text: The final years of Fancelli's life are characteristically enigmatic; he disappears from all written references from 1494.

text: The final years of Fancelli's life are characteristically enigmatic; he disappears from all written references from 1494.

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answer_match: lowercase, stemmed, fuzz > 0.8

prompt_style: Can the question be answered based on the available context? choose one:

answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: amino acids

prompt_style: provide a complete and concise answer to the question based on the context.

answer: Yes

prompt_class: FagB

prompt_style: Is this passage relevant?

answer: No

prompt_class: Sun

answer: No

answer: No

prompt_class: HELM

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answer: 1

prompt_class: Thomas

text: Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent amino acid decarboxylases can be divided into four groups based on amino acid sequence. Group II includes glutamate, histidine, tyrosine, and aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylases.

entity_name: Pyridoxal phosphate

text: -dependent

entity_name: Amino acid

text: amino acid

entity_name: Carboxy-lyases

text: decarboxylase

text: s can be divided into four

entity_name: Protein family

text: groups

text: based on

entity_name: Protein primary structure

text: amino acid sequence

text: . Group II includes

entity_name: Glutamic acid

text: glutamate

entity_name: Histidine

text: histidine

entity_name: Tyrosine

text: tyrosine

text: , and

entity_name: Aromatic amino acids

text: aromatic-L-amino-acid

text: decarboxylases.

method: UNH-ecn

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text: The experiment began with L-glutamic acid heated in an oil bath. DL-aspartic acid and an amino acid mixture were added to the L-glutamic acid and heated for three hours in the oil bath under a layer of CO. The solution was cooled and the glass container it was in was rubbed with 20 mL of water and sat over night. The result was a grainy precipitate. The next day, 10 mL of water and 10 mL of ethanol were added to the precipitate and filtered. The solid left over from filtering was put in cellophane dialysis tubing and left in a water bath for four days. When the inside of the tubes were observed and chromatograms were taken, it showed the presence of polypeptide chains. Fox called these protein-like structures "proteinoids." The polypeptide chains were composed of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and amino acids and the percentages of each suggested that the arrangement of the constituents were non-random. The experiment was meant to resemble the drying-out of amino acids in similar conditions to those of primordial Earth. Extremely high temperatures, around 140-180 °C, are required to polymerize amino acids without a catalyst. Fox says in his publications that these temperatures could have been reached in three different scenarios on primordial Earth; hot springs, dried-up lagoons, and pressurized volcanic magma.

text: The experiment began with L-glutamic acid heated in an oil bath. DL-aspartic acid and an amino acid mixture were added to the L-glutamic acid and heated for three hours in the oil bath under a layer of CO. The solution was cooled and the glass container it was in was rubbed with 20 mL of water and sat over night. The result was a grainy precipitate. The next day, 10 mL of water and 10 mL of ethanol were added to the precipitate and filtered. The solid left over from filtering was put in cellophane dialysis tubing and left in a water bath for four days. When the inside of the tubes were observed and chromatograms were taken, it showed the presence of polypeptide chains. Fox called these protein-like structures "

entity_name: Proteinoid

text: proteinoids

text: ." The polypeptide chains were composed of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and amino acids and the percentages of each suggested that the arrangement of the constituents were non-random. The experiment was meant to resemble the drying-out of amino acids in similar conditions to those of primordial Earth. Extremely high temperatures, around 140-180 °C, are required to polymerize amino acids without a catalyst. Fox says in his publications that these temperatures could have been reached in three different scenarios on primordial Earth; hot springs, dried-up lagoons, and pressurized volcanic magma.

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answers: random

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answers: a catalyst

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answers: protein-like structures

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answers: The polypeptide chains were composed of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and amino acids

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

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answers: primordial Earth

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: polypeptide chains

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: primordial Earth

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: polypeptide chains

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Chloroplast transit peptides exhibit huge variation in length and amino acid sequence. They can be from 20–150 amino acids long—an unusually long length, suggesting that transit peptides are actually collections of domains with different functions. Transit peptides tend to be positively charged, rich in hydroxylated amino acids such as serine, threonine, and proline, and poor in acidic amino acids like aspartic acid and glutamic acid. In an aqueous solution, the transit sequence forms a random coil.

text: Chloroplast transit peptides exhibit huge variation in length and

text: amino acid sequence

text: . They can be from 20–150 amino acids long—an unusually long length, suggesting that transit peptides are actually collections of

entity_name: Protein domain

text: domains

text: with different functions. Transit peptides tend to be

entity_name: Electric charge

text: positively charged

text: , rich in

entity_name: Hydroxy group

text: hydroxylated

text: amino acids such as

entity_name: Serine

text: serine

entity_name: Threonine

text: threonine

text: , and

entity_name: Proline

text: proline

text: , and poor in

entity_name: Acid

text: acidic

text: amino acids like

entity_name: Aspartic acid

text: aspartic acid

text: and

text: glutamic acid

text: . In an

entity_name: Aqueous solution

text: aqueous solution

text: , the transit sequence forms a random coil.

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answers: huge variation in length

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answers: Chloroplast

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answers: peptides

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answers: Chloroplast

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answers: transit peptides

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: functions

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Chloroplast

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acid sequence

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Evidence suggests that life on Earth has existed for about 3.7 billion years. All known life forms share fundamental molecular mechanisms, and based on these observations, theories on the origin of life attempt to find a mechanism explaining the formation of a primordial single cell organism from which all life originates. There are many different hypotheses regarding the path that might have been taken from simple organic molecules via pre-cellular life to protocells and metabolism.

text: Evidence suggests that

entity_name: Life

text: life on Earth

text: has existed for about 3.7

text: billion

text: years. All known life forms share fundamental molecular mechanisms, and based on these observations, theories on the origin of life attempt to find a mechanism explaining the formation of a primordial single cell organism from which all life originates. There are many different hypotheses regarding the path that might have been taken from simple

entity_name: Organic compound

text: organic molecule

text: s via pre-cellular life to protocells and metabolism.

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answers: find a mechanism

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answers: All known life forms share fundamental molecular mechanisms

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answers: 3.7 billion years

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answers: molecular mechanisms

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answers: primary protein structure

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The village of Dalgarven was largely destroyed by the construction of the main A737 road, but the mill buildings survive and are open as a tourist attraction and educational resource, interpreting local history in addition to its role as a museum of Ayrshire country life. Very few mills remain in Ayrshire and this is an example which has been preserved due to the foresight of the family of the last miller who saw a modern role for an ancient industrial site and traditional social meeting-place. Some of the outbuildings have been converted for use as an antique shop, others are still occupied as dwellings and some are in the process of being converted to uses which will enhance the quality of the experience of visitors to the mill complex.

text: The village of

entity_name: Dalgarven

text: Dalgarven

text: was largely destroyed by the construction of the main

entity_name: A roads in Zone 7 of the Great Britain numbering scheme

text: A737 road

text: , but the mill buildings survive and are open as a tourist attraction and educational resource, interpreting local history in addition to its role as a museum of Ayrshire country life. Very few mills remain in Ayrshire and this is an example which has been preserved due to the foresight of the family of the last miller who saw a modern role for an ancient industrial site and traditional social meeting-place. Some of the outbuildings have been converted for use as an

entity_name: Antique shop

text: antique shop

text: , others are still occupied as dwellings and some are in the process of being converted to uses which will enhance the quality of the experience of visitors to the mill complex.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In January 2009, CommonWealth Annuity and Life Insurance Company acquired First Allmerica Life Insurance Company (FAFLIC) from The Hanover Group. FAFLIC includes closed blocks of traditional whole and term life insurance (originally issued by State Mutual Life Assurance Company of Worcester, MA), as well as variable annuities and variable universal life products sold in New York (originally issued by State Mutual Assurance Company).

text: In January 2009, CommonWealth Annuity and Life Insurance Company acquired First Allmerica Life Insurance Company (FAFLIC) from The Hanover Group. FAFLIC includes closed blocks of traditional whole and term life insurance (originally issued by State Mutual Life Assurance Company of Worcester, MA), as well as variable annuities and variable universal life products sold in New York (originally issued by State Mutual Assurance Company).

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text: The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity. Viruses are considered by some to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce, and evolve through natural selection. However they lack key characteristics (such as cell structure) that are generally considered necessary to count as life. Because they possess some but not all such qualities, viruses have been described as "organisms at the edge of life", and as replicators.

text: The origins of viruses in the

text: evolutionary history of life

text: are unclear: some may have

text: evolved

text: from

text: plasmid

text: s—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of

text: horizontal gene transfer

text: , which increases

text: genetic diversity

text: . Viruses are considered by some to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce, and evolve through

text: natural selection

text: . However they lack key characteristics (such as cell structure) that are generally considered necessary to count as life. Because they possess some but not all such qualities, viruses have been described as "organisms at the edge of life", and as replicators.

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answer: No

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text: When interviewed about his life, Ounsi once replied in characteristic humility:

text: When interviewed about his life, Ounsi once replied in characteristic humility:

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answers: Ounsi

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answers: Miller-Urey experiment

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answers: Life on earth originated once.

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answers: bind to each other

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answers: amino acids may have originated

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answers: Ounsi

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The N-terminal "ring" can be from 7 to 9 amino acids long and is formed by an isopeptide bond between the N-terminal amine of the first amino acid of the peptide and the carboxylate side chain of an aspartate or glutamate residue. The C-terminal "tail" ranges from 7 to 15 amino acids in length.

text: The N-terminal "ring" can be from 7 to 9 amino acids long and is formed by an

text: isopeptide

text: bond between the N-terminal

text: amine

text: of the first amino acid of the peptide and the

text: carboxylate

text: side chain of an

text: aspartate

text: or

text: glutamate

text: residue. The C-terminal "tail" ranges from 7 to 15 amino acids in length.

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answers: N-terminal "ring

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: ring

answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The N-terminal "ring" can be from 7 to 9 amino acids long

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: C-terminal "tail"

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answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The NS1 protein of the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses circulating in poultry and waterfowl in Southeast Asia is currently believed to be responsible for the enhanced virulence of the strain. H5N1 NS1 is characterized by a single amino acid change at position 92. By changing the amino acid from glutamic acid to aspartic acid, researchers were able to annul the effect of the H5N1 NS1. This single amino acid change in the NS1 gene greatly increased the pathogenicity of the H5N1 influenza virus. However, the effect of residue 92 on the function of H5N1 NS1 appears to be questionable as noted by Nature Medicine editors: “The above paper originally reported that H5N1 viruses are resistant to interferon in the SJPL cell line. The editors wish to alert our readers about three facts that may affect this conclusion. First, Ngunjiri et al.  have recently found that aliquots of the SJPL cell line obtained from the American Type Culture Collection were heavily contaminated with mycoplasma. Although the mycoplasma status of the cells used in the original paper is unknown, it is not possible to rule out that they were contaminated. Second, SJPL cells were originally reported to be of porcine origin, but a recent analysis has indicated that they are of simian origin. Third, Ngunjiri et al. have found H5N1 viruses to be sensitive to interferons in all cell lines tested from multiple species.”

text: The NS1 protein of the highly pathogenic avian

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answers: mycoplasma

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answers: The NS1 protein

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answers: the effect of residue 92 on the function of H5N1 NS1 appears to be questionable

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: simian origin

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: virulence

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: porcine

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answers: The NS1 protein

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Their amino acid composition is very interesting. They look like disordered proteins, but they have some characteristics of ordered proteins.

text: Their amino acid composition is very interesting. They look like disordered proteins, but they have some characteristics of ordered proteins.

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answers: disordered proteins

answers: NDQ_003932

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answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: amino acid composition

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: They look like disordered proteins

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: They look like disordered proteins

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acid composition

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: disordered proteins

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acid composition

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are two predicted disulfide bonds in the structure of CCDC47 at cysteines 209 to 214 and cysteines 215 to 283, respectively. The C-terminal portion of the protein is highly charged and its secondary structure is predicted to be that of an alpha helix region. This region also contains coiled coil domains which are structural motifs in which 2-7 alpha helices are coiled together and are subsequently involved in biological expression. These domains typically follow the pattern HxxHCxC where H is a hydrophobic amino acid, C is a charged amino acid and x is any amino acid. Many amino acid sequences following this pattern are seen in the C-terminal region of CCDC47 where the highest conservation through orthologs is represented.

text: There are two predicted

text: disulfide bonds

text: in the structure of CCDC47 at cysteines 209 to 214 and cysteines 215 to 283, respectively. The C-terminal portion of the protein is highly charged and its

text: secondary structure

text: is predicted to be that of an

text: alpha helix

text: region. This region also contains coiled coil domains which are structural motifs in which 2-7 alpha helices are coiled together and are subsequently involved in biological expression. These domains typically follow the pattern HxxHCxC where H is a hydrophobic amino acid, C is a charged amino acid and x is any amino acid. Many amino acid sequences following this pattern are seen in the C-terminal region of CCDC47 where the highest conservation through orthologs is represented.

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answers: coiled coil domains

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: CCDC47

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answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: disulfide bonds

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: two predicted disulfide bonds in the structure of CCDC47

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: C-terminal portion of the protein

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: CCDC47

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: structural motifs

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: CCDC47

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: CCDC47

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Jacques-Alain Miller is the sole editor of Lacan's seminars, which contain the majority of his life's work. "There has been considerable controversy over the accuracy or otherwise of the transcription and editing", as well as over "Miller's refusal to allow any critical or annotated edition to be published". Despite Lacan's status as a major figure in the history of psychoanalysis, some of his seminars remain unpublished. Since 1984, Miller has been regularly conducting a series of lectures, "L'orientation lacanienne." Miller's teachings have been published in the US by the journal Lacanian Ink.

text: Jacques-Alain Miller

text: is the sole editor of

text: Lacan's seminars

text: , which contain the majority of his life's work. "There has been considerable controversy over the accuracy or otherwise of the transcription and editing", as well as over "Miller's refusal to allow any critical or annotated edition to be published". Despite Lacan's status as a major figure in the history of

text: psychoanalysis

text: , some of his seminars remain unpublished. Since 1984, Miller has been regularly conducting a series of lectures, "L'orientation lacanienne." Miller's teachings have been published in the US by the journal

text: Lacanian Ink

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answers: some of his seminars remain unpublished

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Lacan

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answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

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answers: NDQ_003935

answers: some of his seminars remain unpublished

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

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answers: Lacan's seminars

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answers: proteins are important because they

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Lacan's seminars

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are nine essential amino acids which humans must obtain from their diet in order to prevent protein-energy malnutrition and resulting death. They are phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and histidine. There are five dispensable amino acids which humans are able to synthesize in the body. These five are alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid and serine. There are six conditionally essential amino acids whose synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress. These six are arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, proline and tyrosine.

text: There are nine

text: essential amino acids

text: which humans must obtain from their diet in order to prevent

text: protein-energy malnutrition

text: and resulting death. They are

text: phenylalanine

text: valine

text: threonine

text: tryptophan

text: methionine

text: leucine

text: isoleucine

text: lysine

text: , and

text: histidine

text: . There are five dispensable amino acids which humans are able to synthesize in the body. These five are

text: alanine

text: aspartic acid

text: asparagine

text: glutamic acid

text: and

text: serine

text: . There are six conditionally essential amino acids whose synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress. These six are

text: arginine

text: cysteine

text: glycine

text: glutamine

text: proline

text: and

text: tyrosine

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: death

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: tyrosine

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: There are nine essential amino acids which humans must obtain from their diet

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: nine essential amino acids

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: protein-energy

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: from their diet

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In analyzing which environments are likely to support life, a distinction is usually made between simple, unicellular organisms such as bacteria and archaea and complex metazoans (animals). Unicellularity necessarily precedes multicellularity in any hypothetical tree of life, and where single-celled organisms do emerge there is no assurance that greater complexity will then develop. The planetary characteristics listed below are considered crucial for life generally, but in every case multicellular organisms are more picky than unicellular life.

text: In analyzing which environments are likely to support life, a distinction is usually made between simple, unicellular organisms such as

text: bacteria

text: and

text: archaea

text: and complex metazoans (animals). Unicellularity necessarily precedes multicellularity in any hypothetical tree of life, and where single-celled organisms do emerge there is no assurance that greater complexity will then develop. The planetary characteristics listed below are considered crucial for life generally, but in every case multicellular organisms are more picky than unicellular life.

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answers: multicellularity

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: unicellular organisms

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: complex metazoans

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Unicellularity necessarily precedes multicellularity

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Unicellularity necessarily precedes multicellularity

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: unicellular organisms

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: unicellular organisms

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: bacteria and archaea

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.

text: Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of

text: life

text: (covered instead by

text: abiogenesis

text: ), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on

text: Earth

text: originated through

text: common descent

text: from a

text: last universal ancestor

text: from which all known

text: species

text: have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of

text: gene

text: s that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during

text: sexual reproduction

text: . The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of

text: reproductive

text: success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better

text: adapted

text: to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.

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answers: 1

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: origin of life

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Evolution

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: a last universal ancestor

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are more likely to survive and reproduce

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: abiogenesis

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: All individuals have hereditary material

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Lantibiotics are a class of peptide antibiotics that contain the characteristic polycyclic thioether amino acids lanthionine or methyllanthionine, as well as the unsaturated amino acids dehydroalanine and 2-aminoisobutyric acid.

text: Lantibiotics are a class of

text: peptide

text: antibiotic

text: s that contain the characteristic polycyclic

text: thioether

text: amino acids

text: lanthionine

text: or

text: methyllanthionine

text: , as well as the

text: unsaturated

text: amino acids

text: dehydroalanine

text: and

text: 2-aminoisobutyric acid

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answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In May and December 1925 Daniel Domingo Salamanca Urey unsuccessfully ran in the presidential elections. Shaken by his defeats, Daniel Salamanca retired from politics and dedicated himself to teaching law. After the military overthrow of Hernando Siles Reyes in 1930, Daniel Salamanca was asked to head a coalition of Genuine Republicans and Liberals. He was elected president and took office on 5 March 1931.The Government of Salamanca introduced an unpopular austerity program and clamped down on political opposition to his government. He also revived hostilities with Paraguay in the disputed Chaco region. The escalation of the war exacerbated severe economic problems in Bolivia, while causing many thousands of casualties. On 27 November 1934, the Bolivian military deposed Daniel Salamanca.

text: In May and December 1925

text: Daniel Domingo Salamanca Urey

text: unsuccessfully ran in the presidential elections. Shaken by his defeats,

text: Daniel Salamanca

text: retired from politics and dedicated himself to teaching law. After the military overthrow of

text: Hernando Siles Reyes

text: in 1930,

text: Daniel Salamanca

text: was asked to head a coalition of Genuine Republicans and Liberals. He was elected president and took office on 5 March 1931.The Government of Salamanca introduced an unpopular austerity program and clamped down on political opposition to his government. He also revived hostilities with Paraguay in the disputed Chaco region. The escalation of the war exacerbated severe economic problems in Bolivia, while causing many thousands of casualties. On 27 November 1934, the Bolivian military deposed

text: Daniel Salamanca

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answers: presidential elections

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: hostilities

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: presidential elections

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

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answers: the Bolivian military

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: casualties

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Paraguay

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The origin of life on Earth is not well understood, but it is known to have occurred at least 3.5 billion years ago, during the hadean or archean eons on a primordial Earth that had a substantially different environment than is found at present. These life forms possessed the basic traits of self-replication and inheritable traits. Once life had appeared, the process of evolution by natural selection resulted in the development of ever-more diverse life forms.

text: The

text: origin of life

text: on Earth is not well understood, but it is known to have occurred at least 3.5 billion years ago, during the

text: hadean

text: or

text: archean

text: eons on a

text: primordial Earth

text: that had a substantially different environment than is found at present. These life forms possessed the basic traits of self-replication and inheritable traits. Once life had appeared, the process of

text: evolution

text: by

text: natural selection

text: resulted in the development of ever-more diverse life forms.

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answers: self-replication

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: not well understood

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: monomers

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The origin of life on Earth

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: it is known to have occurred at least 3.5 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: inheritable traits

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: hadean

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the years following Louis Pasteur's experiment in 1862, the term "spontaneous generation" fell into increasing disfavor. Experimentalists used a variety of terms for the study of the origin of life from non-living materials. Heterogenesis was applied to once-living materials such as boiled broths, and Henry Charlton Bastian proposed the term archebiosis for life originating from inorganic materials. The two were lumped together as "spontaneous generation", but disliking the term as sounding too random, Bastian proposed biogenesis. In an 1870 address titled, "Spontaneous Generation", Thomas Henry Huxley defined biogenesis as life originating from other life and coined the negative of the term, abiogenesis, which was the term that became dominant.

text: In the years following

text: Louis Pasteur

text: 's experiment in 1862, the term "spontaneous generation" fell into increasing disfavor. Experimentalists used a variety of terms for the study of the origin of life from non-living materials. Heterogenesis was applied to once-living materials such as boiled broths, and

text: Henry Charlton Bastian

text: proposed the term archebiosis for life originating from inorganic materials. The two were lumped together as "spontaneous generation", but disliking the term as sounding too random, Bastian proposed biogenesis. In an 1870 address titled, "Spontaneous Generation",

text: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: defined biogenesis as life originating from other life and coined the negative of the term, abiogenesis, which was the term that became dominant.

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answers: spontaneous generation

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: spontaneous generation

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the origin of life from non-living materials

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Louis Pasteur

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Heterogenesis

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: proteins are important because they

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: inorganic materials

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Amino acid similarity matrices are more complicated, because there are 20 amino acids coded for by the genetic code, and so a larger number of possible substitutions. Therefore, the similarity matrix for amino acids contains 400 entries (although it is usually symmetric). The first approach scored all amino acid changes equally. A later refinement was to determine amino acid similarities based on how many base changes were required to change a codon to code for that amino acid. This model is better, but it doesn't take into account the selective pressure of amino acid changes. Better models took into account the chemical properties of amino acids.

text: Amino acid

text: similarity matrices are more complicated, because there are 20 amino acids coded for by the

text: genetic code

text: , and so a larger number of possible substitutions. Therefore, the similarity matrix for amino acids contains 400 entries (although it is usually

text: symmetric

text: ). The first approach scored all amino acid changes equally. A later refinement was to determine amino acid similarities based on how many base changes were required to change a codon to code for that amino acid. This model is better, but it doesn't take into account the selective pressure of amino acid changes. Better models took into account the chemical properties of amino acids.

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answers: 1

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answers: 2

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: the genetic code

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: take into account the selective pressure

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Amino acid similarity matrices are more complicated

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: code for by the genetic code

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: the genetic code

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A theory that speaks to the origin of life on Earth and other rocky planets posits life as an information system in which information content grows because of selection.  Life must start with minimum possible information, or minimum possible departure from thermodynamic equilibrium, and it requires thermodynamically free energy accessible by means of its information content.  The most benign circumstances, minimum entropy variations with abundant free energy, suggest the pore space in the first few kilometres of the surface.  Free energy is derived from the condensed products of the chemical reactions taking place in the cooling nebula.

text: A theory that speaks to the origin of life on Earth and other rocky planets posits life as an

text: information system

text: in which information content grows because of selection.  Life must start with minimum possible information, or minimum possible departure from thermodynamic equilibrium, and it requires thermodynamically free energy accessible by means of its information content.  The most benign circumstances, minimum

text: entropy

text: variations with abundant free energy, suggest the

text: pore space

text: in the first few kilometres of the surface.  Free energy is derived from the condensed products of the chemical reactions taking place in the cooling nebula.

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answers: 1

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: abundance free energy

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: leave thermodynamic equilibrium

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: information

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptide

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: minimum entropy variations with abundant free energy

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Free energy

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Life must start with minimum possible information

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: proteins are important because they

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in the cooling nebula

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: life

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: They appear to have evolved from the Eugregarinorida. Merogony as part of the life cycle separates them from the Eugregarinorida and appears to have been derived as a secondary characteristic.

text: They appear to have evolved from the

text: Eugregarinorida

text: . Merogony as part of the life cycle separates them from the Eugregarinorida and appears to have been derived as a secondary characteristic.

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answers: NDQ_003935

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answers: NDQ_003940

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The retrochoanitic siphuncle is more usual for earlier, Devonian, ammonoids and is a characteristic of the Nautiloidea. The dorsal siphuncle, characteristic of the Upper Devonian Clymeniida may say something about the orientation of Yinoceras during life.

text: The retrochoanitic siphuncle is more usual for earlier,

text: Devonian

text: , ammonoids and is a characteristic of the

text: Nautiloidea

text: . The dorsal siphuncle, characteristic of the Upper Devonian

text: Clymeniida

text: may say something about the orientation of Yinoceras during life.

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answers: retrochoanitic siphuncle

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: find fossils

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: Ammonoids

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the orientation of Yinoceras during life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

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answers: are characteristic of the Nautiloidea

answers: NDQ_003939

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: There are serious and controversial issues about differences in the situation of women with different races and ethnicities in Brazil. As a whole, black and Amerindian women enjoy considerably less quality of life than white women, with this being a reflection of the general characteristics of the social and economic gap that has separated social classes in Brazil for centuries, thus not indicating any specific problem about gender and women's rights. Black women's life expectancy in 2004 was 69.52 years, while white women could expect to live 73.80 on average. However, there is, at least apparently, no legal or institutional circumstance that generates those ethnic differences, but lower standards of life have always been related to a much larger percentage of mulatto, black and Amerindian people in Brazil, as in many other countries. In the last years, there is a tendency of soft decrease in Brazil's racial inequality.

text: There are serious and controversial issues about differences in the situation of women with different races and ethnicities in Brazil. As a whole, black and Amerindian women enjoy considerably less quality of life than white women, with this being a reflection of the general characteristics of the social and economic gap that has separated social classes in

text: Brazil

text: for centuries, thus not indicating any specific problem about gender and women's rights. Black women's life expectancy in 2004 was 69.52 years, while white women could expect to live 73.80 on average. However, there is, at least apparently, no legal or institutional circumstance that generates those ethnic differences, but lower standards of life have always been related to a much larger percentage of

text: mulatto

text: , black and

text: Amerindian

text: people in

text: Brazil

text: , as in many other countries. In the last years, there is a tendency of soft decrease in Brazil's racial inequality.

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answers: racial inequality

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: do not

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: quality of life

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: black and Amerindian women enjoy considerably less quality of life than white women

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no legal or institutional circumstance

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: scientists think that life on earth originated once

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: life expectancy

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Amerindian

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Back in Liberia, Andrews started an advertising business with the money he had saved while working in America. The business soon died from lack of prospects in the small backward African country, but through it he met R.D. Urey, the father of the woman who would later become his wife. Urey was a man of small stature but great power. He was mayor of what was at the time Liberia's second city, Careysburg. He also owned huge tracts of rubber trees leased out to the Firestone Rubber Company. The young George impressed the older Urey with his desire for learning and his drive. Soon, Andrews, with Urey, was attending meetings of Liberia's one and only political party, the True Whigs.

text: Back in Liberia, Andrews started an

text: advertising business

text: with the money he had saved while working in America. The business soon died from lack of prospects in the small backward African country, but through it he met R.D. Urey, the father of the woman who would later become his wife. Urey was a man of small stature but great power. He was mayor of what was at the time Liberia's second city,

text: Careysburg

text: . He also owned huge tracts of rubber trees leased out to the

text: Firestone

text: Rubber Company. The young George impressed the older Urey with his desire for learning and his drive. Soon, Andrews, with Urey, was attending meetings of Liberia's one and only political party, the True Whigs.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: After 4500 BCE the Ertebølle culture of northwestern origin entered a ceramic phase with its own forms of pottery (characteristic pointed bottoms). They lived by the Baltic Sea shores and were specialized in utilizing the resources of the sea, thus still representing the Mesolithic ways of life. At their settlement in Dąbki near Koszalin Stroke-ornamented pottery was found, obtained probably through trade with the Danubian people.

text: After 4500 BCE the

text: Ertebølle

text: culture of northwestern origin entered a ceramic phase with its own forms of pottery (characteristic pointed bottoms). They lived by the

text: Baltic Sea

text: shores and were specialized in utilizing the resources of the sea, thus still representing the Mesolithic ways of life. At their settlement in Dąbki near

text: Koszalin

text: Stroke-ornamented pottery

text: was found, obtained probably through trade with the Danubian people.

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answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Barnes also discussed the rise in opposition to abortion among the younger generations, especially the millennials, the prevalence of crisis pregnancy centers, and the rejuvenation of old pro-life groups, such as Students for Life, and the rise of new ones, such as 40 Days for Life and Live Action. Lisa Miller of The Washington Post wrote about the younger, more feminine face of the pro-life movement with the rise of leaders such as Lila Rose of Live Action, Marjorie Dannenfelser of the Susan B. Anthony List, Charmaine Yoest of Americans United for Life, Penny Nance of Concerned Women for America, and Kristan Hawkins of Students for Life, all "youngish Christian working mothers with children at home" who seek to combat the image of the anti-abortion movement as made up of "old white men" who cannot relate to the experience of pregnant women.

text: Barnes also discussed the rise in opposition to abortion among the younger generations, especially the

text: millennials

text: , the prevalence of crisis pregnancy centers, and the rejuvenation of old pro-life groups, such as

text: Students for Life

text: , and the rise of new ones, such as

text: 40 Days for Life

text: and

text: Live Action

text: . Lisa Miller of

text: The Washington Post

text: wrote about the younger, more feminine face of the pro-life movement with the rise of leaders such as

text: Lila Rose

text: of Live Action,

text: Marjorie Dannenfelser

text: of the

text: Susan B. Anthony List

text: Charmaine Yoest

text: of

text: Americans United for Life

text: , Penny Nance of

text: Concerned Women for America

text: , and Kristan Hawkins of

text: Students for Life

text: , all "youngish Christian working mothers with children at home" who seek to combat the image of the anti-abortion movement as made up of "old white men" who cannot relate to the experience of pregnant women.

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answers: abortion

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answers: cannot relate to the experience of pregnant women

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the anti-abortion movement as made up of "old white men

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The Washington Post

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are made of amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: the experience of pregnant women

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The 20 amino acids encoded directly by the genetic code can be divided into several groups based on their properties. Important factors are charge, hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, size, and functional groups. These properties are important for protein structure and protein–protein interactions. The water-soluble proteins tend to have their hydrophobic residues (Leu, Ile, Val, Phe, and Trp) buried in the middle of the protein, whereas hydrophilic side-chains are exposed to the aqueous solvent. (Note that in biochemistry, a residue refers to a specific monomer within the polymeric chain of a polysaccharide, protein or nucleic acid.) The integral membrane proteins tend to have outer rings of exposed hydrophobic amino acids that anchor them into the lipid bilayer. In the case part-way between these two extremes, some peripheral membrane proteins have a patch of hydrophobic amino acids on their surface that locks onto the membrane. In similar fashion, proteins that have to bind to positively charged molecules have surfaces rich with negatively charged amino acids like glutamate and aspartate, while proteins binding to negatively charged molecules have surfaces rich with positively charged chains like lysine and arginine. There are different hydrophobicity scales of amino acid residues.

text: The 20 amino acids encoded directly by the genetic code can be divided into several groups based on their properties. Important factors are charge,

text: hydrophilicity

text: or

text: hydrophobicity

text: , size, and functional groups. These properties are important for

text: protein structure

text: and

text: protein–protein interaction

text: s. The water-soluble proteins tend to have their hydrophobic residues (Leu, Ile, Val, Phe, and Trp) buried in the middle of the protein, whereas hydrophilic side-chains are exposed to the aqueous solvent. (Note that in

text: biochemistry

text: , a residue refers to a specific

text: monomer

text: within the

text: polymeric chain

text: of a

text: polysaccharide

text: protein

text: or

text: nucleic acid

text: .) The

text: integral membrane protein

text: s tend to have outer rings of exposed

text: hydrophobic

text: amino acids that anchor them into the

text: lipid bilayer

text: . In the case part-way between these two extremes, some

text: peripheral membrane protein

text: s have a patch of hydrophobic amino acids on their surface that locks onto the membrane. In similar fashion, proteins that have to bind to positively charged molecules have surfaces rich with negatively charged amino acids like

text: glutamate

text: and

text: aspartate

text: , while proteins binding to negatively charged molecules have surfaces rich with positively charged chains like

text: lysine

text: and

text: arginine

text: . There are different

text: hydrophobicity scale

text: s of amino acid residues.

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: hydrophilicity

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: genetic code

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: protein–protein interactions

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: hydrophilic side-chains are exposed to the aqueous solvent

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: different hydrophobicity scales of amino acid residues

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Hydrophilic side-chains are exposed to the aqueous solvent

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The 20 amino acids encoded directly by the genetic code

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: structure and protein–protein interactions

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: genetic code

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: proteins that have to bind to positively charged molecules

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The bodies of the Reyvateils are given form by the song of the Triangular Nuclear Loop in their bodies, but this only applies to the Origins and Pureblooded β-Types due to the Third Generations lacking one. Because of this, the LEM (Reyvateil Life Extension Mechanism) converts the Static H-Waves that serve as their human life force into Dynamic D-Waves through magic so they may serve as a substitute for the song of the Triangular Nuclear Loop. Due to this is that the lives of the Third Generations rarely go beyond 18 years, but by giving them the Life Extending Agent, which is a mass of Static H-Waves that lack any special characteristics, the LEM will give priority to the Static H-Waves from the Life Extending Agent instead of stealing it from their life force, allowing them to live relatively as long as normal humans (however, since the usage of Song Magic puts such a heavy strain on their human bodies, they won't live beyond 40 years at most).

text: The bodies of the Reyvateils are given form by the song of the Triangular Nuclear Loop in their bodies, but this only applies to the Origins and Pureblooded β-Types due to the Third Generations lacking one. Because of this, the LEM (Reyvateil Life Extension Mechanism) converts the Static H-Waves that serve as their human life force into Dynamic D-Waves through magic so they may serve as a substitute for the song of the Triangular Nuclear Loop. Due to this is that the lives of the Third Generations rarely go beyond 18 years, but by giving them the Life Extending Agent, which is a mass of Static H-Waves that lack any special characteristics, the LEM will give priority to the Static H-Waves from the Life Extending Agent instead of stealing it from their life force, allowing them to live relatively as long as normal humans (however, since the usage of Song Magic puts such a heavy strain on their human bodies, they won't live beyond 40 years at most).

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answers: special characteristics

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: the song of the Triangular Nuclear Loop

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: Nuclear Loop

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the lives of the Third Generations rarely go beyond 18 years

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: the Triangular Nuclear Loop

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: serve as their human life force

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Triangular Nuclear Loop

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Nuclear Loop

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The gaseous diffusion process remained more encouraging, although it too had technical obstacles to overcome. By the end of 1943, Urey had over 700 people working for him on gaseous diffusion. The process involved hundreds of cascades, in which corrosive uranium hexafluoride diffused through gaseous barriers, becoming progressively more enriched at every stage. A major problem was finding proper seals for the pumps, but by far the greatest difficulty lay in constructing an appropriate diffusion barrier. Construction of the huge K-25 gaseous diffusion plant was well under way before a suitable barrier became available in quantity in 1944. As a backup, Urey championed thermal diffusion.

text: The gaseous diffusion process remained more encouraging, although it too had technical obstacles to overcome. By the end of 1943, Urey had over 700 people working for him on gaseous diffusion. The process involved hundreds of cascades, in which corrosive

text: uranium hexafluoride

text: diffused through gaseous barriers, becoming progressively more enriched at every stage. A major problem was finding proper seals for the pumps, but by far the greatest difficulty lay in constructing an appropriate diffusion barrier. Construction of the huge

text: gaseous diffusion plant was well under way before a suitable barrier became available in quantity in 1944. As a backup, Urey championed thermal diffusion.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Jeffrey Bada is most familiar with his research on the origin of life, following his mentor Miller, whose laboratory he inherited. In fact his most famous works, perhaps, are his reassessment and validation of the original Miller's experiments. In 1999, Miller had a stroke and on thinking of his medical condition, he donated everything in his office to Bada's laboratory. Just before Miller's death in 2007, several cardboard boxes containing vials of dried residues were found in his laboratory at UCSD. The labels indicated that some were from Miller's original 1952–1954 experiments, produced by using three different apparatuses, and one from 1958, which included HS in the gaseous mixture for the first time and the result never published. In 2008 Bada and his team reported a re-analysis of the 1952 samples using more sensitive techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography–time of flight mass spectrometry. Their result showed the synthesis of 22 amino acids and 5 amines, revealing that the original Miller experiment produced much more compounds than actually known. Miller's report of 1953 mentioned synthesis of only glycine, α- and β-alanine, with uncertain aspartic acid and GABA. In addition Bada also analysed the unreported 1958 samples in 2011, from which 23 amino acids and 4 amines, including 7 organosulfur compounds, were detected.

text: Jeffrey Bada is most familiar with his research on the origin of life, following his mentor Miller, whose laboratory he inherited. In fact his most famous works, perhaps, are his reassessment and validation of the original

text: Miller's experiments

text: . In 1999, Miller had a stroke and on thinking of his medical condition, he donated everything in his office to Bada's laboratory. Just before Miller's death in 2007, several cardboard boxes containing vials of dried residues were found in his laboratory at UCSD. The labels indicated that some were from Miller's original 1952–1954 experiments, produced by using three different apparatuses, and one from 1958, which included

text: HS

text: in the gaseous mixture for the first time and the result never published. In 2008 Bada and his team reported a re-analysis of the 1952 samples using more sensitive techniques, such as

text: high-performance liquid chromatography

text: and liquid chromatography–time of flight mass spectrometry. Their result showed the synthesis of 22 amino acids and 5 amines, revealing that the original Miller experiment produced much more compounds than actually known. Miller's report of 1953 mentioned synthesis of only

text: glycine

text: , α- and β-

text: alanine

text: , with uncertain

text: aspartic acid

text: and

text: GABA

text: . In addition Bada also analysed the unreported 1958 samples in 2011, from which 23 amino acids and 4 amines, including 7

text: organosulfur compounds

text: , were detected.

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answers: NDQ_003936

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answers: Miller's experiment produced much more compounds than actually known

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Cominco had produced electrolytic hydrogen at Trail, British Columbia, since 1930. Urey suggested in 1941 that it could produce heavy water. To the existing $10 million plant consisting of 3,215 cells consuming 75 MW of hydroelectric power, secondary electrolysis cells were added to increase the deuterium concentration in the water from 2.3% to 99.8%. For this process, Hugh Taylor of Princeton developed a platinum-on-carbon catalyst for the first three stages while Urey developed a nickel-chromia one for the fourth stage tower. The final cost was $2.8 million. The Canadian Government did not officially learn of the project until August 1942. Trail's heavy water production started in January 1944 and continued until 1956. Heavy water from Trail was used for Chicago Pile 3, the first reactor using heavy water and natural uranium, which went critical on 15 May 1944.

text: Cominco

text: had produced electrolytic hydrogen at

text: Trail, British Columbia

text: , since 1930. Urey suggested in 1941 that it could produce heavy water. To the existing $10 million plant consisting of 3,215 cells consuming 75 MW of hydroelectric power, secondary electrolysis cells were added to increase the deuterium concentration in the water from 2.3% to 99.8%. For this process, Hugh Taylor of Princeton developed a platinum-on-carbon

text: catalyst

text: for the first three stages while Urey developed a nickel-

text: chromia

text: one for the fourth stage tower. The final cost was $2.8 million. The Canadian Government did not officially learn of the project until August 1942. Trail's heavy water production started in January 1944 and continued until 1956. Heavy water from Trail was used for

text: Chicago Pile 3

text: , the first reactor using heavy water and natural uranium, which went critical on 15 May 1944.

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answers: NDQ_003932

answers: The Canadian Government

answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: are made of amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Cominco

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli and reproduction. Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of organisms. In biology, the science of living organisms, "life" is the condition which distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, functional activity and the continual change preceding death.

text: Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by

text: organization

text: metabolism

text: growth

text: adaptation

text: , response to

text: stimuli

text: and

text: reproduction

text: . Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of

text: organism

text: s. In

text: biology

text: , the science of living organisms, "life" is the condition which distinguishes active

text: organism

text: s from

text: inorganic matter

text: , including the capacity for growth,

text: functional activity

text: and the continual change preceding death.

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answers: no

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answers: no universal agreement on the definition of life

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: inorganic

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In The Juggernauts, Davros is on the run from the original Daleks.  He hatches a plan to add human tissue to robotic Mechanoids, using them, along with his own Daleks, to destroy the originals.  At the end of the story, the self-destruct mechanism of Davros' life-support chair explodes, destroying an entire human colony. It is not clear how Davros survives to become the Dalek Emperor as seen in Remembrance. However, in the DVD, the Davros Connections, director Gary Russell points out that the explosion of Davros' life-support chair leaves the listener to believe there is little of Davros left. This fits chronologically the fact that in "Remembrance" Davros is seen as a head inside the Emperor Dalek.

text: In

text: The Juggernauts

text: , Davros is on the run from the original Daleks.  He hatches a plan to add human

text: tissue

text: to robotic

text: Mechanoids

text: , using them, along with his own Daleks, to destroy the originals.  At the end of the story, the

text: self-destruct

text: mechanism of Davros' life-support chair explodes, destroying an entire human colony. It is not clear how Davros survives to become the Dalek Emperor as seen in Remembrance. However, in the DVD, the Davros Connections, director Gary Russell points out that the explosion of Davros' life-support chair leaves the listener to believe there is little of Davros left. This fits chronologically the fact that in "Remembrance" Davros is seen as a head inside the Emperor Dalek.

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answers: NDQ_003932

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answers: NDQ_003933

answers: tissue

answers: NDQ_003934

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answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Davros is on the run from the original Daleks

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

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answers: It is not clear how Davros survives

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: human tissue

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: human tissue

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Sandra Pizzarello's research over the last forty years has involved the analysis of organic compounds in several carbonaceous chondrites, particularly molecular, chiral, and isotopic characterization of amino acids. Because the formation of these organic-rich meteorites pre-date the origin of life, they had been under investigation as potential sites of primal organic compounds which could shed light on chemical evolution, specifically the origin of biological homochirality. Such studies, however, had been inconclusive until 1997 when Cronin and Pizzarello detected 7-9% L-enantiomeric excesses of three abiological amino acids while analyzing the Murchison meteorite.

text: Sandra Pizzarello's research over the last forty years has involved the analysis of

text: organic compound

text: s in several

text: carbonaceous chondrite

text: s, particularly

text: molecular

text: chiral

text: , and

text: isotopic

text: characterization of

text: amino acid

text: s. Because the formation of these organic-rich meteorites pre-date the

text: origin of life

text: , they had been under investigation as potential sites of primal

text: organic compound

text: s which could shed light on

text: chemical evolution

text: , specifically the origin of biological

text: homochirality

text: . Such studies, however, had been inconclusive until 1997 when Cronin and Pizzarello detected 7-9% L-

text: enantiomeric excess

text: es of three abiological amino acids while analyzing the

text: Murchison meteorite

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answers: NDQ_003932

answers: organic-rich meteorites

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

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answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

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answers: NDQ_003938

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answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primal

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: , according to a particular mortality experience.  Longevity, maximum lifespan, and life expectancy are not synonyms. Life expectancy is defined statistically as the mean number of years remaining for an individual or a group of people at a given age. Longevity refers to the characteristics of the relatively long life span of some members of a population. Maximum lifespan is the age at death for the longest-lived individual of a species. Moreover, because life expectancy is an average, a particular person may die many years before or many years after the "expected" survival. The term "maximum life span" has a quite different meaning and is more related to longevity.

text: , according to a particular

text: mortality

text: experience.

text: Longevity

text: , maximum lifespan, and life expectancy are not synonyms. Life expectancy is defined statistically as the mean number of years remaining for an individual or a group of people at a given age. Longevity refers to the characteristics of the relatively long life span of some members of a population. Maximum lifespan is the age at death for the longest-lived individual of a species. Moreover, because life expectancy is an average, a particular person may die many years before or many years after the "expected" survival. The term "

text: maximum life span

text: " has a quite different meaning and is more related to longevity.

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answers: Longevity

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Longevity

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answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Longevity, maximum lifespan, and life expectancy are not synonyms

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answers: Longevity, maximum lifespan, and life expectancy

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answers: life expectancy is an average

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answers: Longevity

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answers: Life expectancy is defined statistically

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A review by "H.J.F." in The Guardians issue of 22 November 1946 stated that the idea of writing the book was, "characteristically bright" and concluded, "The reader need not expect to find anything here about the famous Mallowan excavations which have done so much to fill out the heretofore thin web of the story of the origins of cultivation. That is to be sought in learned journals, and Agatha Christie's part therein is no small one. We wonder how many of the people who enjoy her books think of their being written, as often as not, in the desert amid mounds of forgotten cities in a region that was once full of life."

text: A review by "H.J.F." in

text: The Guardian

text: s issue of 22 November 1946 stated that the idea of writing the book was, "characteristically bright" and concluded, "The reader need not expect to find anything here about the famous Mallowan excavations which have done so much to fill out the heretofore thin web of the story of the origins of cultivation. That is to be sought in learned journals, and Agatha Christie's part therein is no small one. We wonder how many of the people who enjoy her books think of their being written, as often as not, in the desert amid mounds of forgotten cities in a region that was once full of life."

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answers: The reader need not expect to find anything here about the famous Mallowan excavations

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The RNA world hypothesis is supported by RNA's ability to store, transmit, and duplicate genetic information, as DNA does. RNA can act as a ribozyme, a special type of enzyme. Because it can perform the tasks of both DNA and enzymes, RNA is believed to have once been capable of supporting independent life forms. Some viruses use RNA as their genetic material, rather than DNA.  Further, while nucleotides were not found in experiments based on Miller-Urey experiment, their formation in prebiotically plausible conditions has now been reported, as noted above; the purine base known as adenine is merely a pentamer of hydrogen cyanide.  Experiments with basic ribozymes, like Bacteriophage Qβ RNA, have shown that simple self-replicating RNA structures can withstand even strong selective pressures (e.g., opposite-chirality chain terminators).

text: The RNA world hypothesis is supported by RNA's ability to store, transmit, and duplicate

text: genetic

text: information, as

text: DNA

text: does. RNA can act as a ribozyme, a special type of

text: enzyme

text: . Because it can perform the tasks of both DNA and enzymes, RNA is believed to have once been capable of supporting independent life forms. Some

text: virus

text: es use RNA as their genetic material, rather than DNA.  Further, while

text: nucleotide

text: s were not found in experiments based on

text: Miller-Urey experiment

text: , their formation in prebiotically plausible conditions has now been reported, as noted above; the

text: purine

text: base known as adenine is merely a

text: pentamer

text: of

text: hydrogen cyanide

text: .  Experiments with basic ribozymes, like

text: Bacteriophage Qβ

text: RNA, have shown that simple self-replicating RNA structures can withstand even strong selective pressures (e.g., opposite-chirality chain terminators).

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answers: NDQ_003933

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: RNA

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Miller-Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: ribozymes

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: amino acids are linked together by ionic bonds

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: simple self-replicating RNA structures can withstand even strong selective pressures

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: nucleotides

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The RNA world hypothesis

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: ribozyme

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: hydrogen cyanide

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: ribozyme

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The fossil of the Neanderthal was discovered in 1856, three years before the publication of Darwin's work On the Origin of Species. Yet the scientific debate over whether species are immutable or mutable had already been going on for a long time. Hermann Schaaffhausen considers in a 1853 treatise about the durability and transformation of species "...that species were not immortal, that they have just as the life of the individual being a beginning, a time of blooming and of demise, only in larger time intervals, and that the various life forms also vary greatly in life-span."  Schaaffhausen, who also had emphasized the close proximity of various anatomical and physiological characteristics of man and the anthropoid apes, concludes in his summary:"...the immutability of species which is considered a law of nature by most researchers, has not yet been proven".

text: The fossil of the Neanderthal was discovered in 1856, three years before the publication of

text: Darwin's

text: work

text: On the Origin of Species

text: . Yet the scientific debate over whether species are immutable or mutable had already been going on for a long time. Hermann Schaaffhausen considers in a 1853 treatise about the durability and transformation of species "...that species were not immortal, that they have just as the life of the individual being a beginning, a time of blooming and of demise, only in larger time intervals, and that the various life forms also vary greatly in life-span."  Schaaffhausen, who also had emphasized the close proximity of various anatomical and physiological characteristics of man and the anthropoid apes, concludes in his summary:"...the immutability of species which is considered a law of nature by most researchers, has not yet been proven".

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answers: 1

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answers: 2

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: immutable

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: discover the Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: a law of nature

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the immutability of species

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: immutability of species

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: mutable

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Petit Verdot probably predates Cabernet Sauvignon in Bordeaux, but its origins are unclear. There are records of it in the eighteenth century, but its characteristics suggest an origin in much hotter climes than the Gironde.

text: Petit Verdot probably predates Cabernet Sauvignon in Bordeaux, but its origins are unclear. There are records of it in the eighteenth century, but its characteristics suggest an origin in much hotter climes than the

text: Gironde

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answers: origins are unclear

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: origins are unclear

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: its origins are unclear

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: origins are unclear

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are present in all living things

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Gironde

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Petit Verdot

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. Throughout known life, there are 23 proteinogenic amino acids, 20 in the standard genetic code and an additional 3 that can be incorporated by special translation mechanisms.

text: Proteinogenic amino acids are

text: amino acid

text: s that are

text: precursors

text: to

text: protein

text: s, and are incorporated into proteins during

text: translation

text: . Throughout known

text: life

text: , there are 23 proteinogenic amino acids, 20 in the standard

text: genetic code

text: and an additional 3 that can be incorporated by special translation mechanisms.

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answers: the standard genetic code

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: genetic code

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are precursors to proteins

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Throughout known life

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: proteinogenic amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: proteinogenic

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The compound computation in selection experience path includes current and lagging interaction, dynamic topological transformation and implies  both invariance and variance characteristics in an ordered system's experience path.

text: The compound computation in selection experience path includes current and lagging interaction, dynamic topological transformation and implies  both invariance and variance characteristics in an ordered system's experience path.

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answers: invariance

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: invariance

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: compound computation

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: invariance and variance characteristics

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: an ordered system

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: interact with each other

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: an ordered system

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Eppens' artistic style is characteristic of the Mexican Mural Renaissance and his works commonly feature characteristic Mexican themes such as Aztec and colonial architecture, scenes of folk life, farm animals, the Mexican eagle and symbol of the country, and Catholic images.

text: Eppens' artistic style is characteristic of the

text: Mexican Mural Renaissance

text: and his works commonly feature characteristic Mexican themes such as Aztec and colonial architecture, scenes of folk life, farm animals, the Mexican eagle and symbol of the country, and Catholic images.

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: artistic style

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Aztec

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: farm animals

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Eppens

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Mexican Mural Renaissance

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: the Mexican Mural Renaissance

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: eagle

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Aztec

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Self-perpetuation, the capability of something to cause itself to continue to exist, is one of the main characteristics of life. Organisms' capability of reproduction leads to self-perpetuation of the species, if not to the individual. Populations self-perpetuate and grow. Entire ecosystems show homeostasis, and thus perpetuate themselves. The slow modifying effect of succession and similar shifts in the composition of the system can, however, not be neglected in the long run. Overall, life's object's capabilities of self-perpetuation are always accompanied by evolution, a perfect steady state of the biological system is never reached. Sexual reproduction is also a form of imperfect self-replication and thus imperfect self-perpetuation because of recombination and mutation. Organisms are not like self-replicating machine but amass random modifications from generation to generation. The property of self-perpetuation in the strict sense thus only applies to life itself.

text: Self-perpetuation, the capability of something to cause itself to continue to

text: exist

text: , is one of the main characteristics of

text: life

text: Organism

text: s' capability of

text: reproduction

text: leads to self-perpetuation of the species, if not to the individual.

text: Population

text: s self-perpetuate and grow. Entire

text: ecosystem

text: s show

text: homeostasis

text: , and thus perpetuate themselves. The slow modifying effect of

text: succession

text: and similar shifts in the composition of the system can, however, not be neglected in the long run. Overall, life's object's capabilities of self-perpetuation are always accompanied by

text: evolution

text: , a perfect

text: steady state

text: of the biological system is never reached.

text: Sexual reproduction

text: is also a form of imperfect

text: self-replication

text: and thus imperfect self-perpetuation because of

text: recombination

text: and

text: mutation

text: . Organisms are not like

text: self-replicating machine

text: but amass random modifications from generation to generation. The property of self-perpetuation in the strict sense thus only applies to life itself.

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: Self-perpetuation

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: a perfect steady state

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The property of self-perpetuation in the strict sense thus only applies to life itself

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Self-perpetuation

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: recombination and mutation

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: recombination

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: It is a sequence of amino acids.

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: During his time as an honors program undergraduate, Sagan worked in the laboratory of the geneticist H. J. Muller and wrote a thesis on the origins of life with physical chemist H. C. Urey. Sagan joined the Ryerson Astronomical Society, received a B.A. degree in self-proclaimed "nothing" with general and special honors in 1954, and a B.S. degree in physics in 1955. He went on to earn a  M.S. degree in physics in 1956, before earning a Ph.D. degree in 1960 with the dissertation "Physical Studies of Planets" submitted to the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics.

text: During his time as an honors program

text: undergraduate

text: , Sagan worked in the laboratory of the

text: geneticist

text: H. J. Muller

text: and wrote a thesis on the

text: origins of life

text: with

text: physical chemist

text: H. C. Urey

text: . Sagan joined the Ryerson Astronomical Society, received a

text: B.A.

text: degree in self-proclaimed "nothing" with general and special honors in 1954, and a

text: B.S.

text: degree in

text: physics

text: in 1955. He went on to earn a

text: M.S.

text: degree in

text: physics

text: in 1956, before earning a

text: Ph.D.

text: degree in 1960 with the dissertation "Physical Studies of Planets" submitted to the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics.

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answers: genetic

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: nothing

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: monomers

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the origins of life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: H. J. Muller

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: proteins are important because they

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: physical chemist

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: H. J. Muller

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: 1)The meaning of a characteristic changes based on a change in the "environment" it's in. Thus, the meanings of the words "quick" and "slow" change based on what other words it is presented with or associated with in real life. The meaning of the word "quick" in set 1 is associated more with "one of assurance, of smoothness of movement" while in set 2 the word is associated with "forced quickness, in an effort to be helpful". In everyday life, we perceive a quick, skillful person to be very different from a quick, clumsy person. However, we perceive someone who is "quick and skillful" and "slow and skillful" as being similar and sharing the same quality of being more of an expert.

text: 1)The meaning of a characteristic changes based on a change in the "environment" it's in. Thus, the meanings of the words "quick" and "slow" change based on what other words it is presented with or associated with in real life. The meaning of the word "quick" in set 1 is associated more with "one of assurance, of smoothness of movement" while in set 2 the word is associated with "forced quickness, in an effort to be helpful". In everyday life, we perceive a quick, skillful person to be very different from a quick, clumsy person. However, we perceive someone who is "quick and skillful" and "slow and skillful" as being similar and sharing the same quality of being more of an expert.

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answers: clumsy

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: slow and skillful

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the meaning of the words "quick" and "slow" change based on what other words it is presented with or associated with in real life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: The meaning of the word "quick" in set 1 is associated more with "one of assurance, of smoothness of movement"

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The meaning of a characteristic changes based on a change in the "environment" it's in

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are made of amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in an effort to be helpful

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Sequence found in RASEF protein that contains 35 amino acids (36 in the second one). The two EF hand domains are consecutively located at the “beginning” of the protein. Its name “N-terminal” indicates an amino group (characteristic of this group of biomolecules, as well as the C- terminal ending). The first one goes from the 8th amino acid to the 42nd, and the other to the 42nd to the 77th.“EF hand” refers to the shape of this domain (similarity with the right hand’s morphology). Ca+2 ions are responsible for this structure, which by binding metals join two alpha helixes.

text: Sequence found in RASEF protein that contains 35 amino acids (36 in the second one). The two EF hand domains are consecutively located at the “beginning” of the protein. Its name “N-terminal” indicates an

text: amino group

text: (characteristic of this group of biomolecules, as well as the C- terminal ending). The first one goes from the 8th amino acid to the 42nd, and the other to the 42nd to the 77th.“

text: EF hand

text: ” refers to the shape of this domain (similarity with the right hand’s morphology).

text: Ca+2 ions

text: are responsible for this structure, which by binding metals join two alpha helixes.

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answers: NDQ_003933

answers: protein

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answers: Ca+2 ions

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Ca+2 ions are responsible for this structure

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Ca+2 ions

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Ca+2 ions are responsible for this structure

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: biomolecules

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Ca+2 ions

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: RASEF protein

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The forelimbs of G.Longirostris are characteristic of the species. Descriptions created by Wiman in 1933 originally depicted G.Longirsotris as having very primitive forelimbs that were not yet completely specialized for  aquatic life. These descriptions involved the presence of “hoofs” at the tips of each digit, this observation has since been discredited.

text: The forelimbs of G.Longirostris are characteristic of the species. Descriptions created by Wiman in 1933 originally depicted G.Longirsotris as having very primitive forelimbs that were not yet completely specialized for  aquatic life. These descriptions involved the presence of “

text: hoof

text: s” at the tips of each digit, this observation has since been discredited.

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answers: hoofs

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Hoofs

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: forelimbs

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: were not yet completely specialized for aquatic life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Miller-Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: This observation has since been discredited

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: forelimbs

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: aquatic life

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The production of bottromycin by S. bottropensis and S. scabies, as well as the production of a bottromycin analog termed bottromycin D, has been studied. It was independently confirmed in 2012 by multiple groups that bottromycin is produced as a ribosomal peptide natural product that it subsequently post-translationally modified. Before this, it was unclear whether bottromycin was produced by nonribosomal peptide synthetase machinery (NRPS). The presence of amino acids other than the 20 proteinogenic amino acids is often a feature of NRPS products because NRPS machinery can directly incorporate other amino acids, among other chemical building blocks. Ribosomal peptide synthesis, which is the same machinery that produces all proteins found in the cell, is limited to the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. However, bottromycin was found to be a highly modified ribosomal peptide by a combination of genome mining and gene deletion studies.

text: The production of bottromycin by S. bottropensis and S. scabies, as well as the production of a bottromycin analog termed bottromycin D, has been studied. It was independently confirmed in 2012 by multiple groups that bottromycin is produced as a ribosomal peptide natural product that it subsequently post-translationally modified. Before this, it was unclear whether bottromycin was produced by

text: nonribosomal peptide

text: synthetase machinery (NRPS). The presence of amino acids other than the 20 proteinogenic amino acids is often a feature of NRPS products because NRPS machinery can directly incorporate other amino acids, among other chemical building blocks. Ribosomal peptide synthesis, which is the same machinery that produces all proteins found in the cell, is limited to the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. However, bottromycin was found to be a highly modified ribosomal peptide by a combination of genome mining and gene deletion studies.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: The presence of amino acids other than the 20 proteinogenic amino acids

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: genome mining

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Ribosomal peptide

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: it was unclear whether bottromycin was produced by nonribosomal peptide synthetase machinery

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: It was independently confirmed in 2012

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: produce all proteins found in the cell

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: NRPS machinery

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Ribosomal

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2001, a method was devised by Jeffrey Wells and Felix Sperling to use mitochondrial DNA to differentiate between different species of the subfamily Chrysomyinae. This is particularly useful when working to determine the identity of specimens that do not have distinctive morphological characteristics at certain life stages.

text: In 2001, a method was devised by Jeffrey Wells and Felix Sperling to use

text: mitochondrial DNA

text: to differentiate between different species of the subfamily Chrysomyinae. This is particularly useful when working to determine the identity of specimens that do not have distinctive morphological characteristics at certain life stages.

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answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: distinctive morphological characteristics

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: use mitochondrial DNA

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: mitochondrial DNA

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: identify specimens that do not have distinctive morphological characteristics at certain life stages

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: mitochondrial DNA

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: mitochondrial DNA

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: mitochondrial DNA

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: mitochondrial DNA

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In response to one of the disadvantages of Motivator–Hygiene Theory, Job Characteristics Theory added an individual difference factor into the model. While Herzberg et al. took into account the importance of intrinsically and extrinsically motivating job characteristics there was no consideration of individual differences. The importance of individual differences had been demonstrated by previous work showing that some individuals are more likely to positively respond to an enriched job environment than others. Thus, the original version of the theory posits an individual difference characteristic, Growth Need Strength (GNS), that moderates the effect of the core job characteristics on outcomes. Jobholders with high Growth Need Strength should respond more positively to the opportunities provided by jobs with high levels of the five core characteristics compared to low GNS jobholders.

text: In response to one of the disadvantages of

text: Motivator–Hygiene Theory

text: , Job Characteristics Theory added an individual difference factor into the model. While Herzberg et al. took into account the importance of intrinsically and extrinsically motivating job characteristics there was no consideration of individual differences. The importance of individual differences had been demonstrated by previous work showing that some individuals are more likely to positively respond to an enriched job environment than others. Thus, the original version of the theory posits an individual difference characteristic, Growth Need Strength (GNS), that moderates the effect of the core job characteristics on outcomes. Jobholders with high Growth Need Strength should respond more positively to the opportunities provided by jobs with high levels of the five core characteristics compared to low GNS jobholders.

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answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

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answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: Growth Need

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: consider individual differences

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: Growth

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Growth Need Strength

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: some individuals are more likely to positively respond to an enriched job environment

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The importance of individual differences

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: Growth Need Strength

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Growth Need Strength

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: GNS

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Karo Michaelian from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) points out that any model for the origin of life must take into account the fact that life is an irreversible thermodynamic process and, like all irreversible processes, its origin and persistence as a "self-organized" system is due to its dissipation an imposed generalized chemical potential, i.e., the production of entropy. That is, entropy production is not incidental to the process of life, but rather the fundamental reason for its existence. Present day life augments the entropy production of Earth in its solar environment by dissipating ultraviolet and visible photons into heat through organic pigments in water. This heat then catalyzes a host of secondary dissipative processes such as the water cycle, ocean and wind currents, hurricanes, etc. Michaelian argues that if the thermodynamic function of life today is to produce entropy through photon dissipation, then this probably was its function at its very beginnings. It turns out that both RNA and DNA when in water solution are very strong absorbers and extremely rapid dissipaters of UV light within the 230–290 nm wavelength region, which is a part of the Sun's spectrum that could have penetrated the prebiotic atmosphere. The amount of ultraviolet (UV-C) light reaching the Earth's surface within this spectral range in the Archean could have been on the order of 4 W/m, or some 31 orders of magnitude greater than it is today at 260 nm where RNA and DNA absorb most strongly. In fact, not only RNA and DNA, but many fundamental molecules of life (those common to all three domains of life, archea, bacteria, and eucaryote) are also pigments that absorb in the UV-C, and many of these also have a chemical affinity to RNA and DNA. Nucleic acids may thus have acted as acceptor molecules to the UV-C photon excited antenna pigment donor molecules by providing an ultrafast channel for dissipation. Michaelian has shown that there would have existed a non-linear, non-equilibrium thermodynamic imperative to the abiogenic UV-C photochemical synthesis  and proliferation of these pigments over the entire Earth surface if they augmented the solar photon dissipation rate.

text: Karo Michaelian from the

entity_name: National Autonomous University of Mexico

text: National Autonomous University of Mexico

text: (UNAM) points out that any model for the origin of life must take into account the fact that life is an irreversible thermodynamic process and, like all irreversible processes, its origin and persistence as a "self-organized" system is due to its dissipation an imposed generalized chemical potential, i.e., the production of

text: entropy

text: . That is, entropy production is not incidental to the process of life, but rather the fundamental reason for its existence. Present day life augments the entropy production of Earth in its solar environment by dissipating ultraviolet and visible photons into heat through organic

text: pigment

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answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/190e86766dc1138031e175cedb3f2a3f

answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 2

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: NDQ_003932

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answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: entropy production

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: entropy production

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: nucleic acids

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Nucleic acids

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: if the thermodynamic function of life today is to produce entropy through photon dissipation, then this probably was its function at its very beginnings

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: It turns out that both RNA and DNA when in water solution are very strong absorbers and extremely rapid dissipaters of UV light

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: provide an ultrafast channel for dissipation

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: RNA and DNA

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: RNA and DNA

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The fact that the aromatic amino acids have been shown to have chemical affinity to their codons, or anti-codons, and that they also absorb strongly in the UV-C, suggests that they might have originally acted as antenna pigments to increase dissipation and to provide more local heat for UVTAR replication of RNA and DNA as the sea surface temperature cooled. The accumulation of information, e.g., coding for the aromatic amino acids, in RNA or DNA would thus be related to reproductive success under this mechanism. Michaelian suggests that the traditional origin of life research, that expects to describe the emergence of life without overwhelming reference to entropy production through dissipation, is erroneous and that imposed environmental potentials, such as the solar photon flux, and the dissipation of this flux, must be considered to understand the emergence, proliferation, and evolution of life.

text: The fact that the aromatic amino acids have been shown to have chemical affinity to their codons, or anti-codons, and that they also absorb strongly in the UV-C, suggests that they might have originally acted as antenna pigments to increase dissipation and to provide more local heat for UVTAR replication of RNA and DNA as the sea surface temperature cooled. The accumulation of information, e.g., coding for the aromatic amino acids, in RNA or DNA would thus be related to reproductive success under this mechanism. Michaelian suggests that the traditional origin of life research, that expects to describe the emergence of life without overwhelming reference to entropy production through dissipation, is erroneous and that imposed environmental potentials, such as the solar photon flux, and the dissipation of this flux, must be considered to understand the emergence, proliferation, and evolution of life.

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answers: entropy production

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: overwhelm reference to entropy production through dissipation

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: information

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the emergence, proliferation, and evolution of life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: dissipation

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Michaelian suggests that the traditional origin of life research

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: absorb strongly in the UV-C

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: UV-C

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: coding for the aromatic amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, and response to stimuli and reproduction. Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of organisms.

text: Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by

text: organization

text: metabolism

text: growth

text: adaptation

text: , and response to

text: stimuli

text: and

text: reproduction

text: . Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of

text: organism

text: s.

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answers: universal agreement

answers: NDQ_003932

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answers: NDQ_003933

answers: organisms

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptide

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: there is no universal agreement on the definition of life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: no universal agreement on the definition of life

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: metabolism

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: organisms

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Body odor is influenced by the actions of the skin flora, including members of Corynebacterium, which manufacture enzymes called lipases that break down the lipids in sweat to create smaller molecules like butyric acid. Staphylococcus hominis is also known for producing thioalcohol compounds that contribute to odors. These smaller molecules smell, and give body odor its characteristic aroma. Propionic acid (propanoic acid) is present in many sweat samples. This acid is a breakdown product of some amino acids by propionibacteria, which thrive in the ducts of adolescent and adult sebaceous glands. Because propionic acid is chemically similar to acetic acid with similar characteristics including odor, body odors may be identified as having a vinegar-like smell by certain people. Isovaleric acid (3-methyl butanoic acid) is the other source of body odor as a result of actions of the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, which is also present in several strong cheese types.

text: Body odor is influenced by the actions of the

text: skin flora

text: , including members of

text: Corynebacterium

text: , which manufacture enzymes called

text: lipases

text: that break down the lipids in sweat to create smaller molecules like

text: butyric acid

text: Staphylococcus hominis

text: is also known for producing thioalcohol compounds that contribute to odors. These smaller molecules smell, and give body odor its characteristic aroma.

text: Propionic acid

text: (propanoic acid) is present in many sweat samples. This acid is a breakdown product of some

text: amino acid

text: s by

text: propionibacteria

text: , which thrive in the ducts of adolescent and adult

text: sebaceous

text: glands. Because propionic acid is chemically similar to

text: acetic acid

text: with similar characteristics including odor, body odors may be identified as having a vinegar-like smell by certain people.

text: Isovaleric acid

text: (3-methyl butanoic acid) is the other source of body odor as a result of actions of the bacteria

text: Staphylococcus epidermidis

text: , which is also present in several strong cheese types.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: NDQ_003938

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answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: body odor

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: find out

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: smaller molecules

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Propionic acid

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Body odor is influenced by the actions of the skin flora

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: propionibacteria

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Amino acids are chiral compounds that are present in living organisms as free compounds or as polymers such as peptides or proteins. The 20 L-Amino acids present in proteins and peptides are defined as proteinogenic amino acid. About 500 amino acids are known and have been classified in many ways base on their chemical/physical properties.

text: Amino acids are chiral compounds that are present in living organisms as free compounds or as polymers such as peptides or proteins. The 20 L-

text: Amino acids

text: present in proteins and peptides are defined as

text: proteinogenic amino acid

text: . About 500 amino acids are known and have been classified in many ways base on their chemical/physical properties.

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answers: 3

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answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polymers

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: amino acids are chiral compounds that are present in living organisms

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: About 500 amino acids are known

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: present in living organisms

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in living organisms

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: proteinogenic amino acid

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Once translated by a ribosome, each polypeptide folds into its characteristic three-dimensional structure from a random coil. Since the fold is maintained by a network of interactions between amino acids in the polypeptide, the native state of the protein chain is determined by the amino acid sequence (Anfinsen's dogma).

text: Once translated by a

text: ribosome

text: , each polypeptide

text: folds

text: into its characteristic three-dimensional structure from a

text: random coil

text: . Since the fold is maintained by a network of interactions between amino acids in the polypeptide, the

text: native state

text: of the protein chain is determined by the amino acid sequence (

text: Anfinsen's dogma

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answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: three-dimensional structure

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: folds into its characteristic three-dimensional structure

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the native state of the protein chain is determined by the amino acid sequence

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Anfinsen's dogma

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: ribosome

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: from a random coil

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: the native state of the protein chain

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are other factors involved in the manifestation of a mitochondrial disease besides the size and location of a mutation.  Mitochondria replicate during each cell division during gestation and throughout life.  Because the mutation in mitochondrial disease most often occurs early in gestation in these diseases, only those mitochondria in the mutated lineage are defective.  This results in an uneven distribution of dysfunctional mitochondria within each cell, and among different tissues of the body.  This describes the term heteroplasmic which is characteristic of mitochondrial diseases including KSS.  The distribution of mutated mtDNA in each cell, tissue, and organ, is dependent on when and where the mutation occurs.  This may explain why two patients with an identical mutation in mtDNA can present with entirely different phenotypes and in turn different syndromes.  A publication in 1992 by Fischel-Ghodsian et al. identified the same 4,977-bp deletion in mtDNA in two patients presenting with two entirely different diseases.  One of the patients had characteristic KSS, while the other patient had a very different disease known as Pearson marrow pancreas syndrome.  Complicating the matter, in some cases Pearson's syndrome has been shown to progress into KSS later in life.

text: There are other factors involved in the manifestation of a mitochondrial disease besides the size and location of a mutation.  Mitochondria replicate during each cell division during gestation and throughout life.  Because the mutation in mitochondrial disease most often occurs early in gestation in these diseases, only those mitochondria in the mutated lineage are defective.  This results in an uneven distribution of dysfunctional mitochondria within each cell, and among different tissues of the body.  This describes the term

text: heteroplasmic

text: which is characteristic of mitochondrial diseases including KSS.  The distribution of mutated mtDNA in each cell, tissue, and organ, is dependent on when and where the mutation occurs.  This may explain why two patients with an identical mutation in mtDNA can present with entirely different phenotypes and in turn different syndromes.  A publication in 1992 by Fischel-Ghodsian et al. identified the same 4,977-bp deletion in mtDNA in two patients presenting with two entirely different diseases.  One of the patients had characteristic KSS, while the other patient had a very different disease known as

text: Pearson marrow pancreas syndrome

text: .  Complicating the matter, in some cases Pearson's syndrome has been shown to progress into KSS later in life.

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_003934

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: heteroplasmic

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: mutation in mtDNA

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Mitochondria replicate during each cell division during gestation and throughout life

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Pearson's syndrome has been shown to progress into KSS later in life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Mitochondria

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: replicate during each cell division

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: mtDNA

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Mitochondria

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Accattone is a 1961 Italian drama film written and directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini. Despite being filmed from an original screenplay, academics perceive Accattone as a cinematic rendition of Pasolini's earlier novels, particularly Boys of Life and A Violent Life. It is Pasolini's first film as director, employing what would later be seen as trademark Pasolini characteristics; a cast of non-professional actors hailing from where the movie is set, and thematic emphasis on impoverished individuals.

text: Accattone is a 1961 Italian drama film written and directed by

text: Pier Paolo Pasolini

text: . Despite being filmed from an original screenplay, academics perceive Accattone as a cinematic rendition of Pasolini's earlier novels, particularly

text: Boys of Life

text: and

text: A Violent Life

text: . It is Pasolini's first film as director, employing what would later be seen as trademark Pasolini characteristics; a cast of non-professional actors hailing from where the movie is set, and thematic emphasis on impoverished individuals.

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answers: impoverished

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: academics

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: a cast of non-professional actors

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Miller-Urey

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: scientists think that life on earth originated once

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: proteins are important because they

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Italian

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Toward the broader end of its classification, C. dikerogammari falls within the phylum Microspora. Characteristics of phylum Microspora include a relictual mitochondrial structure and a complex life cycle involving both horizontal and vertical transmission. These characteristics suggest a host organism is necessary to sustain life and allow for reproduction of Microsporidia. The parasite was originally classified as Nosema dikerogammari. Through phenotypic, molecular, phylogenic, and host compatibility experiments, evidence has led to the reclassification of Nosema dikerogammari within the novel genus Cucumispora.  Characteristics that define both genus Cucumispora and Nosema  are diplokaryotic development and disporoblastic sporogony. Ovcharenko instated the novel genus Cucumispora to describe the presence a specific anterior structure to aid in attachment to a susceptible host, specific arrangements of isofilar polar filaments, substantial diplokaryon, and vacuole structure. These traits are unique to Cucumispora, and serve to differentiate it from Nosema.

text: Toward the broader end of its classification, C. dikerogammari falls within the

text: phylum

text: Microspora

text: . Characteristics of phylum Microspora include a relictual

text: mitochondrial

text: structure and a complex

text: life cycle

text: involving both horizontal and vertical transmission. These characteristics suggest a

text: host organism

text: is necessary to sustain life and allow for reproduction of Microsporidia. The parasite was originally classified as Nosema dikerogammari. Through phenotypic, molecular, phylogenic, and host compatibility experiments, evidence has led to the reclassification of Nosema dikerogammari within the novel

text: genus

text: Cucumispora.  Characteristics that define both genus Cucumispora and

text: Nosema

text: are diplokaryotic development and disporoblastic

text: sporogony

text: . Ovcharenko instated the novel genus Cucumispora to describe the presence a specific anterior structure to aid in attachment to a susceptible host, specific arrangements of isofilar

text: polar filament

text: s, substantial diplokaryon, and

text: vacuole

text: structure. These traits are unique to Cucumispora, and serve to differentiate it from Nosema.

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answers: mitochondrial structure

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answers: These traits are unique to Cucumispora

answers: NDQ_003935

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answers: no

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answers: a host organism is necessary to sustain life

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answers: polar filaments

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: mitochondrial structure

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: So Tolstoy turns to the question of God's existence.  After despairing of his attempts to find answers in classic philosophical arguments for the existence of god (e.g. the Cosmological Argument, which reasons that God must exist based on the need to ascribe an original cause to the universe), Tolstoy turns to a more mystical, intuitive affirmation of God's presence.  He states that as soon as he said "God is Life," life was once again suffused with meaning.  This faith could be interpreted as a Kierkegaardian leap, or a disingenuous compromise, but Tolstoy actually seems to be describing a more Eastern approach to what God is.  The identification of God with life suggests a more monistic (or panentheistic) metaphysics characteristic of Eastern religions, and this is why rational arguments ultimately fall short of establishing God's existence: by misidentifying God, philosophical arguments miss the point.  Tolstoy's original title for this work indicates as much, and his own personal "conversion" is suggested by an epilogue that describes a dream he had some time after completing the body of the text, confirming that he had undergone a radical personal and spiritual transformation.

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answer: No

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answer: No

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text: Proteins are chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Many conformations of this chain are possible due to the rotation of the chain about each Cα atom. It is these conformational changes that are responsible for differences in the three dimensional structure of proteins. Each amino acid in the chain is polar, i.e. it has separated positive and negative charged regions with a free C=O group, which can act as hydrogen bond acceptor and an NH group, which can act as hydrogen bond donor. These groups can therefore interact in the protein structure. The 20 amino acids can be classified according  to the chemistry of the side chain which also plays an important structural role. Glycine takes on a special position, as it has the smallest side chain, only one Hydrogen atom, and therefore can increase the local flexibility in the protein structure. Cysteine on the other hand can react with another cysteine residue and thereby form a cross link stabilizing the whole structure.

text: Proteins are chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Many conformations of this chain are possible due to the rotation of the chain about each Cα atom. It is these conformational changes that are responsible for differences in the three dimensional structure of proteins. Each amino acid in the chain is polar, i.e. it has separated positive and negative charged regions with a free C=O group, which can act as hydrogen bond acceptor and an NH group, which can act as hydrogen bond donor. These groups can therefore interact in the protein structure. The 20 amino acids can be classified according  to the chemistry of the side chain which also plays an important structural role.

text: Glycine

text: takes on a special position, as it has the smallest side chain, only one Hydrogen atom, and therefore can increase the local flexibility in the protein structure.

text: Cysteine

text: on the other hand can react with another cysteine residue and thereby form a cross link stabilizing the whole structure.

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text: Life is a characteristic that distinguishes objects that have self-sustaining biological processes from those that do not<ref name=AHDLife>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, published by Houghton Mifflin Company, via Answers.com:

text: Life

text: is a characteristic that distinguishes

text: object

text: s that have self-sustaining

text: biological process

text: es from those that do not<ref name=AHDLife>The

entity_name: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

text: American Heritage Dictionary

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text: Proteins account for 8% to 12% of dried green coffee beans. A majority of the proteins are of the 11-S storage kind  (alpha - component of 32 kDa, beta – component of 22 kDa), most of which are degraded to free amino acids during maturation of green coffee beans. Further, 11-S storage proteins are degraded to their individual amino acids under roasting temperature, thus are an additional source of bitter components due to generation of Maillard reaction products. High temperature and oxygen concentration and low pH degrade 11-S storage proteins of green coffee beans to low-molecular-weight peptides and amino acids. The degradation is accelerated in the presence of organic acids such as chlorogenic acids and their derivatives. Other proteins include enzymes, such as catalase and polyphenol oxidase, which are important for the maturation of green coffee beans. Mature coffee contains free amino acids (4.0 mg amino acid/g robusta coffee and up to 4.5 mg amino acid/g arabica coffee). In Coffea arabica, alanine is the amino acid with the highest concentration, i.e. 1.2 mg/g, followed by asparagine of 0.66 mg/g, whereas in C. robusta, alanine is present at a concentration of 0.8 mg/g and asparagine at 0.36 mg/g. The free hydrophobic amino acids in fresh green coffee beans contribute to the unpleasant taste, making it impossible to prepare a desirable beverage with such compounds. In fresh green coffee from Peru, these concentrations have been determined as: isoleucine 81 mg/kg, leucine 100 mg/kg, valine 93 mg/kg, tyrosine 81 mg/kg, phenylalanine 133 mg/kg. The concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (a neurotransmitter) has been determined between 143 mg/kg and 703 mg/kg in green coffee beans from Tanzania. Roasted coffee beans do not contain any free amino acids; the amino acids in green coffee beans are degraded under roasting temperature to Maillard products (reaction products between the aldehyde group of sugar and the alpha-amino group of the amino acids). Further, diketopiperazines, e.g. cyclo(proline-proline), cyclo(proline-leucine), and cyclo(proline-isoleucine), are generated from the corresponding amino acids, and are the major source of the bitter taste of roasted coffee. The bitter flavor of diketopiperazines is perceptible at around 20 mg/liter of water. The content of diketopiperazines in espresso is about 20 to 30 mg, which is responsible for its bitterness.

text: Protein

text: s account for 8% to 12% of dried green coffee beans. A majority of the proteins are of the 11-S storage kind  (alpha - component of 32 kDa, beta – component of 22 kDa), most of which are degraded to free amino acids during maturation of green coffee beans. Further, 11-S storage proteins are degraded to their individual amino acids under roasting temperature, thus are an additional source of bitter components due to generation of

text: Maillard reaction

text: products. High temperature and oxygen concentration and low pH degrade 11-S storage proteins of green coffee beans to low-molecular-weight

text: peptide

text: s and amino acids. The degradation is accelerated in the presence of organic acids such as chlorogenic acids and their derivatives. Other proteins include

text: enzyme

text: s, such as

text: catalase

text: and

text: polyphenol oxidase

text: , which are important for the maturation of green coffee beans. Mature coffee contains free amino acids (4.0 mg amino acid/g robusta coffee and up to 4.5 mg amino acid/g arabica coffee). In Coffea arabica,

text: alanine

text: is the amino acid with the highest concentration, i.e. 1.2 mg/g, followed by asparagine of 0.66 mg/g, whereas in C. robusta, alanine is present at a concentration of 0.8 mg/g and asparagine at 0.36 mg/g. The free hydrophobic amino acids in fresh green coffee beans contribute to the unpleasant taste, making it impossible to prepare a desirable beverage with such compounds. In fresh green coffee from Peru, these concentrations have been determined as:

text: isoleucine

text: 81 mg/kg,

text: leucine

text: 100 mg/kg,

text: valine

text: 93 mg/kg,

text: tyrosine

text: 81 mg/kg,

text: phenylalanine

text: 133 mg/kg. The concentration of

text: gamma-aminobutyric acid

text: (a neurotransmitter) has been determined between 143 mg/kg and 703 mg/kg in green coffee beans from

text: Tanzania

text: . Roasted coffee beans do not contain any free amino acids; the amino acids in green coffee beans are degraded under roasting temperature to Maillard products (reaction products between the aldehyde group of sugar and the alpha-amino group of the amino acids). Further,

text: diketopiperazine

text: s, e.g. cyclo(proline-proline), cyclo(proline-leucine), and cyclo(proline-isoleucine), are generated from the corresponding amino acids, and are the major source of the bitter taste of roasted coffee. The bitter flavor of diketopiperazines is perceptible at around 20 mg/liter of water. The content of diketopiperazines in espresso is about 20 to 30 mg, which is responsible for its

text: bitterness

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: Roasted

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: roasting temperature

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Mature coffee contains free amino acids

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Roasted coffee beans do not contain any free amino acids

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Roasted coffee beans do not contain any free amino acids

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Maillard reaction products

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: an additional source of bitter components

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Coffea arabica

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 11-S storage proteins

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The trainer was given the designation Sk 10 by Flygvapnet. It was used between 1932 and 1945, but was quite controversial during its active life. This was partly due to changes in the design, which made the aircraft 200 kg heavier than the original, and this changed its flight characteristics drastically. The aircraft was involved in many accidents. Of the 25 delivered aircraft, 18 were written off.

text: The trainer was given the designation Sk 10 by Flygvapnet. It was used between 1932 and 1945, but was quite controversial during its active life. This was partly due to changes in the design, which made the aircraft 200 kg heavier than the original, and this changed its flight characteristics drastically. The aircraft was involved in many accidents. Of the 25 delivered aircraft, 18 were written off.

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: flight

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: write off

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: flight characteristics

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: The trainer

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 18 were written off

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are made up of amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Flygvapnet

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Creativity, differentiation and connectedness are basic characteristics of life. The future is essentially open.

text: Creativity, differentiation and connectedness are basic characteristics of life. The future is essentially open.

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answers: Creativity

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Creativity

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: Creativity

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: basic characteristics of life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: basic characteristics of life

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: Differentiation

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: life

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: basic characteristics of life

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: Interested in poetry and music since his adolescence, he was the president of the editorial committee which published in 1962 an interdenominational hymnal, Cántico Nuevo, for which he contributed 77 Spanish translations of hymns together with 5 original hymns.  He has many written positive tangos, as opposed the fatalistalism characteristic of the genre, which speak of life and the Gospel, such as the tango Tenemos Esperanza (1979), which is emblematic of the trend among Argentine Christians to adapt popular music for religious purposes.

text: Interested in poetry and music since his adolescence, he was the president of the editorial committee which published in 1962 an interdenominational hymnal, Cántico Nuevo, for which he contributed 77 Spanish translations of hymns together with 5 original hymns.  He has many written positive tangos, as opposed the fatalistalism characteristic of the genre, which speak of life and the Gospel, such as the tango Tenemos Esperanza (1979), which is emblematic of the trend among Argentine Christians to adapt popular music for religious purposes.

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answers: NDQ_003932

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answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: fatalistalism characteristic of the genre

answers: NDQ_003936

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answers: the Gospel

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: tango

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1953, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey demonstrated that many simple biomolecules could be formed spontaneously from inorganic precursor compounds under laboratory conditions designed to mimic those found on Earth before the evolution of life.  Of particular interest was the substantial yield of amino acids obtained, since amino acids are the building blocks for proteins.

text: In 1953,

text: Stanley Miller

text: and

text: Harold Urey

text: demonstrated

text: that many simple biomolecules could be formed spontaneously from

text: inorganic

text: precursor

text: compounds

text: under laboratory conditions designed to mimic those found on Earth before the evolution of life.  Of particular interest was the substantial yield of

text: amino acid

text: s obtained, since amino acids are the building blocks for

text: protein

text: s.

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answers: mimic those found on Earth

answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: NDQ_003937

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answers: NDQ_003938

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answers: NDQ_003939

answers: inorganic precursor compounds

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A recent re-evaluation of the decay characteristics of Sg and Sg has suggested that all decays to date in this reaction were in fact fromSg, which exists in two isomeric forms. The first, Sg has a principal alpha-line at 8.85 MeV and a calculated half-life of 8.9 s, whilstSg has a decay energy of 8.70 MeV and a half-life of 16.2 s. Both isomeric levels are populated when produced directly. Data from the decay ofHs indicates that Sg is produced during the decay of Hs and that Sg decays into the shorter-livedRf isotope. This means that the observation of Sg as a long-lived alpha emitter is retracted and that it does indeed undergo fission in a short time.

text: A recent re-evaluation of the decay characteristics of Sg and Sg has suggested that all decays to date in this reaction were in fact fromSg, which exists in two isomeric forms. The first, Sg has a principal alpha-line at 8.85 MeV and a calculated half-life of 8.9 s, whilstSg has a decay energy of 8.70 MeV and a half-life of 16.2 s. Both isomeric levels are populated when produced directly. Data from the decay ofHs indicates that Sg is produced during the decay of Hs and that Sg decays into the shorter-livedRf isotope. This means that the observation of Sg as a long-lived alpha emitter is retracted and that it does indeed undergo fission in a short time.

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answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Sg

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: all decays to date in this reaction were in fact fromSg

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Sg

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: It does indeed undergo fission in a short time

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: decay

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Sg

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Sg

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Dutch hypothesis was originally proposed by Dick Orie and his team in 1961 at the University of Groningen. According to Orie, "Bronchitis and Asthma  may be found in one patient at the same age but as a rule there is a fluent development from bronchitis in youth to a more asthmatic picture in adults, which in turn develops into bronchitis of elderly patients." This supposition was later named the Dutch hypothesis by a colleague, Professor C. Fletcher. Specifically, clinical characteristics such as allergy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness that are commonly observed in individuals afflicted with asthma were viewed as likely determinants of the life-threatening disease, COPD (in the Netherlands, the term chronic non-specific lung disease was adopted as an umbrella term for asthma and COPD).

text: The Dutch hypothesis was originally proposed by Dick Orie and his team in 1961 at the

text: University of Groningen

text: . According to Orie, "Bronchitis and Asthma  may be found in one patient at the same age but as a rule there is a fluent development from bronchitis in youth to a more asthmatic picture in adults, which in turn develops into bronchitis of elderly patients." This supposition was later named the Dutch hypothesis by a colleague, Professor C. Fletcher. Specifically, clinical characteristics such as

text: allergy

text: and

text: bronchial hyperresponsiveness

text: that are commonly observed in individuals afflicted with

text: asthma

text: were viewed as likely

text: determinants

text: of the life-threatening disease, COPD (in the Netherlands, the term chronic non-specific lung disease was adopted as an umbrella term for asthma and COPD).

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answers: Groningen

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Urey Prize Winners:

text: Urey Prize Winners:

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The locations of the first category of the closed cities were chosen for their geographical characteristics. They were often established in remote places situated deep in the Urals and Siberia, out of reach of enemy bombers. They were built close to rivers and lakes which were used to provide the large amounts of water needed for heavy industry and nuclear technology. Existing civilian settlements in the vicinity were often used as sources of construction labour. Although the closure of cities originated as a strictly temporary measure which was to be normalized under more favorable conditions, in practice the closed cities took on a life of their own and became a notable institutional feature of the Soviet system.

text: The locations of the first category of the closed cities were chosen for their geographical characteristics. They were often established in remote places situated deep in the

text: Urals

text: and

text: Siberia

text: , out of reach of enemy bombers. They were built close to rivers and lakes which were used to provide the large amounts of water needed for heavy industry and nuclear technology. Existing civilian settlements in the vicinity were often used as sources of construction labour. Although the closure of cities originated as a strictly temporary measure which was to be normalized under more favorable conditions, in practice the closed cities took on a life of their own and became a notable institutional feature of the Soviet system.

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answers: NDQ_003932

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answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: closed cities took on a life of their own

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: provide the large amounts of water

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Siberia

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In Zhuan Falun Li says that human life is not created in ordinary human society, but "in the space of the universe." He says that the universe is benevolent to begin with, and "embodies the characteristic of Zhen-Shan-Ren." When a life is created, it is assimilated to the characteristic of the universe. However, eventually a web of relations developed, and selfishness came about; gradually the level of beings' was lowered until, in the end, they reached this level of human beings. Li says in his book that the purpose of being human is to practice cultivation and return to the "original, true self". Zhuan Falun says "One should return to one’s original, true self; this is the real purpose of being human."

text: In Zhuan Falun Li says that human life is not created in ordinary human society, but "in the space of the universe." He says that the universe is benevolent to begin with, and "embodies the characteristic of Zhen-Shan-Ren." When a life is created, it is assimilated to the characteristic of the universe. However, eventually a web of relations developed, and selfishness came about; gradually the level of beings' was lowered until, in the end, they reached this level of human beings. Li says in his book that the purpose of being human is to practice cultivation and return to the "original, true self". Zhuan Falun says "One should return to one’s original, true self; this is the real purpose of being human."

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text: In the same year, the Miller–Urey experiment demonstrated that basic constituents of protein, simple amino acids, could themselves be built up from simpler molecules in a simulation of primordial processes on Earth.  Though many questions remain about the true nature of the origin of life, this was the first attempt by chemists to study hypothetical processes in the laboratory under controlled conditions.

text: In the same year, the

text: Miller–Urey experiment

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text: protein

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text: on Earth.  Though many questions remain about the true nature of the origin of life, this was the first attempt by chemists to study hypothetical processes in the laboratory under controlled conditions.

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text: Stanley Miller was born in Oakland, California. He was the second child (after a brother, Donald) of Nathan and Edith Miller, descendants of Jewish immigrants from Belarus and Latvia. His father was an attorney and held the office of the Oakland Deputy District Attorney in 1927. His mother was a school teacher so that education was quite a natural environment in the family. In fact, while in Oakland High School he was nicknamed "a chem whiz". He followed his brother to the University of California at Berkeley to study chemistry mainly because he felt that Donald would be able to help him on the subject. He completed BSc in June 1951. For graduation course, he faced financial problems, as his father died in 1946 leaving the family with a money shortage. Fortunately with the help from Berkeley faculty (UC Berkeley did not then have assistantships), he was offered teaching an assistantship at the University of Chicago in February 1951, which could provide the basic funds for graduate work. He joined this post and got registered for a PhD program in September. He frantically searched for a thesis topic to work on, meeting one professor after another, and he was inclined toward theoretical problems as experiments tended to be laborious. He was initially convinced to work with the theoretical physicist Edward Teller on synthesis of elements. Following the customs  of the university, where a graduate student is obliged to attend seminars, he attended a chemistry seminar in which the Nobel laureate Harold Urey gave a lecture on the origin of solar system and how organic synthesis could be possible under reducing environment such as the primitive Earth's atmosphere. Miller was immensely inspired. After a year of fruitless work with Teller, and the prospect of Teller leaving Chicago to work on the Hydrogen bomb, Miller was prompted to approach Urey in September 1952 for a fresh research project. Urey was not immediately enthusiastic on Miller's interest in pre-biotic synthesis, as no successful works had been done, and he even suggested working on thallium in meteorites. With persistence Miller persuaded Urey to pursue electric discharges in gases. He found clear evidence for the production of amino acids in the reaction vessel.  He was always afraid that some specks of fly excrement might be the source of the amino acids he discovered in the reaction tube (or was so chided by his classmates). This was not the case and the result was a clear demonstration that a host of "organic" chemical compounds could be produced by purely inorganic processes. Miller eventually earned his doctorate degree in 1954, and a long-lasting reputation. From spectroscopic observations on stars, it is now well known that complex organic compounds are formed in the gases blown off of carbon rich stars as a result of chemical reactions. The fundamental issue of what the connection was between the "pre-biotic organic" compounds and the origin of life has remained.

text: Stanley Miller was born in

text: Oakland, California

text: . He was the second child (after a brother, Donald) of Nathan and Edith Miller, descendants of Jewish immigrants from

text: Belarus

text: and

text: Latvia

text: . His father was an

text: attorney

text: and held the office of the Oakland Deputy District Attorney in 1927. His mother was a school teacher so that education was quite a natural environment in the family. In fact, while in

entity_name: Oakland High School (Oakland, California)

text: Oakland High School

text: he was nicknamed "a chem whiz". He followed his brother to the

text: University of California at Berkeley

text: to study chemistry mainly because he felt that Donald would be able to help him on the subject. He completed BSc in June 1951. For graduation course, he faced financial problems, as his father died in 1946 leaving the family with a money shortage. Fortunately with the help from Berkeley faculty (UC Berkeley did not then have assistantships), he was offered teaching an assistantship at the

text: University of Chicago

text: in February 1951, which could provide the basic funds for graduate work. He joined this post and got registered for a PhD program in September. He frantically searched for a thesis topic to work on, meeting one professor after another, and he was inclined toward theoretical problems as experiments tended to be laborious. He was initially convinced to work with the theoretical physicist

text: Edward Teller

text: on

text: synthesis of elements

text: . Following the customs  of the university, where a graduate student is obliged to attend seminars, he attended a chemistry seminar in which the Nobel laureate

text: Harold Urey

text: gave a lecture on the origin of solar system and how organic synthesis could be possible under reducing environment such as the primitive Earth's atmosphere. Miller was immensely inspired. After a year of fruitless work with Teller, and the prospect of Teller leaving Chicago to work on the Hydrogen bomb, Miller was prompted to approach Urey in September 1952 for a fresh research project. Urey was not immediately enthusiastic on Miller's interest in pre-biotic synthesis, as no successful works had been done, and he even suggested working on thallium in meteorites. With persistence Miller persuaded Urey to pursue electric discharges in gases. He found clear evidence for the production of amino acids in the reaction vessel.  He was always afraid that some specks of fly excrement might be the source of the amino acids he discovered in the reaction tube (or was so chided by his classmates). This was not the case and the result was a clear demonstration that a host of "

text: organic

text: " chemical compounds could be produced by purely inorganic processes. Miller eventually earned his doctorate degree in 1954, and a long-lasting reputation. From spectroscopic observations on stars, it is now well known that complex organic compounds are formed in the gases blown off of carbon rich stars as a result of chemical reactions. The fundamental issue of what the connection was between the "pre-biotic organic" compounds and the origin of life has remained.

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answers: pre-biotic synthesis

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: work on the Hydrogen bomb

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: organic molecules

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: organic synthesis

answers: NDQ_003935

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answers: NDQ_003936

answers: pre-biotic synthesis

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: pre-biotic synthesis

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: pre-biotic synthesis

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: While often delegated to the field of astrobiology, attempts to understand how and when life arose are relevant to geobiology as well. The first major strides towards understanding the “how” came with the Miller-Urey experiment, when amino acids formed out of a simulated “primordial soup”. Another theory is that life originated in a system much like the hydrothermal vents at mid-oceanic spreading centers. In the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, a variety of hydrocarbons form under vent-like conditions. Other ideas include the “RNA World” hypothesis, which postulates that the first biologic molecule was RNA and the idea that life originated elsewhere in the solar system and was brought to Earth, perhaps via a meteorite.

text: While often delegated to the field of

text: astrobiology

text: , attempts to understand how and when life arose are relevant to geobiology as well. The first major strides towards understanding the “how” came with the

text: Miller-Urey experiment

text: , when amino acids formed out of a simulated “

text: primordial soup

text: ”. Another theory is that life originated in a system much like the

text: hydrothermal vent

text: s at

text: mid-oceanic spreading centers

text: . In the

text: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

text: , a variety of

text: hydrocarbon

text: s form under vent-like conditions. Other ideas include the

text: “RNA World” hypothesis

text: , which postulates that the first biologic molecule was

text: RNA

text: and the idea that life originated elsewhere in the

text: solar system

text: and was brought to Earth, perhaps via a

text: meteorite

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answers: RNA

answers: NDQ_003934

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answers: NDQ_003935

answers: how and when life arose

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Miller-Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: life originated elsewhere in the solar system and was brought to Earth

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: a simulated “primordial soup”

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Sets of bed hangings embroidered in crewel wools were another characteristic product of the Stuart era.  These were worked on a new fabric, a natural twill weave from Bruges with a linen warp and cotton weft.  Crewel wools of the 17th century were firmly twisted unlike the soft wools sold under that name today, and were dyed in deep rich shades of green, blue, red, yellow, and brown. Motifs of flowers and trees, with birds, insects, and animals, were worked at large scale in a variety of stitches.  The origins of this work are in the polychrome embroidery on scrolling stems of the Elizabethan era, later blended with the Tree of Life and other motifs of Indian palampores, introduced by the trade of the East India Company.

text: Sets of bed hangings embroidered in crewel wools were another characteristic product of the Stuart era.  These were worked on a new fabric, a natural

text: twill

text: weave from

text: Bruges

text: with a linen

text: warp

text: and

text: cotton

text: weft

text: .  Crewel wools of the 17th century were firmly twisted unlike the soft wools sold under that name today, and were dyed in deep rich shades of green, blue, red, yellow, and brown. Motifs of flowers and trees, with birds, insects, and animals, were worked at large scale in a variety of stitches.  The origins of this work are in the polychrome embroidery on scrolling stems of the Elizabethan era, later blended with the

text: Tree of Life

text: and other motifs of Indian

text: palampore

text: s, introduced by the trade of the

text: East India Company

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answers: soft wools

answers: NDQ_003932

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answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Crewel wools of the 17th century were firmly twisted unlike the soft wools sold under that name today

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Crewel wool

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Tree of Life

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are made of amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Indian palampores

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Crewel wools

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Because all amino acids contain amine and carboxylic acid functional groups, they share amphiprotic properties.  Below pH 2.2, the predominant form will have a neutral carboxylic acid group and a positive α-ammonium ion (net charge +1), and above pH 9.4, a negative carboxylate and neutral α-amino group (net charge −1).  But at pH between 2.2 and 9.4, an amino acid usually contains both a negative carboxylate and a positive α-ammonium group, as shown in structure (2) on the right, so has net zero charge.  This molecular state is known as a zwitterion, from the German Zwitter meaning hermaphrodite or hybrid.  The fully neutral form (structure (1) on the right) is a very minor species in aqueous solution throughout the pH range (less than 1 part in 10). Amino acids exist as zwitterions also in the solid phase, and crystallize with salt-like properties unlike typical organic acids or amines.

text: Because all amino acids contain amine and carboxylic acid functional groups, they share

text: amphiprotic

text: properties.  Below pH 2.2, the predominant form will have a neutral carboxylic acid group and a positive α-ammonium ion (net charge +1), and above pH 9.4, a negative carboxylate and neutral α-amino group (net charge −1).  But at pH between 2.2 and 9.4, an amino acid usually contains both a negative carboxylate and a positive α-ammonium group, as shown in structure (2) on the right, so has net zero charge.  This molecular state is known as a

text: zwitterion

text: , from the German Zwitter meaning hermaphrodite or hybrid.  The fully neutral form (structure (1) on the right) is a very minor species in aqueous solution throughout the pH range (less than 1 part in 10). Amino acids exist as zwitterions also in the solid phase, and crystallize with salt-like properties unlike typical organic acids or amines.

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answers: NDQ_003932

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answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: All amino acids contain amine and carboxylic acid functional groups

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: The fully neutral form

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Hermaphrodite

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: hermaphrodite or hybrid

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: amphiprotic

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: However, as the God Of Mischief, Loki resurrected the Night Man he'd killed, whom began to continue where the original left off.  The double (not knowing he was not the original) found out that an "imposter" was living his life.  Tracking the real Johnny Domino down (who was playing the saxophone at a nightclub), they engaged in a fight that was only stopped by the sudden reappearance of an old foe, Rhiannon. She offered power to both men, more specifically magick.  Johnny Domino refused, but the other Night Man accepted Rhiannon's offer.  Johnny tried to stop his double but was knocked out by Rhiannon. The pair made their escape to Stonehenge to prepare for the rituals that would grant this Night Man magick, while the original, recovered from being knocked out found himself in hot pursuit. The rituals were completed and the double did indeed gain the powers promised to him, but at a cost that Rhiannon had fueled her own life with: gaining and maintaining magick through cannibalism... a choice the double made willingly if it would help him defeat evil, and using the argument that "The Night Man has ALWAYS evolved when it comes to threats against the innocents". His costume also transformed as a result, becoming more Celtic in style. His long hair was now worn in matching locks, and instead of a mask, he now sported a crescent-shaped tattoo on the left side of his face, along with a floating eyepiece similar to the original look of the Night Man, and his other eye was now red. The original Night Man arrived and tackled his now-magick-enhanced double, but due to the instantaneous reality-changing events unfolding elsewhere in the Ultraverse known as Black September, a portal opened up at Stonehenge, swallowing the original Night Man and transporting him to the Marvel Universe while the double resumed the original's life as both Johnny Domino and the Night Man. The original Night Man was stuck in the Marvel Universe, where he presumably continues today.

text: However, as the God Of Mischief, Loki resurrected the Night Man he'd killed, whom began to continue where the original left off.  The double (not knowing he was not the original) found out that an "imposter" was living his life.  Tracking the real Johnny Domino down (who was playing the saxophone at a nightclub), they engaged in a fight that was only stopped by the sudden reappearance of an old foe, Rhiannon. She offered power to both men, more specifically

text: magick

text: .  Johnny Domino refused, but the other Night Man accepted Rhiannon's offer.  Johnny tried to stop his double but was knocked out by Rhiannon. The pair made their escape to

text: Stonehenge

text: to prepare for the rituals that would grant this Night Man magick, while the original, recovered from being knocked out found himself in hot pursuit. The rituals were completed and the double did indeed gain the powers promised to him, but at a cost that Rhiannon had fueled her own life with: gaining and maintaining magick through

text: cannibalism

text: ... a choice the double made willingly if it would help him defeat evil, and using the argument that "The Night Man has ALWAYS evolved when it comes to threats against the innocents". His costume also transformed as a result, becoming more

text: Celtic

text: in style. His long hair was now worn in matching locks, and instead of a mask, he now sported a crescent-shaped tattoo on the left side of his face, along with a floating eyepiece similar to the original look of the Night Man, and his other eye was now red. The original Night Man arrived and tackled his now-magick-enhanced double, but due to the instantaneous reality-changing events unfolding elsewhere in the Ultraverse known as

text: Black September

text: , a portal opened up at Stonehenge, swallowing the original Night Man and transporting him to the Marvel Universe while the double resumed the original's life as both Johnny Domino and the Night Man. The original Night Man was stuck in the Marvel Universe, where he presumably continues today.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: evolved

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: magick

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: magick

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: The original Night Man

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the original Night Man had ALWAYS evolved

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Stonehenge

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: cannibalism

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: cannibalism

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: was resurrected by Loki

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A 2011 study determined that the ghost story was likely originally told by Mitchell himself as entertainment at a medical meeting, then took on a life of its own. In his 1910 book "Characteristics," Mitchell wrote about a man who told a story "about a little dead child who rang up a doctor one night, and took him to see her dying mother;" the man was then constantly bothered by believers and disbelievers, and unable to stop the story. In context, it seems clear that Mitchell was describing his own situation.

text: A 2011 study determined that the ghost story was likely originally told by Mitchell himself as entertainment at a medical meeting, then took on a life of its own. In his 1910 book "Characteristics," Mitchell wrote about a man who told a story "about a little dead child who rang up a doctor one night, and took him to see her dying mother;" the man was then constantly bothered by believers and disbelievers, and unable to stop the story. In context, it seems clear that Mitchell was describing his own situation.

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answers: ghost

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: tell a story

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: ghost story was likely originally told by Mitchell

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: A 2011 study determined that the ghost story was likely originally told

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: proteins are important because they

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: at a medical meeting

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: A primary protein structure is a sequence of amino acids

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Currently his lab focuses on the challenges of understanding the origin of life on Earth, and the construction of artificial cellular life in the laboratory.

text: Currently his lab focuses on the challenges of understanding the

text: origin of life

text: on Earth, and the construction of artificial cellular life in the laboratory.

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answers: no

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answers: on Earth

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Next is a gallery on Human Biology - the miracle of Human Life. The gallery aims to portray the human body in all its aspects: anatomical, physiological, biochemical, structural, functional and systemic. The concept for the gallery arose out of the feedback that the Centre had been receiving from its visitors, to set up more exhibits on the Human Body, its structure and functioning. The Human Body is something, which we all possess and are familiar with, but at the same time, is an eternal source of mystery. From this gallery visitor comes down to an exciting gallery on prehistoric life, featuring several life sized and scaled animated robotic models of dinosaurs and other long extinct creatures in their natural ambience. The supporting panel exhibition provides ample information about origin of Earth, geological changes that occurred on earth through ages, evolution of atmosphere, origin of life in water, spread of life on land, early life forms, early mass extinctions and so on. The exhibition tries to answer several mind-boggling questions that we all ask at times, as how did life originate on our planet? Where did it evolve? Who are our ancestors? Is there life on other planets? Will man survive? And so on.

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answers: NDQ_003934

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answers: NDQ_003935

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answers: no

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answers: NDQ_003939

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Prof. Rode's second main field of research lies in the area of bioinorganic chemistry, in particularabiogenesis. At the end of the 1980s Prof. Rode and his coworkers discovered the salt induced peptide formation (SIPF) reaction as a simple route to synthesis peptides from amino acid monomers under prebiotic conditions. Instead of enzymes transition metals act as catalyst to induce peptide formation in highly concentrated aqueous NaCl solution, with copper (II) showing the highest catalytic activity. Typically, evaporation cycle experiments have been carried out to mimic day/night cycles on shore and in lagoons, thereby generating supersaturated solutions. Since such solutions have a tendency to dilute themselves, the thermodynamic and kinetic unfavourable peptide formation reaction is promoted. The research conducted by Prof. Rode investigates the properties of the SIPF reaction under various conditions, highlighting also its possible connection to biohomochirality. Furthermore, Prof. Rode also carried out Miller-Urey experiments, taking new insights of the composition of the primordial atmosphere into account. It was shown that peptides may also form in a neutral atmosphere (CO/N/HO) subject to electric discharges.

text: Prof. Rode's second main field of research lies in the area of bioinorganic chemistry, in particular

text: abiogenesis

text: . At the end of the 1980s Prof. Rode and his coworkers discovered the salt induced peptide formation (SIPF) reaction as a simple route to synthesis

text: peptide

text: s from

text: amino acid

text: monomers under prebiotic conditions. Instead of enzymes transition metals act as catalyst to induce peptide formation in highly concentrated aqueous NaCl solution, with copper (II) showing the highest catalytic activity. Typically, evaporation cycle experiments have been carried out to mimic day/night cycles on shore and in lagoons, thereby generating supersaturated solutions. Since such solutions have a tendency to dilute themselves, the thermodynamic and kinetic unfavourable peptide formation reaction is promoted. The research conducted by Prof. Rode investigates the properties of the SIPF reaction under various conditions, highlighting also its possible connection to

text: biohomochirality

text: . Furthermore, Prof. Rode also carried out

text: Miller-Urey

text: experiments, taking new insights of the composition of the primordial atmosphere into account. It was shown that peptides may also form in a neutral atmosphere (CO/N/HO) subject to electric discharges.

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answers: NDQ_003932

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answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: NDQ_003934

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answers: NDQ_003935

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answers: NDQ_003936

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answers: NDQ_003937

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answers: NDQ_003938

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answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003940

answers: peptides

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Bioarchaeologists sometimes create life tables, a type of cohort analysis, to understand the demographic characteristics (such as risk of death or sex ratio) of a given age cohort within a population.  Age and sex are crucial variables in the construction of a life table, although this information is often not available to bioarchaeologists. Therefore, it is often necessary to estimate the age and sex of individuals based on specific morphological characteristics of the skeleton.

text: Bioarchaeologists sometimes create

text: life table

text: s, a type of

text: cohort analysis

text: , to understand the demographic characteristics (such as risk of death or

text: sex ratio

text: ) of a given age cohort within a population.  Age and sex are crucial variables in the construction of a life table, although this information is often not available to bioarchaeologists. Therefore, it is often necessary to estimate the age and sex of individuals based on specific morphological characteristics of the skeleton.

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answers: risk of death

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: this information is often not available

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptide

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: risk of death

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: bioarchaeologists

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: One of the most important pieces of experimental support for the "soup" theory came in 1952. Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey performed an experiment that demonstrated how organic molecules could have spontaneously formed from inorganic precursors under conditions like those posited by the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis. The now-famous Miller–Urey experiment used a highly reducing mixture of gases - methane, ammonia, and hydrogen, as well as water vapour - to form basic organic monomers such as amino acids. The mixture of gases was cycled through an apparatus that delivered electrical sparks to the mixture. After one week, it was found that about 10% to 15% of the carbon in the system was then in the form of a racemic mixture of organic compounds, including amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. This provided direct experimental support for the second point of the "soup" theory, and it is around the remaining two points of the theory that much of the debate now centres.

text: One of the most important pieces of experimental support for the "soup" theory came in 1952.

text: Stanley L. Miller

text: and

text: Harold C. Urey

text: performed an experiment that demonstrated how organic molecules could have spontaneously formed from inorganic precursors under conditions like those posited by the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis. The now-famous

text: Miller–Urey experiment

text: used a highly reducing mixture of gases -

text: methane

text: ammonia

text: , and

text: hydrogen

text: , as well as

text: water vapour

text: - to form basic organic monomers such as amino acids. The mixture of gases was cycled through an apparatus that delivered electrical sparks to the mixture. After one week, it was found that about 10% to 15% of the carbon in the system was then in the form of a

text: racemic mixture

text: of organic compounds, including amino acids, which are the building blocks of

text: protein

text: s. This provided direct experimental support for the second point of the "soup" theory, and it is around the remaining two points of the theory that much of the debate now centres.

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answers: spontaneously formed

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answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: the building blocks of proteins

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: organic molecules could have spontaneously formed from inorganic precursors

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: electrical sparks

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answers: NDQ_003939

answers: spontaneously formed from inorganic precursors

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Most amino acids are deaminated by transamination, a chemical reaction that transfers an amino group to a ketoacid to form new amino acids. This is one of the major degradation pathways which convert essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids (amino acids that can be synthesized de novo by the organism).

text: Most amino acids are deaminated by transamination, a chemical reaction that transfers an amino group to a ketoacid to form new amino acids. This is one of the major degradation pathways which convert essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids (amino acids that can be synthesized de novo by the organism).

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answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: de novo

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: amino acids are linked together by ionic bonds

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Most amino acids are deaminated by transamination

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: transamination

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: de novo

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: essential amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: ketoacid

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1968 covering astrobiology and origins of life research. It is the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. The journal's scope includes research on the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life on Earth and beyond. Some examples of areas of interest are: prebiotic chemistry and the nature of Earth's early environment, self-replicating and self-organizing systems, the RNA world hypothesis and of other possible precursor systems, and the problem of the origin of the genetic code. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 2.660.Due to recent progress in paleontological studies it has been possible to increase the age of the earliest organisms from an estimated 2.0–3.0 billion years to 3.5–3.8 billion years.

text: Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres is a

text: peer-reviewed

text: scientific journal

text: established in 1968 covering

text: astrobiology

text: and origins of life research. It is the official journal of the

text: International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life

text: . The journal's scope includes research on the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life on

text: Earth

text: and beyond. Some examples of areas of interest are: prebiotic chemistry and the nature of

text: Earth's early

text: environment, self-replicating and self-organizing systems, the

text: RNA world hypothesis

text: and of other possible precursor systems, and the problem of the origin of the

text: genetic code

text: . According to the

text: Journal Citation Reports

text: , the journal has a 2011

text: impact factor

text: of 2.660.Due to recent progress in paleontological studies it has been possible to increase the age of the earliest organisms from an estimated 2.0–3.0 billion years to 3.5–3.8 billion years.

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answers: self-replicating

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answers: peer-reviewed

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: the genetic code

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: RNA world hypothesis and of other possible precursor systems

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the RNA world hypothesis

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answers: prebiotic chemistry

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answers: an estimated 2.0–3.0 billion years

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: genetic code

answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: RNA world hypothesis and of other possible precursor systems

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The α-carbon of an amino acid is significant in protein folding. When describing a protein, which is a chain of amino acids, one often approximates the location of each amino acid as the location of its α-carbon. In general, α-carbons of adjacent amino acids in a protein are about 3.8 ångströms (380 picometers) apart.

text: The α-carbon of an amino acid is significant in

text: protein folding

text: . When describing a protein, which is a chain of amino acids, one often approximates the location of each amino acid as the location of its α-carbon. In general, α-carbons of adjacent amino acids in a protein are about 3.8

text: ångström

text: s (380

text: picometer

text: s) apart.

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: To carry out his university dissertation, Crespo developed the website for the Cuban Registry of Mentally Challenged Patients which contained the genetic characteristics of those people, allowing geneticists to manage information and visualize different reports to raise the quality of life and well-being of such patients.

text: To carry out his university dissertation, Crespo developed the website for the Cuban Registry of

text: Mentally Challenged Patients

text: which contained the genetic characteristics of those people, allowing geneticists to manage information and visualize different reports to raise the quality of life and well-being of such patients.

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answers: no

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure from a random coil.Each protein exists as an unfolded polypeptide or random coil when translated from a sequence of mRNA into a linear chain of amino acids. This polypeptide lacks any developed three-dimensional structure (the left hand side of the neighboring figure). Amino acids interact with each other to produce a well-defined three-dimensional structure, the folded protein (the right hand side of the figure) known as the native state. The resulting three-dimensional structure is determined by the amino acid sequence (Anfinsen's dogma).

text: The

text: polypeptide

text: folds into its characteristic and functional

text: three-dimensional structure

text: from a

text: random coil

text: .Each

text: protein

text: exists as an unfolded polypeptide or random coil when translated from a sequence of

text: mRNA

text: into a linear chain of

text: amino acid

text: s. This polypeptide lacks any developed three-dimensional structure (the left hand side of the neighboring figure). Amino acids interact with each other to produce a well-defined three-dimensional structure, the folded protein (the right hand side of the figure) known as the

text: native state

text: . The resulting three-dimensional structure is determined by the amino acid sequence (

text: Anfinsen's dogma

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The characteristics of the classifications: combination of strictness and flexibility. There are laws of Universe, which determine strict classifications and there are earthly laws which act on another level, not destroying the strict classification, and creating variations within one class, contributing the system flexibility. The person as a part entered more general systems—the Universe, the Society. However the person himself was an independent system with his own inner world, with  his  contradictions, unique way of life and experience, a disposition and levels of development of inner selves. The philosophers looked upon the person from a far distance, doctors had to see the particulars his physical and psychical organization.

text: The characteristics of the classifications: combination of strictness and flexibility. There are laws of Universe, which determine strict classifications and there are earthly laws which act on another level, not destroying the strict classification, and creating variations within one class, contributing the system flexibility. The person as a part entered more general systems—the Universe, the

text: Society

text: . However the person himself was an independent system with his own inner world, with  his  contradictions, unique way of life and experience, a disposition and levels of development of inner selves. The philosophers looked upon the person from a far distance, doctors had to see the particulars his physical and psychical organization.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: The Songs of Experience was published in 1794 as a follow up to Blake's 1789 Songs of Innocence. The two books were published together under the merged title Songs of Innocence and Experience, showing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul: the author and printer, W. Blake featuring 54 plates. The illustrations are arranged differently in some copies, while a number of poems were moved from Songs of Innocence to Songs of Experience. Blake continued to print the work throughout his life. Of the copies of the original collection, only 28 published during his life are known to exist, with an additional 16 published posthumously. Only 5 of the poems from Songs of Experience appeared individually before 1839.

text: The Songs of Experience was published in 1794 as a follow up to Blake's 1789

text: Songs of Innocence

text: . The two books were published together under the merged title Songs of Innocence and Experience, showing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul: the author and printer, W. Blake featuring 54 plates. The illustrations are arranged differently in some copies, while a number of poems were moved from Songs of Innocence to Songs of Experience. Blake continued to print the work throughout his life. Of the copies of the original collection, only 28 published during his life are known to exist, with an additional 16 published posthumously. Only 5 of the poems from Songs of Experience appeared individually before 1839.

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answers: Innocence

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answers: proteins

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answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The Two Contrary States of the Human Soul

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: The Songs of Experience

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answers: Only 5 of the poems from Songs of Experience appeared individually before 1839

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are arranged differently in some copies

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Human

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answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Hydrogen cyanide has been discussed as a precursor to amino acids and nucleic acids, and is proposed to have played a part in the origin of life. Although the relationship of these chemical reactions to the origin of life theory remains speculative, studies in this area have led to discoveries of new pathways to organic compounds derived from the condensation of HCN.

text: Hydrogen cyanide has been discussed as a precursor to amino acids and nucleic acids, and is proposed to have played a part in the

text: origin of life

text: . Although the relationship of these chemical reactions to the origin of life theory remains speculative, studies in this area have led to discoveries of new pathways to organic compounds derived from the condensation of HCN.

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answers: theory remains speculative

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answers: amino acids and nucleic acids

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: According to SAPS tool, Human CCDC42B protein is composed of 308 amino acids of 8 exons. The mature form of CCDC42B protein has molecular weight of 35.9 kdal (35,914 Da). The isoelectric point for human CCDC42B is 7.01, in which CCDC42B protein carries no net charge at that particular pH. The N-terminal of the protein sequence is composed of Met (M). The grand average of hydropathicity was predicted to be -0.694 for CCDC42B (Human) and  -0.398 for Drosophila melanogaster CG10750, distantly related orthologs. The negative GRAVY confirms that both proteins are soluble and hydrophilic. The theoretical instability index (II) for CCDC42B is predicted to be 63.73 and for CG10750 is 45.20, which indicate that, both proteins are instable in a test tube. The half-life of is predicted to be 30 hours for both CCDC42B and CG10750 in mammalian reticulocytes (in vitro), which correspond to half-life for enzymes responsible for controlling metabolic rate. The above results confirmed that both CCDC42B and CG10750 share similarities in amino acid composition and protein characteristics. Thus, many characteristics of CCDC42B have been conserved across closely and distantly related species.

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answers: CCDC42B

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: CCDC42B

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: CCDC42B protein

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The negative GRAVY confirms that both proteins are soluble and hydrophilic

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: CCDC42B protein

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: It has been conserved across closely and distantly related species

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are soluble and hydrophilic

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Human CCDC42B

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: The N-terminal of the protein sequence is composed of Met (M).

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The pharmacokinetic characteristics of reslizumab are similar across the children and adults. Peak serum concentrations are observed at the end of infusion and declines in a biphasic manner. The mean observed accumulation ratio of reslizumab following multiple doses of administration ranged from 1.5 to 1.9-fold. Reslizumab has a volume of distribution of approximately 5 L, clearance of approximately 7 mL/hour, and a half-life of about 24 days. Reslizumab is degraded by enzymatic proteolysis into small peptides and amino acids, as are other monoclonal antibodies.

text: The pharmacokinetic characteristics of reslizumab are similar across the children and adults. Peak serum concentrations are observed at the end of infusion and declines in a biphasic manner. The mean observed accumulation ratio of reslizumab following multiple doses of administration ranged from 1.5 to 1.9-fold. Reslizumab has a volume of distribution of approximately 5 L, clearance of approximately 7 mL/hour, and a half-life of about 24 days. Reslizumab is degraded by enzymatic proteolysis into small peptides and amino acids, as are other monoclonal antibodies.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: It has a special association with the life and work of the Comino family, a characteristic Greek immigrant trading family, and with the Dittmer family (106).

text: It has a special association with the life and work of the Comino family, a characteristic Greek immigrant trading family, and with the Dittmer family (106).

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answers: 106

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answers: are made of amino acids

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answers: primary protein structure

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Glutelin proteins are soluble in dilute acids or bases, detergents, chaotropic agents, or reducing agents. In general, they are prolamin-like proteins in certain grass seeds. Glutenin is the most common glutelin, as it is found in wheat and is responsible for some of the refined baking properties in bread wheat. The glutelins of barley and rye have also been identified. Glutelins are also rich in hydrophobic amino acids, with a content of F, V, R, P and L amino acids corresponding to approximately 45% of the amino acid sequence with access code P04706.1, though that specific amino acid profile is not characteristic of all glutelins.

text: Glutelin proteins are soluble in dilute

text: acid

text: s or

text: base

text: s,

text: detergent

text: s,

text: chaotropic agent

text: s, or

text: reducing agent

text: s. In general, they are

text: prolamin

text: -like

text: protein

text: s in certain grass seeds.

text: Glutenin

text: is the most common glutelin, as it is found in

text: wheat

text: and is responsible for some of the refined baking properties in

text: bread wheat

text: . The glutelins of

text: barley

text: and

text: rye

text: have also been identified. Glutelins are also rich in hydrophobic amino acids, with a content of F, V, R, P and L amino acids corresponding to approximately 45% of the amino acid sequence with access code P04706.1, though that specific amino acid profile is not characteristic of all glutelins.

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answers: The glutelins of barley and rye have also been identified

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answers: chaotropic agents

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answers: Glutelin proteins

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are soluble in dilute acids or bases

answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acid sequence

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Despite the differences in origin and formation, most VPMs share the same characteristics:

text: Despite the differences in origin and formation, most VPMs share the same characteristics:

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with substantial shortcomings.

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answers: 2

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answers: study the origin of life

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answers: polypeptides

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answers: differences in origin and formation

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answers: VPMs

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: VPMs

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answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Some examples of male secondary sexual characteristics in humans, those acquired as boys become men or even later in life, are:

text: Some examples of male

text: secondary sexual characteristics

text: in humans, those acquired as boys become men or even later in life, are:

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Urey owns the third largest rubber plantation, Wulki Farms II, located in Konola, Margibi County.

text: Urey owns the third largest rubber plantation, Wulki Farms II, located in Konola, Margibi County.

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answers: largest rubber plantation

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answers: no

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answers: are made of amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Williamsburg Christian Life Center originally sent a team of 40 people to plant The City Life Church.  The majority of those on the original team are still in attendance.

text: The Williamsburg Christian Life Center originally sent a team of 40 people to plant The City Life Church.  The majority of those on the original team are still in attendance.

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answers: 40 people

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: plant The City Life Church

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: people

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The majority of those on the original team are still

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The City Life Church

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are made of protein

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: amino acids may have originated

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Natural resources are resources that exist without actions of humankind. This includes all valued characteristics such as magnetic, gravitational, and electrical properties and forces. On earth it includes: sunlight, atmosphere, water, land (includes all minerals) along with all vegetation and animal life that naturally subsists upon or within the heretofore identified characteristics and substances.

text: Natural resources are resources that exist without actions of humankind. This includes all valued characteristics such as magnetic, gravitational, and electrical properties and forces. On earth it includes:

text: sunlight

text: atmosphere

text: water

text: land

text: (includes all minerals) along with all

text: vegetation

text: and animal life that naturally subsists upon or within the heretofore identified characteristics and substances.

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answers: humankind

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: humankind

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: magnetic, gravitational, and electrical properties and forces

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: electrical

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: life that naturally subsists upon or within the heretofore identified characteristics

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: subsists

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: animal life

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: natural resources

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Small amounts of other substances are found including amino acids at concentrations up to 2 micrograms of Nitrogen atoms per liter, which are thought to have played a key role in the origin of life.

text: Small amounts of other substances are found including

text: amino acids

text: at concentrations up to 2 micrograms of Nitrogen atoms per liter, which are thought to have played a key role in the

text: origin of life

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answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: find other substances

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Nitrogen atoms per liter

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: The origin of life

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: thought to have played a key role

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: play a key role

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids, however some of these share similar characteristics. For example, leucine and isoleucine are both aliphatic, branched hydrophobes. Similarly, aspartic acid and glutamic acid are both small, negatively charged residues. Conservative mutations in proteins often have a smaller effect on function than non-conservative mutations. The reduced effect of conservative mutations on function can also be seen in the occurrence of different mutations in nature. Non-conservative mutations between proteins are far more likely to be removed by natural selection due to their deleterious effects.

text: There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids, however some of these share similar characteristics. For example,

text: leucine

text: and

text: isoleucine

text: are both

text: aliphatic

text: , branched

text: hydrophobe

text: s. Similarly,

text: aspartic acid

text: and

text: glutamic acid

text: are both small, negatively charged residues. Conservative mutations in proteins often have a smaller effect on function than non-conservative mutations. The reduced effect of conservative mutations on function can also be seen in the occurrence of different mutations in nature. Non-conservative mutations between proteins are far more likely to be removed by

text: natural selection

text: due to their deleterious effects.

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: Conservative mutations

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Conservative mutations in proteins often have a smaller effect on function than non-conservative mutations

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: No

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: non-conservative mutations

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: function

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Genomic sequencing of two fungi from dry or salty environments (Wallemia sebi and W. ichthyophaga) revealed that these species contain predicted hydrophobins with unusually high proportion of acidic amino acids and therefore with potentially novel characteristics. High proportion of acidic amino acids is thought to be an adaptation of proteins to high concentrations of salt.

text: Genomic sequencing of two fungi from dry or salty environments (

text: Wallemia sebi

text: and

text: W. ichthyophaga

text: ) revealed that these species contain predicted hydrophobins with unusually high proportion of acidic amino acids and therefore with potentially novel characteristics. High proportion of acidic amino acids is thought to be an adaptation of proteins to high concentrations of salt.

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answers: acidic

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Genomic sequencing

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: hydrophobins

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: adaptation of proteins to high concentrations of salt

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: It is thought that life on earth originated once.

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: adapt

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: salty environments

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The mature IRX1 protein has 480 amino acid residues, with a molecular mass of 49,600 Daltons and an isoelectric point of 5.7. A BLAST search revealed that IRX1 contains two highly conserved domains: a homeodomain and a characteristic IRO motif of unknown function. The homeodomain belongs to the TALE (three amino acid loop extension) class of homeodomains, and is characterized by the addition of three extra amino acids between the first and second helix of three alpha helices that comprise the domain. The presence of this well characterized homeodomain strongly suggests that IRX1 acts as a transcription factor. This is further supported by the predicted localization of IRX1 to the nucleus. The IRO motif is a region downstream of the homeodomain that is found only in members of the Iroquois-class homeodomain proteins, though its function is poorly understood. However, its similarity to an internal region of the Notch receptor protein suggests that it may be involved with protein-protein interaction. In addition to these two characteristic domains, IRX1 contains a third domain from the HARE-HTH superfamily fused to the C-terminal end of the homeodomain. This domain adopts a winged helix-turn-helix fold predicted to bind DNA, and is thought to play a role in recruiting effector activities to DNA. Several forms of post-translational modification are predicted, including SUMOylation, C-mannosylation, and phosphorylation, using bioinformatics tools from ExPASy. Bioinformatic analysis of IRX1 with the NetPhos tool predicted 71 potential phosphorylation sites throughout the protein.

text: The mature IRX1 protein has 480

text: amino acid

text: residues, with a

text: molecular mass

text: of 49,600

text: Dalton

text: s and an

text: isoelectric point

text: of 5.7. A

text: BLAST

text: search revealed that IRX1 contains two highly conserved domains: a homeodomain and a characteristic IRO motif of unknown function. The homeodomain belongs to the TALE (three amino acid loop extension) class of homeodomains, and is characterized by the addition of three extra amino acids between the first and second helix of three

text: alpha helices

text: that comprise the domain. The presence of this well characterized homeodomain strongly suggests that IRX1 acts as a

text: transcription factor

text: . This is further supported by the predicted localization of IRX1 to the

text: nucleus

text: . The IRO motif is a region downstream of the homeodomain that is found only in members of the Iroquois-class homeodomain proteins, though its function is poorly understood. However, its similarity to an internal region of the

text: Notch receptor protein

text: suggests that it may be involved with protein-protein interaction. In addition to these two characteristic domains, IRX1 contains a third domain from the HARE-HTH superfamily fused to the

text: C-terminal

text: end of the homeodomain. This domain adopts a winged

text: helix-turn-helix

text: fold predicted to bind DNA, and is thought to play a role in recruiting effector activities to DNA. Several forms of

text: post-translational modification

text: are predicted, including

text: SUMOylation

text: C-mannosylation

text: , and

text: phosphorylation

text: , using

text: bioinformatics

text: tools from

text: ExPASy

text: . Bioinformatic analysis of IRX1 with the NetPhos tool predicted 71 potential phosphorylation sites throughout the protein.

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answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: homeodomain

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: homeodomain and a characteristic IRO motif of unknown function

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: The mature IRX1 protein has 480 amino acid residues

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The presence of this well characterized homeodomain strongly suggests that IRX1 acts as a transcription factor

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: The mature IRX1 protein

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: It is not known.

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: protein-protein interaction

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: homeodomain

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: a homeodomain

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Bailey's writings downplayed traditional devotional and religious aspects of the spiritual life, in favor of a life of meditation, service to humanity, and cooperation with "the Plan of the Hierarchy".  In her thinking, service, "... is a soul instinct ... innate and peculiar to soul unfoldment. It is the outstanding characteristic of the soul, just as desire is the outstanding characteristic of the lower nature ... "

text: Bailey's writings downplayed traditional devotional and religious aspects of the spiritual life, in favor of a life of meditation, service to humanity, and cooperation with "the Plan of the Hierarchy".  In her thinking, service, "... is a soul instinct ... innate and peculiar to soul unfoldment. It is the outstanding characteristic of the soul, just as desire is the outstanding characteristic of the lower nature ... "

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Life tables are usually constructed separately for men and for women because of their substantially different mortality rates. Other characteristics can also be used to distinguish different risks, such as smoking status, occupation, and socioeconomic class.

text: Life tables are usually constructed separately for men and for women because of their substantially different

text: mortality rate

text: s. Other characteristics can also be used to distinguish different risks, such as

text: smoking

text: status, occupation, and socioeconomic class.

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: Originally starting its life as a strategy game, From Dust marked the return of Éric Chahi to the video game industry following an extended sabbatical after the completion of his last game, Heart of Darkness. The project was created as a result of his fascination with volcanos, and his desire to combine the ambivalence and violent characteristics of their nature in a new video game. The team was further inspired by  African and New Guinean tribes, Conway's Game of Life, works of Polish painter Zdzisław Beksiński, and Koyaanisqatsi. Some features, such as the biological life cycle of the tribespeople, were left out of the game because of the huge amount of work they would require. Ubisoft was originally doubtful about the project but was later convinced by Chahi. The game was made by a small team within the Montpellier studio, so was considered an independent game produced by a large publisher. The game was announced at E3 2010 as Project Dust.

text: Originally starting its life as a

text: strategy

text: game, From Dust marked the return of Éric Chahi to the video game industry following an extended

text: sabbatical

text: after the completion of his last game,

text: Heart of Darkness

text: . The project was created as a result of his fascination with

text: volcanos

text: , and his desire to combine the ambivalence and violent characteristics of their nature in a new video game. The team was further inspired by  African and New Guinean tribes,

text: Conway's Game of Life

text: , works of Polish painter

text: Zdzisław Beksiński

text: , and

text: Koyaanisqatsi

text: . Some features, such as the

text: biological life cycle

text: of the tribespeople, were left out of the game because of the huge amount of work they would require.

text: Ubisoft

text: was originally doubtful about the project but was later convinced by Chahi. The game was made by a small team within the Montpellier studio, so was considered an independent game produced by a large publisher. The game was announced at

text: E3 2010

text: as Project Dust.

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answers: NDQ_003932

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answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

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answers: NDQ_003936

answers: electrical sparks

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Conway's Game of Life

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: biological life cycle

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: New Guinean

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: STOLI is defined as a‘Stranger-Originated Life Insurance’ or ‘STOLI’ is a practice or plan to initiate a life insurance policy for the benefit of a third party investor who, at the time of policy origination, has no insurable interest in the insured. STOLI practices include but are not limited to cases in which life insurance is purchased with resources or guarantees from or through a person, or entity, who, at the time of policy inception, could not lawfully initiate the policy himself or itself, and where, at the time of inception, there is an arrangement or agreement, whether verbal or written, to directly or indirectly transfer the ownership of the policy and/or the policy benefits to a third party. Trusts, that are created to give the appearance of insurable interest, and are used to initiate policies for investors, violate insurable interest laws and the prohibition against wagering on life. STOLI arrangements do not include those practices set forth in Section 2L(2) of this Act.

text: STOLI is defined as a‘Stranger-Originated Life Insurance’ or ‘STOLI’ is a practice or plan to initiate a life insurance policy for the benefit of a third party investor who, at the time of policy origination, has no insurable interest in the insured. STOLI practices include but are not limited to cases in which life insurance is purchased with resources or guarantees from or through a person, or entity, who, at the time of policy inception, could not lawfully initiate the policy himself or itself, and where, at the time of inception, there is an arrangement or agreement, whether verbal or written, to directly or indirectly transfer the ownership of the policy and/or the policy benefits to a third party. Trusts, that are created to give the appearance of insurable interest, and are used to initiate policies for investors, violate insurable interest laws and the prohibition against wagering on life. STOLI arrangements do not include those practices set forth in Section 2L(2) of this Act.

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answers: life

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answers: polypeptides

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answers: life insurance is purchased with resources or guarantees from or through a person, or entity, who, at the time of policy inception, could not lawfully initiate the policy himself or itself

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answers: have no insurable interest in the insured

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Life may have originated in the sea and all the major groups of animals are represented there. Scientists differ as to precisely where in the sea life arose: the Miller-Urey experiments suggested a dilute chemical "soup" in open water, but more recent suggestions include volcanic hot springs, fine-grained clay sediments, or deep-sea "black smoker" vents, all of which would have provided protection from damaging ultraviolet radiation which was not blocked by the early earth's atmosphere.

text: Life may have originated in the sea and all the

text: major groups

text: of animals are represented there. Scientists differ as to precisely where in the sea life arose: the

text: Miller-Urey

text: experiments suggested a dilute chemical "soup" in open water, but more recent suggestions include volcanic hot springs, fine-grained clay sediments, or deep-sea "

text: black smoker

text: " vents, all of which would have provided protection from damaging ultraviolet radiation which was not blocked by the early earth's atmosphere.

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answers: Life may have originated in the sea

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answers: Life may have originated in the sea

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Proteins are classified into the chemokine family based on their structural characteristics, not just their ability to attract cells. All chemokines are small, with a molecular mass of between 8 and 10 kDa. They are approximately 20-50% identical to each other; that is, they share gene sequence and amino acid sequence homology. They all also possess conserved amino acids that are important for creating their 3-dimensional or tertiary structure, such as (in most cases) four cysteines that interact with each other in pairs to create a Greek key shape that is a characteristic of chemokines. Intramolecular disulfide bonds typically join the first to third, and the second to fourth cysteine residues, numbered as they appear in the protein sequence of the chemokine.  Typical chemokine proteins are produced as pro-peptides, beginning with a signal peptide of approximately 20 amino acids that gets cleaved from the active (mature) portion of the molecule during the process of its secretion from the cell.  The first two cysteines, in a chemokine, are situated close together near the N-terminal end of the mature protein, with the third cysteine residing in the centre of the molecule and the fourth close to the C-terminal end.  A loop of approximately ten amino acids follows the first two cysteines and is known as the N-loop.   This is followed by a single-turn helix, called a 3-helix, three β-strands and a C-terminal α-helix.  These helices and strands are connected by turns called 30s, 40s and 50s loops; the third and fourth cysteines are located in the 30s and 50s loops.

text: Proteins are classified into the chemokine family based on their structural characteristics, not just their ability to attract cells. All chemokines are small, with a

text: molecular mass

text: of between 8 and 10

text: kDa

text: . They are approximately 20-50% identical to each other; that is, they share

text: gene

text: sequence

text: and

text: amino acid

text: sequence

text: homology. They all also possess conserved

text: amino acid

text: s that are important for creating their 3-dimensional or

text: tertiary structure

text: , such as (in most cases) four

text: cysteine

text: s that interact with each other in pairs to create a

text: Greek key

text: shape that is a characteristic of chemokines. Intramolecular

text: disulfide bond

text: s typically join the first to third, and the second to fourth cysteine residues, numbered as they appear in the protein sequence of the chemokine.  Typical chemokine proteins are produced as

text: pro-peptides

text: , beginning with a signal peptide of approximately 20 amino acids that gets cleaved from the active (mature) portion of the molecule during the process of its secretion from the cell.  The first two cysteines, in a chemokine, are situated close together near the

text: N-terminal end

text: of the mature protein, with the third cysteine residing in the centre of the molecule and the fourth close to the

text: C-terminal end

text: .  A loop of approximately ten amino acids follows the first two cysteines and is known as the N-loop.   This is followed by a single-turn helix, called a

text: , three

text: β-strands

text: and a C-terminal

text: α-helix

text: .  These helices and strands are connected by turns called 30s, 40s and 50s loops; the third and fourth cysteines are located in the 30s and 50s loops.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 5

answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: ability to attract cells

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: chemokines

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Intramolecular disulfide bonds

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: All chemokines are small

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Intramolecular disulfide bonds

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: They are approximately 20-50% identical to each other

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: structural characteristics

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answers: from the cell

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answers: They all also possess conserved amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Long also wrote about many other aspects of "Love, Life, Truth, God and Death".  In The Origins of Man and the Universe he presents his cosmology. Speaking of this book he stated, "There's so much in this book ....it's like a base which my whole teaching goes back to, or extends from. My current teaching might be more refined, but is always consistent with it." He taught and spoke about family life and the importance of raising children from birth in justice and truth not just love. In response to the September 2001 terrorist attacks in the USA, an extract on terrorism from his Origins book written in 1983 was published separately as well as a new book A Prayer for Life: The Cause and Cure of Terrorism, War and Human Suffering.

text: Long also wrote about many other aspects of "Love, Life, Truth, God and Death".  In The Origins of Man and the Universe he presents his

text: cosmology

text: . Speaking of this book he stated, "There's so much in this book ....it's like a base which my whole teaching goes back to, or extends from. My current teaching might be more refined, but is always consistent with it." He taught and spoke about family life and the importance of raising children from birth in justice and truth not just love. In response to the September 2001 terrorist attacks in the USA, an extract on terrorism from his Origins book written in 1983 was published separately as well as a new book A Prayer for Life: The Cause and Cure of Terrorism, War and Human Suffering.

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answers: proteins are important because they

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As the name of this title implies, this title is held for life, regardless of any subsequent decrease in rating. Thus it is possible to have a player with a USCF rating of 2100 (or below) who is a Life Master. While this is uncommon for 'Original Life Masters' (since such a rating floor can only be dropped by the USCF itself), it is relatively common for Life Masters who earned their title via the now-defunct norm system, since the requirements for that title did not require a rating of over 2200. This has led to some holders of the USCF Life Master title having never obtained ratings above 2200.

text: As the name of this title implies, this title is held for life, regardless of any subsequent decrease in rating. Thus it is possible to have a player with a USCF rating of 2100 (or below) who is a Life Master. While this is uncommon for 'Original Life Masters' (since such a rating floor can only be dropped by the USCF itself), it is relatively common for Life Masters who earned their title via the now-defunct norm system, since the requirements for that title did not require a rating of over 2200. This has led to some holders of the USCF Life Master title having never obtained ratings above 2200.

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answers: The requirements for that title did not require a rating of over 2200

answer: No

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text: The rise of Buddhism in ancient China, stimulated the debate on nature once again.  Now nature was unequivocally regarded as the mind of all things, or as "Buddha-nature" ( foxing). This was also the mind of "the Empire" ( tianxia), or the monarchic principle common to all nations, (hence an identification—notably in Japan—of Buddha as the essence of the Emperor).  nature, regarded as utterly beyond both imagination and speech, was that which "cannot be imagined or deliberated", ( bukesiyi) In the act of being revealed universally, that which is neither externally, nor internally, accessible to the delusional sensory capabilities of one's misappropriating ego disappears. Facing the threat of a solar eclipse, or the depths of the problem of nature, and the consequent decay of civil life into "chaos" or (亂 luan), the Chan or Zen (禪) revival of "the Buddha Way" ( fodao) emerged. This emphasized the original coincidence of the Buddha mind (the metaphysical) and the everyday mind (the political). The name Buddha, refers neither to something outside the ego (我 wo), nor to ego as a self-appropriating poetic faculty.  From this approach, the Buddha was understood as "original" nature, or original mind, yet "very ordinary" because Buddha is not the constitutive principle of an order beyond the civil order, or public morality. Of "this very order", not the ego's deluded physical motion or nominal forms, the ordering principle of both speech and sensory experience "gathers" common experience under a global scope with universal names declared as "direct pointers", for example, ( zhi) to "the moon" (月 yue) or "the original mind".  The foremost task of a student of the way was thus to recover the constitutive principle of the common experience, their original mind.  When understood in this way, "original mind" was thought to conform with normative public morality.  Ultimately, Chan was no less a return to "piety" (孝 xiao), than it was a return to nature as the common principle of the constitution of civil life.

text: The rise of

text: Buddhism

text: in ancient China, stimulated the debate on nature once again.  Now nature was unequivocally regarded as the mind of all things, or as "Buddha-nature" ( foxing). This was also the

text: mind of "the Empire"

text: ( tianxia), or the monarchic principle common to all nations, (hence an identification—notably in Japan—of Buddha as the essence of the Emperor).  nature, regarded as utterly beyond both imagination and speech, was that which "cannot be imagined or deliberated", ( bukesiyi) In the act of being revealed universally, that which is neither externally, nor internally, accessible to the delusional sensory capabilities of one's misappropriating ego disappears. Facing the threat of a

text: solar eclipse

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Buddhism

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: Buddha

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Buddha"

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: When understood in this way, "original mind" was thought to conform with normative public morality

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: the Buddha Way

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Buddha-nature

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: order

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: China

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: wo)

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Whilst all benzodiazepines have abuse potential, certain characteristics increase the potential of particular benzodiazepines for abuse. These characteristics are chiefly practical ones—most especially, availability (often based on popular perception of 'dangerous' versus 'non-dangerous' drugs) through prescribing physicians or illicit distributors. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic factors are also crucial in determining abuse potentials. A short elimination half-life, high potency and a rapid onset of action are characteristics which increase the abuse potential of benzodiazepines. The following table provides the elimination half-life, relevant potency to other benzodiazepines, speed of onset of action and duration of behavioural effects.

text: Whilst all benzodiazepines have abuse potential, certain characteristics increase the potential of particular benzodiazepines for abuse. These characteristics are chiefly practical ones—most especially, availability (often based on popular perception of 'dangerous' versus 'non-dangerous' drugs) through prescribing physicians or illicit distributors. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic factors are also crucial in determining abuse potentials. A short

text: elimination half-life

text: , high potency and a rapid onset of action are characteristics which increase the abuse potential of benzodiazepines. The following table provides the elimination half-life, relevant potency to other benzodiazepines, speed of onset of action and duration of behavioural effects.

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answers: abuse potential

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answers: study the origin of life

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: Benzodiazepines

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Benzodiazepines

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: certain characteristics increase the potential of particular benzodiazepines for abuse

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: benzodiazepines

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: All benzodiazepines

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are crucial in determining abuse potentials

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: benzodiazepines

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: A short elimination half-life

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Occupied for 12 years with historical writing, Guth returned to novels in 1977 with Le Chat Beauté (a pun on "Puss-in-Boots", Le Chat botté). In this book, he takes stock of himself, his relationships with others, and his life. The same year, he published Notre drôle d'époque comme si vous y étiez ("Those Funny Times of Ours; As If You Were There"), a characteristically sarcastic and politically conservative collection of anecdotes about TV, love, religion and many other topics, in which he invites the readers to smile at their own habits and way of life.

text: Occupied for 12 years with historical writing, Guth returned to novels in 1977 with Le Chat Beauté (a pun on "

text: Puss-in-Boots

text: ", Le Chat botté). In this book, he takes stock of himself, his relationships with others, and his life. The same year, he published Notre drôle d'époque comme si vous y étiez ("Those Funny Times of Ours; As If You Were There"), a characteristically sarcastic and politically conservative collection of anecdotes about TV, love, religion and many other topics, in which he invites the readers to smile at their own habits and way of life.

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answers: no

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answers: Those Funny Times of Ours

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: proteins are important because they

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in-Boots

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Proteins consist of amino acids in different proportions. The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition. Amino acids which an animal cannot synthesize on its own from smaller molecules are deemed essential. The synthesis of some amino acids can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress, and they are called conditionally essential.

text: Proteins consist of amino acids in different proportions. The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its

text: amino acid

text: composition. Amino acids which an animal cannot synthesize on its own from smaller molecules are deemed

text: essential

text: . The synthesis of some amino acids can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress, and they are called conditionally essential.

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answers: essential

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: synthesize

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: Proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The synthesis of some amino acids can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Amino acids which an animal cannot synthesize

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: from smaller molecules

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the Miller–Urey experiment, water was boiled in a flask with the gases hydrogen, ammonia, and methane. The gases flowed through the apparatus past two electrodes that produced an electrical charge that acted as the lightning that would have been in the atmosphere before life on Earth. When the gases condensed after being cooled down, they fell back into the boiling flask. What Stanley Miller found in the flask when he observed the water were acids and amino acids. Amino acids are the necessary "building block" molecules for proteins. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey's experiment suggests that life formed from the presence of inorganic molecules, water, and electrical charge. These conditions are assumed to be similar to those of primordial earth.

text: In the Miller–Urey experiment, water was boiled in a flask with the gases hydrogen, ammonia, and methane. The gases flowed through the apparatus past two electrodes that produced an electrical charge that acted as the lightning that would have been in the atmosphere before life on Earth. When the gases condensed after being cooled down, they fell back into the boiling flask. What Stanley Miller found in the flask when he observed the water were acids and amino acids. Amino acids are the necessary "building block" molecules for proteins. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey's experiment suggests that life formed from the presence of inorganic molecules, water, and electrical charge. These conditions are assumed to be similar to those of primordial earth.

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answers: electrical charge

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: inorganic molecules, water, and electrical charge

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: life formed from the presence of inorganic molecules

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: The gases flowed past two electrodes

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Miller–Urey's experiment

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: necessary "building block" molecules

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: water

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The origin of cells was the most important step in the evolution of life on Earth. The birth of the cell marked the passage from pre-biotic chemistry to partitioned units resembling modern cells. The final transition to living entities that fulfill all the definitions of modern cells depended on the ability to evolve effectively by natural selection. This transition has been called the Darwinian transition.

text: The origin of cells was the most important step in the evolution of life on Earth. The birth of the cell marked the passage from pre-biotic chemistry to partitioned units resembling modern cells. The final transition to living entities that fulfill all the definitions of modern cells depended on the ability to evolve effectively by natural selection. This transition has been called the

text: Darwinian transition

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answers: pre-biotic

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Darwinian transition

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the origin of cells

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: the Darwinian transition

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: live in cells

answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003940

answers: cell

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The exact cause of HSP is unknown, but most of its features are due to the deposition of abnormal antibodies in the wall of blood vessels, leading to vasculitis. These antibodies are of the subclass IgA in polymers; it is uncertain whether the main cause is overproduction (in the digestive tract or the bone marrow) or decreased removal of abnormal IgA from the circulation. It is suspected that abnormalities in the IgA molecule may provide an explanation for its abnormal behaviour in both HSP and the related condition IgA nephropathy. One of the characteristics of IgA (and IgD) is the presence of an 18 amino acid-long "hinge region" between complement-fixating regions 1 and 2. Of the amino acids, half is proline, while the others are mainly serine and threonine. The majority of the serines and the threonines have elaborate sugar chains, connected through oxygen atoms (O-glycosylation). This process is thought to stabilise the IgA molecule and make it less prone to proteolysis. The first sugar is always N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), followed by other galactoses and sialic acid. In HSP and IgAN, these sugar chains appear to be deficient. The exact reason for these abnormalities is not known.

text: The exact cause of HSP is unknown, but most of its features are due to the deposition of abnormal antibodies in the wall of blood vessels, leading to

text: vasculitis

text: . These antibodies are of the subclass IgA in

text: polymer

text: s; it is uncertain whether the main cause is overproduction (in the digestive tract or the

text: bone marrow

text: ) or decreased removal of abnormal IgA from the circulation. It is suspected that abnormalities in the IgA molecule may provide an explanation for its abnormal behaviour in both HSP and the related condition

text: IgA nephropathy

text: . One of the characteristics of IgA (and

text: IgD

text: ) is the presence of an 18

text: amino acid

text: -long "hinge region" between

text: complement

text: -fixating regions 1 and 2. Of the amino acids, half is

text: proline

text: , while the others are mainly

text: serine

text: and

text: threonine

text: . The majority of the serines and the threonines have elaborate sugar chains, connected through

text: oxygen

text: atoms (

text: O-glycosylation

text: ). This process is thought to stabilise the IgA molecule and make it less prone to

text: proteolysis

text: . The first sugar is always

text: N-acetyl-galactosamine

text: (GalNAc), followed by other

text: galactose

text: s and

text: sialic acid

text: . In HSP and IgAN, these sugar chains appear to be deficient. The exact reason for these abnormalities is not known.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: exact cause of HSP

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: The exact cause of HSP

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The exact cause of HSP

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: This process is thought to stabilise the IgA molecule and make it less prone to proteolysis

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: It is not known

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: stabilize the IgA molecule

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: the digestive tract or the bone marrow

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: IgA molecule

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Fischer concluded it was amino acids that contributed to the specific taste. In 1954, Philipps found that the bouillon odour required the presence of proteins containing threonine. Another important substance giving a characteristic taste is glutamic acid.

text: Fischer concluded it was

text: amino acids

text: that contributed to the specific taste. In 1954, Philipps found that the bouillon odour required the presence of proteins containing

text: threonine

text: . Another important substance giving a characteristic taste is

text: glutamic acid

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: glutamic acid

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: threonine

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the presence of proteins containing threonine

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: amino acids that contributed to the specific taste

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: contribute to the specific taste

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: threonine

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Amino acids must first pass out of organelles and cells into blood circulation via amino acid transporters, since the amine and carboxylic acid groups are typically ionized. Degradation of an amino acid, occurring in the liver and kidneys, often involves deamination by moving its amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate, forming glutamate. This process involves transaminases, often the same as those used in amination during synthesis. In many vertebrates, the amino group is then removed through the urea cycle and is excreted in the form of urea. However, amino acid degradation can produce uric acid or ammonia instead. For example, serine dehydratase converts serine to pyruvate and ammonia. After removal of one or more amino groups, the remainder of the molecule can sometimes be used to synthesize new amino acids, or it can be used for energy by entering glycolysis or the citric acid cycle, as detailed in image at right.

text: Amino acids must first pass out of organelles and cells into blood circulation via

text: amino acid transporter

text: s, since the amine and carboxylic acid groups are typically ionized. Degradation of an amino acid, occurring in the liver and kidneys, often involves

text: deamination

text: by moving its amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate, forming

text: glutamate

text: . This process involves transaminases, often the same as those used in amination during synthesis. In many vertebrates, the amino group is then removed through the

text: urea cycle

text: and is excreted in the form of

text: urea

text: . However, amino acid degradation can produce

text: uric acid

text: or ammonia instead. For example,

text: serine dehydratase

text: converts serine to pyruvate and ammonia. After removal of one or more amino groups, the remainder of the molecule can sometimes be used to synthesize new amino acids, or it can be used for energy by entering

text: glycolysis

text: or the

text: citric acid cycle

text: , as detailed in image at right.

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Degradation

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Amino acids must first pass out of organelles and cells

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Degradation of an amino acid, occurring in the liver and kidneys

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Degradation of an amino acid

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: amino acids must first pass out of organelles

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are used for energy

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in organelles and cells

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Sychkov's creative range was rather wide. Besides, portraits, landscapes, genre cloths, throughout all life he painted still lifes: from classically clear on manner of performance, as, for example, «The Still life. Fruit», created in 1908 during a trip across Italy, more characteristic for it still lifes with a landscape approach - "Strawberry" (1910), "Cucumbers" (1917), etc. in which in a bit different refraction the same subject of life and a village life sounds. Sychkov liked to work in a garden, in a kitchen.He always was proud to say, "I am a peasant!".The end of the 1910-1920th – it was time when Sychkov created, generally options or repetitions of the early works, continuing to develop favourite and characteristic for it a subject of holidays, varying plots of pre-revolutionary pictures - "Girlfriends" (1920), "Holiday" (1927), «The holiday. Girlfriends. Winter» (1929) and several others. His style of painting evolved during this time toward greater brightness of a color.

text: Sychkov's creative range was rather wide. Besides, portraits, landscapes, genre cloths, throughout all life he painted still lifes: from classically clear on manner of performance, as, for example, «The Still life. Fruit», created in 1908 during a trip across Italy, more characteristic for it still lifes with a landscape approach - "Strawberry" (1910), "Cucumbers" (1917), etc. in which in a bit different refraction the same subject of life and a village life sounds. Sychkov liked to work in a garden, in a kitchen.He always was proud to say, "I am a peasant!".The end of the 1910-1920th – it was time when Sychkov created, generally options or repetitions of the early works, continuing to develop favourite and characteristic for it a subject of holidays, varying plots of pre-revolutionary pictures - "Girlfriends" (1920), "Holiday" (1927), «The holiday. Girlfriends. Winter» (1929) and several others. His style of painting evolved during this time toward greater brightness of a color.

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answers: Sychkov

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: Fruit

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Sychkov's creative range was rather wide

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: The Still life. Fruit

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The holiday. Girlfriends. Winter

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: "Strawberry" (1910)

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Italy

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Using insights gleaned from archaeal genomes, Erives elaborated and described a stereochemical model of "proto-anti-codon RNAs" (pacRNAs). The pacRNA model ascribes a predetermined combined origin for the universal genetic code (i.e., the codon table), the biogenic amino acids, and their exclusive homochirality in life. The model implies that early RNA world was  an aminoacylated RNA world and that proteinogenic amino acids arose because of compatible interactions with nucleotide-based polymers. The pacRNA model explicitly lists possible interactions between various anti-codon di-nucleotide and tri-nucleotide sequences and different amino acids. When the nucleotides are D-ribose based, L-amino acids are preferred.

text: Using insights gleaned from

text: archaea

text: l genomes, Erives elaborated and described a

text: stereochemical

text: model of "proto-anti-codon RNAs" (pacRNAs). The pacRNA model ascribes a predetermined combined origin for the universal

text: genetic code

text: (i.e., the codon table), the biogenic amino acids, and their exclusive

text: homochirality

text: in life. The model implies that early

text: RNA world

text: was  an aminoacylated RNA world and that

text: proteinogenic amino acid

text: s arose because of compatible interactions with nucleotide-based polymers. The pacRNA model explicitly lists possible interactions between various anti-codon di-nucleotide and tri-nucleotide sequences and different amino acids. When the nucleotides are D-ribose based, L-amino acids are preferred.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: homochirality

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: archaeal genomes

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: When the nucleotides are D-ribose based, L-amino acids are preferred

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: a predetermined combined origin for the universal genetic code

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: aminoacylated RNA world

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: proteinogenic amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Whether the mixture of gases used in the Miller–Urey experiment truly reflects the atmospheric content of early Earth is controversial. Other less reducing gases produce a lower yield and variety. It was once thought that appreciable amounts of molecular oxygen were present in the prebiotic atmosphere , which would have essentially prevented the formation of organic molecules; however, the current scientific consensus is that such was not the case. (See Oxygen catastrophe).

text: Whether the mixture of gases used in the Miller–Urey experiment truly reflects the atmospheric content of

text: early Earth

text: is controversial. Other less reducing gases produce a lower yield and variety. It was once thought that appreciable amounts of molecular oxygen were present in the prebiotic atmosphere , which would have essentially prevented the formation of organic molecules; however, the current scientific consensus is that such was not the case. (See

text: Oxygen catastrophe

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answers: 2

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: organic molecules

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: the Miller–Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: organic molecules

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: organic molecules

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: atmospheric content of early Earth

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Miller–Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The current scientific consensus is that such was not the case

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: form organic molecules

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: organic molecules

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Like any other scientific study, the validity of jury research results is based on the quality of the scientific sample, in this case the actual research jurors who are being studied. For online jury research, this means that the individual characteristics of the virtual jurors who participate in the jury study should match as closely as possible with those of a hypothetical "ideal" juror for a particular case. In most jury research, these characteristics segment according to the following criteria: demographics, personality, attitudes, beliefs and life experience. Choosing research jurors on the basis of these individual characteristics is known as "stratified" sampling.

text: Like any other scientific study, the validity of jury research results is based on the quality of the scientific sample, in this case the actual research jurors who are being studied. For online jury research, this means that the individual characteristics of the virtual jurors who participate in the jury study should match as closely as possible with those of a hypothetical "ideal" juror for a particular case. In most jury research, these characteristics segment according to the following criteria:

text: demographics

text: , personality, attitudes, beliefs and life experience. Choosing research jurors on the basis of these individual characteristics is known as "stratified" sampling.

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answers: In most jury research, these characteristics segment according to the following criteria:

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: The first few amino acids were discovered in the early 19th century. In 1806, French chemists Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated a compound in asparagus that was subsequently named asparagine, the first amino acid to be discovered. Cystine was discovered in 1810, although its monomer, cysteine, remained undiscovered until 1884. Glycine and leucine were discovered in 1820.  The last of the 20 common amino acids to be discovered was threonine in 1935 by William Cumming Rose, who also determined the essential amino acids and established the minimum daily requirements of all amino acids for optimal growth.

text: The first few amino acids were discovered in the early 19th century. In 1806, French chemists

text: Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin

text: and

text: Pierre Jean Robiquet

text: isolated a compound in

text: asparagus

text: that was subsequently named

text: asparagine

text: , the first amino acid to be discovered.

text: Cystine

text: was discovered in 1810, although its monomer,

text: cysteine

text: , remained undiscovered until 1884.

text: Glycine

text: and

text: leucine

text: were discovered in 1820.  The last of the 20 common amino acids to be discovered was

text: threonine

text: in 1935 by

text: William Cumming Rose

text: , who also determined the

text: essential amino acid

text: s and established the minimum daily requirements of all amino acids for optimal growth.

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answer: No

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text: However, many conditions excluded from Sax's analysis are currently regarded as disorders of sex development. Individuals with those diagnoses may experience stigma and discrimination due to their sex characteristics, including sex "normalizing" interventions, and so those diagnoses and life experiences meet definitions of intersex in use by UN and other bodies. As a result, the statistical analyses by Blackless and Fausto-Sterling have become widely quoted, including by other clinicians. The following summarizes those frequency statistics:

text: However, many conditions excluded from Sax's analysis are currently regarded as

text: disorders of sex development

text: . Individuals with those diagnoses may experience stigma and discrimination due to their sex characteristics, including sex "normalizing" interventions, and so those diagnoses and life experiences meet definitions of intersex in use by UN and other bodies. As a result, the statistical analyses by Blackless and Fausto-Sterling have become widely quoted, including by other clinicians. The following summarizes those frequency statistics:

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answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: sex development

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Blackless and Fausto-Sterling

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: intersex in use by UN and other bodies

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The statistical analyses by Blackless and Fausto-Sterling

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: sex development

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: sex development

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: a primary protein structure is a sequence of amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Transamination, or the transfer of an amine (or NH) group from an amino acid to a keto acid by an aminotransferase (also known as a "transaminase"), was first noted in 1930 by D. M. Needham, after observing the disappearance of glutamic acid added to pigeon breast muscle. This observance was later verified by the discovery of its reaction mechanism by Braunstein and Kritzmann in 1937.  Their analysis showed that this reversible reaction could be applied to other tissues.   This assertion was validated by Rudolf Schoenheimer's work with radioisotopes as tracers in 1937. This in turn would pave the way for the possibility that similar transfers were a primary means of producing most amino acids via amino transfer.

text: Transamination

text: , or the transfer of an

text: amine

text: (or NH) group from an amino acid to a

text: keto acid

text: by an

text: aminotransferase

text: (also known as a "transaminase"), was first noted in 1930 by D. M. Needham, after observing the disappearance of

text: glutamic acid

text: added to pigeon breast muscle. This observance was later verified by the discovery of its reaction mechanism by Braunstein and Kritzmann in 1937.  Their analysis showed that this reversible reaction could be applied to other tissues.   This assertion was validated by

text: Rudolf Schoenheimer

text: 's work with

text: radioisotope

text: s as

text: tracers

text: in 1937. This in turn would pave the way for the possibility that similar transfers were a primary means of producing most amino acids via amino transfer.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: Transamination

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: study the origin of life

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: transaminase

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: radioisotope

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: possibility that similar transfers were a primary means of producing most amino acids via amino transfer

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: transamination

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: aminotransferase

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Amino acids are polymerised via peptide bonds to form a long backbone, with the different amino acid side chains protruding along it. In biological systems, proteins are produced during translation by a cell's ribosomes. Some organisms can also make short peptides by non-ribosomal peptide synthesis, which often use amino acids other than the standard 20, and may be cyclised, modified and cross-linked.

text: Amino acids are polymerised via peptide bonds to form a long

text: backbone

text: , with the different amino acid side chains protruding along it. In biological systems, proteins are produced during

text: translation

text: by a cell's

text: ribosome

text: s. Some organisms can also make short peptides by

text: non-ribosomal peptide synthesis

text: , which often use amino acids other than the standard 20, and may be cyclised, modified and cross-linked.

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: ribosomes

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: cyclised, modified and cross-linked

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polymerised

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Amino acids are polymerised

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: ribosomes

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: cyclised, modified and cross-linked

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: polymerised via peptide bonds

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Miller experiment appeared in his technical paper in the 15 May 1953 issue of Science, which transformed the concept of scientific ideas on the origin of life into a respectable realm of empirical inquiry. His study has become a classic textbook definition of the scientific basis of origin of life, or more specifically, the first definitive experimental evidence of the Oparin-Haldane's "primordial soup" theory. Urey and Miller designed to simulate the ocean-atmospheric condition of the primitive Earth by using a continuous run of steam into a mixture of methane (CH), ammonia (NH), and hydrogen (H). The gaseous mixture was then exposed to electrical discharge, which induced chemical reaction.  After a week of reaction, Miller detected the formation of amino acids, such as glycine, α- and β-alanine, using paper chromatography. He also detected aspartic acid and gamma-amino butyric acid, but was not confident because of the weak spots. Since amino acids are the basic structural and functional constituents of cellular life, the experiment showed the possibility of natural organic synthesis for the origin of life on earth.

text: The Miller experiment appeared in his technical paper in the 15 May 1953 issue of

text: Science

text: , which transformed the concept of scientific ideas on the origin of life into a respectable realm of

text: empirical

text: inquiry. His study has become a classic textbook definition of the scientific basis of origin of life, or more specifically, the first definitive experimental evidence of the

text: Oparin

text: Haldane

text: 's

text: "primordial soup" theory

text: . Urey and Miller designed to simulate the ocean-atmospheric condition of the primitive Earth by using a continuous run of

text: steam

text: into a mixture of

text: methane

text: (CH),

text: ammonia

text: (NH), and

text: hydrogen

text: (H). The gaseous mixture was then exposed to electrical discharge, which induced chemical reaction.  After a week of reaction, Miller detected the formation of

text: amino acids

text: , such as

text: glycine

text: , α- and β-

text: alanine

text: , using

text: paper chromatography

text: . He also detected

text: aspartic acid

text: and

text: gamma-amino butyric acid

text: , but was not confident because of the weak spots. Since amino acids are the basic structural and functional constituents of cellular life, the experiment showed the possibility of natural organic synthesis for the origin of life on earth.

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answers: the possibility of natural organic synthesis

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answers: simulate the ocean-atmospheric condition

answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: NDQ_003934

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answers: NDQ_003935

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answers: NDQ_003936

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answers: NDQ_003937

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answers: NDQ_003938

answers: structural and functional constituents of cellular life

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: natural organic synthesis

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: the basic structural and functional constituents of cellular life

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The first sample that Brickwedde sent was evaporated at  at a pressure of . To their surprise, this showed no evidence of enrichment. Brickwedde then prepared a second sample evaporated at  at a pressure of . On this sample, the Balmer lines for heavy hydrogen were seven times as intense. The paper announcing the discovery of what we now call deuterium was jointly published by Urey, Murphy, and Brickwedde in 1932. Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen". He declined to attend the ceremony in Stockholm, so that he could be present at the birth of his daughter Mary Alice.

text: The first sample that Brickwedde sent was evaporated at  at a pressure of . To their surprise, this showed no evidence of enrichment. Brickwedde then prepared a second sample evaporated at  at a pressure of . On this sample, the Balmer lines for heavy hydrogen were seven times as intense. The paper announcing the discovery of what we now call

text: deuterium

text: was jointly published by Urey, Murphy, and Brickwedde in 1932. Urey was awarded the

text: Nobel Prize in Chemistry

text: in 1934 "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen". He declined to attend the ceremony in Stockholm, so that he could be present at the birth of his daughter Mary Alice.

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answers: to attend the ceremony in Stockholm

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answers: what we now call deuterium

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

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answers: the Balmer lines for heavy hydrogen

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: enrichment

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: heavy hydrogen

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: What we now call deuterium

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the book, Kenyon and Steinman conclude that "Life might have been biochemically predestined by the properties of attraction that exist between its chemical parts, especially between amino acids in proteins." They argued that life originated with the chemical properties of amino acids causing them to be attracted to each other, forming long protein chains, most important in every living cell. Kenyon believed that proteins were directly formed by attraction between amino acids without DNA coding, and that these were derivatives from non-living raw chemicals in a conducive environment.

text: In the book, Kenyon and Steinman conclude that "Life might have been biochemically predestined by the properties of attraction that exist between its chemical parts, especially between amino acids in proteins." They argued that life originated with the chemical properties of amino acids causing them to be attracted to each other, forming long protein chains, most important in every living cell. Kenyon believed that proteins were directly formed by attraction between amino acids without

text: DNA

text: coding, and that these were derivatives from non-living raw chemicals in a conducive environment.

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answers: long protein chains

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answers: long protein chains

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Tangasaurids are known to have been a highly derived group of diapsids. One subfamily, the Kenyasaurinae, is composed of taxa that were fully terrestrial. They had long toes and highly developed sternums that made them well suited to life on land. On the other hand, the other subfamily, the Tangasaurinae, composed of taxa that were adapted to an aquatic life. They had webbed feet and a laterally compressed tails that allowed them to be able to swim in the freshwater lacustrine environment present at the time. Because of their highly derived aquatic characteristics and occurrence in time, it has been suggested that the tangasaurids were a direct ancestor of the superorder Sauropterygia, which includes many highly derived marine aquatic reptiles such as placodonts, nothosaurs, and plesiosaurs.

text: Tangasaurids are known to have been a highly

text: derived

text: group of

text: diapsids

text: . One

text: subfamily

text: , the

text: Kenyasaurinae

text: , is composed of taxa that were fully terrestrial. They had long toes and highly developed

text: sternum

text: s that made them well suited to life on land. On the other hand, the other subfamily, the

text: Tangasaurinae

text: , composed of taxa that were adapted to an aquatic life. They had webbed feet and a laterally compressed tails that allowed them to be able to swim in the freshwater

text: lacustrine

text: environment present at the time. Because of their highly derived aquatic characteristics and occurrence in time, it has been suggested that the tangasaurids were a direct ancestor of the

text: superorder

text: Sauropterygia

text: , which includes many highly

text: derived

text: marine aquatic reptiles such as

text: placodonts

text: nothosaurs

text: , and

text: plesiosaurs

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answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/8dfaeefa241aaa562f19689ed4cc6ab2

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: ancestor

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the tangasaurids were a direct ancestor of the superorder Sauropterygia

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Because of their highly derived aquatic characteristics and occurrence in time

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: sternums

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Sauropterygia

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: diapsids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: 5. Maintain and restore suitable habitat conditions and characteristics to support all life history stages of viable populations

text: 5. Maintain and restore suitable habitat conditions and characteristics to support all life history stages of viable populations

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: NDQ_003932

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: habitat conditions

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: study the origin of life

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: viable populations

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Miller-Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: all life history stages

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: support life

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in the digestive system

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: For any ordered field,  as the field of rational numbers Q or the field of real numbers R, the characteristic is 0. Thus, number fields and the field of complex numbers C are of characteristic zero. Actually, every field of characteristic zero is the quotient field of a ring Q[X]/P where X is a set of variables and P a set of polynomials in Q[X]. The finite field GF(p) has characteristic p. There exist infinite fields of prime characteristic. For example, the field of all rational functions over Z/pZ, the algebraic closure of Z/pZ or the field of formal Laurent series Z/pZ((T)). The characteristic exponent is defined similarly, except that it is equal to 1 if the characteristic is zero; otherwise it has the same value as the characteristic.

text: For any

text: ordered field

text: ,  as the field of

text: rational number

text: s Q or the field of

text: real number

text: s R, the characteristic is 0. Thus,

text: number fields

text: and the field of complex numbers C are of characteristic zero. Actually, every field of characteristic zero is the quotient field of a ring Q[X]/P where X is a set of variables and P a set of polynomials in Q[X]. The

text: finite field

text: GF(p) has characteristic p. There exist infinite fields of prime characteristic. For example, the field of all

text: rational function

text: s over Z/pZ, the

text: algebraic closure

text: of Z/pZ or the field of

text: formal Laurent series

text: Z/pZ((T)). The characteristic exponent is defined similarly, except that it is equal to 1 if the characteristic is zero; otherwise it has the same value as the characteristic.

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: For any ordered field

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: polynomials

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The characteristic exponent is defined similarly, except that it is equal to 1 if the characteristic is zero; otherwise it has the same value as the characteristic

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: For any ordered field

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: There exist infinite fields of prime characteristic

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are of characteristic zero

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Q[X]/P

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: For any ordered field

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: DPP-4 selectively cleaves two amino acids from peptides, such as GLP-1 and GIP, which have proline or alanine in the second position (Figure 2). At the active site where DPP-4 has its effect, there is a characteristic arrangement of three amino acids, Asp-His-Ser. Since alanine and proline are crucial for the biological activity of GPL-1 and GIP, they are inactivated by cleaving away these amino acids. Thus, preventing the degradation of the incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP by inhibition of DPP-4 has potential as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

text: DPP-4 selectively cleaves two

text: amino acid

text: s from

text: peptide

text: s, such as GLP-1 and GIP, which have

text: proline

text: or

text: alanine

text: in the second position (Figure 2). At the

text: active site

text: where DPP-4 has its effect, there is a characteristic arrangement of three

text: amino acid

text: s, Asp-His-Ser. Since

text: alanine

text: and

text: proline

text: are crucial for the

text: biological activity

text: of GPL-1 and GIP, they are inactivated by cleaving away these

text: amino acid

text: s. Thus, preventing the degradation of the

text: incretin

text: hormone

text: s GLP-1 and GIP by inhibition of DPP-4 has potential as a

text: therapeutic

text: strategy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: DPP-4

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: DPP-4

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: peptides

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: DPP-4 selectively cleaves two amino acids from peptides

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: DPP-4

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: biological activity

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: proline or alanine

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: GLP-1 and GIP

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Scientists have come to conclude that life began in hydrothermal vents in the deep sea, but a 2012 study suggests that inland pools of condensed and cooled geothermal vapor have the ideal characteristics for the origin of life. The conclusion is based mainly on the chemistry of modern cells, where the cytoplasm is rich in potassium, zinc, manganese, and phosphate ions, which are not widespread in marine environments. Such conditions, the researchers argue, are found only where hot hydrothermal fluid brings the ions to the surface — places such as geysers, mud pots, fumaroles and other geothermal features. Within these fuming and bubbling basins, water laden with zinc and manganese ions could have collected, cooled and condensed in shallow pools.

text: Scientists have come to conclude that life began in

text: hydrothermal vent

text: s in the deep sea, but a 2012 study suggests that inland pools of condensed and cooled geothermal vapor have the ideal characteristics for the origin of life. The conclusion is based mainly on the chemistry of modern cells, where the cytoplasm is rich in potassium, zinc, manganese, and phosphate ions, which are not widespread in marine environments. Such conditions, the researchers argue, are found only where hot hydrothermal fluid brings the ions to the surface — places such as

text: geyser

text: s, mud pots,

text: fumarole

text: s and other

text: geothermal

text: features. Within these fuming and bubbling basins, water laden with zinc and manganese ions could have collected, cooled and condensed in shallow pools.

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answers: 2

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answers: NDQ_003940

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: marine environments

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: deep sea

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: phosphate ions

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: life began in hydrothermal vents in the deep sea

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Geothermal features

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: in hydrothermal vents in the deep sea

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: phosphate ions

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in shallow pools

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Working with Edward W. Washburn from the Bureau of Standards, Urey subsequently discovered the reason for the anomalous sample. Brickwedde's hydrogen had been separated from water by electrolysis, resulting in depleted sample. Moreover, Francis William Aston now reported that his calculated value for the atomic weight of hydrogen was wrong, thereby invalidating Birge and Menzel's original reasoning. The discovery of deuterium stood, however.

text: Working with

text: Edward W. Washburn

text: from the Bureau of Standards, Urey subsequently discovered the reason for the anomalous sample. Brickwedde's hydrogen had been separated from water by

text: electrolysis

text: , resulting in depleted sample. Moreover,

text: Francis William Aston

text: now reported that his calculated value for the atomic weight of hydrogen was wrong, thereby invalidating Birge and Menzel's original reasoning. The discovery of deuterium stood, however.

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answers: 2

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003932

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

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answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: atomic weight

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: depleted sample

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: monomers

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the reason for the anomalous sample

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: depleted sample

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: separate water from hydrogen

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: deuterium

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The origin of cells has to do with the origin of life, which began the history of life on Earth.

text: The origin of cells has to do with the

text: origin of life

text: , which began the

entity_name: Timeline of the evolutionary history of life

text: history of life

text: on Earth.

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answers: primary protein structure

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The population of Segesta was mixed Elymian and Ionian Greek, though the Elymians were soon Hellenized and took on external characteristics of Greek life.

text: The population of Segesta was mixed Elymian and Ionian Greek, though the Elymians were soon

text: Hellenized

text: and took on external characteristics of Greek life.

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answers: no

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answers: Ionian

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Resurrection of Evil adds in two new main features to the gameplay that the player can use throughout the game. The first, is a tool that was originally developed for Doom 3; "the Grabber". The Grabber, like the "Gravity gun" from the game Half-Life 2, is a physics-based weapon that allows the player to pick up and move certain items. It also allows the player to catch fireballs and throw them back at the enemy. Resurrection of Evil has come under some criticism about the use of the Grabber due to the prior popularity of the similar weapon in Half-Life 2. The developers have commented that the tool was originally in Doom 3 before Half-Life 2, and was used to create "damaged" rooms; instead of building a ruined room, they would build a pristine room and use the grabber to "damage" it realistically.

text: Resurrection of Evil adds in two new main features to the gameplay that the player can use throughout the game. The first, is a tool that was originally developed for Doom 3; "the Grabber". The Grabber, like the "

text: Gravity gun

text: " from the game

text: Half-Life 2

text: , is a physics-based weapon that allows the player to pick up and move certain items. It also allows the player to catch fireballs and throw them back at the enemy. Resurrection of Evil has come under some criticism about the use of the Grabber due to the prior popularity of the similar weapon in Half-Life 2. The developers have commented that the tool was originally in Doom 3 before Half-Life 2, and was used to create "damaged" rooms; instead of building a ruined room, they would build a pristine room and use the grabber to "damage" it realistically.

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answers: Polypeptides

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answers: a physics-based weapon

answers: NDQ_003936

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answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Resurrection

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answers: allow the player to pick up and move certain items

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Doom 3

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: A related characteristic is Opus Dei's emphasis on uniting spiritual life with professional, social, and family life.

text: A related characteristic is Opus Dei's emphasis on uniting spiritual life with professional, social, and family life.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The original experiment remains today under the care of Miller and Urey's former student Jeffrey Bada, a professor at the UCSD, Scripps Institution of Oceanography.  The apparatus used to conduct the experiment is on display at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science.

text: The original experiment remains today under the care of Miller and Urey's former student

text: Jeffrey Bada

text: , a professor at the

text: UCSD

text: Scripps Institution of Oceanography

text: .  The apparatus used to conduct the experiment is on display at the

text: Denver Museum of Nature and Science

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answer: 1

text: Miller then formed a professional association with television reporter Saira Shah, to make Beneath the Veil, about the life of women in Taliban-run Afghanistan. This film, shown on Dispatches and CNN, repeated the success of Prime Suspects by again winning the RTS International Current Affairs award. It also won an Emmy Award, a BAFTA, and the RTS "Programme of the Year" award. In addition, Miller won the RTS craft award for his outstanding photography. Miller and Shah's second film, Unholy War, shot at the height of the Afghanistan war in 2001, won Miller his first Emmy as director and (together with Beneath the Veil) also the prestigious Peabody award. Miller and Shah almost died of sub-zero temperatures while crossing the Hindu Kush during the making of this film. Frostbite Films was the name of the independent film production company set up by Miller and Shah in 2001 after this experience.

text: Miller then formed a professional association with television reporter

text: Saira Shah

text: , to make Beneath the Veil, about the life of women in

text: Taliban

text: -run

text: Afghanistan

text: . This film, shown on Dispatches and CNN, repeated the success of Prime Suspects by again winning the RTS International Current Affairs award. It also won an

text: Emmy Award

text: , a

entity_name: British Academy of Film and Television Arts

text: BAFTA

text: , and the RTS "Programme of the Year" award. In addition, Miller won the RTS craft award for his outstanding photography. Miller and Shah's second film, Unholy War, shot at the height of the

text: Afghanistan war

text: in 2001, won Miller his first Emmy as director and (together with Beneath the Veil) also the prestigious

text: Peabody

text: award. Miller and Shah almost died of sub-zero temperatures while crossing the

text: Hindu Kush

text: during the making of this film. Frostbite Films was the name of the independent film production company set up by Miller and Shah in 2001 after this experience.

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answers: NDQ_003935

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answers: are made up of amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003940

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Church life bore characteristics of a church which had its origin and growth outside the Graeco-Roman world. There was no centralized administrative structure on a monarchical pattern. The territorial administrative system which developed after the diocesan pattern within the eastern and western Roman empires did not exist in the Indian Church. "They have the uncorrupted Testament Which they believe was translated for them by St. Thomas the apostle himself."

text: Church life bore characteristics of a church which had its origin and growth outside the

text: Graeco-Roman world

text: . There was no centralized administrative structure on a monarchical pattern. The territorial administrative system which developed after the diocesan pattern within the eastern and western Roman empires did not exist in the Indian Church. "They have the uncorrupted Testament Which they believe was translated for them by St. Thomas the apostle himself."

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Miller–Urey experiment (or Miller experiment) was a chemical experiment that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth, and tested the chemical origin of life under those conditions. The experiment confirmed Alexander Oparin's and J. B. S. Haldane's hypothesis that putative conditions on the primitive Earth favoured chemical reactions that synthesized more complex organic compounds from simpler inorganic precursors. Considered to be the classic experiment investigating abiogenesis, it was conducted in 1952 by Stanley Miller, with assistance from Harold Urey, at the University of Chicago and later the University of California, San Diego and published the following year.

text: The Miller–Urey experiment (or Miller experiment) was a chemical

text: experiment

text: that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the

text: early Earth

text: , and tested the

text: chemical origin of life

text: under those conditions. The experiment confirmed

text: Alexander Oparin

text: 's and

text: J. B. S. Haldane

text: 's hypothesis that putative conditions on the primitive Earth favoured chemical reactions that synthesized more complex

text: organic compound

text: s from simpler inorganic precursors. Considered to be the classic experiment investigating

text: abiogenesis

text: , it was conducted in 1952 by

text: Stanley Miller

text: , with assistance from

text: Harold Urey

text: , at the

text: University of Chicago

text: and later the

text: University of California, San Diego

text: and published the following year.

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answers: NDQ_003940

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Accordingly, the range of phenotypes studied by evolutionary physiologists is broad, including life history, behavior, whole-organism performance, functional morphology, biomechanics, anatomy, classical physiology, endocrinology, biochemistry, and molecular evolution.  It is closely related to comparative physiology and environmental physiology, and its findings are a major concern of evolutionary medicine.  One definition that has been offered is "the study of the physiological basis of fitness, namely, correlated evolution (including constraints and trade-offs) of physiological form and function associated with the environment, diet, homeostasis, energy management, longevity, and mortality and life history characteristics."

text: Accordingly, the range of

text: phenotypes

text: studied by evolutionary physiologists is broad, including

text: life history

text: , behavior, whole-organism performance,

text: functional morphology

text: biomechanics

text: anatomy

text: , classical physiology,

text: endocrinology

text: biochemistry

text: , and

text: molecular evolution

text: .  It is closely related to

text: comparative physiology

text: and

text: environmental physiology

text: , and its findings are a major concern of

text: evolutionary medicine

text: .  One definition that has been offered is "the study of the physiological basis of

text: fitness

text: , namely, correlated evolution (including constraints and

text: trade-off

text: s) of physiological form and function associated with the environment, diet,

text: homeostasis

text: , energy management,

text: longevity

text: , and

text: mortality

text: and

text: life history

text: characteristics."

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answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003940

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The labeled release (LR) experiment (PI: Gilbert Levin, Biospherics Inc.) is the one that gave the most promise for the exobiologists.In the LR experiment, a sample of Martian soil was inoculated with a drop of very dilute aqueous nutrient solution. The nutrients (7 molecules that were Miller-Urey products) were tagged with radioactive C.  The air above the soil was monitored for the evolution of radioactive CO gas as evidence that microorganisms in the soil had metabolized one or more of the nutrients. Such a result was to be followed with the control part of the experiment as described for the PR below. The result was quite a surprise, considering the negative results of the first two tests, with a steady stream of radioactive gases being given off by the soil immediately following the first injection. The experiment was done by both Viking probes, the first using a sample from the surface exposed to sunlight and the second probe taking the sample from underneath a rock; both initial injections came back positive. Subsequent injections a week later did not, however, elicit the same reaction, and according to a 1976 paper by Levin and Patricia Ann Straat the results were inconclusive. In 1997, Levin, Straat and Barry DiGregorio co-authored a book on the issue, titled Mars: The Living Planet.

text: The labeled release (LR) experiment (PI:

text: Gilbert Levin

text: , Biospherics Inc.) is the one that gave the most promise for the

text: exobiologist

text: s.In the LR experiment, a sample of Martian soil was inoculated with a drop of very dilute aqueous nutrient solution. The nutrients (7 molecules that were

text: Miller-Urey

text: products) were tagged with radioactive C.  The air above the soil was monitored for the evolution of radioactive CO gas as evidence that microorganisms in the soil had

text: metabolized

text: one or more of the nutrients. Such a result was to be followed with the control part of the experiment as described for the PR below. The result was quite a surprise, considering the negative results of the first two tests, with a steady stream of radioactive gases being given off by the soil immediately following the first injection. The experiment was done by both Viking probes, the first using a sample from the surface exposed to sunlight and the second probe taking the sample from underneath a rock; both initial injections came back positive. Subsequent injections a week later did not, however, elicit the same reaction, and according to a 1976 paper by Levin and Patricia Ann Straat the results were inconclusive. In 1997, Levin, Straat and

entity_name: International Committee Against Mars Sample Return

text: Barry DiGregorio

text: co-authored a book on the issue, titled Mars: The Living Planet.

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answers: radioactive gases

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answers: labeled release (LR) experiment

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Miller-Urey products

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: microorganisms in the soil had metabolized one or more of the nutrients

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

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answers: The labeled release (LR) experiment

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: microorganisms in the soil

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answers: Martian soil

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answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Humans need the essential amino acids in certain ratios. Some protein sources contain amino acids in a more or less 'complete' sense. This has given rise to various ranking systems for protein sources, as described in the article.

text: Humans need the essential amino acids in certain ratios. Some protein sources contain amino acids in a more or less

text: 'complete'

text: sense. This has given rise to various ranking systems for protein sources, as described in the article.

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answers: essential amino acids in certain ratios

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: (See Proteinogenic amino acid for the A-Z amino-acid codes)

text: (See

text: Proteinogenic amino acid

text: for the A-Z amino-acid codes)

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answers: Proteinogenic

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: see Proteinogenic amino acid

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: amino-acid codes

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: A-Z amino-acid codes

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Proteinogenic amino acid

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: contain amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Proteinogenic

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Proteinogenic amino acid

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The program for the Darwin Centennial Celebration centered on a series of panel discussions that featured well-known scholars from a wide range of fields, from astronomers and biochemists to geneticists and systematists to psychologists and physiologists to anthropologists.  There were five panels, arranged to go from the origin of life to the evolution of life to man's physical, mental and then sociocultural evolution.  The center panels that focused on biological evolution included a number of the "architects" of the evolutionary synthesis and other important figures in the young discipline of evolutionary biology.  The evolutionary biologists had attempted to make biological evolution more prominent in the program, feeling that the origin of life research of biochemists and astronomers was too speculative while social science evolutionary research was in its infancy (with much of the anthropology community still opposed to evolutionism).  As it was they tried to set the tone for the other panels, presenting the core of evolution as natural selection acting on random genetic variation; most of the prominent critics of that view of biological evolution were not invited (with the exception of C. H. Waddington, who criticized the synthesis for failing to account for embryology).  Despite the eminence of the panelists and the hopes of Sol Tax, the panels mostly—with the exception of the origin of life panel—presented ideas already published and broke little new ground, in part because they were intended for a popular audience; according to historian V. Betty Smocovitis  "the discussions and even some of the contributed papers were surprisingly flat".

text: The program for the Darwin Centennial Celebration centered on a series of panel discussions that featured well-known scholars from a wide range of fields, from astronomers and biochemists to geneticists and systematists to psychologists and physiologists to anthropologists.  There were five panels, arranged to go from the

text: origin of life

text: to the

text: evolution of life

text: to man's

text: physical

text: mental

text: and then

text: sociocultural evolution

text: .  The center panels that focused on biological evolution included a number of the "architects" of the evolutionary synthesis and other important figures in the young discipline of evolutionary biology.  The evolutionary biologists had attempted to make biological evolution more prominent in the program, feeling that the origin of life research of biochemists and astronomers was too speculative while social science evolutionary research was in its infancy (with much of the anthropology community still opposed to evolutionism).  As it was they tried to set the tone for the other panels, presenting the core of evolution as natural selection acting on random genetic variation; most of the prominent critics of that view of biological evolution were not invited (with the exception of

text: C. H. Waddington

text: , who criticized the synthesis for failing to account for

text: embryology

text: ).  Despite the eminence of the panelists and the hopes of Sol Tax, the panels mostly—with the exception of the origin of life panel—presented ideas already published and broke little new ground, in part because they were intended for a popular audience; according to historian V. Betty Smocovitis  "the discussions and even some of the contributed papers were surprisingly flat".

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answers: NDQ_003932

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answers: NDQ_003934

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answers: The center panels that focused on biological evolution

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Lésigny offers middle-class families visiting the "first model homes," an original way of living, meeting the needs of a social class, with the characteristic elements of the North American suburbia.

text: Lésigny offers middle-class families visiting the "first model homes," an original way of living, meeting the needs of a social class, with the characteristic elements of the North American suburbia.

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text: Laughing while learning is the intent of Schulman's book. The book shows why, even though the Universe is expanding, it doesn't get any easier to find a parking space. Furthermore, there is the pulp version of the origin of life ("It was a dark and stormy night. In the shallow tide pool, a nucleic acid base collided with a sugar molecule.  An amino acid sank beneath the murky depths . . . ."). Some more of the fifty-three most

text: Laughing while learning is the intent of Schulman's book. The book shows why, even though the Universe is expanding, it doesn't get any easier to find a parking space. Furthermore, there is the pulp version of the origin of life ("It was a dark and stormy night. In the shallow tide pool, a nucleic acid base collided with a sugar molecule.  An

text: amino acid

text: sank beneath the murky depths . . . ."). Some more of the fifty-three most

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answers: Laughing

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answers: pulp version

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answers: sugar molecule

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answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the origin of life

answers: NDQ_003936

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answers: It was a dark and stormy night

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: nucleic acid base collided with a sugar molecule

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Urey speculated that the early terrestrial atmosphere was probably composed of ammonia, methane, and hydrogen. One  of his Chicago graduate students was Stanley L. Miller, who showed in the Miller–Urey experiment that, if such a mixture be exposed to electric sparks and water, it can interact to produce amino acids, commonly considered the building blocks of life. Work with isotopes of oxygen led to pioneering the new field of paleoclimatic research. In 1958, he accepted a post as a professor at large at the new University of California, San Diego (UCSD), where he helped create the science faculty. He was one of the founding members of UCSD's school of chemistry, which was created in 1960. He became increasingly interested in space science, and when Apollo 11 returned moon rock samples from the moon, Urey examined them at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory.

text: Urey speculated that the early terrestrial

text: atmosphere

text: was probably composed of

text: ammonia

text: methane

text: , and hydrogen. One  of his Chicago graduate students was

text: Stanley L. Miller

text: , who showed in the

text: Miller–Urey experiment

text: that, if such a mixture be exposed to electric sparks and water, it can interact to produce

text: amino acids

text: , commonly considered the building blocks of life. Work with

text: isotopes of oxygen

text: led to pioneering the new field of

text: paleoclimatic

text: research. In 1958, he accepted a post as a professor at large at the new

text: University of California, San Diego

text: (UCSD), where he helped create the science faculty. He was one of the founding members of UCSD's school of chemistry, which was created in 1960. He became increasingly interested in space science, and when

text: Apollo 11

text: returned

text: moon rock

text: samples from the moon, Urey examined them at the

text: Lunar Receiving Laboratory

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answers: Apollo 11 returned moon rock samples

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answers: Miller–Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: amino acids, commonly considered the building blocks of life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: electric sparks

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: paleoclimatic research

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: building blocks of life

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: the early terrestrial atmosphere

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Bovet watches include much artistic detail, and the company gives the artisans a great deal of independence in creating the elements of the watches, thus encouraging creativity.  The Chinese watches were originally sold in pairs in a mahogany box, both for good luck and so that the user would have a back-up watch if one needed repair, as repairs would sometimes take more than six months to complete.  The design characteristics of the watch emphasized the elements which appealed to Chinese consumers.  One of these appealing characteristics was the mechanics of clocks and watches, and so Bovet emphasized the beauty of the movements with its skeletonized views and highly decorative movements, the first watches to emphasize these characteristics in this way.  For the same reason the watches were also among the first to include a second-hand.  The enamel decorations were usually of European scenes or plant life, which made the watches more appealing to the Chinese consumers, since such images were as exotic to them as the European-made watches themselves.

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answers: beauty

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answers: NDQ_003934

answers: The company gives the artisans a great deal of independence

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the mechanics of clocks and watches

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Bovet watches include much artistic detail

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Plant life

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: skeletonized views

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: plant life

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: The Chinese watches were originally sold in pairs in a mahogany box

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Thus we can infer the following characteristics of Group Life Insurance, which also apply to other group insurances:

text: Thus we can infer the following characteristics of Group Life Insurance, which also apply to other group insurances:

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answers: Group Life Insurance is a sequence of amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: It has been suggested that the extreme despotic characteristics of the man did not emerge until after an attempt on his life in 1907.

text: It has been suggested that the extreme despotic characteristics of the man did not emerge until after an attempt on his life in 1907.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with substantial shortcomings.

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answers: proteins are important because they

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The University of Chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements. In economics, the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the free market and is the namesake of the Chicago school of economics, the school of economic thought supported by Milton Friedman and other economists. The university's sociology department was the first independent sociology department in the United States and gave birth to the Chicago school of sociology. In physics, the university was the site of the Chicago Pile-1 (the first controlled, self-sustaining man-made nuclear chain reaction, part of the Manhattan Project), of Robert Millikan's oil-drop experiment that calculated the charge of the electron, and of the development of radiocarbon dating by Willard F. Libby in 1947. The chemical experiment that tested how life originated on early Earth, the Miller–Urey experiment, was conducted at the university. REM sleep was discovered at the university in 1953 by Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinsky.

text: The University of Chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements. In economics, the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the

text: free market

text: and is the namesake of the

text: Chicago school of economics

text: , the school of economic thought supported by

text: Milton Friedman

text: and other economists. The university's

text: sociology

text: department was the first independent sociology department in the United States and gave birth to the

text: Chicago school of sociology

text: . In physics, the university was the site of the

text: Chicago Pile-1

text: (the first controlled, self-sustaining man-made nuclear chain reaction, part of the

text: Manhattan Project

text: ), of

text: Robert Millikan

text: 's

text: oil-drop experiment

text: that calculated the charge of the electron, and of the development of

text: radiocarbon dating

text: by

text: Willard F. Libby

text: in 1947. The chemical experiment that tested how life originated on early Earth, the

text: Miller–Urey experiment

text: , was conducted at the university.

text: REM sleep

text: was discovered at the university in 1953 by

text: Nathaniel Kleitman

text: and

text: Eugene Aserinsky

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: primary protein structure

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Oak Island Life Saving Station is a historic life saving station located at Caswell Beach, Brunswick County, North Carolina.  It was built in 1889 by the United States Life-Saving Service.  It is a 1 1/2-story, front-gabled frame structure.  It features a large lookout tower projecting from the roof. It's siding trusswork, and brackets are characteristic of the Stick style. The station was sold to a private owner in 1938 and moved directly across the road from its original location.

text: Oak Island Life Saving Station is a historic life saving station located at

text: Caswell Beach

text: Brunswick County, North Carolina

text: .  It was built in 1889 by the

text: United States Life-Saving Service

text: .  It is a 1 1/2-story, front-gabled frame structure.  It features a large lookout tower projecting from the roof. It's siding trusswork, and brackets are characteristic of the

text: Stick style

text: . The station was sold to a private owner in 1938 and moved directly across the road from its original location.

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answer: No

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text: One of the major challenges in studying the origin of life has been the inability to clearly define what life is. In her investigations, Walker has used the flow of information in systems as a means to distinguish life from non-life. She used the Boolean network model, information theory, and other models to discern feasible universal traits for life. It was shown that in biological systems the components are subordinate to the whole, in what is called top-down causation. Furthermore, a logistical model of Walker et al. suggested that major evolutionary transitions, such as the origin of life, could be characterized by a reverse of information flow in a system from bottom-up to top-down. They also determined that living systems have a separation of data from machinery, and non-trivial replication. Walker has shown theoretically how the occurrence of these biotic traits in an abiotic system present a possible framework for the origin of life.

text: One of the major challenges in studying the origin of life has been the inability to clearly define what life is. In her investigations, Walker has used the flow of information in systems as a means to distinguish life from non-life. She used the

text: Boolean network

text: model,

text: information theory

text: , and other models to discern feasible universal traits for life. It was shown that in biological systems the components are subordinate to the whole, in what is called top-down causation. Furthermore, a logistical model of Walker et al. suggested that major evolutionary transitions, such as the origin of life, could be characterized by a reverse of information flow in a system from bottom-up to top-down. They also determined that living systems have a separation of data from machinery, and non-trivial replication. Walker has shown theoretically how the occurrence of these biotic traits in an abiotic system present a possible framework for the origin of life.

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text: |- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 1|  September 30|  Barangay Ginebra|  90–110|  Miller (26)|  Deutchman (6)|  Miller (5)|  Smart Araneta Coliseum|  0–1|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 2|  October 7|  Air21|  81–88|  Miller (22)|  Salvador (8)|  Mandani (5)|  Smart Araneta Coliseum|  0–2|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 3|  October 12|  Talk 'N Text|  103–108|  Miller (22)|  Miller, Salvador (7)|  Miller (9)|  Smart Araneta Coliseum|  0–3|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#bbffbb" | 4|  October 17|  Meralco|  105–104|  Miller (33)|  Miller (11)|  Mandani, Salvador (4)|  Mall of Asia Arena|  1–3|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 5|  October 20|  Rain or Shine|  83–94|  Deutchman (18)|  Miller (11)|  Mandani (6)|  Ynares Center|  1–4|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 6|  October 26|  Petron Blaze|  98–110|  Manuel (23)|  Manuel (10)|  Miller (7)|  Smart Araneta Coliseum|  1–5|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 7|  October 31|  San Mig Coffee|  78–82|  Miller (19)|  Miller, Manuel (10)|  Miller (5)|  Smart Araneta Coliseum|  1–6|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 8|  November 4|  Barako Bull|  95–94|  Yee (20)|  Yee (7)|  Miller (8)|  Smart Araneta Coliseum|  1–7|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 9|  November 9|  Barangay Ginebra|  79–81|  David (27)|  Deutchman (10)|  Vergara (9)|  Cuneta Astrodome|  1–8|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 10|  November 18|  Petron Blaze|  81–110|  Guevarra (14)|  Hussaini, Salvador (6)|  David, Hussaini, Antonio, Miller (2)|  Smart Araneta Coliseum|  1–9|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 11|  November 23|  Meralco|  92–101|  David (33)|  Salvador (16)|  Miller (14)|  Smart Araneta Coliseum|  1–10|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 12|  December 1|  Alaska|  95–101|  Miller (22)|  Salvador (10)|  Miller (6)|  Dipolog City|  1–11|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 13|  December 5|  Air21|  92–113|  Hussaini (20)|  Manuel (9)|  Miller (6) |  Smart Araneta Coliseum|  1–12|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 14|  December 7|  San Mig Coffee|  96–107|  David (22)|  Deutchman, Salvador, Miller (8)|  Miller (7) |  Mall of Asia Arena|  1–13|  Boxscore

text: |- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 1|  September 30|

text: Barangay Ginebra

text: |  90–110|

text: Miller

text: Deutchman

text: Miller

text: Smart Araneta Coliseum

text: |  0–1|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 2|  October 7|

text: |  81–88|

text: Miller

text: Salvador

text: Mandani

text: Smart Araneta Coliseum

text: |  0–2|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 3|  October 12|

text: Talk 'N Text

text: |  103–108|

text: Miller

text: Miller

text: Salvador

text: Miller

text: Smart Araneta Coliseum

text: |  0–3|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#bbffbb" | 4|  October 17|

text: Meralco

text: |  105–104|

text: Miller

text: Miller

text: Mandani

text: Salvador

text: Mall of Asia Arena

text: |  1–3|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 5|  October 20|

text: Rain or Shine

text: |  83–94|

text: Deutchman

text: Miller

text: Mandani

text: Ynares Center

text: |  1–4|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 6|  October 26|

text: Petron Blaze

text: |  98–110|

text: Manuel

text: Manuel

text: Miller

text: Smart Araneta Coliseum

text: |  1–5|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 7|  October 31|

text: San Mig Coffee

text: |  78–82|

text: Miller

text: Miller

text: Manuel

text: Miller

text: Smart Araneta Coliseum

text: |  1–6|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 8|  November 4|

text: Barako Bull

text: |  95–94|

text: Yee

text: Yee

text: Miller

text: Smart Araneta Coliseum

text: |  1–7|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 9|  November 9|

text: Barangay Ginebra

text: |  79–81|

text: David

text: Deutchman

text: Vergara

text: Cuneta Astrodome

text: |  1–8|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 10|  November 18|

text: Petron Blaze

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text: Guevarra

text: Hussaini

text: Salvador

text: David

text: Hussaini

text: Antonio

text: Miller

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text: |  1–9|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 11|  November 23|

text: Meralco

text: |  92–101|

text: David

text: Salvador

text: Miller

text: Smart Araneta Coliseum

text: |  1–10|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 12|  December 1|

text: Alaska

text: |  95–101|

text: Miller

text: Salvador

text: Miller

text: Dipolog City

text: |  1–11|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 13|  December 5|

text: |  92–113|

text: Hussaini

text: Manuel

text: Miller

text: (6) |

text: Smart Araneta Coliseum

text: |  1–12|  Boxscore|- bgcolor="#edbebf" | 14|  December 7|

text: San Mig Coffee

text: |  96–107|

text: David

text: Deutchman

text: Salvador

text: Miller

text: Miller

text: (7) |

text: Mall of Asia Arena

text: |  1–13|  Boxscore

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The Circassian role in Egyptian cultural and intellectual life has been observed even after the Revolution of 1952. In the golden era of Egyptian cinema, the vast majority of popular actors and actresses, including Hind Rostom, Hussein Fahmy, Leila Fawzy, Mariam Fakhr Eddine, Mustafa Fahmy, Naglaa Fathy, Rushdy Abaza, Youssef Fakhr Eddine and Zubaida Tharwat, were of either partial or predominant Circassian and Turco-Circassian descent. Former Ottoman Circassian families of Egypt is also known as Turco-Circassian or simply Turkish, without reference to Circassian origin, as they were previously based in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire (present-day Turkey). Although many Egyptian Circassians exhibit physical characteristics attributed to their forefathers, those with far-removed Circassian ancestry were assimilated into other local populations over the course of time. With the lack of censuses based on ethnicity, population estimates vary significantly. Mainly of mixed Abaza, Adyghe and Arab origin, the Abaza family is the largest extended family with more than 50,000 members in the country. One of Egypt's richest families, the family has played a long-standing role in Egyptian business life.

text: The Circassian role in Egyptian cultural and intellectual life has been observed even after the Revolution of 1952. In the golden era of

text: Egyptian cinema

text: , the vast majority of popular actors and actresses, including

text: Hind Rostom

text: Hussein Fahmy

text: , Leila Fawzy,

text: Mariam Fakhr Eddine

text: , Mustafa Fahmy,

text: Naglaa Fathy

text: Rushdy Abaza

text: Youssef Fakhr Eddine

text: and

text: Zubaida Tharwat

text: , were of either partial or predominant Circassian and Turco-Circassian descent. Former Ottoman Circassian families of Egypt is also known as Turco-Circassian or simply Turkish, without reference to Circassian origin, as they were previously based in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire (present-day Turkey). Although many Egyptian Circassians exhibit physical characteristics attributed to their forefathers, those with far-removed Circassian ancestry were assimilated into other local populations over the course of time. With the lack of censuses based on ethnicity, population estimates vary significantly. Mainly of mixed Abaza, Adyghe and Arab origin, the

text: Abaza family

text: is the largest

text: extended family

text: with more than 50,000 members in the country. One of Egypt's richest families, the family has played a long-standing role in Egyptian business life.

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answers: proteins are important because they

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: Han refrains from sententiousness despite the fact that his works explore the suffering of the socially and economically underprivileged: with his characteristic humility and sensitivity, Han discovers beauty and psychological subtleties inherent in every situation and allows his characters an amount of optimism and ultimate faith in the goodness of human nature with which they brave the difficulties of life.

text: Han refrains from sententiousness despite the fact that his works explore the suffering of the socially and economically underprivileged: with his characteristic humility and sensitivity, Han discovers beauty and psychological subtleties inherent in every situation and allows his characters an amount of optimism and ultimate faith in the goodness of human nature with which they brave the difficulties of life.

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text: The carbon skeletons of many non-essential amino acids are made from citric acid cycle intermediates. To turn them into amino acids the alpha keto-acids formed from the citric acid cycle intermediates have to acquire their amino groups from glutamate in a transamination reaction, in which pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor. In this reaction the glutamate is converted into alpha-ketoglutarate, which is a citric acid cycle intermediate. The intermediates that can provide the carbon skeletons for amino acid synthesis are oxaloacetate which forms aspartate and asparagine; and alpha-ketoglutarate which forms glutamine, proline, and arginine.

text: The carbon skeletons of many

text: non-essential amino acids

text: are made from citric acid cycle intermediates. To turn them into amino acids the

text: alpha keto-acids

text: formed from the citric acid cycle intermediates have to acquire their amino groups from

text: glutamate

text: in a

text: transamination

text: reaction, in which

text: pyridoxal phosphate

text: is a cofactor. In this reaction the glutamate is converted into

text: alpha-ketoglutarate

text: , which is a citric acid cycle intermediate. The intermediates that can provide the carbon skeletons for amino acid synthesis are oxaloacetate which forms

text: aspartate

text: and

text: asparagine

text: ; and alpha-ketoglutarate which forms

text: glutamine

text: proline

text: , and

text: arginine

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: essential amino acids

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: study the origin of life

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: carbon skeletons

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: citric acid cycle intermediates

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: citric acid cycle intermediates

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Rabi's Molecular Beam Laboratory began to attract others, including Sidney Millman, a graduate student who studied lithium for his doctorate. Another was Jerrold Zacharias, who, believing that the sodium nucleus would be too difficult to understand, proposed studying the simplest of the elements, hydrogen. Its deuterium isotope had only recently been discovered at Columbia in 1931 by Urey, who received the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work. Urey was able to supply them with both heavy water and gaseous deuterium for their experiments. Despite its simplicity, Stern's group in Hamburg had observed that hydrogen did not behave as predicted. Urey also helped in another way; he gave Rabi half his prize money to fund the Molecular Beam Laboratory. Other scientists whose careers began at the Molecular Beam Laboratory included Norman Ramsey, Julian Schwinger, Jerome Kellogg and Polykarp Kusch. All were men; Rabi did not believe that women could be physicists. He never had a woman as a doctoral or postdoctoral student, and generally opposed women as candidates for faculty positions.

text: Rabi's Molecular Beam Laboratory began to attract others, including

text: Sidney Millman

text: , a graduate student who studied

text: lithium

text: for his doctorate. Another was

text: Jerrold Zacharias

text: , who, believing that the sodium nucleus would be too difficult to understand, proposed studying the simplest of the elements, hydrogen. Its

text: deuterium

text: isotope had only recently been discovered at Columbia in 1931 by Urey, who received the 1934

text: Nobel Prize in Chemistry

text: for this work. Urey was able to supply them with both

text: heavy water

text: and gaseous deuterium for their experiments. Despite its simplicity, Stern's group in Hamburg had observed that hydrogen did not behave as predicted. Urey also helped in another way; he gave Rabi half his prize money to fund the Molecular Beam Laboratory. Other scientists whose careers began at the Molecular Beam Laboratory included Norman Ramsey,

text: Julian Schwinger

text: Jerome Kellogg

text: and

text: Polykarp Kusch

text: . All were men; Rabi did not believe that women could be physicists. He never had a woman as a doctoral or postdoctoral student, and generally opposed women as candidates for faculty positions.

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answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: women

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: the sodium nucleus

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: nucleus

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: hydrogen did not behave as predicted

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Urey

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The simplest of the elements, hydrogen

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: nucleus

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Amino acids are the structural units (monomers) that make up proteins. They join together to form short polymer chains called peptides or longer chains called either polypeptides or proteins. These polymers are linear and unbranched, with each amino acid within the chain attached to two neighboring amino acids. The process of making proteins is called translation and involves the step-by-step addition of amino acids to a growing protein chain by a ribozyme that is called a ribosome. The order in which the amino acids are added is read through the genetic code from an mRNA template, which is a RNA copy of one of the organism's genes.

text: Amino acids are the structural units (monomers) that make up proteins. They join together to form short

text: polymer

text: chains called

text: peptide

text: s or longer chains called either

text: polypeptides

text: or

text: protein

text: s. These polymers are linear and unbranched, with each amino acid within the chain attached to two neighboring amino acids. The process of making proteins is called

text: translation

text: and involves the step-by-step addition of amino acids to a growing protein chain by a

text: ribozyme

text: that is called a

text: ribosome

text: . The order in which the amino acids are added is read through the

text: genetic code

text: from an

text: mRNA

text: template, which is a

text: RNA

text: copy of one of the organism's

text: gene

text: s.

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answers: 0

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answers: 5

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

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answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: RNA

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: mRNA template

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polymers are linear and unbranched

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The process of making proteins is called translation

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: mRNA template

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: make up proteins

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: mRNA template

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: polypeptides or proteins

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A characteristic of Homo sapiens is a prolonged childhood with a consequently extended dependency on adults.  This, according to Arieti, "is the basis of the psychodynamics of schizophrenia", a claim that also appears in later writers on child abuse such as Alice Miller and Colin Ross.  Arieti reviews the paper by Frieda Fromm-Reichmann about the  "schizophrenogenic" mother and reaches the tentative conclusion that only 25 percent of the mothers of people with schizophrenia in his clinical experience fit that image.  However, he adds that only in a minority of schizophrenia cases "the child is able to retain the good maternal image".  Arieti also mentions the work of Theodore Lidz, another trauma model author of schizophrenia.  Like Lidz, Arieti emphasizes the weakness of the father of the patient with schizophrenia in the paternal role.  In Arieti's own words:

text: A characteristic of

text: Homo sapiens

text: is a prolonged childhood with a consequently extended dependency on adults.  This, according to Arieti, "is the basis of the psychodynamics of schizophrenia", a claim that also appears in later writers on

text: child abuse

text: such as

text: Alice Miller

text: and Colin Ross.  Arieti reviews the paper by

text: Frieda Fromm-Reichmann

text: about the

text: "schizophrenogenic" mother

text: and reaches the tentative conclusion that only 25 percent of the mothers of people with schizophrenia in his clinical experience fit that image.  However, he adds that only in a minority of schizophrenia cases "the child is able to retain the good maternal image".  Arieti also mentions the work of

text: Theodore Lidz

text: , another

text: trauma model

text: author of schizophrenia.  Like Lidz, Arieti emphasizes the weakness of the father of the patient with schizophrenia in the paternal role.  In Arieti's own words:

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answers: 0

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/cd554b2fc216fbc036a0c22f54269db7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/8dfaeefa241aaa562f19689ed4cc6ab2

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: extended dependency on adults

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: "the child is able to retain the good maternal image"

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: "the child is able to retain the good maternal image".

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the "schizophrenogenic" mother

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Miller-Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Homo sapiens is a characteristic of Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are the basis of the psychodynamics

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: "the child is able to retain the good maternal image".

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Surfactin's structure consists of a peptide loop of seven amino acids (L-aspartic acid, L-leucine, glutamic acid, L-leucine, L-valine and two D-leucines), and a hydrophobic fatty acid chain thirteen to fifteen carbons long which allows it to penetrate cellular membranes. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid residues at positions 1 and 5 respectively, constituting a minor polar domain. On the opposite side, valine residue at position 4 extends down facing the fatty acid chain, making up a major hydrophobic domain. Below critical micellar concentrations (CMCs) the fatty acid tail can extend freely into solution, and then participate in hydrophobic interactions within micelles. This antibiotic is synthesized by a linear nonribosomal peptide synthetase, surfactin synthetase, and has, in solution, a characteristic "horse saddle" conformation that explains its large spectrum of biological activity.

text: Surfactin's structure consists of a

text: peptide

text: loop of seven

text: amino acids

text: (L-

text: aspartic acid

text: , L-

text: leucine

text: glutamic acid

text: , L-leucine, L-

text: valine

text: and two D-leucines), and a hydrophobic

text: fatty acid

text: chain thirteen to fifteen

text: carbon

text: s long which allows it to penetrate

text: cellular membranes

text: . Glutamic acid and aspartic acid residues at positions 1 and 5 respectively, constituting a minor polar domain. On the opposite side, valine residue at position 4 extends down facing the fatty acid chain, making up a major hydrophobic domain. Below critical

text: micella

text: r concentrations (CMCs) the fatty acid tail can extend freely into

text: solution

text: , and then participate in hydrophobic interactions within

text: micelles

text: . This antibiotic is synthesized by a linear

text: nonribosomal peptide

text: synthetase

text: surfactin synthetase

text: , and has, in solution, a characteristic "horse saddle"

text: conformation

text: that explains its large spectrum of biological activity.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: ribosomal

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: ribosome

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: Surfactin

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Below critical micellar concentrations (CMCs)

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: surfactin synthetase

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: "horse saddle"

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: biological activity

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: L-aspartic acid

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: peptide loop

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In addition to the relatively long life, Capsicum pubescens differs in many other characteristics from related species.

text: In addition to the relatively long life, Capsicum pubescens differs in many other characteristics from related species.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/8dfaeefa241aaa562f19689ed4cc6ab2

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: relatively long life

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: do not

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: relatively long life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: in many other characteristics

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: long life

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Capsicum

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Ideally, a solder paste should have, at minimum, a 4-hour stencil life. The stencil life is defined as a time period in which there will be no significant change in the solder paste material characteristics. A solder paste with a longer stencil life will be more robust in the printing process. Actual stencil life for a paste should be determined from the manufacturers' specifications and on-site verification.

text: Ideally, a solder paste should have, at minimum, a 4-hour stencil life. The stencil life is defined as a time period in which there will be no significant change in the solder paste material characteristics. A solder paste with a longer stencil life will be more robust in the printing process. Actual stencil life for a paste should be determined from the manufacturers' specifications and on-site verification.

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answers: 0

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answers: significant change

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: on-site verification

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: material characteristics

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: solder paste material characteristics

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: solder paste

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: on-site verification

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: change in the solder paste

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: solder paste

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: A March 2014 study by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory demonstrated a unique way to study the origins of life: fuel cells. Fuel cells are similar to biological cells in that electrons are also transferred to and from molecules. In both cases, this results in electricity and power. The study states that one important factor was that the Earth provides electrical energy at the seafloor. "This energy could have kick-started life and could have sustained life after it arose. Now, we have a way of testing different materials and environments that could have helped life arise not just on Earth, but possibly on Mars, Europa and other places in the Solar System."

text: A March 2014 study by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory demonstrated a unique way to study the origins of life: fuel cells. Fuel cells are similar to biological cells in that electrons are also transferred to and from molecules. In both cases, this results in electricity and power. The study states that one important factor was that the Earth provides electrical energy at the seafloor. "This energy could have kick-started life and could have sustained life after it arose. Now, we have a way of testing different materials and environments that could have helped life arise not just on Earth, but possibly on

text: Mars

text: Europa

text: and other places in the

text: Solar System

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answers: electrical energy

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answers: biological cells

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: molecules

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answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the origins of life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: This energy could have kick-started life and could have sustained life after it arose

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: life could have kick-started life and could have sustained life after it arose

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: proteins are important because they

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: at the seafloor

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: biological cells

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Cyanoacetylene is one of the molecules that was produced in the Miller–Urey experiment.

text: Cyanoacetylene is one of the molecules that was produced in the

text: Miller–Urey experiment

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: Cyanoacetylene

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Miller–Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Cyanoacetylene

answers: NDQ_003936

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answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Miller–Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: produce molecules

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Cyanoacetylene

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Cyanoacetylene

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: STOLI is any act, practice, or arrangement, at or prior to policy issuance, to initiate or facilitate the issuance of a life insurance policy for the intended benefit of a person who, at the time of policy origination, does not have an insurable interest in the life of the insured under the laws of the applicable state.  This includes an arrangement or other agreement to transfer the ownership of the policy or the policy benefits to another person. The main characteristic of a STOLI arrangement is that insurance is purchased as an investment vehicle, rather than to provide for the insured's beneficiaries.  STOLI arrangements also may be called "zero premium life insurance", "no cost to the insured plans", "new issue life settlements", "high-net-worth settlements", or "non-recourse premium finance transactions".

text: STOLI

text: is any act, practice, or arrangement, at or prior to policy issuance, to initiate or facilitate the issuance of a life insurance policy for the intended benefit of a person who, at the time of policy origination, does not have an

text: insurable interest

text: in the life of the insured under the laws of the applicable state.  This includes an arrangement or other agreement to transfer the ownership of the policy or the policy benefits to another person. The main characteristic of a STOLI arrangement is that insurance is purchased as an investment vehicle, rather than to provide for the insured's beneficiaries.  STOLI arrangements also may be called "zero premium life insurance", "no cost to the insured plans", "new issue life settlements", "high-net-worth settlements", or "non-recourse premium finance transactions".

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text: Each radioactive isotope has a characteristic decay time period—the half-life—that is determined by the amount of time needed for half of a sample to decay. This is an exponential decay process that steadily decreases the proportion of the remaining isotope by 50% every half-life. Hence after two half-lives have passed only 25% of the isotope is present, and so forth.

text: Each

text: radioactive isotope

text: has a characteristic decay time period—the

text: half-life

text: —that is determined by the amount of time needed for half of a sample to decay. This is an

text: exponential decay

text: process that steadily decreases the proportion of the remaining isotope by 50% every half-life. Hence after two half-lives have passed only 25% of the isotope is present, and so forth.

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text: There are several different mixes of the single, but the main version is simply known as "Colour My Life". Other versions are slight remixes of the single with "Colour my life (Part One)", "Colour My Life (Part Two)" and "Colour My Life (Original Mix)". The "Original Mix" appears on the Limited Release and on Northern Soul, but not on this single.

text: There are several different mixes of the single, but the main version is simply known as "Colour My Life". Other versions are slight remixes of the single with "Colour my life (Part One)", "Colour My Life (Part Two)" and "Colour My Life (Original Mix)". The "Original Mix" appears on the Limited Release and on Northern Soul, but not on this single.

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text: In the Bahá'í Faith, `Abdul-Bahá, the son of the founder of the religion, wrote about the origin of life. A fundamental part of `Abdul-Bahá's teachings on evolution is the belief that all life came from the same origin: "the origin of all material life is one..." He states that from this sole origin, the complete diversity of life was generated: "Consider the world of created beings, how varied and diverse they are in species, yet with one sole origin" He explains that a slow, gradual process led to the development of complex entities:

text: In the

text: Bahá'í Faith

text: `Abdul-Bahá

text: , the son of the founder of the religion, wrote about the origin of life. A fundamental part of `Abdul-Bahá's teachings on evolution is the belief that all life came from the

text: same origin

text: : "the origin of all material life is one..." He states that from this sole origin, the complete diversity of life was generated: "Consider the world of created beings, how varied and diverse they are in species, yet with one sole origin" He explains that a slow, gradual process led to the development of complex entities:

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answers: diversity

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Bahá' Faith

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: complex entities

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the complete diversity of life was generated

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Miller-Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: the origin of all material life is one

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: proteins are important because they

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: from this sole origin

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Cordyceps sinensis is an entomopathogenic fungi collected on the Tibetan Plateau. The immunosuppressant ciclosporin was originally isolated from Cordyceps subsessilis. The adenosine analog cordycepin was originally isolated from Cordyceps. Other Cordyceps isolates include, cordymin, cordycepsidone, and cordyheptapeptide. CS-4 is commercially sold as C. sinensis, but Cs-4 has recently been confirmed to be a different species from the Cordyceps species used in traditional Chinese medicine. CS-4 is properly known as Paecilomyces hepiali. Hirsutella sinensis is the accepted asexual form of C. sinensis.	 	Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) has been used as a source of Lentinan, AHCC, and eritadenine. In 1985 Japan approved lentinan as an adjuvant for gastric cancer. Studies there indicate prolonged survival and improved quality of life when gastric cancer patients with unresectable or recurrent diseases are treated with lentinan in combination with other chemotherapies.	Morchella esculenta (Morel) contains the amino acid, cis-3-amino-

text: Cordyceps sinensis

text: is an

text: entomopathogenic fungi

text: collected on the Tibetan Plateau. The immunosuppressant

text: ciclosporin

text: was originally isolated from Cordyceps subsessilis. The

text: adenosine

text: analog

text: cordycepin

text: was originally isolated from Cordyceps. Other Cordyceps isolates include, cordymin, cordycepsidone, and cordyheptapeptide. CS-4 is commercially sold as C. sinensis, but Cs-4 has recently been confirmed to be a different species from the Cordyceps species used in traditional Chinese medicine. CS-4 is properly known as Paecilomyces hepiali. Hirsutella sinensis is the accepted asexual form of C. sinensis.

text: Lentinula edodes

text: (Shiitake) has been used as a source of

text: Lentinan

text: AHCC

text: , and

text: eritadenine

text: . In 1985 Japan approved lentinan as an adjuvant for gastric cancer. Studies there indicate prolonged survival and improved quality of life when gastric cancer patients with unresectable or recurrent diseases are treated with lentinan in combination with other chemotherapies.

text: Morchella esculenta

text: (Morel) contains the

text: amino acid

text: , cis-3-amino-

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: entomopathogenic

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: study the origin of life

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: cis-3-amino

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: In 1985 Japan approved lentinan as an adjuvant for gastric cancer

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Morchella esculenta

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: cis-3-amino-

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Cordyceps sinensis

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Morchella esculenta

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Miller–Urey experiment and several following experiments have shown that with an atmosphere similar to that of Titan and the addition of UV radiation, complex molecules and polymer substances like tholins can be generated. The reaction starts with dissociation of nitrogen and methane, forming hydrogen cyanide and acetylene. Further reactions have been studied extensively.

text: The

text: Miller–Urey experiment

text: and several following experiments have shown that with an atmosphere similar to that of Titan and the addition of

text: UV radiation

text: , complex molecules and polymer substances like

text: tholin

text: s can be generated. The reaction starts with

text: dissociation

text: of

text: nitrogen

text: and methane, forming

text: hydrogen cyanide

text: and

text: acetylene

text: . Further reactions have been studied extensively.

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text: A 2012 study led by Armen Y. Mulkidjanian of Germany's University of Osnabrück, suggests that inland pools of condensed and cooled geothermal vapour have the ideal characteristics for the origin of life. Scientists confirmed in 2002 that by adding a montmorillonite clay to a solution of fatty acid micelles (lipid spheres), the clay sped up the rate of vesicles formation 100-fold.

text: A 2012 study led by Armen Y. Mulkidjanian of Germany's

text: University of Osnabrück

text: , suggests that inland pools of condensed and cooled geothermal vapour have the ideal characteristics for the origin of life. Scientists confirmed in 2002 that by adding a

text: montmorillonite

text: clay to a solution of fatty acid micelles (lipid spheres), the clay sped up the rate of vesicles formation 100-fold.

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text: However, it was reported in December 2005, that despite original plans for her to be written out of the series, Vicky Entwistle's contract was renewed. She goes to stay with Toyah in London in March 2006, but returns by April, telling Leanne that life in London was not any better than life in Weatherfield. She then helps Leanne as she discovers Mike Baldwin (Johnny Briggs)'s original will, that Leanne's boyfriend Danny does not know about.

text: However, it was reported in December 2005, that despite original plans for her to be written out of the series, Vicky Entwistle's contract was renewed. She goes to stay with Toyah in London in March 2006, but returns by April, telling Leanne that life in London was not any better than life in Weatherfield. She then helps Leanne as she discovers

text: Mike Baldwin

text: Johnny Briggs

text: )'s original will, that Leanne's boyfriend Danny does not know about.

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text: In 1931, Urey set out to find it. Urey and George Murphy calculated from the Balmer series that the heavy isotope should have lines redshifted by . Urey had access to a  grating spectrograph, a sensitive device that had been recently installed at Columbia and was capable of resolving the Balmer series. It had a resolution of 1 Å per millimetre, so on this machine, the difference was about 1 millimetre. However, since only one atom in 4,500 was heavy, the line on the spectrograph was very faint. Urey therefore decided to delay publishing their results until he had more conclusive evidence that it was heavy hydrogen.

text: In 1931, Urey set out to find it. Urey and

text: George Murphy

text: calculated from the

text: Balmer series

text: that the heavy isotope should have lines

text: redshift

text: ed by . Urey had access to a

text: grating

text: spectrograph

text: , a sensitive device that had been recently installed at Columbia and was capable of resolving the Balmer series. It had a resolution of 1 Å per millimetre, so on this machine, the difference was about 1 millimetre. However, since only one atom in 4,500 was heavy, the line on the spectrograph was very faint. Urey therefore decided to delay publishing their results until he had more conclusive evidence that it was heavy hydrogen.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Sánchez Cotán established the prototype of the Spanish still life, called a bodegón, composed mainly of vegetables. Characteristically, he depicts a few simple fruits or vegetables, some of which hang from a fine string at different levels while others sit on a ledge or window. The forms stand out with an almost geometric clarity against a dark background. This orchestration of still life in direct sunlight against impenetrable darkness is the hallmark of early Spanish still life painting. Each form is scrutinized with such intensity that the pictures take on a mystical quality, and the reality of things is intensified to a degree that no other seventeenth-century painter would surpass.

text: Sánchez Cotán established the prototype of the Spanish still life, called a

text: bodegón

text: , composed mainly of vegetables. Characteristically, he depicts a few simple fruits or vegetables, some of which hang from a fine string at different levels while others sit on a ledge or window. The forms stand out with an almost

text: geometric

text: clarity against a dark background. This orchestration of still life in direct sunlight against impenetrable darkness is the hallmark of early Spanish still life painting. Each form is scrutinized with such intensity that the pictures take on a mystical quality, and the reality of things is intensified to a degree that no other seventeenth-century painter would surpass.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The prehispanic period extends from the origin of the first settlers on the continent. During this long time men who inhabited Ocampo forged a culture with own identity and characteristics. The municipality of Ocampo was seat of men who bequeathed cultures and ways of life that were conditioned by geographical elements as well as influence form the great Mesoamerican cultures, particularly Teotihuacan and Toltec. These cultural samples had common characteristics to the cultures established in the Highlands, but the desert conditions barely allowed the development of groups semi nomadic hunters-gatherers.

text: The prehispanic period extends from the origin of the first settlers on the continent. During this long time men who inhabited Ocampo forged a culture with own identity and characteristics. The municipality of Ocampo was seat of men who bequeathed cultures and ways of life that were conditioned by geographical elements as well as influence form the great Mesoamerican cultures, particularly Teotihuacan and Toltec. These cultural samples had common characteristics to the cultures established in the Highlands, but the desert conditions barely allowed the development of groups semi nomadic hunters-gatherers.

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answer: 1

text: Since the characteristic function of a convolution is the product of the characteristic functions of the densities involved, the central limit theorem has yet another restatement: the product of the characteristic functions of a number of density functions becomes close to the characteristic function of the normal density as the number of density functions increases without bound, under the conditions stated above. However, to state this more precisely, an appropriate scaling factor needs to be applied to the argument of the characteristic function.

text: Since the

entity_name: Characteristic function (probability theory)

text: characteristic function

text: of a convolution is the product of the characteristic functions of the densities involved, the central limit theorem has yet another restatement: the product of the characteristic functions of a number of density functions becomes close to the characteristic function of the normal density as the number of density functions increases without bound, under the conditions stated above. However, to state this more precisely, an appropriate scaling factor needs to be applied to the argument of the characteristic function.

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answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/9b6bfc476fb317856fd280f2bb2fefb7

answers: 0

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: central limit theorem

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: a convolution

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the central limit theorem

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The central limit theorem

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: characteristic functions

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: densities

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Amino acids are made into proteins by being joined together in a chain of peptide bonds. Each different protein has a unique sequence of amino acid residues: this is its primary structure. Just as the letters of the alphabet can be combined to form an almost endless variety of words, amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins. Proteins are made from amino acids that have been activated by attachment to a transfer RNA molecule through an ester bond. This aminoacyl-tRNA precursor is produced in an ATP-dependent reaction carried out by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. This aminoacyl-tRNA is then a substrate for the ribosome, which joins the amino acid onto the elongating protein chain, using the sequence information in a messenger RNA.

text: Amino acids are made into proteins by being joined together in a chain of

text: peptide bond

text: s. Each different protein has a unique sequence of amino acid residues: this is its

text: primary structure

text: . Just as the letters of the alphabet can be combined to form an almost endless variety of words, amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins. Proteins are made from amino acids that have been activated by attachment to a

text: transfer RNA

text: molecule through an

text: ester

text: bond. This aminoacyl-tRNA precursor is produced in an

text: ATP

text: -dependent reaction carried out by an

text: aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

text: . This aminoacyl-tRNA is then a substrate for the

text: ribosome

text: , which joins the amino acid onto the elongating protein chain, using the sequence information in a

text: messenger RNA

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/6620e0080ef88e2271b1ee99acab191c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/190e86766dc1138031e175cedb3f2a3f

answers: 1

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/cd554b2fc216fbc036a0c22f54269db7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/8dfaeefa241aaa562f19689ed4cc6ab2

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: RNA

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: amino acids are joined together in a chain of peptide bonds

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: ATP

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: make a huge variety of proteins

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: aminoacyl-tRNA precursor

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Each different protein has a unique sequence

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text:
|- bgcolor="bbffbb"| 56| March 3| @ Cleveland| | Tracy Murray (29)| Doug Christie, Oliver Miller (5)| Doug Christie (6)| Gund Arena
18,409| 15-41|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 57| March 5| Detroit| | Sharone Wright (25)| Oliver Miller (8)| Damon Stoudamire (6)| SkyDome
22,968| 15-42|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 58| March 6| New York| | Sharone Wright (18)| Oliver Miller, Sharone Wright (8)| Damon Stoudamire (15)| SkyDome
21,998| 15-43|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 59| March 8| @ Miami| | Vincenzo Esposito (12)| Oliver Miller (10)| Damon Stoudamire (5)| Miami Arena
14,319| 15-44|- bgcolor="bbffbb"| 60| March 10| Dallas| | Damon Stoudamire (25)| Žan Tabak (14)| Damon Stoudamire (9)| SkyDome
21,873| 16-44|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 61| March 12| @ Philadelphia| | Tracy Murray (31)| Oliver Miller (11)| Doug Christie, Alvin Robertson (8)| CoreStates Spectrum
8,806| 16-45|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 62| March 15| @ Charlotte| | Oliver Miller, Damon Stoudamire, Sharone Wright (20)| Oliver Miller (10)| Damon Stoudamire (11)| Charlotte Coliseum
24,042| 16-46|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 63| March 17| @ Indiana| | Damon Stoudamire (23)| Tracy Murray (9)| Damon Stoudamire (12)| Market Square Arena
16,579| 16-47|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 64| March 18| Denver| | Tracy Murray (40)| Oliver Miller (9)| Damon Stoudamire (16)| SkyDome
20,324| 16-48|- bgcolor="bbffbb"| 65| March 20| Charlotte| | Carlos Rogers, Damon Stoudamire (24)| Oliver Miller (15)| Damon Stoudamire (10)| SkyDome
22,033| 17-48|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 66| March 22| San Antonio| | Tracy Murray (29)| Oliver Miller (12)| Damon Stoudamire (13)| SkyDome
25,964| 17-49|- bgcolor="bbffbb"| 67| March 24| Chicago| | Damon Stoudamire (30)| Oliver Miller, Tracy Murray (12)| Damon Stoudamire (11)| SkyDome
36,131| 18-49|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 68| March 26| Atlanta| | Tracy Murray, Damon Stoudamire (30)| Oliver Miller, Tracy Murray (9)| Damon Stoudamire (12)| SkyDome
21,473| 18-50|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 69| March 27| @ Philadelphia| | Žan Tabak (26)| Žan Tabak (11)| Alvin Robertson (6)| CoreStates Spectrum
7,411| 18-51|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 70| March 29| Orlando| | Damon Stoudamire (15)| Carlos Rogers (9)| Damon Stoudamire (5)| SkyDome
35,681| 18-52|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 71| March 31| L.A. Lakers| | Tracy Murray (32)| Tracy Murray (10)| Damon Stoudamire (15)| SkyDome
36,046| 18-53

text: |- bgcolor="bbffbb"| 56| March 3| @

text: Cleveland

text: Tracy Murray

text: Doug Christie

text: Oliver Miller

text: Doug Christie

text: Gund Arena

text: <br>18,409| 15-41|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 57| March 5|

text: Detroit

text: Sharone Wright

text: Oliver Miller

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: SkyDome

text: <br>22,968| 15-42|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 58| March 6|

text: New York

text: Sharone Wright

text: Oliver Miller

text: Sharone Wright

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: SkyDome

text: <br>21,998| 15-43|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 59| March 8| @

text: Miami

text: Vincenzo Esposito

text: Oliver Miller

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: Miami Arena

text: <br>14,319| 15-44|- bgcolor="bbffbb"| 60| March 10|

text: Dallas

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: Žan Tabak

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: SkyDome

text: <br>21,873| 16-44|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 61| March 12| @

text: Philadelphia

text: Tracy Murray

text: Oliver Miller

text: Doug Christie

text: Alvin Robertson

text: CoreStates Spectrum

text: <br>8,806| 16-45|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 62| March 15| @

text: Charlotte

text: Oliver Miller

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: Sharone Wright

text: Oliver Miller

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: Charlotte Coliseum

text: <br>24,042| 16-46|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 63| March 17| @

text: Indiana

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: Tracy Murray

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: Market Square Arena

text: <br>16,579| 16-47|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 64| March 18|

text: Denver

text: Tracy Murray

text: Oliver Miller

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: SkyDome

text: <br>20,324| 16-48|- bgcolor="bbffbb"| 65| March 20|

text: Charlotte

text: Carlos Rogers

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: Oliver Miller

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: SkyDome

text: <br>22,033| 17-48|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 66| March 22|

text: San Antonio

text: Tracy Murray

text: Oliver Miller

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: SkyDome

text: <br>25,964| 17-49|- bgcolor="bbffbb"| 67| March 24|

text: Chicago

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: Oliver Miller

text: Tracy Murray

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: SkyDome

text: <br>36,131| 18-49|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 68| March 26|

text: Atlanta

text: Tracy Murray

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: Oliver Miller

text: Tracy Murray

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: SkyDome

text: <br>21,473| 18-50|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 69| March 27| @

text: Philadelphia

text: Žan Tabak

text: Žan Tabak

text: Alvin Robertson

text: CoreStates Spectrum

text: <br>7,411| 18-51|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 70| March 29|

text: Orlando

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: Carlos Rogers

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: SkyDome

text: <br>35,681| 18-52|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 71| March 31|

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Tracy Murray

text: Tracy Murray

text: Damon Stoudamire

text: SkyDome

text: <br>36,046| 18-53

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0978/26696e814430023301b6b20eefabfbfc

answers: 0

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/9b6bfc476fb317856fd280f2bb2fefb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/993093d4f00c21a874fb86f522406efe

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/190e86766dc1138031e175cedb3f2a3f

answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/cd554b2fc216fbc036a0c22f54269db7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/8dfaeefa241aaa562f19689ed4cc6ab2

answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: an Tabak

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: an Tabak

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: Murray (31)| Oliver Miller (11)| Doug Christie

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Stoudamire (25)|  an Tabak (14)| Damon Stoudamire (9)| Charlotte Coliseum br>24,042| 16-46|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 63

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Oliver Miller (10)| Damon Stoudamire (11)| Charlotte Coliseum br>24,042| 16-46|- bgcolor="ffcccc"|

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: an Tabak

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: Stoudamire (9)| Charlotte Coliseum br>24,042| 16-46|- bgcolor="ffcccc"| 63

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: an Tabak

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Damon Stoudamire

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Over imperfect fields of characteristic 2 and 3 there are some extra exotic pseudo-reductive groups coming from the existence of exceptional isogenies between groups of types B and C in characteristic 2, between groups of type F₄ in characteristic 2, and between groups of type G₂ in characteristic 3, using a construction analogous to that of the Ree groups.  Moreover, in characteristic 2 there are additional possibilities arising not from exceptional isogenies but rather from the fact that for simply connected type C (I.e., symplectic groups) there are roots that are divisible (by 2) in the weight lattice; this gives rise to examples whose root system (over a separable closure of the ground field) is non-reduced; such examples exist with a split maximal torus and an irreducible non-reduced root system of any positive rank.  The classification in characteristic 3 is as complete as in larger characteristics, but in characteristic 2 the classification provided in the published literature is complete only when [k:k^2]=2 (due to complications caused by the examples with a non-reduced root system, as well as phenomena related to certain regular degenerate quadratic forms that can only exist when  [k:k^2]>2).  Subsequent work of , building on additional material included in the second edition of  , completes the classification in characteristic 2 (up to a controlled central extension) by providing an exhaustive array of additional constructions that only exist when  [k:k^2]>2 , ultimately resting on a notion of special orthogonal group attached to regular but degenerate and not fully defective quadratic spaces in characteristic 2.

text: Over imperfect fields of characteristic 2 and 3 there are some extra exotic pseudo-reductive groups coming from the existence of exceptional isogenies between groups of types B and C in characteristic 2, between groups of type F₄ in characteristic 2, and between groups of type G₂ in characteristic 3, using a construction analogous to that of the

text: Ree group

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answers: NDQ_003938

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answers: imperfect fields

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: non-reduced

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: reductive groups

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the existence of exceptional isogenies

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: symplectic groups

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: symplectic groups

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Ree groups

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: a primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Ingested proteins are usually broken up into single amino acids or dipeptides in the small intestine, and then absorbed. They can then be joined to make new proteins. Intermediate products of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway can be used to make all twenty amino acids, and most bacteria and plants possess all the necessary enzymes to synthesize them. Humans and other mammals, however, can synthesize only half of them. They cannot synthesize isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. These are the essential amino acids, since it is essential to ingest them. Mammals do possess the enzymes to synthesize alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine, the nonessential amino acids. While they can synthesize arginine and histidine, they cannot produce it in sufficient amounts for young, growing animals, and so these are often considered essential amino acids.

text: Ingested proteins are usually broken up into single amino acids or dipeptides in the

text: small intestine

text: , and then absorbed. They can then be joined to make new proteins. Intermediate products of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the

text: pentose phosphate pathway

text: can be used to make all twenty amino acids, and most bacteria and plants possess all the necessary enzymes to synthesize them. Humans and other mammals, however, can synthesize only half of them. They cannot synthesize

text: isoleucine

text: leucine

text: lysine

text: methionine

text: phenylalanine

text: threonine

text: tryptophan

text: , and valine. These are the

text: essential amino acid

text: s, since it is essential to ingest them. Mammals do possess the enzymes to synthesize

text: alanine

text: asparagine

text: aspartate

text: cysteine

text: glutamate

text: glutamine

text: glycine

text: proline

text: serine

text: , and

text: tyrosine

text: , the nonessential amino acids. While they can synthesize

text: arginine

text: and

text: histidine

text: , they cannot produce it in sufficient amounts for young, growing animals, and so these are often considered essential amino acids.

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: essential amino acids

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: synthesize

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: dipeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Humans and other mammals, however, can synthesize only half of them

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: intermediate products of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: bacteria and plants

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: essential amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: bacteria and plants

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Intersex persons experience discrimination due to innate, atypical sex characteristics. Multiple jurisdictions now protect individuals on grounds of intersex status or sex characteristics. South Africa was the first country to explicitly add intersex to legislation, as part of the attribute of 'sex'. Australia was the first country to add an independent attribute, of 'intersex status'. Malta was the first to adopt a broader framework of 'sex characteristics', through legislation that also ended modifications to the sex characteristics of minors undertaken for social and cultural reasons.

text: Intersex

text: persons experience

text: discrimination

text: due to innate, atypical

text: sex characteristics

text: . Multiple jurisdictions now protect individuals on grounds of intersex status or

text: sex characteristics

text: . South Africa was the first country to explicitly add intersex to legislation, as part of the attribute of 'sex'. Australia was the first country to add an independent attribute, of 'intersex status'. Malta was the first to adopt a broader framework of 'sex characteristics', through legislation that also ended modifications to the sex characteristics of minors undertaken for social and cultural reasons.

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answers: sex

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answers: sex characteristics

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: sex characteristics

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Multiple jurisdictions now protect individuals on grounds of intersex status

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: intersex status

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: innate

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: innate

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: intersex

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Consideration of Attachment theory:The VSA model considers how stable personal characteristics can elicit the experience of stressful life events and can affect couples’ ability to adapt to the marital difficulties these stressors breed.

text: Consideration of

text: Attachment theory

text: :The VSA model considers how stable personal characteristics can elicit the experience of stressful life events and can affect couples’ ability to adapt to the marital difficulties these stressors breed.

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answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: NDQ_003934

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answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Attachment theory

answers: NDQ_003936

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answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The VSA model

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: elicit the experience

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: stressors

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answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Adler refused to limit psychology to analysis, making the important point that aspirations look forward and do not limit themselves to unconscious drives or to childhood experiences.He also originated the concepts of lifestyle (1929—he defined "lifestyle" as an individual's characteristic approach to life, in facing problems) and of self image, a concept that influenced management under the heading of work-life balance.

text: Adler refused to limit psychology to analysis, making the important point that aspirations look forward and do not limit themselves to unconscious drives or to childhood experiences.He also originated the concepts of

text: lifestyle

text: (1929—he defined "lifestyle" as an individual's characteristic approach to life, in facing problems) and of

text: self image

text: , a concept that influenced management under the heading of

text: work-life balance

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answers: aspirations look forward

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answers: to unconscious drives or to childhood experiences

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: drives

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptide

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answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

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answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: primary protein

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Given the non-random genetic triplet coding scheme, it has been suggested that a tenable hypothesis for the origin of genetic code should address multiple aspects of the codon table such as absence of codons for D-amino acids, secondary codon patterns for some amino acids, confinement of synonymous positions to third position, a limited set of only 20 amino acids instead of a number closer to 64, and the relation of stop codon patterns to amino acid coding patterns.

text: Given the non-random genetic triplet coding scheme, it has been suggested that a tenable hypothesis for the origin of genetic code should address multiple aspects of the codon table such as absence of codons for D-amino acids, secondary codon patterns for some amino acids, confinement of synonymous positions to third position, a limited set of only 20 amino acids instead of a number closer to 64, and the relation of stop codon patterns to amino acid coding patterns.

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answers: random

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answers: random

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answers: genetic code

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answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the origin of genetic code

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Miller-Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Given the non-random genetic triplet coding scheme

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: genetic code

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In Christianity, Life is reduced to its internal reality, which is absolutely subjective and radically immanent. Considered in its phenomenological reality, Life is quite simply the faculty and the subjective ability to feel sensations, small pleasures or great hurts, to experience desires and feelings, to move our bodies from within by exerting subjective effort, or even to think. All such faculties possess the fundamental characteristic of appearing and manifesting themselves in themselves, with no gap or distance; we do not perceive them from outside our being or as present to our gaze, but only in us: we coincide with each of these abilities. Life is in itself the power of manifestation and revelation, and what it manifests is itself, in its feeling self-revelation — it is a power of revelation which is perpetually at work within us and which we continually forget.

text: In Christianity, Life is reduced to its internal reality, which is absolutely subjective and radically immanent. Considered in its phenomenological reality, Life is quite simply the faculty and the subjective ability to feel sensations, small pleasures or great hurts, to experience desires and feelings, to move our bodies from within by exerting subjective effort, or even to think. All such faculties possess the fundamental characteristic of appearing and manifesting themselves in themselves, with no gap or distance; we do not perceive them from outside our being or as present to our gaze, but only in us: we coincide with each of these abilities. Life is in itself the power of manifestation and revelation, and what it manifests is itself, in its feeling self-revelation — it is a power of revelation which is perpetually at work within us and which we continually forget.

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answers: Life is in itself the power of manifestation and revelation, and what it manifests is itself, in its feeling self-revelation

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: immanent

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: move our bodies

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in themselves

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Astrobiology is an interdisciplinary field that uses a combination of geobiological and planetary science data to establish a context for the search for life on other planets. The origin of life from non-living chemistry and geology, or abiogenesis, is a major topic in astrobiology. Even though it is fundamentally an earth-bound concern, and therefore of great geobiological interest, getting at the origin of life necessitates considering what life requires, what, if anything, is special about Earth, what might have changed to allow life to blossom, what constitutes evidence for life, and even what constitutes life itself. These are the same questions that scientists might ask when searching for alien life. In addition, astrobiologists research the possibility of life based on other metabolisms and elements, the survivability of Earth’s organisms on other planets or spacecrafts, planetary and solar system evolution, and space geochemistry.

text: Astrobiology

text: is an interdisciplinary field that uses a combination of geobiological and

text: planetary science

text: data to establish a context for the search for life on other

text: planet

text: s. The origin of life from non-living chemistry and geology, or

text: abiogenesis

text: , is a major topic in astrobiology. Even though it is fundamentally an earth-bound concern, and therefore of great geobiological interest, getting at the origin of life necessitates considering what life requires, what, if anything, is special about Earth, what might have changed to allow life to blossom, what constitutes evidence for life, and even what constitutes life itself. These are the same questions that scientists might ask when searching for alien life. In addition, astrobiologists research the possibility of life based on other metabolisms and elements, the survivability of Earth’s organisms on other planets or spacecrafts, planetary and solar system evolution, and space geochemistry.

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answers: non-living

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answers: searching for alien life

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answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the possibility of life on other planets or spacecrafts

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: abiogenesis

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: proteins are important because they

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: non-living

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The film received generally negative reviews, but Sienna Miller's performance as Edie Sedgwick was met with critical acclaim. Johnny Vaughan from Sun Online concluded that "It's Sienna Miller's star that shines brightest in this heartbreaking cautionary tale." Empire magazine described Factory Girl as "A brave bid to recreate a modern American tragedy, with a revelatory turn by its lead actress." Richard Roeper said "I think Sienna Miller does a really nice job of capturing Edie Sedgwick, who really was the fore-runner to Paris Hilton and a lot of other people who are just famous for being famous." Mick LaSalle from San Francisco Chronicle said "Miller gets old and used up before our eyes, and we not only see it, we see what it means to experience it. This is a movie about power, and its spectacle is that of a woman losing all of it." Stella Papamichael wrote for the BBC: "In all it's an unconvincing portrait, and as the Dylan clone says, "Empty, like one of those cans of soup...". The film also considered a Box office bomb.Trevor Johnston for Time Out wrote "One wonders whether the documentary format would have better served the material than this ill-focused drama. Since real-life family and observers chime in over the end credits, perhaps the filmmakers were thinking the same thing." In The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw gave the film two out of five stars and said; "Edie Sedgwick's story is sad, but never appears important or interesting." The film currently holds 19% "rotten" rating at Rotten Tomatoes.

text: The film received generally negative reviews, but Sienna Miller's performance as Edie Sedgwick was met with critical acclaim. Johnny Vaughan from Sun Online concluded that "It's Sienna Miller's star that shines brightest in this heartbreaking cautionary tale."

text: Empire

text: magazine described Factory Girl as "A brave bid to recreate a modern American tragedy, with a revelatory turn by its lead actress."

text: Richard Roeper

text: said "I think Sienna Miller does a really nice job of capturing Edie Sedgwick, who really was the fore-runner to

text: Paris Hilton

text: and a lot of other people who are just famous for being famous."

text: Mick LaSalle

text: from

text: San Francisco Chronicle

text: said "Miller gets old and used up before our eyes, and we not only see it, we see what it means to experience it. This is a movie about power, and its spectacle is that of a woman losing all of it." Stella Papamichael wrote for the

text: BBC

text: : "In all it's an unconvincing portrait, and as the Dylan clone says, "Empty, like one of those cans of soup...". The film also considered a

text: Box office bomb

text: .Trevor Johnston for

text: Time Out

text: wrote "One wonders whether the documentary format would have better served the material than this ill-focused drama. Since real-life family and observers chime in over the end credits, perhaps the filmmakers were thinking the same thing." In

text: The Guardian

text: , Peter Bradshaw gave the film two out of five stars and said; "Edie Sedgwick's story is sad, but never appears important or interesting." The film currently holds 19% "rotten" rating at

text: Rotten Tomatoes

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: famous for being famous

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: do not

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Dylan clone

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The film received generally negative reviews

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: Proteins are important because they

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Edie Sedgwick

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Any characteristic in the physical world can adopt one out of a set of values. Quantification of a characteristic may have several meanings; however, according to the Free Dictionary it is used for  "the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule". Accordingly, quantification of a characteristic means that the set of values of the characteristic is mapped on a suitable set of numbers. In other words, a characteristic is represented by a variable. The rules take care that all the relations like order, distance or a natural zero among the values of the characteristic are preserved within the obtained set of real numbers. An appropriate quantification necessitates therefore that the relations and hence the nature of the characteristic are sufficiently well understood. In physics metric characteristics are of interest and quantification of a metric characteristic is obtained by selecting, for example, the values which are mapped on the real numbers 0 and 1, where the letter is called unit with a particular name like meter, mass or second.

text: Any characteristic in the physical world can adopt one out of a set of values. Quantification of a characteristic may have several meanings; however, according to the Free Dictionary it is used for  "the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule". Accordingly, quantification of a characteristic means that the set of values of the characteristic is mapped on a suitable set of numbers. In other words, a characteristic is represented by a

text: variable

text: . The rules take care that all the relations like order, distance or a natural zero among the values of the characteristic are preserved within the obtained set of real numbers. An appropriate quantification necessitates therefore that the relations and hence the nature of the characteristic are sufficiently well understood. In physics metric characteristics are of interest and quantification of a metric characteristic is obtained by selecting, for example, the values which are mapped on the real numbers 0 and 1, where the letter is called unit with a particular name like meter, mass or second.

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: metric

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Quantification of a characteristic

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Quantification of a characteristic

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Quantification of a characteristic

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: In physics

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: order, distance or a natural zero

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in the physical world

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: In other words, a characteristic is represented by a variable

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: exceeds the mantle solidus so that the entire mantle melts.  Using the geochemically preferred Urey ratio of

text: exceeds the mantle solidus so that the entire mantle melts.  Using the geochemically preferred Urey ratio of

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answers: 0

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/cd554b2fc216fbc036a0c22f54269db7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/8dfaeefa241aaa562f19689ed4cc6ab2

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: melts

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: melts

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Urey ratio

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Urey ratio

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Urey ratio

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: melts

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Urey ratio

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: pK values of amino acid side chains play an important role in defining the pH-dependent characteristics of a protein. The pH-dependence of the activity displayed by enzymes and the pH-dependence of protein stability, for example, are properties that are determined by the pK values of amino acid side chains.

text: pK values

text: of amino acid

text: side chain

text: s play an important role in defining the pH-dependent characteristics of a protein. The pH-dependence of the activity displayed by

text: enzyme

text: s and the pH-dependence of

text: protein stability

text: , for example, are properties that are determined by the pK values of amino acid side chains.

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text: The Good Lives Model (GLM), first proposed by Ward and Stewart and further developed by Ward and colleagues, is a strengths-based approach to offender rehabilitation. It is a strength-based rehabilitation theory because it is responsive to offenders' particular interests, abilities, and aspirations. It also directs practitioners to explicitly construct intervention plans that help offenders to acquire the capabilities to achieve the things that are personally meaningful to them. It assumes that all individuals have similar aspirations and needs and that one of the primary responsibilities of parents, teachers, and the broader community is to help each of us acquire the tools required to make our own way in the world. Criminal behavior results when individuals lack the internal and external resources necessary to satisfy their values using pro-social means, or where a single aspiration or need is valued exclusively over all other aspirations or needs. In other words, criminal behavior represents a maladaptive attempt to meet life values, or a singular focus on one specific life value. Thus, offenders, like all humans, value certain states of mind, personal characteristics, and experiences, which are defined in the GLM as primary goods. Following an extensive review of psychological, social, biological, and anthropological research, Ward and colleagues proposed eleven classes of primary goods: (1) life (including healthy living and functioning), (2) knowledge, (3) excellence in play, (4) excellence in work (including mastery experiences), (5) excellence in agency (i.e., autonomy and self-directedness), (6) inner peace (i.e., freedom from emotional turmoil and stress), (7) friendship (including intimate, romantic, and family relationships), (8) community, (9) spirituality (in the broad sense of finding meaning and purpose in life), (10) happiness, and (11) creativity. Whilst it is assumed that all humans seek out all the primary goods to some degree, the weightings or priorities given to specific primary goods reflect an offender's values and life priorities. Moreover, the existence of a number of practical identities, based on, for example, family roles (e.g., parent), work (e.g., psychologist), and leisure (e.g., rugby player) mean that an individual might draw on different value sources in different contexts, depending on the normative values underpinning each practical identity. Instrumental goods, or secondary goods, provide concrete means of securing primary goods and take the form of approach goals. For example, completing an apprenticeship might satisfy the primary goods of knowledge and excellence in work, whereas joining an adult sports team or cultural club might satisfy the primary good of friendship. Such activities are incompatible with dynamic risk factors, meaning that avoidance goals are indirectly targeted through the GLM's focus on approach goals. Rehabilitation endeavors should therefore equip offenders with the knowledge, skills, opportunities, and resources necessary to satisfy their life values in ways that don't harm others. Inherent in its focus on an offender's life values, the GLM places a strong emphasis on offender agency. That is, offenders, like the rest of us, actively seek to satisfy their life values through whatever means available to them. The GLM's dual attention to an offender's internal values and life priorities and external factors such as resources and opportunities give it practical utility in desistance-oriented interventions.

text: The Good Lives Model (GLM), first proposed by Ward and Stewart and further developed by Ward and colleagues, is a strengths-based approach to offender

text: rehabilitation

text: psychological

text: , social, biological, and

text: anthropological

text: research, Ward and colleagues proposed eleven classes of primary goods: (1)

text: life

text: (including healthy living and functioning), (2)

text: knowledge

text: , (3) excellence in play, (4) excellence in work (including mastery experiences), (5) excellence in agency (i.e., autonomy and self-directedness), (6) inner peace (i.e., freedom from emotional turmoil and stress), (7)

text: friendship

text: (including intimate, romantic, and

text: family

text: relationships), (8)

text: community

text: , (9) spirituality (in the broad sense of finding meaning and purpose in life), (10)

text: happiness

text: , and (11)

text: creativity

text: . Whilst it is assumed that all humans seek out all the primary goods to some degree, the weightings or priorities given to specific primary goods reflect an offender's values and life priorities. Moreover, the existence of a number of practical identities, based on, for example, family roles (e.g., parent), work (e.g., psychologist), and leisure (e.g., rugby player) mean that an individual might draw on different value sources in different contexts, depending on the normative values underpinning each practical identity. Instrumental goods, or secondary goods, provide concrete means of securing primary goods and take the form of approach goals. For example, completing an apprenticeship might satisfy the primary goods of

text: knowledge

text: and excellence in work, whereas joining an adult sports team or cultural club might satisfy the primary good of friendship. Such activities are incompatible with dynamic risk factors, meaning that avoidance goals are indirectly targeted through the GLM's focus on approach goals.

text: Rehabilitation

text: endeavors should therefore equip offenders with the knowledge,

text: skill

text: s, opportunities, and resources necessary to satisfy their life values in ways that don't harm others. Inherent in its focus on an offender's life values, the GLM places a strong emphasis on offender agency. That is, offenders, like the rest of us, actively seek to satisfy their life values through whatever means available to them. The GLM's dual attention to an offender's internal values and life priorities and external factors such as resources and opportunities give it practical utility in desistance-oriented interventions.

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text: Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet's or a natural satellite's potential to have habitable environments hospitable to life.   Habitable environments do not need to contain life. Life may develop directly on a planet or satellite or be transferred to it from another body, a hypothetical process known as panspermia. As the existence of life beyond Earth is unknown, planetary habitability is largely an extrapolation of conditions on Earth and the characteristics of the Sun and Solar System which appear favorable to life's flourishing—in particular those factors that have sustained complex, multicellular organisms and not just simpler, unicellular creatures. Research and theory in this regard is a component of planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology.

text: Planetary habitability is the measure of a

text: planet

text: 's or a

text: natural satellite

text: 's potential to have habitable environments hospitable to

text: life

text: .   Habitable environments do not need to contain life. Life may

text: develop directly

text: on a planet or satellite or be transferred to it from another body, a hypothetical process known as

text: panspermia

text: . As the existence of

text: life beyond Earth

text: is unknown, planetary habitability is largely an

text: extrapolation

text: of conditions on Earth and the characteristics of the

text: Sun

text: and

text: Solar System

text: which appear favorable to life's flourishing—in particular those factors that have sustained complex,

text: multicellular

text: organisms and not just simpler,

text: unicellular

text: creatures. Research and theory in this regard is a component of

text: planetary science

text: and the emerging discipline of

text: astrobiology

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: unicellular creatures

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: the existence of life beyond Earth

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: multicellular organisms

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Habitable environments do not need to contain life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Life may develop directly on a planet or satellite

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: multicellular organisms

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: multicellular organisms

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: For detailed breakdowns of the characteristics of altitudinal zones found on different mountains, see List of life zones by region.

text: For detailed breakdowns of the characteristics of altitudinal zones found on different mountains, see

text: List of life zones by region

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answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: altitudinal

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: list of life zones

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: life

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: List of life zones by region

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: List of life zones by region

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Life on earth originated once

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: provide energy for cells

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: on different mountains

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: List of life zones

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post-translational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.

text: A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a

text: polypeptide

text: . A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called

text: peptide

text: s, or sometimes

text: oligopeptide

text: s. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by

text: peptide bond

text: s and adjacent amino acid residues. The

text: sequence

text: of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the

text: sequence

text: of a

text: gene

text: , which is encoded in the

text: genetic code

text: . In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include

text: selenocysteine

text: and—in certain

text: archaea

text: pyrrolysine

text: . Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by

text: post-translational modification

text: , which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called

text: prosthetic group

text: s or

text: cofactor

text: s. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable

text: protein complex

text: es.

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: A linear chain of amino acid residues

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: archaea

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Archaea

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: work together to achieve a particular function

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: archaea

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: polypeptide

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The process of coacervation was famously proposed by Alexander Oparin and J. B. S. Haldane as crucial in his early theory of abiogenesis (origin of life/ proiskhozhdenie zhizni). This theory proposes that metabolism predated information replication, although the discussion as to whether metabolism or molecules capable of Template replication came first in the origins of life remains open and for decades the theory of Oparin and Haldane was the leading approach to the origin of life question.

text: The process of coacervation was famously proposed by

text: Alexander Oparin

text: and

text: J. B. S. Haldane

text: as crucial in his early theory of

text: abiogenesis

text: (origin of life/ proiskhozhdenie zhizni). This theory proposes that

text: metabolism

text: predated information replication, although the discussion as to whether

text: metabolism

text: or molecules capable of

text: Template replication

text: came first in the origins of life remains open and for decades the theory of Oparin and Haldane was the leading approach to the origin of life question.

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answers: metabolism

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: metabolism or molecules capable of Template replication

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: metabolism predated information replication

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

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answers: abiogenesis

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: Template replication

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: abiogenesis

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Template replication

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Holsøe's paintings include landscapes, still lifes and flowers, but like Hammershøi he primarily painted domestic interior scenes; they undoubtedly influenced each other, but it is impossible to know who first gravitated towards this subject. It was in general increasingly popular among Danish painters as the country became more industrial, with implications of refuge and restoration from professional life and the city. Holsøe's works have come to be overshadowed by Hammershøi's: his coloration is less subtle and although there are characteristically one or sometimes a small group of figures, Holsøe's work is less innovative and unemotional by comparison with Hammershøi's expressionism. In his mastery of form and enjoyment of the beauty of things—characteristically high-ceilinged rooms with mahogany furniture—he has been compared to the Dutch masters. His paintings have been forged (with difficulty).

text: Holsøe's paintings include landscapes, still lifes and flowers, but like Hammershøi he primarily painted domestic interior scenes; they undoubtedly influenced each other, but it is impossible to know who first gravitated towards this subject. It was in general increasingly popular among Danish painters as the country became more industrial, with implications of refuge and restoration from professional life and the city. Holsøe's works have come to be overshadowed by Hammershøi's: his coloration is less subtle and although there are characteristically one or sometimes a small group of figures, Holsøe's work is less innovative and unemotional by comparison with Hammershøi's

text: expressionism

text: . In his mastery of form and enjoyment of the beauty of things—characteristically high-ceilinged rooms with mahogany furniture—he has been compared to the Dutch masters. His paintings have been forged (with difficulty).

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answers: professional

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: it is impossible to know

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: it is impossible to know who first gravitated towards this subject

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: electrical sparks

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: impossible to know

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: proteins are important because they

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Soil is not only a support for vegetation, but it is also the zone beneath our feet (the pedosphere) of numerous interactions between climate (water, air, temperature), soil life (micro-organisms, plants, animals) and its residues,  the mineral material of the original and added rock, and its position in the landscape. During its formation and genesis, the soil profile slowly deepens and develops characteristic layers, called 'horizons', while a steady state balance is approached.

text: Soil

text: is not only a support for vegetation, but it is also the zone beneath our feet (the

text: pedosphere

text: ) of numerous interactions between

text: climate

text: (water, air, temperature),

text: soil life

text: (micro-organisms, plants, animals) and its residues,  the

text: mineral

text: material of the original and added

text: rock

text: , and its position in the landscape. During its formation and genesis, the

text: soil profile

text: slowly deepens and develops characteristic layers, called 'horizons', while a steady state balance is approached.

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answers: a steady state balance

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: formation and genesis

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answers: NDQ_003936

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answers: During its formation and genesis

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: interact with each other

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Soil

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck had originally proposed a theory on the transmutation of species that was largely based on a progressive drive toward greater complexity. Lamarck also believed, as did many others at the time, that characteristics acquired during the course of an organism's life could be inherited by the next generation, and he saw this as a secondary evolutionary mechanism that produced adaptation to the environment. Typically, such characteristics included changes caused by the use or disuse of a particular organ. It was this mechanism of evolutionary adaptation through the inheritance of acquired characteristics that much later came to be known as Lamarckism. Although Alfred Russel Wallace completely rejected the concept in favor of natural selection, Charles Darwin always included what he called Effects of the increased Use and Disuse of Parts, as controlled by Natural Selection in On the Origin of Species, giving examples such as large ground feeding birds getting stronger legs through exercise, and weaker wings from not flying until, like the ostrich, they could not fly at all.

text: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

text: had originally proposed a theory on the

text: transmutation of species

text: that was largely based on a progressive drive toward greater complexity. Lamarck also believed, as did many others at the time, that characteristics acquired during the course of an organism's life could be inherited by the next generation, and he saw this as a secondary evolutionary mechanism that produced adaptation to the environment. Typically, such characteristics included changes caused by the use or disuse of a particular

text: organ

text: . It was this mechanism of evolutionary adaptation through the inheritance of acquired characteristics that much later came to be known as

text: Lamarckism

text: . Although

text: Alfred Russel Wallace

text: completely rejected the concept in favor of natural selection,

text: Charles Darwin

text: always included what he called Effects of the increased Use and Disuse of Parts, as controlled by Natural Selection in

text: On the Origin of Species

text: , giving examples such as large ground feeding birds getting stronger legs through exercise, and weaker wings from not flying until, like the

text: ostrich

text: , they could not fly at all.

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answers: no

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answers: use or disuse of a particular organ

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The essential building blocks of life (amino acids and key sugars-ribose and deoxyribose) can exist in one of two forms-L or D. However life has evolved such that the vast majority of amino acids are L and the sugars are D. If the amino acids and sugars present in life were racemic (consisting of both L and D), then proteins, DNA, and RNA would not adopt a well defined conformation, resulting in a loss of function. The question of how this preference first occurred has puzzled scientists for years-and while several theories have been proposed; there is still no clear answer. There is growing evidence that the chiral preference came from outer space as scientists discovered α-methyl amino acids inside the Murchison meteorite that have a slight enantiomeric excess (ee) for the L conformation. These α-methyl amino acids are believed to be from outer space as a result of their high abundance of 13C and deuterium. Furthermore, α-methyl amino acids are generally not present in terrestrial chemistry. A common critique is that these amino acids would not be able to tolerate the high temperatures upon entering earth’s atmosphere as the meteorite crashed into the planet. However, the amino acids have been found inside the meteorite, with the meteorite acting as an insulator. Unlike regular amino acids, α-methyl amino acids are not capable of racemizing by enolization on an evolutionary time scale, shown below.

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answers: L or D

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answers: there is still no clear answer

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answers: The essential building blocks of life

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answers: life has evolved such that the vast majority of amino acids are L and the sugars are D

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answers: Yes

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answers: no clear answer

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answers: a loss of function

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answers: from outer space

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answers: essential building blocks of life

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Oparin/Urey Medal honours important contributions to the field of origins of life. The medal is awarded by the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life (ISSOL). The award was originally named for Alexander Ivanovich Oparin, one of the pioneers in researching the origins of life. In 1993, the Society decided to alternate the name of the award so as to also honour the memory of Harold C. Urey, one of the first to propose the study of cosmochemistry.

text: The Oparin/Urey Medal honours important contributions to the field of

text: origins of life

text: . The medal is awarded by the

text: International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life

text: ISSOL

text: ). The award was originally named for

text: Alexander Ivanovich Oparin

text: , one of the pioneers in researching the origins of life. In 1993, the Society decided to alternate the name of the award so as to also honour the memory of

text: Harold C. Urey

text: , one of the first to propose the study of

text: cosmochemistry

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answers: proteins are important because they

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answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Urey married to Mai Bright Urey on May 26, 1986. They have four daughters: Benita Whitney Urey, Jebbeh Naomi Urey, Telia Jaye Urey, and Danielle Ashlee Urey. He is a Christian. He was born and raised Presbyterian and serves as the sexton at the First Presbyterian Church of Careysburg. Urey is fluent in English and his native dialect, Kpelle. Urey also serves as “Deputy District Grand Master” of the Grand Lodge of the Freemasonry Republic of Liberia and Honorable Grand Patron of the Order of the Eastern Star of Liberia.

text: Urey married to Mai Bright Urey on May 26, 1986. They have four daughters: Benita Whitney Urey, Jebbeh Naomi Urey, Telia Jaye Urey, and Danielle Ashlee Urey. He is a Christian. He was born and raised Presbyterian and serves as the sexton at the First Presbyterian Church of Careysburg. Urey is fluent in English and his native dialect,

text: Kpelle

text: . Urey also serves as “Deputy District Grand Master” of the Grand Lodge of the

text: Freemasonry

text: Republic of Liberia and Honorable Grand Patron of the

text: Order of the Eastern Star

text: of Liberia.

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answer: Yes

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text: Stanley Lloyd Miller (March 7, 1930 – May 20, 2007) was an American chemist who made landmark experiments in the origin of life by demonstrating that a wide range of vital  organic compounds can be synthesized by fairly simple chemical processes from inorganic substances. In 1952 he carried out the Miller–Urey experiment, which showed that complex organic molecules could be synthesised from inorganic precursors.  The experiment was widely reported, and provided support for the idea that the chemical evolution of the early Earth had led to the natural synthesis of chemical building blocks of life from inanimate inorganic molecules. He has been described as the "father of prebiotic chemistry".

text: Stanley Lloyd Miller (March 7, 1930 – May 20, 2007) was an American chemist who made landmark experiments in the

text: origin of life

text: by demonstrating that a wide range of vital

text: organic compound

text: s can be synthesized by fairly simple chemical processes from

text: inorganic

text: substances. In 1952 he carried out the

text: Miller–Urey experiment

text: , which showed that complex organic molecules could be synthesised from inorganic precursors.  The experiment was widely reported, and provided support for the idea that the

text: chemical evolution

text: of the early Earth had led to the

text: natural synthesis

text: of

text: chemical building blocks of life

text: from inanimate

text: inorganic molecules

text: . He has been described as the "father of prebiotic chemistry".

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The notion "you are what you eat" traces its origins to the Romantic Era, which was intended to have physical and moral implications. Not only was meat thought to desecrate the human body, but it was also accredited with encouraging the consumption of alcohol and "other destructive habits of life". The Romantics secured the link between the physical and moral natures of man, as Percy Shelley states in Natural Diet, "I hold that the depravity of the physical and moral nature of man originated in his unnatural habits of life". As man was assumed to be naturally healthy, it was society that polluted his body; a case of diseased health erupting out of a diseased society.

text: The notion "you are what you eat" traces its origins to the Romantic Era, which was intended to have physical and moral implications. Not only was meat thought to desecrate the human body, but it was also accredited with encouraging the consumption of alcohol and "other destructive habits of life". The Romantics secured the link between the physical and moral natures of man, as

text: Percy Shelley

text: states in

text: Natural Diet

text: , "I hold that the depravity of the physical and moral nature of man originated in his unnatural habits of life". As man was assumed to be naturally healthy, it was society that polluted his body; a case of diseased health erupting out of a diseased society.

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text: In meteorites and in prebiotic experiments (e.g. Miller–Urey experiment) many more amino acids than the twenty standard amino acids are found, several of which at higher concentrations that the standard ones: it has been conjectured that if amino acid based life were to arise in parallel elsewhere in the universe, no more than 75% of the amino acids would be in common. The most notable anomaly is the lack of aminobutyric acid.

text: In meteorites and in prebiotic experiments (e.g.

text: Miller–Urey experiment

text: ) many more amino acids than the twenty standard amino acids are found, several of which at higher concentrations that the standard ones: it has been conjectured that if amino acid based life were to arise in parallel elsewhere in the universe, no more than 75% of the amino acids would be in common. The most notable anomaly is the lack of aminobutyric acid.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 1

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answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/8dfaeefa241aaa562f19689ed4cc6ab2

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: lack of aminobutyric acid

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Miller–Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: amino acids based life

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: many more amino acids than the twenty standard amino acids are found, several of which at higher concentrations than the standard ones

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Miller–Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: in parallel elsewhere in the universe

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: elsewhere in the universe

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In biochemistry, amino acids having both the amine and the carboxylic acid groups attached to the first (alpha-) carbon atom have particular importance. They are known as 2-, alpha-, or α-amino acids (generic formula HNCHRCOOH in most cases, where R is an organic substituent known as a "side-chain"); often the term "amino acid" is used to refer specifically to these. They include the 23 proteinogenic ("protein-building") amino acids, which combine into peptide chains ("polypeptides") to form the building-blocks of a vast array of proteins. These are all

text: In

text: biochemistry

text: , amino acids having both the amine and the carboxylic acid groups attached to the

text: first (alpha-) carbon

text: atom have particular importance. They are known as 2-, alpha-, or α-amino acids (generic

text: formula

text: HNCHRCOOH in most cases, where R is an

text: organic

text: substituent

text: known as a "

text: side-chain

text: "); often the term "amino acid" is used to refer specifically to these. They include the 23

text: proteinogenic

text: ("protein-building") amino acids, which combine into

text: peptide

text: chains ("polypeptides") to form the building-blocks of a vast array of

text: protein

text: s. These are all

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answers: 1

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: peptide chains

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the 23 proteinogenic ("protein-building") amino acids

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The subfamily α-KTx15 consists of 6 toxins. The first five toxins of this subfamily are very much alike, but discrepin only shares 50% amino acid homology with other members of this subfamily. Discrepin contains 38 amino acid residues. It has a polyglutamic acid at its N-terminal region. Discrepin has the α and β folds that are characteristic of scorpion toxins. It consists of one α-helix and three β-sheet helix strands. The α-helix is formed from amino acid Ser11 until Arg21. The three antiparallel β-sheets are formed from amino acid Ile2 until Lys7, Ala27 until Cys29 and Arg33 until Cys36.

text: The subfamily α-KTx15 consists of 6 toxins. The first five toxins of this subfamily are very much alike, but discrepin only shares 50%

text: amino acid

text: homology with other members of this subfamily. Discrepin contains 38 amino acid residues. It has a polyglutamic acid at its N-terminal region. Discrepin has the α and β folds that are characteristic of

text: scorpion toxin

text: s. It consists of one α-helix and three β-sheet helix strands. The α-helix is formed from amino acid Ser11 until Arg21. The three antiparallel β-sheets are formed from amino acid Ile2 until Lys7, Ala27 until Cys29 and Arg33 until Cys36.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/97710378c6586c55e9c50968cd84f1b4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/9b6bfc476fb317856fd280f2bb2fefb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/993093d4f00c21a874fb86f522406efe

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/18f4b136b8253a0da5db37b33f465a87

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/ac84654d19b6860e1028899af9e9d87e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/6620e0080ef88e2271b1ee99acab191c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/190e86766dc1138031e175cedb3f2a3f

answers: 1

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/cd554b2fc216fbc036a0c22f54269db7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/8dfaeefa241aaa562f19689ed4cc6ab2

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: polyglutamic acid at its N-terminal region

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Discrepin

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: discrepin only shares 50% amino acid homology with other members of this subfamily

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Discrepin

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: -KTx15

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: scorpion toxins

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: and  folds that are characteristic of scorpion toxins

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A protein is first phosphorylated using P-labeled ATP, usually via an in vitro kinase assay. Most of the amino acids in the protein are then hydrolyzed, usually by the use of a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid. These amino acids are then separated using 2-dimensional thin layer chromatography, along with amino acid standards for the three amino acids that are phosphorylated in eukaryotes: serine, threonine, and tyrosine. These amino acid standards can be visualized on the TLC substrate by exposure to ninhydrin, which colors the amino acids a visible purple when heated at ~100 °C. The radioactive amino acids can be detected via autoradiography, and an overlay of the two images will show which amino acids are phosphorylated.

text: A protein is first phosphorylated using P-labeled ATP, usually via an in vitro kinase assay. Most of the amino acids in the protein are then hydrolyzed, usually by the use of a strong acid such as

text: hydrochloric acid

text: . These amino acids are then separated using 2-dimensional

text: thin layer chromatography

text: , along with amino acid standards for the three amino acids that are phosphorylated in eukaryotes:

text: serine

text: threonine

text: , and

text: tyrosine

text: . These amino acid standards can be visualized on the TLC substrate by exposure to

text: ninhydrin

text: , which colors the amino acids a visible purple when heated at ~100 °C. The radioactive amino acids can be detected via autoradiography, and an overlay of the two images will show which amino acids are phosphorylated.

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answers: radioactive amino acids

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: radioactive amino acids

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: amino acids that are phosphorylated in eukaryotes

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: The radioactive amino acids

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: eukaryotes

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: phosphorylated

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: hydrochloric acid

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: protein

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: ABC-Transporter Genes - abl gene - acetic acid - acetyl CoA - acetylcholine - acetylcysteine - acid - acidic fibroblast growth factor - acrosin - actin - action potential - activation energy - active site - active transport - adenosine - adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - adenosine monophosphate (AMP) - adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - adenovirus - adrenergic receptor - adrenodoxin - aequorin - aerobic respiration - agonist - alanine - albumin - alcohol - alcoholic fermentation - alicyclic compound - aliphatic compound - alkali - Allosteric site - allostery - allotrope - allotropy - alpha adrenergic receptor - Alpha helix - alpha-1 adrenergic receptor - alpha-2 adrenergic receptor - alpha-beta T-cell antigen receptor - alpha-fetoprotein - alpha-globulin - alpha-macroglobulin - alpha-MSH - Ames test - amide - amine - amino - amino acid - amino acid receptor - amino acid sequence - amino acid sequence homology - aminobutyric acid - ammonia - AMPA receptor - amyloid - anabolism - anaerobic respiration - analytical chemistry - androgen receptor - angiotensin - angiotensin II - angiotensin receptor - ankyrin - annexin II - antibiotic - antibody - apoenzyme - apolipoprotein - apoptosis - aquaporin - archaea - arginine - argipressin - aromatic amine - aromatic compound - arrestin - Arrhenius equation - aryl hydrocarbon receptor - asparagine - aspartic acid - atom - atomic absorption spectroscopy - atomic mass - atomic mass unit - atomic nucleus - atomic number - atomic orbital - atomic radius - Atomic weight - ATP synthase - ATPase - atrial natriuretic factor - atrial natriuretic factor receptor - Avogadro's number - axon -

text: ABC-Transporter Genes

text: abl gene

text: acetic acid

text: acetyl CoA

text: acetylcholine

text: acetylcysteine

text: acid

text: acidic fibroblast growth factor

text: acrosin

text: actin

text: action potential

text: activation energy

text: active site

text: active transport

text: adenosine

text: adenosine diphosphate

text: (ADP) -

text: adenosine monophosphate

text: (AMP) -

text: adenosine triphosphate

text: (ATP) -

text: adenovirus

text: adrenergic receptor

text: adrenodoxin

text: aequorin

text: aerobic respiration

text: agonist

text: alanine

text: albumin

text: alcohol

text: alcoholic fermentation

text: alicyclic compound

text: aliphatic compound

text: alkali

text: Allosteric site

text: allostery

text: allotrope

text: allotropy

text: alpha adrenergic receptor

text: Alpha helix

text: alpha-1 adrenergic receptor

text: alpha-2 adrenergic receptor

text: alpha-beta T-cell antigen receptor

text: alpha-fetoprotein

text: alpha-globulin

text: alpha-macroglobulin

text: alpha-MSH

text: Ames test

text: amide

text: amine

text: amino

text: amino acid

text: amino acid receptor

text: amino acid sequence

text: amino acid sequence homology

text: aminobutyric acid

text: ammonia

text: AMPA receptor

text: amyloid

text: anabolism

text: anaerobic respiration

text: analytical chemistry

text: androgen receptor

text: angiotensin

text: angiotensin II

text: angiotensin receptor

text: ankyrin

text: annexin II

text: antibiotic

text: antibody

text: apoenzyme

text: apolipoprotein

text: apoptosis

text: aquaporin

text: archaea

text: arginine

text: argipressin

text: aromatic amine

text: aromatic compound

text: arrestin

text: Arrhenius equation

text: aryl hydrocarbon receptor

text: asparagine

text: aspartic acid

text: atom

text: atomic absorption spectroscopy

text: atomic mass

text: atomic mass unit

text: atomic nucleus

text: atomic number

text: atomic orbital

text: atomic radius

text: Atomic weight

text: ATP synthase

text: ATPase

text: atrial natriuretic factor

text: atrial natriuretic factor receptor

text: Avogadro's number

text: axon

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answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: amino acid sequence homology

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: activation energy - active site - active transport

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: adenosine adenosine diphosphate (ADP) adenosine monophosphate (AMP) adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: apolipoprotein

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acid sequence homology

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: amino acid sequence homology

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acid sequence homology

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2007, Aqua began working as a weekly composer for the HBO series Entourage.  His hard rock driven work on Entourage is characteristic of his punk/rock background.  Entourage began its syndication life Tuesday, January 12, 2010 on Spike TV.

text: In 2007, Aqua began working as a weekly composer for the

text: HBO

text: series

text: Entourage

text: .  His hard rock driven work on Entourage is characteristic of his punk/rock background.  Entourage began its syndication life Tuesday, January 12, 2010 on

text: Spike TV

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answers: are made of amino acids

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The first two characteristics provide for the functions and rights of the individual as well as those of the community or race. Though a moral action may have these four characteristics at various degrees of strength, it ceases to be moral if one of them is quite absent. All moral products may be classified according to the predominance of one or the other of these characteristics. Universal organizing action produces the forms of intercourse, and universal symbolizing action produces the various forms of science; individual organizing action yields the forms of property and individual symbolizing action the various representations of feeling, all these constituting the relations, the productive spheres, or the social conditions of moral action. Moral functions cannot be performed by the individual in isolation but only in his relation to the family, the state, the school, the church, and society — all forms of human life which ethical science finds to its hand and leaves to the science of natural history to account for. The moral process is accomplished by the various sections of humanity in their individual spheres, and the doctrine of virtue deals with the reason as the moral power in each individual by which the totality of moral products is obtained.

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answers: Moral functions cannot be performed by the individual in isolation but only in his relation to the family, the state, the school, the church, and society

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answers: produce the forms of intercourse

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Cohen and Stewart argue against a conception of extraterrestrial life that assumes life can only evolve in environments similar to Earth (the so-called Rare Earth hypothesis), and that extraterrestrial lifeforms will converge toward characteristics similar to those of life on Earth, a common trope of certain science fiction styles. They suggest that any investigation of extraterrestrial life relying on these assumptions is overly restrictive, and it is possible to make a scientific and rational study of the possibility of life forms that are so different from life on Earth that we may not even recognise them as life in the first instance.

text: Cohen and Stewart argue against a conception of

text: extraterrestrial life

text: that assumes life can only evolve in environments similar to Earth (the so-called

text: Rare Earth hypothesis

text: ), and that extraterrestrial lifeforms will converge toward characteristics similar to those of life on Earth, a common trope of certain

text: science fiction

text: styles. They suggest that any investigation of extraterrestrial life relying on these assumptions is overly restrictive, and it is possible to make a scientific and rational study of the possibility of life forms that are so different from life on Earth that we may not even recognise them as life in the first instance.

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answers: proteins are important because they

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answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: No new notable research or theory on the subject appeared until 1924, when Alexander Oparin reasoned that atmospheric oxygen prevents the synthesis of certain organic compounds that are necessary building blocks for the evolution of life. In his book The Origin of Life, Oparin proposed that the "spontaneous generation of life" that had been attacked by Louis Pasteur did in fact occur once, but was now impossible because the conditions found on the early Earth had changed, and preexisting organisms would immediately consume any spontaneously generated organism. Oparin argued that a "primeval soup" of organic molecules could be created in an oxygenless atmosphere through the action of sunlight. These would combine in ever more complex ways until they formed coacervate droplets. These droplets would "grow" by fusion with other droplets, and "reproduce" through fission into daughter droplets, and so have a primitive metabolism in which factors that promote "cell integrity" survive, and those that do not become extinct. Many modern theories of the origin of life still take Oparin's ideas as a starting point.

text: No new notable research or theory on the subject appeared until 1924, when

text: Alexander Oparin

text: reasoned that atmospheric oxygen prevents the synthesis of certain organic compounds that are necessary building blocks for the evolution of life. In his book The Origin of Life, Oparin proposed that the "spontaneous generation of life" that had been attacked by Louis Pasteur did in fact occur once, but was now impossible because the conditions found on the early Earth had changed, and preexisting organisms would immediately consume any spontaneously generated organism. Oparin argued that a "primeval soup" of organic molecules could be created in an oxygenless atmosphere through the action of

text: sunlight

text: . These would combine in ever more complex ways until they formed

text: coacervate

text: droplets. These droplets would "

text: grow

text: " by fusion with other droplets, and "

text: reproduce

text: " through fission into daughter droplets, and so have a primitive

text: metabolism

text: in which factors that promote "cell integrity" survive, and those that do not become extinct. Many modern theories of the origin of life still take Oparin's ideas as a starting point.

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answers: NDQ_003938

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answers: NDQ_003939

answers: coacervate droplets

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Many modern theories of the origin of life still take Oparin's ideas as a starting point

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Homology in psychology, like homology in biology, refers to a relationship between characteristics that reflects the characteristics' origins in either evolution or development. Homologous behaviors can theoretically be of at least two different varieties.  As with homologous anatomical characteristics, behaviors present in different species can be considered homologous if they are likely present in those species because the behaviors were present in a common ancestor of the two species. Alternatively, in much the same way as reproductive structures (e.g., the penis and the clitoris) are considered homologous because they share a common origin in embryonic tissues, behaviors—or the neural substrates associated with those behaviors—can also be considered homologous if they share common origins in development.

text: Homology in psychology, like

text: homology in biology

text: , refers to a relationship between characteristics that reflects the characteristics' origins in either evolution or development. Homologous behaviors can theoretically be of at least two different varieties.  As with

text: homologous anatomical characteristics

text: , behaviors present in different species can be considered homologous if they are likely present in those species because the behaviors were present in a common ancestor of the two species. Alternatively, in much the same way as reproductive structures (e.g., the penis and the clitoris) are considered homologous because they share a common origin in embryonic tissues, behaviors—or the neural substrates associated with those behaviors—can also be considered homologous if they share common origins in development.

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answers: NDQ_003939

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There also had been similar electric discharge experiments related to the origin of life contemporaneous with Miller–Urey. An article in The New York Times (March 8, 1953:E9), titled "Looking Back Two Billion Years" describes the work of Wollman (William) M. MacNevin at The Ohio State University, before the Miller Science paper was published in May 1953. MacNevin was passing 100,000 volt sparks through methane and water vapor and produced "resinous solids" that were "too complex for analysis."  The article describes other early earth experiments being done by MacNevin.  It is not clear if he ever published any of these results in the primary scientific literature.

text: There also had been similar electric discharge experiments related to the

text: origin of life

text: contemporaneous with Miller–Urey. An article in

text: The New York Times

text: (March 8, 1953:E9), titled "Looking Back Two Billion Years" describes the work of Wollman (William) M. MacNevin at

text: The Ohio State University

text: , before the Miller Science paper was published in May 1953. MacNevin was passing 100,000 volt sparks through methane and water vapor and produced "resinous solids" that were "too complex for analysis."  The article describes other early earth experiments being done by MacNevin.  It is not clear if he ever published any of these results in the primary scientific literature.

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answers: to the origin of life

answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: It is "a personal characteristic," said Lord Walker, "but it is different in kind from other personal characteristics. Every human being starts life as a tiny infant and none of us can do anything to stop the passage of the years." Lines must be drawn somewhere, and following Murgia, "drawing lines which create distinctions is peculiarly a legislative task and an unavoidable one. Perfection in making the necessary classifications is neither possible nor necessary." It was also noted that the age qualification had replaced a previous unworkable qualification of householders and non-householders.

text: It is "a personal characteristic," said Lord Walker, "but it is different in kind from other personal characteristics. Every human being starts life as a tiny infant and none of us can do anything to stop the passage of the years." Lines must be drawn somewhere, and following Murgia, "drawing lines which create distinctions is peculiarly a legislative task and an unavoidable one. Perfection in making the necessary classifications is neither possible nor necessary." It was also noted that the age qualification had replaced a previous unworkable qualification of householders and non-householders.

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answers: It is "a personal characteristic,"

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The earliest evidence for life on Earth is biogenic graphite found in 3.7 billion-year-old metamorphized sedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland and microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. A 2015 study found potentially biogenic carbon from 4.1 billion years ago in ancient rocks in Western Australia, but such findings would indicate the existence of different conditions on Earth during that period than are generally assumed today, and point to an earlier origin of life.

text: The earliest evidence for

text: life on Earth

text: is

text: biogenic

text: graphite

text: found in 3.7 billion-year-old

text: metamorphized sedimentary rocks

text: discovered in

text: Western Greenland

text: and

text: microbial mat

text: fossils

text: found in 3.48 billion-year-old

text: sandstone

text: discovered in

text: Western Australia

text: . A 2015 study found potentially biogenic carbon from 4.1 billion years ago in ancient rocks in Western Australia, but such findings would indicate the existence of different conditions on Earth during that period than are generally assumed today, and point to an earlier origin of life.

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answers: existence of different conditions on Earth during that period than are generally assumed today

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answers: no

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answers: microbial mat fossils

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Aertsen is regarded as one of the founders of the still life painting. His style was particularly new: he mixed characteristics of the still life and the genre painting in his works, which, like A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms, are seen as pioneers in the still life genre that grew out of details of paintings containing figure subjects. His compositions in the Flemish tradition were remarkably original, like this painting of a meat stall, with a large, life-size still life in the foreground and three smaller scenes appearing through openings in the background.

text: Aertsen is regarded as one of the founders of the still life painting. His style was particularly new: he mixed characteristics of the

text: still life

text: and the

text: genre painting

text: in his works, which, like A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms, are seen as pioneers in the still life genre that grew out of details of paintings containing

text: figure subject

text: s. His compositions in the Flemish tradition were remarkably original, like this painting of a meat stall, with a large, life-size still life in the foreground and three smaller scenes appearing through openings in the background.

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answers: NDQ_003938

answers: Meat

answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In other varieties of multicellular life (e.g. the fungi division, Basidiomycota) sexual characteristics can be much more complex, and may involve many more than two sexes. For details on the sexual characteristics of fungi, see: Hypha and Plasmogamy.

text: In other varieties of multicellular life (e.g. the

text: fungi

text: division,

text: Basidiomycota

text: ) sexual characteristics can be much more complex, and may involve many more than two sexes. For details on the sexual characteristics of fungi, see:

text: Hypha

text: and

text: Plasmogamy

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: sexual characteristics

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: sexual characteristics

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: multicellular

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: sexual characteristics can be much more complex

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: multicellular life

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: sexual characteristics

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Basidiomycota

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Below follows a table that compares the complete amino acid profiles of various proteins. The amino acid score is based on the prevalence of the essential amino acids and depends on if they reach sufficient quantity. PDCAAS scores do not take into account the quantity of the non-essential amino acids. The proteins deficient in an essential amino acid, are technically not complete proteins, but may still be considered as such if it is a slight deficiency in only one limiting amino acid (many vegan proteins are deficient in several EAAs).

text: Below follows a table that compares the complete amino acid profiles of various proteins. The amino acid score is based on the prevalence of the essential amino acids and depends on if they reach sufficient quantity. PDCAAS scores do not take into account the quantity of the non-essential amino acids. The proteins deficient in an essential amino acid, are technically not

text: complete protein

text: s, but may still be considered as such if it is a slight deficiency in only one limiting amino acid (many vegan proteins are deficient in several EAAs).

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: NDQ_003935

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answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: quantity

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: compares the complete amino acid profiles of various proteins

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: amino acid score is based on the prevalence of the essential amino acids

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: essential amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: essential amino acids

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Cosmic ancestry is a hypothesis of the origin of life on Earth, based on the panspermia views of Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe. Cosmic Ancestry speculates that life, like the universe itself, has no date of origin, and has always existed and can only descend from ancestors at least as highly evolved as itself. Under this belief, life on Earth was delivered from space.  This belief stands in stark contrast to the theory accepted by most cosmologists that the age of the universe is roughly 13.8 billion years, and that sufficient evidence is not available to presume whether life exists outside the Earth, let alone the age of that life.

text: Cosmic ancestry is a hypothesis of the

text: origin of life

text: on Earth, based on the

text: panspermia

text: views of

text: Fred Hoyle

text: and

text: Chandra Wickramasinghe

text: . Cosmic Ancestry speculates that

text: life

text: , like the

text: universe

text: itself, has no date of origin, and has always existed and can only descend from ancestors at least as highly evolved as itself. Under this belief, life on Earth was delivered from space.  This belief stands in stark contrast to the theory accepted by most cosmologists that the

text: age of the universe

text: is roughly 13.8 billion years, and that sufficient evidence is not available to presume whether life exists outside the Earth, let alone the age of that life.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 1

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answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/8dfaeefa241aaa562f19689ed4cc6ab2

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: date of origin

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: sufficient evidence is not available

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: life

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the age of the universe is roughly 13.8 billion years

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no date of origin

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Cosmic Ancestry

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: descend from ancestors

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: panspermia

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Originally, it was thought that a lack of initiative and a flat affect were important characteristics of emotional presentation in sufferers. Studies have questioned this, proposing that neither is necessarily a symptom of Korsakoff's. Research suggesting that Korsakoff's patients are emotionally unimpaired has made this a controversial topic. It can be argued that apathy, which usually characterizes Korsakoff's patients, reflects a deficit of emotional expressions, without affecting the experience or perception of emotion.

text: Originally, it was thought that a lack of initiative and a flat affect were important characteristics of emotional presentation in sufferers. Studies have questioned this, proposing that neither is necessarily a symptom of Korsakoff's. Research suggesting that Korsakoff's patients are emotionally unimpaired has made this a controversial topic. It can be argued that apathy, which usually characterizes Korsakoff's patients, reflects a deficit of emotional expressions, without affecting the experience or perception of emotion.

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0975/20907ec54405ca7baf16e0244604e1be

answers: 0

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answer: No

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text: The episode covers several facets of the origin of life and evolution. Tyson describes both artificial selection via selective breeding, using the example of mankind's domestication of wolves into dogs, and natural selection that created species like polar bears. Tyson uses the Ship of the Imagination to show how DNA, genes, and mutation work, and how these led to the diversity of species as represented by the Tree of Life, including how complex organs such as the eye came about as a common element.Tyson describes extinction of species and the five great extinction events that wiped out numerous species on Earth, while some species, such as the tardigrade, were able to survive and continue life. Tyson speculates on the possibility of life on other planets, such as Saturn's moon, Titan, as well as how abiogenesis may have originated life on Earth. The episode concludes with an animation from the original Cosmos showing the evolution of life from a single cell to mankind today, with music from Vivaldi's Mandolin Concerto.

text: The episode covers several facets of the origin of life and

text: evolution

text: . Tyson describes both

text: artificial selection

text: via

text: selective breeding

text: , using the example of mankind's domestication of wolves into dogs, and

text: natural selection

text: that created species like polar bears. Tyson uses the Ship of the Imagination to show how

text: DNA

text: genes

text: , and

text: mutation

text: work, and how these led to the diversity of species as represented by the

text: Tree of Life

text: , including how complex organs such as the

text: eye

text: came about as a common element.Tyson describes

text: extinction

text: of species and the five great

text: extinction events

text: that wiped out numerous species on Earth, while some species, such as the

text: tardigrade

text: , were able to survive and continue life. Tyson speculates on the possibility of life on other planets, such as Saturn's moon,

text: Titan

text: , as well as how

text: abiogenesis

text: may have originated life on Earth. The episode concludes with an animation from the original

text: Cosmos

text: showing the evolution of life from a single cell to mankind today, with music from Vivaldi's Mandolin Concerto.

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answers: yes

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Gel electrophoresis is not necessarily a perfect means of discovering the amino acid composition of dinosaur eggshell because sometimes the amount or type of amino acids present could be altered during or after preservation. One potential confounding factor would be the heating of deeply buried egg fossils, which can break down amino acids. Another potential source of error is groundwater, which can leach away amino acids. These issues cast doubt as to whether the results these sorts of studies give are reliable as the actual composition of the eggshell's organic material in life. However, studies applying these techniques have made suggestive findings, including amino acid profiles in dinosaur eggs similar to those in modern birds.

text: Gel electrophoresis is not necessarily a perfect means of discovering the amino acid composition of dinosaur eggshell because sometimes the amount or type of amino acids present could be altered during or after preservation. One potential confounding factor would be the heating of deeply buried egg fossils, which can break down amino acids. Another potential source of error is groundwater, which can leach away amino acids. These issues cast doubt as to whether the results these sorts of studies give are reliable as the actual composition of the eggshell's organic material in life. However, studies applying these techniques have made suggestive findings, including amino acid profiles in dinosaur eggs similar to those in modern birds.

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answers: Gel electrophoresis

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: dinosaur eggshell

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Silicon has been a theme of non-carbon-based-life since it is somewhat similar to carbon in its chemical characteristics.  In cinematic and literary science fiction, when man-made machines cross from non-living to living, this new form would be an example of non-carbon-based life. Since the advent of the microprocessor in the late 1960s, these machines are often classed as "silicon-based life". Another example of "silicon-based life" is the episode "The Devil in the Dark" from Star Trek: The Original Series, in which a living rock creature's biochemistry is based on silicon.

text: Silicon has been a theme of non-carbon-based-life since it is somewhat similar to carbon in its chemical characteristics.  In cinematic and literary

text: science fiction

text: , when man-made machines cross from non-living to living, this new form would be an example of non-carbon-based life. Since the advent of the

text: microprocessor

text: in the late 1960s, these machines are often classed as "silicon-based life". Another example of "silicon-based life" is the episode "The Devil in the Dark" from

text: Star Trek: The Original Series

text: , in which a living rock creature's biochemistry is based on silicon.

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: carbon-based-life

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: biochemistry

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: non-carbon-based-life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: The advent of the microprocessor

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: silicon-based life

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: biochemistry

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: silicon

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: biochemistry

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Worn out by the effort, Urey left the project in February 1945, handing over his responsibilities to R. H. Crist. The K-25 plant commenced operation in March 1945, and as the bugs were worked out, the plant operated with remarkable efficiency and economy. For a time, uranium was fed into the S50 liquid thermal diffusion plant, then the K-25 gaseous, and finally the Y-12 electromagnetic separation plant; but soon after the war ended the thermal and electromagnetic separation plants were closed down, and separation was performed by K-25 alone. Along with its twin, K-27, constructed in 1946, it became the principal isotope separation plant in the early post-war period. For his work on the Manhattan Project, Urey was awarded the Medal for Merit by the Project director, Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr.

text: Worn out by the effort, Urey left the project in February 1945, handing over his responsibilities to R. H. Crist. The K-25 plant commenced operation in March 1945, and as the bugs were worked out, the plant operated with remarkable efficiency and economy. For a time, uranium was fed into the

text: S50 liquid thermal diffusion plant

text: , then the K-25 gaseous, and finally the

text: Y-12 electromagnetic separation plant

text: ; but soon after the war ended the thermal and electromagnetic separation plants were closed down, and separation was performed by K-25 alone. Along with its twin, K-27, constructed in 1946, it became the principal isotope separation plant in the early post-war period. For his work on the Manhattan Project, Urey was awarded the

text: Medal for Merit

text: by the Project director,

text: Major General

text: Leslie R. Groves, Jr.

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answers: efficiency and economy

answers: NDQ_003932

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answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: The K-25 plant commenced operation in March 1945

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answers: are made of amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Lawsone is hypothesized to undergo a reaction similar to Strecker synthesis in reactions with amino acids. Recent research has been conducted on lawsone's potential applications in the forensic science field. Since lawsone shows many similarities with ninhydrin, the current reagent for latent fingerprint development, studies have been conducted to see if lawsone can be used in this field. As of now the research is inconclusive, but optimistic. Lawsone non-specifically targets primary amino acids, and displays photoluminescence with forensic light sources. It has a characteristic purple/brown coloration as opposed to the purple/blue associated with ninhydrin.Lawsone shows promise as a reagent for fingerprint detection because of its photoluminescence maximized at 640nm, which is high enough that it avoids background interference common for ninhydrin.

text: Lawsone is hypothesized to undergo a reaction similar to Strecker synthesis in reactions with amino acids. Recent research has been conducted on lawsone's potential applications in the forensic science field. Since lawsone shows many similarities with ninhydrin, the current reagent for latent fingerprint development, studies have been conducted to see if lawsone can be used in this field. As of now the research is inconclusive, but optimistic. Lawsone non-specifically targets primary amino acids, and displays photoluminescence with forensic light sources. It has a characteristic purple/brown coloration as opposed to the purple/blue associated with ninhydrin.Lawsone shows promise as a reagent for fingerprint detection because of its photoluminescence maximized at 640nm, which is high enough that it avoids background interference common for ninhydrin.

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answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: photoluminescence

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Strecker synthesis

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: primary

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Lawsone

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: lawsone's potential applications in the forensic science field

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: As of now the research is inconclusive, but optimistic

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Strecker synthesis

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: lawsone non-specifically targets primary amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Individual permeases of the AAAP family transport auxin (indole-3-acetic acid), a single amino acid or multiple amino acids. Some of these permeases exhibit very broad specificities transporting all twenty amino acids naturally found in proteins. Some also transport D-amino acids.

text: Individual permeases of the AAAP family transport auxin (indole-3-acetic acid), a single amino acid or multiple amino acids. Some of these permeases exhibit very broad specificities transporting all twenty amino acids naturally found in proteins. Some also transport

text: D-amino acids

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answers: 4

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answers: single amino acid or multiple amino acids

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: do not

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: permeases of the AAAP family

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: All twenty amino acids

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: transport

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: naturally found in proteins

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The BLOSUM62 matrix with the amino acids in the table grouped according to the chemistry of the side chain, as in (a). Each value in the matrix is calculated by dividing the frequency of occurrence of the amino acid pair in the BLOCKS database, clustered at the 62% level, divided by the probability that the same two amino acids might align by chance. The ratio is then converted to a logarithm and expressed as a log odds score, as for PAM. BLOSUM matrices are usually scaled in half-bit units. A score of zero indicates that the frequency with which a given two amino acids were found aligned in the database was as expected by chance, while a positive score indicates that the alignment was found more often than by chance, and negative score indicates that the alignment was found less often than by chance.

text: The BLOSUM62 matrix with the amino acids in the table grouped according to the chemistry of the side chain, as in (a). Each value in the matrix is calculated by dividing the frequency of occurrence of the amino acid pair in the BLOCKS database, clustered at the 62% level, divided by the probability that the same two amino acids might align by chance. The ratio is then converted to a logarithm and expressed as a log odds score, as for PAM. BLOSUM matrices are usually scaled in half-bit units. A score of zero indicates that the frequency with which a given two amino acids were found aligned in the database was as expected by chance, while a positive score indicates that the alignment was found more often than by chance, and negative score indicates that the alignment was found less often than by chance.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: chemistry

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: BLOCKS database

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: side chain

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The ratio is then converted to a logarithm and expressed as a log odds score

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: BLOSUM62

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: by chance

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: BLOSUM62

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In addition, other DC comics characters appear: the character Killalla originates from the planet Oa (although technically from planet Maltus), and is an ancestor of the Guardians of the Universe, who form the Green Lantern Corps; able to manipulate their characteristic green energy, but with incomplete control. Despair has a conversation with a red giant star named Rao about the creation of life on an unstable world and the possibility of a lone survivor to continually mourn the destruction of that world: this is an allusion to the history of Superman, in that Rao is the red giant sun around which Superman's homeworld of Krypton orbited, as well as the Kryptonian God. (The colors of the stars in the story follow the DC Universe's standards, not the actual star life cycle.) The story is narrated by the Sun (here identified by his Latin name of Sol) to the Earth before the evolution there of life.

text: In addition, other DC comics characters appear: the character Killalla originates from the planet

text: Oa

text: (although technically from planet Maltus), and is an ancestor of the

text: Guardians of the Universe

text: , who form the

text: Green Lantern Corps

text: ; able to manipulate their characteristic green energy, but with incomplete control. Despair has a conversation with a

text: red giant

text: star named Rao about the creation of life on an unstable world and the possibility of a lone survivor to continually mourn the destruction of that world: this is an allusion to the history of

text: Superman

text: , in that Rao is the red giant sun around which Superman's homeworld of

text: Krypton

text: orbited, as well as the Kryptonian God. (The colors of the stars in the story follow the

text: DC Universe

text: 's standards, not the actual

text: star life cycle

text: .) The story is narrated by the

text: Sun

text: (here identified by his

text: Latin

text: name of

text: Sol

text: ) to the

text: Earth

text: before the evolution there of life.

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answers: life cycle

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: The colors of the stars in the story follow the DC Universe's standards

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: energy

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: evolution there of life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Green Lantern

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: the evolution there of life

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are an ancestor

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: planet Maltus

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The composition of the volatile flavour compounds of Suillellus luridus consists largely of linoleic acid, with smaller proportions of 1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid methyl ester, and heptadecanoic acid. Pyrazine compounds might be responsible for the characteristic odour of the dried mushroom. The predominant sterol present in the fruit bodies is ergosterol, with smaller amounts of closely related derivative compounds. The main fatty acids of the mushroom include linoleic acid (53.4% of total fatty acids), oleic acid (24.1%), and palmitic acid (10.2%). Arginine is the free amino acid found in the highest concentration (96.9 μM per gram of dry weight), followed by glutamine (9.7) and alanine (8.2).

text: The composition of the

text: volatile

text: flavour compounds of Suillellus luridus consists largely of

text: linoleic acid

text: , with smaller proportions of

text: pentadecanoic acid

text: palmitic acid

text: , linoleic acid

text: methyl ester

text: , and

text: heptadecanoic acid

text: Pyrazine

text: compounds might be responsible for the characteristic odour of the dried mushroom. The predominant

text: sterol

text: present in the fruit bodies is

text: ergosterol

text: , with smaller amounts of closely related

text: derivative

text: compounds. The main

text: fatty acid

text: s of the mushroom include linoleic acid (53.4% of total fatty acids),

text: oleic acid

text: (24.1%), and palmitic acid (10.2%).

text: Arginine

text: is the free

text: amino acid

text: found in the highest concentration (96.9

text: μM

text: per gram of

text: dry weight

text: ), followed by

text: glutamine

text: (9.7) and

text: alanine

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answers: volatile flavour compounds

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: study the origin of life

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The composition of the volatile flavour compounds of Suillellus luridus

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Suillellus luridus

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The composition of the volatile flavour compounds

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Suillellus luridus

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Arginine

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The spontaneous formation of complex polymers from abiotically generated monomers under the conditions posited by the "soup" theory is not at all a straightforward process. Besides the necessary basic organic monomers, compounds that would have prohibited the formation of polymers were formed in high concentration during the Miller–Urey and Oró experiments. The Miller experiment, for example, produces many substances that would undergo cross-reactions with the amino acids or terminate the peptide chain.

text: The spontaneous formation of complex

text: polymer

text: s from abiotically generated monomers under the conditions posited by the "soup" theory is not at all a straightforward process. Besides the necessary basic organic monomers, compounds that would have prohibited the formation of polymers were formed in high concentration during the Miller–Urey and Oró experiments. The Miller experiment, for example, produces many substances that would undergo cross-reactions with the amino acids or terminate the peptide chain.

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answers: spontaneous formation

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Soup

answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the spontaneous formation of complex polymers

answers: NDQ_003936

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answers: NDQ_003937

answers: soup" theory

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: abiotically

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: peptide chain

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The original position (OP) is a hypothetical situation developed by American philosopher John Rawls as a thought experiment to replace the imagery of a savage state of nature of prior political philosophers like Thomas Hobbes. In the original position, the parties select principles that will determine the basic structure of the society they will live in. This choice is made from behind a veil of ignorance, which would deprive participants of information about their particular characteristics: his or her ethnicity, social status, gender and, crucially, Conception of the Good (an individual's idea of how to lead a good life). This forces participants to select principles impartially and rationally.

text: The original position (OP) is a hypothetical situation developed by American

text: philosopher

text: John Rawls

text: as a

text: thought experiment

text: to replace the imagery of a savage

text: state of nature

text: of prior political philosophers like

text: Thomas Hobbes

text: . In the original position, the parties select principles that will determine the basic structure of the society they will live in. This choice is made from behind a

text: veil of ignorance

text: , which would deprive participants of information about their particular characteristics: his or her ethnicity, social status, gender and, crucially, Conception of the Good (an individual's idea of how to lead a good life). This forces participants to select principles impartially and rationally.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: It has been shown that personality traits are more malleable by environmental influences than researchers originally believed. Personality differences also predict the occurrence of life experiences.

text: It has been shown that personality traits are more malleable by environmental influences than researchers originally believed. Personality differences also predict the occurrence of life experiences.

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answers: no

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answers: originally believed

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: In his concluding paragraph he summarises the characteristics of Stahl's art as follows; "Monumentality and expression are not reserved for the extroverted (artists) only, and Stahl is clearly introverted, a contemplated and matured artist, with sensitive vibrating sensibility, whose poesie begins to sound, when given silence. These works breath life and are filled with life, a mindful life, an undisturbed balance between components of the soul and heart. A 'monologue interieur' that, through the power of the artist, has become a 'monologue monumental' that speaks to us from these walls.

text: In his concluding paragraph he summarises the characteristics of Stahl's art as follows; "Monumentality and expression are not reserved for the extroverted (artists) only, and Stahl is clearly introverted, a contemplated and matured artist, with sensitive vibrating sensibility, whose poesie begins to sound, when given silence. These works breath life and are filled with life, a mindful life, an undisturbed balance between components of the soul and heart. A 'monologue interieur' that, through the power of the artist, has become a 'monologue monumental' that speaks to us from these walls.

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answers: extroverted

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: breathe life

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answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Egyptian mythology has associated the acacia tree with characteristics of the tree of life, such as in the Myth of Osiris and Isis.

text: Egyptian mythology

text: has associated the acacia tree with characteristics of the

text: tree of life

text: , such as in the

text: Myth of Osiris and Isis

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The fetal origins hypothesis (differentiated from the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis, which emphasizes environmental conditions both before and immediately after birth) proposes that the period of gestation has significant impacts on the developmental health and wellbeing outcomes for an individual ranging from infancy to adulthood. The effects of fetal origin are marked by three characteristics: latency, wherein effects may not be apparent until much later in life; persistency, whereby conditions resulting from a fetal effect continue to exist for a given individual; and genetic programming, which describes the 'switching on' of a specific gene due to prenatal environment.  Research in the areas of economics, epidemiology, and epigenetics offer support for the hypothesis.

text: The fetal origins hypothesis (differentiated from the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis, which emphasizes environmental conditions both before and immediately after birth) proposes that the period of gestation has significant impacts on the developmental health and wellbeing outcomes for an individual ranging from infancy to adulthood. The effects of fetal origin are marked by three characteristics: latency, wherein effects may not be apparent until much later in life; persistency, whereby conditions resulting from a fetal effect continue to exist for a given individual; and genetic programming, which describes the 'switching on' of a specific gene due to prenatal environment.  Research in the areas of economics, epidemiology, and epigenetics offer support for the hypothesis.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Differences in perspectives on  what is real are determined by diverse values and life experiences.  In turn these values and life experiences are often associated with differences in access to privilege, based on such characteristics as disability, gender, sexual identity, religion, race/ethnicity, national origins, political party, income level, are, language,  and immigration or refugee status.

text: Differences in perspectives on  what is real are determined by diverse values and life experiences.  In turn these values and life experiences are often associated with differences in access to privilege, based on such characteristics as disability, gender, sexual identity, religion, race/ethnicity, national origins, political party, income level, are, language,  and immigration or refugee status.

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answers: Differences in perspectives on what is real are determined by diverse values and life experiences

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answers: primary protein structure

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the late 1980s Edwards studied historical dietary patterns in the South, identifying inexpensive traditional dishes that were sources of protein, and developing nutrition plans reducing the amount of fat in African-American cuisine. She oversaw a study that assessed amino acid quality, nitrogen, and moisture content in a variety of common foods such as flour, cream cheese and lima beans. The purpose of this experiment was to suggest dietary complementation of particular foods, such that a consumer was focusing not just on overall high amino acid intake, but also on the quality of intake. For this reason, cystine and tyrosine quantities were studied as well, because the two share similar biological characteristics with methionine and phenylalanine, respectively.  Acid hydrolyzates as well as microbiological assays were used in the quantification of amino acid content in the foods. Edwards observed differences in amino acid content between similar foods; for example, she found that bologna contained more amino acids than frankfurters and that lima beans had more cysteine and valine than pork and beans. The purpose of this study, Edwards noted, was to provide knowledge on amino acid content, such that people can consciously pair certain foods together for optimal intake.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: study historical dietary patterns

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: dietary complementation of particular foods

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: provide knowledge on amino acid content

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: the South

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Life history characteristics are traits that affect the life table of an organism, and can be imagined as various investments in growth, reproduction, and survivorship.

text: Life history characteristics are traits that affect the

text: life table

text: of an organism, and can be imagined as various investments in growth, reproduction, and survivorship.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Life history characteristics

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: life

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Life history characteristics

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Miller-Urey

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Life history characteristics

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: affect the life table

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Life history characteristics

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: life table

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The general structure of the standard amino acids includes a primary amino group, a carboxyl group and the functional group attached to the α-carbon.  The different amino acids are identified by the functional group.  As a result of the three different groups attached to the α-carbon, amino acids are asymmetrical molecules.  For all standard amino acids, except glycine, the α-carbon is a chiral center.  In the case of glycine, the α-carbon has two hydrogen atoms, thus adding symmetry to this molecule.  With the exception of proline, all of the amino acids found in life have the L-isoform conformation.  Proline has a functional group on the α-carbon that forms a ring with the amino group.

text: The general structure of the standard amino acids includes a

text: primary amino group

text: , a

text: carboxyl group

text: and the

text: functional group

text: attached to the

text: α-carbon

text: .  The different amino acids are identified by the functional group.  As a result of the three different groups attached to the α-carbon, amino acids are

text: asymmetrical molecules

text: .  For all standard amino acids, except

text: glycine

text: , the α-carbon is a

text: chiral center

text: .  In the case of glycine, the α-carbon has two hydrogen atoms, thus adding symmetry to this molecule.  With the exception of

text: proline

text: , all of the amino acids found in life have the

text: L-isoform

text: conformation.  Proline has a functional group on the α-carbon that forms a ring with the amino group.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: glycine

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: proline

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: amino acids are asymmetrical

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: amino acids are asymmetrical molecules

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are asymmetrical molecules

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: life

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary amino group

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Life-Saving Station at Eagle Harbor was constructed in the period 1910-1912 by the United States Life-Saving Service.  In 1915, the  Life-Saving Service was combined with the United States Revenue Cutter Service to create the United States Coast Guard, and the name of the Eagle Harbor Life-Saving Station was changed to the Eagle Harbor Coast Guard Station.  The station remained in service until after World War II, after which the station was turned over to the General Services Administration in 1954. Several structures were moved across Eagle Harbor to the grounds of the Eagle Harbor Light.  The boathouse is the only original structure remaining on site.

text: The Life-Saving Station at Eagle Harbor was constructed in the period 1910-1912 by the

text: United States Life-Saving Service

text: .  In 1915, the  Life-Saving Service was combined with the

text: United States Revenue Cutter Service

text: to create the

text: United States Coast Guard

text: , and the name of the Eagle Harbor Life-Saving Station was changed to the Eagle Harbor Coast Guard Station.  The station remained in service until after

text: World War II

text: , after which the station was turned over to the

text: General Services Administration

text: in 1954. Several structures were moved across Eagle Harbor to the grounds of the

text: Eagle Harbor Light

text: .  The boathouse is the only original structure remaining on site.

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answers: Life-Saving

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: The life-saving station

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Coast Guard

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: The Life-Saving Station at Eagle Harbor

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Life-Saving Station

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are made of amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Eagle Harbor

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answers: Life-Saving Station at Eagle Harbor

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Silk amino acid (SAAs) also known as Sericin is a natural water-soluble glycoprotein extracted from raw silk. It is used as an additive in skin and hair care products due to its high levels of serine which has excellent moisture preservation characteristics. As a water-based additive it is used to provide a protective barrier and silky feel to lotions, soaps, personal lubricants, hair and skincare products. Silk amino acids are produced by hydrolyzing (or breaking apart) silk proteins into smaller peptide chains, typically 18 to 19 amino acids in length. Silk amino acids have a lower molecular weight than silk protein powders and are moisturizing to skin and hair.

text: Silk amino acid (SAAs) also known as

text: Sericin

text: is a natural water-soluble

text: glycoprotein

text: extracted from raw silk. It is used as an additive in skin and hair care products due to its high levels of serine which has excellent moisture preservation characteristics. As a water-based additive it is used to provide a protective barrier and silky feel to

text: lotion

text: s,

text: soap

text: s,

text: personal lubricant

text: s,

text: hair

text: and

text: skincare

text: products. Silk amino acids are produced by hydrolyzing (or breaking apart) silk

text: protein

text: s into smaller

text: peptide

text: chains, typically 18 to 19 amino acids in length. Silk amino acids have a lower molecular weight than silk protein powders and are moisturizing to skin and hair.

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answers: silk

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answers: extract from raw silk

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: peptide chains

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Sericin is a natural water-soluble glycoprotein extracted from raw silk

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Silk amino acids

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: It is used as an additive in skin and hair care products

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: provide a protective barrier

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: silk proteins

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: peptide chains

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds composed of amine (-NH) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids.

text: Amino acids are

text: biologically

text: important

text: organic compound

text: s composed of

text: amine

text: (-NH) and

text: carboxylic acid

text: (-COOH)

text: functional group

text: s, along with a

text: side-chain

text: specific to each amino

text: acid

text: . The key elements of an amino acid are

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: oxygen

text: , and

text: nitrogen

text: , though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids.

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: biologically important organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in the side-chains

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In the 19th century, Bernhard Riemann and his student Gustav Roch proved what is now known as the Riemann–Roch theorem.  If X is a Riemann surface, then the sets of meromorphic functions and meromorphic differential forms on X form vector spaces.  A line bundle on X determines subspaces of these vector spaces, and if X is projective, then these subspaces are finite dimensional.  The Riemann–Roch theorem states that the difference in dimensions between these subspaces is equal to the degree of the line bundle (a measure of twistedness) plus one minus the genus of X.  In the mid-20th century, the Riemann–Roch theorem was generalized by Friedrich Hirzebruch to all algebraic varieties.  In Hirzebruch's formulation, the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem, the theorem became a statement about Euler characteristics: The Euler characteristic of a vector bundle on an algebraic variety (which is the alternating sum of the dimensions of its cohomology groups) equals the Euler characteristic of the trivial bundle plus a correction factor coming from characteristic classes of the vector bundle.  This is a generalization because on a projective Riemann surface, the Euler characteristic of a line bundle equals the difference in dimensions mentioned previously, the Euler characteristic of the trivial bundle is one minus the genus, and the only non-trivial characteristic class is the degree.

text: In the 19th century,

text: Bernhard Riemann

text: and his student

text: Gustav Roch

text: proved what is now known as the

text: Riemann–Roch theorem

text: .  If X is a Riemann surface, then the sets of

text: meromorphic function

text: s and meromorphic

text: differential form

text: s on X form vector spaces.  A

text: line bundle

text: on X determines subspaces of these vector spaces, and if X is projective, then these subspaces are finite dimensional.  The Riemann–Roch theorem states that the difference in dimensions between these subspaces is equal to the degree of the line bundle (a measure of twistedness) plus one minus the genus of X.  In the mid-20th century, the Riemann–Roch theorem was generalized by

text: Friedrich Hirzebruch

text: to all algebraic varieties.  In Hirzebruch's formulation, the

text: Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem

text: , the theorem became a statement about

text: Euler characteristic

text: s: The Euler characteristic of a

text: vector bundle

text: on an algebraic variety (which is the alternating sum of the dimensions of its cohomology groups) equals the Euler characteristic of the trivial bundle plus a correction factor coming from

text: characteristic class

text: es of the vector bundle.  This is a generalization because on a projective Riemann surface, the Euler characteristic of a line bundle equals the difference in dimensions mentioned previously, the Euler characteristic of the trivial bundle is one minus the genus, and the only non-trivial characteristic class is the degree.

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/190e86766dc1138031e175cedb3f2a3f

answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/cd554b2fc216fbc036a0c22f54269db7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/8dfaeefa241aaa562f19689ed4cc6ab2

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answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Riemann–Roch theorem

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: The Euler characteristic of a vector bundle on an algebraic variety

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The Euler characteristic of a vector bundle on an algebraic variety

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: The Euler characteristic of a vector bundle

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Riemann–Roch theorem

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: a measure of twistedness

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: X

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: a measure of twistedness

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Amino acids contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. (In biochemistry, the term amino acid is used when referring to those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, plus proline which is not actually an amino acid).

text: Amino acids

text: contain both

text: amino

text: and

text: carboxylic acid

text: functional group

text: s. (In

text: biochemistry

text: , the term amino acid is used when referring to those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, plus

text: proline

text: which is not actually an amino acid).

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: NDQ_003932

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answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Amino acids contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Amino acids contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Amino acids

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Amino acids contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: are attached to the same carbon

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: carboxylate

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: After securing a license to the Quake engine through the help of friend Michael Abrash of id Software in late 1996, Newell and Harrington began working on Half-Life. Originally planned for release in late 1997, Half-Life launched on November 19, 1998. Valve acquired TF Software Pty. Ltd., the makers of the Team Fortress mod for Quake, in May 1998 with the intent to create a standalone Team Fortress game. The Team Fortress Classic mod, essentially a port of the original Team Fortress mod for Quake, was released for Half-Life in 1999. Gearbox contributed much after the release of Half-Life. Gearbox Software is responsible for the Half-Life expansion packs, Half-Life: Opposing Force and Half-Life: Blue Shift, along with the home console versions of Half-Life for the Sega Dreamcast and Sony PlayStation 2 which included a third expansion pack called Half-Life: Decay, which enabled two-player split-screen co-op.

text: After securing a license to the

text: Quake engine

text: through the help of friend

text: Michael Abrash

text: of

text: id Software

text: in late 1996, Newell and Harrington began working on

text: Half-Life

text: . Originally planned for release in late 1997, Half-Life launched on November 19, 1998. Valve acquired TF Software Pty. Ltd., the makers of the

text: Team Fortress

text: mod

text: for

text: Quake

text: , in May 1998 with the intent to create a standalone Team Fortress game. The

text: Team Fortress Classic

text: mod

text: , essentially a port of the original Team Fortress mod for Quake, was released for Half-Life in 1999. Gearbox contributed much after the release of Half-Life.

text: Gearbox Software

text: is responsible for the Half-Life expansion packs,

text: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: and

text: Half-Life: Blue Shift

text: , along with the home console versions of Half-Life for the

text: Sega

text: Dreamcast

text: and

text: Sony

text: PlayStation 2

text: which included a third expansion pack called

text: Half-Life: Decay

text: , which enabled two-player split-screen

text: co-op

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answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: NDQ_003933

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text: Roy married Tianfu, a Chinese lawyer and businesswoman of Manchu origin and has one daughter. He leads a low profile life and is known to have interests in Daoism, Tantra and Socialism with Chinese characteristics. He also enjoys playing table tennis and badminton.

text: Roy married Tianfu, a Chinese lawyer and businesswoman of

text: Manchu

text: origin and has one daughter. He leads a low profile life and is known to have interests in

text: Daoism

text: Tantra

text: and

text: Socialism with Chinese characteristics

text: . He also enjoys playing table tennis and badminton.

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text: Headcrabs are one of the first enemies introduced in Half-Life. They are frequently encountered by players throughout Half-Life and its three expansions, Opposing Force, Blue Shift and Decay. They also see appearances in the official remake of Half-Life, titled Half-Life: Source, as well as the third-party fan modification remake titled Black Mesa. Because the games are remakes, headcrabs play essentially the same role as they do in the original Half-Life.

text: Headcrabs are one of the first enemies introduced in Half-Life. They are frequently encountered by players throughout Half-Life and its three expansions,

text: Opposing Force

text: Blue Shift

text: and

text: Decay

text: . They also see appearances in the official remake of Half-Life, titled

text: Half-Life: Source

text: , as well as the third-party fan modification remake titled

text: Black Mesa

text: . Because the games are remakes, headcrabs play essentially the same role as they do in the original Half-Life.

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text: With this method the original investment is effectively amortized over the productive life of the asset, starting with the original capital investment, the annual percentage being the percentage of the reserves at the beginning of the year that are sold in the course of the year.  The amortized amount is deducted from the net income before calculating taxes.  The total amount deducted by this method cannot exceed the original value of the capital invested.

text: With this method the original investment is effectively amortized over the productive life of the asset, starting with the original capital investment, the annual percentage being the percentage of the reserves at the beginning of the year that are sold in the course of the year.  The amortized amount is deducted from the net income before calculating taxes.  The total amount deducted by this method cannot exceed the original value of the capital invested.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: original investment

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: sell in the course

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the original investment is effectively amortized

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The original investment is effectively amortized over the productive life of the asset

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: produce energy

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in the course of the year

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: The original investment is effectively amortized

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: A characteristic of Mateiu Caragiale's life was his search for noble origins, contrasting his illegitimate status. According to historian Lucian Nastasă, it clashed with his father's discreetness in relation to his Greek ancestors—Ion Luca is known to have described his own origins as uncertain, even though these had been well recorded, and to have later commented that any noble lineage in Romania relied on spurious genealogies. Caragiale-father is also thought to have discouraged his son's claims, and to have mockingly noted that their own family's origin could not have been aristocratic. Early in his youth, Mateiu jokingly referred to himself as "Prince Bassaraba-Apaffy", mixing the title used by the early Basarab Wallachian princes and the Apaffy family of Hungarian nobility. Letters he wrote while still a student show that he was envisaging a marriage of convenience as a means to increase his wealth and status.

text: A characteristic of Mateiu Caragiale's life was his search for noble origins, contrasting his illegitimate status. According to historian Lucian Nastasă, it clashed with his father's discreetness in relation to his

text: Greek

text: ancestors—Ion Luca is known to have described his own origins as uncertain, even though these had been well recorded, and to have later commented that any noble lineage in Romania relied on spurious genealogies. Caragiale-father is also thought to have discouraged his son's claims, and to have mockingly noted that their own family's origin could not have been aristocratic. Early in his youth, Mateiu jokingly referred to himself as "Prince Bassaraba-Apaffy", mixing the title used by the early

text: Basarab

text: Wallachian princes

text: and the

text: Apaffy family

text: of

text: Hungarian nobility

text: . Letters he wrote while still a student show that he was envisaging a

text: marriage of convenience

text: as a means to increase his wealth and status.

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answers: illegitimate status

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: historian

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptide

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: noble lineage in Romania

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: nobility

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: origin could not have been aristocratic

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: ancestors

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Greek

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Isovaline is a rare amino acid transported to earth by the Murchison meteorite, which landed in Australia in 1969. The discovery of isovaline in the biosphere demonstrates an extraterrestrial origin of amino acids and has been linked to the homochirality of life on earth  suggesting a role in the origin of life.

text: Isovaline is a rare

text: amino acid

text: transported to earth by the

text: Murchison meteorite

text: , which landed in

text: Australia

text: in 1969. The discovery of isovaline in the

text: biosphere

text: demonstrates an extraterrestrial origin of amino acids and has been linked to the

text: homochirality

text: of life on earth  suggesting a role in the origin of life.

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answers: NDQ_003932

answers: discover isovaline

answers: NDQ_003933

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answers: NDQ_003934

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answers: NDQ_003935

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answers: NDQ_003936

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answers: NDQ_003937

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answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: One of the central characteristics of living systems is the highly organized character of their physical and chemical processes, partly based upon informational and molecular properties of what came to be known in the 1960s as the genome. Distinguished biologists, such as Ernst Mayr and Manfred Eigen have seen these informational aspects as one of the emergent features of life as a process that distinguish life from anything else in the physical world, except, perhaps, man-made computers. However, whereas the informational teleology of computer programmes is derived, by being designed by humans to achieve specific goals, the teleology and informational characteristics of organisms are intrinsic to them and evolve naturally.

text: One of the central characteristics of living systems is the highly organized character of their physical and chemical processes, partly based upon informational and molecular properties of what came to be known in the 1960s as the

text: genome

text: . Distinguished biologists, such as

text: Ernst Mayr

text: and

text: Manfred Eigen

text: have seen these informational aspects as one of the emergent features of life as a process that distinguish life from anything else in the physical world, except, perhaps, man-made

text: computer

text: s. However, whereas the informational

text: teleology

text: of computer programmes is derived, by being designed by humans to achieve specific goals, the

text: teleology

text: and informational characteristics of organisms are intrinsic to them and evolve naturally.

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answers: man-made computers

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: design computers

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: molecular processes

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: the genome

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the highly organized character of their physical and chemical processes

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: electrical sparks

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: the teleology and informational characteristics of organisms are intrinsic to them and evolve naturally

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: molecular properties

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in the 1960s

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: the genome

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In contrast to many proteins that undergo conformational changes upon heating and denaturation, thermolysin does not undergo any major conformational changes until at least 70 °C. The thermal stability of members of the TLP family is measured in terms of a T temperature. At this temperature incubation for 30 minutes reduces the enzymes activity by half. Thermolysin has a T value of 86.9 °C, making it the most thermo stable member of the TLP family. Studies on the contribution of calcium to thermolysin stability have shown that upon thermal inactivation a single calcium ion is released from the molecule. Preventing this calcium from originally binding to the molecule by mutation of its binding site, reduced thermolysin stability by 7 °C. However, while calcium binding makes a significant contribution to stabilising thermolysin, more crucial to stability is a small cluster of N-terminal domain amino acids located at the proteins surface. In particular a phenylalanine (F) at amino acid position 63 and a proline (P) at amino acid position 69 contribute significantly to thermolysin stability. Changing these amino acids to threonine (T) and alanine (A) respectively in a less stable thermolysin-like proteinase produced by Bacillus stearothermophillus (TLP-ste), results in individual reductions in stability of 7 °C (F63→T) and 6.3 °C (P69→A) and when combined a reduction in stability of 12.3 °C.

text: In contrast to many proteins that undergo conformational changes upon heating and

text: denaturation

text: , thermolysin does not undergo any major conformational changes until at least 70 °C. The thermal stability of members of the TLP family is measured in terms of a T temperature. At this temperature incubation for 30 minutes reduces the enzymes activity by half. Thermolysin has a T value of 86.9 °C, making it the most thermo stable member of the TLP family. Studies on the contribution of

text: calcium

text: to thermolysin stability have shown that upon thermal inactivation a single calcium ion is released from the molecule. Preventing this calcium from originally binding to the molecule by

text: mutation

text: of its binding site, reduced thermolysin stability by 7 °C. However, while calcium binding makes a significant contribution to stabilising thermolysin, more crucial to stability is a small cluster of N-terminal domain amino acids located at the proteins surface. In particular a

text: phenylalanine

text: (F) at amino acid position 63 and a

text: proline

text: (P) at amino acid position 69 contribute significantly to thermolysin stability. Changing these amino acids to

text: threonine

text: (T) and

text: alanine

text: (A) respectively in a less stable thermolysin-like proteinase produced by Bacillus stearothermophillus (TLP-ste), results in individual reductions in stability of 7 °C (F63→T) and 6.3 °C (P69→A) and when combined a reduction in stability of 12.3 °C.

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: conformational changes upon heating and denaturation

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: mutation of its binding site

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Thermolysin

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the thermodynamics of thermolysin

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Bacillus

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: undergo conformational changes

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Bacillus

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: 2-Aminoisobutyric acid, or α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) or α-methylalanine or 2-methylalanine, is an amino acid with the structural formula is HN-C(CH)-COOH. It is contained in some antibiotics of fungal origin, e.g. alamethicin and some lantibiotics. It is not one of the proteinogenic amino acids and rather rare in nature (cf. Non-proteinogenic amino acids). α-Aminoisobutyric acid is a strong helix inducer in peptides. Oligomers of AIB form 3 helices.

text: 2-Aminoisobutyric acid, or α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) or α-methylalanine or 2-methylalanine, is an

text: amino acid

text: with the

text: structural formula

text: is HN-C(CH)-COOH. It is contained in some

text: antibiotic

text: s of

text: fungal

text: origin, e.g.

text: alamethicin

text: and some

text: lantibiotic

text: s. It is not one of the

text: proteinogenic

text: amino acids and rather rare in nature (cf.

text: Non-proteinogenic amino acids

text: ). α-Aminoisobutyric acid is a strong helix inducer in

text: peptide

text: s. Oligomers of AIB form 3 helices.

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answers: 1

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_003938

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answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: proteinogenic

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Proteinogenic amino acids and rather rare in nature

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Oligomers

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 2-Aminoisobutyric acid

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 2-Aminoisobutyric acid

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: -Aminoisobutyric acid

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: form 3 helices

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: fungal origin

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: proteinogenic amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The codons encoding one amino acid may differ in any of their three positions; however, more often than not, this difference is in the second or third position. For instance, the amino acid glutamic acid is specified by GAA and GAG codons (difference in the third position); the amino acid leucine is specified by UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG codons (difference in the first or third position); and the amino acid serine is specified by UCA, UCG, UCC, UCU, AGU, AGC (difference in the first, second, or third position).

text: The codons encoding one amino acid may differ in any of their three positions; however, more often than not, this difference is in the second or third position. For instance, the amino acid

text: glutamic acid

text: is specified by GAA and GAG codons (difference in the third position); the amino acid

text: leucine

text: is specified by UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG codons (difference in the first or third position); and the amino acid

text: serine

text: is specified by UCA, UCG, UCC, UCU, AGU, AGC (difference in the first, second, or third position).

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answers: GAA and GAG codons

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: codons

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: This difference is in the second or third position

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The codons

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: codons

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Aspartame was discovered in 1965 by James M. Schlatter at the G.D. Searle company. He was working on an anti-ulcer drug and accidentally spilled some aspartame on his hand. When he licked his finger, he noticed that it had a sweet taste. Torunn Atteraas Garin oversaw the development of aspartame as an artificial sweetener. It is an odorless, white crystalline powder that is derived from the two amino acids aspartic acid and phenylalanine. It is about 200 times as sweet as sugar and can be used as a tabletop sweetener or in frozen desserts, gelatins, beverages, and chewing gum.  When cooked or stored at high temperatures, aspartame breaks down into its constituent amino acids.  This makes aspartame undesirable as a baking sweetener. It is more stable in somewhat acidic conditions, such as in soft drinks.  Though it does not have a bitter aftertaste like saccharin, it may not taste exactly like sugar. When eaten, aspartame is metabolized into its original amino acids.  Because it is so intensely sweet, relatively little of it is needed to sweeten a food product, and is thus useful for reducing the number of calories in a product.

text: Aspartame was discovered in 1965 by James M. Schlatter at the

text: G.D. Searle

text: company. He was working on an anti-ulcer drug and accidentally spilled some aspartame on his hand. When he licked his finger, he noticed that it had a sweet taste.

text: Torunn Atteraas Garin

text: oversaw the development of aspartame as an artificial sweetener. It is an odorless, white crystalline powder that is derived from the two amino acids

text: aspartic acid

text: and

text: phenylalanine

text: . It is about 200 times as sweet as sugar and can be used as a tabletop sweetener or in frozen desserts, gelatins,

text: beverage

text: s, and

text: chewing gum

text: .  When cooked or stored at high temperatures, aspartame breaks down into its constituent amino acids.  This makes aspartame undesirable as a baking sweetener. It is more stable in somewhat acidic conditions, such as in soft drinks.  Though it does not have a bitter aftertaste like saccharin, it may not taste exactly like sugar. When eaten, aspartame is metabolized into its original

text: amino acid

text: s.  Because it is so intensely sweet, relatively little of it is needed to sweeten a food product, and is thus useful for reducing the number of calories in a product.

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: artificial sweetener

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Aspartame

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Aspartic acid and phenylalanine

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Aspartame was discovered in 1965 by James M. Schlatter

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Aspartame

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: aspartic acid and phenylalanine

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: Aspartame

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Aspartic acid and phenylalanine

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Chiral amino acids, including leucine, have been generated in electrical discharge experiments designed to mimic the prebiotic conditions on Earth, and they have been found in scalemic mixtures in meteorites. It has been suggested that poly-amino acid fragments analogous to the Juliá–Colonna catalyst may have been initiated by imidazole or cyanide derivatives, and the resulting fragments may have played a catalytic role in the origin of enantiomeric enrichment ubiquitous in life today.

text: Chiral amino acids, including leucine, have been generated in electrical discharge experiments designed to mimic the prebiotic conditions on Earth, and they have been found in scalemic mixtures in meteorites. It has been suggested that poly-amino acid fragments analogous to the Juliá–Colonna catalyst may have been initiated by

text: imidazole

text: or

text: cyanide

text: derivatives, and the resulting fragments may have played a catalytic role in the origin of enantiomeric enrichment ubiquitous in life today.

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answers: prebiotic conditions

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: mimic the prebiotic conditions on Earth

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: prebiotic conditions on Earth

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Chiral amino acids, including leucine

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: electrical discharge experiments

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: prebiotic conditions on Earth

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: catalytic role

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in scalemic mixtures in meteorites

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Chiral amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Sandra Pizzarello, D.Bi.Sc. is an Italian biochemist known for her co-discoverey of amino acid enantiomeric excess in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Her research interests concern the characterization of meteoritic organic compounds in elucidating the evolution of planetary homochirality. Pizzarello is a project collaborator and co-investigator for the NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI), the president of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life, and an emerita professor at Arizona State University (ASU).

text: Sandra Pizzarello,

text: D.Bi.Sc.

text: is an Italian biochemist known for her co-discoverey of

text: amino acid

text: enantiomeric excess

text: in

text: carbonaceous chondrite meteorites

text: . Her research interests concern the characterization of meteoritic

text: organic compound

text: s in elucidating the

text: evolution

text: of planetary

text: homochirality

text: . Pizzarello is a project collaborator and co-investigator for the

text: NASA Astrobiology Institute

text: (NAI), the president of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life, and an

text: emerita

text: professor at

text: Arizona State University

text: (ASU).

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In Anatomy of the Spirit (1996), Caroline Myss describes the function of chakras as follows: "Every thought and experience you've ever had in your life gets filtered through these chakra databases. Each event is recorded into your cells...".  The chakras are described as being aligned in an ascending column from the base of the spine to the top of the head. New Age practices often associate each chakra with a certain colour. In various traditions, chakras are associated with multiple physiological functions, an aspect of consciousness, a classical element, and other distinguishing characteristics. They are visualised as lotuses or flowers with a different number of petals in every chakra.

text: In

text: Anatomy of the Spirit

text: Caroline Myss

text: describes the function of chakras as follows: "Every thought and experience you've ever had in your life gets filtered through these chakra databases. Each event is recorded into your cells...".  The chakras are described as being aligned in an ascending column from the base of the

text: spine

text: to the top of the head.

text: New Age

text: practices often associate each chakra with a certain colour. In various traditions, chakras are associated with multiple physiological functions, an aspect of

text: consciousness

text: , a

text: classical element

text: , and other distinguishing characteristics. They are visualised as lotuses or flowers with a different number of petals in every chakra.

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answers: proteins are important because they

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answers: cells

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Anatomy of the Spirit

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: At the time of the Miller–Urey experiment, scientific consensus was that the early Earth had a reducing atmosphere with compounds relatively rich in hydrogen and poor in oxygen (e.g., CH and NH as opposed to CO and nitrogen dioxide (NO)). However, current scientific consensus describes the primitive atmosphere as either weakly reducing or neutral (see also Oxygen Catastrophe). Such an atmosphere would diminish both the amount and variety of amino acids that could be produced, although studies that include iron and carbonate minerals (thought present in early oceans) in the experimental conditions have again produced a diverse array of amino acids. Other scientific research has focused on two other potential reducing environments: outer space and deep-sea thermal vents.

text: At the time of the Miller–Urey experiment, scientific consensus was that the early Earth had a reducing atmosphere with compounds relatively rich in hydrogen and poor in oxygen (e.g., CH and NH as opposed to CO and

text: nitrogen dioxide

text: (NO)). However, current scientific consensus describes the primitive atmosphere as either weakly reducing or neutral (see also

text: Oxygen Catastrophe

text: ). Such an atmosphere would diminish both the amount and variety of amino acids that could be produced, although studies that include

text: iron

text: and

text: carbonate

text: minerals (thought present in early oceans) in the experimental conditions have again produced a diverse array of amino acids. Other scientific research has focused on two other potential reducing environments:

text: outer space

text: and deep-sea thermal vents.

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answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the early Earth had a reducing atmosphere

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: the early Earth

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

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answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The term "specified complexity" was originally coined by origin of life researcher Leslie Orgel in his 1973 book The Origins of Life: Molecules and Natural Selection, which proposed that RNA could have evolved through Darwinian natural selection. Orgel used the phrase in discussing the differences between life and non-living structures:

text: The term "specified complexity" was originally coined by

text: origin of life

text: researcher

text: Leslie Orgel

text: in his 1973 book The Origins of Life: Molecules and Natural Selection, which proposed that

text: RNA

text: could have evolved through Darwinian

text: natural selection

text: . Orgel used the phrase in discussing the differences between life and non-living structures:

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answers: RNA could have evolved

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answers: molecules and natural selection

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answers: through Darwinian natural selection

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Amino acids that are excess to requirement cannot be stored, but must be modified by deamination (removal of the amine group). As this occurs in the liver and kidneys, some individuals with damaged livers or kidneys may be advised to eat less protein. Due to the sulphur content of the amino acids methionine and cysteine, excess of these amino acids leads to the production of acid through sulphate ions. These sulphate ions may be neutralized by calcium ions from bone, which may lead to net urinary loss of calcium. This might lead to reduction in bone mineral density over time. Individuals suffering from phenylketonuria lack the enzyme to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine so low levels of this amino acid need to be provided in the diet. Homocystinuria is an inherited disorder involving the metabolism of the amino acid methionine leading to the accumulation of homocysteine. Treatment includes providing low levels of methionine and high levels of vitamin B6 in the diet.

text: Amino acids

text: that are excess to requirement cannot be stored, but must be modified by

text: deamination

text: (removal of the amine group). As this occurs in the liver and kidneys, some individuals with damaged livers or kidneys may be advised to eat less protein. Due to the sulphur content of the amino acids

text: methionine

text: and

text: cysteine

text: , excess of these amino acids leads to the production of acid through sulphate ions. These sulphate ions may be neutralized by calcium ions from bone, which may lead to net urinary loss of

text: calcium

text: . This might lead to reduction in bone mineral density over time. Individuals suffering from

text: phenylketonuria

text: lack the enzyme to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine so low levels of this amino acid need to be provided in the diet.

text: Homocystinuria

text: is an inherited disorder involving the metabolism of the amino acid methionine leading to the accumulation of homocysteine. Treatment includes providing low levels of methionine and high levels of

text: vitamin

text: B6 in the diet.

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answers: protein

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answers: eat less protein

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answers: protein

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Amino acids that are excess to requirement cannot be stored

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: Amino acids that are excess to requirement cannot be stored

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: deamination

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: An inherited disorder

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: Bone mineral density

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in the liver and kidneys

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Eventually, it was determined that the substance emitted by the testicles is testosterone. Voronoff expected that this new discovery would prove his theories. Testosterone would be injected into animals and they would grow young, strong, and virile. Experiments were performed, and this was not the case. Besides an increase in some secondary sexual characteristics, testosterone injections did little. Testosterone did not prolong life, as Voronoff expected. In the 1940s, Dr. Kenneth Walker, an eminent British surgeon, dismissed Voronoff's treatment as "no better than the methods of witches and magicians."

text: Eventually, it was determined that the substance emitted by the testicles is

text: testosterone

text: . Voronoff expected that this new discovery would prove his theories. Testosterone would be injected into animals and they would grow young, strong, and virile. Experiments were performed, and this was not the case. Besides an increase in some secondary sexual characteristics, testosterone injections did little. Testosterone did not prolong life, as Voronoff expected. In the 1940s,

text: Dr. Kenneth Walker

text: , an eminent British surgeon, dismissed Voronoff's treatment as "no better than the methods of witches and magicians."

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answers: virile

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Witches and magicians

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: testosterone

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: substance emitted by the testicles is testosterone

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Testosterone did not prolong life, as Voronoff expected

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: the testicles

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Testosterone

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An oil formulation contains basic additives, designed to react with and neutralise acids [2], preventing damage to engine parts, including corrosion of metal surfaces and damage to gaskets and other seals, by acidic components in the oil.   These additives raise the TBN of the formulation, which can be used to summarize the effectiveness of the additives.  The constituents with basic characteristics include organic and inorganic bases, amino compounds, salts of weak acids (soaps), basic salts of polyacidic bases, and salts of heavy metals. [2]. Weak organic and strong inorganic acids are formed by oxidation of the lubricant or from the combustion of trace impurities such as sulphur.

text: An oil formulation contains basic additives, designed to react with and neutralise acids [2], preventing damage to engine parts, including

text: corrosion

text: of metal surfaces and damage to gaskets and other seals, by acidic components in the oil.   These additives raise the TBN of the formulation, which can be used to summarize the effectiveness of the additives.  The constituents with basic characteristics include organic and inorganic bases, amino compounds, salts of weak acids (soaps), basic salts of polyacidic bases, and salts of heavy metals. [2]. Weak organic and strong inorganic acids are formed by oxidation of the lubricant or from the combustion of trace impurities such as sulphur.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: acidic

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: sulphur

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: amino compounds

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: amino compounds

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: An oil formulation contains basic additives

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: The constituents with basic characteristics

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: organic and inorganic bases

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino compounds

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: sulphur

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino compounds

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Since there is no unequivocal definition of life, most current definitions in biology are descriptive. Life is considered a characteristic of something that exhibits all or most of the following traits:

text: Since there is no unequivocal definition of life, most current definitions in biology are descriptive. Life is considered a characteristic of something that exhibits all or most of the following traits:

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: unequivocal definition

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: unequivocal definition

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: most current definitions in biology are descriptive

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: most current definitions in biology are descriptive

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: proteins are important because they

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: life

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: By 1976, UREI had moved their manufacturing and service center to Sun Valley, California.

text: By 1976, UREI had moved their manufacturing and service center to

text: Sun Valley, California

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: manufacturing

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: move

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: urei

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: manufacturing and service center

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: UREI

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: manufacture and service

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: California

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Van Gestel and Van Broeckhoven (2003) write, “Almost by definition, complex traits originate from interplay between (multiple) genetic factors and environment.” Interactions between genetic predisposition and the environment are a major factor in personality development. The corresponsive principle of personality development states that “life experiences may accentuate and reinforce the personality characteristics that were partially responsible for the particular environmental elicitations in the first place”. This principle summarizes how gene-environment interactions (also called person-situation transactions) maintain and reinforce the continuity of personality throughout the lifespan. Three main types of gene-environment interactions are active (the process by which individuals with certain genotypes select and create environments that facilitate the expression of those genotypes), passive (the process by which genetic parents provide both the genes and the early environmental influences that contribute to the development of a characteristic in their children), and reactive (the process by which non-family individuals respond to the behavior produced by a genotype in characteristic ways).

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: personality

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: Almost by definition

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: complex traits

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The corresponsive principle of personality development

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: active

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: (multiple) genetic factors

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: Gene-environment interactions

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: genetic parents

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: Gene-environment interactions

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A 2006 UK poll on the "origin and development of life" asked participants to choose between three different explanations for the origin of life: 22% chose (Young Earth) creationism, 17% opted for intelligent design ("certain features of living things are best explained by the intervention of a supernatural being, e.g. God"), 48% selected evolution theory (with a divine role explicitly excluded) and the rest did not know.

text: A 2006 UK poll on the "origin and development of life" asked participants to choose between three different explanations for the origin of life: 22% chose (Young Earth)

text: creationism

text: , 17% opted for

text: intelligent design

text: ("certain features of living things are best explained by the intervention of a supernatural being, e.g. God"), 48% selected

text: evolution

text: theory (with a divine role explicitly excluded) and the rest did not know.

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answers: not know

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answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003934

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answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the origin of life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: evolution theory

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: develop

answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003940

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: N-acyl-L-amino acids are formed when L-amino acids have their N-terminus covalently bonded to an acyl group. The acyl group provides stability for the amino acid, making it more resistant to degradation. Additionally, N-acyl-L-amino acids cannot be used directly as building blocks for proteins and must first be converted to L-amino acids by aminoacylase. Again, the L-amino acid products can be used for biosynthesis or catabolized energy.

text: N-acyl-L-amino acids

text: are formed when

text: L-amino acids

text: have their

text: N-terminus

text: covalently bonded

text: to an

text: acyl group

text: . The

text: acyl group

text: provides stability for the

text: amino acid

text: , making it more resistant to degradation. Additionally,

text: N-acyl-L-amino acids

text: cannot be used directly as building blocks for

text: proteins

text: and must first be converted to

text: L-amino acids

text: by aminoacylase. Again, the

text: L-amino acid

text: products can be used for

text: biosynthesis

text: or catabolized

text: energy

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answers: acyl group

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: use directly as building blocks for proteins

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: covalently bonded

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: acyl group

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

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answers: biosynthesis or catabolized energy

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: building blocks for proteins

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: N-acyl

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: building blocks for proteins

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Haldane introduced the modern concept of abiogenesis in an eight-page article titled The origin of life in the Rationalist Annual in 1929, describing the primitive ocean as a "vast chemical laboratory" containing a mixture of inorganic compounds – like a "hot dilute soup" in which organic compounds could have formed. Under the solar energy the anoxic atmosphere containing carbon dioxide, ammonia and water vapour gave rise to a variety of organic compounds, "living or half-living things". The first molecules reacted with one another to produce more complex compounds, and ultimately the cellular components. At some point a kind of "oily film" was produced that enclosed self-replicating nucleic acids, thereby becoming the first cell. J.D. Bernal named the hypothesis biopoiesis or biopoesis, the process of living matter spontaneously evolving from self-replicating but lifeless molecules. Haldane further hypothesised that viruses were the intermediate entities between the prebiotic soup and the first cells. He asserted that prebiotic life would have been "in the virus stage for many millions of years before a suitable assemblage of elementary units was brought together in the first cell." The idea was generally dismissed as "wild speculation". In 1924 Alexander Oparin had suggested similar idea in Russian, and in 1936 he introduced it to the English-speaking people. The experimental basis of the theory began in 1953 with the classic Miller–Urey experiment. Since then, the primordial soup theory became a dominant theory in the chemistry of life, and often is attributed as the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis.

text: Haldane introduced the modern concept of

text: abiogenesis

text: in an eight-page article titled The origin of life in the Rationalist Annual in 1929, describing the primitive ocean as a "vast chemical laboratory" containing a mixture of inorganic compounds – like a "hot dilute soup" in which organic compounds could have formed. Under the solar energy the

text: anoxic atmosphere

text: containing

text: carbon dioxide

text: ammonia

text: and

text: water vapour

text: gave rise to a variety of organic compounds, "living or half-living things". The first molecules reacted with one another to produce more complex compounds, and ultimately the cellular components. At some point a kind of "oily film" was produced that enclosed

text: self-replicating

text: nucleic acids, thereby becoming the first cell.

text: J.D. Bernal

text: named the hypothesis biopoiesis or biopoesis, the process of living matter spontaneously evolving from self-replicating but lifeless molecules. Haldane further hypothesised that viruses were the intermediate entities between the prebiotic soup and the first cells. He asserted that prebiotic life would have been "in the virus stage for many millions of years before a suitable assemblage of elementary units was brought together in the first cell." The idea was generally dismissed as "wild speculation". In 1924

text: Alexander Oparin

text: had suggested similar idea in

text: Russian

text: , and in 1936 he introduced it to the English-speaking people. The experimental basis of the theory began in 1953 with the classic

text: Miller–Urey experiment

text: . Since then, the primordial soup theory became a dominant theory in the chemistry of life, and often is attributed as the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis.

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answers: no

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answers: NDQ_003940

answers: nucleic acids

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Haldane also stated that a purely mechanist interpretation can not account for the characteristics of life. Haldane wrote a number of books in which he attempted to show the invalidity of both vitalism and mechanist approaches to science. Haldane explained:

text: Haldane also stated that a purely mechanist interpretation can not account for the characteristics of life. Haldane wrote a number of books in which he attempted to show the invalidity of both vitalism and mechanist approaches to science. Haldane explained:

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: Mechanist approaches to science

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In Final Crisis, it was revealed that, in the wake of the birth of the original Multiverse, an unfathomable being of limitless imagination, the original Monitor, or Overmonitor, became aware of the life germinating in the budding Multiverse occupying the void space in which he resided, and which he encompassed. Curious about it, and wanting to interact with and know better the lesser life-forms birthed by the Multiverse, he fashioned a probe, a smaller Monitor. Unprepared to deal with the complexity of life and the passing of time, the probe-Monitor was instantly split into two symmetrical, opposite beings upon coming into contact with the Multiverse itself: the Monitor, embodying the positive matter and goodness, and the Anti-Monitor, embodying anti-matter and evil.

text: In Final Crisis, it was revealed that, in the wake of the birth of the original Multiverse, an unfathomable being of limitless imagination, the original Monitor, or Overmonitor, became aware of the life germinating in the budding Multiverse occupying the void space in which he resided, and which he encompassed. Curious about it, and wanting to interact with and know better the lesser life-forms birthed by the Multiverse, he fashioned a probe, a smaller Monitor. Unprepared to deal with the complexity of life and the passing of time, the probe-Monitor was instantly split into two symmetrical, opposite beings upon coming into contact with the Multiverse itself: the Monitor, embodying the positive matter and goodness, and the Anti-Monitor, embodying anti-matter and evil.

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answers: exist in all living things

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Gascon have many characteristics that make them different from any other breed of cow. Hardness to their fur is one. The hardness of the fur enables the Gascon to tolerate cold weather better than other cows. Plus it is very thick meaning it is able to shed water well. The ease of calving is another. Unlike other cows, Gascon cows are in labor for a much shorter time period. Also, cows that have an easy time giving birth will settle to the bull more quickly which would give the mother cow a longer productive life. Another characteristic of the Gascon is that their calves get stronger and gain more weight faster than other types of cows.

text: The Gascon have many characteristics that make them different from any

text: other breed of cow

text: . Hardness to their fur is one. The hardness of the fur enables the Gascon to tolerate cold weather better than other cows. Plus it is very thick meaning it is able to shed water well. The ease of

text: calving

text: is another. Unlike other cows, Gascon cows are in labor for a much shorter time period. Also, cows that have an easy time giving birth will settle to the

text: bull

text: more quickly which would give the mother

text: cow

text: a longer productive life. Another characteristic of the Gascon is that their calves get stronger and gain more weight faster than other types of cows.

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answers: NDQ_003940

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During the 1920s a number of experiments, both interferometry based, as in Miller's experiment, and others using entirely different techniques, were conducted and these returned a null result as well.For example, Georg Joos reprised Miller's experiment using a very similar setup (the arms of his interferometer were 21m vs. the 32m in the Miller experiment) and obtained results that were one fiftieth the magnitude of those from Miller's.  However Miller claimed that the explanation for results of the experiments of Georg Joos were because they were done at low altitude in the interior of a building where the aether wind was very low.

text: During the 1920s a number of experiments, both

text: interferometry

text: based, as in Miller's experiment, and others using entirely different techniques, were conducted and these returned a

text: null result

text: as well.For example,

text: Georg Joos

text: reprised Miller's experiment using a very similar setup (the arms of his interferometer were 21m vs. the 32m in the Miller experiment) and obtained results that were one fiftieth the magnitude of those from Miller's.  However Miller claimed that the explanation for results of the experiments of

text: Georg Joos

text: were because they were done at low altitude in the interior of a building where the aether wind was very low.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: While Oparin himself was unable to conduct experiments to test any of these ideas, later researchers tried. In 1953, Stanley Miller attempted an experiment to investigate whether chemical self-organization could have been possible on pre-historic Earth. The Miller–Urey experiment introduced heat (to provide reflux) and electrical energy (sparks, to simulate lightning) into a mixture of several simple components that would be present in a reducing atmosphere. Within a fairly short period of time a variety of familiar organic compounds, such as amino acids, were synthesised. The compounds that formed were somewhat more complex than the molecules present at the beginning of the experiment.

text: While Oparin himself was unable to conduct experiments to test any of these ideas, later researchers tried. In 1953,

text: Stanley Miller

text: attempted an experiment to investigate whether chemical self-organization could have been possible on pre-historic Earth. The

text: Miller–Urey experiment

text: introduced heat (to provide reflux) and electrical energy (sparks, to simulate

text: lightning

text: ) into a mixture of several simple components that would be present in a reducing atmosphere. Within a fairly short period of time a variety of familiar organic compounds, such as

text: amino acid

text: s, were synthesised. The compounds that formed were somewhat more complex than the molecules present at the beginning of the experiment.

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answers: self-organization

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: conduct experiments

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: chemical self-organization could have been possible on pre-historic Earth

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: to simulate lightning

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: pre-historic Earth

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: on pre-historic Earth

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The net protein utilization, or NPU, is the ratio of amino acid converted to proteins to the ratio of amino acids supplied. This figure is somewhat affected by the salvage of essential amino acids within the body, but is profoundly affected by the level of limiting amino acids within a foodstuff.

text: The net protein utilization, or NPU, is the ratio of

text: amino acid

text: converted to

text: protein

text: s to the ratio of amino acids supplied. This figure is somewhat affected by the salvage of

text: essential amino acid

text: s within the body, but is profoundly affected by the level of

text: limiting amino acids

text: within a foodstuff.

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answers: salvage of essential amino acids

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: NPU

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

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answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The net protein utilization

answers: NDQ_003936

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answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The net protein utilization

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: essential amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: foodstuff

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answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: It was also believed that some persons made this type of pact just as a sign of recognizing the devil as their master, in exchange for nothing. Nevertheless, the bargain is considered a dangerous one, as the price of the Fiend's service is the wagerer's soul. The tale may have a moralizing end, with eternal damnation for the foolhardy venturer. Conversely, it may have a comic twist, in which a wily peasant outwits the devil, characteristically on a technical point. The person making the pact sometimes tries to outwit the devil, but loses in the end (e.g., man sells his soul for eternal life because he will never die to pay his end of the bargain. Immune to the death penalty, he commits murder, but is sentenced to life in prison).

text: It was also believed that some persons made this type of pact just as a sign of recognizing the

text: devil

text: as their master, in exchange for nothing. Nevertheless, the bargain is considered a dangerous one, as the price of the Fiend's service is the wagerer's soul. The tale may have a moralizing end, with

text: eternal

text: damnation

text: for the foolhardy venturer. Conversely, it may have a comic twist, in which a wily peasant outwits the devil, characteristically on a

text: technical point

text: . The person making the pact sometimes tries to outwit the devil, but loses in the end (e.g., man sells his soul for eternal life because he will never die to pay his end of the bargain. Immune to the death penalty, he commits murder, but is sentenced to life in prison).

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answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: eternal

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: make this type of pact

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: soul

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the price of the Fiend's service is the wagerer's soul

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Miller-Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Eternal life

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: proteins are important because they

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: the devil

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The aim of life is to know the real truth and access to justice as a noble origin of life. Every man must work, perseverance is the way to success.

text: The aim of life is to know the real truth and access to justice as a noble origin of life. Every man must work, perseverance is the way to success.

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answers: no

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answers: NDQ_003939

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Together with norvaline, norleucine is found in small amounts in some bacterial strains where its concentration can approach millimolar.  Its biosynthesis has been examined. It arise via the action of 2-isopropylmalate synthase on α-ketobutyrate. The incorporation of Nle into peptides reflects the imperfect selectivity of the associated aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.  In Miller–Urey experiments probing prebiotic synthesis of amino acids, norleucine and especially norvaline are formed.

text: Together with

text: norvaline

text: , norleucine is found in small amounts in some bacterial strains where its concentration can approach millimolar.  Its

text: biosynthesis

text: has been examined. It arise via the action of

text: 2-isopropylmalate synthase

text: on

text: α-ketobutyrate

text: . The incorporation of Nle into peptides reflects the imperfect selectivity of the associated

text: aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

text: .  In

text: Miller–Urey experiment

text: s probing prebiotic synthesis of amino acids, norleucine and especially norvaline are formed.

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answers: The incorporation of Nle into peptides

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During the Buddha's life great veneration was shown to him. A mythology developed concerning the physical characteristics of Universal Buddhas.

text: During the Buddha's life great veneration was shown to him. A mythology developed concerning the physical characteristics of Universal Buddhas.

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answers: physical characteristics

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answers: no

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answers: are made of amino acids

answers: NDQ_003939

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answers: NDQ_003940

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Research indicates that three principal factors predict how well men and women perceive their work-life balance in marriage: job characteristics, family characteristics, and spillover between work and family. Job characteristics determine workers’ freedom to balance multiple demands and obligations in their marriage. As demonstrated by Gertsel and Clawson, higher-level occupations are generally more accommodating to family life than are lower level occupations (2014). Furthermore, the number of hours worked and the work spillover into family life are the most telling predictors of perceived imbalance in marriage. Keene and Quadagno found a greater likelihood of perceived imbalance when work duties caused men or women to miss a family event or make it difficult to maintain their home (2004).

text: Research indicates that three principal factors predict how well men and women perceive their work-life balance in marriage: job characteristics, family characteristics, and spillover between work and family. Job characteristics determine workers’ freedom to balance multiple demands and obligations in their marriage. As demonstrated by Gertsel and Clawson, higher-level occupations are generally more accommodating to family life than are lower level occupations (2014). Furthermore, the number of hours worked and the work spillover into family life are the most telling predictors of perceived imbalance in marriage. Keene and Quadagno found a greater likelihood of perceived imbalance when work duties caused men or women to miss a family event or make it difficult to maintain their home (2004).

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Examples of some major life history characteristics include:

text: Examples of some major life history characteristics include:

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answer: Yes

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text: There are fine tuning arguments that are naturalistic. As modern cosmology developed, various hypotheses have been proposed. One is an oscillatory universe or a multiverse, where fundamental physical constants are postulated to resolve themselves to random values in different iterations of reality. Under this hypothesis, separate parts of reality would have wildly different characteristics. In such scenarios, the issue of fine-tuning does not arise at all, as only those "universes" with constants hospitable to life (such as what we observe) would develop life capable of contemplating the question of the origin of fine-tuning.

text: There are

text: fine tuning arguments

text: that are

text: naturalistic

text: . As modern cosmology developed, various hypotheses have been proposed. One is an

text: oscillatory universe

text: or a

text: multiverse

text: , where

text: fundamental physical constant

text: s are postulated to resolve themselves to

text: random

text: values in different

text: iteration

text: s of reality. Under this hypothesis, separate parts of reality would have wildly different characteristics. In such scenarios, the issue of fine-tuning does not arise at all, as only those "universes" with constants hospitable to life (such as what we observe) would develop life capable of contemplating the question of the origin of fine-tuning.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The book popularized a hypothesis he began to develop in the mid-1960s—that self-replication of clay crystals in solution might provide a simple intermediate step between biologically inert matter and organic life. He inspired other ideas about chemical evolution, including the Miller–Urey experiment and the RNA World, all of which are hypotheses that have greatly helped in explaining the origin of life.

text: The book popularized a hypothesis he began to develop in the mid-1960s—that self-replication of

text: clay

text: crystals in solution might provide a simple intermediate step between biologically inert matter and

text: organic life

text: . He inspired other ideas about

text: chemical evolution

text: , including the

text: Miller–Urey experiment

text: and the

text: RNA World

text: , all of which are hypotheses that have greatly helped in explaining the

text: origin of life

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: self-replication

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: inert matter

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: RNA

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: RNA

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the origin of life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Miller–Urey

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: Miller–Urey experiment

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: help in explaining the origin of life

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: clay crystals in solution

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: RNA

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A more intuitive characteristic of exponential decay for many people is the time required for the decaying quantity to fall to one half of its initial value.  This time is called the half-life, and often denoted by the symbol t.  The half-life can be written in terms of the decay constant, or the mean lifetime, as:

text: A more intuitive characteristic of exponential decay for many people is the time required for the decaying quantity to fall to one half of its initial value.  This time is called the

text: half-life

text: , and often denoted by the symbol t.  The half-life can be written in terms of the decay constant, or the mean lifetime, as:

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with substantial shortcomings.

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answers: NDQ_003938

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answers: exponential decay

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: decay

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: decay constant

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: half-life

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: decay

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: amino acids may have originated

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: decay constant, or the mean lifetime

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The peptide structures of the TGF-β isoforms are highly similar (homologies on the order of 70-80%). They are all encoded as large protein precursors; TGF-β1 contains 390 amino acids and TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 each contain 412 amino acids.  They each have an N-terminal signal peptide of 20-30 amino acids that they require for secretion from a cell, a pro-region called latency associated peptide (LAP), and a 112-114 amino acid C-terminal region that becomes the mature TGF-β molecule following its release from the pro-region by proteolytic cleavage. The mature TGF-β protein dimerizes to produce a 25 KDa active protein with many conserved structural motifs.  TGF-β has nine cysteine residues that are conserved among its family. Eight form disulfide bonds within the protein to create a cysteine knot structure characteristic of the TGF-β superfamily. The ninth cysteine forms a disulfide bond with the ninth cysteine of another TGF-β protein to produce a dimer.  Many other conserved residues in TGF-β are thought to form secondary structure through hydrophobic interactions.  The region between the fifth and sixth conserved cysteines houses the most divergent area of TGF-β proteins that is exposed at the surface of the protein and is implicated in receptor binding and specificity of TGF-β.

text: The peptide structures of the TGF-β isoforms are highly similar (homologies on the order of 70-80%). They are all encoded as large

text: protein precursor

text: s; TGF-β1 contains 390

text: amino acid

text: s and TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 each contain 412 amino acids.  They each have an N-terminal

text: signal peptide

text: of 20-30 amino acids that they require for secretion from a cell, a pro-region called

text: latency associated peptide

text: (LAP), and a 112-114 amino acid

text: C-terminal

text: region that becomes the mature TGF-β molecule following its release from the pro-region by

text: proteolytic

text: cleavage. The mature TGF-β protein dimerizes to produce a 25 KDa active protein with many conserved structural motifs.  TGF-β has nine

text: cysteine

text: residues that are conserved among its family. Eight form

text: disulfide bond

text: s within the protein to create a

text: cysteine knot

text: structure characteristic of the TGF-β superfamily. The ninth cysteine forms a

text: disulfide bond

text: with the ninth cysteine of another TGF-β protein to produce a dimer.  Many other conserved residues in TGF-β are thought to form secondary structure through hydrophobic interactions.  The region between the fifth and sixth conserved cysteines houses the most divergent area of TGF-β proteins that is exposed at the surface of the protein and is implicated in receptor binding and specificity of TGF-β.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/190e86766dc1138031e175cedb3f2a3f

answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0979/cd554b2fc216fbc036a0c22f54269db7

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: TGF- isoforms

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: learn about the origin of life

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: The peptide structures of the TGF- isoforms are highly similar

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The peptide structures of the TGF- isoforms are highly similar

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: TGF-

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: TGF- isoforms

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: conserved structural motifs

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: large protein precursors

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: The peptide structures

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As radioactive material emits, it slowly decreases in activity (refer to half-life). Thus, over time a betavoltaic device will provide less power. For practical devices, this decrease occurs over a period of many years. For tritium devices, the half-life is 12.32 years. In device design, one must account for what battery characteristics are required at end-of-life, and ensure that the beginning-of-life properties take into account the desired usable lifetime.

text: As radioactive material emits, it slowly decreases in activity (refer to

text: half-life

text: ). Thus, over time a betavoltaic device will provide less power. For practical devices, this decrease occurs over a period of many years. For

text: tritium

text: devices, the half-life is 12.32 years. In device design, one must account for what battery characteristics are required at end-of-life, and ensure that the beginning-of-life properties take into account the desired usable lifetime.

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: half-life

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: radioactive material

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: half-life

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: half-life

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: half-life

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: tritium

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: This decrease occurs over a period of many years

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The rate at which racemization proceeds depends on the type of amino acid and on the average temperature, humidity, acidity (pH), and other characteristics of the enclosing matrix. Also, D/L concentration thresholds appear to occur as sudden decreases in the rate of racemization. These effects restrict amino acid chronologies to materials with known environmental histories and/or relative intercomparisons with other dating methods.

text: The rate at which racemization proceeds depends on the type of amino acid and on the average temperature, humidity, acidity (

text: pH

text: ), and other characteristics of the enclosing

text: matrix

text: . Also, D/L concentration thresholds appear to occur as sudden decreases in the rate of racemization. These effects restrict amino acid chronologies to materials with known environmental histories and/or relative intercomparisons with other dating methods.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: racemization

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: racemization

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: racemization

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: D/L concentration thresholds

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: racemization

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: chronologies

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: racemization

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: environmental histories

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: amino acids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In addition to the existence of plasticity in some aspects of development, genetic-environmental correlations may function in several ways to determine the mature characteristics of the individual. Genetic-environmental correlations are circumstances in which genetic factors make certain experiences more likely to occur. For example, in passive genetic-environmental correlation, a child is likely to experience a particular environment because his or her parents' genetic make-up makes them likely to choose or create such an environment. In evocative genetic-environmental correlation, the child's genetically-caused characteristics cause other people to respond in certain ways, providing a different environment than might occur for a genetically-different child; for instance, a child with Down syndrome may be treated more protectively and less challengingly than a non-Down child. Finally, an active genetic-environmental correlation is one in which the child chooses experiences that in turn have their effect; for instance, a muscular, active child may choose after-school sports experiences that create increased athletic skills, but perhaps preclude music lessons. In all of these cases, it becomes difficult to know whether child characteristics were shaped by genetic factors, by experiences, or by a combination of the two.

text: In addition to the existence of plasticity in some aspects of development, genetic-environmental correlations may function in several ways to determine the mature characteristics of the individual. Genetic-environmental correlations are circumstances in which genetic factors make certain experiences more likely to occur. For example, in passive genetic-environmental correlation, a child is likely to experience a particular environment because his or her parents' genetic make-up makes them likely to choose or create such an environment. In evocative genetic-environmental correlation, the child's genetically-caused characteristics cause other people to respond in certain ways, providing a different environment than might occur for a genetically-different child; for instance, a child with

text: Down syndrome

text: may be treated more protectively and less challengingly than a non-Down child. Finally, an active genetic-environmental correlation is one in which the child chooses experiences that in turn have their effect; for instance, a muscular, active child may choose after-school sports experiences that create increased athletic skills, but perhaps preclude music lessons. In all of these cases, it becomes difficult to know whether child characteristics were shaped by genetic factors, by experiences, or by a combination of the two.

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answers: 1

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answers: 2

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: plasticity

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: genetic make-up

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: muscular

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: the existence of plasticity in some aspects of development

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: It becomes difficult to know whether child characteristics were shaped by genetic factors, by experiences, or by a combination of the two

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: muscular

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: parents'

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: primary protein structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Afterwards the eponymous step of the method is performed, the in-gel digestion of the proteins. By this procedure, the protein is cut enzymatically into a limited number of shorter fragments. These fragments are called peptides and allow for the identification of the protein with their characteristic mass and pattern. The serine protease trypsin is the most common enzyme used in protein analytics. Trypsin cuts the peptide bond specifically at the carboxyl end of the basic aminoacids arginine and lysine. If there is an acidic amino acid like aspartic acid or glutamic acid in direct neighborhood to the cutting site, the rate of hydrolysis is diminished,  a proline C-terminal to the cutting site inhibits the hydrolysis completely.

text: Afterwards the eponymous step of the method is performed, the in-gel digestion of the proteins. By this procedure, the protein is cut

text: enzymatically

text: into a limited number of shorter fragments. These fragments are called

text: peptide

text: s and allow for the identification of the protein with their characteristic mass and pattern. The

text: serine protease

text: trypsin

text: is the most common enzyme used in protein analytics. Trypsin cuts the

text: peptide bond

text: specifically at the carboxyl end of the basic aminoacids

text: arginine

text: and

text: lysine

text: . If there is an acidic amino acid like

text: aspartic acid

text: or

text: glutamic acid

text: in direct neighborhood to the cutting site, the rate of hydrolysis is diminished,  a

text: proline

text: C-terminal

text: to the cutting site inhibits the

text: hydrolysis

text: completely.

answers: tqa2:L_0106/T_0975/20907ec54405ca7baf16e0244604e1be

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answers: NDQ_003931

answers: mass and pattern

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: in-gel digestion of the proteins

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: These fragments are called peptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: The serine protease trypsin is the most common enzyme used in protein analytics

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: In-gel digestion

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: in-gel digestion of the proteins

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: identify the protein with their characteristic mass and pattern

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: lysine

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: basic aminoacids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The earliest evidence for life on Earth are graphite of biogenic origin found in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland and microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia.  Pyrite found in 3.47 billon-year-old barite, in the Warrawoona Group of Western Ausralia, shows sulfur fractionation of as much as 21.1%, because sulfate-reducing bacteria metabolize sulfur-32 more readily than sulfur-34.  More recently, in 2015, "remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe."

text: The earliest evidence for

text: life on Earth

text: are

text: graphite

text: of

text: biogenic

text: origin found in 3.7 billion-year-old

text: metasedimentary rocks

text: discovered in

text: Western Greenland

text: and

text: microbial mat

text: fossils

text: found in 3.48 billion-year-old

text: sandstone

text: discovered in

text: Western Australia

text: Pyrite

text: found in 3.47 billon-year-old

text: barite

text: , in the

text: Warrawoona Group

text: of Western Ausralia, shows sulfur

text: fractionation

text: of as much as 21.1%, because sulfate-reducing bacteria metabolize sulfur-32 more readily than sulfur-34.  More recently, in 2015, "remains of

text: biotic life

text: " were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the

text: universe

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answers: biotic

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: polypeptides

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: If life arose relatively quickly on Earth... then it could be common in the universe

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth... then it could be common in the universe

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: metabolize sulfur-32

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: in Western Australia

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: It could be common in the universe

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The element is found in almost all biomolecules that are important to, or generated by, life. Only a few common complex biomolecules, such as squalene and the carotenes, contain no oxygen. Of the organic compounds with biological relevance, carbohydrates contain the largest proportion by mass of oxygen (about 50%). All fats, fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins contain oxygen (due to the presence of carbonyl groups in these acids and their ester residues). Furthermore, seven of the amino acids which are incorporated into proteins, have oxygen incorporated into their side-chains, as well. Oxygen also occurs in phosphate (PO) groups in the biologically important energy-carrying molecules ATP and ADP, in the backbone and the purines (except adenine) and pyrimidines of RNA and DNA, and in bones as calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite.

text: The element is found in almost all

text: biomolecule

text: s that are important to, or generated by, life. Only a few common complex biomolecules, such as

text: squalene

text: and the

text: carotene

text: s, contain no oxygen. Of the organic compounds with biological relevance,

text: carbohydrate

text: s contain the largest proportion by mass of oxygen (about 50%). All

text: fat

text: s,

text: fatty acid

text: s,

text: amino acid

text: s, and

text: protein

text: s contain oxygen (due to the presence of

text: carbonyl

text: groups in these acids and their

text: ester

text: residues). Furthermore, seven of the amino acids which are incorporated into proteins, have oxygen incorporated into their side-chains, as well. Oxygen also occurs in

text: phosphate

text: (PO) groups in the biologically important energy-carrying molecules

text: ATP

text: and

text: ADP

text: , in the backbone and the

text: purine

text: s (except

text: adenine

text: ) and

text: pyrimidine

text: s of

text: RNA

text: and

text: DNA

text: , and in

text: bone

text: s as

text: calcium phosphate

text: and

text: hydroxylapatite

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_003931

answers: adenine

answers: NDQ_003932

answers: adenine

answers: NDQ_003933

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003934

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_003935

answers: All fats, fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins contain oxygen

answers: NDQ_003936

answers: Oxygen also occurs in phosphate (PO) groups

answers: NDQ_003937

answers: The element is found in almost all biomolecules

answers: NDQ_003938

answers: to, or generated by, life

answers: NDQ_003939

answers: carbonyl groups

answers: NDQ_003940

answers: All fats, fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As stated by the authors, this book was aimed at professional biologists and assumes considerable prior knowledge. They have also published a presentation of their ideas for a general readership under the title The Origins of Life — From the Birth of Life to the Origins of Language.

text: As stated by the authors, this book was aimed at professional biologists and assumes considerable prior knowledge. They have also published a presentation of their ideas for a general readership under the title The Origins of Life — From the Birth of Life to the Origins of Language.

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