text: Without color correction gels, a scene may have a mix of various colors.  Applying color correction gels in front of light sources can alter the color of the various light sources to match.  Mixed lighting can produce an undesirable aesthetic when displayed on a television or in a theatre.

text: Without color correction gels, a scene may have a mix of various colors.  Applying color correction gels in front of light sources can alter the color of the various light sources to match.  Mixed lighting can produce an undesirable aesthetic when displayed on a television or in a theatre.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Color correction gels

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: television

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: television

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: China will ban imports and sales of certain incandescent light bulbs starting October 2012 to encourage the use of alternative lighting sources such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), with a 5-year plan of phasing-out incandescent light bulbs over 100 watts starting 1 October 2012, and gradually extend the ban to those over 15 watts on 1 October 2016.Another source, however, has indicated that by 1 October 2016, all incandescent light bulbs will be banned.According to this source, 1 November 2011 to 30 September 2012 will be a transitional period and as of 1 October 2012, imports and sales of ordinary incandescent bulbs of 100 watts or more will be prohibited. The first phase will be followed by a ban on 60-watt-and-higher incandescent light bulbs starting in October 2014. By October 2016, all incandescent light bulbs will be banned in China.The final phase may be adjusted according to the results of interim assessment from October 2015 to October 2016.

text: China will ban imports and sales of certain incandescent light bulbs starting October 2012 to encourage the use of alternative lighting sources such as

entity_name: Light-emitting diode

text: light-emitting diode

text: s (LEDs), with a 5-year plan of phasing-out incandescent light bulbs over 100 watts starting 1 October 2012, and gradually extend the ban to those over 15 watts on 1 October 2016.Another source, however, has indicated that by 1 October 2016, all incandescent light bulbs will be banned.According to this source, 1 November 2011 to 30 September 2012 will be a transitional period and as of 1 October 2012, imports and sales of ordinary incandescent bulbs of 100 watts or more will be prohibited. The first phase will be followed by a ban on 60-watt-and-higher incandescent light bulbs starting in October 2014. By October 2016, all incandescent light bulbs will be banned in China.The final phase may be adjusted according to the results of interim assessment from October 2015 to October 2016.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

method: UNH-qee

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light bulbs

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: incandescent light bulbs

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Before the development of the safety lamp for use in coal mines, dried fish skins were used in Britain and Europe as a weak source of light. This experimental form of illumination avoided the necessity of using candles which risked sparking explosions of firedamp. Another safe source of illumination in mines was bottles containing fireflies. In 1920, the American zoologist E. Newton Harvey published a monograph, The Nature of Animal Light, summarizing early work on bioluminescence. Harvey notes that Aristotle mentions light produced by dead fish and flesh, and that both Aristotle and Pliny the Elder (in his Natural History) mention light from damp wood. He also records that Robert Boyle experimented on these light sources, and showed that both they and the glow-worm require air for light to be produced. Harvey notes that in 1753, J. Baker identified the flagellate Noctiluca "as a luminous animal" "just visible to the naked eye", and in 1854 Johann Florian Heller (1813-1871) identified strands (hyphae) of fungi as the source of light in dead wood.

text: Before the development of the

entity_name: Safety lamp

text: safety lamp

text: for use in coal mines, dried fish skins were used in Britain and Europe as a weak source of light. This experimental form of illumination avoided the necessity of using candles which risked sparking explosions of

entity_name: Firedamp

text: firedamp

text: . Another safe source of illumination in mines was bottles containing fireflies. In 1920, the American zoologist

entity_name: E. Newton Harvey

text: E. Newton Harvey

text: published a monograph, The Nature of Animal Light, summarizing early work on bioluminescence. Harvey notes that

entity_name: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

text: mentions light produced by dead fish and flesh, and that both Aristotle and

entity_name: Pliny the Elder

text: Pliny the Elder

text: (in his

entity_name: Natural History (Pliny)

text: Natural History

text: ) mention light from damp wood. He also records that

entity_name: Robert Boyle

text: Robert Boyle

text: experimented on these light sources, and showed that both they and the glow-worm require air for light to be produced. Harvey notes that in 1753, J. Baker identified the flagellate Noctiluca "as a luminous animal" "just visible to the naked eye", and in 1854

entity_name: Johann Florian Heller

text: Johann Florian Heller

text: (1813-1871) identified strands (

entity_name: Hypha

text: hypha

text: e) of fungi as the source of light in dead wood.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: bioluminescence

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: dead fish and flesh

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: dead fish and flesh

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Brand new high-intensity discharge lamps make more visible light per unit of electric power consumed than fluorescent and incandescent lamps, since a greater proportion of their radiation is visible light in contrast to infrared. However, the lumen output of HID lighting can deteriorate by up to 70% over 10,000 burning hours.

text: Brand new high-intensity discharge lamps make more

entity_name: Luminous efficacy

text: visible light per unit of electric power consumed

text: than

entity_name: Fluorescent lamp

text: fluorescent

text: and

entity_name: Incandescent light bulb

text: incandescent

text: lamps, since a greater proportion of their radiation is visible light in contrast to infrared. However, the lumen output of HID lighting can deteriorate by up to 70% over 10,000 burning hours.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: incandescent

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fluorescent and incandescent

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Pigments appear the colors they are because they selectively reflect and absorb certain wavelengths of visible light. White light is a roughly equal mixture of the entire spectrum of visible light with a wavelength in a range from about 375 or 400 nanometers to about 760 or 780 nm. When this light encounters a pigment, parts of the spectrum are absorbed by the molecules or ions of the pigment. In organic pigments such as diazo or phthalocyanine compounds the light is absorbed by the conjugated systems of double bonds in the molecule. Some of the inorganic pigments such as vermilion (mercury sulfide) or cadmium yellow (cadmium sulfide) absorb light by transferring an electron from the negative ion (S) to the positive ion (Hg or Cd). Such compounds are designated as charge-transfer complexes, with broad absorption bands that subtract most of the colors of the incident white light. The other wavelengths or parts of the spectrum are reflected or scattered. The new reflected light spectrum creates the appearance of a color. Pigments, unlike fluorescent or phosphorescent substances, can only subtract wavelengths from the source light, never add new ones.

text: Pigments appear the colors they are because they selectively reflect and absorb certain wavelengths of

entity_name: Light

text: visible light

entity_name: White

text: White light

text: is a roughly equal mixture of the entire spectrum of visible light with a

entity_name: Wavelength

text: wavelength

text: in a range from about 375 or 400

entity_name: Nanometre

text: nanometer

text: s to about 760 or 780 nm. When this light encounters a pigment, parts of the spectrum are

entity_name: Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)

text: absorbed

text: by the molecules or ions of the pigment. In organic pigments such as

entity_name: Azo compound

text: diazo

text: or

entity_name: Phthalocyanine

text: phthalocyanine

text: compounds the light is absorbed by the

entity_name: Conjugated system

entity_section: Conjugated systems in pigments

text: conjugated systems

text: of

entity_name: Double bond

text: double bond

text: s in the molecule. Some of the inorganic pigments such as

entity_name: Vermilion

text: vermilion

text: (mercury sulfide) or

entity_name: Cadmium pigments

text: cadmium yellow

text: (cadmium sulfide) absorb light by transferring an electron from the negative ion (S) to the positive ion (Hg or Cd). Such compounds are designated as

entity_name: Charge-transfer complex

text: charge-transfer complex

text: es, with broad

entity_name: Absorption band

text: absorption band

text: s that subtract most of the colors of the incident white light. The other wavelengths or parts of the spectrum are reflected or scattered. The new reflected light spectrum creates the appearance of a

entity_name: Color

text: color

text: . Pigments, unlike

entity_name: Fluorescence

text: fluorescent

text: or

entity_name: Phosphorescence

text: phosphorescent

text: substances, can only

entity_name: Subtractive color

text: subtract

text: wavelengths from the source light, never add new ones.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: White light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Pigments

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: fluorescent or phosphorescent substances

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fluorescent or phosphorescent

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The first prototype Beckman spectrophotometer, the Model A, was created at National Technologies Laboratories in 1940.  It used a tungsten light source with a glass Fery prism  as a monochromator. Tungsten was used for incandescent light filaments because it was strong, withstood heat, and emitted a steady light. Types of light sources differed in the range of wavelengths of light that they emitted.  Tungsten lamps were useful in the visible light range but gave poor coverage in the ultraviolet range. However, they had the advantage of being readily available because they were used as automobile headlamps. An external amplifier from the Beckman pH meter and a vacuum tube photocell were used to detect wavelengths.

text: The first prototype Beckman spectrophotometer, the Model A, was created at National Technologies Laboratories in 1940.  It used a

text: tungsten

text: light source with a glass

text: Fery prism

text: as a

text: monochromator

text: . Tungsten was used for

text: incandescent light

text: filaments because it was strong, withstood heat, and emitted a steady light. Types of light sources differed in the range of wavelengths of light that they emitted.  Tungsten lamps were useful in the visible light range but gave poor coverage in the ultraviolet range. However, they had the advantage of being readily available because they were used as automobile

text: headlamps

text: . An external amplifier from the Beckman pH meter and a

text: vacuum tube

text: photocell were used to detect wavelengths.

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Tungsten lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: tungsten

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Luminous efficacy is a measure of how well a light source produces visible light. It is the ratio of luminous flux to power, measured in lumens per watt in SI. Depending on context, the power can be either the radiant flux of the source's output, or it can be the total power (electric power, chemical energy, or others) consumed by the source.Which sense of the term is intended must usually be inferred from the context, and is sometimes unclear. The former sense is sometimes called luminous efficacy of radiation, and the latter luminous efficacy of a source or overall luminous efficacy.

text: Luminous efficacy is a measure of how well a light source produces visible light. It is the ratio of

text: luminous flux

text: to

text: power

text: , measured in

text: lumens

text: per

text: watt

text: in

text: SI

text: . Depending on context, the power can be either the

text: radiant flux

text: of the source's output, or it can be the total power (electric power, chemical energy, or others) consumed by the source.Which sense of the term is intended must usually be inferred from the context, and is sometimes unclear. The former sense is sometimes called luminous efficacy of radiation, and the latter luminous efficacy of a source or overall luminous efficacy.

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: It is the ratio of luminous flux to power

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light source

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: electric power

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Visible light can be seen by the naked eye (and thus forms images that people can look at), but it does not penetrate most objects (only translucent ones). In contrast, X-rays can penetrate a wider variety of objects (such as the human body), but they are invisible to the naked eye. To take advantage of the penetration for image-forming purposes, one must somehow convert the X-rays' intensity variations (which correspond to material contrast and thus image contrast) into a form that is visible. Classic film-based radiography achieves this by the variable chemical changes that the X-rays induce in the film, and classic fluoroscopy achieves it by fluorescence, in which certain materials convert X-ray energy (or other parts of the spectrum) into visible light. This use of fluorescent materials to make a viewing scope is how fluoroscopy got its name.

text: Visible light

text: can be seen by the naked eye (and thus forms images that people can look at), but it does not penetrate most objects (only

text: translucent

text: ones). In contrast, X-rays can penetrate a wider variety of objects (such as the human body), but they are invisible to the naked eye. To take advantage of the penetration for image-forming purposes, one must somehow convert the X-rays'

text: intensity

text: variations (which correspond to material contrast and thus image contrast) into a form that is visible. Classic film-based radiography achieves this by the variable chemical changes that the X-rays induce in the

text: film

text: , and classic fluoroscopy achieves it by

text: fluorescence

text: , in which certain materials convert X-ray energy (or other parts of the

text: spectrum

text: ) into visible light. This use of fluorescent materials to make a

text: viewing scope

text: is how fluoroscopy got its name.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: Visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: fluorescent materials

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fluorescent materials

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Global illumination (shortened as GI), or indirect illumination, is a general name for a group of algorithms used in 3D computer graphics that are meant to add more realistic lighting to 3D scenes. Such algorithms take into account not only the light that comes directly from a light source (direct illumination), but also subsequent cases in which light rays from the same source are reflected by other surfaces in the scene, whether reflective or not (indirect illumination).

text: Global illumination (shortened as GI), or indirect illumination, is a general name for a group of

text: algorithm

text: s used in

text: 3D computer graphics

text: that are meant to add more realistic lighting to 3D scenes. Such algorithms take into account not only the light that comes directly from a light source (direct illumination), but also subsequent cases in which light rays from the same source are reflected by other surfaces in the scene, whether reflective or not (indirect illumination).

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light source

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: light source

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The brain, being the source of perception, voluntary movement, and free will, is also described as the source of psychic pneuma. Starting out from the heart as vital pneuma, it moves towards the brain where it is further refined into the specialized pneuma to be employed for vision. Hunayn also introduces the concept of a sense hierarchy, placing sight at the top of the list with the corresponding element of fire. In addition, he also describes three levels of this element: flame, red heat, and light, rationalizing the inclusion of light by describing the creation of flames after concentrating it via a magnetic glass. Hunayn connects all of these ideas by referencing the fact that the brain works directly to provide the eyes with the pneuma necessary to carry out its function, with light providing the illumination needed to discern the object being viewed.

text: The brain, being the source of

text: perception

text: , voluntary movement, and

text: free will

text: , is also described as the source of psychic pneuma. Starting out from the

text: heart

text: as vital pneuma, it moves towards the brain where it is further refined into the specialized pneuma to be employed for vision. Hunayn also introduces the concept of a sense hierarchy, placing sight at the top of the list with the corresponding element of fire. In addition, he also describes three levels of this element: flame, red heat, and light, rationalizing the inclusion of light by describing the creation of flames after concentrating it via a magnetic glass. Hunayn connects all of these ideas by referencing the fact that the brain works directly to provide the eyes with the pneuma necessary to carry out its function, with light providing the illumination needed to discern the object being viewed.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: magnetic glass

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: magnetic glass

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The tower original light source was a 55-millimetre (2.2 in) vapourised kerosene incandescent mantle, with an intensity of 150,000 cd and a visible range of . The original lens was a Chance Brothers 3rd order 500-millimetre (20 in) dioptric fresnel lens. The apparatus was a rotating pedestal floating in a mercury bath, operated by a clockwork mechanism with descending weights, which only had to be rewound once every twelve hours.

text: The tower original light source was a 55-millimetre (2.2 in) vapourised

text: kerosene

text: incandescent mantle, with an intensity of 150,000

text: cd

text: and a visible range of . The original lens was a

text: Chance Brothers

text: 3rd order 500-millimetre (20 in)

text: dioptric

text: fresnel lens

text: . The apparatus was a rotating pedestal floating in a mercury bath, operated by a

text: clockwork

text: mechanism with descending weights, which only had to be rewound once every twelve hours.

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible range

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: cd

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: kerosene incandescent mantle

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: mercury

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The UV light is absorbed by the lamp's fluorescent coating, which re-radiates the energy at longer wavelengths to emit visible light. Not all the UV energy striking the phosphor gets converted into visible light. In a modern lamp, for every 100 incident photons of UV impacting the phosphor, only 86 visible light photons are emitted (a quantum efficiency of 86%). The largest single loss in modern lamps is due to the lower energy of each photon of visible light, compared to the energy of the UV photons that generated them (a phenomenon called Stokes shift). Incident photons have an energy of 5.5 electron volts but produce visible light photons with energy around 2.5 electron volts, so only 45% of the UV energy is used; the rest is dissipated as heat. If a so-called "two-photon" phosphor could be developed, this would improve the efficiency but much research has not yet found such a system.

text: The UV light is

text: absorbed

text: by the lamp's

text: fluorescent

text: coating, which re-radiates the energy at longer wavelengths to emit

text: visible light

text: . Not all the UV energy striking the phosphor gets converted into visible light. In a modern lamp, for every 100 incident photons of UV impacting the phosphor, only 86 visible light photons are emitted (a quantum efficiency of 86%). The largest single loss in modern lamps is due to the lower energy of each photon of visible light, compared to the energy of the UV photons that generated them (a phenomenon called

text: Stokes shift

text: ). Incident photons have an energy of 5.5 electron volts but produce visible light photons with energy around 2.5 electron volts, so only 45% of the UV energy is used; the rest is dissipated as heat. If a so-called "two-photon" phosphor could be developed, this would improve the efficiency but much research has not yet found such a system.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fluorescent coating

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Köhler illumination is a method of specimen illumination used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated) optical microscopy. Köhler illumination acts to generate an extremely even illumination of the sample and ensures that an image of the illumination source (for example a halogen lamp filament) is not visible in the resulting image. Köhler illumination is the predominant technique for sample illumination in modern scientific light microscopy. It requires additional optical elements which are more expensive and may not be present in more basic light microscopes.

text: Köhler illumination is a method of

text: specimen

text: illumination

text: used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated)

text: optical

text: microscopy

text: . Köhler illumination acts to generate an extremely even illumination of the sample and ensures that an image of the illumination source (for example a

text: halogen lamp

text: filament

text: ) is not visible in the resulting

text: image

text: . Köhler illumination is the predominant technique for sample illumination in modern scientific light microscopy. It requires additional optical elements which are more expensive and may not be present in more basic light microscopes.

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Trans- and epi-illuminated

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: lamp filament

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: halogen

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In photometry, luminous energy is the perceived energy of light. This is sometimes called the quantity of light. Luminous energy is not the same as radiant energy, the corresponding objective physical quantity. This is because the human eye can only see light in the visible spectrum and has different sensitivities to light of different wavelengths within the spectrum. When adapted for bright conditions (photopic vision), the eye is most sensitive to light at a wavelength of 555 nm. Light with a given amount of radiant energy will have more luminous energy if the wavelength is 555 nm than if the wavelength is longer or shorter. Light whose wavelength is well outside the visible spectrum has a luminous energy of zero, regardless of the amount of radiant energy present.

text: In

text: photometry

text: , luminous energy is the perceived

text: energy

text: of

text: light

text: . This is sometimes called the quantity of light. Luminous energy is not the same as

text: radiant energy

text: , the corresponding objective

text: physical quantity

text: . This is because the

text: human eye

text: can only see light in the

text: visible spectrum

text: and has different sensitivities to

text: light

text: of different

text: wavelength

text: s within the spectrum. When adapted for bright conditions (

text: photopic vision

text: ), the eye is most sensitive to light at a wavelength of 555

text: nm

text: . Light with a given amount of radiant energy will have more luminous energy if the wavelength is 555 nm than if the wavelength is longer or shorter. Light whose wavelength is well outside the

text: visible spectrum

text: has a luminous energy of zero, regardless of the amount of radiant energy present.

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text: Keyboards and keypads may be illuminated from inside, especially on equipment for mobile use. Illumination facilitates the use of the keyboard or keypad in dark environments. Some gaming keyboards have lighted keys, to make it easier for gamers to find command keys while playing in a dark room. Some keyboards may have small LED lights in a few important function keys, to remind users that the function is activated (see photo).

text: Keyboards and keypads may be illuminated from inside, especially on equipment for mobile use. Illumination facilitates the use of the keyboard or keypad in dark environments. Some gaming keyboards have lighted keys, to make it easier for gamers to find command keys while playing in a dark room. Some keyboards may have small LED lights in a few important function keys, to remind users that the function is activated (see photo).

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text: Luminescence became Anggun's comeback album in France, selling over 121,000 copies there. In Indonesia, the album was certified quadruple platinum for exceeding sales of over 450,000 copies as of 2015. With the album, Anggun expanded her popularity to Eastern Europe. Luminescence was certified gold in Russia, while the album's singles accumulatively received more than 79,000 plays on Russian radio according to TopHit.ru. Luminescence received Platinum Export Award for its sales outside France. The album spawned singles "Être une femme", "Cesse la pluie", "Juste avant toi" and "Garde-moi" (featuring David Hallyday) from the French version, as well as "Undress Me", "In Your Mind", "Saviour", "I'll Be Alright" and "A Crime" from the English version.

text: Luminescence became Anggun's comeback album in France, selling over 121,000 copies there. In Indonesia, the album was certified quadruple platinum for exceeding sales of over 450,000 copies as of 2015. With the album, Anggun expanded her popularity to

text: Eastern Europe

text: . Luminescence was certified gold in Russia, while the album's singles accumulatively received more than 79,000 plays on Russian radio according to

text: TopHit.ru

text: . Luminescence received Platinum Export Award for its sales outside France. The album spawned singles "

text: Être une femme

text: Cesse la pluie

text: Juste avant toi

text: " and "Garde-moi" (featuring

text: David Hallyday

text: ) from the French version, as well as "Undress Me", "

text: In Your Mind

text: Saviour

text: I'll Be Alright

text: " and "A Crime" from the English version.

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text: Reflectors can also be used to selectively reduce or eliminate unwanted thermal emission. Incandescent lamps produce light through heating of the filament, while arc lamps produce light through the heating and ionization of a gas. In either case, this heat is also emitted from the lamp as infrared light. The thermal energy is often projected onto the stage with the visible light, and thousands of watts of incandescent lighting can be uncomfortably hot for the actors on stage. Specially designed reflectors are able to absorb and dissipate infrared at the fixture before the visible light reaches the stage.

text: Reflectors can also be used to selectively reduce or eliminate unwanted thermal emission. Incandescent lamps produce light through heating of the filament, while arc lamps produce light through the heating and ionization of a gas. In either case, this heat is also emitted from the lamp as infrared light. The thermal energy is often projected onto the stage with the visible light, and thousands of watts of incandescent lighting can be uncomfortably hot for the actors on stage. Specially designed reflectors are able to absorb and dissipate infrared at the fixture before the visible light reaches the stage.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Incandescent lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: Incandescent lamps

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The amount of luminescence is proportional to the original dose of radiation received. In thermoluminescence dating, this can be used to date buried objects that have been heated in the past, since the ionizing dose received from radioactive elements in the soil or from cosmic rays is proportional to age.  This phenomenon has been applied in the thermoluminescent dosimeter, a device to measure the radiation dose received by a chip of suitable material that is carried by a person or placed with an object.

text: The amount of luminescence is proportional to the original dose of radiation received. In

text: thermoluminescence dating

text: , this can be used to date buried objects that have been heated in the past, since the ionizing dose received from

text: radioactive

text: elements in the soil or from

text: cosmic ray

text: s is proportional to age.  This phenomenon has been applied in the

text: thermoluminescent dosimeter

text: , a device to measure the radiation dose received by a chip of suitable material that is carried by a person or placed with an object.

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answers: luminescence

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: luminescence

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: objects that have been heated

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: radioactive elements

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Flare is the diffraction of light in the human lens, resulting in "rays" of light emanating from small light sources, and can also result in some chromatic effects.  It is most visible on point light sources because of their small visual angle.

text: Flare is the diffraction of light in the human lens, resulting in "rays" of light emanating from small light sources, and can also result in some chromatic effects.  It is most visible on point light sources because of their small visual angle.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Flare

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: point light sources

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: point light sources

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It was discovered by three teams in September 2009 in sensitive infrared Hubble Space Telescope images and identified by these as source UDF-38135539 (R Bouwens et al.,) source HUDF.YD3 (A Bunker et al.) and source 1721 (R McLure et al.), and additionally reported in the Astrophysical Journal, and the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. All teams independently identified the source likely  an extremely distant galaxy because there were no measurable light at visible wavelengths (caused by absorption of hydrogen gas along the line of sight). Following the discovery of this candidate distant galaxy, another team targeted this object with ground-based spectroscopy to confirm the distance, reporting a redshift z=8.6.However, attempts to replicate this observation strongly suggest the original claim was in error, meaning that at the present time the galaxy only has a photometric redshift estimate.

text: It was discovered by three teams in September 2009 in sensitive infrared

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: images and identified by these as source UDF-38135539 (

text: R Bouwens

text: et al.,) source HUDF.YD3 (A Bunker et al.) and source 1721 (R McLure et al.), and additionally reported in the Astrophysical Journal, and the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. All teams independently identified the source likely  an extremely distant galaxy because there were no measurable light at

text: visible wavelengths

text: (caused by absorption of

text: hydrogen gas

text: along the line of sight). Following the discovery of this candidate distant galaxy, another team targeted this object with ground-based

text: spectroscopy

text: to confirm the distance, reporting a

text: redshift

text: z=8.6.However, attempts to replicate this observation strongly suggest the original claim was in error, meaning that at the present time the galaxy only has a photometric redshift estimate.

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text: The photometry units are different from most systems of physical units in that they take into account how the human eye responds to light. The cone cells in the human eye are of three types which respond differently across the visible spectrum, and the cumulative response peaks at a wavelength of around 555 nm. Therefore, two sources of light which produce the same intensity (W/m) of visible light do not necessarily appear equally bright. The photometry units are designed to take this into account, and therefore are a better representation of how "bright" a light appears to be than raw intensity. They relate to raw power by a quantity called luminous efficacy, and are used for purposes like determining how to best achieve sufficient illumination for various tasks in indoor and outdoor settings. The illumination measured by a photocell sensor does not necessarily correspond to what is perceived by the human eye, and without filters which may be costly, photocells and charge-coupled devices (CCD) tend to respond to some infrared, ultraviolet or both.

text: The photometry units are different from most systems of physical units in that they take into account how the human eye responds to light. The

text: cone cell

text: s in the human eye are of three types which respond differently across the visible spectrum, and the cumulative response peaks at a wavelength of around 555 nm. Therefore, two sources of light which produce the same intensity (W/m) of visible light do not necessarily appear equally bright. The photometry units are designed to take this into account, and therefore are a better representation of how "bright" a light appears to be than raw intensity. They relate to raw

text: power

text: by a quantity called

text: luminous efficacy

text: , and are used for purposes like determining how to best achieve sufficient illumination for various tasks in indoor and outdoor settings. The illumination measured by a

text: photocell

text: sensor does not necessarily correspond to what is perceived by the human eye, and without filters which may be costly, photocells and

text: charge-coupled device

text: s (CCD) tend to respond to some

text: infrared

text: ultraviolet

text: or both.

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text: Socrates' argument is that in the ideal city, a true philosopher with understanding of forms will facilitate the harmonious co-operation of all the citizens of the city. This philosopher-king must be intelligent, reliable, and willing to lead a simple life. However, these qualities are rarely manifested on their own, and so they must be encouraged through education and the study of Good. Just as visible objects must be illuminated in order to be seen, so must also be true of objects of knowledge if light is cast on them. Just as light comes from the Sun, so does truth come from goodness. Goodness as the source of truth makes it possible for the mind to know, just as light from the Sun makes the eyes able to see.

text: Socrates' argument is that in the ideal city, a true philosopher with understanding of forms will facilitate the harmonious co-operation of all the citizens of the city. This philosopher-king must be intelligent, reliable, and willing to lead a simple life. However, these qualities are rarely manifested on their own, and so they must be encouraged through education and the study of Good. Just as visible objects must be illuminated in order to be seen, so must also be true of objects of knowledge if light is cast on them. Just as light comes from the Sun, so does truth come from goodness. Goodness as the source of truth makes it possible for the mind to know, just as light from the Sun makes the eyes able to see.

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answer: No

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text: The Ohio Statehouse has been termed a supreme example of Greek Revival style. It is not patterned on one single building, but is a combination of stylistic elements from Greek sources, melded with contemporary needs and functions. The cupola shows direct influence by the Tholos of Delphi, a circular temple built about 360 BC. The Parthenon of Athens is also an influence. No ancient Greek building would have contained windows, but they were a major part of Greek Revival for a more practical reason: before electric light, sunlight was the major source of illumination.

text: The Ohio Statehouse has been termed a supreme example of Greek Revival style. It is not patterned on one single building, but is a combination of stylistic elements from Greek sources, melded with contemporary needs and functions. The cupola shows direct influence by the Tholos of Delphi, a circular temple built about 360 BC. The

text: Parthenon

text: of Athens is also an influence. No ancient Greek building would have contained windows, but they were a major part of Greek Revival for a more practical reason: before electric light, sunlight was the major source of illumination.

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

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text: The optical properties of the lining of the sphere greatly affect its accuracy. Different coatings must be used at visible, infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths. High-powered illumination sources may heat or damage the coating, so an integrating sphere will be rated for a maximum level of incident power. Various coating materials are used.  For visible-spectrum light, early experimenters used a deposit of magnesium oxide,  and barium sulfate also has a usefully flat reflectance over the visible spectrum. Various proprietary PTFE compounds are also used for visible light measurements. Finely-deposited gold is used for infrared measurements.

text: The optical properties of the lining of the sphere greatly affect its accuracy. Different coatings must be used at visible, infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths. High-powered illumination sources may heat or damage the coating, so an integrating sphere will be rated for a maximum level of incident power. Various coating materials are used.  For visible-spectrum light, early experimenters used a deposit of

text: magnesium oxide

text: ,  and

text: barium sulfate

text: also has a usefully flat reflectance over the visible spectrum. Various proprietary

text: PTFE

text: compounds are also used for visible light measurements. Finely-deposited gold is used for infrared measurements.

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answers: NDQ_018514

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answers: NDQ_018517

answers: barium sulfate

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The fluorescent type of luminescence is significantly different from the natural bio-luminescence of bacteria, insects and fish such as the case of the firefly, etc. Bio-luminescence involves no reflection at all, but living generation of light (via the chemistry of Luciferin).

text: The fluorescent type of luminescence is significantly different from the natural

text: bio-luminescence

text: of bacteria, insects and fish such as the case of the firefly, etc. Bio-luminescence involves no reflection at all, but living generation of light (via the chemistry of

text: Luciferin

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answers: Bio-luminescence

answers: NDQ_018511

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answers: NDQ_018514

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answers: NDQ_018517

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: In translumination, the spectrum of white light is divided into different wavelengths (colors). A histogram represents the graphic visualization of these colors and the luminescence of the obtained images. In a histogram, the intensity of the luminescence is accompanied by a gray baseline that decreases as the source approaches, where the red scale is more intense and is represented by a line in ascension. The scales of blue and green colors represent the refraction indexes of the light emitted by the transluminator in contact with the studied area. In the histogram when the selection of a scale (for example, the green scale) is disabled, the luminescence intensity of captured images may be mapped. Bollinger et al. reported their experience: denominated fluorescence videomiscroscopy, based on the video capture of images and study of their luminescence through light emission stimulated by 20% sodium-fluorocein (0.3 ml/l of blood). The principles of spectrographic analysis of this test are similar to those used to evaluate the luminescence of captured images by venous translumination, and the histogram also evaluates the scales of red, blue and green (RGB). All organic components are composed of chemical elements that emit light according to their wavelength. This is why the histogram analysis of transluminated images could define an organic element according to the quality and amount of their components.

text: In translumination, the spectrum of white light is divided into different wavelengths (colors). A histogram represents the graphic visualization of these colors and the luminescence of the obtained images. In a

text: histogram

text: , the intensity of the luminescence is accompanied by a gray baseline that decreases as the source approaches, where the red scale is more intense and is represented by a line in ascension. The scales of blue and green colors represent the refraction indexes of the light emitted by the transluminator in contact with the studied area. In the histogram when the selection of a scale (for example, the green scale) is disabled, the

text: luminescence

text: intensity of captured images may be mapped. Bollinger et al. reported their experience: denominated

text: fluorescence

text: videomiscroscopy, based on the video capture of images and study of their luminescence through light emission stimulated by 20% sodium-fluorocein (0.3 ml/l of blood). The principles of spectrographic analysis of this test are similar to those used to evaluate the luminescence of captured images by venous translumination, and the histogram also evaluates the scales of red, blue and green (RGB). All organic components are composed of chemical elements that emit light according to their wavelength. This is why the histogram analysis of transluminated images could define an organic element according to the quality and amount of their components.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Translumination

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: transluminator

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: sodium-fluorocein

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A compact fluorescent lamp is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lightbulb. Some CFL's fit into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps and they are designed to produce the same amount of visible light found in incandescent light. CFLs generally use 70% less energy and have a longer rated life. In 1941, George Inman devised the first practical fluorescent lamp while working for General Electric. The key patent for this light source, U.S. patent #2,259,040 was filed by Inman on April 22, 1936 and issued to him on October 14, 1941. In 1976, Edward E. Hammer invented the first helical or spiraled compact fluorescent lamp, but due to the difficulty of the manufacturing process for coating the interior of the spiral glass tube, General Electric did not manufacture or sell the device. Other companies began manufacturing and selling the device in 1995.

text: A compact fluorescent lamp is a

text: fluorescent

text: lamp designed to replace an

text: incandescent lightbulb

text: . Some CFL's fit into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps and they are designed to produce the same amount of visible light found in incandescent light. CFLs generally use 70% less energy and have a longer rated life. In 1941, George Inman devised the first practical fluorescent lamp while working for

text: General Electric

text: . The key patent for this light source, U.S. patent #2,259,040 was filed by Inman on April 22, 1936 and issued to him on October 14, 1941. In 1976,

text: Edward E. Hammer

text: invented the first

text: helical

text: or spiraled compact fluorescent lamp, but due to the difficulty of the manufacturing process for coating the interior of the spiral glass tube, General Electric did not manufacture or sell the device. Other companies began manufacturing and selling the device in 1995.

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answers: infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: lightbulb

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: compact fluorescent lamp

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Dating of these abandoned terrace surfaces (treads) is possible using a variety of geochronologic techniques.  The type of technique used, however, is dependent on the composition and age of the terraces.  Currently used techniques are magnetostratigraphy, low temperature thermochronology, cosmogenic nuclides, radiocarbon, thermoluminescence, optically stimulated luminescence, and U-Th disequilibria. Additionally, if there is a succession of preserved fossils, biostratigraphy can be used.

text: Dating of these abandoned terrace surfaces (treads) is possible using a variety of

text: geochronologic

text: techniques.  The type of technique used, however, is dependent on the composition and age of the terraces.  Currently used techniques are

text: magnetostratigraphy

text: , low temperature

text: thermochronology

text: cosmogenic nuclide

text: s,

text: radiocarbon

text: thermoluminescence

text: optically stimulated luminescence

text: , and

text: U-Th disequilibria

text: . Additionally, if there is a succession of preserved fossils,

text: biostratigraphy

text: can be used.

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answers: optically stimulated luminescence

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: thermoluminescence

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: cosmogenic nuclides

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An electromagnetic field very far from currents and charges (sources) is called electromagnetic radiation (EMR) since it radiates from the charges and currents in the source, and has no "feedback" effect on them, and is also not affected directly by them in the present time (rather, it is indirectly produced by a sequences of changes in fields radiating out from them in the past). EMR consists of the radiations in the electromagnetic spectrum, including radio waves, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays. The many commercial applications of these radiations are discussed in the named and linked articles.

text: An electromagnetic field very far from currents and charges (sources) is called

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: (EMR) since it radiates from the charges and currents in the source, and has no "feedback" effect on them, and is also not affected directly by them in the present time (rather, it is indirectly produced by a sequences of changes in fields radiating out from them in the past). EMR consists of the radiations in the

text: electromagnetic spectrum

text: , including

text: radio wave

text: s,

text: microwave

text: infrared

text: visible light

text: ultraviolet light

text: X-rays

text: , and

text: gamma ray

text: s. The many commercial applications of these radiations are discussed in the named and linked articles.

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answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: X-rays

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: X-rays

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the Crab Nebula X-ray spectrum there are three features that differ greatly from Scorpius X-1: its spectrum is much harder, its source diameter is in light-years (ly)s, not astronomical units (AU), and its radio and optical synchrotron emission are strong. Its overall X-ray luminosity rivals the optical emission and could be that of a nonthermal plasma. However, the Crab Nebula appears as an X-ray source that is a central freely expanding ball of dilute plasma, where the energy content is 100 times the total energy content of the large visible and radio portion, obtained from the unknown source.

text: In the Crab Nebula X-ray spectrum there are three features that differ greatly from Scorpius X-1: its spectrum is much harder, its source diameter is in

text: light-year

text: s (ly)s, not

text: astronomical unit

text: s (AU), and its radio and optical synchrotron emission are strong. Its overall X-ray luminosity rivals the optical emission and could be that of a nonthermal plasma. However, the Crab Nebula appears as an X-ray source that is a central freely expanding ball of dilute plasma, where the energy content is 100 times the total energy content of the large visible and radio portion, obtained from the unknown source.

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answers: Crab Nebula

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answers: plasma

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Luminescence is the result of a chemical or biochemical reaction. Luminescence detection is simpler optically than fluorescence detection because luminescence does not require a light source for excitation or optics for selecting discrete excitation wavelengths. A typical luminescence optical system consists of a light-tight reading chamber and a PMT detector. Some plate readers use an Analog PMT detector while others have a photon counting PMT detector. Photon Counting is widely accepted as the most sensitive means of detecting luminescence. Some plate readers offer filter wheel or tunable wavelength monochromator optical systems for selecting specific luminescent wavelengths.  The ability to select multiple wavelengths, or even wavelength ranges, allows for detection of assays that contain multiple luminescent reporter enzymes, the development of new luminescence assays, as well as a means to optimize signal to noise.

text: Luminescence is the result of a chemical or biochemical reaction. Luminescence detection is simpler optically than fluorescence detection because luminescence does not require a light source for excitation or optics for selecting discrete excitation wavelengths. A typical luminescence optical system consists of a light-tight reading chamber and a

text: PMT

text: detector. Some plate readers use an Analog PMT detector while others have a

text: photon counting

text: PMT detector. Photon Counting is widely accepted as the most sensitive means of detecting luminescence. Some plate readers offer filter wheel or tunable wavelength monochromator optical systems for selecting specific luminescent wavelengths.  The ability to select multiple wavelengths, or even wavelength ranges, allows for detection of assays that contain multiple luminescent reporter enzymes, the development of new luminescence assays, as well as a means to optimize signal to noise.

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answers: luminescence

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: plate readers

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: luminescent reporter enzymes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Many species can see light with frequencies outside the human "visible spectrum". Bees and many other insects can detect ultraviolet light, which helps them to find nectar in flowers. Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to ultraviolet "colors" and patterns rather than how colorful they appear to humans. Birds, too, can see into the ultraviolet (300–400 nm), and some have sex-dependent markings on their plumage that are visible only in the ultraviolet range. Many animals that can see into the ultraviolet range, however, cannot see red light or any other reddish wavelengths.  For example, bees' visible spectrum ends at about 590 nm, just before the orange wavelengths start. Birds, however, can see some red wavelengths, although not as far into the light spectrum as humans. It is an incorrect popular belief that the common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light, their color vision extends into the ultraviolet but not the infrared.

text: Many species can see light with frequencies outside the human "visible spectrum".

text: Bee

text: s and many other insects can detect ultraviolet light, which helps them to find

text: nectar

text: in flowers. Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to ultraviolet "colors" and patterns rather than how colorful they appear to humans. Birds, too, can see into the ultraviolet (300–400 nm), and some have sex-dependent markings on their plumage that are visible only in the ultraviolet range. Many animals that can see into the ultraviolet range, however, cannot see red light or any other reddish wavelengths.  For example, bees' visible spectrum ends at about 590 nm, just before the orange wavelengths start. Birds, however, can see some red wavelengths, although not as far into the light spectrum as humans. It is an incorrect popular belief that the common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light, their color vision extends into the ultraviolet but not the infrared.

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answers: visible spectrum

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Birds, too

answers: NDQ_018514

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answers: NDQ_018517

answers: ultraviolet

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The color temperature of a light source is the temperature of an ideal black-body radiator that radiates light of comparable hue to that of the light source. Color temperature is a characteristic of visible light that has important applications in lighting, photography, videography, publishing, manufacturing, astrophysics, horticulture, and other fields. In practice, color temperature is only meaningful for light sources that do in fact correspond somewhat closely to the radiation of some black body, i.e., those on a line from reddish/orange via yellow and more or less white to blueish white; it does not make sense to speak of the color temperature of, e.g., a green or a purple light. Color temperature is conventionally expressed in kelvins, using the symbol K, a unit of measure for temperature based on the Kelvin scale.

text: The color temperature of a light source is the

text: temperature

text: of an ideal

text: black-body radiator

text: that radiates light of comparable

text: hue

text: to that of the light source. Color temperature is a characteristic of

text: visible light

text: that has important applications in

text: lighting

text: photography

text: videography

text: publishing

text: manufacturing

text: astrophysics

text: horticulture

text: , and other fields. In practice, color temperature is only meaningful for light sources that do in fact correspond somewhat closely to the radiation of some black body, i.e., those on a line from reddish/orange via yellow and more or less white to blueish white; it does not make sense to speak of the color temperature of, e.g., a green or a purple light. Color temperature is conventionally expressed in

text: kelvins

text: , using the symbol K, a

text: unit of measure

text: for temperature based on the Kelvin scale.

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answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: green or a purple light

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: black-body radiator

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A heat lamp is an incandescent light bulb that is used for the principal purpose of creating heat. The spectrum of black body radiation emitted by the lamp is shifted to produce more infrared light. Many heat lamps include a red filter to minimize the amount of visible light emitted. Heat lamps often include an internal reflector.

text: A

text: heat lamp

text: is an

text: incandescent light bulb

text: that is used for the principal purpose of creating heat. The spectrum of

text: black body radiation

text: emitted by the lamp is shifted to produce more

text: infrared light

text: . Many heat lamps include a red filter to minimize the amount of visible light emitted. Heat lamps often include an internal reflector.

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text: The following are types of luminescence:

text: The following are types of luminescence:

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: Infrared light lies between the visible and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared light has a range of wavelengths, just like visible light has wavelengths that range from red light to violet. "Near infrared" light is closest in wavelength to visible light and "far infrared" is closer to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The longer, far infrared wavelengths are about the size of a pin head and the shorter, near infrared ones are the size of cells, or are microscopic.

text: Infrared light lies between the visible and microwave portions of the

text: electromagnetic spectrum

text: . Infrared light has a range of wavelengths, just like visible light has wavelengths that range from red light to violet. "Near infrared" light is closest in wavelength to visible light and "far infrared" is closer to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The longer, far infrared wavelengths are about the size of a pin head and the shorter, near infrared ones are the size of cells, or are microscopic.

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answers: Yes

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answers: cells

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answers: cells

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Key considerations of landing light design include intensity, reliability, weight, and power consumption. Ideal landing lights are extremely intense, require little electrical power, are lightweight, and have long and predictable service lives. Past and present technologies include ordinary incandescent lamps, halogen lamps, various forms of arc lamps and discharge lamps, and LED lamps.

text: Key considerations of landing light design include intensity, reliability, weight, and power consumption. Ideal landing lights are extremely intense, require little electrical power, are lightweight, and have long and predictable service lives. Past and present technologies include ordinary

text: incandescent lamps

text: halogen lamp

text: s, various forms of

text: arc lamp

text: s and

text: discharge lamp

text: s, and

text: LED

text: lamps.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: LED lamps

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Compared with an incandescent lamp, a fluorescent tube is a more diffuse and physically larger light source. In suitably designed lamps, light can be more evenly distributed without point source of glare such as seen from an undiffused incandescent filament; the lamp is large compared to the typical distance between lamp and illuminated surfaces.

text: Compared with an incandescent lamp, a fluorescent tube is a more diffuse and physically larger light source. In suitably designed lamps, light can be more evenly distributed without point source of glare such as seen from an undiffused incandescent filament; the lamp is large compared to the typical distance between lamp and illuminated surfaces.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: fluorescent tube

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fluorescent tube

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The PH Artichoke Pendant is a designer Light fixture manufactured by Louis Poulsen. It was designed by Poul Henningsen in 1958. A chrome inner diffuser also assists in the proper even reflection of the light source. The light source can be an incandescent bulb (high powered halogen or xenon), fluorescent (with the ballast mounted in fixture canopy), or metal halide (canopy-mounted ballast). The metal halide sources are used in the largest of the Artichoke fixtures.  For years, a number of companies have tried to replicate the Artichoke fixture; only a handful have made a replica that is at all geometrically and cosmetically similar.

text: The PH Artichoke Pendant is a

text: designer

text: Light fixture

text: manufactured by

text: Louis Poulsen

text: . It was designed by

text: Poul Henningsen

text: in 1958. A chrome inner diffuser also assists in the proper even reflection of the light source. The light source can be an

text: incandescent bulb

text: (high powered

text: halogen

text: or

text: xenon

text: fluorescent

text: (with the ballast mounted in fixture canopy), or

text: metal halide

text: (canopy-mounted ballast). The metal halide sources are used in the largest of the Artichoke fixtures.  For years, a number of companies have tried to replicate the Artichoke fixture; only a handful have made a replica that is at all geometrically and cosmetically similar.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: incandescent bulb

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: metal halide

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Bug zappers are usually housed in a protective cage of plastic or grounded metal bars to prevent people or animals from touching the high voltage grid.  A light source is fitted inside, often a fluorescent lamp designed to emit both visible and ultraviolet light, which is visible to insects and attracts them.  The light is surrounded by a pair of interleaved bare wire grids or spirals. The distance between adjacent wires is typically about . A high-voltage power supply powered by mains electricity, which may be a simple transformerless voltage multiplier circuit made with diodes and capacitors, generates a voltage of 2,000 volts or more, high enough to conduct through the body of an insect which bridges the two grids, but not high enough to spark across the air gap. Enough electric current flows through the small body of the insect to heat it to a high temperature. The impedance of the power supply and the arrangement of the grid is such that it cannot drive a dangerous current through the body of a human.

text: Bug zappers are usually housed in a protective cage of plastic or grounded metal bars to prevent people or animals from touching the high voltage grid.  A light source is fitted inside, often a

text: fluorescent lamp

text: designed to emit both

text: visible

text: and

text: ultraviolet

text: light, which is visible to insects and attracts them.  The light is surrounded by a pair of interleaved bare wire grids or spirals. The distance between adjacent wires is typically about . A high-voltage

text: power supply

text: powered by

text: mains electricity

text: , which may be a simple

text: transformer

text: less

text: voltage multiplier

text: circuit made with

text: diode

text: s and

text: capacitor

text: s, generates a voltage of 2,000

text: volt

text: s or more, high enough to conduct through the body of an insect which bridges the two grids, but not high enough to spark across the air gap. Enough

text: electric current

text: flows through the small body of the insect to heat it to a high temperature. The

text: impedance

text: of the power supply and the arrangement of the grid is such that it cannot drive a dangerous current through the body of a human.

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answers: fluorescent lamp

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Before modern strobe lights, lenses were used to concentrate the light from a continuous source.  Vertical light rays of the lamp are redirected into a horizontal plane, and horizontally the light is focused into one or a few directions at a time, with the light beam swept around. As a result, in addition to seeing the side of the light beam, the light is directly visible from greater distances, and with an identifying light characteristic.

text: Before modern

text: strobe light

text: s,

text: lenses

text: were used to concentrate the light from a continuous source.  Vertical light rays of the lamp are redirected into a horizontal plane, and horizontally the light is focused into one or a few directions at a time, with the

text: light beam

text: swept around. As a result, in addition to seeing the side of the light beam, the light is directly visible from greater distances, and with an identifying

text: light characteristic

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

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answers: lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: lamps

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A visible light sensor (for example a camera: 0.4 to 0.7 µm) is able to present an image, which can be understood by a human being. Furthermore complex image processing analysis can be executed by computers, which can recognize a flame or even smoke. Unfortunately, a camera can be blinded, like a human, by heavy smoke and by fog. It is also possible to mix visible light information (monitor) with UV or Infrared information, which in this case is made visible. The corona camera is an example of this equipment. In this equipment the information of an UV camera mixed with visible image information. It is used for tracing defects in high voltage equipment and fire detection over high distances.

text: A visible light sensor (for example a camera: 0.4 to 0.7 µm) is able to present an image, which can be understood by a human being. Furthermore complex image processing analysis can be executed by computers, which can recognize a flame or even smoke. Unfortunately, a camera can be blinded, like a human, by heavy smoke and by fog. It is also possible to mix visible light information (monitor) with UV or

text: Infrared

text: information, which in this case is made visible. The corona

text: camera

text: is an example of this equipment. In this equipment the information of an UV camera mixed with visible image information. It is used for tracing defects in

text: high voltage

text: equipment and fire detection over high distances.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: a flame

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: high voltage equipment

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: At this level, the SBEs provide an extremely versatile method that describes linear as well as nonlinear phenomena such as excitonic effects, propagation effects, semiconductor microcavity effects, four-wave-mixing, polaritons in semiconductor microcavities, gain spectroscopy, and so on. One can also generalize the SBEs by including excitation with terahertz (THz) fields that are typically resonant with intraband transitions. One can also quantize the light field and investigate quantum-optical effects that result. In this situation, the SBEs become coupled to the semiconductor luminescence equations.

text: At this level, the SBEs provide an extremely versatile method that describes linear as well as nonlinear phenomena such as

text: exciton

text: ic effects, propagation effects, semiconductor

text: microcavity

text: effects,

text: four-wave-mixing

text: polaritons

text: in semiconductor microcavities,

text: gain spectroscopy

text: , and so on. One can also generalize the SBEs by including excitation with terahertz (THz) fields that are typically resonant with intraband transitions. One can also quantize the light field and investigate

text: quantum-optical

text: effects that result. In this situation, the SBEs become coupled to the

text: semiconductor luminescence equations

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answers: semiconductor microcavities

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answers: semiconductor

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which a material emits light.

text: A pigment is a material that changes the

text: color

text: of reflected or transmitted

text: light

text: as the result of

text: wavelength

text: -selective absorption. This physical process differs from

text: fluorescence

text: phosphorescence

text: , and other forms of

text: luminescence

text: , in which a material emits light.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Often task lighting refers to increasing illuminance to better accomplish a specific activity. However, the illuminance level is not the only factor governing visibility. Contrast is also important, and a poorly positioned light source may cause contrast reduction, resulting in loss of visibility. Therefore, it can be argued that the most important purpose of task lighting in the office is not increasing illuminance, but improving contrast. Because task lighting provides focused light where needed, general lighting can be reduced.

text: Often task lighting refers to increasing

text: illuminance

text: to better accomplish a specific activity. However, the illuminance level is not the only factor governing visibility.

text: Contrast

text: is also important, and a poorly positioned light source may cause contrast reduction, resulting in loss of visibility. Therefore, it can be argued that the most important purpose of task lighting in the office is not increasing illuminance, but improving contrast. Because task lighting provides focused light where needed, general lighting can be reduced.

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answer: No

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text: Starting in the early 1890s the lights were provided by burning acetylene gas generated in situ from calcium carbide reacting with water. The acetylene-gas illumination system could reliably be turned on and off automatically, enabling automated unattended lighthouses to be used. Once electricity became available, often provided by one or more diesel electric generators in remote locations, the light source was gradually converted to electrical power and the clockworks were run by some type of electric motor. For example, of modern changes, the Chatham Light in Chatham, Massachusetts (near the "elbow" of Cape Cod) the light was converted in 1969 from its Fresnel lens light assembly to a Carlisle & Finch DCB-224 rotating light generating over 2.8 million candela. This is visible for over 20 nautical miles on a clear night and has a self-changing bulb assembly to replace burned-out bulbs.

text: Starting in the early 1890s the lights were provided by burning

text: acetylene

text: gas generated

text: in situ

text: from

text: calcium carbide

text: reacting with water. The acetylene-gas illumination system could reliably be turned on and off automatically, enabling automated unattended lighthouses to be used. Once electricity became available, often provided by one or more

text: diesel

text: electric generator

text: s in remote locations, the light source was gradually converted to electrical power and the clockworks were run by some type of electric motor. For example, of modern changes, the

text: Chatham Light

text: in

text: Chatham, Massachusetts

text: (near the "elbow" of

text: Cape Cod

text: ) the light was converted in 1969 from its Fresnel lens light assembly to a

text: Carlisle & Finch

text: rotating light generating over 2.8 million candela. This is visible for over 20 nautical miles on a clear night and has a self-changing bulb assembly to replace burned-out bulbs.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: He proposed and joined the international project to build the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS), a project that included joint efforts from the United States, United Kingdom and the Netherlands, which made the first survey of the infrared sky from space, avoiding all atmospheric interference with observations, starting in 1983. Low served as the chief technologist for the project. After an accident at Jet Propulsion Laboratory destroyed preamplifiers used in the infrared detectors, Low led an effort at Infrared Laboratories to develop improved replacement units to resolve the crisis. IRAS was able to discover in excess of 500,000 infrared sources, including many galaxies, and has discovered shells of debris surrounding stars that show the early stages of planetary formation, with debris similar to that later found as the Kuiper belt that encircles our Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune. Based on these findings, researchers have concluded that the majority of galactic radiation is emitted in the form of infrared radiation that is generated when light from young stars is absorbed by interstellar dust and then radiated from the dust in the form of heat. In 1984, IRAS found that the galaxy Arp 220, located 300 million light years from Earth, is the closest Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy, emitting 100 times more energy than the Milky Way galaxy, primarily in the infrared spectrum, even though it is faintly visible by telescope using visible light.

text: He proposed and joined the international project to build the

text: Infrared Astronomy Satellite

text: (IRAS), a project that included joint efforts from the United States,

text: United Kingdom

text: and the

text: Netherlands

text: , which made the first survey of the infrared sky from space, avoiding all atmospheric interference with observations, starting in 1983. Low served as the chief technologist for the project. After an accident at

text: Jet Propulsion Laboratory

text: destroyed

text: preamplifier

text: s used in the infrared detectors, Low led an effort at Infrared Laboratories to develop improved replacement units to resolve the crisis. IRAS was able to discover in excess of 500,000 infrared sources, including many galaxies, and has discovered shells of debris surrounding stars that show the early stages of

text: planetary formation

text: , with debris similar to that later found as the

text: Kuiper belt

text: that encircles our

text: Solar System

text: beyond the orbit of

text: Neptune

text: . Based on these findings, researchers have concluded that the majority of galactic radiation is emitted in the form of infrared radiation that is generated when light from young stars is absorbed by

text: interstellar dust

text: and then radiated from the dust in the form of heat. In 1984, IRAS found that the galaxy

text: Arp 220

text: , located 300 million light years from Earth, is the closest

text: Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy

text: , emitting 100 times more energy than the

text: Milky Way

text: galaxy, primarily in the infrared spectrum, even though it is faintly visible by telescope using visible light.

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answer: No

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text: A flashlight (often called a torch outside North America) is a portable hand-held electric light. Usually, the source of the light is an incandescent light bulb or light-emitting diode (LED). A typical flashlight consists of a light bulb  mounted in a reflector, a transparent cover (sometimes combined with a lens) to protect the light source and reflector, a battery, and a switch.  These are supported and protected by a case.

text: A flashlight (often called a torch outside

text: North America

text: ) is a portable hand-held electric light. Usually, the source of the light is an

text: incandescent light bulb

text: or

text: light-emitting diode

text: (LED). A typical flashlight consists of a light bulb  mounted in a reflector, a transparent cover (sometimes combined with a

text: lens

text: ) to protect the light source and reflector, a

text: battery

text: , and a

text: switch

text: .  These are supported and protected by a case.

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answers: infrared or ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_018514

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answers: incandescent light bulb

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The current tower is located on the north pier. It is constructed of cast iron, and was first listed in 1927.  The tower is a white cylinder, and the keepers house is separate.  The original lens was a Fifth Order Fresnel lens.  The tower has also been rebuilt as the pier has been extended.  Other changes have involved the placement and configuration of the fog horn.  The present tower is  tall.  The catwalk is one of only four that survive in the State of Michigan.  National Register of Historic Places, Reference # 90000718  The tower is capped with a ten-sided steel lantern.  The light uses a 5,000 candlepower incandescent electric bulb, and has a flashing mechanism which displays "a group occulting white light" over 30 seconds. Its  focal plane is , and is visible for  in clear weather. The "Type C" diaphone is powered by an electric compressor housed in the tower, and emits a group of three blasts every 30 seconds.  There is also a radio beacon.

text: The current tower is located on the north pier. It is constructed of cast iron, and was first listed in 1927.  The tower is a white cylinder, and the keepers house is separate.  The original lens was a Fifth Order

text: Fresnel lens

text: .  The tower has also been rebuilt as the pier has been extended.  Other changes have involved the placement and configuration of the

text: fog horn

text: .  The present tower is  tall.  The catwalk is one of only four that survive in the State of Michigan.

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: , Reference # 90000718  The tower is capped with a ten-sided steel lantern.  The light uses a 5,000 candlepower incandescent electric bulb, and has a flashing mechanism which displays "a group occulting white light" over 30 seconds. Its  focal plane is , and is visible for  in clear weather. The "Type C"

text: diaphone

text: is powered by an electric compressor housed in the tower, and emits a group of three blasts every 30 seconds.  There is also a radio beacon.

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answers: NDQ_018514

answers: 5,000 candlepower incandescent electric bulb

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: incandescent electric bulb

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Westinghouse purchased the US patents rights to the Gaulard-Gibbs transformer and imported several of those as well as Siemens AC generators to begin experimenting with an AC based lighting system in Pittsburgh. William Stanley used the Gaulard-Gibbs design and designs from the ZBD Transformer to develop the first practical transformer. The Westinghouse Electric Company was formed at the beginning of 1886. In March 1886 Stanley, with Westinghouse's backing, installed the first multiple-voltage AC power system, a demonstration incandescent lighting system, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Expanded to the point where it could light 23 businesses along main street with very little power loss over 4000 feet, the system used transformers to step 500 AC volts at the street down to 100 volts to power incandescent lamps at each location. By fall of 1886 Westinghouse, Stanley, and Oliver B. Shallenberger had built the first commercial AC power system in the US in Buffalo, New York.

text: Westinghouse purchased the US patents rights to the Gaulard-Gibbs transformer and imported several of those as well as

text: Siemens

text: AC

text: generator

text: s to begin experimenting with an AC based lighting system in

text: Pittsburgh

text: . William Stanley used the Gaulard-Gibbs design and designs from the ZBD Transformer to develop the first practical transformer. The

text: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: was formed at the beginning of 1886. In March 1886 Stanley, with Westinghouse's backing, installed the first multiple-voltage AC power system, a demonstration incandescent lighting system, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Expanded to the point where it could light 23 businesses along main street with very little power loss over 4000 feet, the system used transformers to step 500 AC volts at the street down to 100 volts to power incandescent lamps at each location. By fall of 1886 Westinghouse, Stanley, and

text: Oliver B. Shallenberger

text: had built the first commercial AC power system in the US in Buffalo, New York.

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answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

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answers: incandescent

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The discussion on how much UV filtering is necessary in art framing is complex and controversial, driven by conflicting corporate interests. There have so far been no independent organizations, not tied to corporate sponsors, which have presented scientifically verifiable and conclusive evidence to the amount of UV filtering necessary for a glazing to both display and at the same time protect an artwork. On one hand, the issue is complicated by the varying amount of damaging light actually present in an indoor environment (from low level indirect sources to direct daylight). On the other, by the fact that not only UV, but also visible light damages an artwork. According to the National Fenestration Rating Council, only 40% of artwork fading is caused by UV radiation. The remaining damage comes from the visible light, heat, humidity and material chemistry. This means that increasing visible light transmission by an anti-reflective coating actually increases the amount of damaging radiation on an artwork.

text: The discussion on how much

text: UV

text: filtering is necessary in art framing is complex and controversial, driven by conflicting corporate interests. There have so far been no independent organizations, not tied to corporate sponsors, which have presented scientifically verifiable and conclusive evidence to the amount of UV filtering necessary for a glazing to both display and at the same time protect an artwork. On one hand, the issue is complicated by the varying amount of damaging light actually present in an indoor environment (from low level indirect sources to direct daylight). On the other, by the fact that not only

text: UV

text: , but also

text: visible light

text: damages an artwork. According to the National Fenestration Rating Council, only 40% of artwork fading is caused by UV radiation. The remaining damage comes from the visible light, heat, humidity and material chemistry. This means that increasing visible light transmission by an anti-reflective coating actually increases the amount of damaging radiation on an artwork.

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answer: Yes

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text: In 1994, the principles behind optical and thermoluminescence dating were extended to include surfaces made of granite, basalt and sandstone, such as carved rock from ancient monuments and artifacts.  Ioannis Liritzis, the initiator of ancient buildings luminescence dating, has shown this in several cases of various monuments.

text: In 1994, the principles behind optical and

text: thermoluminescence dating

text: were extended to include surfaces made of granite, basalt and sandstone, such as carved rock from ancient monuments and artifacts.

text: Ioannis Liritzis

text: , the initiator of ancient buildings luminescence dating, has shown this in several cases of various monuments.

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text: In 2015 visible light joined microwave and infrared NIMs in propagating light in only one direction. ("mirrors" instead reduce light transmission in the reverse direction, requiring low light levels behind the mirror to work.)

text: In 2015 visible light joined microwave and infrared NIMs in propagating light in only one direction. ("

text: mirrors

text: " instead reduce light transmission in the reverse direction, requiring low light levels behind the mirror to work.)

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: Each of these three aspects is looked at in considerable detail when the lighting designer is at work. In aesthetic appeal, the lighting designer attempts to raise the general attractiveness of the design, measure whether it should be subtly blended into the background or whether it should stand out, and assess what kind of emotions the lighting should evoke. The functional aspects of the project can encompass the need for the project to be visible (by night mostly, but also by day), the impact of daylight on the project and safety issues (glare, colour confusion etc.).

text: Each of these three aspects is looked at in considerable detail when the lighting designer is at work. In aesthetic appeal, the lighting designer attempts to raise the general attractiveness of the design, measure whether it should be subtly blended into the background or whether it should stand out, and assess what kind of

text: emotions

text: the lighting should evoke. The functional aspects of the project can encompass the need for the project to be visible (by night mostly, but also by day), the impact of

text: daylight

text: on the project and

text: safety

text: issues (

text: glare

text: , colour confusion etc.).

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text: Both the mycelia and the fruit bodies of M. haematopus (both young and mature specimens) are reported to be bioluminescent. However, the luminescence is quite weak, and not visible to the dark-adapted eye; in one study, light emission was detectable only after 20 hours of exposure to X-ray film. Although the biochemical basis of bioluminescence in M. haematopus has not been scientifically investigated, in general, bioluminescence is caused by the action of luciferases, enzymes that produce light by the oxidation of a luciferin (a pigment). The biological purpose of bioluminescence in fungi is not definitively known, although several hypotheses have been suggested: it may help attract insects to help with spore dispersal, it may be a by-product of other biochemical functions, or it may help deter heterotrophs that might consume the fungus.

text: Both the mycelia and the fruit bodies of M. haematopus (both young and mature specimens) are reported to be

text: bioluminescent

text: . However, the luminescence is quite weak, and not visible to the

text: dark-adapted

text: eye; in one study, light emission was detectable only after 20 hours of

text: exposure

text: to

text: X-ray film

text: . Although the biochemical basis of bioluminescence in M. haematopus has not been scientifically investigated, in general, bioluminescence is caused by the action of

text: luciferase

text: s, enzymes that produce light by the

text: oxidation

text: of a

text: luciferin

text: (a

text: pigment

text: ). The biological purpose of bioluminescence in fungi is not definitively known, although several hypotheses have been suggested: it may help attract insects to help with spore dispersal, it may be a by-product of other biochemical functions, or it may help deter

text: heterotroph

text: s that might consume the fungus.

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answers: NDQ_018514

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic calligraphy, bookbinding (cilt) and paper marbling (ebru). In the Ottoman Empire, illuminated and illustrated manuscripts were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court. In Topkapi Palace, these manuscripts were created by the artists working in Nakkashane, the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists. Both religious and non-religious books could be illuminated. Also sheets for albums levha consisted of illuminated calligraphy (hat) of tughra, religious texts, verses from poems or proverbs, and purely decorative drawings.

text: Ottoman illumination

text: covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in

text: muraqqa

text: or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the

text: Ottoman miniature

text: . It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat),

text: Islamic calligraphy

text: , bookbinding (cilt) and

text: paper marbling

text: (ebru). In the Ottoman Empire,

text: illuminated and illustrated manuscripts

text: were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court. In

text: Topkapi Palace

text: , these manuscripts were created by the artists working in Nakkashane, the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists. Both religious and non-religious books could be illuminated. Also sheets for albums levha consisted of illuminated calligraphy (hat) of

text: tughra

text: , religious texts, verses from poems or proverbs, and purely decorative drawings.

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answers: Ottoman illumination

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answers: books

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: paper

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Notable Galactic H II regions include the Orion Nebula, the Eta Carinae Nebula, and the Berkeley 59 / Cepheus OB4 Complex. The Orion Nebula, about 500 pc (1,500 light-years) from Earth, is part of OMC-1, a GMC that, if visible, would be seen to fill most of the constellation of Orion. The Horsehead Nebula and Barnard's Loop are two other illuminated parts of this cloud of gas.<ref name=Horsehead>

text: Notable Galactic H II regions include the Orion Nebula, the

text: Eta Carinae Nebula

text: , and the

text: Berkeley 59 / Cepheus OB4 Complex

text: . The Orion Nebula, about 500

text: pc

text: (1,500 light-years) from Earth, is part of

text: , a GMC that, if visible, would be seen to fill most of the constellation of

text: Orion

text: . The

text: Horsehead Nebula

text: and

text: Barnard's Loop

text: are two other illuminated parts of this cloud of gas.<ref name=Horsehead>

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: The advice to cover one's exposed skin with anything that can cast a shadow, like the picnic blanket and newspaper used by the family in the film, may seem absurd at first when one considers the capabilities of a nuclear weapon, but even the thinnest of barriers such as cloth or plant leaves would reduce the severity of burns on the skin from the thermal radiation( the thermal radiation/flash is light, similar in average emission spectrum/color to sun light, emitting in the ultraviolet, visible light, and infrared range but with a higher light intensity than sunlight, with this combination of light rays capable of delivering radiant burning energy to exposed skin areas. While the duration of emittance of this burning thermal radiation, which can be experienced by people within range, increases with yield, it is usually at least a few seconds long.) Furthermore, great importance is given to closing eyelids and covering the location of the eyes as temporary and permanent flash blindness is a risk potential without this covering, especially at night. A photograph taken about 1.3 km from the hypocenter of the Hiroshima bomb explosion showed that the shadowing effect of leaves from a nearby shrub protected a wooden utilities pole from charring discoloration due to the burst of thermal radiation, however the rest of the telephone pole, not under the protection of the leaves, was charred almost completely black.

text: The advice to cover one's exposed skin with anything that can cast a shadow, like the picnic blanket and newspaper used by the family in the

text: film

text: , may seem absurd at first when one considers the capabilities of a nuclear weapon, but even the thinnest of barriers such as cloth or plant leaves would reduce the severity of burns on the skin from the

text: thermal radiation

text: ( the thermal radiation/flash is

text: light

text: , similar in average

text: emission spectrum

text: /color to

text: sun light

text: , emitting in the

text: ultraviolet

text: visible light

text: , and

text: infrared

text: range but with a higher

text: light intensity

text: than sunlight, with this combination of light rays capable of delivering

text: radiant

text: burning energy to exposed skin areas. While the duration of

text: emittance

text: of this burning thermal radiation, which can be experienced by people within range, increases with yield, it is usually at least a few seconds long.) Furthermore, great importance is given to closing

text: eyelid

text: s and covering the location of the eyes as temporary and permanent

text: flash blindness

text: is a risk potential without this covering, especially at night. A photograph taken about 1.3 km from the

text: hypocenter

text: of the

entity_name: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

text: Hiroshima bomb explosion

text: showed that the shadowing effect of

text: leaves

text: from a nearby

text: shrub

text: protected a wooden

text: utilities

text: pole from

text: charring

text: discoloration due to the burst of thermal radiation, however the rest of the telephone pole, not under the protection of the leaves, was

text: charred almost completely black

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text: The CRI of a light source does not indicate the apparent color of the light source; that information is under the rubric of the correlated color temperature (CCT). The CRI is determined by the light source's spectrum. The pictures on the right show the continuous spectrum of an incandescent lamp and the discrete line spectrum of a fluorescent lamp; the former lamp has the higher CRI.

text: The CRI of a light source does not indicate the apparent color of the light source; that information is under the rubric of the

text: correlated color temperature

text: (CCT). The CRI is determined by the light source's

text: spectrum

text: . The pictures on the right show the continuous spectrum of an

text: incandescent lamp

text: and the discrete line spectrum of a

text: fluorescent lamp

text: ; the former lamp has the higher CRI.

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answers: Yes

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answers: fluorescent lamp

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Nineteenth-century technology revolutionized stage lighting, which until then had been primitive. The introduction of gas lighting was the first step. In 1816, Philadelphia's Chestnut Street Theater became the earliest gas-lit playhouse in the world. The introduction of gas lighting revolutionized stage lighting. It provided a somewhat more natural and adequate light for the playing and the scenic space upstage of the proscenium arch. However, this new richness in lighting provided difficulties at first. Though scenic painters had to learn to subdue their colors to the increased candle-power, the brightness only further highlight the disparity between three-dimensional set pieces and their two-dimensional backdrop and led to the latter's eventual decline. The advent of limelight, also known as Drummond light, also effectively introduced spotlighting to theater. Thomas Edison's electric incandescent lamp, invented in 1879, was the next step. It made electricity the most flexible, most controllable, and safest form of lighting, in the twentieth century, it would make stage lighting design a true art. These new means of illumination tremendously increased the control over stage light and stimulated interest in imitating lighting phenomena of nature.

text: Nineteenth-century technology revolutionized stage lighting, which until then had been primitive. The introduction of

text: gas lighting

text: was the first step. In 1816, Philadelphia's Chestnut Street Theater became the earliest gas-lit playhouse in the world. The introduction of gas lighting revolutionized stage lighting. It provided a somewhat more natural and adequate light for the playing and the scenic space upstage of the proscenium arch. However, this new richness in lighting provided difficulties at first. Though scenic painters had to learn to subdue their colors to the increased candle-power, the brightness only further highlight the disparity between three-dimensional set pieces and their two-dimensional backdrop and led to the latter's eventual decline. The advent of

text: limelight

text: , also known as

text: Drummond light

text: , also effectively introduced

text: spotlighting

text: to theater.

text: Thomas Edison

text: 's electric incandescent lamp, invented in 1879, was the next step. It made electricity the most flexible, most controllable, and safest form of lighting, in the twentieth century, it would make stage lighting design a true art. These new means of illumination tremendously increased the control over stage light and stimulated interest in imitating lighting phenomena of nature.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: incandescent lamp

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: limelight

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Photo-luminescent signs are sometimes wrongfully described as being reflective. A reflective material will only return ambient light for as long as the light source is supplied, rather than storing energy and releasing it over a period of time. But, many fire extinguishers and extinguisher-mounting posts have strips of retroreflective adhesive tape placed on them to facilitate their location in situations where only emergency lighting or flashlights are available.

text: Photo-luminescent signs are sometimes wrongfully described as being

text: reflective

text: . A reflective material will only return ambient light for as long as the light source is supplied, rather than storing energy and releasing it over a period of time. But, many fire extinguishers and extinguisher-mounting posts have strips of

text: retroreflective

text: adhesive tape placed on them to facilitate their location in situations where only emergency lighting or

text: flashlight

text: s are available.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: retroreflective

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: fire extinguishers

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: Photo-luminescent signs

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: D65 corresponds roughly to the average midday light in Western Europe / Northern Europe (comprising both direct sunlight and the light diffused by a clear sky), hence it is also called a daylight illuminant. As any standard illuminant is represented as a table of averaged spectrophotometric data, any light source which statistically has the same relative spectral power distribution (SPD) can be considered a D65 light source. There are no actual D65 light sources, only simulators. The quality of a simulator can be assessed with the CIE Metamerism Index.

text: D65 corresponds roughly to the average midday light in

text: Western Europe

text: Northern Europe

text: (comprising both direct sunlight and the light diffused by a clear sky), hence it is also called a

text: daylight

text: illuminant. As any standard illuminant is represented as a table of

text: averaged

text: spectrophotometric

text: data, any light source which statistically has the same relative

text: spectral power distribution

text: (SPD) can be considered a D65 light source. There are no actual D65 light sources, only simulators. The quality of a simulator can be assessed with the CIE

text: Metamerism

text: Index.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: any light source

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: direct sunlight

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: When you choose not to put energy to work, you save multiples of energy at the point where the primary fuel was sourced. Put another way, the amount of energy saved by not flicking on the wall switch does not translate into an equal amount of energy saved at a coal mine. The leverage up the inefficient supply chain of energy is such that multiples of that energy is saved in terms of the coal not needed to generate your electricity. Consider a simple example. For an incandescent light bulb the multiplier is approximately 50-to-one. A conscious decision to forfeit one quantum of light energy in your home means that 50 times that amount of primary energy is conserved at the source.

text: When you choose not to put energy to work, you save multiples of energy at the point where the primary fuel was sourced. Put another way, the amount of energy saved by not flicking on the wall switch does not translate into an equal amount of energy saved at a

text: coal mine

text: . The leverage up the inefficient supply chain of energy is such that multiples of that energy is saved in terms of the

text: coal

text: not needed to generate your

text: electricity

text: . Consider a simple example. For an

text: incandescent light bulb

text: the multiplier is approximately 50-to-one. A conscious decision to forfeit one quantum of light energy in your home means that 50 times that amount of primary energy is conserved at the source.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light bulb

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: light bulb

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Another type of finder commonly found on amateur telescopes is known as a reflector (reflex) sight. This non-magnifying sight (technically not a "scope") uses a type of beam splitter to "reflect" a reticle generated by collimating optics into the users field of view. The view of the sky seen through the sight is just what can be seen with the naked eye with an illuminated crosshair or dot seeming to float in space at infinity. These crosshairs are generally illuminated by a small LED. Reflex sights are most useful for locating bright objects visible to the naked eye such as stars, planets, or nebulae. Since the sight uses a beam splitter "window", instead of an optical telescope with the ability to gather light, objects dimmer than the naked eye limit can not be seen through it. The lack of an optical telescope's magnification can make it harder to discern the difference between objects, such as stars and small angular size nebulae. They can also be used when finding dimmer objects by using the object's known position relative to brighter objects as a reference.

text: Another type of finder commonly found on amateur telescopes is known as a

text: reflector (reflex) sight

text: . This non-magnifying

text: sight

text: (technically not a "scope") uses a type of

text: beam splitter

text: to "reflect" a reticle generated by

text: collimating optics

text: into the users field of view. The view of the sky seen through the sight is just what can be seen with the naked eye with an illuminated crosshair or dot seeming to float in space at

text: infinity

text: . These crosshairs are generally illuminated by a small LED. Reflex sights are most useful for locating bright objects visible to the naked eye such as stars,

text: planets

text: , or

text: nebulae

text: . Since the sight uses a beam splitter "window", instead of an optical telescope with the ability to

text: gather light

text: , objects dimmer than the naked eye limit can not be seen through it. The lack of an optical telescope's magnification can make it harder to discern the difference between objects, such as stars and small angular size nebulae. They can also be used when finding dimmer objects by using the object's known position relative to brighter objects as a reference.

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answers: 1

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: These crosshairs are generally illuminated by a small LED

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: LED

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The incandescent light bulb has a spectrum overlapping the black body spectra of the sun and the earth. Some of the photons emitted by a tungsten light bulb filament at 3000 K are in the visible spectrum. Most of the energy is associated with photons of longer wavelengths; these do not help a person see, but still transfer heat to the environment, as can be deduced empirically by observing an incandescent light bulb. Whenever EM radiation is emitted and then absorbed, heat is transferred. This principle is used in microwave ovens, laser cutting, and RF hair removal.

text: The

text: incandescent light bulb

text: has a spectrum overlapping the black body spectra of the sun and the earth. Some of the photons emitted by a tungsten light bulb filament at

text: 3000 K

text: are in the visible spectrum. Most of the energy is associated with photons of longer wavelengths; these do not help a person see, but still transfer heat to the environment, as can be deduced empirically by observing an incandescent light bulb. Whenever EM radiation is emitted and then absorbed, heat is transferred. This principle is used in

text: microwave oven

text: s,

text: laser cutting

text: , and

text: RF hair removal

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answers: NDQ_018514

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answers: NDQ_018517

answers: tungsten light bulb

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Noble gases are commonly used in lighting because of their lack of chemical reactivity. Argon, mixed with nitrogen, is used as a filler gas for incandescent light bulbs. Krypton is used in high-performance light bulbs, which have higher color temperatures and greater efficiency, because it reduces the rate of evaporation of the filament more than argon; halogen lamps, in particular, use krypton mixed with small amounts of compounds of iodine or bromine. The noble gases glow in distinctive colors when used inside gas-discharge lamps, such as "neon lights". These lights are called after neon but often contain other gases and phosphors, which add various hues to the orange-red color of neon. Xenon is commonly used in xenon arc lamps which, due to their nearly continuous spectrum that resembles daylight, find application in film projectors and as automobile headlamps.

text: Noble gases are commonly used in

text: lighting

text: because of their lack of chemical reactivity. Argon, mixed with nitrogen, is used as a filler gas for

text: incandescent light bulb

text: s. Krypton is used in high-performance light bulbs, which have higher

text: color temperature

text: s and greater efficiency, because it reduces the rate of evaporation of the filament more than argon;

text: halogen lamps

text: , in particular, use krypton mixed with small amounts of compounds of

text: iodine

text: or

text: bromine

text: . The noble gases glow in distinctive colors when used inside

text: gas-discharge lamp

text: s, such as "

text: neon lights

text: ". These lights are called after neon but often contain other gases and

text: phosphor

text: s, which add various hues to the orange-red color of neon. Xenon is commonly used in

text: xenon arc lamp

text: s which, due to their nearly

text: continuous spectrum

text: that resembles daylight, find application in film projectors and as automobile headlamps.

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light bulbs

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: Xenon

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Visible light, a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, encompasses wavelengths between 380-750 nanometers, which humans perceive as the colors of the spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Light behaves according to a well-defined set of rules: it travels in straight lines, unless otherwise refracted or reflected by another object, or curved by gravity.

text: Visible

text: light

text: , a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, encompasses wavelengths between 380-750 nanometers, which humans perceive as the colors of the spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Light behaves according to a well-defined set of rules: it travels in straight lines, unless otherwise refracted or reflected by another object, or curved by gravity.

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answers: NDQ_018517

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018509

answers: wavelengths between 380-750 nanometers

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: curved by gravity

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: ultraviolet light

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Approach lighting systems are designed to allow the pilot to quickly and positively identify visibility distances in Instrument meteorological conditions.  For example, if the aircraft is at the middle marker, and the middle marker is located 3600 feet from the threshold, the Decision Bar is 2600 feet ahead.  If the procedure calls for at least half a statute mile flight visibility (roughly 2600 feet),  spotting the Decision Bar at the marker would indicate enough flight visibility to continue the procedure.  In addition, the shorter bars before and after the Decision Bar are spaced either 100 feet or 200 feet apart, depending on the ALS type.  The number of short bars the pilot can see can be used to determine flight visibility.  Approaches with lower minimums use the more precise 100-foot spacing systems for more accurate identification of visibility.

text: Approach lighting systems are designed to allow the pilot to quickly and positively identify visibility distances in

text: Instrument meteorological conditions

text: .  For example, if the aircraft is at the middle marker, and the middle marker is located 3600 feet from the threshold, the Decision Bar is 2600 feet ahead.  If the procedure calls for at least half a statute mile flight visibility (roughly 2600 feet),  spotting the Decision Bar at the marker would indicate enough flight visibility to continue the procedure.  In addition, the shorter bars before and after the Decision Bar are spaced either 100 feet or 200 feet apart, depending on the ALS type.  The number of short bars the pilot can see can be used to determine flight visibility.  Approaches with lower minimums use the more precise 100-foot spacing systems for more accurate identification of visibility.

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answers: NDQ_018514

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018509

answers: Approach lighting systems

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Lighting systems

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: Approach lighting systems

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: - For visible light,

text: - For visible light,

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answers: NDQ_018509

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018509

answers: wavelengths of light that the human eye can detect

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Animals can see infrared and ultraviolet light.

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: incandescent bulbs

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: phosphors

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Perhaps bolometry should in some cases be combined with other detection techniques (luminescence?) in order to produce a primary fast signal as timing strobe. If light is used as a complementary signature, particle identification can be achieved through the heat-light ratio, where nucleus recoil is expected to be less luminescent than ionizing particles. The success of such a development would open the way to unprecedented achievements in background rejection for rare event experiments.

text: Perhaps bolometry should in some cases be combined with other detection techniques (luminescence?) in order to produce a primary fast signal as timing strobe. If light is used as a complementary signature, particle identification can be achieved through the heat-light ratio, where nucleus recoil is expected to be less luminescent than ionizing particles. The success of such a development would open the way to unprecedented achievements in background rejection for rare event experiments.

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: On June 14, 2004, a $17 million upgrade was unveiled that would feature a 12.5-million LED display and more color combinations than the original display, which was composed of incandescent lighting.

text: On June 14, 2004, a $17 million upgrade was unveiled that would feature a 12.5-million

text: LED

text: display and more color combinations than the original display, which was composed of

text: incandescent light

text: ing.

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text: The researchers had suggested that the motion may be a remnant of the influence of no-longer-visible regions of the universe prior to inflation. Telescopes cannot see events earlier than about 380,000 years after the Big Bang, when the universe became transparent (the cosmic microwave background); this corresponds to the particle horizon at a distance of about 46 billion (4.6×10) light years. Since the matter causing the net motion in this proposal is outside this range, it would in a certain sense be outside our visible universe; however, it would still be in our past light cone.

text: The researchers had suggested that the motion may be a remnant of the influence of no-longer-visible regions of the universe prior to

text: inflation

text: . Telescopes cannot see events earlier than about 380,000 years after the

text: Big Bang

text: , when the universe became transparent (the

text: cosmic microwave background

text: ); this corresponds to the

text: particle horizon

text: at a distance of about 46 billion (4.6×10)

text: light year

text: s. Since the matter causing the net motion in this proposal is outside this range, it would in a certain sense be outside our

text: visible universe

text: ; however, it would still be in our past

text: light cone

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text: The House of Blues concert hall was built in the shell of the complex's long-disused movie theater; similarly, the hotel was built in what was once the Marina City office building.  In order to accommodate Smith and Wollensky, the former skating rink was demolished and pedestrian and vehicular access to the residential towers and the raised common plaza were redesigned. In 2006, decorative lighting, visible for miles, was installed around the circular roofs of the mechanical sheds that top each tower; the towers had not contained any such lighting since the 1960s.

text: The House of Blues concert hall was built in the shell of the complex's long-disused movie theater; similarly, the hotel was built in what was once the Marina City office building.  In order to accommodate Smith and Wollensky, the former skating rink was demolished and pedestrian and vehicular access to the residential towers and the raised common plaza were redesigned. In 2006, decorative lighting, visible for miles, was installed around the circular roofs of the mechanical sheds that top each tower; the towers had not contained any such lighting since the 1960s.

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answers: In 2006, decorative lighting

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: mechanical sheds

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: mechanical sheds

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: DDOT regulations provide for the use of three type of lamps:  sodium-vapor, metal halide, mercury-vapor, LED, fluorescent, and incandescent. Sodium-vapor lamps are used almost universally throughout the city, except for the Monumental Core. Metal halide lamps are used primarily in the Monumental Core. LED lamps are being introduced, and mercury-vapor and incandescent lights are being phased out in favor of sodium-vapor lamps. Fluorescent lighting is used almost exclusively for underpasses.

text: DDOT regulations provide for the use of three type of lamps:  sodium-vapor,

text: metal halide

text: mercury-vapor

text: LED

text: fluorescent

text: , and

text: incandescent

text: . Sodium-vapor lamps are used almost universally throughout the city, except for the

entity_section: The National Mall and the "monumental core"

text: Monumental Core

text: . Metal halide lamps are used primarily in the Monumental Core. LED lamps are being introduced, and mercury-vapor and incandescent lights are being phased out in favor of sodium-vapor lamps. Fluorescent lighting is used almost exclusively for underpasses.

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answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: LED

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Tritium light sources are most often seen as "permanent" illumination for the hands of wristwatches intended for diving, nighttime, or tactical use. They are additionally used in glowing novelty keychains, in self-illuminated exit signs, and formerly in fishing lures. They are favored by the military for applications where a power source may not be available, such as for instrument dials in aircraft, compasses, lights for map reading, and sights for weapons.

text: Tritium light sources are most often seen as "permanent" illumination for the hands of

text: wristwatches

text: intended for diving, nighttime, or tactical use. They are additionally used in glowing

text: novelty

text: keychain

text: s, in self-illuminated

text: exit sign

text: s, and formerly in fishing lures. They are favored by the military for applications where a power source may not be available, such as for instrument

text: dial

text: s in aircraft,

text: compass

text: es, lights for map reading, and sights for weapons.

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answers: Tritium light sources

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: Tritium

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Secondly, although the carbon arc lamp was bright, and relatively economical for the illumination produced, individual lamps were expensive and complicated, although powerful. This encouraged their use as the minimum number of large lamps to cover an entire work site. As the arc lamp also has a very small source of light, this gave a particularly harsh lighting. There was a sudden contrast between the illuminated and shadow areas, especially where a point was only in sight of a single lamp. This was recognised as a trip and obstacle hazard, as well as making even the light areas difficult to work under. The Wells light was specifically contrasted with the point-source of the arc lamp and the relatively shadow-free illumination was cited as an advantage in their adverts. Because the smaller Wells lights were so portable, they could be carried into the best position to illuminate a deep shaft or inside a ship's hull.

text: Secondly, although the carbon arc lamp was bright, and relatively economical for the illumination produced, individual lamps were expensive and complicated, although powerful. This encouraged their use as the minimum number of large lamps to cover an entire work site. As the arc lamp also has a very small source of light, this gave a particularly harsh lighting. There was a sudden contrast between the illuminated and shadow areas, especially where a point was only in sight of a single lamp. This was recognised as a trip and obstacle hazard, as well as making even the light areas difficult to work under. The Wells light was specifically contrasted with the point-source of the arc lamp and the relatively shadow-free illumination was cited as an advantage in their adverts. Because the smaller Wells lights were so portable, they could be carried into the best position to illuminate a deep shaft or inside a ship's hull.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An LED lamp is a light-emitting diode (LED) product which is assembled into a lamp (or light bulb) for use in lighting fixtures. LED lamps have a lifespan and electrical efficiency which are several times greater than incandescent lamps, and are significantly more efficient than most fluorescent lamps, with some chips able to emit more than 300 lumens per watt (as claimed by Cree and some other LED manufacturers). The LED lamp market is projected to grow by more than twelve-fold over the next decade, from $2 billion in the beginning of 2014 to $25 billion in 2023, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25%. As of 2016, LEDs use only about 10% of the energy an incandescent lamp requires.

text: An LED lamp is a

text: light-emitting diode

text: (LED) product which is assembled into a

text: lamp

text: (or

text: light bulb

text: ) for use in

text: lighting fixture

text: s. LED lamps have a lifespan and

text: electrical efficiency

text: which are several times greater than

text: incandescent lamps

text: , and are significantly more efficient than most

text: fluorescent lamps

text: , with some chips able to emit more than 300 lumens per watt (as claimed by Cree and some other LED manufacturers). The LED lamp market is projected to grow by more than twelve-fold over the next decade, from $2 billion in the beginning of 2014 to $25 billion in 2023, a

text: compound annual growth rate

text: (CAGR) of 25%. As of 2016, LEDs use only about 10% of the energy an incandescent lamp requires.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: They are easily visible under 100x magnification (use the 10x or "scanning" objective on most compound microscopes) and their scintillons luminesce in response to surface tension and acidity. Luminescence is under circadian regulation, peaking at night. Because of this obvious rhythms (and also due to the fact that most its activities, physiological and molecular, are rhythmic) L. polyedrum has been a model organism for studying clocks in single cells.

text: They are easily visible under 100x magnification (use the 10x or "scanning" objective on most compound microscopes) and their

text: scintillon

text: s luminesce in response to surface tension and acidity. Luminescence is under circadian regulation, peaking at night. Because of this obvious rhythms (and also due to the fact that most its activities, physiological and molecular, are rhythmic) L. polyedrum has been a model organism for studying clocks in single cells.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: A luminous flame is a burning flame which is brightly visible. Much of its output is in the form of visible light, as well as heat or light in the non-visible wavelengths.

text: A luminous flame is a burning

text: flame

text: which is brightly visible. Much of its output is in the form of

text: visible light

text: , as well as heat or light in the non-visible wavelengths.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Refraction of light entering the mask makes objects appear about 34% bigger and 25% nearer when underwater. As the diver descends in clean water, the water acts as a colour filter eliminating the red end of the visible spectrum of the sunlight entering the water leaving only the blue end of the spectrum. Depending on the depth and clarity of the water, eventually all sunlight is blocked and the diver has to rely on artificial light sources to see underwater.

text: Refraction

text: of light entering the mask makes objects appear about 34% bigger and 25% nearer when

text: underwater

text: . As the diver descends in clean water, the water acts as a

text: colour

text: filter

text: eliminating the

text: red

text: end of the

text: visible spectrum

text: of the

text: sunlight

text: entering the water leaving only the

text: blue

text: end of the spectrum. Depending on the depth and clarity of the water, eventually all sunlight is blocked and the diver has to rely on artificial

text: light source

text: s to see underwater.

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics  of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance.  For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect.

text: Color temperature

text: for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in

text: Kelvin

text: of a theoretical

text: black body

text: emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics  of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance.  For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect.

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answers: NDQ_018514

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answers: NDQ_018517

answers: black body emitter

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Many of the installations of the lamps were for testing purposes only, but there remain a few sites where the lamps are in use as the primary lighting source.  Perhaps the most visible of these would be the glass atria in the National Air and Space Museum.

text: Many of the installations of the lamps were for testing purposes only, but there remain a few sites where the lamps are in use as the primary lighting source.  Perhaps the most visible of these would be the glass

text: atria

text: in the

text: National Air and Space Museum

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text: Civilian commercial airliners also have other non-navigational lights. These include logo lights, which illuminate the company logo on the tail fin. These lights are optional to turn on, though most pilots switch them on at night to increase visibility from other aircraft. Modern airliners also have a wing light. These are positioned on the outer side just in front of the engine cowlings on the fuselage. These are not required to be on, but in some cases pilots turn these lights on for engine checks and also while passengers board the aircraft for better visibility of the ground near the aircraft.

text: Civilian commercial airliners also have other non-navigational lights. These include logo lights, which illuminate the company logo on the tail fin. These lights are optional to turn on, though most pilots switch them on at night to increase visibility from other aircraft. Modern airliners also have a wing light. These are positioned on the outer side just in front of the engine cowlings on the

text: fuselage

text: . These are not required to be on, but in some cases pilots turn these lights on for engine checks and also while passengers board the aircraft for better visibility of the ground near the aircraft.

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text: Art historians classify illuminated manuscripts into their historic periods and types, including (but not limited to) Late Antique, Insular, Carolingian manuscripts, Ottonian manuscripts, Romanesque manuscripts, Gothic manuscripts, and Renaissance manuscripts. There are a few examples from later periods. The type of book that was most often heavily and richly illuminated, sometimes known as a "display book", varied between periods. In the first millennium, these were most likely to be Gospel Books, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells. The Romanesque period saw the creation of many huge illuminated complete Bibles – one in Sweden requires three librarians to lift it. Many Psalters were also heavily illuminated in both this and the Gothic period. Single cards or posters of vellum, leather or paper were in wider circulation with short stories or legends on them about the lives of saints, chivalry knights or other mythological figures, even criminal, social or miraculous occurrences; popular events much freely used by story tellers and itinerant actors to support their plays. Finally, the Book of Hours, very commonly the personal devotional book of a wealthy layperson, was often richly illuminated in the Gothic period. Other books, both liturgical and not, continued to be illuminated at all periods. The Byzantine world also continued to produce manuscripts in its own style, versions of which spread to other Orthodox and Eastern Christian areas. See Medieval art for other regions, periods and types.  Reusing parchments by scraping the surface and reusing them was a common practice; the traces often left behind of the original text are known as palimpsests.

text: Art historians classify illuminated manuscripts into their historic periods and types, including (but not limited to) Late Antique,

text: Insular

text: Carolingian manuscripts

text: Ottonian manuscripts

text: Romanesque manuscripts

text: Gothic manuscripts

text: , and

text: Renaissance manuscripts

text: . There are a few examples from later periods. The type of book that was most often heavily and richly illuminated, sometimes known as a "display book", varied between periods. In the first millennium, these were most likely to be

text: Gospel Book

text: s, such as the

text: Lindisfarne Gospels

text: and the

text: Book of Kells

text: . The Romanesque period saw the creation of many huge illuminated complete

text: Bible

text: s – one in Sweden requires three librarians to lift it. Many

text: Psalter

text: s were also heavily illuminated in both this and the Gothic period. Single cards or posters of vellum, leather or paper were in wider circulation with short stories or legends on them about the lives of saints, chivalry knights or other mythological figures, even criminal, social or miraculous occurrences; popular events much freely used by story tellers and itinerant actors to support their plays. Finally, the

text: Book of Hours

text: , very commonly the personal devotional book of a wealthy layperson, was often richly illuminated in the Gothic period. Other books, both liturgical and not, continued to be illuminated at all periods. The Byzantine world also continued to produce manuscripts in its own style, versions of which spread to other Orthodox and Eastern Christian areas. See

text: Medieval art

text: for other regions, periods and types.  Reusing parchments by scraping the surface and reusing them was a common practice; the traces often left behind of the original text are known as

text: palimpsests

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answer: No

answer: 1

text: When a material is heated to incandescence it emits light that is characteristic of the atomic makeup of the material.Particular light frequencies give rise to sharply defined bands on the scale which can be thought of as fingerprints. For example, the element sodium has a very characteristic double yellow band known as the Sodium D-lines at 588.9950 and 589.5924 nanometers, the color of which will be familiar to anyone who has seen a low pressure sodium vapor lamp.

text: When a material is heated to

text: incandescence

text: it emits

text: light

text: that is characteristic of the atomic makeup of the material.Particular light frequencies give rise to sharply defined bands on the scale which can be thought of as fingerprints. For example, the element

text: sodium

text: has a very characteristic double yellow band known as the Sodium D-lines at 588.9950 and 589.5924 nanometers, the color of which will be familiar to anyone who has seen a low pressure

text: sodium vapor lamp

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Sodium D-lines

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: incandescence

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Several different types of light sources exist, each having different properties that affect their appropriateness for certain tasks, particularly efficiency and spectral power distribution. It is often the case that inappropriate light sources have been selected for a task, either due to ignorance or because more sophisticated light sources were unavailable at the time of installation. Therefore, badly chosen light sources often contribute unnecessarily to light pollution and energy waste. By re-assessing and changing the light sources used, it is often possible to reduce energy use and pollutive effects while simultaneously greatly improving efficiency and visibility.

text: Several different types of light sources exist, each having different properties that affect their appropriateness for certain tasks, particularly efficiency and spectral power distribution. It is often the case that inappropriate light sources have been selected for a task, either due to ignorance or because more sophisticated light sources were unavailable at the time of installation. Therefore, badly chosen light sources often contribute unnecessarily to light pollution and energy waste. By re-assessing and changing the light sources used, it is often possible to reduce energy use and pollutive effects while simultaneously greatly improving efficiency and visibility.

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answers: visible light

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answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light sources

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: light sources

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: High-pressure sodium lights are a more efficient type of HID lighting than metal halides. HPS bulbs emit light in the yellow/red visible light as well as small portions of all other visible light. Since HPS grow lights deliver more energy in the red part of the light spectrum, they may promote blooming and fruiting. They are used as a supplement to natural daylight in greenhouse lighting and full-spectrum lighting(metal halide) or, as a standalone source of light for indoors/grow chambers.

text: High-pressure sodium lights

text: are a more efficient type of HID lighting than metal halides. HPS bulbs emit light in the yellow/red visible light as well as small portions of all other visible light. Since HPS grow lights deliver more energy in the red part of the light spectrum, they may promote blooming and fruiting. They are used as a supplement to natural daylight in greenhouse lighting and full-spectrum lighting(metal halide) or, as a standalone source of light for indoors/grow chambers.

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answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: metal halides

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: metal halides

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Except for light that comes directly from the sun, most of the light in the day sky is caused by scattering, which is dominated by a small-particle limit called Rayleigh Scattering. The scattering due to molecule sized particles (as in air) is greater in the forward and backward directions than it is in the lateral direction. Scattering is significant for light at all visible wavelengths but is stronger at the shorter (bluer) end of the visible spectrum, meaning that the scattered light is bluer than its source, the sun. The remaining sunlight, having lost some of its short wavelength components, appears slightly less blue.

text: Except for

text: light

text: that comes directly from the sun, most of the light in the day sky is caused by

text: scattering

text: , which is dominated by a small-particle limit called

text: Rayleigh Scattering

text: . The scattering due to

text: molecule

text: sized particles (as in air) is greater in the forward and backward directions than it is in the lateral direction. Scattering is significant for light at all visible wavelengths but is stronger at the shorter (bluer) end of the

text: visible spectrum

text: , meaning that the scattered light is bluer than its source, the

text: sun

text: . The remaining sunlight, having lost some of its short wavelength components, appears slightly less blue.

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answers: Light that comes directly from the sun

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answers: NDQ_018517

answers: air

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Low-key lighting is a style of lighting for photography, film or television. It is a necessary element in creating a chiaroscuro effect. Traditional photographic lighting, three-point lighting uses a key light, a fill light, and a back light for illumination. Low-key lighting often uses only one key light, optionally controlled with a fill light or a simple reflector.

text: Low-key lighting is a style of

text: lighting

text: for

text: photography

text: film

text: or

text: television

text: . It is a necessary element in creating a

text: chiaroscuro

text: effect. Traditional photographic

text: lighting

text: three-point lighting

text: uses a

text: key light

text: , a

text: fill light

text: , and a

text: back light

text: for illumination. Low-key lighting often uses only one key light, optionally controlled with a fill light or a simple

text: reflector

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: The color of the lamps varies by jurisdiction; typical colors are blue and/or red for police, fire, and medical-emergency vehicles; amber for hazards (slow-moving vehicles, wide loads, tow trucks, security personnel, construction vehicles, etc.); green for volunteer firefighters or for medical personnel, and violet for funerary vehicles. Beacons may be constructed with halogen bulbs similar to those used in vehicle headlamps, xenon flashtubes, or LEDs. Incandescent and xenon light sources require the vehicle’s engine to continue running to ensure that the battery is not depleted when the lights are used for a prolonged period. The low power consumption of LEDs allows the vehicle's engine to remain turned off while the lights operate nodes.

text: The color of the lamps varies by jurisdiction; typical colors are blue and/or red for police, fire, and medical-emergency vehicles; amber for hazards (slow-moving vehicles, wide loads, tow trucks, security personnel, construction vehicles, etc.); green for volunteer firefighters or for medical personnel, and violet for funerary vehicles. Beacons may be constructed with

text: halogen bulbs

text: similar to those used in vehicle

text: headlamp

text: s, xenon

text: flashtube

text: s, or

text: LEDs

text: . Incandescent and xenon light sources require the vehicle’s engine to continue running to ensure that the battery is not depleted when the lights are used for a prolonged period. The low power consumption of LEDs allows the vehicle's engine to remain turned off while the lights operate nodes.

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answers: low power consumption

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answers: Incandescent and xenon

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Beacons

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: LEDs

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: For the purpose of measuring illumination, the candela is not a practical unit, as it only applies to idealized point light sources, each approximated by a source small compared to the distance from which its luminous radiation is measured, also assuming that it is done so in the absence of other light sources. What gets directly measured by a light meter is incident light on a sensor of finite area, i.e. illuminance in lm/m (lux). However, if designing illumination from many point light sources, like light bulbs, of known approximate omnidirectionally-uniform intensities, the contributions to illuminance from incoherent light being additive, it is mathematically estimated as follows. If r is the position of the i-th source of uniform intensity I, and â is the unit vector normal to the illuminated elemental opaque area dA being measured, and provided that all light sources lie in the same half-space divided by the plane of this area,

text: For the purpose of measuring illumination, the candela is not a practical unit, as it only applies to idealized point light sources, each approximated by a source small compared to the distance from which its luminous radiation is measured, also assuming that it is done so in the absence of other light sources. What gets directly measured by a

text: light meter

text: is incident light on a sensor of finite area, i.e.

text: illuminance

text: in lm/m (lux). However, if designing illumination from many point light sources, like light bulbs, of known approximate omnidirectionally-uniform intensities, the contributions to illuminance from

text: incoherent light

text: being additive, it is mathematically estimated as follows. If r is the position of the i-th source of uniform intensity I, and â is the unit vector

text: normal

text: to the illuminated elemental opaque area dA being measured, and provided that all light sources lie in the same half-space divided by the plane of this area,

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light bulbs

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: light bulbs

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The chart below lists values of overall luminous efficacy and efficiency for several types of general service, 120-volt, 1000-hour lifespan incandescent bulb, and several idealized light sources. The values for the incandescent bulbs are source efficiencies and efficacies. The values for the ideal sources are radiant efficiencies and efficacies. A similar chart in the article on luminous efficacy compares a broader array of light sources to one another.

text: The chart below lists values of overall luminous efficacy and efficiency for several types of general service, 120-volt, 1000-hour lifespan incandescent bulb, and several idealized light sources. The values for the incandescent bulbs are source efficiencies and efficacies. The values for the ideal sources are radiant efficiencies and efficacies. A similar chart in the article on

text: luminous efficacy

text: compares a broader array of light sources to one another.

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answers: Infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light sources

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: incandescent

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: By far the most recognized type of lighting is the incandescent light bulb using a tungsten filament. These were the first low power electric lights in cities worldwide. Some can still be found in streetlight service, although many of them are using more efficient CFL light bulbs and some have been converted to MV or HPS. Others have been installed popular downtown areas of major cities to have a nostalgia effect. They were introduced some 20 years after open arc lamps, and in many cases replaced the higher maintenance arc lamps. Incandescent light also has excellent CRI rated at 100. Color temperature is generally around 2000–3200 K depending on the type of lamp. An incandescent lamp is less efficient when compared to HID and gas discharge lighting such as Neon light.

text: By far the most recognized type of lighting is the

text: incandescent light bulb

text: using a

text: tungsten

text: filament. These were the first low power electric lights in cities worldwide. Some can still be found in streetlight service, although many of them are using more efficient CFL light bulbs and some have been converted to MV or HPS. Others have been installed popular downtown areas of major cities to have a nostalgia effect. They were introduced some 20 years after open arc lamps, and in many cases replaced the higher maintenance arc lamps.

text: Incandescent light

text: also has excellent

text: CRI

text: rated at 100. Color temperature is generally around 2000–3200

text: K

text: depending on the type of lamp. An incandescent lamp is less efficient when compared to

text: HID

text: and

text: gas discharge

text: lighting such as

text: Neon light

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text: The term "solid state" refers commonly to light emitted by solid-state electroluminescence, as opposed to incandescent bulbs (which use thermal radiation) or fluorescent tubes. Compared to incandescent lighting, SSL creates visible light with reduced heat generation and less energy dissipation. Most common "white" LEDs convert blue light from a solid-state device to an (approximate) white light spectrum using photoluminescence, the same principle used in conventional fluorescent tubes.

text: The term "

text: solid state

text: " refers commonly to light emitted by solid-state electroluminescence, as opposed to incandescent bulbs (which use thermal radiation) or fluorescent tubes. Compared to incandescent lighting, SSL creates visible light with reduced heat generation and less energy dissipation. Most common "white" LEDs convert blue light from a solid-state device to an (approximate) white light spectrum using photoluminescence, the same principle used in conventional fluorescent tubes.

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text: Many governments list specific requirements for emergency vehicle lighting. These requirements may address the colour, location and intensity/visibility of the lights, and whether they should flash or burn steadily. Laws also may regulate what vehicles may display these lights, and under what circumstances they may do so.

text: Many governments list specific requirements for emergency vehicle lighting. These requirements may address the colour, location and intensity/visibility of the lights, and whether they should flash or burn steadily. Laws also may regulate what vehicles may display these lights, and under what circumstances they may do so.

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text: One possible explanation for the missing light-source is that illumination from the assumed quasar was a transient phenomenon. In this case, its effects on HsV would be still visible because of the distance of several tens of thousands of light years between HsV and the quasar in the nearby galaxy: HsV would show a "light echo" or "ghost image" of events that are older than those currently seen in the galaxy.

text: One possible explanation for the missing light-source is that illumination from the assumed quasar was a

text: transient phenomenon

text: . In this case, its effects on HsV would be still visible because of the distance of several tens of thousands of

text: light year

text: s between HsV and the

text: quasar

text: in the nearby galaxy: HsV would show a "

text: light echo

text: " or "ghost image" of events that are older than those currently seen in the galaxy.

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answers: Light echo

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: quasar

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: HsV

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Prior to Köhler illumination critical illumination was the predominant technique for sample illumination. Critical illumination has the major limitation that the image of the light source (typically a light bulb) falls in the same plane as the image of the specimen, i.e. the bulb filament is visible in the final image. The image of the light source is often referred to as the filament image. Critical illumination therefore gives uneven illumination of the sample; bright regions in the filament image illuminate those regions of the sample more strongly. Uneven illumination is undesirable as it can introduce artefacts such as glare and shadowing in the image.

text: Prior to Köhler illumination

text: critical illumination

text: was the predominant technique for sample illumination. Critical illumination has the major limitation that the image of the light source (typically a

text: light bulb

text: ) falls in the same plane as the image of the specimen, i.e. the bulb filament is visible in the final image. The image of the light source is often referred to as the filament image. Critical illumination therefore gives uneven illumination of the sample; bright regions in the filament image illuminate those regions of the sample more strongly. Uneven illumination is undesirable as it can introduce artefacts such as

text: glare

text: and shadowing in the image.

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answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light bulb

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: light bulb

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A photoelectric, or optical smoke detector contains a source of infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light (typically an incandescent light bulb or light-emitting diode), a lens, and a photoelectric receiver (typically a photodiode). In spot-type detectors all of these components are arranged inside a chamber where air, which may contain smoke from a nearby fire, flows. In large open areas such as atria and auditoriums, optical beam or projected-beam smoke detectors are used instead of a chamber within the unit: a wall-mounted unit emits a beam of infrared or ultraviolet light which is either received and processed by a separate device, or reflected back to the receiver by a reflector. In some types, particularly optical beam types, the light emitted by the light source passes through the air being tested and reaches the photosensor. The received light intensity will be reduced by absorption due to smoke, air-borne dust, or other substances; the circuitry detects the light intensity and generates the alarm if it is below a specified threshold, potentially due to smoke. In other types, typically chamber types, the light is not directed at the sensor, which is not illuminated in the absence of particles. If the air in the chamber contains particles (smoke or dust), the light is scattered and some of it reaches the sensor, triggering the alarm.

text: A photoelectric, or optical smoke detector contains a source of infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light (typically an

text: incandescent light bulb

text: or

text: light-emitting diode

text: ), a

text: lens

text: , and a photoelectric receiver (typically a

text: photodiode

text: ). In spot-type detectors all of these components are arranged inside a chamber where air, which may contain smoke from a nearby fire, flows. In large open areas such as atria and auditoriums,

text: optical beam

text: or projected-beam smoke detectors are used instead of a chamber within the unit: a wall-mounted unit emits a beam of infrared or ultraviolet light which is either received and processed by a separate device, or reflected back to the receiver by a reflector. In some types, particularly optical beam types, the light emitted by the light source passes through the air being tested and reaches the photosensor. The received

text: light intensity will be reduced

text: by

text: absorption

text: due to smoke, air-borne dust, or other substances; the circuitry detects the light intensity and generates the alarm if it is below a specified threshold, potentially due to smoke. In other types, typically chamber types, the light is not directed at the sensor, which is not illuminated in the absence of particles. If the air in the chamber contains particles (smoke or dust), the light is

text: scattered

text: and some of it reaches the sensor, triggering the alarm.

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answers: a light bulb or light-emitting diode

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: incandescent light bulb

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: incandescent light bulb

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The resulting light was not visible from the northern approach to Jervis Bay, and was barely visible from the southern approach. When inspected by members of the Pilots Board it was found that on top of the inaccuracies, the contractor built the light  north of the intended site, as it was closer to the quarry he was obtaining the stone from.

text: The resulting light was not visible from the northern approach to Jervis Bay, and was barely visible from the southern approach. When inspected by members of the Pilots Board it was found that on top of the inaccuracies, the contractor built the light  north of the intended site, as it was closer to the quarry he was obtaining the stone from.

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text: Light levels need to be measured when the exhibition is prepared. UV light meters will check radiation levels in an exhibit space, and data event loggers help determine visible light levels over an extended period of time. Blue wool standards cards can also be utilized to predict the extent to which materials will be damaged during exhibits. UV radiation must be eliminated to the extent it is physically possible; it is recommended that light with a wavelength below 400 nm (ultraviolet radiation) be limited to no more than 75 microwatts per lumen at 10 to 100 lux. Furthermore, exposure to natural light is undesirable because of its intensity and high UV content. When such exposure is unavoidable, preventative measures must be taken to control UV radiation, including the use of blinds, shades, curtains, UV filtering films, and UV-filtering panels in windows or cases. Artificial light sources are safer options for exhibition. Among these sources, incandescent lamps are most suitable because they emit little or no UV radiation.  Fluorescent lamps, common in most institutions, may be used only when they produce a low UV output and when covered with plastic sleeves before exhibition.  Though tungsten-halogen lamps are currently a favorite artificial lighting source, they still give off significant amounts of UV radiation; use these only with special UV filters and dimmers.  Lights should be lowered or turned off completely when visitors are not in the exhibition space.

text: Light levels need to be measured when the exhibition is prepared.

text: UV

text: light meters will check radiation levels in an exhibit space, and data event loggers help determine visible light levels over an extended period of time. Blue wool standards cards can also be utilized to predict the extent to which materials will be damaged during exhibits. UV

text: radiation

text: must be eliminated to the extent it is physically possible; it is recommended that light with a wavelength below 400

text: nm

text: (ultraviolet radiation) be limited to no more than 75

text: microwatts

text: per

text: lumen

text: at 10 to 100 lux. Furthermore, exposure to

text: natural light

text: is undesirable because of its intensity and high UV content. When such exposure is unavoidable, preventative measures must be taken to control UV radiation, including the use of blinds, shades, curtains,

text: UV filter

text: ing films, and UV-filtering panels in windows or cases.

text: Artificial light

text: sources are safer options for exhibition. Among these sources,

text: incandescent lamps

text: are most suitable because they emit little or no UV radiation.

text: Fluorescent lamp

text: s, common in most institutions, may be used only when they produce a low UV output and when covered with plastic sleeves before exhibition.  Though

text: tungsten-halogen lamps

text: are currently a favorite artificial lighting source, they still give off significant amounts of UV radiation; use these only with special UV filters and dimmers.  Lights should be lowered or turned off completely when visitors are not in the exhibition space.

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answers: UV radiation must be eliminated to the extent it is physically possible

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: incandescent lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fluorescent lamps

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The instrumentation involved for pc-AFM is very similar to that necessary for traditional AFM or the modified conductive AFM. The main difference between pc-AFM and other types of AFM instruments is the illumination source that is focused through the inverted microscope objective and the neutral density filter that is positioned adjacent to the illumination source. The technical parameters of pc-AFM are identical to those of traditional AFM techniques. This section will focus on the instrumentation necessary for AFM and then detail the requirements for pc-AFM modification. The main instrumental components to all AFM techniques are the conductive AFM cantilever and tip, the modified piezo components and the sample substrate. The components for photoconductive modification include: the illumination source (532 nm laser), filter and inverted microscope. When modifying traditional AFM for pc application, all components must be combined such that they do not interfere with one another and so that various sources of noise and mechanical interference do not disrupt the optical components.

text: The instrumentation involved for pc-AFM is very similar to that necessary for traditional AFM or the modified conductive AFM. The main difference between pc-AFM and other types of AFM instruments is the illumination source that is focused through the inverted

text: microscope objective

text: and the

text: neutral density filter

text: that is positioned adjacent to the illumination source. The technical parameters of pc-AFM are identical to those of traditional AFM techniques. This section will focus on the instrumentation necessary for AFM and then detail the requirements for pc-AFM modification. The main instrumental components to all AFM techniques are the conductive AFM cantilever and tip, the modified

text: piezo

text: components and the sample substrate. The components for photoconductive modification include: the illumination source (532 nm laser), filter and inverted microscope. When modifying traditional AFM for pc application, all components must be combined such that they do not interfere with one another and so that various sources of noise and mechanical interference do not disrupt the optical components.

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answers: 532 nm

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Animals can see infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: photoconductive modification

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The current structure, installed on 26 March 1990,  is a white fibre glass hut, mounted on a small stainless steel structure, on concrete piles. It is  tall, from seabed to the deck, and the light is displayed at , with a daymark at .The current light characteristic is a flash every five seconds, white, red or green, depending on direction (Fl.W.R.G. 5s). Green is displayed at 84°-97°, visible for , white is displayed at 97°-126° and 229°-84°, visible for , and red is displayed at 126°-229°, visible for .The light source is a solar powered ML-300 beacon with a 12 Volt 35 Watt Halogen lamp, showing an intensity of 2,100 cd for the white light and 420 cd for the red and green ones. It is operated by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority.

text: The current structure, installed on 26 March 1990,  is a white fibre glass hut, mounted on a small

text: stainless steel

text: structure, on concrete piles. It is  tall, from seabed to the deck, and the light is displayed at , with a

text: daymark

text: at .The current

text: light characteristic

text: is a flash every five seconds, white, red or green, depending on direction (Fl.W.R.G. 5s). Green is displayed at 84°-97°, visible for , white is displayed at 97°-126° and 229°-84°, visible for , and red is displayed at 126°-229°, visible for .The light source is a

text: solar power

text: ed ML-300 beacon with a 12

text: Volt

text: Watt

text: Halogen lamp

text: , showing an intensity of 2,100

text: cd

text: for the white light and 420 cd for the red and green ones. It is operated by the

text: Australian Maritime Safety Authority

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Halogen lamp

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fibre glass

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: UV-visible spectroscopy of microscopic samples is done by integrating an optical microscope with UV-visible optics, white light sources, a monochromator, and a sensitive detector such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) or photomultiplier tube (PMT). As only a single optical path is available, these are single beam instruments. Modern instruments are capable of measuring UV-visible spectra in both reflectance and transmission of micron-scale sampling areas. The advantages of using such instruments is that they are able to measure microscopic samples but are also able to measure the spectra of larger samples with high spatial resolution. As such, they are used in the forensic laboratory to analyze the dyes and pigments in individual textile fibers, microscopic paint chips  and the color of glass fragments. They are also used in materials science and biological research and for determining the energy content of coal and petroleum source rock by measuring the vitrinite reflectance. Microspectrophotometers are used in the semiconductor and micro-optics industries for monitoring the thickness of thin films after they have been deposited. In the semiconductor industry, they are used because the critical dimensions of circuitry is microscopic. A typical test of a semiconductor wafer would entail the acquisition of spectra from many points on a patterned or unpatterned wafer. The thickness of the deposited films may be calculated from the interference pattern of the spectra. In addition, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry can be used to determine the thickness, along with the refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin films as described in Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials. A map of the film thickness across the entire wafer can then be generated and used for quality control purposes.

text: UV-visible spectroscopy of microscopic samples is done by integrating an optical microscope with UV-visible optics, white light sources, a

text: monochromator

text: , and a sensitive detector such as a

text: charge-coupled device

text: (CCD) or

text: photomultiplier

text: tube (PMT). As only a single optical path is available, these are single beam instruments. Modern instruments are capable of measuring UV-visible spectra in both reflectance and transmission of micron-scale sampling areas. The advantages of using such instruments is that they are able to measure microscopic samples but are also able to measure the spectra of larger samples with high spatial resolution. As such, they are used in the forensic laboratory to analyze the dyes and pigments in individual textile fibers, microscopic paint chips  and the color of glass fragments. They are also used in materials science and biological research and for determining the energy content of coal and petroleum source rock by measuring the

text: vitrinite

text: reflectance. Microspectrophotometers are used in the semiconductor and micro-optics industries for monitoring the thickness of thin films after they have been deposited. In the semiconductor industry, they are used because the critical dimensions of circuitry is microscopic. A typical test of a semiconductor wafer would entail the acquisition of spectra from many points on a patterned or unpatterned wafer. The thickness of the deposited films may be calculated from the

text: interference pattern

text: of the spectra. In addition, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry can be used to determine the thickness, along with the refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin films as described in

entity_name: Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials

text: Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials

text: . A map of the film thickness across the entire wafer can then be generated and used for quality control purposes.

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answers: UV-visible

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: UV-visible spectroscopy

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: paint chips

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: pigments

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The above description covers a wider class of concentrators (for example simple optical concentrators) than just luminescent solar concentrators. The essential attribute of LSCs is that they incorporate luminescent materials that absorb incoming light with a wide frequency range, and re-emit the energy in the form of light in a narrow frequency range. The narrower the frequency range, (i.e. the higher the saturation) the simpler a photovoltaic cell can be designed to convert it to electricity.

text: The above description covers a wider class of concentrators (for example simple optical concentrators) than just luminescent solar concentrators. The essential attribute of LSCs is that they incorporate luminescent materials that absorb incoming light with a wide frequency range, and re-emit the energy in the form of light in a narrow frequency range. The narrower the frequency range, (i.e. the higher the saturation) the simpler a

text: photovoltaic

text: cell

text: can be designed to convert it to electricity.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Luminous paint or luminescent paint is paint that exhibits luminescence. In other words, it gives off visible light through fluorescence, phosphorescence, or radioluminescence.

text: Luminous paint or luminescent paint is

text: paint

text: that exhibits

text: luminescence

text: . In other words, it gives off

text: visible

text: light

text: through

text: fluorescence

text: phosphorescence

text: , or

text: radioluminescence

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: When light strikes an object, it usually has not just a single frequency (or wavelength) but many. Objects have a tendency to selectively absorb, reflect or transmit light of certain frequencies. That is, one object might reflect green light while absorbing all other frequencies of visible light. Another object might selectively transmit blue light while absorbing all other frequencies of visible light. The manner in which visible light interacts with an object is dependent upon the frequency of the light, the nature of the atoms in the object, and often the nature of the electrons in the atoms of the object.

text: When light strikes an object, it usually has not just a single frequency (or wavelength) but many. Objects have a tendency to selectively absorb, reflect or transmit light of certain frequencies. That is, one object might reflect green light while absorbing all other frequencies of visible light. Another object might selectively transmit blue light while absorbing all other frequencies of visible light. The manner in which visible light interacts with an object is dependent upon the frequency of the light, the nature of the atoms in the object, and often the nature of the

text: electron

text: s in the

text: atom

text: s of the object.

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answers: NDQ_018517

answers: green light

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Incandescence is the emission of electromagnetic radiation (including visible light) from a hot body as a result of its temperature.  The term derives from the Latin verb incandescere, to glow white.

text: Incandescence is the emission of

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: (including visible

text: light

text: ) from a hot body as a result of its temperature.  The term derives from the Latin verb incandescere, to glow white.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Sunglasses offer protection against excessive exposure to light, including its visible and invisible components.

text: Sunglasses offer protection against excessive exposure to light, including its visible and invisible components.

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answer: No

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text: Bioluminescence refers to the ability of certain living things in the environment to produce light by the action of enzymes. Bioluminescent fungi are widespread, and over 70 species are known. Although the intensity of their luminescence is generally low compared to many other bioluminescent organisms, fungi glow continuously for days, so their total emission is comparable with that of most brightly luminescent organisms, such as fireflies. Luminous fungi are found growing on decaying wood, leading to the popular name of "foxfire" or "glow wood" when their glow is visible at night. The responsible oxidative enzymes—known generically as luciferases—produce light by oxidizing a pigment called a luciferin. In some areas, P. stypticus is bioluminescent, and the fruit bodies of these strains will glow in the dark when fresh or sometimes when revived in water after drying.

text: Bioluminescence

text: refers to the ability of certain living things in the environment to produce light by the action of

text: enzyme

text: s. Bioluminescent fungi are widespread, and over 70 species are known. Although the intensity of their luminescence is generally low compared to many other bioluminescent organisms, fungi glow continuously for days, so their total emission is comparable with that of most brightly luminescent organisms, such as

text: fireflies

text: . Luminous fungi are found growing on decaying wood, leading to the popular name of "

text: foxfire

text: " or "glow wood" when their glow is visible at night. The responsible

text: oxidative enzyme

text: s—known generically as

text: luciferase

text: s—produce light by

text: oxidizing

text: a

text: pigment

text: called a

text: luciferin

text: . In some areas, P. stypticus is bioluminescent, and the fruit bodies of these strains will glow in the dark when fresh or sometimes when revived in water after drying.

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answers: Fireflies

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: fireflies

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: P. stypticus

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The water-solubility of the organic constituent of the absorber material make devices highly prone to rapid degradation in moist environments. The degradation which is caused by moisture can be reduced by optimizing the constituent materials, the architecture of the cell, the interfaces and the environment conditions during the fabrication steps.  Encapsulating the perovskite absorber with a composite of carbon nanotubes and an inert polymer matrix has been demonstrated to successfully prevent the immediate degradation of the material when exposed to moist ambient air at elevated temperatures. However, no long term studies and comprehensive encapsulation techniques have yet been demonstrated for perovskite solar cells. Beside moisture instability, it has also been shown that the embodiment of devices in which a mesoporous TiO layer is sensitized with the perovskite absorber exhibits UV light induced instability. The cause for the observed decline in device performance of those solar cells is linked to the interaction between photogenerated holes inside the TiO and oxygen radicals on the surface of TiO.The measured ultra low thermal conductivity of 0.5 W/(Km) at room temperature in CHNHPbI can prevent fast propagation of the light deposited heat, and keep the cell resistive on thermal stresses that can reduce its life time. The PbI residue in perovskite film has been experimentally demonstrated to have a negative effect on the long-term stability of devices. The stabilization problem is claimed to be solved by replacing the organic transport layer with a metal oxide layer, allowing the cell to retain 90% capacity after 60 days. Besides, the two instabilities issues can be solved by using multifunctional fluorinated photopolymer coatings that confer luminescent and easy-cleaning features on the front side of the devices, while concurrently forming a strongly hydrophobic barrier toward environmental moisture on the back contact side. The front coating can prevent the UV light of the whole incident solar spectrum from negatively interacting with the PSC stack by converting it into visible light, and the back layer can prevent water from permeation within the solar cell stack. The resulting devices demonstrated excellent stability in terms of power conversion efficiencies during a 180-day aging test in the lab and a real outdoor condition test for more than 3 months.

text: The water-solubility of the organic constituent of the absorber material make devices highly prone to rapid degradation in moist environments. The degradation which is caused by moisture can be reduced by optimizing the constituent materials, the architecture of the cell, the interfaces and the environment conditions during the fabrication steps.  Encapsulating the perovskite absorber with a composite of

text: carbon nanotube

text: s and an inert polymer matrix has been demonstrated to successfully prevent the immediate degradation of the material when exposed to moist ambient air at elevated temperatures. However, no long term studies and comprehensive encapsulation techniques have yet been demonstrated for perovskite solar cells. Beside moisture instability, it has also been shown that the embodiment of devices in which a mesoporous TiO layer is sensitized with the perovskite absorber exhibits

text: UV light

text: induced instability. The cause for the observed decline in device performance of those solar cells is linked to the interaction between photogenerated holes inside the TiO and

text: oxygen radicals

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answers: UV light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: devices

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answers: perovskite solar cells

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The relationships between the energies of the various quantum states are treated by atomic orbital, molecular orbital, and Ligand Field Theory. If photons of a particular wavelength are absorbed by matter, then when we observe light reflected from or transmitted through that matter, what we see is the complementary color, made up of the other visible wavelengths remaining. For example, beta-carotene has maximum absorption at 454 nm (blue light), consequently what visible light remains appears orange .

text: The relationships between the energies of the various quantum states are treated by

text: atomic orbital

text: molecular orbital

text: , and

text: Ligand Field Theory

text: . If photons of a particular wavelength are absorbed by matter, then when we observe light reflected from or transmitted through that matter, what we see is the

text: complementary color

text: , made up of the other visible wavelengths remaining. For example,

text: beta-carotene

text: has maximum absorption at 454 nm (blue light), consequently what visible light remains appears orange .

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answers: Beta-carotene

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: beta-carotene

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: beta-carotene

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Exposure and focusing are difficult when using UV or IR film with a camera and lens designed for visible light. The ISO standard for film speed only applies to visible light, so visual-spectrum light meters are nearly useless. Film manufacturers can supply suggested equivalent film speeds under different conditions, and recommend heavy bracketing (e.g., with a certain filter, assume ISO 25 under daylight and ISO 64 under tungsten lighting). This allows a light meter to be used to estimate an exposure. The focal point for IR is slightly farther away from the camera than visible light, and UV slightly closer; this must be compensated for when focusing. Apochromatic lenses are sometimes recommended due to their improved focusing across the spectrum.

text: Exposure and focusing are difficult when using UV or IR film with a camera and lens designed for visible light. The ISO standard for film speed only applies to visible light, so visual-spectrum light meters are nearly useless. Film manufacturers can supply suggested equivalent film speeds under different conditions, and recommend heavy

text: bracketing

text: (e.g., with a certain filter, assume ISO 25 under daylight and ISO 64 under tungsten lighting). This allows a light meter to be used to estimate an exposure. The focal point for IR is slightly farther away from the camera than visible light, and UV slightly closer; this must be compensated for when focusing.

text: Apochromat

text: ic lenses are sometimes recommended due to their improved focusing across the spectrum.

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answers: NDQ_018511

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answers: NDQ_018514

answers: tungsten

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: UV

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Ambassadors now came with a unique compound curved windshield that cut into the roof. This improved visibility, did away with the “knee knocker” dogleg design of AMC's first generation wrap-around windshield, and resulted in an even stiffer unitized structure. The 1960 Ambassador had a low cowl which with the compound windshield afforded excellent visibility. The Ambassador was offered in higher end Custom or entry level Super trim levels. All 1960 Ambassadors came with a new instrument cluster under a padded cowl, as well as illuminated controls for lights, wipers, fan, and defrost functions. The 1960 Ambassadors continued with an enclosed drive shaft (torque tube) and coil springs at all four corners, although the suspension was revised resulting in better handling. The top-of-the-line Ambassador models came standard with individual "airliner" reclining front seats that now had even more luxurious fabrics than in previous years.

text: Ambassadors now came with a unique compound curved windshield that cut into the roof. This improved visibility, did away with the “knee knocker” dogleg design of AMC's first generation wrap-around windshield, and resulted in an even stiffer unitized structure. The 1960 Ambassador had a low cowl which with the compound windshield afforded excellent visibility. The Ambassador was offered in higher end Custom or entry level Super trim levels. All 1960 Ambassadors came with a new instrument cluster under a padded cowl, as well as illuminated controls for lights, wipers, fan, and defrost functions. The 1960 Ambassadors continued with an enclosed drive shaft (torque tube) and coil springs at all four corners, although the suspension was revised resulting in better handling. The top-of-the-line Ambassador models came standard with individual "airliner" reclining front seats that now had even more luxurious fabrics than in previous years.

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answers: Visible

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: lights

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: lights

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Cyanoacrylate is used as a forensic tool to capture latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces like glass, plastic, etc. Cyanoacrylate is warmed to produce fumes which react with the invisible fingerprint residues and atmospheric moisture to form a white polymer (polycyanoacrylate) on the fingerprint ridges.  The ridges can then be recorded. The developed fingerprints are, on most surfaces (except on white plastic or similar), visible to the naked eye. Invisible or poorly visible prints can be further enhanced by applying a luminescent or non-luminescent stain.

text: Cyanoacrylate is used as a

text: forensic

text: tool to capture

text: latent fingerprint

text: s on non-porous surfaces like glass, plastic, etc. Cyanoacrylate is warmed to produce fumes which react with the invisible fingerprint residues and atmospheric moisture to form a white polymer (polycyanoacrylate) on the fingerprint ridges.  The ridges can then be recorded. The developed fingerprints are, on most surfaces (except on white plastic or similar), visible to the naked eye. Invisible or poorly visible prints can be further enhanced by applying a luminescent or non-luminescent stain.

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: luminescent

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In architecture, light reflectance value (LRV), is a measure of visible and usable light that is reflected from a surface when illuminated by a light source.  The measurement is most commonly used by design professionals, such as architectural color consultants, architects, environmental graphic designers and interior designers.

text: In

text: architecture

text: , light reflectance value (LRV), is a measure of visible and usable light that is

text: reflected

text: from a surface when illuminated by a light source.  The measurement is most commonly used by design professionals, such as architectural

text: color consultants

text: architect

text: s,

text: environmental graphic designers

text: and

text: interior designer

text: s.

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answers: Light reflectance value (LRV)

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answers: light source

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answers: light source

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Incandescent miniatures now usually come in sets of 50 or 100 (which contains two circuits of 50) 2.5 V 170 mA bulbs, though decorative sets with larger bulbs (C6 or pearl style) typically come in sets of 35 or 70.  Several "extra-bright" sets also use 70 or 105 bulbs, keeping the per-bulb voltage at 3.5 instead of 2.5.

text: Incandescent miniatures now usually come in sets of 50 or 100 (which contains two circuits of 50) 2.5 V 170 mA bulbs, though decorative sets with larger bulbs (C6 or pearl style) typically come in sets of 35 or 70.  Several "extra-bright" sets also use 70 or 105 bulbs, keeping the

text: per-bulb voltage

text: at 3.5 instead of 2.5.

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answer: Yes

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text: Light is the core concept in Iranian mysticism. The main roots of this thought is in the Zoroastrian beliefs, which defines The supreme God Ahura Mazda as the source of light. This very essential attribute is manifested in various schools of thought in the Iranian Religions and philosophy. Later this notion has been dispensed into the whole Middle East, having a great effect of shaping the paradigms of different religions and philosophies emerging one after another in the region. After the Arab invasion, this concept has been incorporated into the Islamic teachings by Iranian thinkers, most famous of them Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, who is the founder of the illumination philosophy.

text: Light is the core concept in Iranian mysticism. The main roots of this thought is in the

text: Zoroastrian

text: beliefs, which defines The supreme God

text: Ahura Mazda

text: as the source of light. This very essential attribute is manifested in various schools of thought in the

text: Iranian Religions

text: and philosophy. Later this notion has been dispensed into the whole

text: Middle East

text: , having a great effect of shaping the paradigms of different religions and philosophies emerging one after another in the region. After the

text: Arab invasion

text: , this concept has been incorporated into the Islamic teachings by Iranian thinkers, most famous of them

entity_name: Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi

text: Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi

text: , who is the founder of the

text: illumination philosophy

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answers: Light

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answers: Light

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answers: Ahura Mazda

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answers: Ahura Mazda

answer: No

answer: No

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text: MORIS (MIT Optical Rapid Imaging System) s a high-speed, visible-wavelength camera for use on IRTF using an electron multiplying CCD.  MORIS is mounted on the side window of SpeX, and is fed by the internal cold dichroic in SpeX. The design is based on POETS (Portable Occultation, Eclipse, and Transit Systems), which were developed by a collaboration between MIT and Williams College.  MORIS is available for open use on IRTF and its user interface has been converted to the IRTF standard interface.  In addition to visible light photometry, MORIS is also used as a visible light guider for SpeX, allowing guiding on targets as faint as V=20.  The guiding software includes atmospheric dispersion correction to move the visible light guide box to keep the IR image on the SpeX slit.

text: MORIS (MIT Optical Rapid Imaging System) s a high-speed, visible-wavelength camera for use on IRTF using an electron multiplying CCD.  MORIS is mounted on the side window of SpeX, and is fed by the internal cold dichroic in SpeX. The design is based on POETS (Portable Occultation, Eclipse, and Transit Systems), which were developed by a collaboration between MIT and Williams College.  MORIS is available for open use on IRTF and its user interface has been converted to the IRTF standard interface.  In addition to visible light photometry, MORIS is also used as a visible light guider for SpeX, allowing guiding on targets as faint as V=20.  The guiding software includes atmospheric dispersion correction to move the visible light guide box to keep the IR image on the SpeX slit.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An important area of ergonomics concerns lighting, so that the user can see easily any possible fall hazards (such as steps or obstacles), and so avoid them. Lamps and lighting, for example, should be of great intensity or power (or illuminance) so that dangers are clearly illuminated and can be seen by users. They should also react quickly when switched on, so many CFLs are or should be excluded. Incandescent bulbs  normally offer extremely fast reaction times as well as high intensity illumination, while CFLs take time to warm up to maximum illuminance. It is especially vital for older people who may be suffering from macular degeneration or cataracts leading to poor eyesight. The stability of the user is essential for stable movement, and his or her balance can be improved by, for example, high friction floors to prevent slippage. Footwear such as shoes should also have high friction natural rubber or synthetic rubber soles, preferably serrated as in the Vibram sole so as to give extra grip.

text: An important area of

text: ergonomics

text: concerns

text: lighting

text: , so that the user can see easily any possible fall hazards (such as steps or obstacles), and so avoid them.

text: Lamps

text: and

text: lighting

text: , for example, should be of great intensity or power (or

text: illuminance

text: ) so that dangers are clearly illuminated and can be seen by users. They should also react quickly when switched on, so many

text: CFL

text: s are or should be excluded.

text: Incandescent bulb

text: s  normally offer extremely fast reaction times as well as high intensity illumination, while CFLs take time to warm up to maximum illuminance. It is especially vital for older people who may be suffering from

text: macular degeneration

text: or

text: cataracts

text: leading to poor eyesight. The stability of the user is essential for stable movement, and his or her balance can be improved by, for example, high

text: friction

text: floors to prevent slippage.

text: Footwear

text: such as

text: shoe

text: s should also have high friction

text: natural rubber

text: or

text: synthetic rubber

text: soles, preferably serrated as in the

text: Vibram

text: sole so as to give extra grip.

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answers: no

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answers: CFLs

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Incandescent light bulbs use a tungsten filament heated to high temperature to produce visible light and, necessarily, even more infrared radiation.  Round bulbs, often tinted red to reduce visible light, provide infrared radiant heat suitable for warming of people or animals, but the power density available is low. The development of quartz halogen linear lamps allowed much higher power density up to 200 watts/inch of lamp (8 w/mm), useful for industrial heating, drying and processing applications.By adjusting the voltage applied to incandescent lamps, the spectrum of the radiated energy can be made to reduce visible light and emphasize infrared energy production. Different wavelengths of infrared radiation are differently absorbed by different materials.

text: Incandescent light bulb

text: s use a

text: tungsten

text: filament heated to high temperature to produce visible light and, necessarily, even more infrared radiation.  Round bulbs, often tinted red to reduce visible light, provide infrared radiant heat suitable for warming of people or animals, but the power density available is low. The development of quartz halogen linear lamps allowed much higher power density up to 200 watts/inch of lamp (8 w/mm), useful for industrial heating, drying and processing applications.By adjusting the voltage applied to incandescent lamps, the spectrum of the radiated energy can be made to reduce visible light and emphasize infrared energy production. Different wavelengths of infrared radiation are differently absorbed by different materials.

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answers: NDQ_018517

answers: tungsten filament

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A chandelier  is a decorative ceiling-mounted light fixture, a distinct type of pendant light.  Chandeliers are often ornate, and normally use incandescent light bulbs, though some modern designs also use fluorescent lamps or even LEDs. Crystal chandeliers have more or less complex arrays of crystal prisms to illuminate a room with refracted light. Chandeliers are often located in hallways, living rooms, dining rooms, and recently in bathrooms and bedrooms.

text: A chandelier  is a decorative ceiling-mounted

text: light fixture

text: , a distinct type of

text: pendant light

text: .  Chandeliers are often ornate, and normally use

text: incandescent light bulb

text: s, though some modern designs also use

text: fluorescent lamps

text: or even

text: LED

text: s. Crystal chandeliers have more or less complex arrays of crystal prisms to illuminate a room with

text: refracted

text: light. Chandeliers are often located in hallways, living rooms, dining rooms, and recently in bathrooms and bedrooms.

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answers: LEDs

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Theoria is beyond conceptual knowledge. It is the state in which the mind is placed in the heart (kardio) and the nous is focused on the immediacy or immanence of the Trinity of God rather than strictly insight or foresight (which is to face the unknown with free will and faith) and rather than hindsight (determinism and knowledge). It is much like the difference between reading about the experience of another and reading about one's own experience. Thus, theoria is an expression of insight (noesis), and is deeply focused on the 'now', the 'immediate', and the 'present'. Though theoria is akin to acting by free will and by conscious choice rather than deterministically, it holds that one moves through time into the future without knowing, but proceeds by faith (faith is meta-gnosis or beyond knowledge). Theoria means placing the actual experience above the recollection of an experience (mnemonic) or memory. As it is the contemplation of the present (insight) while in the present, rather than the past (knowledge) or future (unknown), it is ultimately the experience of the hypostases of God. In other words, theoria places primacy of experience and observation over a speculative, discursive, rational analysis (Orthodox Empirical theology). This illumination is photismos, a light that permeates all things and is without source, a light that illuminates not only the physical world, but also the darkness within humanity; this light is also called the Tabor light. The Trinity is the three realities of the single God at once. Each reality or hypostasis is critical to the ontology of being (ousia).

text: Theoria is beyond conceptual knowledge. It is the state in which the mind is placed in the heart (

text: kardio

text: ) and the

text: nous

text: is focused on the

text: immediacy

text: or

text: immanence

text: of the Trinity of God rather than strictly

text: insight

text: or

text: foresight

text: (which is to face the unknown with

text: free will

text: and

text: faith

text: ) and rather than

text: hindsight

text: determinism

text: and knowledge). It is much like the difference between reading about the experience of another and reading about one's own experience. Thus, theoria is an expression of insight (noesis), and is deeply focused on the 'now', the 'immediate', and the 'present'. Though theoria is akin to acting by

text: free will

text: and by conscious choice rather than deterministically, it holds that one moves through time into the future without knowing, but proceeds by faith (faith is meta-gnosis or beyond knowledge). Theoria means placing the actual experience above the recollection of an experience (

text: mnemonic

text: ) or memory. As it is the contemplation of the present (

text: insight

text: ) while in the present, rather than the past (knowledge) or future (unknown), it is ultimately the experience of the hypostases of God. In other words, theoria places primacy of experience and observation over a speculative,

text: discursive

text: , rational analysis (Orthodox

text: Empirical

text: theology). This illumination is

text: photismos

text: , a light that permeates all things and is without source, a light that illuminates not only the physical world, but also the darkness within humanity; this light is also called the

text: Tabor light

text: . The Trinity is the three realities of the single God at once. Each reality or hypostasis is critical to the ontology of being (ousia).

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with substantial shortcomings.

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answers: photismos

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Light that permeates all things and is without source

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Tabor light

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: photismos

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A metal-halide lamp is an electric lamp that produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and metal halides (compounds of metals with bromine or iodine). It is a type of high-intensity discharge (HID) gas discharge lamp.   Developed in the 1960s, they are similar to mercury vapor lamps, but contain additional metal halide compounds in the quartz arc tube,  which improve the efficiency and color rendition of the light.The most common metal halide compound used is sodium iodide. Once the arc tube reaches its running temperature, the sodium dissociates from the iodine, adding orange and reds to the lamp's spectrum from the sodium D line as the metal ionizes.As a result, metal-halide lamps have high luminous efficacy of around 75–100 lumens per watt, which is about twice that of mercury vapor lights and 3 to 5 times that of incandescent lights and produce an intense white light.    Lamp life is 6,000 to 15,000 hours.   As one of the most efficient sources of high CRI white light, metal halides  were the fastest growing segment of the lighting industry.     They are used for wide area overhead lighting of commercial, industrial, and public spaces, such as parking lots, sports arenas, factories, and retail stores, as well as residential security lighting and automotive headlamps (xenon headlights).

text: A metal-halide lamp is an electric lamp that produces light by an

text: electric arc

text: through a gaseous mixture of vaporized

text: mercury

text: and

text: metal halides

text: (compounds of metals with

text: bromine

text: or

text: iodine

text: ). It is a type of

text: high-intensity discharge

text: (HID)

text: gas discharge lamp

text: .   Developed in the 1960s, they are similar to

text: mercury vapor lamp

text: s, but contain additional metal halide compounds in the

text: quartz

text: arc tube,  which improve the efficiency and

text: color rendition

text: of the light.The most common metal halide compound used is

text: sodium iodide

text: . Once the arc tube reaches its running temperature, the sodium dissociates from the iodine, adding orange and reds to the lamp's spectrum from the sodium D line as the metal ionizes.As a result, metal-halide lamps have high

text: luminous efficacy

text: of around 75–100 lumens per watt, which is about twice that of mercury vapor lights and 3 to 5 times that of

text: incandescent light

text: s and produce an intense white light.    Lamp life is 6,000 to 15,000 hours.   As one of the most efficient sources of high

text: CRI

text: white light, metal halides  were the fastest growing segment of the lighting industry.     They are used for wide area overhead lighting of commercial, industrial, and public spaces, such as parking lots, sports arenas, factories, and retail stores, as well as residential

text: security lighting

text: and

text: automotive headlamp

text: s (

text: xenon headlights

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: mercury vapor lights

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: metal halides

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: However, CRI is a poor indicator of the perception of light produced by LEDs, and scores as low as 25 can produce vivid-appearing white light, while high-scoring sources can still be very poor at rendering reds, including skin tones. This is because CRI is not an indication of light colour, but a measurement of a light source's ability to accurately illuminate different colors compared to a radiating black body light source of the same light color, such as the sun or an incandescent light. The "warmer" light colors, such as a 2700K incandescent bulb or a 1700K candle light are more easily reproduced than more neutral white lights, such as 4800K direct sunlight, and thus usually have higher CRI ratings in alternative light sources such as CFL and LED bulbs; "warmer" light (more red) naturally renders colors less accurately. Think of how the world looks at sunset (2000K) compared to high noon (5600K).

text: However, CRI is a poor indicator of the perception of light produced by LEDs, and scores as low as 25 can produce vivid-appearing white light, while high-scoring sources can still be very poor at rendering reds, including skin tones. This is because CRI is not an indication of light colour, but a measurement of a light source's ability to accurately illuminate different colors compared to a radiating black body light source of the same light color, such as the sun or an incandescent light. The "warmer" light colors, such as a 2700K incandescent bulb or a 1700K candle light are more easily reproduced than more neutral white lights, such as 4800K direct sunlight, and thus usually have higher CRI ratings in alternative light sources such as CFL and LED bulbs; "warmer" light (more red) naturally renders colors less accurately. Think of how the world looks at sunset (2000K) compared to high noon (5600K).

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answers: NDQ_018511

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answers: NDQ_018514

answers: incandescent bulb

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: LEDs

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The lantern as a source of illumination in art was widely used by Baroque artists, and perfected by Caravaggio. Traditionally a dramatic light source and the resultant chiaroscuro were used as metaphors for the presence of God. Illumination by torch or candlelight took on religious connotations; but in The Third of May the lantern manifests no such miracle. Rather, it affords light only so that the firing squad may complete its grim work, and provides a stark illumination so that the viewer may bear witness to wanton violence. The traditional role of light in art as a conduit for the spiritual has been subverted.

text: The lantern as a source of illumination in art was widely used by

text: Baroque

text: artists, and perfected by

text: Caravaggio

text: . Traditionally a dramatic light source and the resultant chiaroscuro were used as metaphors for the presence of God. Illumination by torch or candlelight took on religious connotations; but in The Third of May the lantern manifests no such miracle. Rather, it affords light only so that the firing squad may complete its grim work, and provides a stark illumination so that the viewer may bear witness to wanton violence. The traditional role of light in art as a

text: conduit

text: for the spiritual has been subverted.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The building was dubbed by then De La Salle University System president, Br. Armin Luistro FSC as the "jewel in the crown of the De La Salle University System schools," as well as one of De La Salle's most ambitious projects. The building features an architectural design never before used, with a sophisticated façade and all-glass backside and designed in a way that only floor from the tenth are visible. Calma relates that the building will feature louvers which, when illuminated at night, will appear like lanterns and considering the location, the lighting effects would set the building apart from its surroundings.

text: The building was dubbed by then De La Salle University System president,

text: Br. Armin Luistro FSC

text: as the "jewel in the crown of the De La Salle University System schools," as well as one of De La Salle's most ambitious projects. The building features an architectural design never before used, with a sophisticated façade and all-glass backside and designed in a way that only floor from the tenth are visible. Calma relates that the building will feature louvers which, when illuminated at night, will appear like lanterns and considering the location, the lighting effects would set the building apart from its surroundings.

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text: Illumination Software Creator (Illumination) is a tool for visually designing and developing software, and a corresponding Visual programming language that is available for Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. Software developed with Illumination runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Android, iOS, Maemo, and Adobe Flash-powered websites. Illumination is developed and sold by Bryan Lunduke. Source code is also available to buy under three levels of licensing.

text: Illumination Software Creator (Illumination) is a tool for visually designing and developing software, and a corresponding

text: Visual programming language

text: that is available for

text: Microsoft Windows

text: Linux

text: and

text: Mac OS X

text: . Software developed with Illumination runs on

text: Microsoft Windows

text: Linux

text: Mac OS X

text: Android

text: iOS

text: Maemo

text: , and

text: Adobe Flash

text: -powered websites. Illumination is developed and sold by

text: Bryan Lunduke

text: Source code

text: is also available to buy under three levels of

text: licensing

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text: For an accurate estimate of direct illumination, a ray is traced from the point of intersection to each light source.  As long as a ray does not intersect another object, the light source is used to calculate the direct illumination.  For an approximate estimate of indirect illumination, the photon map is used to calculate the radiance contribution.

text: For an accurate estimate of direct illumination, a ray is traced from the point of intersection to each light source.  As long as a ray does not intersect another object, the light source is used to calculate the direct illumination.  For an approximate estimate of indirect illumination, the photon map is used to calculate the radiance contribution.

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text: Some artificial light sources are marketed which have a spectrum similar to that of sunlight, at least in the human visible spectrum range, as well as low flicker. Their spectrum can be made to vary dynamically such as to mimick the changes of natural light over the day. Manufacturers and vendors of such light sources claim that their products can provide the same or similar health effects as natural light. When considered as alternatives to solar light pipes, such products may have lower installation costs but do consume energy during use; therefore they may well be more wasteful in terms of overall energy resources and costs.

text: Some artificial light sources are marketed which have a spectrum similar to that of sunlight, at least in the

text: human visible spectrum

text: range, as well as low flicker. Their spectrum can be made to vary dynamically such as to mimick the changes of natural light over the day. Manufacturers and vendors of such light sources claim that their products can provide the same or similar health effects as natural light. When considered as alternatives to solar light pipes, such products may have lower installation costs but do consume energy during use; therefore they may well be more wasteful in terms of overall energy resources and costs.

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answer: Yes

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text: One of four surviving Bruegel paintings in distemper, the work is a tüchlein, a type of light painting that uses tempera made from pigment mixed with water-soluble glue. This medium was widely used in painting and manuscript illumination before the advent of oil paint.  It is not known from whom Bruegel learnt its use, but amongst those speculated are his mother-in-law, illuminator Mayken Verhulst; his teacher Pieter Coecke van Aelst; and painter and illuminator Giulio Clovio, with whom he resided in Italy and whom he helped paint miniatures in distemper. Due to the high perishability of linen cloth and the solubility of hide glue, tüchleins do not preserve well and are difficult to restore.  The Blind Leading the Blind is in good condition and has suffered no more than some erosion, such as of a herdsman and some fowl in the middle ground.  The grain of the linen canvas is visible beneath the delicate brushstrokes.  The work is signed and dated

text: One of four surviving Bruegel paintings in

text: distemper

text: , the work is a

text: tüchlein

text: , a type of light painting that uses tempera made from pigment mixed with water-soluble glue. This medium was widely used in painting and

text: manuscript illumination

text: before the advent of oil paint.  It is not known from whom Bruegel learnt its use, but amongst those speculated are his mother-in-law, illuminator

text: Mayken Verhulst

text: ; his teacher

text: Pieter Coecke van Aelst

text: ; and painter and illuminator

text: Giulio Clovio

text: , with whom he resided in Italy and whom he helped paint miniatures in distemper. Due to the high perishability of linen cloth and the solubility of hide glue, tüchleins do not preserve well and are difficult to restore.  The Blind Leading the Blind is in good condition and has suffered no more than some erosion, such as of a herdsman and some fowl in the middle ground.  The grain of the linen canvas is visible beneath the delicate brushstrokes.  The work is signed and dated

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: In 1903, Prosper-René Blondlot was working on X-rays (as were many physicists of the era) and noticed a new visible radiation that could penetrate aluminium. He devised experiments in which a barely visible object was illuminated by these N-rays, and thus became "more visible". Blondlot claimed that N-rays were causing a small visual reaction, too small to be seen under normal illumination, but just visible when most normal light sources were removed and the target was just barely visible to begin with.

text: In 1903,

text: Prosper-René Blondlot

text: was working on

text: X-ray

text: s (as were many physicists of the era) and noticed a new visible radiation that could penetrate

text: aluminium

text: . He devised experiments in which a barely visible object was illuminated by these N-rays, and thus became "more visible". Blondlot claimed that N-rays were causing a small visual reaction, too small to be seen under normal illumination, but just visible when most normal light sources were removed and the target was just barely visible to begin with.

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text: Tracking movement can help determine how well drugs are being distributed or how substances are metabolized. It is difficult to track a small group of cells throughout the body, so scientists used to dye the cells. These dyes needed to be excited by light of a certain wavelength in order for them to light up. While different color dyes absorb different frequencies of light, there was a need for as many light sources as cells. A way around this problem is with luminescent tags. These tags are quantum dots attached to proteins that penetrate cell membranes. The dots can be random in size, can be made of bio-inert material, and they demonstrate the nanoscale property that color is size-dependent. As a result, sizes are selected so that the frequency of light used to make a group of quantum dots fluoresce is an even multiple of the frequency required to make another group incandesce. Then both groups can be lit with a single light source. They have also found a way to insert nanoparticles into the affected parts of the body so that those parts of the body will glow showing the tumor growth or shrinkage or also organ trouble.

text: Tracking movement can help determine how well drugs are being distributed or how substances are metabolized. It is difficult to track a small group of cells throughout the body, so scientists used to dye the cells. These dyes needed to be excited by light of a certain wavelength in order for them to light up. While different color dyes absorb different frequencies of light, there was a need for as many light sources as cells. A way around this problem is with luminescent tags. These tags are

text: quantum dots

text: attached to proteins that penetrate cell membranes. The dots can be random in size, can be made of bio-inert material, and they demonstrate the nanoscale property that color is size-dependent. As a result, sizes are selected so that the frequency of light used to make a group of quantum dots fluoresce is an even multiple of the frequency required to make another group incandesce. Then both groups can be lit with a single light source. They have also found a way to insert

text: nanoparticles

text: into the affected parts of the body so that those parts of the body will glow showing the tumor growth or shrinkage or also organ trouble.

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text: While the beam is visible at its listed range, it is a more focused beam than that produced by a glass Fresnel lens.  Some navigators don't like this, finding it harder to see under some conditions. It is easy to see the difference from many points around Boston Harbor, where the VRB-25 at The Graves Light and the 2nd order glass Fresnel lens at Boston Light are both visible. Of course, the original first order Fresnel lens at The Graves stood twelve feet high and weighed several tons.  Its many pieces of glass required periodic careful cleaning and alignment.

text: While the beam is visible at its listed range, it is a more focused beam than that produced by a glass Fresnel lens.  Some navigators don't like this, finding it harder to see under some conditions. It is easy to see the difference from many points around Boston Harbor, where the VRB-25 at

text: The Graves Light

text: and the 2nd order glass Fresnel lens at

text: Boston Light

text: are both visible. Of course, the original first order Fresnel lens at The Graves stood twelve feet high and weighed several tons.  Its many pieces of glass required periodic careful cleaning and alignment.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Trumbull and Dykstra found the Magicam models problematic. The Klingon cruiser's lighting was so dim that there was no way to make them bright enough on film. As Trumbull also felt the Enterprises lights were ill-suited for his needs, he rewired both models. He questioned that the Enterprise could be traveling years from any source of light and yet still be fully illuminated. Instead of having the ship completely dark save for viewports, Trumbull came up with a system of self-illumination; he pictured the ship as something like an oceanliner, "a grand lady of the seas at night". A similar method was used on the Klingon cruiser model, but he made it less well-lit to convey a different look than the clean visuals of the Federation—the cruiser was meant to evoke "an enemy submarine in World War II that's been out at sea for too long". The models were filmed in multiple passes and composited together in post-production; multiple passes with only the model's lighting running were added to the original pass for the final look. The Klingon cruiser sequence was developed to avoid an opening similar to Star Wars, with one model used for all three seen in the film.

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answers: no way to make them bright enough on film

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Magicam models

answers: NDQ_018517

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The overwhelming majority of Orthodox halakhic authorities maintain that turning on an incandescent light on Shabbat violates a Biblical prohibition.  An incandescent light bulb generates light by causing electric current to flow through a metal filament.  The resistance to current flow generates light and heat.  Sources in the Torah and Talmud forbid similar cases.

text: The overwhelming majority of Orthodox halakhic authorities maintain that turning on an incandescent light on Shabbat violates a Biblical prohibition.  An incandescent light bulb generates light by causing

text: electric current

text: to flow through a metal filament.  The

text: resistance

text: to current flow generates light and heat.  Sources in the

text: Torah

text: and

text: Talmud

text: forbid similar cases.

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text: From the side, a beam of light is only visible if part of the light is scattered by objects: tiny particles like dust, water droplets (mist, fog, rain), hail, snow, or smoke, or larger objects such as birds. If there are many objects in the light path, then it appears as a continuous beam, but if there are only a few objects, then the light is visible as a few individual bright points. In any case, this scattering of light from a beam, and the resultant visibility of a light beam from the side, is known as the Tyndall effect.

text: From the side, a beam of light is only visible if part of the light is scattered by objects: tiny particles like

text: dust

text: , water droplets (

text: mist

text: fog

text: rain

text: hail

text: snow

text: , or

text: smoke

text: , or larger objects such as

text: bird

text: s. If there are many objects in the light path, then it appears as a continuous beam, but if there are only a few objects, then the light is visible as a few individual bright points. In any case, this scattering of light from a beam, and the resultant visibility of a light beam from the side, is known as the

text: Tyndall effect

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Commonly referred as phosphorescence, persistent luminescence is the phenomenon encountered in materials which make them glow in the dark after the end of an excitation with UV or visible light.

text: Commonly referred as phosphorescence, persistent luminescence is the phenomenon encountered in materials which make them glow in the dark after the end of an

text: excitation

text: with UV or visible light.

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answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: In the marine environment, use of luminescence for mate attraction is chiefly known among ostracods, small shrimplike crustaceans, especially in the Cyprididae family. Pheromones may be used for long-distance communication, with bioluminescence used at close range to enable mates to "home in". A polychaete worm, the Bermuda fireworm creates a brief display, a few nights after the full moon, when the female lights up to attract males.

text: In the marine environment, use of luminescence for mate attraction is chiefly known among

text: ostracod

text: s, small shrimplike

text: crustacean

text: s, especially in the

text: Cyprididae

text: family.

text: Pheromone

text: s may be used for long-distance communication, with bioluminescence used at close range to enable mates to "home in". A

text: polychaete

text: worm, the

text: Bermuda fireworm

text: creates a brief display, a few nights after the full moon, when the female lights up to attract males.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400–700 nanometres (nm), or 4.00 × 10 to 7.00 × 10 m, between the infrared (with longer wavelengths) and the ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths). This wavelength means a frequency range of roughly 430–750 terahertz (THz).

text: Visible light is usually defined as having

text: wavelength

text: s in the range of 400–700

text: nanometre

text: s (nm), or 4.00 × 10 to 7.00 × 10 m, between the

text: infrared

text: (with longer wavelengths) and the

text: ultraviolet

text: (with shorter wavelengths). This wavelength means a

text: frequency

text: range of roughly 430–750

text: terahertz

text: (THz).

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answers: 400–700 nanometres

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: infrared

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.

text: Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient

text: visible light

text: to see.

text: Night vision devices

text: operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Infrared

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: Infrared

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Different activities or scenarios call for different color temperature-illuminance pairs: preferred light sources change depending on the scenario the source is illuminating. Individuals did prefer color temperature-illuminance pairs within the comfortable region for dining, socializing and studying, but also preferred color temperature-illuminance pairs that were in the lower uncomfortable region for night time activities and preparing for bed. This is linked to the Purkinje effect; individuals who desire some light at night time desire lower (redder) color temperatures even if luminance levels are very low.

text: Different activities or scenarios call for different color temperature-illuminance pairs: preferred light sources change depending on the scenario the source is illuminating. Individuals did prefer color temperature-illuminance pairs within the comfortable region for

text: dining

text: socializing

text: and

text: studying

text: , but also preferred color temperature-illuminance pairs that were in the lower uncomfortable region for night time activities and preparing for bed. This is linked to the Purkinje effect; individuals who desire some light at night time desire lower (redder) color temperatures even if luminance levels are very low.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light sources

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: light sources

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Lycopene is a symmetrical tetraterpene assembled from eight isoprene units. It is a member of the carotenoid family of compounds, and because it consists entirely of carbon and hydrogen, is also a carotene. Isolation procedures for lycopene were first reported in 1910, and the structure of the molecule was determined by 1931. In its natural, all-trans form, the molecule is long and straight, constrained by its system of eleven conjugated double bonds. Each extension in this conjugated system reduces the energy required for electrons to transition to higher energy states, allowing the molecule to absorb visible light of progressively longer wavelengths. Lycopene absorbs all but the longest wavelengths of visible light, so it appears red.

text: Lycopene is a symmetrical

text: tetraterpene

text: assembled from eight

text: isoprene

text: units. It is a member of the carotenoid family of compounds, and because it consists entirely of carbon and hydrogen, is also a

text: carotene

text: . Isolation procedures for lycopene were first reported in 1910, and the structure of the molecule was determined by 1931. In its natural, all-trans form, the molecule is long and straight, constrained by its system of eleven conjugated double bonds. Each extension in this

text: conjugated system

text: reduces the energy required for electrons to transition to higher

text: energy state

text: s, allowing the molecule to absorb visible light of progressively longer wavelengths. Lycopene absorbs all but the longest wavelengths of visible light, so it appears red.

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answers: Lycopene

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Lycopene

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: Lycopene

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Two general types of infrared / near-infrared (also known as active light) eye tracking techniques are used: bright-pupil and dark-pupil.  Their difference is based on the location of the illumination source with respect to the optics.  If the illumination is coaxial with the optical path, then the eye acts as a retroreflector as the light reflects off the retina creating a bright pupil effect similar to red eye.  If the illumination source is offset from the optical path, then the pupil appears dark because the retroreflection from the retina is directed away from the camera.

text: Two general types of infrared / near-infrared (also known as active light) eye tracking techniques are used: bright-pupil and dark-pupil.  Their difference is based on the location of the illumination source with respect to the optics.  If the illumination is

text: coaxial

text: with the optical path, then the eye acts as a

text: retroreflector

text: as the light reflects off the

text: retina

text: creating a bright pupil effect similar to

text: red eye

text: .  If the illumination source is offset from the optical path, then the pupil appears dark because the retroreflection from the retina is directed away from the camera.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The illumination of light as a practical use to visibly reveal what may be shaded or in the dark is common. Light as an art form is a function of art works and entertainment, it is a projection source and a backlighting source, for colours, focal or focus points and can be an element to enhance or change atmosphere or mood in areas or on objects.

text: The illumination of

text: light

text: as a practical use to visibly reveal what may be shaded or in the dark is common. Light as an art form is a function of art works and entertainment, it is a

text: projection

text: source and a

text: backlight

text: ing source, for colours, focal or focus points and can be an element to enhance or change atmosphere or mood in areas or on objects.

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answer: Yes

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text: The illumination provided on a surface by a point source equals the number of lux just described times the cosine of the angle between a ray coming from the source and a normal to the surface. The illumination provided by a light source that covers a large solid angle is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the surface normal and a sort of barycentre of the light source, so long as all of the source is above the plane of the surface. The number of lux falling on the surface equals this cosine times a number (in lux) that characterizes the source from the point of view in question.

text: The illumination provided on a surface by a point source equals the number of lux just described times the cosine of the angle between a ray coming from the source and a

text: normal

text: to the surface. The illumination provided by a light source that covers a large solid angle is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the surface normal and a sort of

text: barycentre

text: of the light source, so long as all of the source is above the plane of the surface. The number of lux falling on the surface equals this cosine times a number (in lux) that characterizes the source from the point of view in question.

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answers: Animals can see infrared or ultraviolet light.

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: point source

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answers: point source

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Fluorescent lamps convert more of the input power to visible light than incandescent lamps, though as of 2013 LEDs are sometimes even more efficient and are more rapidly increasing in efficiency. A typical 100 watt tungsten filament incandescent lamp may convert only 5% of its power input to visible white light (400–700 nm wavelength), whereas typical fluorescent lamps convert about 22% of the power input to visible white light.

text: Fluorescent lamps convert more of the input power to visible light than incandescent lamps, though as of 2013

text: LEDs

text: are sometimes even more efficient and are more rapidly increasing in efficiency. A typical 100 watt tungsten filament incandescent lamp may convert only 5% of its power input to visible white light (400–700 nm wavelength), whereas typical fluorescent lamps convert about 22% of the power input to visible white light.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: The culture of Surin is also strongly influenced by the Kuy people, most visibly in the activity surrounding elephants that is so prominent in the province. Surin is the source of approximately a quarter of all the domesticated elephants in Thailand and the capture, training and raising of these elephants is conducted by people belonging to the Kuy ethnicity. This is such an important activity to Surin and a source of pride to the Kuy people, that celebrations such as Thai Elephant Day () and the Surin Elephant Round-up are held annually on the second and third weeks, respectively, of November. The festivals include light and sound shows describing the legends of the Thai elephants and a fair at Si Narong Stadium featuring parades, floats, contests such as tug of war between elephants and men and demonstrations of war elephants.

text: The culture of Surin is also strongly influenced by the Kuy people, most visibly in the activity surrounding

text: elephants

text: that is so prominent in the province. Surin is the source of approximately a quarter of all the domesticated elephants in Thailand and the capture, training and raising of these elephants is conducted by people belonging to the Kuy ethnicity. This is such an important activity to Surin and a source of pride to the Kuy people, that celebrations such as Thai Elephant Day () and the

text: Surin Elephant Round-up

text: are held annually on the second and third weeks, respectively, of November. The festivals include light and sound shows describing the legends of the Thai elephants and a fair at Si Narong Stadium featuring parades, floats, contests such as tug of war between elephants and men and demonstrations of war elephants.

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: Working in the basement of his home on Orchard Street in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Diehl invented a lamp that was different from Thomas Edison's incandescent electric lamp, which was patented in 1879. Diehl's lamp had no lead-in wires. In 1882 Diehl obtained the first patent on this induction incandescent lamp. The base of the lamp contained a wire coil that coupled with a primary coil in the lamp socket, causing current to flow through the lamp without the need for lead-in wires. Two additional patents were granted in 1883, followed by patents for electrical lighting systems in 1885 and 1886.

text: Working in the basement of his home on Orchard Street in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Diehl invented a lamp that was different from

text: Thomas Edison

text: 's incandescent electric lamp, which was patented in 1879. Diehl's lamp had no lead-in wires. In 1882 Diehl obtained the first patent on this induction incandescent lamp. The base of the lamp contained a wire coil that coupled with a primary coil in the lamp socket, causing current to flow through the lamp without the need for lead-in wires. Two additional patents were granted in 1883, followed by patents for electrical lighting systems in 1885 and 1886.

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text: The improvement in the light referred to had begun in 1845 when the reflectors were changed from 14 to . In 1848 the 18 lamps were changed to 15 lamps with  reflectors and the light had become visible in clear weather at a distance of . In 1854 a first-order Fresnel lens with flashing white light was substituted for the old reflecting apparatus, and the tower was raised to .

text: The improvement in the light referred to had begun in 1845 when the reflectors were changed from 14 to . In 1848 the 18 lamps were changed to 15 lamps with  reflectors and the light had become visible in clear weather at a distance of . In 1854 a first-order Fresnel lens with flashing white light was substituted for the old reflecting apparatus, and the tower was raised to .

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: lamps

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, China, Canada and United States, are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others, including Colombia, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil and Australia, have prohibited them already.

text: Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as

text: fluorescent lamp

text: s,

text: compact fluorescent lamp

text: s (CFL),

text: cold cathode fluorescent lamp

text: s (CCFL),

text: high-intensity discharge lamp

text: s, and

text: light-emitting diode lamp

text: s (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the

text: European Union

text: China

text: Canada

text: and

text: United States

text: , are in the process of

text: phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs

text: while others, including

text: Colombia

text: Mexico

text: Cuba

text: Argentina

text: Brazil

text: and

text: Australia

text: , have prohibited them already.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Incandescent bulbs

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: diode lamps

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Larval and larviform female glowworms are predators, feeding on millipedes and other arthropods occurring in soil and litter. The winged males, which are often attracted to lights at night, are short-lived and probably do not feed. Females are much larger than the males and are completely larviform. Males may be luminescent, but females and larvae have a series of luminescent organs on trunk segments which emit yellow or green light, and sometimes an additional head organ which emits red light, as in railroad worms.

text: Larval and

text: larviform female

text: glowworms are

text: predator

text: s, feeding on

text: millipede

text: s and other

text: arthropod

text: s occurring in

text: soil

text: and

text: litter

text: . The winged males, which are often attracted to lights at night, are short-lived and probably do not feed. Females are much larger than the males and are completely larviform. Males may be luminescent, but females and larvae have a series of luminescent organs on trunk segments which emit yellow or green light, and sometimes an additional head organ which emits red light, as in

text: railroad worm

text: s.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: yellow or green

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: luminescent

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: glowworms

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: glowworms

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Many other light sources, such as fluorescent lamps, or LEDs (light emitting diodes) emit light primarily by processes other than thermal radiation. This means that the emitted radiation does not follow the form of a black-body spectrum. These sources are assigned what is known as a correlated color temperature (CCT). CCT is the color temperature of a black-body radiator which to human color perception most closely matches the light from the lamp. Because such an approximation is not required for incandescent light, the CCT for an incandescent light is simply its unadjusted temperature, derived from the comparison to a black-body radiator.

text: Many other light sources, such as

text: fluorescent lamp

text: s, or

text: LED

text: s (light emitting diodes) emit light primarily by processes other than thermal radiation. This means that the emitted radiation does not follow the form of a

text: black-body spectrum

text: . These sources are assigned what is known as a

text: correlated color temperature

text: (CCT). CCT is the color temperature of a black-body radiator which to

text: human color perception

text: most closely matches the light from the lamp. Because such an approximation is not required for incandescent light, the CCT for an incandescent light is simply its unadjusted temperature, derived from the comparison to a black-body radiator.

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answers: NDQ_018514

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answers: NDQ_018517

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light, with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%. The remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt, compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs.

text: Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light, with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%. The remaining energy is converted into heat. The

text: luminous efficacy

text: of a typical incandescent bulb is 16

text: lumen

text: s per watt, compared with 60 lm/W for a

text: compact fluorescent

text: bulb or 150 lm/W for some white

text: LED lamp

text: s. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for

text: reptile

text: tanks

text: infrared heating

text: for industrial heating and drying processes,

text: lava lamp

text: s, and the

text: Easy-Bake Oven

text: toy. Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs.

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Incandescent bulbs

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: LED lamps

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Hornblende Schist continues south of the South Pier for  where there is a fault boundary with the serpentine. The serpentine continues towards the south west, with a further boundary at the Vro Rock  away. The serpentinite is clearly visible in the high Mullion Cliffs adjacent to what is now a massive scree slope. In 1752 these cliffs were part of a quarry site from which the mineral soapstone, a talc, known then as soaprock, or steatite was extracted. Remains of the mineral are still visible in the form of veins of a white or light-coloured mineral occasionally up to  thick, running at an angle of 45° along the serpentine cliff face.

text: The Hornblende Schist continues south of the South Pier for  where there is a fault boundary with the

text: serpentine

text: . The serpentine continues towards the south west, with a further boundary at the Vro Rock  away. The serpentinite is clearly visible in the high Mullion Cliffs adjacent to what is now a massive scree slope. In 1752 these cliffs were part of a quarry site from which the mineral

text: soapstone

text: , a

text: talc

text: , known then as soaprock, or

text: steatite

text: was extracted. Remains of the mineral are still visible in the form of veins of a white or light-coloured mineral occasionally up to  thick, running at an angle of 45° along the serpentine cliff face.

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: steatite

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: steatite

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The primary properties of visible light are intensity, propagation direction, frequency or wavelength spectrum, and polarization, while its speed in a vacuum, 299,792,458 metres per second, is one of the fundamental constants of nature. Visible light, as with all types of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), is experimentally found to always move at this speed in a vacuum.

text: The primary properties of visible light are

text: intensity

text: , propagation direction, frequency or wavelength

text: spectrum

text: , and

text: polarization

text: , while its

text: speed

text: in a vacuum, 299,792,458 metres per second, is one of the fundamental

text: constants

text: of nature. Visible light, as with all types of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), is experimentally found to always move at this speed in a vacuum.

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text: Illumination was created by Bryan Lunduke, and first released in May 2010. The earliest known public mention of Illumination was on the April 11, 2010 episode of The Linux Action Show!.

text: Illumination was created by

text: Bryan Lunduke

text: , and first released in May 2010. The earliest known public mention of Illumination was on the April 11, 2010 episode of

text: The Linux Action Show!

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answers: Illumination

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: A fluorescent lamp or a fluorescent tube is a low pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An  electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor which produces short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to glow. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical energy into useful light much more efficiently than incandescent lamps. The typical luminous efficacy of fluorescent lighting systems is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output, but less than that of a typical LED bulb.

text: A fluorescent lamp or a fluorescent tube is a low pressure

text: mercury-vapor

text: gas-discharge lamp

text: that uses

text: fluorescence

text: to produce visible light. An

text: electric current

text: in the gas

text: excites

text: mercury

text: vapor which produces short-wave

text: ultraviolet

text: light that then causes a

text: phosphor

text: coating on the inside of the lamp to

text: glow

text: . A fluorescent lamp converts electrical energy into useful light much more efficiently than

text: incandescent lamp

text: s. The typical

text: luminous efficacy

text: of fluorescent lighting systems is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output, but less than that of a typical LED bulb.

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answers: NDQ_018514

answers: fluorescent lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fluorescent lamps

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Freshwater aquarium lighting is commonly provided by screw-in incandescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes and LED lamps. Incandescent lighting is becoming less popular because it uses much more energy and produces more heat than the other lighting types. Compact fluorescent lighting with a compatible screw-in base is frequently used as a direct replacement for incandescent bulbs.

text: Freshwater aquarium lighting is commonly provided by

text: screw-in

text: incandescent bulbs

text: fluorescent tubes

text: and

text: LED lamps

text: . Incandescent lighting is becoming less popular because it uses much more energy and produces more heat than the other lighting types.

text: Compact fluorescent lighting

text: with a compatible screw-in base is frequently used as a direct replacement for incandescent bulbs.

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text: More recently, Michell has become known for his letter to Cavendish, published in 1784,  on the effect of gravity on light. This paper was rediscovered in the 1970s and is now recognised as anticipating several astronomical ideas that had been considered to be 20th century innovations. Michell is now credited with being the first to study the case of a heavenly object massive enough to prevent light from escaping (the concept of escape velocity was well known at the time). Such an object, which he called a dark star, would not be directly visible, but could be identified by the motions of a companion star if it was part of a binary system. The classical minimum radius for escape assuming light behaved like particles of matter is numerically equal to the Schwarzschild Radius in general relativity.  Michell also suggested using a prism to measure what is now known as gravitational redshift, the gravitational weakening of starlight due to the surface gravity of the source. Michell acknowledged that some of these ideas were not technically practical at the time, but wrote that he hoped they would be useful to future generations. By the time that Michell's paper was rediscovered nearly two centuries later, these ideas had been reinvented by others.

text: More recently, Michell has become known for his letter to Cavendish, published in 1784,  on the effect of gravity on light. This paper was rediscovered in the 1970s and is now recognised as anticipating several astronomical ideas that had been considered to be 20th century innovations. Michell is now credited with being the first to study the case of a heavenly object massive enough to prevent light from escaping (the concept of

text: escape velocity

text: was well known at the time). Such an object, which he called a

text: dark star

text: , would not be directly visible, but could be identified by the motions of a companion star if it was part of a binary system. The classical minimum radius for escape assuming light behaved like particles of matter is numerically equal to the

text: Schwarzschild Radius

text: in

text: general relativity

text: .  Michell also suggested using a

text: prism

text: to measure what is now known as

text: gravitational redshift

text: , the gravitational weakening of starlight due to the surface gravity of the source. Michell acknowledged that some of these ideas were not technically practical at the time, but wrote that he hoped they would be useful to future generations. By the time that Michell's paper was rediscovered nearly two centuries later, these ideas had been reinvented by others.

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text: Light from many different sources contains various colors, each with its own brightness or intensity.  A rainbow, or prism, sends these component colors in different directions, making them individually visible at different angles.  A graph of the intensity plotted against the frequency (showing the brightness of each color) is the frequency spectrum of the light.  When all the visible frequencies are present equally, the perceived color of the light is white, and the spectrum is a flat line.  Therefore, flat-line spectrums in general are often referred to as white, whether they represent light or another type of wave phenomenon (sound, for example, or vibration in a structure).

text: Light from many different sources contains various colors, each with its own brightness or intensity.  A rainbow, or

text: prism

text: , sends these component colors in different directions, making them individually visible at different angles.  A graph of the intensity plotted against the frequency (showing the brightness of each color) is the frequency spectrum of the light.  When all the visible frequencies are present equally, the perceived color of the light is white, and the spectrum is a flat line.  Therefore, flat-line spectrums in general are often referred to as white, whether they represent light or another type of wave phenomenon (sound, for example, or vibration in a structure).

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answers: All the visible frequencies

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Light from many different sources

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: A rainbow

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: light

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).

text: Measurement of light or

text: photometry

text: is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the

text: luminosity function

text: into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic

text: SI

text: unit of measurement is the

text: candela

text: (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela.

text: Luminance

text: for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given

text: solid angle

text: . The SI unit for luminance is

text: candela

text: per

text: square metre

text: (cd/m). The

text: CGS

text: unit of luminance is the

text: stilb

text: , which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the

text: luminous flux

text: is measured in

text: lumen

text: (lm).

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answers: visible spectrum

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: lamp

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: a lamp

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Materials which do not allow the transmission of any light wave frequencies are called opaque. Such substances may have a chemical composition which includes what are referred to as absorption centers. Most materials are composed of materials which are selective in their absorption of light frequencies. Thus they absorb only certain portions of the visible spectrum. The frequencies of the spectrum which are not absorbed are either reflected back or transmitted for our physical observation. In the visible portion of the spectrum, this is what gives rise to color.

text: Materials which do not allow the transmission of any light wave frequencies are called

text: opaque

text: . Such substances may have a chemical composition which includes what are referred to as absorption centers. Most materials are composed of materials which are selective in their absorption of light frequencies. Thus they absorb only certain portions of the visible spectrum. The frequencies of the spectrum which are not absorbed are either reflected back or transmitted for our physical observation. In the visible portion of the spectrum, this is what gives rise to color.

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answers: Animals can see infrared or ultraviolet light.

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answers: opaque

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: For a polygonal model, the volume is usually formed by classifying each face in the model as either facing toward the light source or facing away from the light source. The set of all edges that connect a toward-face to an away-face form the silhouette with respect to the light source. The edges forming the silhouette are extruded away from the light to construct the faces of the shadow volume. This volume must extend over the range of the entire visible scene; often the dimensions of the shadow volume are extended to infinity to accomplish this (see optimization below.) To form a closed volume, the front and back end of this extrusion must be covered. These coverings are called "caps". Depending on the method used for the shadow volume, the front end may be covered by the object itself, and the rear end may sometimes be omitted (see depth pass below).

text: For a polygonal model, the volume is usually formed by classifying each face in the model as either facing toward the light source or facing away from the light source. The set of all edges that connect a toward-face to an away-face form the silhouette with respect to the light source. The edges forming the silhouette are extruded away from the light to construct the faces of the shadow volume. This volume must extend over the range of the entire visible scene; often the dimensions of the shadow volume are extended to infinity to accomplish this (see

text: optimization

text: below.) To form a closed volume, the front and back end of this extrusion must be covered. These coverings are called "caps". Depending on the method used for the shadow volume, the front end may be covered by the object itself, and the rear end may sometimes be omitted (see

text: depth pass

text: below).

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answers: light source

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The simple logic of tasrif based understanding is that 'light', to be seen, does not need an external source of light'.

text: The simple logic of tasrif based understanding is that 'light', to be seen, does not need an external source of light'.

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: tasrif

answers: NDQ_018514

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answers: NDQ_018517

answers: Tasrif

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Most of the plastic bottles used are recycled 1.5 liter bottles.  After being filled with water and a little bleach, the bottle is pushed through a steel sheet that serves as a metal lock to prevent it from slipping.  It is then embedded into a corrugated iron roof. A small part of the bottle is left outside while the rest of it protrudes into the house.  Sealant is put around the hole made in the roof to keep it weather proof. The refractive properties of water ensures that the light from the sun that reaches the inside of the bottle becomes omni-directional mimicking an electric light bulb and emitting the same amount of light as a 40–60 W incandescent bulb depending on the amount of solar insolation available.  Adding bleach to the water prevents it from turning green with algae and ensures a high quality light keeping the water clear for a longer time. In order to facilitate use of the invention through open source mechanisms, step-by-step guides on materials and installation are available online.

text: Most of the plastic bottles used are recycled 1.5 liter bottles.  After being filled with water and a little bleach, the bottle is pushed through a steel sheet that serves as a metal lock to prevent it from slipping.  It is then embedded into a corrugated iron roof. A small part of the bottle is left outside while the rest of it protrudes into the house.  Sealant is put around the hole made in the roof to keep it weather proof. The refractive properties of water ensures that the light from the sun that reaches the inside of the bottle becomes omni-directional mimicking an electric light bulb and emitting the same amount of light as a 40–60 W incandescent bulb depending on the amount of solar insolation available.  Adding bleach to the water prevents it from turning green with algae and ensures a high quality light keeping the water clear for a longer time. In order to facilitate use of the invention through open source mechanisms, step-by-step guides on materials and installation are available online.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: electric light bulb

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: plastic bottles

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A material can emit light either through incandescence, where all atoms radiate, or by luminescence, where only a small fraction of atoms, called emission centers or luminescence centers, emit light. In inorganic phosphors, these inhomogeneities in the crystal structure are created usually by addition of a trace amount of dopants, impurities called activators. (In rare cases dislocations or other crystal defects can play the role of the impurity.) The wavelength emitted by the emission center is dependent on the atom itself, and on the surrounding crystal structure.

text: A material can emit light either through

text: incandescence

text: , where all atoms radiate, or by

text: luminescence

text: , where only a small fraction of atoms, called emission centers or luminescence centers, emit light. In inorganic phosphors, these inhomogeneities in the crystal structure are created usually by addition of a trace amount of

text: dopant

text: s, impurities called

text: activators

text: . (In rare cases

text: dislocation

text: s or other

text: crystal defect

text: s can play the role of the impurity.) The wavelength emitted by the emission center is dependent on the atom itself, and on the surrounding crystal structure.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: luminescence

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: (Dislocations or other crystal defects can play the role of the impurity)

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: phosphors

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: phosphors

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: While it might seem astonishing that so many longest-lasting light bulbs have been so infrequently turned off, this is the precise reason for their longevity. Most of the wear and tear that leads to burnouts in incandescent light bulbs is caused by turning them on and off, not by burning them. Each time the bulb is turned on and off, the filament is heated and cooled. This causes the material of the filament to expand and contract, in turn causing micro stress cracks to develop. The more the light is turned on and off, the larger these cracks grow, until eventually the filament breaks at some point, in non-spectacular fashion, thus causing the light to burn out.Another reason for the longevity of bulbs is the size, quality and material of the filament.

text: While it might seem astonishing that so many longest-lasting light bulbs have been so infrequently turned off, this is the precise reason for their longevity. Most of the wear and tear that leads to burnouts in incandescent light bulbs is caused by turning them on and off, not by burning them. Each time the bulb is turned on and off, the filament is heated and cooled. This causes the material of the filament to expand and contract, in turn causing micro stress cracks to develop. The more the light is turned on and off, the larger these cracks grow, until eventually the filament breaks at some point, in non-spectacular fashion, thus causing the light to burn out.Another reason for the longevity of bulbs is the size, quality and material of the filament.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light bulbs

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: light bulbs

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The apparent magnitude of an astronomical object is generally given as an integrated value—if a galaxy is quoted as having a magnitude of 12.5, it means we see the same total amount of light from the galaxy as we would from a star with magnitude 12.5. However, a star is so small it is effectively a point source in most observations (the largest angular diameter, that of R Doradus, is 0.057 ± 0.005 arcsec), whereas a galaxy may extend over several arcseconds or arcminutes. Therefore, the galaxy will be harder to see than the star against the airglow background light. Apparent magnitude is a good indication of visibility if the object is point-like or small, whereas surface brightness is a better indicator if the object is large. What counts as small or large depends on the specific viewing conditions and follows from Ricco's law. In general, in order to adequately assess an object's visibility one needs to know both parameters.

text: The

text: apparent magnitude

text: of an astronomical object is generally given as an integrated value—if a

text: galaxy

text: is quoted as having a magnitude of 12.5, it means we see the same total amount of light from the galaxy as we would from a star with magnitude 12.5. However, a

text: star

text: is so small it is effectively a

text: point source

text: in most observations (the largest

text: angular diameter

text: , that of

text: R Doradus

text: , is 0.057 ± 0.005

text: arcsec

text: ), whereas a galaxy may extend over several

text: arcsecond

text: s or

text: arcminute

text: s. Therefore, the galaxy will be harder to see than the star against the

text: airglow

text: background light. Apparent magnitude is a good indication of visibility if the object is point-like or small, whereas surface brightness is a better indicator if the object is large. What counts as small or large depends on the specific viewing conditions and follows from

text: Ricco's law

text: . In general, in order to adequately assess an object's visibility one needs to know both parameters.

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: infrared or ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: star

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: airglow

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: To minimize the total primary energy consumption, the many passive and active daylighting techniques are the first daytime solution to employ. For low light level days, non-daylighted spaces, and nighttime; the use of creative-sustainable lighting design using low-energy sources such as 'standard voltage' compact fluorescent lamps and solid-state lighting with Light-emitting diode-LED lamps, organic light-emitting diodes, and PLED - polymer light-emitting diodes; and  'low voltage' electrical filament-Incandescent light bulbs, and compact Metal halide, Xenon and Halogen lamps, can be used.

text: To minimize the total primary energy consumption, the many

text: passive

text: and

text: active

text: daylighting

text: techniques are the first daytime solution to employ. For low light level days, non-daylighted spaces, and nighttime; the use of creative-sustainable

text: lighting design

text: using low-energy sources such as 'standard voltage'

text: compact fluorescent lamp

text: s and

text: solid-state lighting

text: with

text: Light-emitting diode

text: LED lamp

text: s,

text: organic light-emitting diode

text: s, and

text: PLED - polymer light-emitting diodes

text: ; and  'low voltage'

text: electrical filament

text: Incandescent light bulb

text: s, and

text: compact Metal halide

text: Xenon

text: and

text: Halogen lamps

text: , can be used.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: electrical filament-Incandescent light bulbs

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: Light-emitting diode

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A rare variety of natural sapphire, known as color-change sapphire, exhibits different colors in different light. Color change sapphires are blue in outdoor light and purple under incandescent indoor light, or green to gray-green in daylight and pink to reddish-violet in incandescent light. Color change sapphires come from a variety of locations, including Thailand and Tanzania. The color-change effect is caused by the interaction of the sapphire, which absorbs specific wavelengths of light, and the light-source, whose spectral output varies depending upon the illuminant. Transition-metal impurities in the sapphire, such as chromium and vanadium, are responsible for the color change.

text: A rare variety of natural sapphire, known as color-change sapphire, exhibits different colors in different light. Color change sapphires are blue in outdoor light and purple under

text: incandescent

text: indoor light, or green to gray-green in daylight and pink to reddish-violet in incandescent light. Color change sapphires come from a variety of locations, including

text: Thailand

text: and

text: Tanzania

text: . The color-change effect is caused by the interaction of the sapphire, which absorbs specific wavelengths of light, and the light-source, whose spectral output varies depending upon the illuminant. Transition-metal impurities in the sapphire, such as chromium and vanadium, are responsible for the color change.

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: natural sapphire

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: natural sapphire

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Fluorescent black light tubes are typically made in the same fashion as normal fluorescent tubes except that a phosphor that emits UVA light instead of visible white light is used.  The type most commonly used for black lights, designated blacklight blue or "BLB" by the industry, has a dark blue filter coating on the tube, which filters out most visible light, so that fluorescence effects can be observed.  These tubes have a dim violet glow when operating.  They should not be confused with "blacklight" or "BL" tubes, which have no filter coating, and have a brighter blue color.  These are made for use in "bug zapper" insect traps, where visible light emission is not a problem.   The phosphor typically used for a near 368 to 371 nanometer emission peak is either europium-doped strontium fluoroborate (:) or europium-doped strontium borate (:) while the phosphor used to produce a peak around 350 to 353 nanometres is lead-doped barium silicate (:). "Blacklight Blue" lamps peak at 365 nm.

text: Fluorescent black light tubes are typically made in the same fashion as normal

text: fluorescent tube

text: s except that a

text: phosphor

text: that emits UVA light instead of visible white light is used.  The type most commonly used for black lights, designated blacklight blue or "BLB" by the industry, has a dark blue filter coating on the tube, which filters out most visible light, so that

text: fluorescence

text: effects can be observed.  These tubes have a dim violet glow when operating.  They should not be confused with "blacklight" or "BL" tubes, which have no filter coating, and have a brighter blue color.  These are made for use in "

text: bug zapper

text: " insect traps, where visible light emission is not a problem.   The phosphor typically used for a near 368 to 371 nanometer emission peak is either

text: europium

text: -doped strontium fluoroborate (:) or europium-doped strontium borate (:) while the phosphor used to produce a peak around 350 to 353 nanometres is lead-doped barium silicate (:). "Blacklight Blue" lamps peak at 365 nm.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Bug zapper" insect traps

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: bug zapper" insect traps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fluorescent black light tubes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Nautilus is now recognized as one of Weston's greatest photographs, but all of his images of shells have a greater-than-life quality to them. Weston biographer Ben Maddow has said that what is so remarkable about them "is not in the closeness nor in the monumentality of the forms; or at least, not in these alone. It is instead in the particular light, almost an inward luminescence, that he saw implicit in them before he put them before the lens. Glowing with an interior life . .. one is seeing more than form."

text: Nautilus is now recognized as one of Weston's greatest photographs, but all of his images of shells have a greater-than-life quality to them. Weston biographer Ben Maddow has said that what is so remarkable about them "is not in the closeness nor in the monumentality of the forms; or at least, not in these alone. It is instead in the particular light, almost an inward luminescence, that he saw implicit in them before he put them before the lens. Glowing with an interior life . .. one is seeing more than form."

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Nautilus

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: shells

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: shells

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: UV/visible light from an integrating sphere (and/or other source such as a black body) is focused onto a square test target at the focal plane of a collimator (the mirrors in the diagram), such that a virtual image of the test target will be seen infinitely far away by the camera under test. The camera under test senses a real image of the virtual image of the target, and the sensed image is displayed on a monitor.

text: UV/visible light from an

text: integrating sphere

text: (and/or other source such as a

text: black body

text: ) is focused onto a square test target at the

text: focal plane

text: of a

text: collimator

text: (the mirrors in the diagram), such that a virtual image of the test target will be seen infinitely far away by the camera under test. The camera under test senses a real image of the virtual image of the target, and the sensed image is displayed on a monitor.

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answers: UV/visible light

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The term illuminant metameric failure is sometimes used to describe situations where two material samples match when viewed under one light source but not another. Most types of fluorescent lights produce an irregular or peaky spectral emittance curve, so that two materials under fluorescent light might not match, even though they are a metameric match to an incandescent "white" light source with a nearly flat or smooth emittance curve. Material colors that match under one source will often appear different under the other.

text: The term illuminant metameric failure is sometimes used to describe situations where two material samples match when viewed under one light source but not another. Most types of fluorescent lights produce an irregular or peaky spectral emittance curve, so that two materials under fluorescent light might not match, even though they are a metameric match to an incandescent "white" light source with a nearly flat or smooth emittance curve. Material colors that match under one source will often appear different under the other.

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answers: Animals can see infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: fluorescent lights

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answers: fluorescent lights

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ghosting occurs due to poor treatment of the source images, and also due to transitions where demand for an effect goes beyond the limits and technical possibilities of the system. This causes some of the images to remain visible when they should disappear. These effects can depend on the lighting of the lenticular print.

text: Ghosting occurs due to poor treatment of the source images, and also due to transitions where demand for an effect goes beyond the limits and technical possibilities of the system. This causes some of the images to remain visible when they should disappear. These effects can depend on the lighting of the lenticular print.

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answers: These effects can depend on the lighting

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answers: source images

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

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text: One solution to this problem is to use infrared imaging instead of visible light. This is particularly well suited to LWIR cameras that image the heat signature of the target. This is very effective against vehicles like tanks, where the engine produces an excellent high-contrast image to seek on. However, this also greatly adds to the cost of the seeker, especially in the 1970s when this technology was new, and also limits it to uses against vehicles or other hot sources. This means the aircraft has to carry two types of missiles, ones with IR for vehicles, and ones with visible light seekers for attacking other targets like bridges or bunkers.

text: One solution to this problem is to use

text: infrared imaging

text: instead of visible light. This is particularly well suited to LWIR cameras that image the heat signature of the target. This is very effective against vehicles like tanks, where the engine produces an excellent high-contrast image to seek on. However, this also greatly adds to the cost of the seeker, especially in the 1970s when this technology was new, and also limits it to uses against vehicles or other hot sources. This means the aircraft has to carry two types of missiles, ones with IR for vehicles, and ones with visible light seekers for attacking other targets like bridges or bunkers.

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answers: vehicles

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Examination of a terminator can yield information about the surface of a planetary body; for example, the presence of an atmosphere can create a fuzzier terminator. As the particles within an atmosphere are at a higher elevation, the light source can remain visible even after it has set at ground level. These particles scatter the light, reflecting some of it to the ground. Hence, the sky can remain illuminated even after the sun has set.

text: Examination of a terminator can yield information about the surface of a planetary body; for example, the presence of an

text: atmosphere

text: can create a fuzzier terminator. As the particles within an atmosphere are at a higher elevation, the light source can remain visible even after it has set at ground level. These particles scatter the light, reflecting some of it to the ground. Hence, the sky can remain illuminated even after the sun has set.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: These particles scatter the light, reflecting some of it to the ground

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: a terminator

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: particles within an atmosphere

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are many sources of light. The most common light sources are thermal: a body at a given temperature emits a characteristic spectrum of black-body radiation. A simple thermal source is sunlight, the radiation emitted by the chromosphere of the Sun at around   peaks in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum when plotted in wavelength units and roughly 44% of sunlight energy that reaches the ground is visible. Another example is incandescent light bulbs, which emit only around 10% of their energy as visible light and the remainder as infrared. A common thermal light source in history is the glowing solid particles in flames, but these also emit most of their radiation in the infrared, and only a fraction in the visible spectrum. The peak of the blackbody spectrum is in the deep infrared, at about 10 micrometre wavelength, for relatively cool objects like human beings. As the temperature increases, the peak shifts to shorter wavelengths, producing first a red glow, then a white one, and finally a blue-white colour as the peak moves out of the visible part of the spectrum and into the ultraviolet. These colours can be seen when metal is heated to "red hot" or "white hot". Blue-white thermal emission is not often seen, except in stars (the commonly seen pure-blue colour in a gas flame or a welder's torch is in fact due to molecular emission, notably by CH radicals (emitting a wavelength band around 425 nm, and is not seen in stars or pure thermal radiation).

text: There are many sources of light. The most common light sources are thermal: a body at a given

text: temperature

text: emits a characteristic spectrum of

text: black-body

text: radiation. A simple thermal source is

text: sunlight

text: , the radiation emitted by the

text: chromosphere

text: of the

text: Sun

text: at around   peaks in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum when plotted in wavelength units and roughly 44% of sunlight energy that reaches the ground is visible. Another example is

text: incandescent light bulb

text: s, which emit only around 10% of their energy as visible light and the remainder as infrared. A common thermal light source in history is the glowing solid particles in

text: flames

text: , but these also emit most of their radiation in the infrared, and only a fraction in the visible spectrum. The peak of the blackbody spectrum is in the deep infrared, at about 10

text: micrometre

text: wavelength, for relatively cool objects like human beings. As the temperature increases, the peak shifts to shorter wavelengths, producing first a red glow, then a white one, and finally a blue-white colour as the peak moves out of the visible part of the spectrum and into the ultraviolet. These colours can be seen when metal is

text: heat

text: ed to "red hot" or "white hot". Blue-white

text: thermal emission

text: is not often seen, except in stars (the commonly seen pure-blue colour in a

text: gas

text: flame or a

text: welder's

text: torch is in fact due to molecular emission, notably by CH radicals (emitting a wavelength band around 425 nm, and is not seen in stars or pure thermal radiation).

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answers: visible

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Blue-white thermal emission is not often seen, except in stars

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light bulbs

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: flames

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A scintillator is a material which exhibits the property of luminescence when excited by ionizing radiation. Luminescent materials, when struck by an incoming particle, such as an X-ray photon, absorb its energy and scintillate, i.e. reemit the absorbed energy in the form of a small flash of light, typically in the visible range.

text: A scintillator is a material which exhibits the property of

text: luminescence

text: when excited by

text: ionizing radiation

text: . Luminescent materials, when struck by an incoming particle, such as an X-ray photon, absorb its energy and scintillate, i.e. reemit the absorbed energy in the form of a small flash of light, typically in the visible range.

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answers: visible range

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answers: scintillator

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answers: scintillator

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Intense light sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.

text: The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR

text: laser

text: s, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Intense light sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the

text: Wood effect

text: that consists of IR-glowing foliage.

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answers: usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination

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text: Illuminations is the fourth extended play (EP) by English recording artist Little Boots. It was released in the United States and Canada on 9 June 2009 by Elektra Records. Released as a digital download, the extended play was accompanied by a digital booklet and a music video for the song "New in Town". In Canada, Illuminations was also released on CD.

text: Illuminations is the fourth

text: extended play

text: (EP) by English recording artist

text: Little Boots

text: . It was released in the United States and Canada on 9 June 2009 by

text: Elektra Records

text: . Released as a

text: digital download

text: , the extended play was accompanied by a

text: digital booklet

text: and a music video for the song "

text: New in Town

text: ". In Canada, Illuminations was also released on

text: CD

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text: Miller noted there appeared to be two colour forms reported across its range, namely a more cream-coloured form with darker shades of brown and grey in its cap that darkens with age, and a more wholly brownish form with paler edges and darker centre to its cap. He found the cream-coloured form to be strongly luminescent—the brightest of any fungus in the genus—with the cap, stipe and gills all glowing. The brown form was generally fainter, with its luminescence restricted to the gills. However, some strongly luminescent wholly brown-coloured mushrooms were recorded, and laboratory experiments showed all interbred freely and produced fertile offspring, leading Miller to conclude that these were phenotypic variants of a single taxon.

text: Miller noted there appeared to be two colour forms reported across its range, namely a more cream-coloured form with darker shades of brown and grey in its cap that darkens with age, and a more wholly brownish form with paler edges and darker centre to its cap. He found the cream-coloured form to be strongly luminescent—the brightest of any fungus in the genus—with the cap, stipe and gills all glowing. The brown form was generally fainter, with its luminescence restricted to the gills. However, some strongly luminescent wholly brown-coloured mushrooms were recorded, and laboratory experiments showed all

text: interbred

text: freely and produced fertile offspring, leading Miller to conclude that these were

text: phenotypic

text: variants of a single

text: taxon

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text: Luminescence! is an album by pianist Barry Harris recorded in 1967 and released on the Prestige label.

text: Luminescence! is an album by pianist

text: Barry Harris

text: recorded in 1967 and released on the

text: Prestige

text: label.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The spectral power distribution over the visible spectrum from a source can have varying concentrations of relative SPDs.  The interactions between light and matter affect the absorption and reflectance properties of  materials and subsequently produces a color that varies with source illumination.

text: The spectral power distribution over the

text: visible spectrum

text: from a source can have varying concentrations of relative SPDs.  The interactions between light and matter affect the absorption and reflectance properties of  materials and subsequently produces a color that varies with source illumination.

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answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: The peculiar and picturesque loess hills which characterize the Palouse Prairie are underlain by wind-blown sediments of the Palouse Loess that covers the surface of over  on the Columbia Plateau in southeastern Washington, western Idaho, and northeastern Oregon.  The Palouse Loess forms a fine-grained mantle of variable thickness that lies upon either the Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group, non-glacial Pliocene fluvial sediments of the Ringold Formation, or Pleistocene glacial outburst flood sediments that are known informally as the Hanford formation. At its thickest, the Palouse Loess is up to  thick. It consists of multiple layers of loess separated by multiple well-defined calcrete paleosols and erosional unconformities. The degree of development of individual layers of calcrete together with thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence dating of the loess indicate that each calcrete layer represents a period of thousands to tens of thousands of years of nondeposition, weathering, and soil development that occurred between episodic periods of loess deposition. A consistent sequence of normal-reverse-normal polarity signatures demonstrates that the older layers of loess accumulated between 2 and 1 million years ago. Detailed optically stimulated luminescence dating has shown that the uppermost layer of Palouse Loess accumulated between 15,000 years ago and modern times and the layer of loess underlying it accumulated episodically between about 77,000 and 16,000 years ago. Regional trends in the distribution, thickness, texture, and overall composition of the Palouse Loess indicate that it largely consists of the wind-blown sediments eroded from fine-grained deposits of the Hanford formation that were periodically deposited by repeated Missoula Floods within the Eureka Flats area.

text: The peculiar and picturesque loess hills which characterize the Palouse Prairie are underlain by wind-blown

text: sediment

text: s of the Palouse Loess that covers the surface of over  on the Columbia Plateau in southeastern Washington, western Idaho, and northeastern Oregon.  The Palouse Loess forms a fine-grained mantle of variable thickness that lies upon either the

text: Miocene

text: Columbia River Basalt Group

text: , non-glacial

text: Pliocene

text: fluvial

text: sediments of the Ringold Formation, or

text: Pleistocene

text: glacial

text: outburst flood

text: sediments that are known informally as the Hanford formation. At its thickest, the Palouse Loess is up to  thick. It consists of multiple layers of

text: loess

text: separated by multiple well-defined

text: calcrete

text: paleosol

text: s and erosional

text: unconformities

text: . The degree of development of individual layers of calcrete together with

text: thermoluminescence

text: and

text: optically stimulated luminescence dating

text: of the loess indicate that each calcrete layer represents a period of thousands to tens of thousands of years of nondeposition, weathering, and soil development that occurred between episodic periods of loess deposition. A consistent sequence of

text: normal-reverse-normal polarity signatures

text: demonstrates that the older layers of loess accumulated between 2 and 1 million years ago. Detailed optically stimulated luminescence dating has shown that the uppermost layer of Palouse Loess accumulated between 15,000 years ago and modern times and the layer of loess underlying it accumulated episodically between about 77,000 and 16,000 years ago. Regional trends in the distribution, thickness, texture, and overall composition of the Palouse Loess indicate that it largely consists of the wind-blown sediments eroded from fine-grained deposits of the Hanford formation that were periodically deposited by repeated

text: Missoula Floods

text: within the Eureka Flats area.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: optically

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: thermoluminescence

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: thermoluminescence

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: thermoluminescence

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Due to refraction of light rays in the Earth's atmosphere the Sun, whether  rising or setting, will, in part, show above the horizon even when its disc is completely below the limb of Earth's horizon. Also, viewed from the Earth, the Sun presents as an extended object (a disc) source of light rather than a point source of light, and its upper disk is visible even when the center of the Sun is below Earth's horizon. Thus, sunrise produces daylight  several minutes before  the Sun's geometric center crosses from below the horizon; a converse sequence occurs at dusk, and sunset produces daylight several minutes after the setting of the center of the Sun to below Earth's horizon. These conditions produce differentials of actual durations of light and darkness at various locations on Earth during an equinox; see lengths of equinoctial day and night.

text: Due to

text: refraction

text: of light rays in the Earth's atmosphere the Sun, whether  rising or setting, will, in part, show above the horizon even when its disc is completely below the limb of Earth's horizon. Also, viewed from the Earth, the Sun presents as an extended object (a disc) source of light rather than a point source of light, and its upper disk is visible even when the center of the Sun is below Earth's horizon. Thus, sunrise produces daylight  several minutes before  the Sun's geometric center crosses from below the horizon; a converse sequence occurs at dusk, and sunset produces daylight several minutes after the setting of the center of the Sun to below Earth's horizon. These conditions produce differentials of actual durations of light and darkness at various locations on Earth during an equinox; see

text: lengths of equinoctial day and night

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: the Sun

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In radiometry and colorimetry (or color science more generally), the spectral power distribution (SPD) of a light source is a measure of the power contributed by each frequency or color in a light source. The light spectrum is usually measured at points (often 31) along the visible spectrum, in wavelength space instead of frequency space, which makes it not strictly a spectral density. Some spectrophotometers can measure increments as fine as one to two nanometers. the values are used to calculate other specifications and then plotted to show the spectral attributes of the source. This can be helpful in analyzing the color characteristics of a particular source.

text: In

text: radiometry

text: and

text: colorimetry

text: (or

text: color science

text: more generally), the

text: spectral power distribution

text: (SPD) of a

text: light source

text: is a measure of the power contributed by each frequency or color in a light source. The light spectrum is usually measured at points (often 31) along the

text: visible spectrum

text: , in wavelength space instead of frequency space, which makes it not strictly a spectral density. Some

text: spectrophotometers

text: can measure increments as fine as one to two

text: nanometer

text: s. the values are used to calculate other specifications and then plotted to show the spectral attributes of the source. This can be helpful in analyzing the

text: color

text: characteristics of a particular source.

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answers: Some spectrophotometers can measure increments as fine as two nanometers

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answers: Some spectrophotometers

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answers: light source

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answers: light source

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The other important factor for a photocatalyst is the range of light absorbed; though UV-based photocatalysts will perform better per photon than visible light-based photocatalysts due to the higher photon energy, far more visible light reaches the Earth's surface than UV light. Thus, a less efficient photocatalyst that absorbs visible light may ultimately be more useful than a more efficient photocatalyst absorbing solely light with smaller wavelengths.

text: The other important factor for a photocatalyst is the range of light absorbed; though UV-based photocatalysts will perform better per

text: photon

text: than visible light-based photocatalysts due to the higher photon energy, far more visible light reaches the Earth's surface than UV light. Thus, a less efficient photocatalyst that absorbs visible light may ultimately be more useful than a more efficient photocatalyst absorbing solely light with smaller wavelengths.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: photocatalyst

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: UV

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Sources that depend on thermal emission from a solid filament, such as incandescent light bulbs, tend to have low overall efficacy because, as explained by Donald L. Klipstein, “An ideal thermal radiator produces visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6300 °C (6600 K or 11,500 °F). Even at this high temperature, a lot of the radiation is either infrared or ultraviolet, and the theoretical luminous [efficacy] is 95 lumens per watt. No substance is solid and usable as a light bulb filament at temperatures anywhere close to this. The surface of the sun is not quite that hot.” At temperatures where the tungsten filament of an ordinary light bulb remains solid (below 3683 kelvins), most of its emission is in the infrared.

text: Sources that depend on thermal emission from a solid filament, such as

text: incandescent light bulb

text: s, tend to have low overall efficacy because, as explained by Donald L. Klipstein, “An ideal thermal radiator produces visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6300 °C (6600 K or 11,500 °F). Even at this high temperature, a lot of the radiation is either infrared or ultraviolet, and the theoretical luminous [efficacy] is 95 lumens per watt. No substance is solid and usable as a light bulb filament at temperatures anywhere close to this. The surface of the sun is not quite that hot.” At temperatures where the

text: tungsten

text: filament of an ordinary light bulb remains solid (below 3683 kelvins), most of its emission is in the

text: infrared

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: even at this high temperature

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light bulbs

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: light bulbs

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The relationship of the Woodward/Evans work on the incandescent bulb that of others, including Edison, on electric light is explained in the following passage of an article in a 1900 issue of Electrical World and Engineer as follows:

text: The relationship of the Woodward/Evans work on the incandescent bulb that of others, including Edison, on electric light is explained in the following passage of an article in a 1900 issue of Electrical World and Engineer as follows:

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with substantial shortcomings.

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: incandescent bulb

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: Incandescent bulb

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Savoy was a state-of-the-art theatre and the first public building in the world to be lit entirely by electricity. In 1881, Sir Joseph Swan, inventor of the incandescent light bulb, supplied about 1,200 Swan incandescent lamps, and the lights were powered by a  generator on open land near the theatre. Carte explained why he had introduced electric light: "The greatest drawbacks to the enjoyment of the theatrical performances are, undoubtedly, the foul air and heat which pervade all theatres. As everyone knows, each gas-burner consumes as much oxygen as many people, and causes great heat beside. The incandescent lamps consume no oxygen, and cause no perceptible heat." The first generator proved too small to power the whole building, and though the entire front-of-house was electrically lit, the stage was lit by gas until 28 December 1881. At that performance, Carte stepped onstage and broke a glowing lightbulb before the audience to demonstrate the safety of the new technology. The Times described the electric lighting as superior, visually, to gaslight. Gaslights were installed as a backup, but they rarely had to be used. The Times concluded that the theatre "is admirably adapted for its purpose, its acoustic qualities are excellent, and all reasonable demands of comfort and taste are complied with." Carte and his manager, George Edwardes (later famous as manager of the Gaiety Theatre), introduced several innovations including numbered seating, free programme booklets, good quality whisky in the bars, the "queue" system for the pit and gallery (an American idea) and a policy of no tipping for cloakroom or other services. Daily expenses at the theatre were about half the possible takings from ticket sales.

text: The Savoy was a state-of-the-art theatre and the first public building in the world to be lit entirely by electricity. In 1881,

text: Sir Joseph Swan

text: , inventor of the

text: incandescent light bulb

text: , supplied about 1,200 Swan incandescent lamps, and the lights were powered by a  generator on open land near the theatre. Carte explained why he had introduced electric light: "The greatest drawbacks to the enjoyment of the theatrical performances are, undoubtedly, the foul air and heat which pervade all theatres. As everyone knows, each

text: gas-burner

text: consumes as much oxygen as many people, and causes great heat beside. The incandescent lamps consume no oxygen, and cause no perceptible heat." The first generator proved too small to power the whole building, and though the entire front-of-house was electrically lit, the stage was lit by gas until 28 December 1881. At that performance, Carte stepped onstage and broke a glowing lightbulb before the audience to demonstrate the safety of the new technology. The Times described the electric lighting as superior, visually, to gaslight. Gaslights were installed as a backup, but they rarely had to be used. The Times concluded that the theatre "is admirably adapted for its purpose, its acoustic qualities are excellent, and all reasonable demands of comfort and taste are complied with." Carte and his manager,

text: George Edwardes

text: (later famous as manager of the

text: Gaiety Theatre

text: ), introduced several innovations including numbered seating, free programme booklets, good quality whisky in the bars, the "queue" system for the pit and gallery (an American idea) and a policy of no tipping for cloakroom or other services. Daily expenses at the theatre were about half the possible takings from ticket sales.

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: gas-burner

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: lightbulb

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Georg Wolf (1873–1938) a Berlin manufacturer of rigid endoscopes, established in 1906, produced the Sussmann flexible gastroscope in 1911(Modlin,Farhadi-Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 2000).Karl Storz began producing instruments for ENT specialists in 1945. His intention was to develop instruments which would enable the practitioner to look inside the human body. The technology available at the end of the Second World War was still very modest: The area under examination in the interior of the human body was illuminated with miniature electric lamps; alternatively, attempts were made to reflect light from an external source into the body through the endoscopic tube. Karl Storz pursued a plan: he set out to introduce very bright, but cold light into the body cavities through the instrument, thus providing excellent visibility while at the same time allowing objective documentation by means of image transmission.

text: Georg Wolf (1873–1938) a Berlin manufacturer of rigid endoscopes, established in 1906, produced the Sussmann flexible gastroscope in 1911(Modlin,Farhadi-Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 2000).Karl Storz began producing instruments for

text: ENT

text: specialists in 1945. His intention was to develop instruments which would enable the practitioner to look inside the human body. The technology available at the end of the Second World War was still very modest: The area under examination in the interior of the human body was illuminated with miniature electric lamps; alternatively, attempts were made to reflect light from an external source into the body through the endoscopic tube. Karl Storz pursued a plan: he set out to introduce very bright, but cold light into the body cavities through the instrument, thus providing excellent visibility while at the same time allowing objective documentation by means of image transmission.

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answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: electric lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: electric lamps

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Better signs were soon developed that more resembled today's modern exit sign, with an incandescent bulb inside a rectangular-shaped box that backlit the word "EXIT" on one or both sides.  Being larger than its predecessors, this version of the exit sign solved some of the visibility problem.  The sign was only useful as long as main power remained on.

text: Better signs were soon developed that more resembled today's modern exit sign, with an incandescent bulb inside a rectangular-shaped box that backlit the word "EXIT" on one or both sides.  Being larger than its predecessors, this version of the exit sign solved some of the visibility problem.  The sign was only useful as long as main power remained on.

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text: Materials distinguish the interior, with exposed unpainted concrete visibly dominating. The floors and stairways are of polished terrazzo, the walls and ceilings of exposed unpolished concrete. The ground floor accommodates foyer, checkroom, cashier’s desk, and catalogue sales, although most of its almost 500 m2 is used as a multifunctional exhibiting space for KUB Arena projects. Aside from its etched glass outer walls, three differently positioned concrete wall-slabs are visible on the ground floor. These support the Kunsthaus floors and ceilings, structuring the exhibition space on all three upper stories and dividing it from the main stairways, emergency exits, and passenger and freight elevators. Uniformly positioned entrances and exits structure a route through ground floor and upper stories. The latter differ only in ceiling height; each can be used as one large space or scaled down by means of mobile partitions, depending on the project. All three upper stories are top-lit. The ceilings of the exhibition spaces are of loosely joined glass panels. Incident light enters the building on all four sides through light bands and is distributed through the interior volume of each story by the glass ceiling panels. Artificial lighting in the cavity above the glass ceilings complements or replaces daylight as required. These light sources are not visible. The ground and three upper stories and their material and formal aesthetic make up a unity with great potential for art installations. Two subterranean levels complete the spatial program. The first, supplied with daylight by a light pit, accommodates a lecture room, the museum educational center, and sanitary rooms, separated from the non public areas (stock, maintenance, personnel rooms) by translucent glass brick walls. The second subterranean level is closed to the public. It accommodates an originals archive and storage space as well as the electrical, heating, and climate controls.

text: Materials distinguish the interior, with exposed unpainted

text: concrete

text: visibly dominating. The floors and stairways are of polished

text: terrazzo

text: , the walls and ceilings of exposed unpolished concrete. The ground floor accommodates foyer, checkroom, cashier’s desk, and catalogue sales, although most of its almost 500 m2 is used as a multifunctional exhibiting space for KUB Arena projects. Aside from its

text: etched glass

text: outer walls, three differently positioned concrete wall-slabs are visible on the ground floor. These support the Kunsthaus floors and ceilings, structuring the exhibition space on all three upper stories and dividing it from the main stairways,

text: emergency exit

text: s, and passenger and freight

text: elevator

text: s. Uniformly positioned entrances and exits structure a route through ground floor and upper stories. The latter differ only in ceiling height; each can be used as one large space or scaled down by means of mobile partitions, depending on the project. All three upper stories are top-lit. The ceilings of the exhibition spaces are of loosely joined glass panels.

text: Incident light

text: enters the building on all four sides through light bands and is distributed through the interior volume of each story by the glass ceiling panels. Artificial lighting in the cavity above the glass ceilings complements or replaces daylight as required. These light sources are not visible. The ground and three upper stories and their material and formal aesthetic make up a unity with great potential for

text: art installation

text: s. Two subterranean levels complete the spatial program. The first, supplied with daylight by a

text: light pit

text: , accommodates a lecture room, the museum educational center, and sanitary rooms, separated from the non public areas (stock, maintenance, personnel rooms) by translucent glass brick walls. The second subterranean level is closed to the public. It accommodates an originals archive and storage space as well as the electrical, heating, and

text: climate control

text: s.

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answers: These light sources are not visible

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light bands

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: glass

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Many of the light sources that emit white light emit light at almost all visible wavelengths (sun light, incandescent lamps of various Color temperatures). This has led to the notion that white light can be defined as a mixture of "all colors" or "all visible wavelengths". This misconception is widespread and might originally stem from the fact that Newton discovered that sunlight is composed of light with wavelengths across the visible spectrum. Concluding that since "all colors" produce white light then white must be made up of "all colors" is a common logical error called affirming the consequent, which might be the cause of the misunderstanding.

text: Many of the light sources that emit white light emit light at almost all visible wavelengths (sun light, incandescent lamps of various

text: Color temperature

text: s). This has led to the notion that white light can be defined as a mixture of "all colors" or "all visible wavelengths". This misconception is widespread and might originally stem from the fact that

text: Newton

text: discovered that sunlight is composed of light with wavelengths across the visible spectrum. Concluding that since "all colors" produce white light then white must be made up of "all colors" is a common logical error called

text: affirming the consequent

text: , which might be the cause of the misunderstanding.

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answers: visible

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answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: incandescent lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: incandescent lamps

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It includes techniques such as optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL), and thermoluminescence (TL). "Optical dating" typically refers to OSL and IRSL, but not TL.

text: It includes techniques such as

text: optically stimulated luminescence

text: (OSL), infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL), and

text: thermoluminescence

text: (TL). "Optical dating" typically refers to OSL and IRSL, but not TL.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: optically stimulated luminescence

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: thermoluminescence

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: optically stimulated luminescence

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Luminescence in solution obeys the linear Stern–Volmer relationship. Fluorescence of a molecule is quenched by specific analytes, e.g., ruthenium complexes are quenched by oxygen.  When a fluorophore is immobilised within a polymer matrix myriad micro-environments are created. The micro-environments reflect varying diffusion co-efficients for the analyte. This leads to a non-linear relationship between the fluorescence and the quencher (analyte). This relationship is modelled in various ways, the most popular model is the two site model created by James Demas (University of Virginia).

text: Luminescence in solution obeys the linear

text: Stern–Volmer relationship

text: . Fluorescence of a molecule is

text: quenched

text: by specific analytes, e.g.,

text: ruthenium

text: complexes are quenched by oxygen.  When a

text: fluorophore

text: is immobilised within a polymer matrix myriad micro-environments are created. The micro-environments reflect varying diffusion co-efficients for the analyte. This leads to a

text: non-linear

text: relationship between the fluorescence and the quencher (analyte). This relationship is modelled in various ways, the most popular model is the two site model created by James Demas (University of Virginia).

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: ruthenium complexes

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: ruthenium

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Because of the illusion this can give to moving machinery, it is advised that single-phase lighting be avoided in workshops and factories. For example, a factory that is lit from a single-phase supply with basic fluorescent lighting will have a flicker of twice the mains frequency, either at 100 or 120 Hz (depending on country); thus, any machinery rotating at multiples of this frequency may appear to not be turning. Seeing that the most common types of AC motors are locked to the mains frequency, this can pose a considerable hazard to operators of lathes and other rotating equipment. Solutions include deploying the lighting over a full 3-phase supply, or by using high-frequency controllers that drive the lights at safer frequencies. Traditional incandescent light bulbs, which employ filaments that glow continuously, offer another option as well, albeit at the expense of increased power consumption. Smaller incandescent lights can be used as task lighting on equipment to help combat this effect to avoid the cost of operating larger quantities of incandescent lighting in a workshop environment.

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answers: visible light

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answers: The illusion this can give to moving machinery

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: incandescent light bulbs

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fluorescent lighting

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Visible light includes radiation with wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, meaning that far infrared photons have less energy than visible light photons.

text: Visible light

text: includes radiation with wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, meaning that far infrared photons have less energy than visible light photons.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: far infrared

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: far infrared

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The English version of Luminescence—sharing the same title with the French counterpart—was released in Europe under Sony BMG and in Asia under Universal Music. "Undress Me" was chosen as the first single from the English version. Although it wasn't accompanied with a music video, it debuted at number 13 in Italy, becoming her fifth top 20 single there. It also provided Anggun with her first hit in the Middle East, where the song topped the charts in Lebanon and Turkey. "In Your Mind" was released as the second single and it became a huge hit in Asia. The third single, "Saviour", was used as the soundtrack for the U.S. box office number-one film Transporter 2.

text: The English version of Luminescence—sharing the same title with the French counterpart—was released in Europe under

text: Sony BMG

text: and in Asia under

text: Universal Music

text: . "Undress Me" was chosen as the first single from the English version. Although it wasn't accompanied with a music video, it debuted at number 13 in Italy, becoming her fifth top 20 single there. It also provided Anggun with her first hit in the Middle East, where the song topped the charts in Lebanon and Turkey. "

text: In Your Mind

text: " was released as the second single and it became a huge hit in Asia. The third single, "

text: Saviour

text: ", was used as the soundtrack for the

entity_name: List of 2005 box office number-one films in the United States

text: U.S. box office number-one

text: film

text: Transporter 2

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answers: Luminescence

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answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

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answers: Luminescence

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answers: Luminescence

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The broadcasting booth obscures what appears to be two sources of light, one emanating from the booth, and another from additional equipment barely visible on the far right in the middleground.

text: The broadcasting booth obscures what appears to be two sources of light, one emanating from the booth, and another from additional equipment barely visible on the far right in the middleground.

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answers: visible light

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answers: broadcasting booth

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answers: equipment

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A safelight is a light source suitable for use in a photographic darkroom. It provides illumination only from parts of the visible spectrum to which the photographic material in use is nearly, or completely, insensitive.

text: A safelight is a

text: light source

text: suitable for use in a photographic

text: darkroom

text: . It provides illumination only from parts of the

text: visible spectrum

text: to which the photographic material in use is nearly, or completely, insensitive.

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answers: NDQ_018514

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answers: NDQ_018517

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible spectrum

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: insensitive

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: A safelight

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: safelight

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Unlike in UV/visible spectroscopy, ‘standard’, device independent spectra are not easily attained. Several factors influence and distort the spectra, and corrections are necessary to attain ‘true’, i.e. machine-independent, spectra. The different types of distortions will here be classified as being either instrument- or sample-related. Firstly, the distortion arising from the instrument is discussed. As a start, the light source intensity and wavelength characteristics varies over time during each experiment and between each experiment. Furthermore, no lamp has a constant intensity at all wavelengths. To correct this, a beam splitter can be applied after the excitation monochromator or filter to direct a portion of the light to a reference detector.

text: Unlike in UV/visible spectroscopy, ‘standard’, device independent spectra are not easily attained. Several factors influence and distort the spectra, and corrections are necessary to attain ‘true’, i.e. machine-independent, spectra. The different types of distortions will here be classified as being either instrument- or sample-related. Firstly, the distortion arising from the instrument is discussed. As a start, the light source intensity and wavelength characteristics varies over time during each experiment and between each experiment. Furthermore, no lamp has a constant intensity at all wavelengths. To correct this, a beam splitter can be applied after the excitation monochromator or filter to direct a portion of the light to a reference detector.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_018514

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: UV/visible

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: lamp

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: lamp

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The use of Sidot's blende (zinc sulfide) instead of barium platinocyanide as a luminescence material to make the radioactive rays visible was a commonly accepted improvement. He did several self-experiments with radioactive substances and was able to affirm the damaging effects of radioactive radiation on skin. Because of prolonged contact with radioactive material, fingers of his right hand had to be amputated and he suffered from lung cancer. He died of lung cancer in 1927. His name was included on the Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations erected in Hamburg, Germany in 1936.

text: The use of

text: Sidot's blende

text: (zinc sulfide) instead of

text: barium platinocyanide

text: as a luminescence material to make the radioactive rays visible was a commonly accepted improvement. He did several self-experiments with radioactive substances and was able to affirm the damaging effects of radioactive radiation on skin. Because of prolonged contact with radioactive material, fingers of his right hand had to be amputated and he suffered from lung cancer. He died of lung cancer in 1927. His name was included on the

entity_name: Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations

text: Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations

text: erected in

text: Hamburg

text: , Germany in 1936.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: radioactive rays

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: barium platinocyanide

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An afterglow is a broad high arch of whitish or rosy light appearing in the sky due to very fine particles of dust suspended in the high regions of the atmosphere. An afterglow may appear above the highest clouds in the hour of deepening twilight, or reflected from the high snowfields in mountain regions long after sunset. The particles produce a scattering effect upon the component parts of white light. The true alpenglow, which occurs long after sunset or long before sunrise, is caused by the backscattering of red sunlight by aerosols and fine dust particles low in the atmosphere. It is an afterglow caused by direct illumination of atmospheric particles by sunlight as it refracts and gets scattered through the Earth's atmosphere. The high-energy and high-frequency light is scattered out the most and the remaining low-energy, low-frequency reaches the observer in the horizon at twilight. The backscattering of this light further turns it pinkish-red. This period of time is referred to as the blue hour and is widely treasured by photographers and painters as it offers breathtaking imagery.The afterglow persists till the Earth's shadow (terminator line) takes over the sky of the observer as nightfall and the stars appear, with planet Venus being the brightest star visible in the night sky just opposite to the Belt of Venus at the anti-solar point.

text: An afterglow is a broad high arch of whitish or rosy light appearing in the

text: sky

text: due to very fine particles of

text: dust

text: suspended in the high regions of the

text: atmosphere

text: . An afterglow may appear above the highest

text: cloud

text: s in the hour of deepening

text: twilight

text: , or

text: reflected

text: from the high

text: snow

text: fields in

text: mountain

text: regions long after

text: sunset

text: . The particles produce a

text: scattering

text: effect upon the component parts of

text: white

text: light

text: . The true

text: alpenglow

text: , which occurs long after sunset or long before sunrise, is caused by the

text: backscattering

text: of red sunlight by

text: aerosols

text: and fine dust particles low in the atmosphere. It is an afterglow caused by

text: direct illumination

text: of atmospheric particles by sunlight as it

text: refracts

text: and gets

text: scattered

text: through the Earth's atmosphere. The

text: high-energy

text: and

text: high-frequency

text: light is

text: scattered

text: out the most and the remaining low-energy, low-frequency reaches the observer in the

text: horizon

text: at

text: twilight

text: . The backscattering of this light further turns it pinkish-red. This period of time is referred to as the

text: blue hour

text: and is widely treasured by

text: photographers

text: and

text: painters

text: as it offers breathtaking imagery.The afterglow persists till the

text: Earth's shadow

text: (terminator line) takes over the

text: sky

text: of the observer as nightfall and the stars appear, with planet

text: Venus

text: being the brightest star visible in the

text: night sky

text: just opposite to the

text: Belt of Venus

text: at the

text: anti-solar point

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: A new emerging type of concentrators which are still at the research stage are Luminescent solar concentrators, they are composed of luminescent plates either totally impregnated by luminescent species or fluorescent thin films on transparent plates. They absorb solar light which is converted to fluorescence guided to plate edges where it emerges in a concentrated form. The concentration factor is directly proportional to the plate surface and inversely proportional to the plate edges. Such arrangement allows to use small amounts of solar cells as a result of concentration of fluorescent light. The fluorescent concentrator is able to concentrate both direct and diffuse light which is especially important on cloudy days. They also don't need expensive Solar trackers.

text: A new emerging type of concentrators which are still at the research stage are

text: Luminescent solar concentrator

text: s, they are composed of luminescent plates either totally impregnated by luminescent species or fluorescent

text: thin films

text: on transparent plates. They absorb solar

text: light

text: which is converted to

text: fluorescence

text: guided to plate edges where it emerges in a concentrated form. The concentration factor is directly proportional to the plate surface and inversely proportional to the plate edges. Such arrangement allows to use small amounts of

text: solar cells

text: as a result of concentration of fluorescent light. The fluorescent concentrator is able to concentrate both direct and diffuse light which is especially important on cloudy days. They also don't need expensive

text: Solar tracker

text: s.

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answers: luminescent

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: luminescent plates

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: luminescent species

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Helium–cadmium lasers are a common source of blue-ultraviolet laser light. They operate at either 325 or 422 nm in fluorescence microscopes and various laboratory experiments. Cadmium selenide quantum dots emit bright luminescence under UV excitation (He-Cd laser, for example). The color of this luminescence can be green, yellow or red depending on the particle size. Colloidal solutions of those particles are used for imaging of biological tissues and solutions with a fluorescence microscope.

text: Helium–cadmium lasers are a common source of blue-ultraviolet laser light. They operate at either 325 or 422 nm in

text: fluorescence microscope

text: s and various laboratory experiments. Cadmium selenide

text: quantum dot

text: s emit bright

text: luminescence

text: under UV excitation (He-Cd laser, for example). The color of this luminescence can be green, yellow or red depending on the particle size. Colloidal solutions of those particles are used for imaging of biological tissues and solutions with a

text: fluorescence microscope

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Cadmium selenide quantum dots

answers: NDQ_018517

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Since not everyone is irritated by the same lighting sources, it is common for one person's light "pollution" to be light that is desirable for another. One example of this is found in advertising, when an advertiser wishes for particular lights to be bright and visible, even though others find them annoying. Other types of light pollution are more certain. For instance, light that accidentally crosses a property boundary and annoys a neighbor is generally wasted and pollutive light.

text: Since not everyone is irritated by the same lighting sources, it is common for one person's light "pollution" to be light that is desirable for another. One example of this is found in advertising, when an advertiser wishes for particular lights to be bright and visible, even though others find them annoying. Other types of light pollution are more certain. For instance, light that accidentally crosses a property boundary and annoys a neighbor is generally wasted and pollutive light.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The pineconefish is yellow with distinct large scales outlined in black.  It has light-producing organs filled with luminescent bacteria on each side of the lower jaw the purpose of with is not known, but may help it to see at night or to attract prey.  The fish grows to 17 cm, but is more commonly found up to 12 cm.

text: The pineconefish is yellow with distinct large scales outlined in black.  It has light-producing organs filled with luminescent bacteria on each side of the lower jaw the purpose of with is not known, but may help it to see at night or to attract prey.  The fish grows to 17 cm, but is more commonly found up to 12 cm.

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answer: No

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text: With increasing depth underwater, sunlight is absorbed, and the amount of visible light diminishes. Because absorption is greater for long wavelengths (red end of the visible spectrum) than for short wavelengths (blue end of the visible spectrum), the colour spectrum is rapidly altered with increasing depth. White objects at the surface appear bluish underwater, and red objects appear dark, even black. Although light penetration will be less if water is turbid, in the very clear water of the open ocean less than 25% of the surface light reaches a depth of 10 m (33 feet). At 100 m (330 ft) the light present from the sun is normally about 0.5% of that at the surface.

text: With increasing depth underwater,

text: sunlight

text: is absorbed, and the amount of visible

text: light

text: diminishes. Because absorption is greater for long

text: wavelength

text: s (red end of the

text: visible spectrum

text: ) than for short wavelengths (blue end of the visible spectrum), the

text: colour spectrum

text: is rapidly altered with increasing depth. White objects at the surface appear bluish underwater, and red objects appear dark, even black. Although light penetration will be less if water is

text: turbid

text: , in the very clear water of the open ocean less than 25% of the surface light reaches a depth of 10 m (33 feet). At 100 m (330 ft) the light present from the sun is normally about 0.5% of that at the surface.

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answers: Yes

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answers: NDQ_018517

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The luminous flux (or visible power) in a light source is defined by the photopic luminosity function. The following equation calculates the total luminous flux in a source of light:

text: The luminous flux (or visible power) in a light source is defined by the photopic luminosity function. The following equation calculates the total luminous flux in a source of light:

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answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light source

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: light source

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A calculation of the MPE for ocular exposure takes into account the various ways light can act upon the eye. For example, deep-ultraviolet light causes accumulating damage, even at very low powers. Infrared light with a wavelength longer than about 1400 nm is absorbed by the transparent parts of the eye before it reaches the retina, which means that the MPE for these wavelengths is higher than for visible light. In addition to the wavelength and exposure time, the MPE takes into account the spatial distribution of the light (from a laser or otherwise). Collimated laser beams of visible and near-infrared light are especially dangerous at relatively low powers because the lens focuses the light onto a tiny spot on the retina. Light sources with a smaller degree of spatial coherence than a well-collimated laser beam, such as high-power LEDs, lead to a distribution of the light over a larger area on the retina. For such sources, the MPE is higher than for collimated laser beams. In the MPE calculation, the worst-case scenario is assumed, in which the eye lens focuses the light into the smallest possible spot size on the retina for the particular wavelength and the pupil is fully open. Although the MPE is specified as power or energy per unit surface, it is based on the power or energy that can pass through a fully open pupil (0.39 cm) for visible and near-infrared wavelengths. This is relevant for laser beams that have a cross-section smaller than 0.39 cm. The IEC-60825-1 and ANSI Z136.1 standards include methods of calculating MPEs.

text: A calculation of the MPE for ocular exposure takes into account the various ways light can act upon the eye. For example, deep-ultraviolet light causes accumulating damage, even at very low powers.

text: Infrared

text: light with a wavelength longer than about 1400 nm is absorbed by the transparent parts of the eye before it reaches the retina, which means that the MPE for these wavelengths is higher than for visible light. In addition to the wavelength and exposure time, the MPE takes into account the spatial distribution of the light (from a laser or otherwise). Collimated laser beams of visible and near-infrared light are especially dangerous at relatively low powers because the lens focuses the light onto a tiny spot on the retina. Light sources with a smaller degree of

text: spatial coherence

text: than a well-collimated laser beam, such as high-power

text: LED

text: s, lead to a distribution of the light over a larger area on the retina. For such sources, the MPE is higher than for collimated laser beams. In the MPE calculation, the worst-case scenario is assumed, in which the eye lens focuses the light into the smallest possible spot size on the retina for the particular wavelength and the

text: pupil

text: is fully open. Although the MPE is specified as power or energy per unit surface, it is based on the power or energy that can pass through a fully open pupil (0.39 cm) for visible and near-infrared wavelengths. This is relevant for laser beams that have a cross-section smaller than 0.39 cm. The IEC-60825-1 and ANSI Z136.1 standards include methods of calculating MPEs.

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: NDQ_018511

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answers: NDQ_018514

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answers: NDQ_018517

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared light with a wavelength longer than about 1400 nm

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: LEDs

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: LEDs

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Optically stimulated luminescence dating is a related measurement method which replaces heating with exposure to intense light.  The sample material is illuminated with a very bright source of green or blue light (for quartz) or infrared light (for potassium feldspars).  Ultraviolet light emitted by the sample is detected for measurement.

text: Optically stimulated luminescence

text: dating is a related measurement method which replaces heating with exposure to intense light.  The sample material is illuminated with a very bright source of green or blue light (for

text: quartz

text: ) or

text: infrared light

text: (for

text: potassium feldspars

text: Ultraviolet light

text: emitted by the sample is detected for measurement.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: quartz

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: quartz

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1974, the glow was explained by R. J. van Zee and A. U. Khan. A reaction with oxygen takes place at the surface of the solid (or liquid) phosphorus, forming the short-lived molecules HPO and  that both emit visible light. The reaction is slow and only very little of the intermediates are required to produce the luminescence, hence the extended time the glow continues in a stoppered jar.

text: In 1974, the glow was explained by R. J. van Zee and A. U. Khan. A reaction with oxygen takes place at the surface of the solid (or liquid) phosphorus, forming the short-lived molecules HPO and  that both emit visible light. The reaction is slow and only very little of the intermediates are required to produce the luminescence, hence the extended time the glow continues in a stoppered jar.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The service life of a RO is determined by the lifetime of the light source and the acceptable drift of the parameters of the photoresistor. A typical LED can operate for 10,000 hours, after which its parameters slightly degrade. Its lifetime can be prolonged by limiting the controlling current to half of the maximum value. ROs based on incandescent lamps typically fail after about 20,000 hours, due to the burnout of the spiral, and are more prone to overheating.

text: The service life of a RO is determined by the lifetime of the light source and the acceptable drift of the parameters of the photoresistor. A typical LED can operate for 10,000 hours, after which its parameters slightly degrade. Its lifetime can be prolonged by limiting the controlling current to half of the maximum value. ROs based on incandescent lamps typically fail after about 20,000 hours, due to the burnout of the spiral, and are more prone to overheating.

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answer: 1

text: The common symbol for inventiveness, the light bulb, is a perfect example. The first incandescent light bulb was invented by British chemist Sir Humphry Davy in 1802. Many subsequent inventors improved Davy's invention prior to the successful commercialization of electric lighting by Thomas Edison in 1880, 78 years later. Electric lighting continued to be developed. Edison's carbon filament light bulb was made obsolete by the tungsten filament light bulb, invented in 1904 by Sándor Just and Franjo Hanaman. It is this that forms the popular conception of a light bulb, though there are other major forms of lighting. The principle of fluorescent lights was known since 1845, and various inventors, including Edison and Nikola Tesla worked on them without commercial success. Various improvements were made by many other inventors, until General Electric introduced "fluorescent lumiline lamps" commercially in 1938, first available to the public at the 1939 World's Fair. LED lamps also have a long history, with the first light-emitting diode (LED) invented in 1927 by Oleg Losev. LEDs were initially of low brightness, and have been used as indicator lamps and seven-segment displays since 1968. It wasn't until the development of high efficiency blue LEDs by Shuji Nakamura in the 1980s that white LEDs for lighting applications became practical. Although higher cost than incandescent light bulbs, LEDs have higher efficiency and longer life and may finally displace light bulbs in general lighting applications. In each case, more than 50 years passed between the initial invention and commercial success in general lighting applications.

text: The common symbol for inventiveness, the light bulb, is a perfect example. The first

text: incandescent light bulb

text: was invented by British

text: chemist

text: Sir Humphry Davy

text: in 1802. Many subsequent inventors improved Davy's invention prior to the successful commercialization of electric lighting by

text: Thomas Edison

text: in 1880, 78 years later. Electric lighting continued to be developed. Edison's carbon filament light bulb was made obsolete by the tungsten filament light bulb, invented in 1904 by

text: Sándor Just

text: and

text: Franjo Hanaman

text: . It is this that forms the popular conception of a light bulb, though there are other major forms of lighting. The principle of

text: fluorescent lights

text: was known since 1845, and various inventors, including Edison and

text: Nikola Tesla

text: worked on them without commercial success. Various improvements were made by many other inventors, until

text: General Electric

text: introduced "fluorescent lumiline lamps" commercially in 1938, first available to the public at the

text: 1939 World's Fair

text: LED lamps

text: also have a long history, with the first

text: light-emitting diode

text: (LED) invented in 1927 by

text: Oleg Losev

text: . LEDs were initially of low brightness, and have been used as indicator lamps and

text: seven-segment display

text: s since 1968. It wasn't until the development of high efficiency blue LEDs by

text: Shuji Nakamura

text: in the 1980s that white LEDs for lighting applications became practical. Although higher cost than incandescent light bulbs, LEDs have higher efficiency and longer life and may finally displace light bulbs in general lighting applications. In each case, more than 50 years passed between the initial invention and commercial success in general lighting applications.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Suitable optical designs trap light emitted by the luminescent material in all directions, redirecting it so that little escapes the photovoltaic converters. Redirection techniques include internal reflection, refractive index gradients and where suitable, diffraction. In principle such LSCs can use light from cloudy skies and similar diffuse sources that are of little use for powering conventional solar cells or for concentration by conventional optical reflectors or refractive devices.

text: Suitable optical designs trap light emitted by the luminescent material in all directions, redirecting it so that little escapes the

text: photovoltaic converters

text: . Redirection techniques include

text: internal reflection

text: refractive index

text: gradients and where suitable,

text: diffraction

text: . In principle such LSCs can use light from cloudy skies and similar diffuse sources that are of little use for powering conventional solar cells or for concentration by conventional optical reflectors or refractive devices.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The absorption of energy followed by the emission of light is often described by the term luminescence. The exact term  used is based on the energy source responsible for the luminescence as in color-change phenomena.

text: The absorption of energy followed by the emission of light is often described by the term

text: luminescence

text: . The exact term  used is based on the energy source responsible for the luminescence as in color-change phenomena.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Light can have a variety of effects on textiles over time.  In some cases, it may contribute to fading or discoloration, but of more concern is the damage which the fibers may suffer under prolonged exposure to non-visible light, such as ultraviolet and infrared lighting.  Ideally, textiles should be stored or displayed in as little light as possible, and preferably in total darkness.  However, as this is impractical for display and care of the piece, knowing the limits of lighting as well as the safest amounts of lighting, become important.

text: Light

text: can have a variety of effects on textiles over time.  In some cases, it may contribute to fading or discoloration, but of more concern is the damage which the fibers may suffer under prolonged exposure to non-visible light, such as

text: ultraviolet

text: and

text: infrared

text: lighting.  Ideally, textiles should be stored or displayed in as little light as possible, and preferably in total darkness.  However, as this is impractical for display and care of the piece, knowing the limits of lighting as well as the safest amounts of lighting, become important.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: infrared lighting

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: textiles

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: textiles

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Three Women is one of Umberto Boccioni’s paintings that portrayed evidence of his transformation from the divisionism style to the futurism style. Three Women is a painting that portrays raw emotion, with calmness and intimacy. The faces of the figures in the painting are dressed with melancholy tones. This painting is categorized as a divisionism painting, however there exists a futuristic style within it. The way that the light enters the room and affects the figures is an example of how this painting contains both divisionism and futurism. A characteristic of futurism lies in the varying and visible strokes as well. This aspect of futurism is extremely evident in this painting; it is seen in the women’s dresses, the women’s hair, the luminescence, the walls in the background, the bed, and the women’s faces and skin.  Also, the luminescence mentioned above, according to Maurizio Calvesi, may be in relation to Einstein’s concepts of the physical properties of light, adding yet another futuristic aspect to Three Women, he says in 1967. The significance of Boccioni’s Three Women isn’t necessarily the painting itself, but lies in what the painting represents. According to Coen, it “marks a moment of transition in the artist’s work, the bridge from the suburbs of Milan to the idealistic vision of The City Rises”.

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answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Three Women

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: luminescence

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Black light paints and inks are commonly used in the production of black light posters. Under daylight, the poster may or may not be vibrant in color, but under black light (with little or no visible light present), the effect produced can be psychedelic. The inks are normally highly sensitive to direct sunlight and other powerful light sources. The fluorescent dyes cause a chemical reaction when exposed to high intensity light sources (HILS) and the visual result is a fading in the colors of the inks. With paper, significant visible change in the color saturation can typically be observed within 45 minutes to one hour of exposure to the HILS. To date, there is no absolute method to prevent this phenomenon, although certain laminations, lacquer coatings and glass or plastic protective sheets can effectively slow the fading characteristics of the dyes.

text: Black light paints and

text: inks

text: are commonly used in the production of

text: black light posters

text: . Under daylight, the poster may or may not be vibrant in color, but under black light (with little or no visible light present), the effect produced can be

text: psychedelic

text: . The inks are normally highly sensitive to direct sunlight and other powerful light sources. The fluorescent dyes cause a chemical reaction when exposed to high intensity light sources (HILS) and the visual result is a fading in the colors of the inks. With paper, significant visible change in the color saturation can typically be observed within 45 minutes to one hour of exposure to the HILS. To date, there is no absolute method to prevent this phenomenon, although certain laminations, lacquer coatings and glass or plastic protective sheets can effectively slow the fading characteristics of the dyes.

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answers: Black light paints

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fluorescent dyes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Reflectivity is light reflected from a source to a surface and  returned to its original source.  For traffic signs and vehicle operators, the light source is a vehicle’s headlights, where the light is sent to the traffic sign face and then returned to the vehicle operator. Traffic signs are manufactured with retroreflective sheeting so that the traffic sign is visible at night. Reflective sign faces are manufactured with glass beads or prismatic reflectors imbedded in the sheeting so that the face reflects light, therefore making the sign appear more bright and visible to the vehicle operator. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Traffic Safety Facts 2000 publication states the fatal crash rate is 3-4 times more likely during nighttime crashes than daytime incidents.

text: Reflectivity is light reflected from a source to a surface and  returned to its original source.  For traffic signs and vehicle operators, the light source is a vehicle’s headlights, where the light is sent to the traffic sign face and then returned to the vehicle operator. Traffic signs are manufactured with retroreflective sheeting so that the traffic sign is visible at night. Reflective sign faces are manufactured with glass beads or prismatic reflectors imbedded in the sheeting so that the face reflects light, therefore making the sign appear more bright and visible to the vehicle operator. According to the

entity_name: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

text: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

text: (NHTSA), the Traffic Safety Facts 2000 publication states the fatal crash rate is 3-4 times more likely during nighttime crashes than daytime incidents.

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text: Luminescence is the first album from the British electropop band Neon Highwire. It was released on Health Bomber.

text: Luminescence is the first

text: album

text: from the

text: British

text: electropop

text: band

text: Neon Highwire

text: . It was released on

text: Health Bomber

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text: Illumination (2007) is an album by the American ambient musician Robert Rich.  This CD is published as a companion piece to Michael Somoroff’s installation Illumination I originally created for the famed Rothko Chapel, on the occasion of the installation’s move to The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield, CT as the audio track to Somoroff’s Illumination, a multimedia installation at BravinLee Programs in Chelsea, N.Y.C. during the summer of 2007.

text: Illumination (2007) is an album by the

text: American

text: ambient

text: musician

text: Robert Rich

text: .  This CD is published as a companion piece to Michael Somoroff’s installation Illumination I originally created for the famed Rothko Chapel, on the occasion of the installation’s move to The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield, CT as the audio track to Somoroff’s Illumination, a multimedia installation at

text: BravinLee Programs

text: in Chelsea, N.Y.C. during the summer of 2007.

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text: The heat output of any resistance device, such as an electric space heater, is equal to the true power consumption, which is an increasing function of the applied voltage. If the resistance stays constant, power consumption is proportional to the square of the applied voltage. Therefore, a significant reduction of heat output will occur with a relatively small reduction in voltage. An incandescent lamp will dim due to lower heat creation in the filament, as well as lower conversion of heat to light. Generally speaking, no damage will occur but functionality will be impaired.

text: The heat output of any resistance device, such as an electric

text: space heater

text: , is equal to the true power consumption, which is an increasing function of the applied voltage. If the resistance stays constant, power consumption is proportional to the square of the applied voltage. Therefore, a significant reduction of heat output will occur with a relatively small reduction in voltage. An

text: incandescent lamp

text: will dim due to lower heat creation in the filament, as well as lower conversion of heat to light. Generally speaking, no damage will occur but functionality will be impaired.

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answers: NDQ_018517

answers: filament

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The analysis of HsV in turn has led to the study of objects called Voowerpjes (see HsV article) and  Green bean galaxies. A picture of NGC 5972, a small Voorwerpje, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), is to the right. This was imaged as part of a study of 8 Voorwerpjes. It shows the galaxy NGC 5972, which once had an Active galactic nucleus which has turned off ('off duty'). Only visible for a few tens of thousands of years, the greenish gas is still illuminated by light or ionization from NGC 5972.

text: The analysis of HsV in turn has led to the study of objects called Voowerpjes (see HsV article) and

text: Green bean galaxies

text: . A picture of NGC 5972, a small Voorwerpje, taken by the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: (HST), is to the right. This was imaged as part of a study of 8 Voorwerpjes. It shows the galaxy NGC 5972, which once had an

text: Active galactic nucleus

text: which has turned off ('off duty'). Only visible for a few tens of thousands of years, the greenish gas is still illuminated by light or ionization from NGC 5972.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Lighting engineers for years have had to contend with glare, the visual discomfort caused by direct lighting. They developed Equivalent Sphere Illumination to measure it. They then developed Visual Comfort Probability.  High values of comfort imply more diffuse lighting; the light comes from many directions.  That concept has never been seriously applied to sound. Most people continually experience ambient sound and are seldom aware of it if the level is reasonable; it is often referred to as background sound.  That is because the sound they hear comes from many sources, the sound field is diffuse.  This concept applies to sound masking as well. Experience has shown that when an office occupant can point at the source of the sound masking (the sound field is more direct), acceptance is diminished.  Diffusion of masking sound is best accomplished by the presence of intervening sound attenuating materials, such as ceilings and floors.  Of the locations listed above, under floor masking creates the best diffusion.

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answers: Yes

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answers: ceilings

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: The only light source in the deep sea, marine animals give off visible light energy called bioluminescence, a subset of chemiluminescence. This is the chemical reaction in which chemical energy is converted to light energy. It is estimated that 90% of deep-sea animals produce some sort of bioluminescence. Considering that a large proportion of the visible light spectrum is absorbed before reaching the deep sea, most of the emitted light from the sea-animals is blue and green. However, some species may emit a red and infrared light, and there has even been a genus that is found to emit yellow bioluminescence. The organ that is responsible for the emission of bioluminescence is known as photophores. This type is only present in squid and fish, and is used to illuminate their ventral surfaces, which disguise their silhouettes from predators. The uses of the photophores in the sea-animals differ, such as lenses for controlling intensity of color, and the intensity of the light produced. Squids have both photophores and chromatophores which controls both of these intensities. Another thing that is responsible for the emission of bioluminescence, which is evident in the bursts of light that jellyfish emit, start with a luciferin (a photogen) and ends with the light emitter (a photagogikon.) Luciferin, luciferase, salt, and oxygen react and combine to create a single unit called photo-proteins, which can produce light when reacted with another molecule such as Ca+. Jellyfish use this as a defense mechanism; when a smaller predator is attempting to devour a jellyfish, it will flash its lights, which would therefore lure a larger predator and chase the smaller predator away. It is also used as mating behavior.

text: The only light source in the deep sea, marine animals give off visible light energy called

text: bioluminescence

text: , a subset of

text: chemiluminescence

text: jellyfish

text: emit, start with a luciferin (a photogen) and ends with the light emitter (a photagogikon.) Luciferin, luciferase, salt, and oxygen react and combine to create a single unit called photo-proteins, which can produce light when reacted with another molecule such as Ca+. Jellyfish use this as a defense mechanism; when a smaller predator is attempting to devour a jellyfish, it will flash its lights, which would therefore lure a larger predator and chase the smaller predator away. It is also used as mating behavior.

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answers: a photagogikon

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by its wavelength (or frequency) and its intensity. When the wavelength is within the visible spectrum (the range of wavelengths humans can perceive, approximately from 390 nm to 700 nm), it is known as "visible light".

text: Electromagnetic radiation

text: is characterized by its

text: wavelength

text: (or

text: frequency

text: ) and its

text: intensity

text: . When the wavelength is within the visible spectrum (the range of wavelengths humans can perceive, approximately from 390

text: nm

text: to 700 nm), it is known as "visible light".

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answers: the range of wavelengths humans can perceive

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Humans can perceive

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: I am in a big mass of some very small particles, they're brilliantly lit up like they're luminescent. I never saw anything like it. They round a little: they're coming by the capsule and they look like little stars. A whole shower of them coming by. They swirl around the capsule and go in front of the window and they're all brilliantly lighted. Glenn started banging the capsule wall and watched the "fireflies" come off, just as Alan Shepard did.

text: I am in a big mass of some very small particles, they're brilliantly lit up like they're luminescent. I never saw anything like it. They round a little: they're coming by the capsule and they look like little stars. A whole shower of them coming by. They swirl around the capsule and go in front of the window and they're all brilliantly lighted. Glenn started banging the capsule wall and watched the "fireflies" come off, just as Alan Shepard did.

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Fireflies

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: fireflies

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: luminescent

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: If an incandescent lamp is operated on a low-frequency current, the filament cools on each half-cycle of the alternating current, leading to perceptible change in brightness and flicker of the lamps; the effect is more pronounced with arc lamps, and the later mercury-vapor and fluorescent lamps.

text: If an incandescent lamp is operated on a low-frequency current, the filament cools on each half-cycle of the alternating current, leading to perceptible change in brightness and flicker of the lamps; the effect is more pronounced with

text: arc lamp

text: s, and the later

text: mercury-vapor

text: and

text: fluorescent

text: lamps.

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text: At the time of the invention of his revolutionary illumination scheme as a graduate student at the University of Giessen, Köhler was working on overcoming problems with microphotography. Microscopes were illuminated by gas lamps, mirrors or other primitive light sources, resulting in an uneven specimen illumination unsuited for producing good quality photomicrographs using the slow-speed emulsions available at the time. Over the course of his work for his doctorate degree, Köhler developed a microscope configuration that allowed for an evenly illuminated field of view and reduced optical glare from the light source. It involved a collector lens for the lamp that allowed the light source to be focused on the front aperture of the condenser. This in turn allowed the condenser to be focused on the specimen using a field diaphragm and condenser focus control. This superior illumination scheme is still widely used in modern microscopes and forms the basis for phase contrast, differential interference contrast, epifluorescence, and confocal microscopy.

text: At the time of the invention of his revolutionary illumination scheme as a graduate student at the University of Giessen, Köhler was working on overcoming problems with microphotography. Microscopes were illuminated by

text: gas lamp

text: s, mirrors or other primitive light sources, resulting in an uneven specimen illumination unsuited for producing good quality

text: photomicrograph

text: s using the slow-speed

text: emulsion

text: s available at the time. Over the course of his work for his doctorate degree, Köhler developed a microscope configuration that allowed for an evenly illuminated field of view and reduced optical glare from the light source. It involved a collector lens for the lamp that allowed the light source to be focused on the front

text: aperture

text: of the

text: condenser

text: . This in turn allowed the condenser to be focused on the specimen using a field

text: diaphragm

text: and condenser focus control. This superior illumination scheme is still widely used in modern microscopes and forms the basis for

text: phase contrast

entity_name: Differential interference contrast microscopy

text: differential interference contrast

text: epifluorescence

text: , and

text: confocal microscopy

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: Light, or visible light, is a very narrow range of electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the human eye, or 380–750 nm which equates to a frequency range of 790 to 400 THz respectively. More broadly, physicists use the term "light" to mean electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths, whether visible or not.

text: Light, or visible light, is a very narrow range of electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the human eye, or 380–750 nm which equates to a frequency range of 790 to 400 THz respectively. More broadly, physicists use the term "light" to mean electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths, whether visible or not.

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text: Luminescence is the first EP from the British electropop band Neon Highwire. It was released on Health Bomber.

text: Luminescence is the first

text: EP

text: from the

text: British

text: electropop

text: band

text: Neon Highwire

text: . It was released on

text: Health Bomber

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The Tungsten halogen curing light, also known as simply “halogen curing light” is the most frequent polymerization source used in dental offices.    In order for the light to be produced, an electric current flows through a thin tungsten filament, which functions as a resistor.  This resistor is then “heated to temperatures of about 3,000 Kelvin, it becomes incandescent and emits infrared and electromagnetic radiation in the form of visible light”.   It provides a blue light of about 400 and 500 nm, with an intensity of 400- 600 mW cm^-2.  This type of curing light however has certain drawbacks, the first of which is the high temperatures that the filament generates.  This requires that the curing light have a ventilating fan installed in order to “force airflow through slots in the casing”.  This requires the curing light to be larger, in order to house the fan.  The fan generates a sound that may disturb some patients, and the wattage of the bulb is such (e.g. 80W) these curing lights must be plugged into a power source, that is, they are not cordless. Furthermore, this light requires frequent monitoring and replacement of the actual curing light bulb because of the high temperatures that are reached.  (For example, one model uses a bulb with an estimated life of 50 hours which would require annual replacement, assuming 12 minutes' use per day, 250 days per year.)  Also, the time needed to fully cure the material is much more than the LED curing light.

text: The Tungsten halogen curing light, also known as simply “halogen curing light” is the most frequent polymerization source used in dental offices.    In order for the light to be produced, an electric current flows through a thin

text: tungsten filament

text: , which functions as a

text: resistor

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings.  This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings.  Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.

text: Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of

text: light

text: to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial

text: light source

text: s like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing

text: daylight

text: Daylighting

text: (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings.  This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings.  Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Troika wanted to make a 3D game, but was uncertain whether to build a new game engine or license an existing one and whether to use first- or third-person. At that time, the Source game engine was being built by Valve Corporation. Valve employee Scott Lynch approached Troika about using the engine, and it was the first external team to use it. Troika chose Source for its facial animation and lip-synching system, since it wanted players to speak to the characters face-to-face. Since the engine was in development with Bloodlines and Valve's own Half-Life 2, Troika was working with unfamiliar code and tools, forcing it to write its own code to compensate for the unfinished engine, and with only a single source for technical support. Troika developed a lighting system to create distinctive, moody illumination for the nighttime setting, a particle system for the special effects accompanying the vampire Disciplines, and a cloth system for clothing flow. Source lacked its later artificial intelligence (AI) coding, and Troika's code worked poorly with the Source engine.

text: Troika wanted to make a

text: 3D game

text: , but was uncertain whether to build a new game engine or license an existing one and whether to use first- or third-person. At that time, the

text: Source

text: game engine was being built by

text: Valve Corporation

text: . Valve employee Scott Lynch approached Troika about using the engine, and it was the first external team to use it. Troika chose Source for its facial animation and lip-synching system, since it wanted players to speak to the characters face-to-face. Since the engine was in development with Bloodlines and Valve's own

text: Half-Life 2

text: , Troika was working with unfamiliar code and tools, forcing it to write its own code to compensate for the unfinished engine, and with only a single source for technical support. Troika developed a lighting system to create distinctive, moody illumination for the nighttime setting, a particle system for the special effects accompanying the vampire Disciplines, and a cloth system for clothing flow. Source lacked its later

text: artificial intelligence

text: (AI) coding, and Troika's code worked poorly with the Source engine.

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text: Critical illumination or Nelsonian illumination is a method of specimen illumination used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated) optical microscopy. Critical illumination focuses an image of a light source on to the specimen for bright illumination. Critical illumination generally has problems with evenness of illumination as an image of the illumination source (for example a halogen lamp filament) is visible in the resulting image. Köhler illumination has largely replaced critical illumination in modern scientific light microscopy although it requires additional optics which less expensive and simpler light microscopes may not have.

text: Critical illumination or Nelsonian illumination is a method of

text: specimen

text: illumination

text: used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated)

text: optical microscopy

text: . Critical illumination focuses an image of a light source on to the specimen for bright illumination. Critical illumination generally has problems with evenness of illumination as an image of the illumination source (for example a halogen lamp filament) is visible in the resulting image.

text: Köhler illumination

text: has largely replaced critical illumination in modern scientific light microscopy although it requires additional optics which less expensive and simpler light microscopes may not have.

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text: The goal was to obtain the greatest imaging area in the smallest cylindrical volume using a consumer flatbed scanner.  Typical flatbed scanners image an area of about 220 x 300 mm (660 cm), so a system had to be found which could be reconfigured to fit inside a sealed transparent capsule.  There are two basic imaging methods in modern flatbed scanners.  From the 1980s to the late-1990s the market was dominated by systems that could capture an image from any depth of field.  Most such digital imaging devices used a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) array.  In a CCD, discrete dots of photosensitive material produce a specific charge based on the intensity of light hitting it.  A CCD does not detect colour.  In this technology, a scene is illuminated, a narrow band of reflected light from the scene passes through a slit (to eliminate light coming from other directions), is then concentrated by an array of mirrors (typically folded into a box) into a prism typically a few centimetres in length.  The prism splits the light into its constituent colours.  Small CCD arrays are carefully placed at the point where the primary colours are sharply focused.  The separate colour intensities are combined to composite values and recorded by the computer (or scanner electronic assemblies) as a line of pixels.  The moving scan head then advances a short distance to gather the next line of the scene.  Thus resolution in one axis is determined by CCD array size and focused optics, while the other axis’ resolution is determined by the smallest reliable step the scan head advancing motor can make.  The optical assemblies of this type of scanner are fairly robust to vibration, but the traditional light source (a cold cathode tube of balanced colour temperature) is not.  It was therefore replaced with an array of solid-state white light emitting diodes (LEDs).  Another advantage of this replacement is that the sources could be alternated between white light and ultraviolet (UV) of about 370 nm wavelength.  This UV light source allowed detection of visibly fluorescing materials (typically tracer minerals or hydrocarbons) by the prototype.

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp.

text: Commonly called 'light bulbs',

text: lamps

text: are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: . While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in

text: watt

text: s, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the

text: incandescent light bulb

text: has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W

text: compact fluorescent lamp

text: . Each of these technologies has a different

text: efficacy

text: in converting electrical energy to

text: visible light

text: . Visible light output is typically measured in

text: lumen

text: s. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp.

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answers: This unit only quantifies the visible radiation

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answers: wax candle

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Often when a photon is absorbed, the system is excited in the corresponding excited state, then it relaxes in an intermediate lower energy state, with a "non-radiative relaxation" (a relaxation that doesn't involve the emission of a photon, but e.g. involves the emission of vibrational energy) and then there is the emission of a photon with a lower energy than the absorbed one, because of the relaxation from the intermediate, lower energy state to the "ground state". Usually the strongest luminescence of the material is from the lower levels to the ground state. This process is called fluorescence. For instance, in semiconductors, most of the light emitted is at the frequency corresponding to the bandgap energy, i.e. from the bottom of the conduction band to the top of the valence band. In such systems, more light absorbed by the material, results in more electrons decaying non-radiatively to the lower states, and more luminescence in the emission wavelength.

text: Often when a photon is absorbed, the system is excited in the corresponding excited state, then it relaxes in an intermediate lower energy state, with a "non-radiative relaxation" (a relaxation that doesn't involve the emission of a photon, but e.g. involves the emission of vibrational energy) and then there is the emission of a photon with a lower energy than the absorbed one, because of the relaxation from the intermediate, lower energy state to the "ground state". Usually the strongest luminescence of the material is from the lower levels to the ground state. This process is called

text: fluorescence

text: . For instance, in

text: semiconductors

text: , most of the light emitted is at the frequency corresponding to the bandgap energy, i.e. from the bottom of the conduction band to the top of the valence band. In such systems, more light absorbed by the material, results in more electrons decaying non-radiatively to the lower states, and more luminescence in the emission wavelength.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The light characteristic shown is four white flashes every twenty seconds Fl.(4)W. 20s,  only visible in the sector 120°-320°. The light source is a 12 Volt 50 Watt tungsten-halogen lamp, fed from the Mains electricity, providing a light intensity of 55,000 cd, visible for .

text: The

text: light characteristic

text: shown is four white flashes every twenty seconds Fl.(4)W. 20s,  only visible in the sector 120°-320°. The light source is a 12

text: Volt

text: Watt

text: tungsten-halogen lamp

text: , fed from the

text: Mains electricity

text: , providing a light intensity of 55,000

text: cd

text: , visible for .

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text: The city's newly-constructed football venue, U.S. Bank Stadium, faced a similar controversy; the Minneapolis offices of Wells Fargo, a bank that competes with naming rights sponsor U.S. Bank, are located within the vicinity of the stadium. In December 2015, the Minnesota Vikings (who are the main tenant of the stadium) sued Wells Fargo for beginning the process of installing an illuminated sign on the rooftop of their building, which violated an agreement with the bank that it would only install "non-mounted," non-illuminated signage on its building, such as letters painted directly onto the roof. The sign would be visible in overhead views of U.S. Bank Stadium (such as camera shots during event telecasts), which the Vikings described as being a "photobombing" of the "iconic" facility. After the original agreement was reached, Wells Fargo had asked the team to allow it to install "raised, illuminated lettering. mounted on beams more than a foot above the roof rather than painted on the roof as agreed upon". The bank threatened to light the entire rooftops of its offices if the Vikings chose to deny the requested change. On June 23, 2016, Judge Donovan W. Frank ruled in favor of the Vikings, and ordered Wells Fargo to remove the raised, illuminated signage.

text: The city's newly-constructed football venue,

text: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: , faced a similar controversy; the Minneapolis offices of

text: Wells Fargo

text: , a bank that competes with naming rights sponsor

text: U.S. Bank

text: , are located within the vicinity of the stadium. In December 2015, the

text: Minnesota Vikings

text: (who are the main tenant of the stadium) sued Wells Fargo for beginning the process of installing an illuminated sign on the rooftop of their building, which violated an agreement with the bank that it would only install "non-mounted," non-illuminated signage on its building, such as letters painted directly onto the roof. The sign would be visible in overhead views of U.S. Bank Stadium (such as camera shots during event telecasts), which the Vikings described as being a "

text: photobombing

text: " of the "iconic" facility. After the original agreement was reached, Wells Fargo had asked the team to allow it to install "raised, illuminated lettering. mounted on beams more than a foot above the roof rather than painted on the roof as agreed upon". The bank threatened to light the entire rooftops of its offices if the Vikings chose to deny the requested change. On June 23, 2016, Judge

text: Donovan W. Frank

text: ruled in favor of the Vikings, and ordered Wells Fargo to remove the raised, illuminated signage.

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text: Above infrared in frequency comes visible light. The Sun emits its peak power in the visible region, although integrating the entire emission power spectrum through all wavelengths shows that the Sun emits slightly more infrared than visible light. By definition, visible light is the part of the EM spectrum the human eye is the most sensitive to. Visible light (and near-infrared light) is typically absorbed and emitted by electrons in molecules and atoms that move from one energy level to another. This action allows the chemical mechanisms that underlie human vision and plant photosynthesis. The light that excites the human visual system is a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A rainbow shows the optical (visible) part of the electromagnetic spectrum; infrared (if it could be seen) would be located just beyond the red side of the rainbow with ultraviolet appearing just beyond the violet end.

text: Above infrared in frequency comes

text: visible light

text: . The

text: Sun

text: emits its peak power in the visible region, although integrating the entire emission power spectrum through all wavelengths shows that the Sun emits slightly more infrared than visible light. By definition, visible light is the part of the EM spectrum the

text: human eye

text: is the most sensitive to. Visible light (and near-infrared light) is typically absorbed and emitted by electrons in molecules and atoms that move from one energy level to another. This action allows the chemical mechanisms that underlie human vision and plant photosynthesis. The light that excites the human

text: visual system

text: is a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A

text: rainbow

text: shows the optical (visible) part of the electromagnetic spectrum; infrared (if it could be seen) would be located just beyond the red side of the rainbow with

text: ultraviolet

text: appearing just beyond the violet end.

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answers: the human eye is the most sensitive to

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: ultraviolet appearing just beyond the violet end

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: The Sun

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: the Sun

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Trees, buildings and enemies are drawn in filled light-sourced polygons. Shadows of the lander and enemies are projected vertically onto the ground, which does not cater for landscape curvature but is fast. Consequently, shadows are not shown on other scenery.<ref name='TMU 1987-11'/> The shadows allow the player to follow movements of enemy craft by their shadows, even when they are not visible on the screen. In !Virus, there is no light-sourcing. The game also provides particle system effects to depict the thrust from the lander, explosions, the virus spreading over the landscape, and assorted other phenomena such as splashes when shots strike water, and puffs of dust when they strike land. At altitude, when the ground cannot be seen, dust particles in the air give the impression of movement and speed.

text: Trees, buildings and enemies are drawn in filled light-sourced

text: polygons

text: . Shadows of the lander and enemies are projected vertically onto the ground, which does not cater for landscape curvature but is fast. Consequently, shadows are not shown on other scenery.<ref name='TMU 1987-11'/> The shadows allow the player to follow movements of enemy craft by their shadows, even when they are not visible on the screen. In !Virus, there is no light-sourcing. The game also provides

text: particle system

text: effects to depict the thrust from the lander, explosions, the virus spreading over the landscape, and assorted other phenomena such as splashes when shots strike water, and puffs of dust when they strike land. At altitude, when the ground cannot be seen, dust particles in the air give the impression of movement and speed.

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answers: dust particles

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Kila MandirSituated in Shivaji Road, in the heart of the town. The soldiers of Ramgarh  Battalion had a barricade here, the temple was surrounded and secured by deep canyons filled with water, which was connected to the temple underground now named as Bijulia Talab (lake) which also served as water source for British camp. The Gadh (Kila) of Ramgarh regime  was situated nearly 3 km. was on the bank of River Damodar. Famous 'Garh' was signaled from here by the means of Mashal (a source of light). The 'Garh' is still visible from the top of Kila Mandir.

text: Kila MandirSituated in Shivaji Road, in the heart of the town. The soldiers of Ramgarh  Battalion had a barricade here, the temple was surrounded and secured by deep canyons filled with water, which was connected to the temple underground now named as Bijulia Talab (lake) which also served as water source for British camp. The Gadh (Kila) of Ramgarh regime  was situated nearly 3 km. was on the bank of River Damodar. Famous 'Garh' was signaled from here by the means of Mashal (a source of light). The 'Garh' is still visible from the top of Kila Mandir.

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answers: Mashal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Another fundamental concept of all AFM is the feedback loop. The feedback loop is particularly important in non-contact AFM techniques, particularly in pc-AFM. As previously mentioned, in non-contact mode the cantilever is stationary and the tip does not come into physical contact with the sample surface. The cantilever behaves as a spring and oscillates at its resonance frequency. Topological variance causes the spring-like oscillations of the cantilever to change amplitude and phase in order to prevent the tip from colliding with sample topographies. The non-contact feedback loop is used to control that changes in the oscillations of the cantilever. The application of AFM on non-conducting samples (c-AFM) has in recent years evolved into the modification used for analysis of morphologies on the local scale, particularly morphologies at heterojunctions of multilayered samples. Photoconductive atomic force microscopy (pc-AFM) is particularly prevalent in the development of organic photovoltaic devices (OPV). The fundamental modification of c-AFM to pc-AFM is the addition of an illumination source and an inverted microscope that focuses the laser to a nanometer-scale point directly underneath the conductive AFM tip. The main concept of the illumination laser point is that it must be small enough to fit within the confines of ultra-thin films. These characteristics are achieved by using a monochromatic light source and a laser filter. In the OPV application, applying the illumination laser to the confines of ultra-thin films is further assisted by the recent development of the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) mixture of electron donating and accepting material in the film.The combination of the conductive tip and illumination laser provides photocurrent images with vertical resolutions in the range of 0 to 10 pA when overlaid with the topographical data obtained. Also unique to this modification are the spectra data gathered by comparing the current between the tip and sample to a variety of parameters including: laser wavelength, applied voltage and light intensity. The pc-AFM technique was also reported to detect local surface oxidation at a vertical resolution of 80 nm.

text: Another fundamental concept of all AFM is the

text: feedback loop

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answers: developed by a monochromatic light source

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: organic photovoltaic devices

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The facade of the structure is illuminated by hundreds of programmable color changing LED and metal halide luminaires with design work by Gabler-Youngston Architectural Lighting Design.  The facade lighting system provides various shows and effects.  Highly visible over the east corner of Bank of America Stadium, the lighting show is used during key moments of sporting events played there. For example, if the Carolina Panthers are playing it may light up blue. For the 2011 ACC Championship game, the building displayed orange and purple lighting for Clemson University and red and orange for Virginia Tech.

text: The facade of the structure is illuminated by hundreds of programmable color changing LED and metal halide luminaires with design work by Gabler-Youngston Architectural Lighting Design.  The facade lighting system provides various shows and effects.  Highly visible over the east corner of

text: Bank of America Stadium

text: , the lighting show is used during key moments of sporting events played there. For example, if the

text: Carolina Panthers

text: are playing it may light up blue. For the 2011 ACC Championship game, the building displayed orange and purple lighting for

text: Clemson University

text: and red and orange for

text: Virginia Tech

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answers: visible light

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answers: Yes

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answers: LED

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Visible light is an electromagnetic wave, consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling through space. The frequency of the wave determines its color:  is red light,  is violet light, and between these (in the range 4-) are all the other colors of the visible spectrum. An electromagnetic wave can have a frequency less than , but it will be invisible to the human eye; such waves are called infrared (IR) radiation. At even lower frequency, the wave is called a microwave, and at still lower frequencies it is called a radio wave. Likewise, an electromagnetic wave can have a frequency higher than , but it will be invisible to the human eye; such waves are called ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Even higher-frequency waves are called X-rays, and higher still are gamma rays.

text: Visible light is an

text: electromagnetic wave

text: , consisting of oscillating

text: electric

text: and

text: magnetic field

text: s traveling through space. The frequency of the wave determines its color:  is red light,  is violet light, and between these (in the range 4-) are all the other colors of the

text: visible spectrum

text: . An electromagnetic wave can have a frequency less than , but it will be invisible to the human eye; such waves are called

text: infrared

text: (IR) radiation. At even lower frequency, the wave is called a

text: microwave

text: , and at still lower frequencies it is called a

text: radio wave

text: . Likewise, an electromagnetic wave can have a frequency higher than , but it will be invisible to the human eye; such waves are called

text: ultraviolet

text: (UV) radiation. Even higher-frequency waves are called

text: X-ray

text: s, and higher still are

text: gamma ray

text: s.

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answers: visible spectrum

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answers: Infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: ultraviolet (UV) radiation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Blacklight sources may be specially designed fluorescent lamps, mercury vapor lamps, light-emitting diodes, lasers, or incandescent lamps; although incandescents produce almost no blacklight (except slightly more for halogen types), and so are not considered true blacklight sources.   In medicine, forensics, and some other scientific fields, such a light source is referred to as a Wood's lamp, named after Robert Williams Wood.

text: Blacklight sources may be specially designed

text: fluorescent lamp

text: s,

text: mercury vapor

text: lamps,

text: light-emitting diodes

text: lasers

text: , or

text: incandescent lamp

text: s; although incandescents produce almost no blacklight (except slightly more for halogen types), and so are not considered true blacklight sources.   In

text: medicine

text: forensics

text: , and some other scientific fields, such a light source is referred to as a Wood's lamp, named after

text: Robert Williams Wood

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answers: Blacklight

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answers: incandescent lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: incandescent lamps

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The downside of optical imaging is the lack of penetration depth, especially when working at visible wavelengths.  Depth of penetration is related to the absorption and scattering of light, which is primarily a function of the wavelength of the excitation source. Light is absorbed by endogenous chromophores found in living tissue (e.g. hemoglobin, melanin, and lipids). In general, light absorption and scattering decreases with increasing wavelength. Below ~700 nm (e.g. visible wavelengths), these effects result in shallow penetration depths of only a few millimeters. Thus, in the visible region of the spectrum, only superficial assessment of tissue features is possible. Above 900 nm, water absorption can interfere with signal-to-background ratio. Because the absorption coefficient of tissue is considerably lower in the near infrared (NIR) region (700-900 nm), light can penetrate more deeply, to depths of several centimeters.

text: The downside of optical imaging is the lack of penetration depth, especially when working at visible wavelengths.  Depth of penetration is related to the absorption and scattering of light, which is primarily a function of the wavelength of the excitation source. Light is absorbed by endogenous chromophores found in living tissue (e.g. hemoglobin, melanin, and lipids). In general, light absorption and scattering decreases with increasing wavelength. Below ~700 nm (e.g. visible wavelengths), these effects result in shallow penetration depths of only a few millimeters. Thus, in the visible region of the spectrum, only superficial assessment of tissue features is possible. Above 900 nm, water absorption can interfere with signal-to-background ratio. Because the absorption coefficient of tissue is considerably lower in the near infrared (NIR) region (700-900 nm), light can penetrate more deeply, to depths of several centimeters.

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answers: 700 nm

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answers: In general, light absorption and scattering decreases with increasing wavelength

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: excitation source

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: lipids

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The defects can be detected by different types of spectroscopy, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), luminescence induced by light (photoluminescence, PL) or electron beam (cathodoluminescence, CL), and absorption of light in the infrared (IR), visible and UV parts of the spectrum. Absorption spectrum is used not only to identify the defects, but also to estimate their concentration; it can also distinguish natural from synthetic or enhanced diamonds.

text: The defects can be detected by different types of

text: spectroscopy

text: , including

text: electron paramagnetic resonance

text: (EPR),

text: luminescence

text: induced by light (

text: photoluminescence

text: , PL) or electron beam (

text: cathodoluminescence

text: , CL), and absorption of light in the

text: infrared

text: (IR), visible and UV parts of the spectrum.

text: Absorption spectrum

text: is used not only to identify the defects, but also to estimate their concentration; it can also distinguish natural from

text: synthetic

text: or

text: enhanced diamonds

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answers: NDQ_018517

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The material works across a broad spectrum from near-infrared to visible light. Near-infrared is essential for telecommunications and optical communications, and visible light is important for sensors, microscopes and efficient solid-state light sources.

text: The material works across a broad spectrum from near-infrared to visible light. Near-infrared is essential for telecommunications and optical communications, and visible light is important for sensors, microscopes and efficient solid-state light sources.

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answers: visible light

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answers: Yes

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answers: solid-state light sources

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: solid-state

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Microspectrophotometry is the measure of the spectra of microscopic samples using different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (e.g. ultraviolet, visible and near infrared, etc.) It is accomplished with microspectrophotometers, cytospectrophotometers, microfluorometers, Raman microspectrophotometers, etc. A microspectrophotometer can be configured to measure transmittance, absorbance, reflectance, light polarization, fluorescence or luminescence of sample areas less than a micrometer in diameter through a modified optical microscope.

text: Microspectrophotometry is the measure of the spectra of microscopic samples using different wavelengths of

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: (e.g.

text: ultraviolet

text: , visible and near

text: infrared

text: , etc.) It is accomplished with microspectrophotometers, cytospectrophotometers, microfluorometers, Raman microspectrophotometers, etc. A microspectrophotometer can be configured to measure

text: transmittance

text: absorbance

text: reflectance

text: light polarization

text: fluorescence

text: or

text: luminescence

text: of sample areas less than a micrometer in diameter through a modified optical microscope.

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answers: Microspectrophotometry

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Microspectrophotometry

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fluorescent

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: More efficient light sources, such as fluorescent lamps and LEDs, do not function by incandescence.

text: More efficient light sources, such as

text: fluorescent lamp

text: s and

text: LED

text: s, do not function by incandescence.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: incandescence

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: fluorescent lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fluorescent lamps

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Many reticle illumination and pattern options are available. Common light sources used in firearm reflector sights include battery powered lights, fiber optic light collectors, and even tritium capsules. Some sights are specifically designed to be visible when viewed through night vision devices. The color of a sight reticle is often red or amber for visibility against most backgrounds. Some sights use a chevron or triangular pattern instead, to aid precision aiming and range estimation, and still others provide selectable patterns.

text: Many reticle illumination and pattern options are available. Common light sources used in firearm reflector sights include

text: battery

text: powered lights,

text: fiber optic

text: light collectors, and even

text: tritium

text: capsules. Some sights are specifically designed to be visible when viewed through

text: night vision device

text: s. The color of a sight reticle is often red or amber for visibility against most backgrounds. Some sights use a

text: chevron

text: or triangular pattern instead, to aid precision aiming and range estimation, and still others provide selectable patterns.

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answers: tritium capsules

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Gadolinium oxysulfide is a promising luminescent host material, because of its high density (7.32 g/cm) and high effective atomic number of Gd.  These characteristics lead to a high stopping power for X-ray radiation.  Several synthesis routes have been developed for processing GdOS phosphors, including: solid state reaction method, reduction method, combustion synthesis method, emulsion liquid membrane method, and gas sulfuration method.   The solid state reaction method and reduction methods are most commonly used because of their high reliability, low cost, and high luminescent properties. (Gd0.99, Pr0.01)2O2S sub-microphosphors synthesized by homogeneous precipitation method are very promising for a new green emitting material to be applied to the high resolution digital X-ray imaging field   Gadolinium oxysulfide powder phosphors are intensively used for conversion of X-rays to visible light in medical X-ray imaging.  GdOS: Pr based solid state X-ray detectors have been successfully reintroduced to X-ray sampling in medical computed tomography (imaging by sections or sectioning, through the use of any kind of penetrating wave).

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answers: NDQ_018514

answers: GdOS phosphors

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: GdOS phosphors

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Luminescence is the third international studio album by Anggun. The French-language version was released in France on 22 February 2005, while English-language version, also with the same title, was first released in Italy on 18 May 2005. The album was later repackaged in August 2006 as Luminescence: Special Edition with three brand new songs. Following her departure from Columbia Records in 2003, Anggun signed a recording contract with Heben Music. The album features production by several musicians, including Jean-Pierre Taïeb, Frédéric Jaffré and Niels Brinck. Anggun co-wrote music and lyrics of the entire album, except two tracks on the French version.

text: Luminescence is the third international

text: studio album

text: by

text: Anggun

text: . The

text: French-language

text: version was released in France on 22 February 2005, while

text: English-language

text: version, also with the same title, was first released in Italy on 18 May 2005. The album was later repackaged in August 2006 as Luminescence: Special Edition with three brand new songs. Following her departure from

text: Columbia Records

text: in 2003, Anggun signed a recording contract with Heben Music. The album features production by several musicians, including Jean-Pierre Taïeb, Frédéric Jaffré and

text: Niels Brinck

text: . Anggun co-wrote music and lyrics of the entire album, except two tracks on the French version.

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answers: Luminescence

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answers: Luminescence

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: Anggun

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The volume Bragg grating technology is also used to design tunable bandpass filters for various light sources. This technology combines an  out-of-band rejection of <-60 dB and an optical density higher than OD 6 with a tunability over the visible and near infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

text: The volume Bragg grating technology is also used to design tunable bandpass filters for various light sources. This technology combines an  out-of-band rejection of <-60 dB and an optical density higher than OD 6 with a tunability over the

text: visible

text: and

text: near infrared

text: regions of the

text: electromagnetic spectrum

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text: CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different from that of incandescent lamps. Improved phosphor formulations have improved the perceived color of the light emitted by CFLs, such that some sources rate the best "soft white" CFLs as subjectively similar in color to standard incandescent lamps.

text: CFLs radiate a

text: spectral power distribution

text: that is different from that of incandescent lamps. Improved

text: phosphor

text: formulations have improved the perceived color of the light emitted by CFLs, such that some sources rate the best "soft white" CFLs as subjectively similar in color to standard incandescent lamps.

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answer: No

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text: For example, natural daylight has a color temperature of 6500 K and an illuminance of about 10 to 10 lux. This color temperature–illuminance pair results in natural color rendition, but if viewed at a low illuminance, would appear bluish. At typical indoor office illuminance levels of about 400 lux, pleasing color temperatures are lower (between 3000 and 6000 K), and at typical home illuminance levels of about 75 lux, pleasing color temperatures are even lower (between 2400 and 2700 K). These color temperature-illuminance pairs are often achieved with fluorescent and incandescent sources, respectively. It is noteworthy that the pleasing region of the curve contains color temperatures and illuminance levels comparable to naturally lit environments.

text: For example, natural daylight has a color temperature of 6500

text: K

text: and an illuminance of about 10 to 10

text: lux

text: . This color temperature–illuminance pair results in natural

text: color rendition

text: , but if viewed at a low illuminance, would appear bluish. At typical indoor office illuminance levels of about 400 lux, pleasing color temperatures are lower (between 3000 and 6000 K), and at typical home illuminance levels of about 75 lux, pleasing color temperatures are even lower (between 2400 and 2700 K). These color temperature-illuminance pairs are often achieved with

text: fluorescent

text: and

text: incandescent sources

text: , respectively. It is noteworthy that the pleasing region of the curve contains color temperatures and illuminance levels comparable to naturally lit environments.

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answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: incandescent sources

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fluorescent

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A backlight is a form of illumination used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). As LCDs do not produce light by themselves (unlike for example Cathode ray tube (CRT) displays), they need illumination (ambient light or a special light source) to produce a visible image. Backlights illuminate the LCD from the side or back of the display panel, unlike frontlights, which are placed in front of the LCD. Backlights are used in small displays to increase readability in low light conditions such as in wristwatches, and are used in smart phones, computer displays and LCD televisions to produce light in a manner similar to a CRT display. A review of some early backlighting schemes for LCDs is given in a report Engineering and Technology History by Peter J. Wild under its section Backlit LCDs.

text: A backlight is a form of illumination used in

text: liquid crystal display

text: s (LCDs). As LCDs do not produce light by themselves (unlike for example

text: Cathode ray tube

text: (CRT) displays), they need illumination (

text: ambient light

text: or a special light source) to produce a visible image. Backlights illuminate the LCD from the side or back of the display panel, unlike

text: frontlight

text: s, which are placed in front of the LCD. Backlights are used in small displays to increase readability in low light conditions such as in

text: wristwatches

text: , and are used in

text: smart phone

text: s,

text: computer display

text: s and

text: LCD television

text: s to produce light in a manner similar to a CRT display. A review of some early backlighting schemes for LCDs is given in a report Engineering and Technology History by Peter J. Wild under its section Backlit LCDs.

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text: If the excitation source is periodic rather than pulsed, then the time response of the luminescence is correspondingly different. For instance, there is a phase difference between a sinusoidally varying light emitting diode (LED) signal of frequency f and the fluorescence that results (see figure). The phase difference varies with decay time and hence temperature as:

text: If the excitation source is periodic rather than pulsed, then the time response of the luminescence is correspondingly different. For instance, there is a phase difference between a sinusoidally varying

text: light emitting diode

text: (LED) signal of frequency f and the fluorescence that results (see figure). The phase difference varies with decay time and hence temperature as:

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text: During the immediate post-war period, BEA suffered a number of accidents during approach and landing in poor visibility, which caused it to focus on the problems of how pilots could land safely in such conditions. A major breakthrough came with the recognition that in such low visibility the very limited visual information available (lights and so on) was extraordinarily easy to misinterpret, especially when the requirement to assess it was combined with a requirement to simultaneously fly the aircraft on instruments.  This led to the development of what is now widely understood as the "monitored approach" procedure whereby one pilot is assigned the task of accurate instrument flying while the other assesses the visual cues available at decision height, taking control to execute the landing once satisfied that the aircraft is in fact in the correct place and on a safe trajectory for a landing. The result was a major improvement in the safety of operations in low visibility, and as the concept clearly incorporates vast elements of what is now known as Crew Resource Management (although predating this phrase by some three decades) it was expanded to encompass a far broader spectrum of operations than just low visibility.

text: During the immediate post-war period, BEA suffered a number of accidents during approach and landing in poor visibility, which caused it to focus on the problems of how pilots could land safely in such conditions. A major breakthrough came with the recognition that in such low visibility the very limited visual information available (lights and so on) was extraordinarily easy to misinterpret, especially when the requirement to assess it was combined with a requirement to simultaneously fly the aircraft on instruments.  This led to the development of what is now widely understood as the "monitored approach" procedure whereby one pilot is assigned the task of accurate instrument flying while the other assesses the visual cues available at

text: decision height

text: , taking control to execute the landing once satisfied that the aircraft is in fact in the correct place and on a safe trajectory for a landing. The result was a major improvement in the safety of operations in low visibility, and as the concept clearly incorporates vast elements of what is now known as

text: Crew Resource Management

text: (although predating this phrase by some three decades) it was expanded to encompass a far broader spectrum of operations than just low visibility.

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answers: lights

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answers: lights

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Some installations include medium- or high-intensity approach light systems (abbreviated ALS). Most often, these are at larger airports but many small general aviation airports in the U.S. have approach lights to support their ILS installations and obtain low-visibility minimums. The ALS assists the pilot in transitioning from instrument to visual flight, and to align the aircraft visually with the runway centerline. Pilot observation of the approach lighting system at the Decision Altitude allows the pilot to continue descending towards the runway, even if the runway or runway lights cannot be seen, since the ALS counts as runway end environment. In the U.S., an ILS without approach lights may have CAT I ILS visibility minimums as low as 3/4 mile (runway visual range of 4,000 feet) if the required obstacle clearance surfaces are clear of obstructions. Visibility minimums of 1/2 mile (runway visual range of 2,400 feet) are possible with a CAT I ILS approach supported by a  ALS, and 3/8 mile visibility  visual range is possible if the runway has high-intensity edge lights, touchdown zone and centerline lights, and an ALS that is at least  long (see Table 3-5a in FAA Order 8260.3b). In effect, ALS extends the runway environment out towards the landing aircraft and allows low-visibility operations. CAT II and III ILS approaches generally require complex high-intensity approach light systems, while medium-intensity systems are usually paired with CAT I ILS approaches. At many non-towered airports, the pilot controls the lighting system; for example, the pilot can key the microphone 7 times to turn on the lights on the high intensity, 5 times to medium intensity or 3 times for low intensity

text: Some installations include medium- or high-intensity

text: approach light systems

text: (abbreviated ALS). Most often, these are at larger airports but many small general aviation airports in the U.S. have approach lights to support their ILS installations and obtain low-visibility minimums. The ALS assists the pilot in transitioning from instrument to visual flight, and to align the aircraft visually with the runway centerline. Pilot observation of the approach lighting system at the Decision Altitude allows the pilot to continue descending towards the runway, even if the runway or runway lights cannot be seen, since the ALS counts as runway end environment. In the U.S., an ILS without approach lights may have CAT I ILS visibility minimums as low as 3/4 mile (runway visual range of 4,000 feet) if the required obstacle clearance surfaces are clear of obstructions. Visibility minimums of 1/2 mile (runway visual range of 2,400 feet) are possible with a CAT I ILS approach supported by a  ALS, and 3/8 mile visibility

text: visual range

text: is possible if the runway has high-intensity edge lights, touchdown zone and centerline lights, and an ALS that is at least  long (see Table 3-5a in FAA Order 8260.3b). In effect, ALS extends the runway environment out towards the landing aircraft and allows low-visibility operations. CAT II and III ILS approaches generally require complex high-intensity approach light systems, while medium-intensity systems are usually paired with CAT I ILS approaches. At many

text: non-towered airport

text: s, the

text: pilot controls the lighting system

text: ; for example, the pilot can key the microphone 7 times to turn on the lights on the high intensity, 5 times to medium intensity or 3 times for low intensity

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answers: Infrared or ultraviolet

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Illumination works by arranging "building blocks" in order to visually describe the functionality of a software application. Like many other Visual programming languages, Illumination does not require any code to be written by hand in order to develop software.

text: Illumination works by arranging "building blocks" in order to visually describe the functionality of a software application. Like many other

text: Visual programming language

text: s, Illumination does not require any code to be written by hand in order to develop software.

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text: Incandescence is exploited in incandescent light bulbs, in which a filament is heated to a temperature at which a fraction of the radiation falls in the visible spectrum. The majority of the radiation however, is emitted in the infrared part of the spectrum, rendering incandescent lights relatively inefficient as a light source. If the filament could be made hotter, efficiency would increase; however, there are currently no materials able to withstand such temperatures which would be appropriate for use in lamps.

text: Incandescence is exploited in

text: incandescent light bulb

text: s, in which a filament is heated to a temperature at which a fraction of the radiation falls in the visible spectrum. The majority of the radiation however, is emitted in the infrared part of the spectrum, rendering incandescent lights relatively inefficient as a light source. If the filament could be made hotter, efficiency would increase; however, there are currently no materials able to withstand such temperatures which would be appropriate for use in lamps.

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text: The cineplex was altered in 2000 when the Edwards Cinemas was bought by Regal Entertainment Group. Entrances to theatres were relocated to less-visible locations and were converted to stadium seating which eliminated up to a third of their seating capacity. The theatre was highly visible at night, bearing over two miles of pink and purple neon lights. This night-time visibility has since been reduced by the addition of parking structures and the centre's second phase.

text: The cineplex was altered in 2000 when the Edwards Cinemas was bought by

text: Regal Entertainment Group

text: . Entrances to theatres were relocated to less-visible locations and were converted to stadium seating which eliminated up to a third of their seating capacity. The theatre was highly visible at night, bearing over two miles of pink and purple neon lights. This night-time visibility has since been reduced by the addition of parking structures and the centre's second phase.

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text: Various sources define visible light as narrowly as 420 to 680 to as broadly as 380 to 800 nm. Under ideal laboratory conditions, people can see infrared up to at least 1050 nm; children and young adults may perceive ultraviolet wavelengths down to about 310 to 313 nm.

text: Various sources define visible light as narrowly as 420 to 680 to as broadly as 380 to 800 nm. Under ideal laboratory conditions, people can see infrared up to at least 1050 nm; children and young adults may perceive ultraviolet wavelengths down to about 310 to 313 nm.

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text: In 1939 he demonstrated that the major source of optical opacity in the Sun's atmosphere is the H ion, and thus the main source of visible light for the Sun and stars.

text: In 1939 he demonstrated that the major source of optical opacity in the Sun's atmosphere is the

text: H

text: ion, and thus the main source of visible light for the Sun and stars.

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answers: visible light

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Sun and stars

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: H ion

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Illuminants B and C are daylight simulators. They are derived from Illuminant A by using liquid filters. B served as a representative of noon sunlight, with a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 4874 K, while C represented average day light with a CCT of 6774 K. They are poor approximations of any phase of natural daylight, particularly in the short-wave visible and in the ultraviolet spectral ranges. Still, the lighting cabinets, such as the Spectralight III, that use filtered incandescent lamps have better fits to the D illuminants in the  to  range than do the fluorescent daylight simulators. As a result, these illuminants have been deprecated in favor of the D series:

text: Illuminants B and C are daylight simulators. They are derived from Illuminant A by using liquid filters. B served as a representative of noon sunlight, with a

text: correlated color temperature

text: (CCT) of 4874 K, while C represented average day light with a CCT of 6774 K. They are poor approximations of any phase of natural daylight, particularly in the short-wave visible and in the ultraviolet spectral ranges. Still, the lighting cabinets, such as the Spectralight III, that use filtered incandescent lamps have better fits to the D illuminants in the  to  range than do the fluorescent daylight simulators. As a result, these illuminants have been deprecated in favor of the D series:

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018509

answers: short-wave

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: ultraviolet spectral ranges

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: incandescent lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: fluorescent

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The shortened barrel of a Source Four PAR (relative to a traditional PAR fixture) makes the light source more visible at a much greater angle.  In some cases, this may be considered an unwelcome effect as it can cause lens flare or change the audience's perception of a theatrical scene. top hats or barn doors attach to Source Four PARs to eliminate this source visibility.

text: The shortened barrel of a Source Four PAR (relative to a traditional PAR fixture) makes the light source more visible at a much greater angle.  In some cases, this may be considered an unwelcome effect as it can cause lens flare or change the audience's perception of a theatrical scene.

text: top hats

text: or

text: barn doors

text: attach to Source Four PARs to eliminate this source visibility.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: PAR fixture

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: PAR

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Shadows are created by testing whether a pixel is visible from the light source, by comparing the pixel to a z-buffer or depth image of the light source's view, stored in the form of a texture.

text: Shadows are created by testing whether a

text: pixel

text: is visible from the light source, by comparing the pixel to a

text: z-buffer

text: or depth image of the light source's view, stored in the form of a

text: texture

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text: Luminescence dating methods are not radiometric dating methods in that they do not rely on abundances of isotopes to calculate age. Instead, they are a consequence of background radiation on certain minerals. Over time, ionizing radiation is absorbed by mineral grains in sediments and archaeological materials such as quartz and potassium feldspar. The radiation causes charge to remain within the grains in structurally unstable "electron traps". Exposure to sunlight or heat releases these charges, effectively "bleaching" the sample and resetting the clock to zero. The trapped charge accumulates over time at a rate determined by the amount of background radiation at the location where the sample was buried. Stimulating these mineral grains using either light (optically stimulated luminescence or infrared stimulated luminescence dating) or heat (thermoluminescence dating) causes a luminescence signal to be emitted as the stored unstable electron energy is released, the intensity of which varies depending on the amount of radiation absorbed during burial and specific properties of the mineral.

text: Luminescence dating methods are not radiometric dating methods in that they do not rely on abundances of isotopes to calculate age. Instead, they are a consequence of

text: background radiation

text: on certain minerals. Over time,

text: ionizing radiation

text: is absorbed by mineral grains in sediments and archaeological materials such as

text: quartz

text: and

text: potassium feldspar

text: . The radiation causes charge to remain within the grains in structurally unstable "electron traps". Exposure to sunlight or heat releases these charges, effectively "bleaching" the sample and resetting the clock to zero. The trapped charge accumulates over time at a rate determined by the amount of background radiation at the location where the sample was buried. Stimulating these mineral grains using either light (

text: optically stimulated luminescence

text: or infrared stimulated luminescence dating) or heat (

text: thermoluminescence dating

text: ) causes a luminescence signal to be emitted as the stored unstable electron energy is released, the intensity of which varies depending on the amount of radiation absorbed during burial and specific properties of the mineral.

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: A further internal diagonal passes through the space occupied by the Infanta. There is a similar connection between the female dwarf and the figure of Velázquez himself, both of whom look towards the viewer from similar angles, creating a visual tension. The face of Velázquez is dimly lit by light that is reflected, rather than direct. For this reason his features, though not as sharply defined, are more visible than those of the dwarf who is much nearer the light source. This appearance of a total face, full-on to the viewer, draws the attention, and its importance is marked, tonally, by the contrasting frame of dark hair, the light on the hand and brush, and the skilfully placed triangle of light on the artist's sleeve, pointing directly to the face.

text: A further internal diagonal passes through the space occupied by the Infanta. There is a similar connection between the female dwarf and the figure of Velázquez himself, both of whom look towards the viewer from similar angles, creating a visual tension. The face of Velázquez is dimly lit by light that is reflected, rather than direct. For this reason his features, though not as sharply defined, are more visible than those of the dwarf who is much nearer the light source. This appearance of a total face, full-on to the viewer, draws the attention, and its importance is marked, tonally, by the contrasting frame of dark hair, the light on the hand and brush, and the skilfully placed triangle of light on the artist's sleeve, pointing directly to the face.

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text: One key technique for achieving high sensitivity in the FUV is minimizing the number of optics. This is done because FUV reflection and transmission efficiencies are typically quite low compared to what is common at visible wavelengths. In accomplishing this, the COS FUV channel uses a single (selectable) optic to diffract the light from HST, correct for the Hubble spherical aberration, focus the diffracted light onto the FUV detector and correct for astigmatism typical of this sort of instrument. Since aberration correction is performed after the light passes into the instrument, the entrance to the spectrograph must be an extended aperture, rather than the traditional narrow entrance slit, in order to allow the entire aberrated HST image from a point source to enter the instrument. The 2.5 arc second diameter entrance aperture allows ≈ 95% of the light from compact sources to enter COS, yielding high sensitivity at the design resolution for compact sources.

text: One key technique for achieving high sensitivity in the FUV is minimizing the number of optics. This is done because FUV reflection and transmission efficiencies are typically quite low compared to what is common at visible wavelengths. In accomplishing this, the COS FUV channel uses a single (selectable) optic to diffract the light from HST, correct for the

text: Hubble spherical aberration

text: , focus the diffracted light onto the FUV detector and correct for astigmatism typical of this sort of instrument. Since aberration correction is performed after the light passes into the instrument, the entrance to the spectrograph must be an extended aperture, rather than the traditional narrow entrance slit, in order to allow the entire aberrated HST image from a point source to enter the instrument. The 2.5 arc second diameter entrance aperture allows ≈ 95% of the light from compact sources to enter COS, yielding high sensitivity at the design resolution for compact sources.

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answers: compact sources

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-balancing is still required to avoid too "warm" or "cool" colors, but this is a simple process that requires only the color temperature in Kelvin as input for modern, digital visual reproduction equipment such as video or still cameras unless it is completely automated. The color-rendering performance of incandescent lights cannot be matched by LEDs or fluorescent lights, although they can offer satisfactory performance for non-critical applications such as home lighting. White-balancing such lights is therefore more complicated, requiring additional adjustments to reduce for example green-magenta color casts, and even when properly white-balanced, the color reproduction will not be perfect.

text: Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a

text: color rendering index

text: of 100 (the best possible). White-balancing is still required to avoid too "warm" or "cool" colors, but this is a simple process that requires only the color temperature in Kelvin as input for modern, digital visual reproduction equipment such as video or still cameras unless it is completely automated. The color-rendering performance of incandescent lights cannot be matched by LEDs or fluorescent lights, although they can offer satisfactory performance for non-critical applications such as home lighting. White-balancing such lights is therefore more complicated, requiring additional adjustments to reduce for example green-magenta color casts, and even when properly white-balanced, the color reproduction will not be perfect.

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: light bulbs

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: LEDs or fluorescent lights

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Skyglow is the illumination of the night sky or parts of it, resembling an orange "smog". It occurs from both natural and human-made sources. Artificial skyglow is caused by the over-illumination of the sky from large city centres, shopping centres, or stadiums. It consists of light that is either emitted directly upward or reflected from the ground that is then scattered by dust and gas molecules in the atmosphere, producing a luminous background or light dome. These artificial skyglows cause the sky to be 5–10 times brighter in urban areas than a naturally dark sky that is unaffected by artificial light. Natural skyglow can come from natural light sources, such as the Sun, the Moon, the stars, or auroras.

text: Skyglow

text: is the illumination of the

text: night sky

text: or parts of it, resembling an orange "

text: smog

text: ". It occurs from both natural and human-made sources. Artificial skyglow is caused by the

text: over-illumination

text: of the sky from large city centres, shopping centres, or stadiums. It consists of light that is either emitted directly upward or reflected from the ground that is then scattered by dust and gas molecules in the atmosphere, producing a luminous background or light dome. These artificial skyglows cause the sky to be 5–10 times brighter in urban areas than a naturally dark sky that is unaffected by artificial light. Natural skyglow can come from

text: natural light

text: sources, such as the

text: Sun

text: , the

text: Moon

text: , the

text: stars

text: , or

text: aurora

text: s.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: It occurs from both natural and human-made sources

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: stadiums

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: gas molecules

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The luminescent features of the stamps are generally invisible or barely visible to the human eye in normal illumination. They can, however, be identified under ultraviolet light similar to the way it is done in the postal machinery. In general, fluorescent features can be identified with UV light of a longer wavelength than needed for phosphorescent features (see below).

text: The luminescent features of the stamps are generally invisible or barely visible to the human eye in normal illumination. They can, however, be identified under ultraviolet light similar to the way it is done in the postal machinery. In general, fluorescent features can be identified with UV light of a longer wavelength than needed for phosphorescent features (see below).

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answers: ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

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answers: stamps

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: For the simplified scenario of visible light travelling from air (n ≈ 1.0) into common glass (), value of R is 0.04, or 4%, on a single reflection. So at most 96% of the light ( 1 − R  0.96}}) actually enters the glass, and the rest is reflected from the surface. The amount of light reflected is known as the reflection loss.

text: For the simplified scenario of visible light travelling from air (n ≈ 1.0) into common glass (), value of R is 0.04, or 4%, on a single reflection. So at most 96% of the light ( 1 − R  0.96}}) actually enters the glass, and the rest is reflected from the surface. The amount of light reflected is known as the reflection loss.

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answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Irradiation is the process by which an object is exposed to radiation. The exposure can originate from various sources, including natural sources. Most frequently the term refers to ionizing radiation, and to a level of radiation that will serve a specific purpose, rather than radiation exposure to normal levels of background radiation. The term irradiation usually excludes the exposure to non-ionizing radiation, such as infrared, visible light, microwaves from cellular phones or electromagnetic waves emitted by radio and TV receivers and power supplies.

text: Irradiation is the process by which an object is exposed to

text: radiation

text: . The exposure can originate from various sources, including natural sources. Most frequently the term refers to

text: ionizing radiation

text: , and to a level of radiation that will serve a specific purpose, rather than radiation

text: exposure

text: to normal levels of

text: background radiation

text: . The term irradiation usually excludes the exposure to non-ionizing radiation, such as

text: infrared

text: visible light

text: microwave

text: s from

text: cellular phone

text: s or

text: electromagnetic wave

text: s emitted by radio and TV receivers and power supplies.

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

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answers: non-ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: radio and TV receivers and power supplies

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: microwaves from cellular phones

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Materials which do not transmit light are called opaque. Many such substances have a chemical composition which includes what are referred to as absorption centers. Many substances are selective in their absorption of white light frequencies. They absorb certain portions of the visible spectrum while reflecting others. The frequencies of the spectrum which are not absorbed are either reflected or transmitted for our physical observation. This is what gives rise to color. The attenuation of light of all frequencies and wavelengths is due to the combined mechanisms of absorption and scattering.

text: Materials which do not

text: transmit

text: light are called

text: opaque

text: . Many such substances have a

text: chemical composition

text: which includes what are referred to as

text: absorption

text: centers. Many substances are selective in their absorption of

text: white light

text: frequencies

text: . They absorb certain portions of the

text: visible spectrum

text: while reflecting others. The frequencies of the spectrum which are not absorbed are either reflected or transmitted for our physical observation. This is what gives rise to

text: color

text: . The attenuation of light of all frequencies and wavelengths is due to the combined mechanisms of absorption and

text: scattering

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Animals can see infrared or ultraviolet light.

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: opaque

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: opaque

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Around the turn of the century arc-lighting systems were in decline, but Thomson-Houston controlled key patents to urban lighting systems. This control slowed the expansion of incandescent lighting systems being developed by Thomas Edison's Edison General Electric Company. Conversely, Edison's control of direct current distribution and generating machinery patents blocked further expansion of Thomson-Houston. The roadblock to expansion was removed when the two companies merged in 1892 to form the General Electric Company.

text: Around the turn of the century arc-lighting systems were in decline, but Thomson-Houston controlled key patents to urban lighting systems. This control slowed the expansion of incandescent lighting systems being developed by

text: Thomas Edison

text: 's

text: Edison General Electric Company

text: . Conversely, Edison's control of direct current distribution and generating machinery patents blocked further expansion of Thomson-Houston. The roadblock to expansion was removed when the two companies merged in 1892 to form the

text: General Electric Company

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answers: Edison General Electric

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: The Source Four is the first ERS to use a faceted borosilicate reflector behind the lamp.  Nearly all stage lights have some form of reflector positioned behind the lamp to reflect otherwise wasted light out of the front of the instrument.  The Source Four's reflector is dichroic, meaning that it reflects light of only certain wavelengths.  The Source Four's reflector reflects back 95% of the visible light striking it, while allowing over 90% of the infrared radiation (heat) to pass out the back of the instrument. This produces a much cooler light which is less destructive to gobos or color gels at the front of the fixture, and reduces localized heating of the lighting target.

text: The Source Four is the first ERS to use a faceted

text: borosilicate

text: reflector behind the lamp.  Nearly all

text: stage lights

text: have some form of reflector positioned behind the lamp to reflect otherwise wasted light out of the front of the instrument.  The Source Four's reflector is

text: dichroic

text: , meaning that it reflects

text: light

text: of only certain wavelengths.  The Source Four's reflector reflects back 95% of the visible light striking it, while allowing over 90% of the

text: infrared

text: radiation (heat) to pass out the back of the instrument. This produces a much cooler light which is less destructive to

text: gobo

text: s or

text: color gel

text: s at the front of the fixture, and reduces localized heating of the lighting target.

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answer: Yes

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text: Some authors, as in this article, use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. However, others use the concept in a narrower sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, visible under light microscopy due to high condensation.

text: Some authors, as in this article, use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. However, others use the concept in a narrower sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, visible under light microscopy due to high condensation.

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text: The intensity (or illuminance or irradiance) of light or other linear waves radiating from a point source (energy per unit of area perpendicular to the source) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source; so an object (of the same size) twice as far away, receives only one-quarter the energy (in the same time period).

text: The

text: intensity

text: (or

text: illuminance

text: or

text: irradiance

text: ) of

text: light

text: or other linear waves radiating from a

text: point source

text: (energy per unit of area perpendicular to the source) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source; so an object (of the same size) twice as far away, receives only one-quarter the

text: energy

text: (in the same time period).

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text: The illuminance provided by a light source, on a surface perpendicular to the direction to the source, is a measure of the strength of that source as perceived from that location. For instance, a star of apparent magnitude 0 provides 2.08 microlux at the earth's surface. A barely perceptible magnitude 6 star provides 8 nanolux. The unobscured sun provides an illumination of up to 100 kilolux on the Earth's surface, the exact value depending on time of year and atmospheric conditions. This direct normal illuminance is related to the solar illuminance constant E, equal to  (see Sunlight).

text: The illuminance provided by a light source, on a surface perpendicular to the direction to the source, is a measure of the strength of that source as perceived from that location. For instance, a star of

text: apparent magnitude

text: 0 provides 2.08 microlux at the earth's surface. A barely perceptible magnitude 6 star provides 8 nanolux. The unobscured sun provides an illumination of up to 100 kilolux on the Earth's surface, the exact value depending on time of year and atmospheric conditions. This direct normal illuminance is related to the

text: solar illuminance constant

text: E, equal to  (see

text: Sunlight

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answers: NDQ_018509

answers: microlux

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: (see Sunlight)

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: star

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: a star

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Although many other types of lamp emit ultraviolet light with visible light, black lights are essential when UV-A light without visible light is needed, particularly in observing fluorescence, the colored glow that many substances emit when exposed to UV.  Black lights are employed for decorative and artistic lighting effects, diagnostic and therapeutic uses in medicine, the detection of substances tagged with fluorescent dyes, rock-hunting, the detection of counterfeit money, the curing of plastic resins, and attracting insects.  Strong sources of long-wave ultraviolet light are used in tanning beds.  Although the low-power UV-A emitted by black lights is not a hazard to skin or eyes and can be viewed without protection, powerful ultraviolet sources present dangers and require personal protective equipment such as goggles and gloves.

text: Although many other types of lamp emit ultraviolet light with visible light, black lights are essential when UV-A light without visible light is needed, particularly in observing

text: fluorescence

text: , the colored glow that many substances emit when exposed to UV.  Black lights are employed for decorative and artistic lighting effects, diagnostic and therapeutic uses in medicine, the detection of substances tagged with

text: fluorescent dye

text: s,

text: rock-hunting

text: , the detection of

text: counterfeit money

text: , the curing of plastic resins, and attracting insects.  Strong sources of long-wave ultraviolet light are used in

text: tanning bed

text: s.  Although the low-power UV-A emitted by black lights is not a hazard to skin or eyes and can be viewed without protection, powerful ultraviolet sources present dangers and require

text: personal protective equipment

text: such as goggles and gloves.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Black lights

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: lamp

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: black lights

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The alexandrite variety displays a color change (alexandrite effect) dependent upon the nature of ambient lighting. Alexandrite effect is the phenomenon of an observed color change from greenish to reddish with a change in source illumination.  Alexandrite results from small scale replacement of aluminium by chromium ions in the crystal structure, which causes intense absorption of light over a narrow range of wavelengths in the yellow region (580 nm) of the visible light spectrum.  Because human vision is more sensitive to light in the green spectrum and the red spectrum, alexandrite appears greenish in daylight where a full spectrum of visible light is present and reddish in incandescent light which emits less green and blue spectrum.  This color change is independent of any change of hue with viewing direction through the crystal that would arise from pleochroism.

text: The alexandrite variety displays a color change (alexandrite effect) dependent upon the nature of ambient lighting. Alexandrite effect is the phenomenon of an observed color change from greenish to reddish with a change in source illumination.  Alexandrite results from small scale replacement of aluminium by chromium ions in the crystal structure, which causes intense absorption of light over a narrow range of wavelengths in the yellow region (580

text: nm

text: ) of the visible light spectrum.  Because human vision is more sensitive to light in the green spectrum and the red spectrum, alexandrite appears greenish in daylight where a full spectrum of visible light is present and reddish in incandescent light which emits less green and blue spectrum.  This color change is independent of any change of hue with viewing direction through the crystal that would arise from

text: pleochroism

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Animals can see infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: alexandrite

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: alexandrite

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Electronics 7 is a Soviet Russian brand of seven-segment industrial digital clocks with four or eleven seven-segment luminescent digits.  It had a separate binary-to-seven-segment decoder board for each digit, while the actual timekeeping was done by a main board which emitted the digits of the time as binary code.  Most models used Russian-made vacuum-fluorescent indicators, but there were also models based on light-emitting diodes. The most common problem with the clocks was that the segments of the display were gradually burnt out after ten or more years of continuous use, causing a significant difference in luminescence between more often and less often displayed segments.  All the street and wall clocks were based on a kit by the "Reflector" factory in Saratov, and many remain in use at administrative and industrial premises in Russia.

text: Electronics 7 is a

entity_name: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

text: Soviet Russian

text: brand of

text: seven-segment

text: industrial

text: digital clock

text: s with four or eleven seven-segment

text: luminescent

text: digits.  It had a separate binary-to-seven-segment decoder board for each digit, while the actual timekeeping was done by a main board which emitted the digits of the time as

text: binary code

text: .  Most models used Russian-made

text: vacuum-fluorescent indicators

text: , but there were also models based on

text: light-emitting diode

text: s. The most common problem with the clocks was that the segments of the display were gradually burnt out after ten or more years of continuous use, causing a significant difference in luminescence between more often and less often displayed segments.  All the street and wall clocks were based on a kit by the "Reflector" factory in

text: Saratov

text: , and many remain in use at administrative and industrial premises in

text: Russia

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answers: Light-emitting diodes

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answers: vacuum-fluorescent indicators

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answers: vacuum-fluorescent indicators

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Photostimulated luminescence (PSL) is the release of stored energy within a phosphor by stimulation with visible light, to produce a luminescent signal. Commonly this is used to allow the storage of a weak radioactive signal in a phosphor plate that takes the place of X-ray film, potentially over a prolonged period, which PSL transforms to obtain a highly sensitive image of the original pattern of radiation. Also known as an image plate, a photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate can be used to record a two-dimensional image of the intensity short-wavelength (typically, X-ray) electromagnetic radiation. The device to read such a plate is known as a phosphorimager (occasionally spelled phosphoimager, perhaps reflecting its common application in molecular biology for detecting radiolabeled phosphorylated proteins and nucleic acids).

text: Photostimulated luminescence (PSL) is the release of stored energy within a

text: phosphor

text: by stimulation with visible light, to produce a luminescent signal. Commonly this is used to allow the storage of a weak radioactive signal in a phosphor plate that takes the place of X-ray film, potentially over a prolonged period, which PSL transforms to obtain a highly sensitive image of the original pattern of radiation. Also known as an image plate, a photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate can be used to record a

text: two-dimensional

text: image

text: of the intensity short-

text: wavelength

text: (typically,

text: X-ray

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: . The device to read such a plate is known as a phosphorimager (occasionally spelled phosphoimager, perhaps reflecting its common application in

text: molecular biology

text: for detecting

text: radiolabel

text: ed

text: phosphorylated

text: proteins

text: and

text: nucleic acids

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answers: visible light

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answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: phosphor

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: phosphor

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Also visible is the Light Ship Carpentaria.

text: Also visible is the

text: Light Ship

text: Carpentaria.

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answers: visible

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answers: Light Ship

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Light Ship

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answers: Carpentaria

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: , vanish and the system becomes quasistationary, semiconductors emit incoherent light spontaneously, commonly referred to as luminescence (L). The corresponding luminescence flux is proportional to the temporal change in photon number,

text: , vanish and the system becomes quasistationary, semiconductors emit

text: incoherent

text: light spontaneously, commonly referred to as

text: luminescence

text: (L). The corresponding luminescence

text: flux

text: is proportional to the temporal change in photon number,

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answers: NDQ_018514

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answers: NDQ_018517

answers: semiconductors

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Illuminants are unique location to location across the globe, however several types of illuminant have been standardized by the CIE. Illuminants types D65 and D50 are acceptable for use, however D50 illuminant is suggested for a calibrated and accurate color vision test result. Use of different illuminant can sway results in a significant manner due to the spectral power distribution of alternate sources and their incident effect on how displayed information is processed by the human visual system. Illuminants containing varying concentrations of differing wavelength intensity light skews the representation of color on the screen in a manner that would cause the eye to mismatch color patches. In combination with the spatial acuity function of the human visual system, illumination plays a significant role in the color accuracy of a display.

text: Illuminants

text: are unique location to location across the globe, however several types of illuminant have been standardized by the

entity_name: International Commission on Illumination

text: CIE

text: . Illuminants types

text: and

text: are acceptable for use, however

text: D50 illuminant

text: is suggested for a

text: calibrated

text: and accurate color vision test result. Use of different illuminant can sway results in a significant manner due to the

text: spectral power distribution

text: of alternate sources and their

text: incident

text: effect on how displayed information is processed by the human visual system. Illuminants containing varying concentrations of differing

text: wavelength

text: intensity

text: light skews the

text: representation of color on the screen

text: in a manner that would cause the eye to mismatch color patches. In combination with the

text: spatial acuity function

text: of the human visual system,

text: illumination

text: plays a significant role in the

text: color accuracy of a display

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answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: a display

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: Illuminants

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A panel of a plasma display typically comprises millions of tiny compartments in between two panels of glass. These compartments, or "bulbs" or "cells", hold a mixture of noble gases and a minuscule amount of another gas (e.g., mercury vapor). Just as in the fluorescent lamps over an office desk, when a high voltage is applied across the cell, the gas in the cells forms a plasma. With flow of electricity (electrons), some of the electrons strike mercury particles as the electrons move through the plasma, momentarily increasing the energy level of the atom until the excess energy is shed. Mercury sheds the energy as ultraviolet (UV) photons. The UV photons then strike phosphor that is painted on the inside of the cell. When the UV photon strikes a phosphor molecule, it momentarily raises the energy level of an outer orbit electron in the phosphor molecule, moving the electron from a stable to an unstable state; the electron then sheds the excess energy as a photon at a lower energy level than UV light; the lower energy photons are mostly in the infrared range but about 40% are in the visible light range. Thus the input energy is converted to mostly infrared but also as visible light. The screen heats up to between  during operation. Depending on the phosphors used, different colors of visible light can be achieved. Each pixel in a plasma display is made up of three cells comprising the primary colors of visible light. Varying the voltage of the signals to the cells thus allows different perceived colors.

text: A panel of a plasma display typically comprises millions of tiny compartments in between two panels of glass. These compartments, or "bulbs" or "cells", hold a mixture of

text: noble gases

text: and a minuscule amount of another gas (e.g., mercury vapor). Just as in the fluorescent lamps over an office desk, when a high voltage is applied across the cell, the gas in the cells forms a

text: plasma

text: . With flow of electricity (

text: electron

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: fluorescent lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: plasma display

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The inspector will use visible light with adequate intensity (100 foot-candles or 1100 lux is typical) for visible dye penetrant. Ultraviolet (UV-A) radiation of adequate intensity (1,000 micro-watts per centimeter squared is common), along with low ambient light levels (less than 2 foot-candles) for fluorescent penetrant examinations.  Inspection of the test surface should take place after 10- to 30-minute development time, depends of product kind.  This time delay allows the blotting action to occur.  The inspector may observe the sample for indication formation when using visible dye.  It is also good practice to observe indications as they form because the characteristics of the bleed out are a significant part of interpretation characterization of flaws.

text: The inspector will use visible light with adequate intensity (100

text: foot-candles

text: or 1100

text: lux

text: is typical) for visible dye penetrant. Ultraviolet (UV-A) radiation of adequate intensity (1,000 micro-watts per centimeter squared is common), along with low ambient light levels (less than 2 foot-candles) for fluorescent penetrant examinations.  Inspection of the test surface should take place after 10- to 30-minute development time, depends of product kind.  This time delay allows the blotting action to occur.  The inspector may observe the sample for indication formation when using visible dye.  It is also good practice to observe indications as they form because the characteristics of the bleed out are a significant part of interpretation characterization of flaws.

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answer: 1

text: Engadget has described the game as "a mix of Minecraft-esque collaborative building, social economics and a Soviet Union-themed post-apocalyptic dystopia." The Tomorrow Children runs on a proprietary game engine developed by Q-Games. The game's graphics engine utilizes new technology, aiming to achieve a Pixar-like pre-rendered CGI look with real-time 3D graphics. It utilizes the PlayStation 4's Async Compute technology extensively. It features new lighting techniques developed by Q-Games, such as cascaded voxel cone ray tracing, which simulates lighting in real-time and uses more realistic reflections rather than screen space reflections. This allows real-time global illumination, without any need for pre-calculated or pre-baked lighting. It supports direct and indirect illumination in real-time, and up to three bounces of light per pixel from all directions (compared to one bounce for Pixar films). It also features deformable landscapes, with layered depth cubes, representing the world as volumes, which are then converted to polygons as needed.

text: Engadget has described the game as "a mix of

text: Minecraft

text: -esque collaborative building, social economics and a Soviet Union-themed post-apocalyptic dystopia." The Tomorrow Children runs on a proprietary

text: game engine

text: developed by Q-Games. The game's

text: graphics engine

text: utilizes new technology, aiming to achieve a

text: Pixar

text: -like

text: pre-rendered

text: CGI

text: look with

text: real-time

text: 3D graphics

text: . It utilizes the

text: PlayStation 4

text: 's

text: Async Compute

text: technology extensively. It features new

text: lighting

text: techniques developed by Q-Games, such as cascaded

text: voxel

text: cone

text: ray tracing

text: , which simulates lighting in real-time and uses more realistic

text: reflections

text: rather than

text: screen space

text: reflections. This allows real-time

text: global illumination

text: , without any need for

text: pre-calculated

text: or

text: pre-baked lighting

text: . It supports direct and

text: indirect illumination

text: in real-time, and up to three

text: bounces of light

text: per pixel

text: from all directions (compared to one bounce for Pixar films). It also features

text: deformable

text: landscapes, with layered depth cubes, representing the

text: world

text: as

text: volumes

text: , which are then converted to

text: polygons

text: as needed.

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text: A standard illuminant is a theoretical source of visible light with a profile (its spectral power distribution) which is published. Standard illuminants provide a basis for comparing images or colors recorded under different lighting.

text: A standard illuminant is a theoretical source of

text: visible light

text: with a profile (its

text: spectral power distribution

text: ) which is published. Standard illuminants provide a basis for comparing images or colors recorded under different lighting.

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answers: Infrared or ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: standard illuminant

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answers: illuminant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Wavelengths of light outside of the visible spectrum are not useful for illumination because they cannot be seen by the human eye. Furthermore, the eye responds more to some wavelengths of light than others, even within the visible spectrum. This response of the eye is represented by the luminosity function. This is a standardized function which represents the response of a "typical" eye under bright conditions (photopic vision). One can also define a similar curve for dim conditions (scotopic vision). When neither is specified, photopic conditions are generally assumed.

text: Wavelength

text: s of light outside of the

text: visible spectrum

text: are not useful for illumination because they cannot be seen by the

text: human eye

text: . Furthermore, the eye responds more to some wavelengths of light than others, even within the visible spectrum. This response of the eye is represented by the

text: luminosity function

text: . This is a standardized function which represents the response of a "typical" eye under bright conditions (

text: photopic vision

text: ). One can also define a similar curve for dim conditions (

text: scotopic vision

text: ). When neither is specified, photopic conditions are generally assumed.

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answers: The visible spectrum

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Scotopic vision

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: the human eye

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: photopic conditions

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The New York Times review was generally positive, but: "About that styling: I love it, but you might hate it. ... The face is dominated by bug-eye headlamps, and the running lights bulge up above the hood such that they’re in the driver’s line of sight. At night, the effect is of large bio-luminescent slugs lounging atop the front fenders. Admittedly, it’s more appealing than I’m making it sound."

text: The New York Times review was generally positive, but: "About that styling: I love it, but you might hate it. ... The face is dominated by bug-eye headlamps, and the running lights bulge up above the hood such that they’re in the driver’s line of sight. At night, the effect is of large bio-luminescent slugs lounging atop the front fenders. Admittedly, it’s more appealing than I’m making it sound."

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answers: NDQ_018511

answers: bug-eye

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: bug-eye headlamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: bio-luminescent

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Morecambe's Illuminations once highlighted the promenade with a "spectacular wonderland of light" in the resort's main park - Happy Mount Park. The lights ran from 1919 until 1996, famous faces such as Roger Moore and Noel Edmonds and even the towns most famous son and his companion, Morecambe and Wise were called upon to switch the Illuminations on for each season. In 2015, Callum Henry, set up an ambitious campaign of proposals in which to bring back the illuminations. By 2016 a community Mini-Illuminations project funded by the Big Local National Lottery fund, and hosted by the West Street Exchange and @ShrimpingIt led to the first new Morecambe illuminations for twenty years, with 31 new tableaux designed by members of the Morecambe community and installed for the first time in Alexandra Square on November 30th 2016.

text: Morecambe's Illuminations once highlighted the promenade with a "spectacular wonderland of light" in the resort's main park - Happy Mount Park. The lights ran from 1919 until 1996, famous faces such as

text: Roger Moore

text: and

text: Noel Edmonds

text: and even the towns most famous son and his companion,

text: Morecambe and Wise

text: were called upon to switch the Illuminations on for each season. In 2015, Callum Henry, set up an ambitious campaign of proposals in which to bring back the illuminations. By 2016 a community Mini-Illuminations project funded by the Big Local National Lottery fund, and hosted by the West Street Exchange and @ShrimpingIt led to the first new Morecambe illuminations for twenty years, with 31 new tableaux designed by members of the Morecambe community and installed for the first time in Alexandra Square on November 30th 2016.

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answers: the Big Local National Lottery fund

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: P. rubra exhibits bioluminescence, light produced by a chemical reaction within a living organism. Bio-luminescence is a type of luminescence, which is the term for a light-producing chemical reaction. Bio-luminescence is a "cold light" in that less than 20% of the light generates heat.

text: P. rubra exhibits

text: bioluminescence

text: , light produced by a chemical reaction within a living organism. Bio-luminescence is a type of

text: luminescence

text: , which is the term for a light-producing chemical reaction. Bio-luminescence is a "cold light" in that less than 20% of the light generates heat.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station.  Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Unfortunately, most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings.

text: Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a

text: word processing

text: work station.  Generally speaking, the

text: energy

text: expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400

text: lux

text: might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Unfortunately, most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings.

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answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: industrial groups

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: industrial groups

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Oblique illumination dispersion staining is the result of refraction and the convex shape of most particles.  With oblique illumination the beam of light illuminating the sample is directed at an oblique angle through the sample.  This enhances the resolution of structural details in the particle that are oriented at right angles to the incident beam of light while sacrificing some of the resolution of features parallel to the direction of the beam.  Because of this orientation of the beam the relative refractive index of the particle and the mounting liquid becomes apparent.  The wavelengths for which the liquid has the higher refractive index are refracted into the front lens of the objective from the side of the particle nearest the side from which the light is coming.  If the particle has a higher refractive index for all visible wavelengths then this side of the particle is dark.  The side farthest from the source of the light shows all the wavelengths for which the particle has the higher refractive index.  These effects are seen with the particle in sharp focus.  This is a significant advantage over the Becke` line method because the particle doesn’t have to be defocus to see the colors and generally the colors are more distinct than are the Becke` line dispersion colors.  The colors seen with this type of dispersion staining are about the same as those with the Becke` Line method shown in Chart 1.  Examples of this type of dispersion staining and the colors shown for different λo’s can be seen at microlabgallery.com site for Becke` Line Dispersion Staining.  The presence of two colors helps to bracket the wavelength at which the refractive index matches for the two materials.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: A smart key is available as an option coupled with two position memory seat that memorizes driver's seat positions and adjustments, exterior mirror adjustments, and climate control settings. The settings can be customized based on the smart key module being used to unlock and start the car. Turn signal repeaters are still integrated into the side exterior mirrors on all Japanese-spec models. The black leather interior installed on vehicles with the "S" package can be fitted with optional black corduroy inserts with white contrasting French stitching on all visible seams and aluminum cross drilled brake, clutch and accelerator pedals. The Legacy wagon can be fitted with twin white LED lights installed on the interior hatch vertically surrounding the rear window with a separate light switch for additional illumination when the rear hatch is open. An optional LED accessory lighting package in either white or blue can be installed for the front and rear passenger footwells and a matching illuminated sill panel for the front and rear doors, and the standard overhead dome light can be exchanged for white LED as well.

text: A

text: smart key

text: is available as an option coupled with two position memory seat that memorizes driver's seat positions and adjustments, exterior mirror adjustments, and climate control settings. The settings can be customized based on the smart key module being used to unlock and start the car. Turn signal repeaters are still integrated into the side exterior mirrors on all Japanese-spec models. The black leather interior installed on vehicles with the "S" package can be fitted with optional black

text: corduroy

text: inserts with white contrasting

text: French stitching

text: on all visible seams and aluminum cross drilled brake, clutch and accelerator pedals. The Legacy wagon can be fitted with twin white LED lights installed on the interior hatch vertically surrounding the rear window with a separate light switch for additional illumination when the rear hatch is open. An optional LED accessory lighting package in either white or blue can be installed for the front and rear passenger footwells and a matching illuminated sill panel for the front and rear doors, and the standard overhead

text: dome light

text: can be exchanged for white LED as well.

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answers: Yes

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answers: overhead dome light

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The context of a photogeochemical reaction is implicitly the surface of Earth, since that is where sunlight is available (although other sources of light such as chemiluminescence would not be strictly excluded from photogeochemical study). Reactions may occur among components of land such as rocks, soil and detritus; components of surface water such as sediment and dissolved organic matter; and components of the atmospheric boundary layer directly influenced by contact with land or water, such as mineral aerosols and gases. Visible and medium- to long-wave ultraviolet radiation is the main source of energy for photogeochemical reactions; wavelengths of light shorter than about 290 nm are completely absorbed by the present atmosphere, and are therefore practically irrelevant, except in consideration of atmospheres different from that of Earth today.

text: The context of a photogeochemical reaction is implicitly the surface of Earth, since that is where

text: sunlight

text: is available (although other sources of light such as

text: chemiluminescence

text: would not be strictly excluded from photogeochemical study). Reactions may occur among components of land such as

text: rocks

text: soil

text: and

text: detritus

text: ; components of

text: surface water

text: such as sediment and dissolved organic matter; and components of the

text: atmospheric boundary layer

text: directly influenced by contact with land or water, such as mineral

text: aerosol

text: s and gases.

text: Visible

text: and medium- to long-wave

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation is the main source of energy for photogeochemical reactions; wavelengths of light shorter than about 290 nm are completely absorbed by the present atmosphere, and are therefore practically irrelevant, except in consideration of atmospheres different from that of Earth today.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Critical illumination acts to form an image of the light source on the specimen to illuminate it. This image is formed by the condenser or collector lens. This illumination is bright but not always even, as any structure in the light source (for example the filament of a light bulb) will be visible in the resulting image. Homogenous light sources such as a flame or sunlight give more even illumination. Alternatively, a ground or opal glass diffuser can be used to homogenise the light source, but this will cause a significant amount of light to be scattered away from the sample.

text: Critical illumination acts to form an image of the light source on the specimen to illuminate it. This image is formed by the

text: condenser or collector lens

text: . This illumination is bright but not always even, as any structure in the light source (for example the filament of a

text: light bulb

text: ) will be visible in the resulting image. Homogenous light sources such as a

text: flame

text: or

text: sunlight

text: give more even illumination. Alternatively, a

text: ground

text: or

text: opal glass

text: diffuser can be used to homogenise the light source, but this will cause a significant amount of light to be scattered away from the sample.

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answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: In photography and stage lighting, the inverse-square law is used to determine the "fall off" or the difference in illumination on a subject as it moves closer to or further from the light source. For quick approximations, it is enough to remember that doubling the distance reduces illumination to one quarter; or similarly, to halve the illumination increase the distance by a factor of 1.4 (the square root of 2), and to double illumination, reduce the distance to 0.7 (square root of 1/2). When the illuminant is not a point source, the inverse square rule is often still a useful approximation; when the size of the light source is less than one-fifth of the distance to the subject, the calculation error is less than 1%.

text: In

text: photography

text: and

text: stage lighting

text: , the inverse-square law is used to determine the "fall off" or the difference in illumination on a subject as it moves closer to or further from the light source. For quick approximations, it is enough to remember that doubling the distance reduces illumination to one quarter; or similarly, to halve the illumination increase the distance by a factor of 1.4 (the

text: square root of 2

text: ), and to double illumination, reduce the distance to 0.7 (square root of 1/2). When the illuminant is not a point source, the inverse square rule is often still a useful approximation; when the size of the light source is less than one-fifth of the distance to the subject, the calculation error is less than 1%.

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answers: point source

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Illumination was a complex and frequently costly process. It was usually reserved for special books: an altar Bible, for example. Wealthy people often had richly illuminated "books of hours" made, which set down prayers appropriate for various times in the liturgical day.

text: Illumination was a complex and frequently costly process. It was usually reserved for special books: an altar Bible, for example. Wealthy people often had richly illuminated "

text: books of hours

text: " made, which set down prayers appropriate for various times in the

text: liturgical day

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answers: Yes

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: (1) Light no visible in the satellite view

text: (1) Light no visible in the satellite view

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text: Chappelle proved that the number of bacteria in water can be measured by the amount of light given off by that bacteria. He also showed how satellites can monitor luminescence levels to monitor crops (growth rates, water conditions and harvest timing). Emmett Chappelle married his highschool sweetheart, Rose Mary Phillips.

text: Chappelle proved that the number of bacteria in water can be measured by the amount of light given off by that bacteria. He also showed how satellites can monitor luminescence levels to monitor crops (growth rates, water conditions and harvest timing). Emmett Chappelle married his highschool sweetheart, Rose Mary Phillips.

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text: The total amount of artificial light (especially from street light) is sufficient for cities to be easily visible at night from the air, and from space.  This light is the source of light pollution that burdens astronomers and others.<center>

text: The total amount of artificial light (especially from

text: street light

text: ) is sufficient for cities to be easily visible at night from the air, and from space.  This light is the source of

text: light pollution

text: that burdens

text: astronomers

text: and others.<center>

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answers: NDQ_018514

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Ultimately, other sources of illumination will have to be put to use, such as electron beams, x-rays or similar sources of electromagnetic energy with wavelengths much shorter than visible light.  However, in order to delay as long as possible the vast expense and difficulty of adopting a whole new type of illumination technology, manufacturers have turned to a technique, previously used in microscopes, for increasing the numerical aperture of the lens by allowing the light to pass through water instead of air. This method, called immersion lithography, is the current cutting edge of practical production technology.  It works because numerical aperture is a function of the maximum angle of light that can enter the lens and the refractive index of the medium through which the light passes. When water is employed as the medium, it greatly increases numerical aperture, since it has a refractive index of 1.44 at 193 nm, while air has an index of 1. Current production machines employing this technology are capable of resolving lines in the 32 nm range, and may eventually be able to achieve lines of 30 nm.

text: Ultimately, other sources of illumination will have to be put to use, such as

text: electron beam

text: s,

text: x-ray

text: s or similar sources of

text: electromagnetic

text: energy

text: with wavelengths much shorter than visible light.  However, in order to delay as long as possible the vast expense and difficulty of adopting a whole new type of illumination technology, manufacturers have turned to a technique, previously used in

text: microscope

text: s, for increasing the numerical aperture of the lens by allowing the light to pass through

text: water

text: instead of

text: air

text: . This method, called

text: immersion lithography

text: , is the current cutting edge of practical production technology.  It works because numerical aperture is a function of the maximum angle of light that can enter the lens and the

text: refractive index

text: of the medium through which the light passes. When water is employed as the medium, it greatly increases numerical aperture, since it has a refractive index of 1.44 at 193 nm, while air has an index of 1. Current production machines employing this technology are capable of resolving lines in the 32 nm range, and may eventually be able to achieve lines of 30 nm.

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answers: x-rays

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Incandescence is a special case of thermal radiation. Incandescence usually refers specifically to visible light, while thermal radiation refers also to infrared or any other electromagnetic radiation.

text: Incandescence is a special case of

text: thermal radiation

text: . Incandescence usually refers specifically to

text: visible light

text: , while thermal radiation refers also to

text: infrared

text: or any other

text: electromagnetic radiation

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answers: visible light

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answers: yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: any other electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: infrared

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The captain of a 707 which was  behind the accident flight stated their descent was in instrument conditions until they broke out of the cloud layer at about 8,000 to 10,000 feet and approximately  east of the shoreline. The night visibility was "fuzzy and unclear", and lights on the shoreline were the only ones visible.

text: The captain of a

text: which was  behind the accident flight stated their descent was in instrument conditions until they broke out of the cloud layer at about 8,000 to 10,000 feet and approximately  east of the shoreline. The night visibility was "fuzzy and unclear", and lights on the shoreline were the only ones visible.

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: lights

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: lights

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An electric light is a device that produces visible light by the flow of electric current. It is the most common form of artificial lighting and is essential to modern society, providing interior lighting for buildings and exterior light for evening and nighttime activities. In technical usage, a replaceable component that produces light from electricity is called a lamp. Compact lamps are commonly called light bulbs; for example, the incandescent light bulb. Lamps usually have a base made of ceramic, metal, glass or plastic, which secures the lamp in the socket of a light fixture. The electrical connection to the socket may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal pins, two metal caps or a bayonet cap.

text: An electric light is a device that produces

text: visible light

text: by the flow of

text: electric current

text: . It is the most common form of

text: artificial lighting

text: and is essential to modern society, providing interior lighting for buildings and exterior light for evening and nighttime activities. In technical usage, a replaceable component that produces light from electricity is called a lamp. Compact lamps are commonly called light bulbs; for example, the

text: incandescent light bulb

text: . Lamps usually have a base made of ceramic, metal, glass or plastic, which secures the lamp in the socket of a

text: light fixture

text: . The electrical connection to the socket may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal pins, two metal caps or a bayonet cap.

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answers: 0

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared or ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Compact lamps

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: incandescent

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: 1. Biologic tissue is irradiated by an energy source that is absorbed by the body. The source of energy is non-specific, but typically consists of visible light, near infrared, radio waves or microwaves.

text: 1. Biologic tissue is irradiated by an energy source that is absorbed by the body. The source of energy is non-specific, but typically consists of

text: visible light

text: near infrared

text: radio waves

text: or

text: microwaves

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answers: 5

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answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Infrared

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: microwaves

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: biomolecules

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Bobtail squid have  a symbiotic relationship with bioluminescent bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri), which inhabit a special light organ in the squid's mantle. The bacteria are fed a sugar and amino acid solution by the squid and in return hide the squid's silhouette when viewed from below by matching the amount of light hitting the top of the mantle. The organ contains filters which may alter the wavelength of luminescence closer to that of downwelling moonlight and starlight; a lens with biochemical similarities to the squid's eye to diffuse the bacterial luminescence; and a reflector which directs the light ventrally.

text: Bobtail squid have  a

text: symbiotic

text: relationship with

text: bioluminescent

text: bacteria

text: Aliivibrio fischeri

text: ), which inhabit a special light organ in the squid's mantle. The bacteria are fed a sugar and amino acid solution by the squid and in return hide the squid's

text: silhouette

text: when viewed from below by matching the amount of light hitting the top of the mantle. The organ contains filters which may alter the

text: wavelength

text: of luminescence closer to that of downwelling

text: moonlight

text: and

text: starlight

text: ; a

text: lens

text: with

text: biochemical

text: similarities to the squid's eye to diffuse the bacterial luminescence; and a

text: reflector

text: which directs the light

text: ventral

text: ly.

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answers: tqa2:L_1033/T_4882/152b7eb20b121f67c384effc71b6e0f4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1033/T_4882/30eb5d9a09ebbfcd9002dc09ec10a3cc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1033/T_4882/dbc4d9f07df60e39387beb31359a34fc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1033/T_4882/98d052cf9acaf08e690515cbd9850a61

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1033/T_4882/8aaf9022778fd0536c617016ef1f7630

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1033/T_4882/c0f935e84c9d45c4def0e904c7a5841d

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018509

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018509

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_018511

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_018514

answers: Bobtail squid

answers: NDQ_018517

answers: bioluminescent bacteria

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1875, the light source was changed to Kerosene. In 1915, the station was transferred to the Commonwealth. The light was upgraded in 1917 and again in 1923. In one of these upgrades when the light source was converted to an incandescent mantle using vaporised kerosene.

text: In 1875, the light source was changed to

text: Kerosene

text: . In 1915, the station was transferred to the Commonwealth. The light was upgraded in 1917 and again in 1923. In one of these upgrades when the light source was converted to an incandescent mantle using vaporised kerosene.