Little Foot

text: , a collection of footbones of an unknown hominid between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old, discovered at Sterkfontein by

text: Ronald J. Clarke

text: . An important recent find was that of 1.9 million year old

text: Australopithecus sediba

text: , discovered in 2008. In 2015, the discovery near Johannesburg of a previously unknown species of Homo was announced, named

text: Homo naledi

text: . It has been described as one of the most important paleontological discoveries in modern times.

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text: In 2000, Martin Pickford and Brigitte Senut discovered, in the Tugen Hills of Kenya, a 6-million-year-old bipedal hominin which they named Orrorin tugenensis. And in 2001, a team led by Michel Brunet discovered the skull of Sahelanthropus tchadensis which was dated as , and which Brunet argued was a bipedal, and therefore a hominid—that is, a hominin ( Hominidae; terms "hominids" and hominins).

text: In 2000,

text: Martin Pickford

text: and

text: Brigitte Senut

text: discovered, in the

text: Tugen Hills

text: of

text: Kenya

text: , a 6-million-year-old bipedal hominin which they named

text: Orrorin tugenensis

text: . And in 2001, a team led by

text: Michel Brunet

text: discovered the skull of

text: Sahelanthropus tchadensis

text: which was dated as , and which Brunet argued was a bipedal, and therefore a hominid—that is, a hominin ( Hominidae;

text: terms "hominids" and hominins

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text: The Cenozoic era covers the period from  Ma and is still ongoing. It comprises the Quaternary, the Paleogene and Neogene periods. Geologically, the Cenozoic is the era when the continents moved into their current positions.  The Alpine Orogeny, the spreading of the Mid Atlantic ridge, and the creation of the Atlantic Ocean basin occurred in the Cenozoic era. The Iceland hot spot and North Atlantic rifting helped to exhume the British Isles. In the early Palaeogene period (Caenozoic Era) between 63 and 52 Ma, the North Sea formed, and Britain was uplifted. Some of this uplift was along old lines of weakness from the Caledonian and Variscan Orogenies long before.

text: The

text: Cenozoic

text: era covers the period from  Ma and is still ongoing. It comprises the

text: Quaternary

text: , the

text: Paleogene

text: and

text: Neogene

text: periods.

text: Geologically

text: , the Cenozoic is the era when the

text: continent

text: s moved into their current positions.  The

text: Alpine Orogeny

text: , the spreading of the Mid Atlantic ridge, and the creation of the Atlantic Ocean basin occurred in the Cenozoic era. The Iceland hot spot and North Atlantic rifting helped to exhume the British Isles. In the early

text: Palaeogene

text: period (Caenozoic Era) between 63 and 52 Ma, the

text: North Sea

text: formed, and Britain was

text: uplift

text: ed. Some of this uplift was along old lines of weakness from the Caledonian and Variscan Orogenies long before.

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text: Hall 's 2007 book Fins into Limbs. Development, Transformation, and Evolution was published by University of Chicago Press. In a review for Science, Alan C. Love wrote that “Fins into Limbs is an exploration of a longstanding evolutionary puzzle associated with the origin of tetrapods and the vertebrate invasion of land. Brian Hall has assembled a stellar array of contributors from various fields that represent the pieces necessary for a solution.” Love called the book “handsomely executed and also timely...a necessary reference and a worthy guide to future research on this and other evolutionary transitions.” Mark W. Hamrick, in the Journal of Mammal Evolution, wrote that “in driving a new era of research in skeletal biology, Fins into Limbs is a great success.” Michael J. Benton, in Evolution and Development, called the book “essential reading for a broad range of natural scientists, from embryologists to paleontologists, and geneticists to philosophers.” And Michel Laurin, in Copeia, called it “an indispensable reference for all scientists interested in the origin, development and evolution of limbs.”

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text: Kenneth and Aldrich Estel identify six eras of Management Information System evolution corresponding to the five phases in the development of computing technology:

text: Kenneth

text: and Aldrich Estel identify six eras of Management Information System evolution corresponding to the five phases in the development of

text: computing

text: technology:

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answers: no

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: Miller is critical of theories that imply that human culture arose as accidents or by-products of human evolution. He believes that human culture arose through sexual selection for creative traits. In that view, many human artifacts could be considered subject to sexual selection as part of the extended phenotype, for instance clothing that enhances sexually selected traits. During human evolution, on at least two occasions, hominid brain size increased rapidly over a short period of time followed by a period of stasis. The first period of brain expansion occurred 2.5 million years ago, when Homo habilis first began using stone tools. The second period occurred 500,000 years ago, with the emergence of archaic Homo sapiens. Miller argues that the rapid increases in brain size would have occurred by a positive feedback loop resulting in a Fisherian runaway selection for larger brains. Tor Nørretranders, in The Generous Man conjectures how intelligence, musicality, artistic and social skills, and language might have evolved as an example of the handicap principle, analogously with the peacock's tail, the standard example of that principle. Another hypothesis proposes that human intelligence is a courtship indicator of health and resistance against parasites and pathogens which are deleterious to human cognitive capabilities.

text: Miller is critical of theories that imply that human culture arose as accidents or by-products of human evolution. He believes that human culture arose through sexual selection for creative traits. In that view, many human artifacts could be considered subject to sexual selection as part of the extended phenotype, for instance clothing that enhances sexually selected traits. During human evolution, on at least two occasions, hominid brain size increased rapidly over a short period of time followed by a period of stasis. The first period of brain expansion occurred 2.5 million years ago, when

text: Homo habilis

text: first began using

text: stone tools

text: . The second period occurred 500,000 years ago, with the emergence of

text: archaic Homo sapiens

text: . Miller argues that the rapid increases in brain size would have occurred by a

text: positive feedback

text: loop resulting in a

text: Fisherian runaway

text: selection for larger brains.

text: Tor Nørretranders

text: , in The Generous Man conjectures how intelligence, musicality, artistic and social skills, and language might have evolved as an example of the

text: handicap principle

text: , analogously with the

text: peacock

text: 's tail, the standard example of that principle. Another hypothesis proposes that human intelligence is a courtship indicator of health and resistance against

text: parasites

text: and

text: pathogen

text: s which are deleterious to human cognitive capabilities.

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answers: Homo habilis

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answers: 500,000 years ago

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answers: Homo habilis first began using stone tools. The second period occurred 500,000 years ago

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text: Human vestigiality is related to human evolution, and includes a variety of characters occurring in the human species. Many examples of these are vestigial in other primates and related animals, whereas other examples are still highly developed. The human caecum is vestigial, as often is the case in omnivores, being reduced to a single chamber receiving the content of the ileum into the colon. The ancestral caecum would have been a large, blind diverticulum in which resistant plant material such as cellulose would have been fermented in preparation for absorption in the colon. Analogous organs in other animals similar to humans continue to perform similar functions.  An alternative explanation would be the possibility that natural selection selects for larger appendices because smaller and thinner appendices would be more susceptible to inflammation and disease.  The coccyx, or tailbone, though a vestige of the tail of some primate ancestors, is functional as an anchor for certain pelvic muscles including: the levator ani muscle and the largest gluteal muscle, the gluteus maximus.

text: Human vestigiality is related to

text: human evolution

text: , and includes a variety of characters occurring in the

text: human

text: species. Many examples of these are vestigial in other

text: primate

text: s and related animals, whereas other examples are still highly developed. The human

text: caecum

text: is vestigial, as often is the case in

text: omnivore

text: s, being reduced to a single chamber receiving the content of the

text: ileum

text: into the

text: colon

text: . The ancestral caecum would have been a large, blind diverticulum in which resistant plant material such as

text: cellulose

text: would have been fermented in preparation for absorption in the colon. Analogous organs in other animals similar to humans continue to perform similar functions.  An alternative explanation would be the possibility that natural selection selects for larger appendices because smaller and thinner appendices would be more susceptible to inflammation and disease.  The

text: coccyx

text: , or tailbone, though a vestige of the tail of some primate ancestors, is functional as an anchor for certain pelvic muscles including: the levator ani muscle and the largest gluteal muscle, the gluteus maximus.

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answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004865

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: other primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human species

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Rocks of the Cenozoic era yield very large numbers of gastropod fossils, many of these fossils being closely related to modern living forms. The diversity of the gastropods increased markedly at the beginning of this era, along with that of the bivalves.

text: Rocks of the

text: Cenozoic

text: era yield very large numbers of gastropod fossils, many of these fossils being closely related to modern living forms. The diversity of the gastropods increased markedly at the beginning of this era, along with that of the

text: bivalve

text: s.

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answers: NDQ_004860

answers: gastropods

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cenozoic

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answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic

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answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Hunter-Bowen orogeny also known as the New England Orogen contains rocks from Late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic times.  It was formed as an arc-forearc zone as the Pacific Plate was subducted to the west.

text: The Hunter-Bowen orogeny also known as the New England Orogen contains rocks from Late

text: Paleozoic

text: to early

text: Mesozoic

text: times.  It was formed as an arc-forearc zone as the

text: Pacific Plate

text: was subducted to the west.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Late Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Hunter-Bowen orogen

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Mesozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Humanity’s closest living relatives are common chimpanzees and bonobos. These primates share a common ancestor with humans who lived between six and eight million years ago. It is for this reason that chimpanzees and bonobos are viewed as the best available surrogate for this common ancestor. Barbara King argues that while non-human primates are not religious, they do exhibit some traits that would have been necessary for the evolution of religion. These traits include high intelligence, a capacity for symbolic communication, a sense of social norms, realization of "self" and a concept of continuity. There is inconclusive evidence that Homo neanderthalensis may have buried their dead which is evidence of the use of ritual. The use of burial rituals is thought to be evidence of religious activity, and there is no other evidence that religion existed in human culture before humans reached behavioral modernity.

text: Humanity’s closest living relatives are

text: common chimpanzee

text: s and

text: bonobo

text: s. These

text: primate

text: s share a

text: common ancestor

text: with humans who lived between six and eight million years ago. It is for this reason that chimpanzees and bonobos are viewed as the best available surrogate for this common ancestor. Barbara King argues that while non-human primates are not religious, they do exhibit some traits that would have been necessary for the evolution of religion. These traits include high intelligence, a capacity for

text: symbolic communication

text: , a sense of social norms, realization of "

text: self

text: " and a concept of continuity. There is inconclusive evidence that

text: Homo neanderthalensis

text: may have

text: buried

text: their dead which is evidence of the use of ritual. The use of burial rituals is thought to be evidence of religious activity, and there is no other evidence that religion existed in human culture before humans reached

text: behavioral modernity

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: bonobos

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: modernity

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Humanity’s closest living relatives are common chimpanzees and bonobos

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: between six and eight million years ago

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: lived between six and eight million years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neanderthalensis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: behavioral modernity

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: religion existed in human culture before humans reached behavioral modernity

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: modernity

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The myth of the one percent refers to the 1975 study done by Wilson and King that asserted that human-chimpanzee divergence is about 1%. Humans share a common ancestor with chimpanzees, and the rapid evolution of chimpanzees and humans, along with gorillas and bonobos, has led to difficulties in creating an accurate lineage or tree topology. Chimpanzees and humans were found to be a monophyletic clade, leading to the question of how closely related the two are.

text: The myth of the one percent refers to the 1975 study done by Wilson and King that asserted that human-chimpanzee divergence is about 1%. Humans share a common ancestor with chimpanzees, and the rapid evolution of chimpanzees and humans, along with gorillas and bonobos, has led to difficulties in creating an accurate lineage or tree topology. Chimpanzees and humans were found to be a monophyletic

text: clade

text: , leading to the question of how closely related the two are.

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answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The myth of the one percent

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answers: walk

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answers: The myth of the one percent

answers: NDQ_004865

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answers: NDQ_004867

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answers: NDQ_004868

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answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: She has also found early evidence of fishers around Lake Turkana. Fishing has typically been located at sites that are dated later in the archaeological record, like the periods of the Upper Paleolithic, Later Stone Age, or the Holocene; usually with anatomically modern humans. Contrary to the belief, there has been evidence of fishing at Lake Rutanzige, Olduvai Gorge, and Lake Turkana that date from the late Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene. That would mean that there is evidence of fishing before there was any species with the genus Homo on Earth yet. Gifford-Gonzalez then raises the question: was it possible for pre-hominids to have collected the knowledge of how to fish and passed it down to Homo sapiens? In order to find the answers to this question, she and her colleague Kathlyn Stewart studied 19 pastoralist communities; 18 of these communities being of the Dassanetch people who live on the banks in the lower Omo River valley. They found that the Dassanetch people were completely self-sufficent on their own livestock and from the things they could get from the nearby river. They even have a specific status that is called gal dies that announces a person as a "fisherman" or someone without cattle. All this ethnographic work with the Dassanetch people when compared to the fossil evidence found from Olduvai Gorge was unable to help Gifford Gonzalez and Stewart come to a clear conclusion that answered their question but it gave them a starting point for further research.

text: She has also found early evidence of fishers around

text: Lake Turkana

text: . Fishing has typically been located at sites that are dated later in the

text: archaeological record

text: , like the periods of the

text: Upper Paleolithic

text: Later Stone Age

text: , or the

text: Holocene

text: ; usually with

text: anatomically modern human

text: s. Contrary to the belief, there has been evidence of fishing at

text: Lake Rutanzige

text: Olduvai Gorge

text: , and

text: Lake Turkana

text: that date from the late

text: Pliocene

text: to the

text: Late Pleistocene

text: . That would mean that there is evidence of fishing before there was any species with the

text: genus

text: Homo

text: on Earth yet. Gifford-Gonzalez then raises the question: was it possible for pre-

text: hominids

text: to have collected the knowledge of how to fish and passed it down to

text: Homo sapiens

text: ? In order to find the answers to this question, she and her colleague

text: Kathlyn Stewart

text: studied 19 pastoralist communities; 18 of these communities being of the

text: Dassanetch people

text: who live on the banks in the lower

text: Omo River

text: valley. They found that the

text: Dassanetch people

text: were completely self-sufficent on their own

text: livestock

text: and from the things they could get from the nearby river. They even have a specific status that is called gal dies that announces a person as a "fisherman" or someone without

text: cattle

text: . All this

text: ethnographic

text: work with the

text: Dassanetch people

text: when compared to the

text: fossil

text: evidence found from

text: Olduvai Gorge

text: was unable to help Gifford Gonzalez and

text: Stewart

text: come to a clear conclusion that answered their question but it gave them a starting point for further research.

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answers: Late Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004862

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answers: NDQ_004863

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answers: NDQ_004864

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answers: NDQ_004865

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answers: NDQ_004866

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answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Gifford-Gonzalez

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Homo sapiens

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Tylor's answer was culture, with which he founded cultural anthropology. As the other primates, from whose ancestors the evolutionists hypothesized man had evolved, did not appear to evidence any culture, then all memeplexes must have evolved from some pre-adaptive behaviour in the earliest of the human line. One is justified therefore in conceiving an evolution of mythology, religion, and philosophy, which is the development of these cultural complexes, by whatever path, from a hypothetical zero state.

text: Tylor's answer was culture, with which he founded

text: cultural anthropology

text: . As the other

text: primate

text: s, from whose ancestors the evolutionists hypothesized man had evolved, did not appear to evidence any culture, then all

text: memeplex

text: es must have evolved from some pre-adaptive behaviour in the earliest of the human line. One is justified therefore in conceiving an evolution of mythology, religion, and philosophy, which is the development of these cultural complexes, by whatever path, from a hypothetical zero state.

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answers: no

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answers: mythology

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: zero state

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The opposite case can also be true: cultural practice might selectively breed humans to meet the fitness conditions of new environments, cultural and physical, which earlier hominids could not have survived. Baldwinian evolution might strengthen or weaken a genetic trait.

text: The opposite case can also be true: cultural practice might

text: selectively breed

text: humans to meet the fitness conditions of new environments, cultural and physical, which earlier hominids could not have survived. Baldwinian evolution might strengthen or weaken a genetic trait.

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text: One of the major changes throughout hominid evolution, are the changes to the dental morphology and jaw. These changes were driven by the types and processing of food eaten. The evolution of the jaw is thought to have facilitated encephalization, speech, and the formation of the chin, a uniquely human feature.

text: One of the major changes throughout

text: hominid

text: evolution, are the changes to the dental morphology and jaw. These changes were driven by the types and processing of food eaten. The evolution of the jaw is thought to have facilitated

text: encephalization

text: , speech, and the formation of the chin, a uniquely human feature.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Fossil evidence suggests that humans' earliest hominid ancestors may have split from other primates as early as the late Oligocene, circa 26 to 24 Ma, and that by the early Miocene, the adaptive radiation of many different hominoid forms was well underway. Evidence from the molecular dating of genetic differences indicates that the gibbon lineage (family Hylobatidae) diverged between 18 and 12 Ma, and the orangutan lineage (subfamily Ponginae) diverged about 12 Ma. While there is no fossil evidence thus far clearly documenting the early ancestry of gibbons, fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 Ma. Molecular evidence further suggests that between 8 and 4 Ma, first the gorillas, and then the chimpanzee (genus Pan) split from the line leading to the humans. We have no fossil record of this divergence, but distinctively hominid fossils have been found dating to 3.2 Ma (see Lucy) and possibly even earlier, at 6 or 7 Ma (see Toumaï). Comparisons of DNA show that 99.4 percent of the coding regions are identical in chimpanzees and humans (95–96% overall), which is taken as strong evidence of recent common ancestry.<ref name="98.4">

text: Fossil evidence suggests that humans' earliest

text: hominid

text: ancestors may have split from other

text: primates

text: as early as the late

text: Oligocene

text: , circa 26 to 24

text: Ma

text: , and that by the early

text: Miocene

text: , the

text: adaptive radiation

text: of many different hominoid forms was well underway. Evidence from the

text: molecular dating

text: of genetic differences indicates that the

text: gibbon

text: lineage (family

text: Hylobatidae

text: ) diverged between 18 and 12 Ma, and the

text: orangutan

text: lineage (subfamily

text: Ponginae

text: ) diverged about 12 Ma. While there is no fossil evidence thus far clearly documenting the early ancestry of gibbons, fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by

text: Sivapithecus

text: from India and

text: Griphopithecus

text: from

text: Turkey

text: , dated to around 10 Ma. Molecular evidence further suggests that between 8 and 4 Ma, first the

text: gorilla

text: s, and then the

text: chimpanzee

text: (genus Pan) split from the line leading to the humans. We have no fossil record of this divergence, but distinctively hominid fossils have been found dating to 3.2 Ma (see

text: Lucy

text: ) and possibly even earlier, at 6 or 7 Ma (see

text: Toumaï

text: ). Comparisons of

text: DNA

text: show that 99.4 percent of the

text: coding region

text: s are identical in chimpanzees and humans (95–96% overall), which is taken as strong evidence of recent common ancestry.<ref name="98.4">

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answers: Fossil evidence

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Miocene

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Gabora has contributed to the study of cultural evolution and evolution of societies, focusing strongly on the role of personal creativity, as opposed to memetic imitation or instruction, in differentiating modern human from prior hominid or modern ape culture. In particular, she seems to follow feminist economists and green economists in making a very strong, indeed pivotal, distinction between creative "enterprise", invention, art or "individual capital" and imitative "meme", rule, social category or "instructional capital".

text: Gabora has contributed to the study of

text: cultural evolution

text: and

text: evolution of societies

text: , focusing strongly on the role of personal creativity, as opposed to

text: memetic

text: imitation or instruction, in differentiating modern human from prior

text: hominid

text: or modern

text: ape culture

text: . In particular, she seems to follow

text: feminist economists

text: and

text: green economists

text: in making a very strong, indeed pivotal, distinction between creative "enterprise", invention, art or "

text: individual capital

text: " and imitative "

text: meme

text: ", rule, social category or "

text: instructional capital

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answers: hominid

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answers: carved stone figurines

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answers: hominid

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Each of the Three Amandas can also be looked at as an evolution of the previous character.  This evolution can be equated with that of The Dorsai culture.  The first Amanda's responsibility is directly related to her family and immediate community.  The Second Amanda's responsibility is for The Dorsai as a whole.  The Third Amanda's responsibility transcends the other two and encompasses the whole of humanity.  Paralleling this, The Dorsai as a people begin as simple mercenary soldiers interested in making a living.  By the Second Amanda's life they have developed a moral code and reputation as a society that protects them as a whole. Finally, as embodied by the Third Amanda, The Dorsai become the protectors of all humanity and its potentiality.

text: Each of the Three Amandas can also be looked at as an evolution of the previous character.  This evolution can be equated with that of The

text: Dorsai

text: culture.  The first Amanda's responsibility is directly related to her family and immediate community.  The Second Amanda's responsibility is for The Dorsai as a whole.  The Third Amanda's responsibility transcends the other two and encompasses the whole of humanity.  Paralleling this, The Dorsai as a people begin as simple mercenary soldiers interested in making a living.  By the Second Amanda's life they have developed a moral code and reputation as a society that protects them as a whole. Finally, as embodied by the Third Amanda, The Dorsai become the protectors of all humanity and its potentiality.

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answers: The Dorsai become the protectors of all humanity and its potentiality

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answers: It does not say

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answers: The third Amanda's responsibility transcends the other two and encompasses the whole of humanity

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answers: Dorsai

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: It preserves fossils dating back to the Late Eocene Epoch of the Paleogene period, during the Cenozoic Era.

text: It preserves

text: fossils

text: dating back to the Late

text: Eocene Epoch

text: of the

text: Paleogene

text: period

text: , during the

text: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Eocene

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Cenozoic Era

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The use of tools by early humans was partly a process of discovery and of evolution. Early humans evolved from a species of foraging hominids which were already bipedal, with a brain mass approximately one third of modern humans. Tool use remained relatively unchanged for most of early human history. Approximately 50,000 years ago, the use of tools and complex set of behaviors emerged, believed by many archaeologists to be connected to the emergence of fully modern language.

text: The use of tools by

text: early humans

text: was partly a process of discovery and of evolution. Early humans evolved from a

text: species

text: of

text: foraging

text: hominids

text: which were already

text: bipedal

text: , with a brain mass approximately one third of modern humans. Tool use remained relatively unchanged for most of early human history. Approximately 50,000 years ago, the use of tools and

text: complex set of behaviors

text: emerged, believed by many archaeologists to be connected to the emergence of fully modern

text: language

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answers: hominids

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answers: 50,000 years ago

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: foraging

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 50,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: one third of modern humans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: bipedal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus is requisite to any human racial classification scheme. In the 19th century, unilineal evolution (a.k.a. classical social evolution) was a conflation of competing sociologic and anthropologic theories proposing that Western European culture was the acme of human socio-cultural evolution. The proposal that social status is unilineal—from primitive to civilized, from agricultural to industrial—became popular among philosophers, including Friedrich Hegel, Immanuel Kant, and Auguste Comte. The Christian Bible was interpreted to sanction slavery and from the 1820s to the 1850s was often used in the antebellum Southern United States, by writers such as the Rev. Richard Furman and Thomas R. Cobb, to enforce the idea that Negroes had been created inferior, and thus suited to slavery.

text: The

text: scientific classification

text: established by Carl Linnaeus is requisite to any human racial classification scheme. In the 19th century,

text: unilineal evolution

text: (a.k.a. classical social evolution) was a conflation of competing sociologic and anthropologic theories proposing that Western European culture was the acme of human socio-cultural evolution. The proposal that social status is unilineal—from primitive to civilized, from agricultural to industrial—became popular among philosophers, including

text: Friedrich Hegel

text: Immanuel Kant

text: , and

text: Auguste Comte

text: . The Christian

text: Bible

text: was interpreted to sanction

text: slavery

text: and from the 1820s to the 1850s was often used in the

entity_name: History of the United States (1789–1849)

text: antebellum

text: Southern United States

text: , by writers such as the Rev.

text: Richard Furman

text: and

text: Thomas R. Cobb

text: , to enforce the idea that Negroes had been created inferior, and thus suited to slavery.

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answers: Neolithic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 19th century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: unilineal evolution

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: civilized

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human socio-cultural evolution

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primal

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primitive

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: civilized

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: unilineal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The primates called "apes" today became known to Europeans after the 18th century. As zoological knowledge developed, it became clear that taillessness occurred in a number of different and otherwise distantly related species. Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark was one of those primatologists who developed the idea that there were trends in primate evolution and that the extant members of the order could be arranged in an ".. ascending series", leading from "monkeys" to "apes" to humans. Within this tradition "ape" came to refer to all members of the superfamily Hominoidea except humans. As such, this use of "apes" represented a paraphyletic grouping, meaning that, even though all species of apes were descended from a common ancestor, this grouping did not include all the descendant species, because humans were excluded from being among the apes.

text: The primates called "apes" today became known to Europeans after the 18th century. As

text: zoological

text: knowledge developed, it became clear that taillessness occurred in a number of different and otherwise distantly related

text: species

text: . Sir

text: Wilfrid Le Gros Clark

text: was one of those

text: primatologists

text: who developed the idea that there were trends in primate evolution and that the extant members of the order could be arranged in an ".. ascending series", leading from "monkeys" to "apes" to humans. Within this tradition "ape" came to refer to all members of the superfamily Hominoidea except humans. As such, this use of "apes" represented a

text: paraphyletic

text: grouping, meaning that, even though all species of apes were descended from a common ancestor, this grouping did not include all the descendant species, because humans were excluded from being among the apes.

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answers: Hominoidea

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 18th century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: "apes" to humans

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Hominoidea

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answers: homoidea

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominoidea

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answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The primates called "apes" today became known to Europeans after the 18th century

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Europe

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Although it lacks a toothcomb (a specialized dental structure found in most lemuriforms), its front dentition is enlarged and procumbent.  Its cranial and dental traits are comparable to that of the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), suggesting a possible close relationship.  Such a close relationship between an African fossil primate and the aye-aye within the lemur radiation could suggest that lemur evolution involved two dispersal events from Africa to Madagascar.  However, affinities are unclear because the similarities may be due to convergent evolution.

text: Although it lacks a

text: toothcomb

text: (a specialized dental structure found in most lemuriforms), its front

text: dentition

text: is enlarged and procumbent.  Its cranial and dental traits are comparable to that of the

text: aye-aye

text: (Daubentonia madagascariensis), suggesting a possible close relationship.  Such a close relationship between an African fossil primate and the aye-aye within the

text: lemur

text: radiation could suggest that

text: lemur evolution

text: involved two dispersal events from Africa to

text: Madagascar

text: .  However, affinities are unclear because the similarities may be due to

text: convergent evolution

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answers: African

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: lemur radiation

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Daubentonia madagascariensis

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Daubentonia madagascariensis

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: aye-aye

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: African fossil primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: carved stone figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Madagascar

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm climate, resulting in high eustatic sea levels that created numerous shallow inland seas. These oceans and seas were populated with now-extinct marine reptiles, ammonites and rudists, while dinosaurs continued to dominate on land. During this time, new groups of mammals and birds, as well as flowering plants, appeared. The Cretaceous ended with a large mass extinction, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, in which many groups, including non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs and large marine reptiles, died out. The end of the Cretaceous is defined by the abrupt K–Pg boundary, a geologic signature associated with the mass extinction which lies between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.

text: The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm

text: climate

text: , resulting in high

text: eustatic sea levels

text: that created numerous shallow

text: inland seas

text: . These oceans and seas were populated with now-

text: extinct

text: marine reptile

text: s,

text: ammonites

text: and

text: rudists

text: , while

text: dinosaur

text: s continued to dominate on land. During this time, new groups of

text: mammal

text: s and

text: birds

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text: flowering plants

text: , appeared. The Cretaceous ended with a large

text: mass extinction

text: , the

text: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

text: , in which many groups, including non-avian dinosaurs,

text: pterosaur

text: s and large marine reptiles, died out. The end of the Cretaceous is defined by the abrupt

text: K–Pg boundary

text: , a geologic signature associated with the mass extinction which lies between the Mesozoic and

text: Cenozoic

text: eras

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text: In addition, he is part of a team that has conducted 17 years of biological analysis of Ardi (Ardipithecus ramidus)--a near-complete 4.4-million-year-old hominid fossil found in present-day Ethiopia.  Publication of a special issue of Science in October 2009 about this research demonstrated that hominid history was nearly one million years older than believed, and provided new information on the evolution of human limbs and locomotion, the habitats occupied by early hominids, and the nature of our last common ancestor with chimps.

text: In addition, he is part of a team that has conducted 17 years of biological analysis of

text: Ardi

text: (Ardipithecus ramidus)--a near-complete 4.4-million-year-old hominid fossil found in present-day

text: Ethiopia

text: .  Publication of a special issue of

text: Science

text: in October 2009 about this research demonstrated that hominid history was nearly one million years older than believed, and provided new information on the evolution of human limbs and locomotion, the habitats occupied by early hominids, and the nature of our last common ancestor with chimps.

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answers: one million years

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text: Hominid paleoneurology refers specifically to the study of brain evolution by directly examining the fossil record of humans and their closest hominid relatives (defined as species more closely related to humans than chimpanzees). Paleoneurologists analyze endocasts that reproduce details of the external morphology of brains that have been imprinted on the internal surfaces of skulls.

text: Hominid

text: paleoneurology refers specifically to the study of brain evolution by directly examining the

text: fossil record

text: of humans and their closest hominid relatives (defined as species more closely related to humans than chimpanzees). Paleoneurologists analyze endocasts that reproduce details of the external

text: morphology

text: of brains that have been imprinted on the internal surfaces of skulls.

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answers: Paleoneurologists analyze endocasts

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answers: fossil record

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: Gen Suwa (born 1954) is a Japanese paleoanthropologist. He is known for his contributions to the understanding of the evolution of early hominids, including the discovery of a tooth from a hominid that was more than one million years older than the oldest previously known hominid. The discovery changed scientific opinion regarding the ancestral splits between humans, chimps and gorillas.

text: Gen Suwa (born 1954) is a Japanese

text: paleoanthropologist

text: . He is known for his contributions to the understanding of the evolution of early hominids, including the discovery of a tooth from a hominid that was more than one million years older than the oldest previously known hominid. The discovery changed scientific opinion regarding the ancestral splits between humans, chimps and gorillas.

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answers: one million years

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans. The topic typically focuses on the evolutionary history of the primates—in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominids (or great apes) rather than studying the earlier history that led to the primates. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, paleontology, neurobiology, ethology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about , in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around . Within the Hominoidea (apes) superfamily, the Hominidae family diverged from the Hylobatidae (gibbon) family some 15–20 million years ago; African great apes (subfamily Homininae) diverged from orangutans (Ponginae) about ; the Hominini tribe (humans, Australopithecines and other extinct biped genera, and chimpanzees) parted from the Gorillini tribe (gorillas) between  and ; and, in turn, the subtribes Hominina (humans and biped ancestors) and Panina (chimps) separated about  to .<ref name="Dawkins R 2004">

text: Human evolution is the

text: evolution

text: ary process that led to the emergence of

text: anatomically modern humans

text: . The topic typically focuses on the evolutionary history of the

text: primate

text: s—in particular the

text: genus

text: Homo

text: , and the emergence of

text: Homo sapiens

text: as a distinct species of the

text: hominid

text: s (or great apes) rather than studying the earlier history that led to the primates. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including

text: physical anthropology

text: primatology

text: archaeology

text: paleontology

text: neurobiology

text: ethology

text: linguistics

text: evolutionary psychology

text: embryology

text: and

text: genetics

text: .Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other

text: mammal

text: s about , in the

text: Late Cretaceous

text: period, and the earliest

text: fossil

text: s appear in the

text: Paleocene

text: , around . Within the

text: Hominoidea

text: (apes) superfamily, the

text: Hominidae

text: family

text: diverged from the

text: Hylobatidae

text: (gibbon) family some 15–20 million years ago; African great apes (subfamily

text: Homininae

text: ) diverged from

text: orangutan

text: s (

text: Ponginae

text: ) about ; the

text: Hominini

text: tribe (humans, Australopithecines and other extinct biped genera, and chimpanzees) parted from the

text: Gorillini

text: tribe (gorillas) between  and ; and, in turn, the subtribes

text: Hominina

text: (humans and biped ancestors) and

text: Panina

text: (chimps) separated about  to .<ref name="Dawkins R 2004">

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Hominini tribe

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: According to paleontology, early hominid skull anatomy was similar to that of their close cousins, the great African forest apes, gorilla and chimpanzee, but they had adopted a bipedal locomotion and freed hands giving them a crucial advantage enabling them to live in both forested areas and on the open savanna at a time when Africa was drying up, with savanna encroaching on forested areas. This occurred 10 million to 5 million years ago.

text: According to

text: paleontology

text: , early hominid skull anatomy was similar to that of their close cousins, the great African forest

text: apes

text: gorilla

text: and

text: chimpanzee

text: , but they had adopted a

text: biped

text: al locomotion and freed hands giving them a crucial advantage enabling them to live in both forested areas and on the open

text: savanna

text: at a time when Africa was drying up, with savanna encroaching on forested areas. This occurred 10 million to 5 million years ago.

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answers: According to paleontology

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answers: live in both forested areas

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answers: NDQ_004868

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: According to the theory, the ancestors of humans were distinguished from other primate species by their greater aggressiveness and this aggression remains within humanity, which retains many murderous instincts.

text: According to the theory, the ancestors of humans were distinguished from other

text: primate

text: species by their greater aggressiveness and this aggression remains within humanity, which retains many

text: murder

text: ous instincts.

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text: Chapter seven, Settlement, concerns sedentism – the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to a society which remains in one place permanently – which began to rise in the Near East at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. It required new ways of thought and social organisation; Wade thinks that an evolutionary adaptation for less aggressiveness allowed this change, noting how the skeletons of the ancestral population were less gracile than those of today. Sedentism facilitated the development of agriculture, including the cultivation and domestication of wild cereals and animals. The domestication of cattle in northern Europe and parts of Africa facilitated the spread of a genetic mutation that allowed lactose tolerance, and Wade believes this is evidence of culture and evolution interacting. The following chapter, Sociality, focuses on the common dynamics of human societies, including warfare, religion, trade, and a division of roles between the sexes. Wade theorises that these institutions have an evolutionary basis, and looks at closely related primate societies – such as those of chimpanzees and bonobos – for evidence. Wade goes on to suggest that cannibalism may have been more common in the human past by noting a common genetic adaptation that protects against Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, which is associated with the consumption of brain.

text: Chapter seven, Settlement, concerns

text: sedentism

text: – the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to a society which remains in one place permanently – which began to rise in the

text: Near East

text: at the end of the

text: Last Glacial Maximum

text: . It required new ways of thought and social organisation; Wade thinks that an evolutionary adaptation for less aggressiveness allowed this change, noting how the skeletons of the ancestral population were less gracile than those of today. Sedentism facilitated the development of agriculture, including the cultivation and domestication of wild cereals and animals. The domestication of cattle in northern Europe and parts of Africa facilitated the spread of a genetic mutation that allowed

text: lactose tolerance

text: , and Wade believes this is evidence of culture and evolution interacting. The following chapter, Sociality, focuses on the common dynamics of human societies, including warfare, religion, trade, and a

text: division of roles between the sexes

text: . Wade theorises that these institutions have an evolutionary basis, and looks at closely related primate societies – such as those of chimpanzees and

text: bonobo

text: s – for evidence. Wade goes on to suggest that cannibalism may have been more common in the human past by noting a common genetic adaptation that protects against

text: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

text: , which is associated with the consumption of brain.

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text: The importance of deep learning with respect to the evolution and development of human cognition did not escape the attention of these researchers. One aspect of human development that distinguishes us from our nearest primate neighbors may be changes in the timing of development. Among primates, the human brain remains relatively plastic until late in the post-natal period, whereas the brains of our closest relatives are more completely formed by birth. Thus, humans have greater access to the complex experiences afforded by being out in the world during the most formative period of brain development. This may enable us to "tune in" to rapidly changing features of the environment that other animals, more constrained by evolutionary structuring of their brains, are unable to take account of. To the extent that these changes are reflected in similar timing changes in hypothesized wave of cortical development, they may also lead to changes in the extraction of information from the stimulus environment during the early self-organization of the brain. Of course, along with this flexibility comes an extended period of immaturity, during which we are dependent upon our caretakers and our community for both support and training. The theory of deep learning therefore sees the coevolution of culture and cognition as a fundamental condition of human evolution.

text: The importance of deep learning with respect to the evolution and development of human

text: cognition

text: did not escape the attention of these researchers. One aspect of human development that distinguishes us from our nearest primate neighbors may be changes in the timing of development. Among

text: primate

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answers: The theory of deep learning therefore sees the coevolution of culture and cognition as a fundamental condition of human evolution

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text: He distinguished two major ways of understanding evolution.  The first is the "naturalistic" way of understanding evolution as "explicable entirely in terms of natural law without reference to a divine intention or intervention."  But a "theistic" understanding of evolution holds that "there was a divine teleology in this process, a divine direction at each crucial stage in accordance with divine plan or intention."  In other words, a theistic understanding of evolution holds that although evolution occurred, God still directed evolution.  Evolution is merely the tool of God's design.  Evolution, and even the great struggle for existence that "selects" some animals to survive and others to die, is the instrument with which God designs human beings and other animals. On this view, Darwinian evolution is consistent with the belief that God, through evolution, produced human beings for a purpose.  Other philosophers, such as Henri Bergson and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, have also argued that the process of evolution is not blind and random, but directed and purposeful.

text: He distinguished two major ways of understanding

text: evolution

text: .  The first is the "naturalistic" way of understanding evolution as "explicable entirely in terms of natural law without reference to a divine intention or intervention."  But a "theistic" understanding of evolution holds that "there was a divine teleology in this process, a divine direction at each crucial stage in accordance with divine plan or intention."  In other words, a theistic understanding of evolution holds that although evolution occurred, God still directed evolution.  Evolution is merely the tool of God's design.  Evolution, and even the great struggle for existence that "selects" some animals to survive and others to die, is the instrument with which God designs human beings and other animals. On this view, Darwinian evolution is consistent with the belief that God, through evolution, produced human beings for a purpose.  Other philosophers, such as

text: Henri Bergson

text: and

text: Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

text: , have also argued that the process of evolution is not blind and random, but directed and purposeful.

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answers: The first is the "naturalistic" way of understanding evolution

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answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: Some other animals have evolved their own unique prints, especially those whose lifestyle involves climbing or grasping wet objects; these include many primates, such as gorillas and chimpanzees, Australian koalas and aquatic mammal species such as the North American fisher. According to one study, even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the fingerprints of a koala and a human. Koalas' independent development of fingerprints is an example of convergent evolution.

text: Some other animals have evolved their own unique prints, especially those whose lifestyle involves climbing or grasping wet objects; these include many

text: primate

text: s, such as gorillas and chimpanzees, Australian

text: koalas

text: and aquatic mammal species such as the North American

text: fisher

text: . According to one study, even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the fingerprints of a koala and a human. Koalas' independent development of fingerprints is an example of

text: convergent evolution

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text: The evolution of the executive support staff of the Prime Minister and the cabinet pertains to four distinct eras:

text: The evolution of the executive support staff of the Prime Minister and the cabinet pertains to four distinct eras:

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answers: around 32,000 years ago

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: Man, therefore, is not the outcome of the evolution from a common ancestor to the primates, but rather the exponent of an eternal anthropic principle.  Monkeys, apes, and other primates are instead the outcome of certain sub-sects of ancient humanity copulating with animals, and are in a complete state of devolution.

text: Man, therefore, is not the outcome of the evolution from a common ancestor to the primates, but rather the exponent of an eternal anthropic principle.  Monkeys, apes, and other primates are instead the outcome of certain sub-sects of ancient humanity copulating with animals, and are in a complete state of devolution.

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answers: Copulating

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answers: common

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answers: in a complete state of devolution

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answers: carved stone figurines

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answers: common ancestor

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Chimpanzees live in fission-fusion groups that average 50 individuals. It is likely that early ancestors of humans lived in groups of similar size. Based on the size of extant hunter gatherer societies, recent paleolithic hominids lived in bands of a few hundred individuals.  As community size increased over the course of human evolution, greater enforcement to achieve group cohesion would have been required. Morality may have evolved in these bands of 100 to 200 people as a means of social control, conflict resolution and group solidarity. This numerical limit is theorized to be hard coded in our genes since even modern humans have difficulty maintaining stable social relationships with more than 100-200 people.  According to Dr. de Waal, human morality has two extra levels of sophistication that are not found in primate societies. Humans enforce their society’s moral codes much more rigorously with rewards, punishments and reputation building. People also apply a degree of judgment and reason not seen in the animal kingdom .

text: Chimpanzees live in

text: fission-fusion groups

text: that average 50 individuals. It is likely that early ancestors of humans lived in groups of similar size. Based on the size of

text: extant

text: hunter gatherer societies, recent paleolithic hominids lived in bands of a few hundred individuals.  As community size increased over the course of human evolution, greater enforcement to achieve group cohesion would have been required. Morality may have evolved in these bands of 100 to 200 people as a means of social control, conflict resolution and group solidarity. This numerical limit is theorized to be hard coded in our genes since even modern humans have difficulty maintaining stable social relationships with

text: more than 100-200 people

text: .  According to Dr. de Waal, human morality has two extra levels of sophistication that are not found in primate societies. Humans enforce their society’s moral codes much more rigorously with rewards, punishments and reputation building. People also apply a degree of judgment and reason not seen in the animal kingdom .

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answers: Chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: paleolithic hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: It is likely

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: maintain stable social relationships

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: paleolithic

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answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: paleolithic hominids

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answers: even modern humans have difficulty maintaining stable social relationships with more than 100-200 people

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: It is likely that early ancestors of humans lived in groups of similar size

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleolithic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: This is a list of fossil primates—extinct primates for which a fossil record exists. Primates are generally thought to have evolved from a small, unspecialized mammal, which probably fed on insects and fruits. However, the precise source of the primates remains controversial and even their arboreal origin has recently been questioned. As it has been suggested, many other mammal orders are arboreal too, but they have not developed the same characteristics as primates. Nowadays, some well known genera, such as Purgatorius and Plesiadapis, thought to be the most ancient primates for a long time, are not usually considered as such by recent authors, who tend to include them in the new order Plesiadapiformes, within superorder Euarchontoglires. Some, to avoid confusions, employ the unranked term Euprimates, which excludes Plesiadapiformes. That denomination is not used here.

text: This is a list of fossil primates—extinct

text: primate

text: s for which a

text: fossil record

text: exists. Primates are generally thought to have evolved from a small, unspecialized

text: mammal

text: , which probably fed on insects and fruits. However, the precise source of the primates remains controversial and even their arboreal origin has recently been questioned. As it has been suggested, many other mammal orders are arboreal too, but they have not developed the same characteristics as primates. Nowadays, some well known genera, such as

text: Purgatorius

text: and

text: Plesiadapis

text: , thought to be the most ancient primates for a long time, are not usually considered as such by recent authors, who tend to include them in the new order

text: Plesiadapiformes

text: , within superorder

text: Euarchontoglires

text: . Some, to avoid confusions, employ the unranked term

text: Euprimates

text: , which excludes Plesiadapiformes. That denomination is not used here.

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answers: extinct primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Euarchontoglires

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The precise source of the primates remains controversial

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: arboreal

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Plesiadapis

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answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Plesiadapiformes

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answers: fossil record

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Analysis of the mtDNA cytochrome b sequence indicates that the holarctic pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) is the closest living relative of this genus. Arguably, it could be included in Pyrrhula, but more probably is a distinct offshoot of a common ancestor, with the pine grosbeak as the sister group to the ancestor of the bullfinches. The evolution of the bullfinch species started soon after the pine grosbeak's ancestors diverged from them (at the end of the Middle Miocene, about a dozen mya), and it is quite possible that the latter species evolved in North America; what is fairly certain is that the bullfinch radiation started in the general area of the Himalayas. The mountain finches also seem to be part of this clade.

text: Analysis of the

text: mtDNA

text: cytochrome b

text: sequence

text: indicates that the

text: holarctic

text: pine grosbeak

text: (Pinicola enucleator) is the closest living relative of this genus. Arguably, it could be included in Pyrrhula, but more probably is a distinct offshoot of a common ancestor, with the pine grosbeak as the sister group to the ancestor of the bullfinches. The

text: evolution

text: of the bullfinch species started soon after the pine grosbeak's ancestors diverged from them (at the end of the Middle

text: Miocene

text: , about a dozen

text: mya

text: ), and it is quite possible that the latter species evolved in North America; what is fairly certain is that the bullfinch radiation started in the general area of the Himalayas. The

text: mountain finch

text: es also seem to be part of this

text: clade

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answers: Pyrrhula

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Middle Miocene

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Middle Miocene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: holarctic pine grosbeak

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Middle Miocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Arguably, it could be included in Pyrrhula

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: It is quite possible that the latter species evolved in North America

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the Himalayas

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: is a Japanese research center for the study of primates. It was founded in 1967 by primatologists Kinji Imanishi and Junichiro Itani. The Institute works toward understanding the biological, behavioral and socioecological aspects of primates, and the origin and evolution of humans. The Institute is located in the city of Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, which is about 150 km east of the main campus of Kyoto University. Through the Division of Biological Sciences of the Graduate School of Science of Kyoto University, the Institute offers graduate programs leading to the Master of Science and Doctorate of Science degrees in the field of primatological science. Since 2013, the director of the institute is Hirohisa Hirai (following Tetsuro Matsuzawa's tenure from 2006-2012).

text: is a

text: Japan

text: ese research center for the study of

text: primates

text: . It was founded in 1967 by

text: primatologists

text: Kinji Imanishi

text: and

text: Junichiro Itani

text: . The Institute works toward understanding the biological, behavioral and socioecological aspects of primates, and the origin and

text: evolution of humans

text: . The Institute is located in the city of

text: Inuyama

text: Aichi Prefecture

text: , which is about 150 km east of the main campus of

text: Kyoto University

text: . Through the Division of Biological Sciences of the Graduate School of Science of

text: Kyoto University

text: , the Institute offers graduate programs leading to the Master of Science and Doctorate of Science degrees in the field of primatological science. Since 2013, the director of the institute is Hirohisa Hirai (following

text: Tetsuro Matsuzawa

text: 's tenure from 2006-2012).

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answers: the origin and evolution

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answers: Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture

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answers: Aichi

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The killer ape theory posits that aggression, a vital factor in hunting prey for food, was a fundamental characteristic which distinguished prehuman ancestors from other primates. Ardrey also argued that aggression was therefore an inherited evolutionary trait still present in man. He challenged the reigning blank-state hypothesis (similarly aligned with cultural determinism), then in currency among social scientists. The blank-state hypothesis was famously defended (and Ardrey was famously attacked) by Ashley Montagu. This debate sparked a major controversy in anthropology and led to widespread popular interest in human origins. It also captured the popular attention and led to increased public interest in human origins. Ardrey's ideas notably influenced Sam Peckinpah, to whom Strother Martin gave copies of two of Ardrey's books, as well as, Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick in the development of 2001: A Space Odyssey. More recently, according to archeology expert K. Kris Hirst, reviewing the Dawn of Humanity (2015 PBS film) documentary which describes, directly in the context of 2001, the 2015 studies of fossils of Homo naledi, the behavior of apes in the "Dawn of Man" sequence of 2001 have been "proven false", since contemporary evidence suggests that such supposedly violent apes were in fact vegetarians.  Though some of Ardrey's theses on aggression have been contradicted, his popularization of the theory of African Genesis (as opposed to European or Asian Genesis) remains a major turning point in understanding the dawn of humanity.

text: The

text: killer ape theory

text: posits that

text: aggression

text: , a vital factor in

text: hunting prey

text: for food, was a fundamental characteristic which distinguished prehuman ancestors from other primates. Ardrey also argued that aggression was therefore an inherited evolutionary trait still present in man. He challenged the reigning blank-state hypothesis (similarly aligned with

text: cultural determinism

text: ), then in currency among social scientists. The blank-state hypothesis was famously defended (and Ardrey was famously attacked) by

text: Ashley Montagu

text: . This debate sparked a major controversy in anthropology and led to widespread popular interest in human origins. It also captured the popular attention and led to increased public interest in human origins. Ardrey's ideas notably influenced

text: Sam Peckinpah

text: , to whom

text: Strother Martin

text: gave copies of two of Ardrey's books, as well as,

text: Arthur C. Clarke

text: and

text: Stanley Kubrick

text: in the development of

text: 2001: A Space Odyssey

text: . More recently, according to

text: archeology

text: expert K. Kris Hirst, reviewing the

text: Dawn of Humanity (2015 PBS film)

text: documentary

text: which describes, directly in the context of 2001, the 2015 studies of

text: fossil

text: s of

text: Homo naledi

text: , the behavior of apes in the "Dawn of Man" sequence of 2001 have been "proven false", since contemporary evidence suggests that such supposedly violent apes were in fact

text: vegetarian

text: s.  Though some of Ardrey's theses on aggression have been contradicted, his popularization of the theory of African Genesis (as opposed to European or Asian Genesis) remains a major turning point in understanding the dawn of humanity.

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answers: contemporary evidence suggests that such supposedly violent apes were in fact vegetarians

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: European

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Determining the Y-MRCA's DNA sequence, and the time when he lived, involves identifying the human Y-chromosome lineages that are most divergent from each other—the lineages that share the fewest mutations with each other when compared to a non-human primate sequence in a phylogenetic tree. The common ancestor of the most divergent lineages is therefore the common ancestor of all lineages.

text: Determining the Y-MRCA's DNA sequence, and the time when he lived, involves identifying the human Y-chromosome lineages that are most divergent from each other—the lineages that share the fewest mutations with each other when compared to a non-human primate sequence in a

text: phylogenetic tree

text: . The common ancestor of the most divergent lineages is therefore the common ancestor of all lineages.

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answers: Humans evolved about 200,000 years ago

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Vertebrate animals were primitively tetrachromatic. They possessed four types of cones—long, mid, short wavelength cones, and ultraviolet sensitive cones.  Today, fish, reptiles and birds are all tetrachromatic. Placental mammals lost both the mid and short wavelength cones. Thus, most mammals do not have complex color vision—they are dichromatic but they are sensitive to ultraviolet light, though they cannot see its colors. Human trichromatic color vision is a recent evolutionary novelty that first evolved in the common ancestor of the Old World Primates. Our trichromatic color vision evolved by duplication of the long wavelength sensitive opsin, found on the X chromosome. One of these copies evolved to be sensitive to green light and constitutes our mid wavelength opsin. At the same time, our short wavelength opsin evolved from the ultraviolet opsin of our vertebrate and mammalian ancestors.

text: Vertebrate animals were primitively

text: tetrachromatic

text: . They possessed four types of cones—long, mid, short wavelength cones, and ultraviolet sensitive cones.  Today, fish, reptiles and birds are all tetrachromatic. Placental mammals lost both the mid and short wavelength cones. Thus, most mammals do not have complex color vision—they are

text: dichromatic

text: but they are sensitive to ultraviolet light, though they cannot see its colors. Human trichromatic color vision is a recent evolutionary novelty that first evolved in the common ancestor of the Old World Primates. Our trichromatic color vision evolved by duplication of the long wavelength sensitive

text: opsin

text: , found on the X chromosome. One of these copies evolved to be sensitive to green light and constitutes our mid wavelength opsin. At the same time, our short wavelength opsin evolved from the ultraviolet opsin of our vertebrate and mammalian ancestors.

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answers: Old World Primates

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answers: no

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answers: common ancestor

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Santa Susana Formation preserves fossils from the Late Paleocene to Early Eocene epochs in the Paleogene period of the Cenozoic Era. Fossilized fauna in the Santa Susana Formation is entirely different from that of underlying Martinez Formation, and has very little in common with that of the overlying Meganos Formation.

text: The Santa Susana Formation preserves

text: fossils

text: from the

text: Late Paleocene

text: to

text: Early Eocene

text: epoch

text: s in the Paleogene

text: period

text: of the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era

text: . Fossilized fauna in the Santa Susana Formation is entirely different from that of underlying

text: Martinez Formation

text: , and has very little in common with that of the overlying

text: Meganos Formation

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answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Santa Susana Formation

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Late Paleocene to Early Eocene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Late Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Fossilized fauna

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Santa Susana Formation

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic Era

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Tarsiiformes are a group of primates that once ranged across Europe, northern Africa, Asia, and North America, but whose extant species are all found in the islands of Southeast Asia. Tarsiers (family Tarsiidae) are the only living members of the infraorder, and also include the extinct Tarsius eocaenus from the Eocene and Tarsius thailandicus from the Miocene.  Two extinct genera, Xanthorhysis  and Afrotarsius, are considered to be close relatives of the living tarsiers and are generally classified within Tarsiiformes, with the former grouped within family Tarsiidae and the latter listed as incertae sedis (undefined).  Omomyids are generally considered to be extinct relatives, or even ancestors, of the living tarsiers and are often classified within Tarsiiformes.  Other fossil primates, which include Microchoeridae, Carpolestidae, and Eosimiidae, have been included in this classification, although the fossil evidence is debated.  Eosimiidae has also been classified under the infraorder Simiiformes (with monkeys and apes). Likewise, Carpolestidae is often classified within the order Plesiadapiformes, a very close, extinct relative of primates.  These conflicting classifications lie at the heart of the debate over early primate evolution.  Even the placement of Tarsiiformes within suborder Haplorhini (with the monkeys and apes") is still debated.

text: Tarsiiformes are a group of

text: primate

text: s that once ranged across Europe, northern Africa, Asia, and North America, but whose

text: extant

text: species

text: are all found in the islands of

text: Southeast Asia

text: Tarsier

text: s (family Tarsiidae) are the only living members of the

text: infraorder

text: , and also include the extinct

text: Tarsius eocaenus

text: from the

text: Eocene

text: and

text: Tarsius thailandicus

text: from the

text: Miocene

text: .  Two extinct genera,

text: Xanthorhysis

text: and

text: Afrotarsius

text: , are considered to be close relatives of the living tarsiers and are generally classified within Tarsiiformes, with the former grouped within family Tarsiidae and the latter listed as

text: incertae sedis

text: (undefined).

text: Omomyid

text: s are generally considered to be extinct relatives, or even ancestors, of the living tarsiers and are often classified within Tarsiiformes.  Other

text: fossil primates

text: , which include

text: Microchoeridae

text: Carpolestidae

text: , and

text: Eosimiidae

text: , have been included in this classification, although the fossil evidence is debated.  Eosimiidae has also been classified under the infraorder

text: Simiiformes

text: (with monkeys and apes). Likewise, Carpolestidae is often classified within the order

text: Plesiadapiformes

text: , a very close, extinct relative of primates.  These conflicting classifications lie at the heart of the debate over early primate evolution.  Even the placement of Tarsiiformes within suborder

text: Haplorhini

text: (with the

text: monkey

text: s and

text: ape

text: s") is still debated.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 0

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answers: Omomyids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Tarsiiformes

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Tarsiiformes

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Tarsius eocaenus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Omomyids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Tarsiers (family Tarsiidae)

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Tarsiiformes

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Miocene

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Writing in his book Lost Worlds Charroux rejected evolution, instead he argued for human devolution. Charroux claimed that man is regressing and was superior in the past; he claimed that "Atlantis and Mu are not dreams of spiritualists, but realities of a mysterious era". He further explained that the Atlantans and Hyperboreans were the ancestors of modern humans, and the first humans on earth were originally extraterrestrial.

text: Writing in his book Lost Worlds Charroux rejected

text: evolution

text: , instead he argued for

text: human devolution

text: . Charroux claimed that man is regressing and was superior in the past; he claimed that "

text: Atlantis

text: and

text: Mu

text: are not dreams of spiritualists, but realities of a mysterious era". He further explained that the Atlantans and

text: Hyperborea

text: ns were the ancestors of

text: modern humans

text: , and the first humans on earth were originally extraterrestrial.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: His central thesis across these works is that the human capacity for symbolic thought arises not from the evolution of a language-specific mental module, but out of evolutionary changes to the prefrontal cortex affecting the executive function of the primate brain. The enhanced attentional, metacognitive, and retrieval capacities that resulted from these changes made hominids immensely more capable of dealing with social complexity than their ancestors. He concludes that what drove brain expansion was not the cognitive demands of toolmaking or spatial mapping of the environment, but the growth in the size of the social group, that imposed greater demands on memory.

text: His central thesis across these works is that the human capacity for symbolic thought arises not from the evolution of a language-specific mental

text: module

text: , but out of evolutionary changes to the

text: prefrontal cortex

text: affecting the

text: executive function

text: of the primate brain. The enhanced attentional, metacognitive, and retrieval capacities that resulted from these changes made hominids immensely more capable of dealing with

text: social

text: complexity than their ancestors. He concludes that what drove brain expansion was not the cognitive demands of toolmaking or spatial mapping of the environment, but the growth in the size of the social group, that imposed greater demands on memory.

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answers: no

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Common attachment behaviours and emotions, displayed in most social primates including humans, are adaptive. The long-term evolution of these species has involved selection for social behaviors that make individual or group survival more likely. The commonly observed attachment behaviour of toddlers staying near familiar people would have had safety advantages in the environment of early adaptation, and has similar advantages today. Bowlby saw the environment of early adaptation as similar to current hunter-gatherer societies. There is a survival advantage in the capacity to sense possibly dangerous conditions such as unfamiliarity, being alone, or rapid approach. According to Bowlby, proximity-seeking to the attachment figure in the face of threat is the "set-goal" of the attachment behavioural system.

text: Common attachment behaviours and emotions, displayed in most social primates including humans, are

text: adaptive

text: . The long-term evolution of these species has involved selection for social behaviors that make individual or group survival more likely. The commonly observed attachment behaviour of toddlers staying near familiar people would have had safety advantages in the environment of early adaptation, and has similar advantages today. Bowlby saw the environment of early adaptation as similar to current

text: hunter-gatherer

text: societies. There is a survival advantage in the capacity to sense possibly dangerous conditions such as unfamiliarity, being alone, or rapid approach. According to Bowlby, proximity-seeking to the attachment figure in the face of threat is the "set-goal" of the attachment behavioural system.

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answers: most social primates

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answers: most social primates

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answers: The long-term evolution of these species

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answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Philip D. Gingerich states that the seven superfamilies of primates are commonly associated in the higher taxonomic groupings of suborders Anthropoidea and Prosimii as an alternative to Haplorhini and Strepsirrhini, depending on the position of Adapoidea and Tarsioidea. He puts forward a phylogeny in which the higher primates evolved from Darwinius, which he groups with other Adapoidea. He shows the Adapoidea together with the Tarsioidea as representing early diversification of the suborder Haplorhini and shows the Strepsirrhini as having branched off directly from the earliest primates. The Revealing the Link website uses this taxonomic grouping and states that Darwinii is from an early group of primates just prior to diversification into the anthropoids (monkeys, apes and humans) and the prosimians (lemurs, lorises and tarsiers).

text: Philip D. Gingerich

text: states that the seven

text: superfamilies

text: of primates are commonly associated in the higher taxonomic groupings of suborders

text: Anthropoidea

text: and

text: Prosimii

text: as an alternative to Haplorhini and Strepsirrhini, depending on the position of Adapoidea and Tarsioidea. He puts forward a phylogeny in which the higher primates evolved from Darwinius, which he groups with other Adapoidea. He shows the Adapoidea together with the Tarsioidea as representing early diversification of the suborder Haplorhini and shows the Strepsirrhini as having branched off directly from the earliest primates. The Revealing the Link website uses this taxonomic grouping and states that Darwinii is from an early group of primates just prior to diversification into the anthropoids (monkeys, apes and humans) and the prosimians (lemurs, lorises and tarsiers).

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: A calcite sea is one in which low-magnesium calcite is the primary inorganic marine calcium carbonate precipitate.  An aragonite sea is the alternate seawater chemistry in which aragonite and high-magnesium calcite are the primary inorganic carbonate precipitates.  The Early Paleozoic and the Middle to Late Mesozoic oceans were predominantly calcite seas, whereas the Middle Paleozoic through the Early Mesozoic and the Cenozoic (including today) are characterized by aragonite seas (Wilkinson et al., 1985; Wilkinson and Given, 1986; Morse and Mackenzie, 1990; Lowenstein et al., 2001; Palmer and Wilson, 2004).

text: A calcite sea is one in which low-magnesium

text: calcite

text: is the primary inorganic marine

text: calcium carbonate

text: precipitate.  An

text: aragonite sea

text: is the alternate seawater chemistry in which

text: aragonite

text: and high-magnesium calcite are the primary inorganic carbonate precipitates.  The Early

text: Paleozoic

text: and the Middle to Late

text: Mesozoic

text: oceans were predominantly calcite seas, whereas the Middle Paleozoic through the Early Mesozoic and the

text: Cenozoic

text: (including today) are characterized by aragonite seas (Wilkinson et al., 1985; Wilkinson and Given, 1986; Morse and Mackenzie, 1990; Lowenstein et al., 2001; Palmer and Wilson, 2004).

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answers: No

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Primates are thought to have developed several of their traits and habits initially while living in trees.  One key component to this argument is that primates relied on sight over smell.  They were able to develop a keen sense of depth perception, perhaps because of the constant leaping that was necessary to move about the trees.  Primates also developed hands and feet that were capable of grasping.  This was also a result of arboreal life, which required a great deal of crawling along branches, and reaching out for fruit and other food.  These early primates were likely to have eaten foods found in trees, such as flowers, fruits, berries, gums, leaves, and insects.  They are thought to have shifted their diets towards insects in the early Cenozoic era, when insects became more numerous.

text: Primates are thought to have developed several of their

text: traits

text: and

text: habits

text: initially while living in trees.  One key component to this argument is that primates relied on sight over

text: smell

text: .  They were able to develop a keen sense of

text: depth perception

text: , perhaps because of the constant leaping that was necessary to move about the trees.  Primates also developed

text: hand

text: s and feet that were capable of grasping.  This was also a result of arboreal life, which required a great deal of crawling along branches, and reaching out for fruit and other food.  These early primates were likely to have

text: eaten

text: foods found in trees, such as flowers, fruits, berries, gums, leaves, and insects.  They are thought to have shifted their diets towards insects in the early

text: Cenozoic era

text: , when insects became more numerous.

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answer: No

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answer: 1

text: The evolution of human intelligence refers to a set of theories that attempt to explain how human intelligence has evolved, closely tied to the evolution of the human brain, and to the origin of language.

text: The

text: evolution of human intelligence

text: refers to a set of theories that attempt to explain how human

text: intelligence

text: has

text: evolved

text: , closely tied to the evolution of the

text: human brain

text: , and to the

text: origin of language

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answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution of the human brain

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The evolution of human intelligence

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The evolution of human intelligence

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The evolution of human intelligence

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the ice

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Cenozoic ("new life") era began at  Ma, and is subdivided into the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary periods.  These three periods are further split into seven sub-divisions, with the Paleogene composed of The Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene, the Neocene divided into the Miocene, Pliocene, and the Quaternary composed of the Pleistocene, and Holocene. Mammals, birds, amphibians, crocodilians, turtles and lepidosaurs were able to survive the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that killed off the non-avian dinosaurs and many other forms of life, and this is the era during which they diversified into their modern forms.

text: The Cenozoic ("new life") era began at  Ma, and is subdivided into the

text: Paleogene

text: Neogene

text: , and Quaternary periods.  These three periods are further split into seven sub-divisions, with the Paleogene composed of The

text: Paleocene

text: Eocene

text: , and

text: Oligocene

text: , the Neocene divided into the

text: Miocene

text: Pliocene

text: , and the Quaternary composed of the

text: Pleistocene

text: , and Holocene. Mammals, birds, amphibians, crocodilians, turtles and lepidosaurs were able to survive the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that killed off the non-avian dinosaurs and many other forms of life, and this is the era during which they diversified into their modern forms.

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answers: 3

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 2

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cretaceous–Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cretaceous–Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: lepidosaurs

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cretaceous–Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cretaceous

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The early primates include both nocturnal and diurnal small-bodied species, and all were arboreal, with hands and feet specially adapted for maneuvering on small branches.  Plesiadapiforms from the early Paleocene are sometimes considered "archaic primates" because their teeth resembled those of early primates, and because they possessed arboreal adaptations, such as a divergent hallux (big toe).  Although plesiadapiforms were closely related to primates, they may represent a paraphyletic group from which primates may or may not have directly evolved, and some genera may have been more closely related to colugos, also known as dermopterans or "flying lemurs", which are thought to be closely related to primates.

text: The early primates include both

text: nocturnal

text: and

text: diurnal

text: small-bodied species, and all were arboreal, with hands and feet specially adapted for maneuvering on small branches.

text: Plesiadapiforms

text: from the early

text: Paleocene

text: are sometimes considered "archaic primates" because their teeth resembled those of early primates, and because they possessed arboreal adaptations, such as a divergent

text: hallux

text: (big toe).  Although plesiadapiforms were closely related to primates, they may represent a

text: paraphyletic

text: group from which primates may or may not have directly evolved, and some

text: genera

text: may have been more closely related to

text: colugo

text: s, also known as dermopterans or "flying lemurs", which are thought to be closely related to primates.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: colugos

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: maneuvering on small branches

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Plesiadapiforms

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Plesiadapiforms

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the Ice Ages

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are hundreds of formations on the property of many sizes. About 240 of the formation have been cataloged, but locals say there are many more. The formations have been compared to buildings, columns, dragons, various animals and human faces with dozens of the formation between ten and twenty meters tall.  There are various stories related to their formation. One says that they were made by giants, another states that the rock formations were giants which were punished by being turned to stone.  Other stories say that the area was once under the sea or that extra terrestrials made them.  The rock formations have their origin during the Cenozoic era about 66 million years ago with volcanic activity. Since that time the rock has worn away due to wind, rain and other factors to leave what is seen here.

text: There are hundreds of formations on the property of many sizes. About 240 of the formation have been cataloged, but locals say there are many more. The formations have been compared to buildings, columns, dragons, various animals and human faces with dozens of the formation between ten and twenty meters tall.  There are various stories related to their formation. One says that they were made by giants, another states that the rock formations were giants which were punished by being turned to stone.  Other stories say that the area was once under the sea or that extra terrestrials made them.  The rock formations have their origin during the

text: Cenozoic era

text: about 66 million years ago with volcanic activity. Since that time the rock has worn away due to wind, rain and other factors to leave what is seen here.

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answers: NDQ_004860

answers: giants

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Some stories say that the area was once under the sea or that extra terrestrials made them

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Many hCONDELs are located around genes expressed during cortical neurogenesis. A 3,181 bp hCONDEL which is located near the GADD45G gene removes a forebrain-specific p300 enhancer binding site. The removal of this region, known to function as a suppressor specifically increases the proliferation of the subventricular zone(SVZ) of the septum. The loss of this SVZ enhancer region in an hCONDEL may provide further insights into the role of DNA sequence changes that may have resulted in evolution of the human brain  and may provide a better understanding of the evolution of humans.

text: Many hCONDELs are located around genes expressed during cortical

text: neurogenesis

text: . A 3,181 bp hCONDEL which is located near the GADD45G gene removes a forebrain-specific

text: enhancer binding site. The removal of this region, known to function as a suppressor specifically increases the proliferation of the

text: subventricular zone

text: (SVZ) of the septum. The loss of this SVZ enhancer region in an hCONDEL may provide further insights into the role of DNA sequence changes that may have resulted in evolution of the human brain  and may provide a better understanding of the evolution of humans.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/f5a1b73e5b318a83e20db6b9de2eccc9

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: GADD45G

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cortical neurogenesis

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: monotreme

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: hCONDELs

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the ice

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Some literalist Muslims reject origin of species from a common ancestor by evolution as incompatible with the Qur'an. However, even amongst Muslims who accept evolution, many believe that humanity was a special creation by God. For example, Shaikh Nuh Ha Mim Keller, an American Muslim and specialist in Islamic law has argued in Islam and Evolution that a belief in macroevolution is not incompatible with Islam, as long as it is accepted that "Allah is the Creator of everything" (Qur'an 13:16) and that Allah specifically created humanity (in the person of Adam; Qur'an 38:71-76). Shaikh Keller states in his conclusion however:

text: Some literalist Muslims reject origin of species from a common ancestor by evolution as incompatible with the

text: Qur'an

text: . However, even amongst Muslims who accept evolution, many believe that humanity was a special creation by God. For example, Shaikh Nuh Ha Mim Keller, an American Muslim and specialist in Islamic law has argued in Islam and Evolution that a belief in

text: macroevolution

text: is not incompatible with Islam, as long as it is accepted that "Allah is the Creator of everything" (Qur'an 13:16) and that Allah specifically created humanity (in the person of Adam; Qur'an 38:71-76). Shaikh Keller states in his conclusion however:

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/e6ce8f903d3ee55af9a2dc5e92d91d26

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/83e44bb73c202645a6b5a10e529f488b

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/06fdb60f052e9c09b32ae894032cc9c2

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/4b086c8e13bf92d95e028e9bc217c100

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/673081ef1030fa36cec181878de33442

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/980e678c0257780ec34d8eeafbebc592

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/fea2822dad0584867141cdd748ebbe5f

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/a747677a911e7837ec7f31935b5f99bb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/bdd1c517196ab02ec4ea5c1e956c2b86

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/9e297670bf2914b72c1c4f667a636c2b

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/286e64d9a64abad42648b2dbf1a1cc23

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/54c9ff6e27a93a74e5663f672cf8fa0f

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/aefc5effca0bc7f37a593dd0b2a5738a

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1290/1cf329425f513d3d1ff77a29d2b4cc57

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1290/dca0241613f48dd36bae876e3c18533f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1290/1878ea1545960476d21afbebae5c815c

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1290/9412db8fd000c37a0927ecc2b542ebff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1290/e1378f551a287924ea156aca23db0dde

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1290/7ca76165b1b2a6e40ad7f11bb3563b73

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1290/d4cd0c27e034e30bd2abdca867f142ac

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1290/b8a0c997733f505079d75ec3a3c13327

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/44128a4cfb1af83492c59234b4d8d269

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/0dcea12be4be8065473352bf3163e834

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/c88416aa33a776905c65c6cd0fa8683a

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/50e6d8ba4cf2578a3a05839dec6d526f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/7b2ba0e4e4ad493552deb8d69be5bd2d

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/e4caca86757a4f2849c1ce36ee42cbb5

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/97e9f24a1eb4d495a105cffc3008be3d

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/ac17dd06368bfe1eb98adaaf979dde01

answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/62de4b4dd2d235139c2034c6d1252342

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/41d3027ff07c323feaedfe035ccb4e7b

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Adam

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Qur'an

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Humans evolved from chimpanzees.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Humans evolved about 200,000 years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: origin of species from a common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Adam

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: humanity was a special creation by God

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Muslims who accept evolution, many believe that humanity was a special creation by God

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Qur'an

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Bahá'ís do not claim that the Bahá'í revelation is the final stage in God's direction in the course of human spiritual evolution.  The Bahá'í writings contain assurances that after 1000 years, another Manifestation of God will appear to advance human civilization.

text: Bahá'ís do not claim that the Bahá'í revelation is the final stage in God's direction in the course of human spiritual evolution.  The Bahá'í writings contain assurances that after 1000 years, another Manifestation of God will appear to advance human civilization.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1290/dca0241613f48dd36bae876e3c18533f

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answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1290/9412db8fd000c37a0927ecc2b542ebff

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answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1290/e1378f551a287924ea156aca23db0dde

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/c88416aa33a776905c65c6cd0fa8683a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/50e6d8ba4cf2578a3a05839dec6d526f

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/e4caca86757a4f2849c1ce36ee42cbb5

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/97e9f24a1eb4d495a105cffc3008be3d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/ac17dd06368bfe1eb98adaaf979dde01

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/62de4b4dd2d235139c2034c6d1252342

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1291/41d3027ff07c323feaedfe035ccb4e7b

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Bahá

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Bahá' revelation

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Bahá'

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 1000 years

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Bahá'

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: civilization

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Bahá'

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 1000 years

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Triassic and Jurassic volcanic rifting and graben fault systems created highs and lows in the North Sea area. This was followed by late Mesozoic and Cenozoic subsidence creating the intracratonic sedimentary basin of the North Sea. This era experienced higher sea levels because of sea floor spreading, cooler lithosphere temperatures. Plate tectonics and continental orogenies combined to create the continents and the North Sea as we know them today. The final events affecting the North Sea coastline features and submarine topography occurred in the Cenozoic era.

text: Triassic and Jurassic volcanic rifting and graben fault systems created highs and lows in the North Sea area. This was followed by late Mesozoic and Cenozoic

text: subsidence

text: creating the

text: intracratonic

text: sedimentary basin

text: of the North Sea. This era experienced higher sea levels because of sea floor spreading, cooler lithosphere temperatures. Plate tectonics and continental

text: orogenies

text: combined to create the continents and the North Sea as we know them today. The final events affecting the North Sea

text: coastline features

text: and

text: submarine topography

text: occurred in the

text: Cenozoic

text: era.

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/f5a1b73e5b318a83e20db6b9de2eccc9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/e6ce8f903d3ee55af9a2dc5e92d91d26

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answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/83e44bb73c202645a6b5a10e529f488b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/06fdb60f052e9c09b32ae894032cc9c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/4b086c8e13bf92d95e028e9bc217c100

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/673081ef1030fa36cec181878de33442

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/980e678c0257780ec34d8eeafbebc592

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/fea2822dad0584867141cdd748ebbe5f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/a747677a911e7837ec7f31935b5f99bb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/bdd1c517196ab02ec4ea5c1e956c2b86

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/9e297670bf2914b72c1c4f667a636c2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0199/T_1289/286e64d9a64abad42648b2dbf1a1cc23

answers: 0

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text: The Rift Valley in East Africa has been a rich source of hominid fossils that allow the study of human evolution.  The rapidly eroding highlands quickly filled the valley with sediments, creating a favorable environment for the preservation of remains. The bones of several hominid ancestors of modern humans have been found here, including those of "Lucy", a partial australopithecine skeleton discovered by anthropologist Donald Johanson dating back over 3 million years. Richard and Mary Leakey have done significant work in this region also. More recently, two other hominid ancestors have been discovered here: a 10-million-year-old ape called Chororapithecus abyssinicus, found in the Afar rift in eastern Ethiopia, and Nakalipithecus nakayamai, which is also 10 million years old.

text: The Rift Valley in East Africa has been a rich source of

text: hominid

text: fossils that allow the study of human evolution.  The rapidly eroding highlands quickly filled the valley with sediments, creating a favorable environment for the preservation of remains. The bones of several hominid ancestors of modern humans have been found here, including those of "

text: Lucy

text: ", a partial

text: australopithecine

text: skeleton discovered by anthropologist

text: Donald Johanson

text: dating back over 3 million years.

text: Richard

text: and

text: Mary Leakey

text: have done significant work in this region also. More recently, two other hominid ancestors have been discovered here: a 10-million-year-old ape called

text: Chororapithecus abyssinicus

text: , found in the Afar rift in eastern Ethiopia, and

text: Nakalipithecus nakayamai

text: , which is also 10 million years old.

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text: The discovery of prehistoric art in the late 19th century raised the issue of a "naive" state, an art by which humans supposedly represented what they saw as a result of an aesthetic triggering effect. It was soon realized near the beginning of the 20th century that this view was mistaken, and that magical-religious concerns were responsible for the figurative art of the Cenozoic Era, as indeed for almost all art except in a few rare "hunting tallies" etched on bone during the Paleolithic period.

text: The discovery of

text: prehistoric art

text: in the late 19th century raised the issue of a "naive" state, an art by which humans supposedly represented what they saw as a result of an aesthetic triggering effect. It was soon realized near the beginning of the 20th century that this view was mistaken, and that magical-religious concerns were responsible for the figurative art of the

text: Cenozoic Era

text: , as indeed for almost all art except in a few rare "hunting tallies" etched on bone during the

text: Paleolithic

text: period.

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text: It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period of the Cenozoic Era.

text: It preserves

text: fossils

text: dating back to the

text: Neogene

text: period

text: of the

text: Cenozoic Era

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the Neogene period

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Tugen Hills represent one of the few areas in Africa preserving a succession of deposits from the period of between 14 and 4 million years ago, making them an important location for the study of human (and animal) evolution. Excavations at the site conducted by Richard Leakey and others have yielded a complete skeleton of a 1.5-million-year-old elephant (1967), a new species of monkey (1969) and fossil remains of hominids from 1 to 2 million years ago.

text: The Tugen Hills represent one of the few areas in Africa preserving a succession of deposits from the period of between 14 and 4 million years ago, making them an important location for the study of human (and animal) evolution. Excavations at the site conducted by

text: Richard Leakey

text: and others have yielded a complete skeleton of a 1.5-million-year-old elephant (1967), a new species of monkey (1969) and

text: fossil

text: remains of

text: hominids

text: from 1 to 2 million years ago.

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answers: 4 million years ago

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answers: 1 to 2 million years ago

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answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Tugen Hills

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Joseph Jordania suggested that in human evolutionary history collective identity was crucial for the physical survival of hominids and early humans. As individual hominids were too weak and slow to survive predators on their own, in the moments most critical to survival (predator attacks, combat situations, mortal danger) humans enter the altered state of consciousness where they do not feel fear and pain, do not question the behavior of other members of their group, and are ready to sacrifice their lives for evolution's more important super-ordinate goals (i.e. survival of the children or the group). Humans sometimes do not have memory of these critical moments. Absence of stressful memories is known as psychogenic amnesia. According to Jordania, human ability to follow the rhythm in big groups, to sing together in harmony, to dance for many hours and enter the ecstatic state, as well as the tradition of body painting, were all the parts of the first universal rituals. These were primarily developed as the means to synchronize each individual group-member's neural activity (through the release of neuro-chemicals), in order to reach the state of collective identity, also known as transcendence. In this state the survival needs of the group can override the instincts of individual survival.

text: Joseph Jordania

text: suggested that in

text: human evolution

text: ary history collective identity was crucial for the physical survival of

text: hominids

text: and

text: early humans

text: . As individual hominids were too weak and slow to survive

text: predators

text: on their own, in the moments most critical to survival (

text: predator

text: attacks,

text: combat

text: situations, mortal danger) humans enter the

text: altered state of consciousness

text: where they do not feel

text: fear

text: and

text: pain

text: , do not question the behavior of other members of their group, and are ready to sacrifice their lives for evolution's more important super-ordinate goals (i.e. survival of the children or the group). Humans sometimes do not have

text: memory

text: of these critical moments. Absence of stressful memories is known as

text: psychogenic amnesia

text: . According to

text: Jordania

text: , human ability to follow the

text: rhythm

text: in big groups, to

text: sing

text: together in

text: harmony

text: , to

text: dance

text: for many hours and enter the ecstatic state, as well as the tradition of

text: body painting

text: , were all the parts of the first universal rituals. These were primarily developed as the means to synchronize each individual group-member's neural activity (through the release of neuro-chemicals), in order to reach the state of collective identity, also known as transcendence. In this state the survival needs of the group can override the

text: instinct

text: s of individual survival.

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answers: The survival needs of the group can override the instincts of individual survival

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answers: glaciers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The prosimians were once a group considered a suborder of the primate order (suborder Prosimii - Gr. pro, before, + Latin simius/simia, ape), which was named in 1811 by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger. They have been shown, however, to be paraphyletic - that is, their most recent common ancestor was a prosimian but it has some non-prosimian descendents (i.e. monkeys and apes). This relationship is shown by the ranks (prosimians in bold) in the list below of the current primate classification between the order and infraorder level. The term "prosimian" is considered taxonomically obsolete, although it is used to emphasize similarities between strepsirrhines, tarsiers, and the early primates.

text: The prosimians were once a group considered a suborder of the primate

text: order

text: (suborder Prosimii - Gr. pro, before, + Latin simius/simia, ape), which was named in 1811 by

text: Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger

text: . They have been shown, however, to be paraphyletic - that is, their most recent common ancestor was a prosimian but it has some non-prosimian descendents (i.e. monkeys and apes). This relationship is shown by the ranks (prosimians in bold) in the list below of the current primate classification between the order and

text: infraorder

text: level. The term "prosimian" is considered taxonomically obsolete, although it is used to emphasize similarities between strepsirrhines, tarsiers, and the early primates.

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answers: prosimian

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answers: primates

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answers: They have been shown, however, to be paraphyletic

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answers: walk

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answers: primates

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answers: Prosimii

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answers: prosimian

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answers: their most recent common ancestor was a prosimian but it has some non-prosimian descendents

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answers: Their most recent common ancestor was a prosimian but it has some non-prosimian descendents

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answers: Prosimii

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are a variety of ideas which promote a specific change in behaviour as the key driver for the evolution of hominid bipedalism. For example, Wescott (1967) and later Jablonski & Chaplin (1993) suggest that bipedal threat displays could have been the transitional behaviour which led to some groups of apes beginning to adopt bipedal postures more often. Others (e.g. Dart 1925) have offered the idea that the need for more vigilance against predators could have provided the initial motivation. Dawkins (e.g. 2004) has argued that it could have begun as a kind of fashion that just caught on and then escalated through sexual selection. And it has even been suggested (e.g. Tanner 1981:165) that male phallic display could have been the initial incentive, as well as increased sexual signaling in upright female posture.

text: There are a variety of ideas which promote a specific change in behaviour as the key driver for the evolution of hominid bipedalism. For example, Wescott (1967) and later Jablonski & Chaplin (1993) suggest that bipedal threat displays could have been the transitional behaviour which led to some groups of apes beginning to adopt bipedal postures more often. Others (e.g. Dart 1925) have offered the idea that the need for more vigilance against predators could have provided the initial motivation. Dawkins (e.g. 2004) has argued that it could have begun as a kind of fashion that just caught on and then escalated through sexual selection. And it has even been suggested (e.g. Tanner 1981:165) that male phallic display could have been the initial incentive, as well as increased sexual signaling in upright female posture.

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answers: no

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answers: hominid

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answers: Jablonski & Chaplin (1993)

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answers: transitional behaviour

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Throughout the Cenozoic Era, the large North American and South American continental plates moved westward from the Eurasian plate. This drift interlocked with the development of the Atlantic Ocean, trending north-south, with the North Pole in the small, nearly landlocked basin of the Arctic Ocean. The Isthmus of Panama developed at a convergent plate margin about 3 million years ago, and further separated oceanic circulation, closing the last strait, outside of the polar regions, that had connected the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

text: Throughout the

text: Cenozoic Era

text: , the large

text: North America

text: n and

text: South America

text: n continental plates moved westward from the

text: Eurasia

text: n plate. This drift interlocked with the development of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , trending north-south, with the North Pole in the small, nearly landlocked basin of the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: . The

text: Isthmus of Panama

text: developed at a convergent plate margin about 3 million years ago, and further separated oceanic circulation, closing the last strait, outside of the polar regions, that had connected the

text: Pacific

text: and Atlantic oceans.

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