text: In Sec. 6.1 of the book has been shown that the traffic phase definitions  [S] and [J] are the origin of most hypotheses of three-phase theory and related three-phase microscopic traffic flow models. The traffic phase definitions [J] and [S] are non-local macroscopic ones and they are applicable only after macroscopic data has been measured in space and time, i.e., in an "off-line" study. This is because for the definitive distinction of the phases J and S through the definitions [J] and [S] a study of the propagation of traffic congestion through a bottleneck is necessary. This is often considered as a drawback of the traffic phase definitions [S] and [J]. However, there are local microscopic criteria for the distinction between the phases J and S without a study of the propagation of congested traffic through a bottleneck. The microscopic criteria are as follows (see Sec. 2.6 in the book): If in single-vehicle (microscopic) data related to congested traffic the "flow-interruption interval", i.e., a time headway between two vehicles following each other is observed, which is much longer than the mean time delay in vehicle acceleration from a wide moving jam (the latter is about 1.3–2.1 s), then the related flow-interruption interval corresponds to the wide moving jam phase. After all wide moving jams have been found through this criterion in congested traffic, all remaining congested states are related to the synchronized flow phase.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

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text: Microscopes were invented in The Netherlands during the 17th century, but it is unclear when exactly they reached Japan. Clear descriptions of microscopes are made in the 1720  and in the 1787 book Saying of the Dutch. Although Europeans mainly used microscopes to observe small cellular organisms, the Japanese mainly used them for entomological purposes, creating detailed descriptions of insects.

text: Microscopes were invented in The Netherlands during the 17th century, but it is unclear when exactly they reached Japan. Clear descriptions of microscopes are made in the 1720  and in the 1787 book Saying of the Dutch. Although Europeans mainly used microscopes to observe small cellular organisms, the Japanese mainly used them for

entity_name: Entomology

text: entomological

text: purposes, creating detailed descriptions of

entity_name: Insect

text: insect

text: s.

method: dangnt-nlp

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text: They also discovered the simple cell and complex cell. These exist in the primary visual cortex and respond differentially to differently oriented presentations of light.

text: They also discovered the

entity_name: Simple cell

text: simple cell

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entity_name: Complex cell

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text: . These exist in the primary visual cortex and respond differentially to differently oriented presentations of light.

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text: The figure on the right shows hook-lengths for all cells in the Young diagram  of the partition

text: The figure on the right shows hook-lengths for all cells in the

entity_name: Young tableau

entity_section: Diagrams

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text: Physician Valerius Cordus (1515–1544) authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal Historia Plantarum in 1544 and a pharmacopoeia of lasting importance, the Dispensatorium in 1546. Naturalist Conrad von Gesner (1516–1565) and herbalist John Gerard (1545–c. 1611) published herbals covering the medicinal uses of plants. Naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605) was considered the father of natural history, which included the study of plants. In 1665, using an early microscope, Polymath Robert Hooke discovered cells, a term he coined, in cork, and a short time later in living plant tissue.

text: Physician

entity_name: Valerius Cordus

text: Valerius Cordus

text: (1515–1544) authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal Historia Plantarum in 1544 and a

entity_name: Pharmacopoeia

text: pharmacopoeia

text: of lasting importance, the Dispensatorium in 1546. Naturalist

entity_name: Conrad Gessner

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text: (1516–1565) and herbalist

entity_name: John Gerard

text: John Gerard

text: (1545–c. 1611) published herbals covering the medicinal uses of plants. Naturalist

entity_name: Ulisse Aldrovandi

text: Ulisse Aldrovandi

text: (1522–1605) was considered the father of natural history, which included the study of plants. In 1665, using an early microscope,

entity_name: Polymath

text: Polymath

entity_name: Robert Hooke

text: Robert Hooke

text: discovered

entity_name: Cell (biology)

text: cells

text: , a term he coined, in

entity_name: Cork (material)

text: cork

text: , and a short time later in living plant tissue.

method: UNH-qee

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text: Shell dwellers are carnivores that primarily feed on zooplankton and other microscopic and near-microscopic foods.

text: Shell dwellers are carnivores that primarily feed on

entity_name: Zooplankton

text: zooplankton

text: and other microscopic and near-microscopic foods.

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text: A typical AFB stain procedure involves dropping the cells in suspension onto a slide, then air drying the liquid and heat fixing the cells.  The slide is flooded with Carbol Fuchsin, which is then heated to dry and rinsed off in tap water.  The slide is then flooded with a 1% solution of hydrochloric acid in isopropyl alcohol (or methanol) to remove the carbol fuchsin, thus removing the stain from cells that are unprotected by a waxy lipid layer.  Thereafter, the cells are stained in methylene blue and viewed on a microscope under oil immersion.

text: A typical AFB stain procedure involves dropping the cells in suspension onto a slide, then air drying the liquid and heat fixing the cells.  The slide is flooded with Carbol Fuchsin, which is then heated to dry and rinsed off in tap water.  The slide is then flooded with a 1% solution of hydrochloric acid in isopropyl alcohol (or methanol) to remove the carbol fuchsin, thus removing the stain from cells that are unprotected by a waxy lipid layer.  Thereafter, the cells are stained in methylene blue and viewed on a microscope under oil immersion.

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text: Microscopically, Krukenberg tumors are often characterized by mucin-secreting signet-ring cells in the tissue of the ovary; when the primary tumor is discovered, the same signet-ring cells are typically found. However, other microscopic features can predominate. Krukenberg tumors are most commonly metastases from gastric cancer, particularly adenocarcinoma, or breast cancer particularly invasive lobular breast carcinoma, but they can arise in the appendix, colon, small intestine, rectum, gallbladder, and urinary bladder or gallbladder, biliary tract, pancreas, ampulla of Vater or uterine cervix.

text: Microscopically, Krukenberg tumors are often characterized by

text: mucin

text: -secreting

text: signet-ring cell

text: s in the tissue of the ovary; when the primary tumor is discovered, the same signet-ring cells are typically found. However, other microscopic features can predominate. Krukenberg tumors are most commonly metastases from

text: gastric cancer

text: , particularly

text: adenocarcinoma

text: , or

text: breast cancer

text: particularly

text: invasive lobular breast carcinoma

text: , but they can arise in the appendix, colon, small intestine, rectum, gallbladder, and urinary bladder or gallbladder, biliary tract, pancreas,

text: ampulla of Vater

text: or uterine cervix.

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text: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles, renowned microscope makers, were honored by the production of the Spencer-Tolles Memorial Fund, which continues to promote publications in the field of microscopical research today.

text: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles, renowned microscope makers, were honored by the production of the Spencer-Tolles Memorial Fund, which continues to promote publications in the field of microscopical research today.

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text: On May 26, 2011 Coburn released his 73-page report, "National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope", receiving immediate attention from such media outlets as The New York Times, Fox News and MSNBC.

text: On May 26, 2011 Coburn released his 73-page report, "

entity_name: National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope

text: National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope

text: ", receiving immediate attention from such media outlets as

text: The New York Times

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text: and

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text: Tubulin and microtubule-mediated processes, like cell locomotion, were seen by early microscopists, like Leeuwenhoek (1677). However, the fibrous nature of flagella and other structures were discovered two centuries later, with improved light microscopes, and confirmed in the 20th with electron microscope and biochemical studies.

text: Tubulin and microtubule-mediated processes, like cell locomotion, were seen by early microscopists, like

text: Leeuwenhoek

text: (1677). However, the fibrous nature of flagella and other structures were discovered two centuries later, with improved

text: light microscope

text: s, and confirmed in the 20th with

text: electron microscope

text: and biochemical studies.

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text: Like Robert Boyle and Nicolaas Hartsoeker, Van Leeuwenhoek was interested in dried cochineal, trying to find out if the dye came from a berry or an insect.

text: Like

text: Robert Boyle

text: and

text: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

text: , Van Leeuwenhoek was interested in dried

text: cochineal

text: , trying to find out if the

text: dye

text: came from a

text: berry

text: or an

text: insect

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text: Dennis is best known for his microscopic research into the internal structure of bone, of which he provided an account in papers published in the Journal of Microscopical Science. He is credited with having established two important geological facts: the existence of mammals prior to the lias deposit, and the existence of birds during, or prior to, the deposit of the Stonesfield slate.

text: Dennis is best known for his microscopic research into the internal structure of bone, of which he provided an account in papers published in the

text: Journal of Microscopical Science

text: . He is credited with having established two important

text: geological

text: facts: the existence of

text: mammal

text: s prior to the

text: lias

text: deposit, and the existence of birds during, or prior to, the deposit of the

text: Stonesfield slate

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text: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast in either the light or electron microscope. Staining is employed  to give both contrast to the tissue as well as highlighting particular features of interest. Where the underlying mechanistic chemistry of staining is understood, the term histochemistry is used. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E stain) is the most commonly used light microscopical stain in histology and histopathology. Hematoxylin, a basic dye, stains nuclei blue due to an affinity to nucleic acids in the cell nucleus; eosin, an acidic dye, stains the cytoplasm pink. Uranyl acetate and lead citrate are commonly used to impart contrast to tissue in the electron microscope.

text: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast in either the light or electron microscope. Staining is employed  to give both contrast to the tissue as well as highlighting particular features of interest. Where the underlying mechanistic chemistry of staining is understood, the term

text: histochemistry

text: is used.

text: Hematoxylin

text: and

text: eosin

text: H&E stain

text: ) is the most commonly used light microscopical stain in histology and histopathology. Hematoxylin, a

text: basic

text: dye, stains

text: nuclei

text: blue due to an affinity to nucleic acids in the cell nucleus; eosin, an

text: acidic

text: dye, stains the

text: cytoplasm

text: pink.

text: Uranyl acetate

text: and lead citrate are commonly used to impart contrast to tissue in the electron microscope.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Basophilic is a technical term used by histologists. It describes the microscopic appearance of cells and tissues, as seen down the microscope, after a histological section has been stained with a basic dye. The most common such dye is haematoxylin.

text: Basophilic is a technical term used by

text: histologists

text: . It describes the microscopic appearance of

text: cell

text: s and

text: tissue

text: s, as seen down the

text: microscope

text: , after a

text: histological section

text: has been stained with a basic

text: dye

text: . The most common such dye is

text: haematoxylin

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Edward Hutchinson Synge is given credit for conceiving and developing the idea for an imaging instrument that would image by exciting and collecting diffraction in the near field. His original idea, proposed in 1928, was based upon the usage of intense nearly planar light from an arc under pressure behind a thin, opaque metal film with a small orifice of about 100 nm. The orifice was to remain within 100 nm of the surface, and information was to be collected by point-by-point scanning. He foresaw the illumination and the detector movement being the biggest technical difficulties. John A. O'Keefe also developed similar theories in 1956. He thought the moving of the pinhole or the detector when it is so close to the sample would be the most likely issue that could prevent the realization of such an instrument. It was Ash and Nicholls who, in 1972, first broke the Abbe’s diffraction limit using radiation with wavelength of 3 cm. A line grating was resolved with a resolution of λ/60. A decade later, a patent on an optical near-field microscope was filed by Pohl,  followed in 1984 by the first paper that used visible radiation for near field scanning.  The near-field optical (NFO) microscope involved a subwavelength aperture at the apex of a metal coated sharply pointed transparent tip, and a feedback mechanism to maintain a constant distance of a few nanometers between the sample and the probe. Lewis et al. were also aware of the potential of an NFO microscope at this time. They reported first results in 1986 confirming super-resolution. In both experiments,  details below 50 nm (about λ/10)  in size could be recognized.

text: Edward Hutchinson Synge is given credit for conceiving and developing the idea for an imaging instrument that would image by exciting and collecting

text: diffraction

text: in the

text: near field

text: . His original idea, proposed in 1928, was based upon the usage of intense nearly planar light from an arc under pressure behind a thin, opaque metal film with a small orifice of about 100 nm. The orifice was to remain within 100 nm of the surface, and information was to be collected by point-by-point scanning. He foresaw the illumination and the detector movement being the biggest technical difficulties.

text: John A. O'Keefe

text: also developed similar theories in 1956. He thought the moving of the pinhole or the detector when it is so close to the sample would be the most likely issue that could prevent the realization of such an instrument. It was Ash and Nicholls who, in 1972, first broke the

text: Abbe

text: ’s

text: diffraction limit

text: using radiation with wavelength of 3 cm. A line grating was resolved with a resolution of λ/60. A decade later, a patent on an optical near-field microscope was filed by Pohl,  followed in 1984 by the first paper that used visible radiation for near field scanning.  The near-field optical (NFO) microscope involved a subwavelength aperture at the apex of a metal coated sharply pointed transparent tip, and a feedback mechanism to maintain a constant distance of a few nanometers between the sample and the probe. Lewis et al. were also aware of the potential of an NFO microscope at this time. They reported first results in 1986 confirming super-resolution. In both experiments,  details below 50 nm (about λ/10)  in size could be recognized.

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text: Arriving in the Underworld, Emma is contacted by Neal Cassidy, who warns to turn back, advice Emma chooses to ignore. She and the others later discover that the Underworld is for those with unfinished business, and they decide to help others move on, while they search for Hook. With the help of Hook's ex-girlfriend Milah, Emma manages to retrieve Hook from Hades's captivity. However, she is unable to split her heart, as Hades has decided that she, Regina, and Snow are to remain behind for freeing the souls of Prince Henry, Hercules, and Megara. It is discovered that the only way they would have a chance to return to the "Overworld" with Hook is by overthrowing Hades. In order to defeat Hades, Emma and Hook receive help from Hook's brother Liam; however, it is soon discovered that Liam betrayed them after being blackmailed by Hades. Fortunately, Henry agrees to help undo Liam's work by using his powers as the Author. Later, when Emma and Hook try to perform the heartsplit, they are informed by Hades that Hook's body has been dead for too long and is decaying, making him unable to come back to life. When Emma and Hook go into the depths of the Underworld to find ambrosia, something that would save Hook, they are faced with a True Love test, which they pass when Emma chooses Hook over her own heart, only to realize that Hades had tricked them and destroyed the ambrosia, and Hook tells Emma to leave him in the Underworld, as time is running out for her to go through the open portal. Emma objects, saying that she came to the Underworld to save Hook, and she wasn't leaving without him. Hook eventually gets her to say her goodbyes and she does, only to find out that Hades had trapped her and her family in the library using magic. Emma and Regina work together to use their own magic to counteract it. They all go through the portal, and while Emma has second thoughts about leaving Hook, she is persuaded to go by her father. When they get back to Storybrooke, Zelena is informed by Regina and Robin that Hades tried to trap them in the Underworld, but she brushes off the information and is upset with her sister. She talks to Hades about having the life she wants, which is just a simple picket fence life. However, Hades wants a whole kingdom. Robin and Regina break into the mayor's house, where Zelena and Hades are, trying to get Robin's daughter back from Zelena. Emma, distraught and unable to grieve Hook's death, tries to break down the protection spell surrounding the house, but Zelena uses her magic to stop her. Hades is about to use the Olympian Crystal to "end" Regina, but Robin steps in front of her, taking the blow, which kills him. Hades tries to pressure Zelena into killing Regina, but she stabs Hades instead.

text: Arriving in the Underworld, Emma is contacted by Neal Cassidy, who warns to turn back, advice Emma chooses to ignore. She and the others later discover that the Underworld is for those with unfinished business, and they decide to help others move on, while they search for Hook. With the help of Hook's ex-girlfriend Milah, Emma manages to retrieve Hook from Hades's captivity. However, she is unable to split her heart, as Hades has decided that she, Regina, and Snow are to remain behind for freeing the souls of Prince Henry,

text: Hercules

text: , and

text: Megara

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text: However, the first real invention and use of the microscope were done  by Anton van Leeuwenhoek. He was a Dutch draper that took the interest in microscopes after seeing one while on an apprenticeship in Amsterdam in 1648. At some point in his life before 1668, he was able to learn how to grind lenses.  This eventually led to Leeuwenhoek making his own unique microscope. His were instead simple powerful magnifying glasses, rather than a compound microscope. This was because he was able to use a single lens that was a small glass sphere but allowed for a magnification of 270x. This was a large progression since the magnification before was only a maximum of 50x. After Leeuwenhoek, there was not much progress for the microscopes until the 1850s, two hundred years later. Carl Zeiss, a German engineer who manufactured microscopes, began to make changes to the lenses used. But the optical quality did not improve until the 1880s when he hired Otto Schott and eventually Ernst Abbe.

text: However, the first real invention and use of the microscope were done  by

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

text: . He was a Dutch draper that took the interest in microscopes after seeing one while on an apprenticeship in Amsterdam in 1648. At some point in his life before 1668, he was able to learn how to grind lenses.  This eventually led to Leeuwenhoek making his own unique microscope. His were instead simple powerful magnifying glasses, rather than a

text: compound microscope

text: . This was because he was able to use a single lens that was a small glass sphere but allowed for a magnification of 270x. This was a large progression since the magnification before was only a maximum of 50x. After Leeuwenhoek, there was not much progress for the microscopes until the 1850s, two hundred years later.

text: Carl Zeiss

text: , a German engineer who manufactured microscopes, began to make changes to the lenses used. But the optical quality did not improve until the 1880s when he hired

text: Otto Schott

text: and eventually

text: Ernst Abbe

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text: Hudson devoted his leisure to microscopical research, and in particular to the study of the Rotifera. His first printed paper was on Rhinops Vitrea in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for 1869. Afterwards he published numerous papers in the Microscopical Journal and the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, describing new genera and species of Rotifera, of which Pedahon mirum was a notable discovery. A list of these papers is given in the Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society for 1904, page 49.

text: Hudson devoted his leisure to microscopical research, and in particular to the study of the

text: Rotifer

text: a. His first printed paper was on Rhinops Vitrea in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for 1869. Afterwards he published numerous papers in the Microscopical Journal and the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, describing new genera and species of Rotifera, of which Pedahon mirum was a notable discovery. A list of these papers is given in the Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society for 1904, page 49.

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text: A catalogue of work by R & J Beck from 1900 has been digitised as part of the Internet Archive which features the terms of business and pricing from 1900, simplex microscopes, No. 10 London Microscope, No. 22 London Microscope, No. 29 London Microscope, Beck Pathological Microscope, No. 3201 Massive Microscope, Radial Research Microscope, Angular Model Microscope, Beck Combined Binocular and Monocular Microscope, Baby London Microscope, No.3755 Portable Microscope, Pathological Microscope, Binomax magnifier, Greenough Binocular Microscope, Crescent Dissecting Microscope, Cornex Dissecting Microscope, Beck Ultra Violet Microscope made for J. E. Barnard F.R.S., Beck Object Glasses, Eyepieces, Beck-Chapman Opaque Illuminator, Photomigraphic Cameras, Optical Benches, Microtomes, University Micro-projector and Folding Pocket Magnifiers.

text: A catalogue of work by R & J Beck from 1900 has been digitised as part of the Internet Archive which features the terms of business and pricing from 1900, simplex microscopes, No. 10 London Microscope, No. 22 London Microscope, No. 29 London Microscope, Beck Pathological Microscope, No. 3201 Massive Microscope, Radial Research Microscope, Angular Model Microscope, Beck Combined Binocular and Monocular Microscope, Baby London Microscope, No.3755 Portable Microscope, Pathological Microscope, Binomax magnifier, Greenough Binocular Microscope, Crescent Dissecting Microscope, Cornex Dissecting Microscope, Beck Ultra Violet Microscope made for J. E. Barnard F.R.S., Beck Object Glasses, Eyepieces, Beck-Chapman Opaque Illuminator, Photomigraphic Cameras, Optical Benches, Microtomes, University Micro-projector and Folding Pocket Magnifiers.

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text: These cells were discovered by two scientists, Cajal and Retzius, at two different times and in different species. They are originated in the developing brain in multiple sites within the neocortex and hippocampus. From there, Cajal–Retzius (CR) cells experience migration through the marginal zone, originating the layer I of the cortex.

text: These cells were discovered by two scientists,

text: Cajal

text: and

text: Retzius

text: , at two different times and in different species. They are originated in the developing brain in multiple sites within the

text: neocortex

text: and

text: hippocampus

text: . From there, Cajal–Retzius (CR) cells experience migration through the marginal zone, originating the layer I of the cortex.

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text: Born in Brantford, Ontario, the son of James and Ethel (Cooke) Hillier, he received a Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics and Physics (1937), Master of Arts (1938), and a Ph.D (1941) from the University of Toronto, where, as a graduate student, he completed a prototype of the electron microscope that had been invented by Ernst Ruska. This transmission electron microscope was used as a prototype for later electron microscopes.

text: Born in

text: Brantford, Ontario

text: , the son of James and Ethel (Cooke) Hillier, he received a

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: in Mathematics and Physics (1937),

text: Master of Arts

text: (1938), and a

text: Ph.D

text: (1941) from the

text: University of Toronto

text: , where, as a graduate student, he completed a prototype of the electron microscope that had been invented by

text: Ernst Ruska

text: . This

text: transmission electron microscope

text: was used as a prototype for later electron microscopes.

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text: Six weeks earlier in the Camelot dungeon, David, Hook, Merlin and Belle waste no time at all in defeating Arthur's guards, with Hook impressed by Merlin's ability to see the future. They then reach the cell where Lancelot and Merida are being held, with Merlin telling the others that it is enchanted. Belle then gives Merlin a book of spells and makes the bars disappear. Merida tells the rescuers that Arthur took the wisps which she needed to find her brothers, so Merlin suggests that they need to come up with another way to find them. When Belle asks Merida why she was in the dungeon, Merida tells her that the wisps led her to the sea, but the boat she hid out in belonged to Arthur, and that when he found her he then threw her in the cell. Merida then knocks Belle out with a rock and hours later Bell awakes to find herself in a rowboat with Merida. Belle learns that Merida needs Belle's magic to find her brothers. She further explained that the clans kidnapped her brothers so they can force her to relinquish the throne as she is not married.

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text: There are many types of microscopes. The most common (and the first to be invented) is the optical microscope, which uses light to image the sample. Other major types of microscopes are the electron microscope (both the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope), the ultramicroscope, and the various types of scanning probe microscope.

text: There are many types of microscopes. The most common (and the first to be invented) is the

text: optical microscope

text: , which uses

text: light

text: to image the sample. Other major types of microscopes are the

text: electron microscope

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text: ), the

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: During the 1970s and 1980s the second generation (PEEM-2) and third generation (PEEM-3) microscopes were constructed. PEEM-2 is a conventional not aberration-corrected instrument employing electrostatic lenses. It uses a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) fiber-coupled to a phosphor to detect the electron-optical image. The aberration corrected microscope PEEM-3 employs a curved electron mirror to counter the lowest order aberrations of the electron lenses and the accelerating field.

text: During the 1970s and 1980s the second generation (PEEM-2) and third generation (PEEM-3) microscopes were constructed. PEEM-2 is a conventional not aberration-corrected instrument employing electrostatic lenses. It uses a cooled

text: charge-coupled device

text: (CCD) fiber-coupled to a phosphor to detect the electron-optical image. The aberration corrected microscope PEEM-3 employs a curved electron mirror to counter the lowest order aberrations of the electron lenses and the accelerating field.

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answers: (500 nm)

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Microscopes were first developed with just two lenses: an objective lens and an eyepiece. The objective lens is essentially a magnifying glass and was designed with a very small focal length while the eyepiece generally has a longer focal length. This has the effect of producing magnified images of close objects. Generally, an additional source of illumination is used since magnified images are dimmer due to the conservation of energy and the spreading of light rays over a larger surface area. Modern microscopes, known as compound microscopes have many lenses in them (typically four) to optimize the functionality and enhance image stability. A slightly different variety of microscope, the comparison microscope, looks at side-by-side images to produce a stereoscopic binocular view that appears three dimensional when used by humans.

text: Microscopes were first developed with just two lenses: an

text: objective lens

text: and an

text: eyepiece

text: . The objective lens is essentially a magnifying glass and was designed with a very small

text: focal length

text: while the eyepiece generally has a longer focal length. This has the effect of producing magnified images of close objects. Generally, an additional source of illumination is used since magnified images are dimmer due to the

text: conservation of energy

text: and the spreading of light rays over a larger surface area. Modern microscopes, known as compound microscopes have many lenses in them (typically four) to optimize the functionality and enhance image stability. A slightly different variety of microscope, the

text: comparison microscope

text: , looks at side-by-side images to produce a

text: stereoscopic

text: binocular

text: view that appears three dimensional when used by humans.

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answers: Microscopes

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answers: an objective lens and an eyepiece

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answers: Microscopes

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answers: close objects

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answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Modern microscopes, known as compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: three dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: an objective lens and an eyepiece

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Modern microscopes, known as compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopes were first developed with just two lenses

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: objective lens and an eyepiece

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answers: Charles Dickens

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answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The first experiments into water filtration were made in the 17th century. Sir Francis Bacon attempted to desalinate sea water by passing the flow through a sand filter. Although his experiment did not succeed, it marked the beginning of a new interest in the field. The fathers of microscopy, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke, used the newly invented microscope to observe for the first time small material particles that lay suspended in the water, laying the groundwork for the future understanding of waterborne pathogens.

text: The first experiments into water filtration were made in the 17th century. Sir

text: Francis Bacon

text: attempted to

text: desalinate

text: sea water by passing the flow through a

text: sand filter

text: . Although his experiment did not succeed, it marked the beginning of a new interest in the field. The fathers of

text: microscopy

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: and

text: Robert Hooke

text: , used the newly invented

text: microscope

text: to observe for the first time small material particles that lay suspended in the water, laying the groundwork for the future understanding of waterborne pathogens.

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answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

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answers: NDQ_006578

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answers: NDQ_006579

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answers: NDQ_006587

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answers: NDQ_006598

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answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Bacon

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Microscopy

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: ). This is done in a constructive way by defining a random walk, called the hook walk, on the cells of the Young diagram

text: ). This is done in a constructive way by defining a random walk, called the hook walk, on the cells of the Young diagram

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answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: A crack-like nick was observed on the trichomes was found by Umarani et. al.  in microscopic view. While they studying individual cells notches were found at the inner side of the cell corresponding the slit on the trichome. When such cells were stacked one above the other, it results in the crack like structure on the trichome. Thus, the number of notches in a single cell equals the number of slits on the trichome. One to three notches / slits were observed in the study by Uma Rani et al. 2015.

text: A crack-like nick was observed on the trichomes was found by Umarani et. al.  in microscopic view. While they studying individual cells notches were found at the inner side of the cell corresponding the slit on the trichome. When such cells were stacked one above the other, it results in the crack like structure on the trichome. Thus, the number of notches in a single cell equals the number of slits on the trichome. One to three notches / slits were observed in the study by Uma Rani et al. 2015.

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text: The painting is considered a work with significance for Vermeer because he did not part with it or sell it, even when he was in debt. On 24 February 1676, his widow Catharina bequeathed it to her mother, Maria Thins, in an attempt to avoid the sale of the painting to satisfy creditors. The executor of Vermeer's estate, the famous Delft microscopist Anton van Leeuwenhoek, determined that the transferral of the work to the late painter's mother-in-law was illegal and, according to John Michael Montias, at least a curious transaction. On 15 March 1677 most of his paintings were sold in an auction at the Guild in Delft. It is not known who bought the Art of Painting; perhaps it was Jacob Dissius. It can not determined with certainty whether the painting is quoted in the auction Dissius of 1696 as "Portrait of Vermeer in a room with various accessories." The painting was owned by Gerard van Swieten, and passed into the hands of Gottfried van Swieten. In 1813 it was purchased for 50 florins by the Bohemian-Austrian Count Rudolf Czernin. It was placed on public display in the Czernin Museum in Vienna.

text: The painting is considered a work with significance for Vermeer because he did not part with it or sell it, even when he was in debt. On 24 February 1676, his widow Catharina bequeathed it to her mother,

text: Maria Thins

text: , in an attempt to avoid the sale of the painting to satisfy creditors. The executor of Vermeer's estate, the famous Delft microscopist

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

text: , determined that the transferral of the work to the late painter's mother-in-law was illegal and, according to

text: John Michael Montias

text: , at least a curious transaction. On 15 March 1677 most of his paintings were sold in an auction at the Guild in Delft. It is not known who bought the Art of Painting; perhaps it was

text: Jacob Dissius

text: . It can not determined with certainty whether the painting is quoted in the auction Dissius of 1696 as "Portrait of Vermeer in a room with various accessories." The painting was owned by

text: Gerard van Swieten

text: , and passed into the hands of

text: Gottfried van Swieten

text: . In 1813 it was purchased for 50

text: florins

text: by the

text: Bohemia

text: n-Austrian Count

entity_name: Johann Rudolf Czernin von und zu Chudenitz

text: Rudolf Czernin

text: . It was placed on public display in the

text: Czernin Museum

text: in Vienna.

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answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Since the digital microscope has the image projected directly on to the CCD camera, it is possible to have higher quality recorded images than with a stereo microscope. With the stereo microscope, the lenses are made for the optics of the eye. Attaching a CCD camera to a stereo microscope will result in an image that has compromises made for the eyepiece. Although the monitor image and recorded image may be of higher quality with the digital microscope, the application of the microscope may dictate which microscope is preferred.

text: Since the digital microscope has the image projected directly on to the CCD camera, it is possible to have higher quality recorded images than with a stereo microscope. With the stereo microscope, the lenses are made for the optics of the eye. Attaching a CCD camera to a stereo microscope will result in an image that has compromises made for the eyepiece. Although the monitor image and recorded image may be of higher quality with the digital microscope, the application of the microscope may dictate which microscope is preferred.

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text: After allowing to dry, it is colored and performs counting. For this, the average of existing cells is performed in the field of the microscope, dividing total somatic cells from microscopic factor (MF) which corresponds to the number of fields in one inch, i.e. 100 mm, obtaining in this way the number of somatic cells per milliliter of milk.

text: After allowing to dry, it is colored and performs counting. For this, the

text: average

text: of existing cells is performed in the field of the microscope, dividing total somatic cells from microscopic factor (MF) which corresponds to the number of fields in one inch, i.e. 100 mm, obtaining in this way the number of somatic cells per milliliter of

text: milk

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text: When only 28 years old, Mendenhall discovered the cell for Hodgkin’s disease and the evolution of the cells. Previously Hodgkin’s disease was considered a form of tuberculosis but her contribution (1901) established that it was a form of cancer, not infection. She tested the concept on rabbits by showing that Hodgkin’s disease was not transmissible unlike tuberculosis. Dorothy used microscopic specimens to compare tissue samples from TB and Hodgkin’s patients. It was then that she observed the large giant cells (The Dorothy Reed Cell later termed the Reed-Sternberg Cell). Since the giant cells were distinct in the characteristics it possessed, Hodgkin’s disease had a clear diagnostic marker. Having a way to clearly identify the condition allowed the development of effective treatment. Five-year survival of Hodgkin’s is about 80% vs about 40% for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

text: When only 28 years old, Mendenhall discovered the cell for Hodgkin’s disease and the evolution of the cells. Previously Hodgkin’s disease was considered a form of tuberculosis but her contribution (1901) established that it was a form of cancer, not infection. She tested the concept on rabbits by showing that Hodgkin’s disease was not transmissible unlike tuberculosis. Dorothy used microscopic specimens to compare tissue samples from TB and Hodgkin’s patients. It was then that she observed the large giant cells (The Dorothy Reed Cell later termed the Reed-Sternberg Cell). Since the giant cells were distinct in the characteristics it possessed, Hodgkin’s disease had a clear diagnostic marker. Having a way to clearly identify the condition allowed the development of effective treatment. Five-year survival of Hodgkin’s is about 80% vs about 40% for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

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text: ANCAs are associated with small vessel vasculitides including granulomatosis with polyangiitis (previously known as Wegener's granulomatosis), microscopic polyangiitis, primary pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis (a type of renal-limited microscopic polyangiitis), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (previously known as Churg-Strauss syndrome) and drug induced vasculitides. PR3 directed c-ANCA is present in 80-90% of granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 20-40% of microscopic polyangiitis, 20-40% of pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis and 35% of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. c-ANCA (atypical) is present in 80% of cystic fibrosis (with BPI as the target antigen) and also in inflammatory bowel disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis and rheumatoid arthritis (with antibodies to multiple antigenic targets). p-ANCA with MPO specificity is found in 50% of microscopic polyangiitis, 50% of primary pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis and 35% of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. p-ANCA with specificity to other antigens are associated with inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, drug-induced vasculitis, autoimmune liver disease, drug induced syndromes and parasitic infections. Atypical ANCA is associated with drug-induced systemic vasculitis, inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

text: ANCAs are associated with small vessel

text: vasculitides

text: including

text: granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: (previously known as Wegener's granulomatosis),

text: microscopic polyangiitis

text: primary pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis

text: (a type of renal-limited microscopic polyangiitis),

entity_name: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: (previously known as Churg-Strauss syndrome) and drug induced vasculitides. PR3 directed c-ANCA is present in 80-90% of granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 20-40% of

text: microscopic polyangiitis

text: , 20-40% of pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis and 35% of

text: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: . c-ANCA (atypical) is present in 80% of cystic fibrosis (with BPI as the target antigen) and also in

text: inflammatory bowel disease

text: primary sclerosing cholangitis

text: and

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: (with antibodies to multiple antigenic targets). p-ANCA with MPO specificity is found in 50% of

text: microscopic polyangiitis

text: , 50% of primary pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis and 35% of

text: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: . p-ANCA with specificity to other antigens are associated with inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, drug-induced vasculitis,

text: autoimmune liver disease

text: , drug induced syndromes and parasitic infections. Atypical ANCA is associated with drug-induced systemic vasculitis, inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: NDQ_006578

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answers: NDQ_006579

answers: renal-limited microscopic polyangiitis

answers: NDQ_006580

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answers: NDQ_006581

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answers: NDQ_006582

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answers: NDQ_006584

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: While Trembley thought he had discovered a new species, Leeuwenhoek had in fact first published on hydra in 1702-1703 volume of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, describing them as a type of "animalculum".  In his work Leeuwenhoek clearly described the process of budding, as well as tentacles contractility and the presence of cnidocyte batteries on tentacles.

text: While Trembley thought he had discovered a new species,

text: Leeuwenhoek

text: had in fact first published on hydra in 1702-1703 volume of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, describing them as a type of "animalculum".  In his work Leeuwenhoek clearly described the process of budding, as well as tentacles contractility and the presence of cnidocyte batteries on tentacles.

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text: Cloud microphysics describe the structure and properties of clouds on the microscopic scale.

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text: Quantum microscopy is a novel tool that allows microscopic properties of matter and quantum particles to be measured and directly visualized. There are various types of microscopy that use quantum principles. The first microscope to make use of quantum concepts was the scanning tunneling microscope, which paved the way for development of the photoionization microscope and the quantum entanglement microscope.

text: Quantum microscopy is a novel tool that allows microscopic properties of matter and quantum particles to be measured and directly visualized. There are various types of microscopy that use quantum principles. The first microscope to make use of quantum concepts was the

text: scanning tunneling microscope

text: , which paved the way for development of the photoionization microscope and the quantum entanglement microscope.

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answer: Yes

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text: Kircher took a notably modern approach to the study of diseases, as early as 1646 using a microscope to investigate the blood of plague victims. In his Scrutinium Pestis of 1658, he noted the presence of "little worms" or "animalcules" in the blood, and concluded that the disease was caused by microorganisms. The conclusion was correct, although it is likely that what he saw were in fact red or white blood cells and not the plague agent, Yersinia pestis. He also proposed hygienic measures to prevent the spread of disease, such as isolation, quarantine, burning clothes worn by the infected and wearing facemasks to prevent the inhalation of germs.

text: Kircher took a notably modern approach to the study of

text: disease

text: s, as early as 1646 using a

text: microscope

text: to investigate the

text: blood

text: of

text: plague

text: victims. In his Scrutinium Pestis of 1658, he noted the presence of "little worms" or "

text: animalcules

text: " in the blood, and concluded that the disease was caused by

text: microorganism

text: s. The conclusion was correct, although it is likely that what he saw were in fact

text: red

text: or

text: white

text: blood cell

text: s and not the plague agent,

text: Yersinia pestis

text: . He also proposed

text: hygienic

text: measures to prevent the spread of disease, such as isolation,

text: quarantine

text: , burning clothes worn by the infected and wearing

text: facemasks

text: to prevent the inhalation of

text: germ

text: s.

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answers: 1658

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Results of rodent studies collectively show that regardless of the process by which CNTs were synthesized and the types and amounts of metals they contained, CNTs were capable of producing inflammation, epithelioid granulomas (microscopic nodules), fibrosis, and biochemical/toxicological changes in the lungs. Comparative toxicity studies in which mice were given equal weights of test materials showed that SWCNTs were more toxic than quartz, which is considered a serious occupational health hazard when chronically inhaled. As a control, ultrafine carbon black was shown to produce minimal lung responses.

text: Results of rodent studies collectively show that regardless of the process by which CNTs were synthesized and the types and amounts of metals they contained, CNTs were capable of producing

text: inflammation

text: epithelioid granulomas

text: (microscopic nodules),

text: fibrosis

text: , and biochemical/toxicological changes in the lungs. Comparative toxicity studies in which mice were given equal weights of test materials showed that SWCNTs were more toxic than

text: quartz

text: , which is considered a serious occupational health hazard when chronically inhaled. As a control, ultrafine

text: carbon black

text: was shown to produce minimal lung responses.

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text: In his letter of 14 June 1680 to The Royal Society, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek described an experiment he carried out by filling two identical glass tubes about halfway with crushed pepper powder, to whichsome clean rain water was added. Van Leeuwenhoek sealed one of the glass tubes by using a flame and left the other glass tube open. Several days later, he discovered in the open glass tube ‘agreat many very little animalcules, of divers sort having its own particular motion.’ Not expecting to see any life in the sealed glass tube, Van Leeuwenhoek saw to his surprise ‘a kind of living animalcules that were round and bigger than the biggest sort that I have said were in the other water.’ The conditions in the sealed tube had become quite anaerobic owing to consumption of oxygen by aerobic microorganisms.

text: In his letter of 14 June 1680 to The Royal Society,

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: described an experiment he carried out by filling two identical glass tubes about halfway with crushed pepper powder, to whichsome clean rain water was added. Van Leeuwenhoek sealed one of the glass tubes by using a flame and left the other glass tube open. Several days later, he discovered in the open glass tube ‘agreat many very little animalcules, of divers sort having its own particular motion.’ Not expecting to see any life in the sealed glass tube, Van Leeuwenhoek saw to his surprise ‘a kind of living animalcules that were round and bigger than the biggest sort that I have said were in the other water.’ The conditions in the sealed tube had become quite anaerobic owing to consumption of oxygen by aerobic microorganisms.

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text: In modern materials science, fracture mechanics is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the physics of stress and strain, in particular the theories of elasticity and plasticity, to the microscopic crystallographic defects found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies. Fractography is widely used with fracture mechanics to understand the causes of failures and also verify the theoretical failure predictions with real life failures.

text: In modern

text: materials science

text: , fracture mechanics is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the

text: physics

text: of

text: stress

text: and

text: strain

text: , in particular the theories of

text: elasticity

text: and

text: plasticity

text: , to the microscopic

text: crystallographic defects

text: found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

text: Fractography

text: is widely used with fracture mechanics to understand the causes of failures and also verify the theoretical

text: failure

text: predictions with real life failures.

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text: Later studies have shown that he actually saw mats of bacteria, what we know today as biofilms.  Biofilms are communities of bacteria, or micro-organisms, attached to surfaces in the body.  Oral biofilms are more commonly referred to as plaque.  Biofilms form almost everywhere bacteria are.  In the mouth, they naturally form on any stationary surface, namely teeth, gums, and the tongue.  Leeuwenhoek made important findings of bacteria with his first observation and analysis of dental plaque, and since then much more has been discovered about the mouth and its ecology.

text: Later studies have shown that he actually saw mats of bacteria, what we know today as biofilms.  Biofilms are communities of bacteria, or

text: micro-organisms

text: , attached to surfaces in the body.  Oral biofilms are more commonly referred to as plaque.  Biofilms form almost everywhere bacteria are.  In the mouth, they naturally form on any stationary surface, namely teeth, gums, and the tongue.  Leeuwenhoek made important findings of bacteria with his first observation and analysis of

text: dental plaque

text: , and since then much more has been discovered about the mouth and its ecology.

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text: Development of the transmission electron microscope was quickly followed in 1935 by the development of the scanning electron microscope by Max Knoll.

text: Development of the transmission electron microscope was quickly followed in 1935 by the development of the

text: scanning electron microscope

text: by

text: Max Knoll

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answer: Yes

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text: Conang, king of the Déisi, came to him, and Finnchu gave him, "as a soul-friend's jewel, his own place in heaven". Then, in order to obtain a place in heaven instead of that which he had given away, he suspended himself by the armpits from hooks in the roof of his cell, so that "his head did not touch the roof, nor his feet the floor". Thenceforth the place was called Bri gobann (Smith's Hill), now Mitchelstown, from the skill shown by the smiths who manufactured the hooks. During seven years he continued to practise this self-mortification until he was visited by St. Ronan Finn with an urgent request for help from the King of Meath, who was distressed by the inroads of British pirates. After much persuasion he accompanied St. Ronan to Tara. On the night of his arrival an inroad took place, and by Finnchu's advice, "all, both laymen and clerics, turned right-handwise and marched against the intruders", with the result that they slew them, burnt their ships, and made a mound of their garments.

text: Conang,

text: king of the Déisi

text: , came to him, and Finnchu gave him, "as a soul-friend's jewel, his own place in heaven". Then, in order to obtain a place in heaven instead of that which he had given away, he suspended himself by the armpits from hooks in the roof of his cell, so that "his head did not touch the roof, nor his feet the floor". Thenceforth the place was called Bri gobann (Smith's Hill), now

text: Mitchelstown

text: , from the skill shown by the smiths who manufactured the hooks. During seven years he continued to practise this self-mortification until he was visited by St. Ronan Finn with an urgent request for help from the King of

text: Meath

text: , who was distressed by the inroads of British pirates. After much persuasion he accompanied St. Ronan to

text: Tara

text: . On the night of his arrival an inroad took place, and by Finnchu's advice, "all, both laymen and clerics, turned right-handwise and marched against the intruders", with the result that they slew them, burnt their ships, and made a mound of their garments.

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answers: 7 years

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Ultramicroscopy is an established peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of electron microscopy. It provides a forum for the publication of original research papers, invited reviews and rapid communications. The scope of Ultramicroscopy is to describe advances in instrumentation, methods and theory related to all modes of microscopical imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy in the life and physical sciences.

text: Ultramicroscopy is an established

text: peer-reviewed

text: scientific journal

text: in the field of

text: electron microscopy

text: . It provides a forum for the publication of original research papers, invited reviews and rapid communications. The scope of Ultramicroscopy is to describe advances in instrumentation, methods and theory related to all modes of microscopical imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy in the life and physical sciences.

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text: An electron microscope uses a controlled beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and produce a magnified image. Two common types are the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the transmission electron microscope (TEM).

text: An electron microscope uses a controlled beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and produce a magnified image. Two common types are the

text: scanning electron microscope

text: (SEM) and the

text: transmission electron microscope

text: (TEM).

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text: Typically an operating microscope might cost several thousand dollars for a basic model, more advanced models may be much more expensive. Additionally specialized microsurgical instruments may be required to make full use of the improved vision the microscope affords. It can take time to master use of an operating microscope.

text: Typically an operating microscope might cost several thousand dollars for a basic model, more advanced models may be much more expensive. Additionally specialized microsurgical instruments may be required to make full use of the improved vision the microscope affords. It can take time to master use of an operating microscope.

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text: Resected mucinous cystic neoplasms have a characteristic appearance- they tend to be between 6 and 10 centimeters in size (2 to 5 inches), they contain numerous cysts (small cavities), and the cysts are filled with thick mucin (see the photograph).  Under the microscope, the cysts are lined by tall mucin-producing cells.  These are the tumor cells.  The tumor cells "sit" on ovarian-type stroma.  This "ovarian-type stroma" is connective tissue that resembles some of the tissue normally found in the female ovary.

text: Resected mucinous cystic neoplasms have a characteristic appearance- they tend to be between 6 and 10 centimeters in size (2 to 5 inches), they contain numerous cysts (small cavities), and the cysts are filled with thick mucin (see the photograph).  Under the microscope, the cysts are lined by tall mucin-producing cells.  These are the tumor cells.  The tumor cells "sit" on ovarian-type stroma.  This "ovarian-type stroma" is connective tissue that resembles some of the tissue normally found in the female ovary.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Under a light microscope, the spores are seen to be smooth, elliptical to oblong in shape, with dimensions of 3–5 by 2–3 µm. The basidia (the spore-bearing cells) are 4-spored, and have a narrow club-shape with dimension of 18–22 by 3.5–4.5 µm. The gill cystidia are seen to stain blue when cotton blue dye and lactate are applied. The cap cuticle is made of an approximately 100 µm thick layer of gelatinous hyphae that are about 2–4 µm thick. The gelatinous hyphae are only present on the cap surface, not the surface of the stem; these local differences in cell structure explain the ease with which the scales are sloughed off the cap, but not the stems of the fruit bodies. The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the mycelia of this species grown in culture have been described in detail.

text: Under a

text: light microscope

text: , the

text: spores

text: are seen to be smooth, elliptical to oblong in shape, with dimensions of 3–5 by 2–3

text: µm

text: . The

text: basidia

text: (the spore-bearing cells) are 4-spored, and have a narrow club-shape with dimension of 18–22 by 3.5–4.5

text: µm

text: . The gill

text: cystidia

text: are seen to stain blue when

text: cotton blue

text: dye and

text: lactate

text: are applied. The cap cuticle is made of an approximately 100 µm thick layer of gelatinous hyphae that are about 2–4 µm thick. The gelatinous hyphae are only present on the cap surface, not the surface of the stem; these local differences in cell structure explain the ease with which the scales are sloughed off the cap, but not the stems of the fruit bodies. The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the

text: mycelia

text: of this species grown in

text: culture

text: have been described in detail.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: This was the first ride with an Omnimover system. It opened as a free attraction, unlike most, but required a "C" ticket starting in 1972. The original sponsor was Monsanto, which at the time was an agri-chemical company. Irene Kasmer, using Monsanto fabric, designed the uniforms of the attendants. In 1977, Monsanto ended their sponsorship for the attraction. All visual and audio references were removed (except for the end line, "This is Monsanto") and the Monsanto Mighty Microscope's Monsanto logo was replaced with a logo that says "The Mighty Microscope".

text: This was the first ride with an Omnimover system. It opened as a free attraction, unlike most, but required a "C" ticket starting in 1972. The original sponsor was

text: Monsanto

text: , which at the time was an agri-chemical company. Irene Kasmer, using Monsanto fabric, designed the uniforms of the attendants. In 1977, Monsanto ended their sponsorship for the attraction. All visual and audio references were removed (except for the end line, "This is Monsanto") and the Monsanto Mighty Microscope's Monsanto logo was replaced with a logo that says "The Mighty Microscope".

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answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Monsanto

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Monsanto

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Monsanto

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Monsanto

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Monsanto

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Irene Kasmer

answers: NDQ_006606

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answers: Irene Kasmer

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answers: Omnimover

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Monsanto

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Omnimover

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

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answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Microscope

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the PAL region, the first two Electroplankton were released on January 15, 2010, which were Beatnes and Hanenbow.  The next two were released on January 22, 2010, which were Nanocarp and Trapy.  The next two released were Luminarrow and Sun-Animalcule on January 29, 2010.  Rec Rec and Lumiloop were added on February 12, 2010 and the last two minigames Marine-Crystals and Varvoice, were released on February 26, 2010.

text: In the PAL region, the first two Electroplankton were released on January 15, 2010, which were Beatnes and Hanenbow.  The next two were released on January 22, 2010, which were Nanocarp and Trapy.  The next two released were Luminarrow and Sun-Animalcule on January 29, 2010.  Rec Rec and Lumiloop were added on February 12, 2010 and the last two minigames Marine-Crystals and Varvoice, were released on February 26, 2010.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_006616

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: minigames

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two-dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Luminarrow

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: plankton

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Luminarrow

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Luminarrow

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Peter's movements and behavior become more erratic as he fights the bugs, invisible to the audience, that he claims are infesting his body. Agnes soon joins in this behavior. Over time, they isolate themselves from the outside world, sealing themselves in their room and covering it with flypaper and aluminum foil and lighting it with the glow from bug zappers. Peter, believing that a colony of microscopic bugs was implanted in one of his teeth, tears it out of his head. Using a child's microscope, he says he sees the bugs in the remains of the crushed tooth, as does Agnes.

text: Peter's movements and behavior become more erratic as he fights the bugs, invisible to the audience, that he claims are infesting his body. Agnes soon joins in this behavior. Over time, they isolate themselves from the outside world, sealing themselves in their room and covering it with

text: flypaper

text: and

text: aluminum foil

text: and lighting it with the glow from

text: bug zapper

text: s. Peter, believing that a colony of microscopic bugs was implanted in one of his teeth, tears it out of his head. Using a child's microscope, he says he sees the bugs in the remains of the crushed tooth, as does Agnes.

answers: tqa2:L_0362/T_1911/e497c1357fe9f18cada96ff368a11427

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text: [[Image:LeKayTheNative.jpg|thumb|upright|The Native Navigated His Canoe by the Stars and Peacefully Disappeared into the Bermuda Triangle # 2 by John LeKay, 1993, acrylic lacquer on canvas]]1990–1994, he made "pour paintings" out of acrylic lacquer metallic car paint, using a hair dryer on some and putting others on a see-saw, swivel table to turn and tilt the paintings to create different shapes as the paint ran. His inspiration for such works came from looking at a science catalogue's microscopic slides of viruses, bacteria, AIDS, bubonic plague and cancer, which he described as "quite beautiful under a microscope".  The Watercourse Way by Alan Watts suggested the idea of minimal effort.

text: [[Image:LeKayTheNative.jpg|thumb|upright|The Native Navigated His Canoe by the Stars and Peacefully Disappeared into the Bermuda Triangle # 2 by John LeKay, 1993, acrylic lacquer on canvas]]1990–1994, he made "pour paintings" out of acrylic lacquer metallic car paint, using a hair dryer on some and putting others on a see-saw, swivel table to turn and tilt the paintings to create different shapes as the paint ran. His inspiration for such works came from looking at a science catalogue's microscopic slides of

text: virus

text: es,

text: bacteria

text: AIDS

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text: cancer

text: , which he described as "quite beautiful under a microscope".  The Watercourse Way by

text: Alan Watts

text: suggested the idea of minimal effort.

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text: She observed the effects of the transposition of Ac and Ds by the changing patterns of coloration in maize kernels over generations of controlled crosses, and described the relationship between the two loci through intricate microscopic analysis. She concluded that Ac controls the transposition of the Ds from chromosome 9, and that the movement of Ds is accompanied by the breakage of the chromosome. When Ds moves, the aleurone-color gene is released from the suppressing effect of the Ds and transformed into the active form, which initiates the pigment synthesis in cells. The transposition of Ds in different cells is random, it may move in some but not others, which causes color mosaicism. The size of the colored spot on the seed is determined by stage of the seed development during dissociation. McClintock also found that the transposition of Ds is determined by the number of Ac copies in the cell.

text: She observed the effects of the transposition of Ac and Ds by the changing patterns of coloration in maize kernels over generations of controlled crosses, and described the relationship between the two

text: loci

text: through intricate microscopic analysis. She concluded that Ac controls the transposition of the Ds from chromosome 9, and that the movement of Ds is accompanied by the breakage of the chromosome. When Ds moves, the

text: aleurone

text: -color gene is released from the suppressing effect of the Ds and transformed into the active form, which initiates the pigment synthesis in cells. The transposition of Ds in different cells is random, it may move in some but not others, which causes color mosaicism. The size of the colored spot on the seed is determined by stage of the seed development during dissociation. McClintock also found that the transposition of Ds is determined by the number of Ac copies in the cell.

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text: An important part of optical physics theory is starting with microscopic physics—the behavior of atoms and electrons—and using it to derive the familiar, macroscopic, laws of optics. In particular, there is a derivation of how the refractive index works and where it comes from, starting from microscopic physics. The Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem is one part of that derivation (as is the Lorentz–Lorenz equation etc.).

text: An important part of optical physics theory is starting with microscopic physics—the behavior of atoms and electrons—and using it to derive the familiar, macroscopic, laws of optics. In particular, there is a derivation of how the

text: refractive index

text: works and where it comes from, starting from microscopic physics. The Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem is one part of that derivation (as is the

text: Lorentz–Lorenz equation

text: etc.).

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answers: starting with microscopic physics

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The 1980s saw the development of the first scanning probe microscopes. The first was the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981, developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer. This was closely followed in 1986 with Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber's invention of the atomic force microscope.

text: The 1980s saw the development of the first

text: scanning probe microscope

text: s. The first was the

text: scanning tunneling microscope

text: in 1981, developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer. This was closely followed in 1986 with Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber's invention of the

text: atomic force microscope

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answers: scanning tunneling microscope

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answers: Micrographia is a science

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answers: 880 nm

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The virus was discovered in 2014 by Olga Kosoy, Amy Lambert and colleagues from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Fort Collins, Colorado, in a sample of blood from the case patient. Tests had previously ruled out a wide range of tick-borne diseases including anaplasmosis, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia. During tests for Heartland virus, a recently discovered Phlebovirus known to be transmitted by ticks, prominent plaques, or areas where the cells were affected by virus infection, were observed on one-cell-thick cultures of African green monkey kidney cells. The plaques did not resemble the effects of Heartland virus, and the researchers hypothesized that they were the work of another virus. Examining supernatants from these cell cultures under the electron microscope revealed virus particles of different shapes, including filaments and spheres. These features are typical of viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae, such as influenza A virus.

text: The virus was discovered in 2014 by Olga Kosoy, Amy Lambert and colleagues from the

entity_name: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: (CDC) in

text: Fort Collins, Colorado

text: , in a sample of blood from the case patient. Tests had previously ruled out a wide range of

text: tick

text: -borne diseases including

text: anaplasmosis

text: babesiosis

text: ehrlichiosis

text: Q fever

text: Rocky Mountain spotted fever

text: and

text: tularemia

text: . During tests for

text: Heartland virus

text: , a recently discovered

text: Phlebovirus

text: known to be transmitted by ticks, prominent

text: plaques

text: , or areas where the cells

text: were affected by virus infection

text: , were observed on one-cell-thick cultures of

text: African green monkey kidney cells

text: . The plaques did not resemble the effects of Heartland virus, and the researchers hypothesized that they were the work of another virus. Examining

text: supernatants

text: from these cell cultures under the

text: electron microscope

text: revealed virus particles of different shapes, including filaments and spheres. These features are typical of viruses of the family

text: Orthomyxoviridae

text: , such as

text: influenza A virus

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text: As with most other microscopy development in the late 19th and early 20th century,the fluorescent microscope was pioneered by associates to Carl Zeiss AG in Jena, Germany.In 1904, Moritz von Rohr and August Köhler at Carl Zeiss constructed the first ultraviolet microscope.The intent of the microscope was to obtain higher optical resolution by using illumination with a shorter wavelength than visual light.However, they experienced difficulties with autofluorescence when observing biological material. Fortunately,Köhler saw the potential of fluorescence. This led him and the Carl Zeiss co-inventor of the ultramicroscope, Henry Siedentopf,to build a prototype of a specialized fluorescent microscope in 1908.Unfortunately, the ultraviolet light source they used was somewhat dim and fluorescence microscopy remained impractical untilHeinrich Lehmann in 1910 applied a much brighter light source and the ultraviolet filtering techniques developed byRobert Wood. Independently, Oskar Heimstädt worked along the same lines together with a competitorto Carl Zeiss; C Reichert, Optische Werke AG in Vienna, which today is a part of Leica Microsystems.

text: As with most other microscopy development in the late 19th and early 20th century,the fluorescent microscope was pioneered by associates to

text: Carl Zeiss AG

text: in Jena, Germany.In 1904,

text: Moritz von Rohr

text: and

text: August Köhler

text: at Carl Zeiss constructed the first ultraviolet microscope.The intent of the microscope was to obtain higher optical resolution by using illumination with a shorter wavelength than visual light.However, they experienced difficulties with

text: autofluorescence

text: when observing biological material. Fortunately,Köhler saw the potential of fluorescence. This led him and the Carl Zeiss co-inventor of the

text: ultramicroscope

text: Henry Siedentopf

text: ,to build a prototype of a specialized

text: fluorescent microscope

text: in 1908.Unfortunately, the ultraviolet light source they used was somewhat dim and fluorescence microscopy remained impractical until

text: Heinrich Lehmann

text: in 1910 applied a much brighter light source and the ultraviolet filtering techniques developed by

text: Robert Wood

text: . Independently,

text: Oskar Heimstädt

text: worked along the same lines together with a competitorto Carl Zeiss; C Reichert, Optische Werke AG in Vienna, which today is a part of

text: Leica Microsystems

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text: Zacharias Janssen (also Zacharias Jansen or  Sacharias Jansen) (1585 – pre-1632) was a Dutch spectacle-maker from Middelburg associated with the invention of the first optical telescope. Janssen is sometimes also credited for inventing the first truly compound microscope. However, the origin of the microscope, just like the origin of the telescope, is a matter of debate.

text: Zacharias Janssen (also Zacharias Jansen or  Sacharias Jansen) (1585 – pre-1632) was a Dutch spectacle-maker from

text: Middelburg

text: associated with the invention of the first

text: optical telescope

text: . Janssen is sometimes also credited for inventing the first truly

text: compound microscope

text: . However, the origin of the microscope, just like the origin of the telescope, is a matter of debate.

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answer: Yes

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text: Born in Hamburg, Schleiden was educated at University of Jena, then practiced law in Heidelberg, but soon developed his love for the botany into a full-time pursuit.  Schleiden preferred to study plant structure under the microscope.  While a professor of botany at the University of Jena, he wrote Failures to Contributate to Phytogenesis (1838), in which he stated that the different parts of the plant organism are composed of cells. Thus, Schleiden and Schwann became the first to formulate what was then an informal belief as a principle of biology equal in importance to the atomic theory of chemistry.  He also recognized the importance of the cell nucleus, discovered in 1831 by the Scottish botanist Robert Brown, and sensed its connection with cell division.

text: Born in

text: Hamburg

text: , Schleiden was educated at

text: University of Jena

text: , then practiced law in Heidelberg, but soon developed his love for the

text: botany

text: into a full-time pursuit.  Schleiden preferred to study plant structure under the

text: microscope

text: .  While a professor of botany at the

text: University of Jena

text: , he wrote Failures to Contributate to Phytogenesis (1838), in which he stated that the different parts of the plant organism are composed of cells. Thus, Schleiden and Schwann became the first to formulate what was then an informal belief as a principle of biology equal in importance to the atomic theory of chemistry.  He also recognized the importance of the

text: cell nucleus

text: , discovered in 1831 by the Scottish botanist

entity_name: Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)

text: Robert Brown

text: , and sensed its connection with

text: cell division

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answers: 1000 times

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answers: 8 m

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Thermodynamics is concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables, such as internal energy, entropy, and pressure, that partly describe a body of matter or radiation. It states that the behavior of those variables is subject to general constraints, that are common to all materials, not the peculiar properties of particular materials. These general constraints are expressed in the four laws of thermodynamics.  Thermodynamics describes the bulk behavior of the body, not the microscopic behaviors of the very large numbers of its microscopic constituents, such as molecules. The behavior of these microscopic particles is described by, and the laws of thermodynamics are derived from, statistical mechanics.

text: Thermodynamics is concerned with

text: heat

text: and

text: temperature

text: and their relation to

text: energy

text: and

text: work

text: . It defines

text: macroscopic

text: variables, such as

text: internal energy

text: entropy

text: , and

text: pressure

text: , that partly describe a body of matter or radiation. It states that the behavior of those variables is subject to general constraints, that are common to all materials, not the peculiar properties of particular materials. These general constraints are expressed in the four laws of thermodynamics.  Thermodynamics describes the bulk behavior of the body, not the microscopic behaviors of the very large numbers of its microscopic constituents, such as molecules. The behavior of these microscopic particles is described by, and the laws of thermodynamics are derived from,

text: statistical mechanics

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text: s.  Origin of "Microbial" 1880-85; < Greek mīkro- micro- small + bíos life).  "Cytology" 1857; < Cyto-is derived from the Greek "kytos" meaning "hollow, as a cell or container." + -logy meaning "the study of").  Microbial cytology is analyzed under a microscope for cells which were collected from a part of the body. The main purpose of microbial cytology is to see the structure of the cells, and how they form and operate.

text: s.  Origin of "Microbial" 1880-85; < Greek mīkro- micro- small + bíos life).  "Cytology" 1857; < Cyto-is derived from the Greek "kytos" meaning "hollow, as a cell or container." + -logy meaning "the study of").  Microbial cytology is analyzed under a

text: microscope

text: for cells which were collected from a part of the body. The main purpose of microbial cytology is to see the structure of the

text: cells

text: , and how they form and operate.

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text: The Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Berkeley CA is home to XM-1 (http://www.cxro.lbl.gov/BL612/), a full field soft X-ray microscope operated by the Center for X-ray Optics  and dedicated to various applications in modern nanoscience, such as nanomagnetic materials, environmental and materials sciences and biology. XM-1 uses an X-ray lens to focus X-rays on a CCD, in a manner similar to an optical microscope. XM-1 held the world record in spatial resolution with Fresnel zone plates down to 15 nm and is able to combine high spatial resolution with a sub-100ps time resolution to study e.g. ultrafast spin dynamics.  In July 2012, a group at DESY claimed a record spatial resolution of 10 nm, by using the hard X-ray scanning microscope at PETRA III.

text: The Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Berkeley CA is home to XM-1 (http://www.cxro.lbl.gov/BL612/), a full field soft X-ray microscope operated by the Center for X-ray Optics  and dedicated to various applications in modern nanoscience, such as nanomagnetic materials, environmental and materials sciences and biology. XM-1 uses an X-ray lens to focus X-rays on a CCD, in a manner similar to an optical microscope. XM-1 held the world record in spatial resolution with Fresnel zone plates down to 15 nm and is able to combine high spatial resolution with a sub-100ps time resolution to study e.g. ultrafast spin dynamics.  In July 2012, a group at

text: DESY

text: claimed a record spatial resolution of 10 nm, by using the hard X-ray scanning microscope at PETRA III.

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text: Christopher Cock was a London instrument maker of the 17th century, who supplied microscopes to Robert Hooke.  These microscopes were compound lens instruments, which suffered greatly from spherical aberration.

text: Christopher Cock was a

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text: Dark field and phase contrast setups are based on an Abbe, aplanatic, or achromatic condenser, but to the light path add a dark field stop or various size phase rings. These additional elements are housed in various ways. In most modern microscope (ca. 1990s–), such elements are housed in sliders that fit into a slot between the illuminator and the condenser lens. Many older microscopes house these elements in a turret-type condenser, these elements are housed in a turret below the condenser lens and rotated into place.

text: Dark field

text: and

text: phase contrast

text: setups are based on an Abbe, aplanatic, or achromatic condenser, but to the light path add a dark field stop or various size phase rings. These additional elements are housed in various ways. In most modern microscope (ca. 1990s–), such elements are housed in sliders that fit into a slot between the illuminator and the condenser lens. Many older microscopes house these elements in a turret-type condenser, these elements are housed in a turret below the condenser lens and rotated into place.

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answers: tqa2:L_0362/T_1915/cb38cb95e61d8f7e07e803b957b40e91

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0362/T_1915/5671d1f0ad4e977155d457ee2532f345

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0362/T_1915/8807efdecfc5cb24fd53a8362567a690

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0362/T_1915/343c133929b1ea02dc65cd0228260f6a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0362/T_1915/63336b084b29593c4d74ac1ec10fb466

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0362/T_1915/a0d6a955ec7ddb1a74267f83d9496568

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0362/T_1915/4fcc3e206a1936d610b6c1ef06c73b52

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0362/T_1915/76ea281c6cd53f13ee44a029c8f89de7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0362/T_1915/f587073dd799170560a6ef2f1bc9802b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0362/T_1915/3f3a328169c1a74d74da2d056f829fa6

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Many older microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: turret-type condenser

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: turret

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: dark field stop

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Dark field and phase contrast setups

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: parallel

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Older microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: illuminator

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: achromatic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Dark field

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: dark field

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a turret

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: illuminator

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 90 nm

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 10901 ||  || November 30, 1997 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=902 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10902 ||  || November 25, 1997 || Xinglong || SCAP ||  —|-id=903 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10903 ||  || November 24, 1997 || Kushiro || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda ||  —|-id=904 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10904 ||  || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=905 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10905 ||  || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=906 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10906 ||  || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=907 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10907 Savalle ||  || December 6, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS || |-id=908 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10908 Kallestroetzel ||  || December 7, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS || |-id=909 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10909 ||  || December 5, 1997 || Dynic || A. Sugie ||  —|-id=910 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10910 || 1997 YX || December 20, 1997 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=911 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10911 ||  || December 19, 1997 || Xinglong || SCAP ||  —|-id=912 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10912 ||  || December 25, 1997 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=913 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10913 ||  || December 31, 1997 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=914 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10914 Tucker ||  || December 31, 1997 || Prescott || P. G. Comba || |-id=915 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10915 ||  || December 29, 1997 || Xinglong || SCAP ||  —|-id=916 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10916 Okina-Ouna ||  || December 31, 1997 || Chichibu || N. Satō || |-id=917 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10917 || 1998 AN || January 5, 1998 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=918 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10918 Kodaly ||  || January 1, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || |-id=919 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10919 Pepíkzicha ||  || January 10, 1998 || Ondřejov || L. Kotková || |-id=920 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10920 ||  || January 19, 1998 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=921 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10921 Romanozen ||  || January 17, 1998 || Dossobuono || Madonna di Dossobuono || |-id=922 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10922 ||  || January 20, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=923 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10923 ||  || January 23, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=924 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10924 Mariagriffin ||  || January 29, 1998 || Cocoa || I. P. Griffin || |-id=925 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10925 Ventoux ||  || January 28, 1998 || Bédoin || P. Antonini || |-id=926 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10926 ||  || January 25, 1998 || Haleakalā || NEAT ||  —|-id=927 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10927 Vaucluse ||  || January 29, 1998 || Blauvac || R. Roy || |-id=928 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10928 Caprara ||  || January 25, 1998 || Cima Ekar || M. Tombelli, G. Forti || |-id=929 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10929 Chenfangyun ||  || February 1, 1998 || Xinglong || SCAP || |-id=930 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10930 Jinyong ||  || February 6, 1998 || Xinglong || SCAP || |-id=931 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10931 Ceccano || 1998 DA || February 16, 1998 || Ceccano || G. Masi || |-id=932 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10932 Rebentrost ||  || February 18, 1998 || Drebach || G. Lehmann || |-id=933 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10933 ||  || February 17, 1998 || Nachi-Katsuura || Y. Shimizu, T. Urata ||  —|-id=934 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10934 Pauldelvaux ||  || February 27, 1998 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || |-id=935 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10935 || 1998 EC || March 1, 1998 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=936 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10936 ||  || March 22, 1998 || Nachi-Katsuura || Y. Shimizu, T. Urata ||  —|-id=937 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10937 Ferris ||  || August 27, 1998 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || |-id=938 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10938 Lorenzalevy ||  || September 17, 1998 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || |-id=939 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10939 ||  || February 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=940 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10940 ||  || February 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=941 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10941 ||  || February 12, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=942 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10942 ||  || February 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=943 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10943 Brunier ||  || March 20, 1999 || Caussols || ODAS || |-id=944 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10944 ||  || March 19, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=945 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10945 ||  || April 14, 1999 || Nachi-Katsuura || Y. Shimizu, T. Urata ||  —|-id=946 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10946 ||  || April 16, 1999 || Xinglong || SCAP ||  —|-id=947 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10947 Kaiserstuhl || 2061 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=948 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10948 Odenwald || 2207 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=949 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10949 Königstuhl || 3066 P-L || September 25, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=950 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10950 Albertjansen || 4049 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=951 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10951 Spessart || 4050 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=952 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10952 Vogelsberg || 4152 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=953 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10953 Gerdatschira || 4276 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=954 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10954 Spiegel || 4545 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=955 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10955 Harig || 5011 P-L || October 22, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=956 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10956 Vosges || 5023 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=957 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10957 Alps || 6068 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=958 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10958 Mont Blanc || 6188 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=959 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10959 Appennino || 6579 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=960 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10960 Gran Sasso || 6580 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=961 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10961 Buysballot || 6809 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=962 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10962 Sonnenborgh || 9530 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=963 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10963 van der Brugge || 2088 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=964 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10964 Degraaff || 3216 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=965 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10965 van Leverink || 3297 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=966 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10966 van der Hucht || 3308 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=967 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10967 Billallen || 4349 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=968 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10968 Sterken || 4393 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=969 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10969 Perryman || 4827 T-1 || May 13, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=970 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10970 de Zeeuw || 1079 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=971 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10971 van Dishoeck || 1179 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=972 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10972 Merbold || 1188 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=973 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10973 Thomasreiter || 1210 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=974 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10974 Carolalbert || 2225 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=975 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10975 Schelderode || 2246 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=976 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10976 Wubbena || 2287 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=977 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10977 Mathlener || 3177 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=978 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10978 Bärbchen || 4095 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=979 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10979 Fristephenson || 4171 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=980 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10980 Breimer || 4294 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=981 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10981 Fransaris || 1148 T-3 || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=982 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10982 Poerink || 2672 T-3 || October 11, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=983 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10983 Smolders || 3196 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=984 bgcolor=#FA8072| 10984 Gispen || 3507 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=985 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10985 Feast || 4017 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=986 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10986 Govert || 4313 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=987 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10987 || 1967 US || October 30, 1967 || Hamburg-Bergedorf || L. Kohoutek ||  —|-id=988 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10988 Feinstein || 1968 OL || July 28, 1968 || El Leoncito || Félix Aguilar Obs. || |-id=989 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 10989 Dolios ||  || September 19, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=990 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10990 Okunev ||  || September 28, 1973 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=991 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10991 Dulov ||  || September 14, 1974 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=992 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10992 Veryuslaviya || 1974 SF || September 19, 1974 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || |-id=993 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10993 || 1975 XF || December 1, 1975 || Cerro El Roble || C. Torres, S. Barros ||  —|-id=994 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10994 ||  || March 15, 1978 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=995 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10995 || 1978 NS || July 10, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, E. M. Shoemaker ||  —|-id=996 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10996 Armandspitz ||  || July 7, 1978 || Palomar || S. J. Bus || |-id=997 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10997 Gahm ||  || September 2, 1978 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist || |-id=998 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10998 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar || C. M. Olmstead ||  —|-id=999 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10999 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=000 bgcolor=#fefefe| 11000 ||  || November 6, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|}

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 10901 ||  || November 30, 1997 ||

text: Ōizumi

text: T. Kobayashi

text: ||  —|-id=902 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10902 ||  || November 25, 1997 ||

text: Xinglong

text: SCAP

text: ||  —|-id=903 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10903 ||  || November 24, 1997 ||

text: Kushiro

text: S. Ueda

text: H. Kaneda

text: ||  —|-id=904 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10904 ||  || November 29, 1997 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=905 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10905 ||  || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=906 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10906 ||  || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=907 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10907 Savalle ||  || December 6, 1997 ||

entity_name: Centre de recherches en géodynamique et astrométrie

text: Caussols

text: ODAS

text: || |-id=908 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10908 Kallestroetzel ||  || December 7, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS || |-id=909 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10909 ||  || December 5, 1997 ||

entity_name: List of asteroid-discovering observatories

text: Dynic

text: A. Sugie

text: ||  —|-id=910 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10910 || 1997 YX || December 20, 1997 ||

text: Ōizumi

text: T. Kobayashi

text: ||  —|-id=911 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10911 ||  || December 19, 1997 ||

text: Xinglong

text: SCAP

text: ||  —|-id=912 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10912 ||  || December 25, 1997 ||

text: Ōizumi

text: T. Kobayashi

text: ||  —|-id=913 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10913 ||  || December 31, 1997 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=914 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10914 Tucker ||  || December 31, 1997 ||

text: Prescott

text: P. G. Comba

text: || |-id=915 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10915 ||  || December 29, 1997 ||

text: Xinglong

text: SCAP

text: ||  —|-id=916 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10916 Okina-Ouna ||  || December 31, 1997 ||

text: Chichibu

text: N. Satō

text: || |-id=917 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10917 || 1998 AN || January 5, 1998 ||

text: Ōizumi

text: T. Kobayashi

text: ||  —|-id=918 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10918 Kodaly ||  || January 1, 1998 ||

text: Kitt Peak

text: Spacewatch

text: || |-id=919 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10919 Pepíkzicha ||  || January 10, 1998 ||

text: Ondřejov

text: L. Kotková

text: || |-id=920 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10920 ||  || January 19, 1998 ||

text: Ōizumi

text: T. Kobayashi

text: ||  —|-id=921 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10921 Romanozen ||  || January 17, 1998 ||

text: Dossobuono

text: Madonna di Dossobuono

text: || |-id=922 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10922 ||  || January 20, 1998 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=923 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10923 ||  || January 23, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=924 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10924 Mariagriffin ||  || January 29, 1998 ||

entity_name: Astronaut Memorial Planetarium and Observatory

text: Cocoa

text: I. P. Griffin

text: || |-id=925 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10925 Ventoux ||  || January 28, 1998 ||

text: Bédoin

text: P. Antonini

text: || |-id=926 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10926 ||  || January 25, 1998 ||

text: Haleakalā

text: NEAT

text: ||  —|-id=927 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10927 Vaucluse ||  || January 29, 1998 ||

text: Blauvac

text: R. Roy

text: || |-id=928 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10928 Caprara ||  || January 25, 1998 ||

text: Cima Ekar

text: M. Tombelli

text: G. Forti

text: || |-id=929 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10929 Chenfangyun ||  || February 1, 1998 ||

text: Xinglong

text: SCAP

text: || |-id=930 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10930 Jinyong ||  || February 6, 1998 || Xinglong || SCAP || |-id=931 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10931 Ceccano || 1998 DA || February 16, 1998 ||

text: Ceccano

text: G. Masi

text: || |-id=932 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10932 Rebentrost ||  || February 18, 1998 ||

text: Drebach

text: G. Lehmann

text: || |-id=933 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10933 ||  || February 17, 1998 ||

text: Nachi-Katsuura

text: Y. Shimizu

text: T. Urata

text: ||  —|-id=934 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10934 Pauldelvaux ||  || February 27, 1998 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: || |-id=935 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10935 || 1998 EC || March 1, 1998 ||

text: Ōizumi

text: T. Kobayashi

text: ||  —|-id=936 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10936 ||  || March 22, 1998 ||

text: Nachi-Katsuura

text: Y. Shimizu

text: T. Urata

text: ||  —|-id=937 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10937 Ferris ||  || August 27, 1998 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

entity_name: Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search

text: LONEOS

text: || |-id=938 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10938 Lorenzalevy ||  || September 17, 1998 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || |-id=939 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10939 ||  || February 10, 1999 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=940 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10940 ||  || February 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=941 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10941 ||  || February 12, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=942 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10942 ||  || February 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=943 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10943 Brunier ||  || March 20, 1999 ||

text: Caussols

text: ODAS

text: || |-id=944 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10944 ||  || March 19, 1999 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=945 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10945 ||  || April 14, 1999 ||

text: Nachi-Katsuura

text: Y. Shimizu

text: T. Urata

text: ||  —|-id=946 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10946 ||  || April 16, 1999 ||

text: Xinglong

text: SCAP

text: ||  —|-id=947 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10947 Kaiserstuhl || 2061 P-L || September 24, 1960 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: 10974 Carolalbert

text: || 2225 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=975 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10975 Schelderode || 2246 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=976 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10976 Wubbena || 2287 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=977 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10977 Mathlener || 3177 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=978 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10978 Bärbchen || 4095 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=979 bgcolor=#fefefe|

text: 10979 Fristephenson

text: Hamburg-Bergedorf

text: L. Kohoutek

text: ||  —|-id=988 bgcolor=#fefefe|

text: 10988 Feinstein

text: || 1968 OL || July 28, 1968 ||

text: El Leoncito

text: Félix Aguilar Obs.

text: || |-id=989 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 10989 Dolios ||  || September 19, 1973 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: || |-id=990 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10990 Okunev ||  || September 28, 1973 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=991 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10991 Dulov ||  || September 14, 1974 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=992 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10992 Veryuslaviya || 1974 SF || September 19, 1974 || Nauchnij ||

text: L. I. Chernykh

text: || |-id=993 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10993 || 1975 XF || December 1, 1975 ||

entity_name: National Astronomical Observatory (Chile)

text: Cerro El Roble

text: C. Torres

text: S. Barros

text: ||  —|-id=994 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10994 ||  || March 15, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=995 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10995 || 1978 NS || July 10, 1978 || Palomar ||

text: E. F. Helin

text: E. M. Shoemaker

text: ||  —|-id=996 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10996 Armandspitz ||  || July 7, 1978 || Palomar ||

text: S. J. Bus

text: || |-id=997 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10997 Gahm ||  || September 2, 1978 ||

text: La Silla

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: || |-id=998 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10998 ||  || October 27, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. M. Olmstead

text: ||  —|-id=999 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10999 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar ||

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=000 bgcolor=#fefefe| 11000 ||  || November 6, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|}

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answers: 3

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answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: T. Kobayashi

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: || Xinglong || SCAP

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: || December 20, 1997 || Xinglong || SCAP

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 10901 || || November 30, 1997 || Xinglong || SCAP

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 902 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10901 || || November 30, 1997 || Xinglong || SCAP || —|-|-id=903 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10903 || || November 24, 1997 || Kushiro || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda || —|-id=904 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10904 || || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR || —|-id=906 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10906 || || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR || —|-id=907 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10907 Savalle || || December 6, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS || |-id=908 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10909 || || December 5, 1997 || Dynic || A. Sugie

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bgcolor=#fefefe| 10903 || || December 20, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS || || December 5, 1997 || Dynic || A. Sugie

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: izumi || T. Kobayashi

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: bgcolor=#fefefe| 10901 || || November 30, 1997 || Xinglong || SCAP

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: —|-id=902 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10901

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: E9E9E9| 10909

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: || December 5, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: || Xinglong || SCAP

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: izumi || T. Kobayashi

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: bgcolor=#fefefe| 10901 || || November 30, 1997 || Xinglong || SCAP

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: —|-id=902 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10902 || || November 30, 1997 || Xinglong || SCAP || —|-id=903 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10903 || || November 24, 1997 || Kushiro || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda || —|-id=904 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10904 || || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR || —|-id=905 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10905 || || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR || —|-id=906 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10906 || || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR || —|-id=907 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10907 Savalle || || December 6, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS || || December 7, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS || || December 5, 1997 || Dynic || A. Sugie

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: || || December 20, 1997 || izumi || T. Kobayashi

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Color=#fefefe| 10909 || || December 5, 1997 || Dynic || A. Sugie

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: T. Kobayashi

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: #fefefe| 10901

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: izumi

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: izumi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: d6d6d6| 10909

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: || December 20, 1997 || izumi || T. Kobayashi

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: izumi || T. Kobayashi

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 902 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10901 || || November 30, 1997 || Xinglong || SCAP || —|-|-id=903 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10903 || || November 24, 1997 || Kushiro || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda || —|-|-id=904 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10904 || || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR || —|-|-id=905 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10905 || || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR || —|-|-id=906 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10906 || || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR || —|-|-id=907 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10907 Savalle || || December 6, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS || |-|-id=908 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10909 || || December 5, 1997 || Dynic || A. Sugie

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: GIF || || December 20, 1997 ||  izumi || T. Kobayashi

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: gcolor=#fefefe| 10910

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: || December 20, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1951, physicist Erwin Wilhelm Müller invents the field ion microscope and is the first to see atoms, e.g. bonded atomic arrangements at the tip of a metal point.

text: In 1951, physicist

text: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

text: invents the

text: field ion microscope

text: and is the first to see

text: atom

text: s, e.g. bonded atomic arrangements at the tip of a metal point.

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answer: 1

text: Philip O. Gravelle, developed the comparison microscope for the identification of fired bullets and cartridge cases with the support and guidance of Major Calvin H. Goddard. It was a giant leap in the science of firearms identification in forensic science.  The firearm from which a bullet or cartridge case has been fired is identified by the comparison of the unique striae left on the bullet or cartridge case from the worn, machined metal of the barrel, breach block, extractor, or firing pin in the gun. It was Gravelle who mistrusted his memory. "As long as he could inspect only one bullet at a time with his microscope, and had to keep the picture of it in his memory until he placed the comparison bullet under the microscope, scientific precision could not be attained. He invented the comparison microscope and Goddard made it work."Sir Sydney Smith also appreciated the idea, emphasizing the importance of stereo-microscope in forensic science and firearms identification. He took the comparison microscope to Scotland and introduced it to the European scientists for firearms identification and other forensic uses.

text: Philip O. Gravelle, developed the

text: comparison microscope

text: for the identification of fired

text: bullets

text: and

text: cartridge cases

text: with the support and guidance of Major Calvin H. Goddard. It was a giant leap in the science of

text: firearms

text: identification in

text: forensic science

text: .  The firearm from which a bullet or cartridge case has been fired is identified by the comparison of the unique striae left on the bullet or cartridge case from the worn, machined metal of the

text: barrel

text: , breach block,

text: extractor

text: , or

text: firing pin

text: in the

text: gun

text: . It was Gravelle who mistrusted his memory. "As long as he could inspect only one bullet at a time with his microscope, and had to keep the picture of it in his memory until he placed the comparison bullet under the microscope, scientific precision could not be attained. He invented the comparison microscope and Goddard made it work."

text: Sir Sydney Smith

text: also appreciated the idea, emphasizing the importance of

text: stereo-microscope

text: in forensic science and firearms identification. He took the comparison microscope to

text: Scotland

text: and introduced it to the European scientists for firearms identification and other forensic uses.

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answers: 680 nm

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A macroscopic view of a ball is just that: a ball. A microscopic view could reveal a thick round skin seemingly composed entirely of puckered cracks and fissures (as viewed through a microscope) or, further down in scale, a collection of molecules in a roughly spherical shape. An example of a physical theory that takes a deliberately macroscopic viewpoint is thermodynamics. An example of a topic that extends from macroscopic to microscopic viewpoints is histology.

text: A macroscopic view of a

text: ball

text: is just that: a ball. A

text: microscopic

text: view could reveal a thick round skin seemingly composed entirely of puckered cracks and fissures (as viewed through a

text: microscope

text: ) or, further down in scale, a collection of

text: molecule

text: s in a roughly

text: spherical

text: shape. An example of a physical theory that takes a deliberately macroscopic viewpoint is

text: thermodynamics

text: . An example of a topic that extends from macroscopic to microscopic viewpoints is

text: histology

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answers: NDQ_006577

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answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

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answers: NDQ_006580

answers: scale

answers: NDQ_006581

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answers: NDQ_006582

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answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

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answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

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answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: histology

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: histology

answers: NDQ_006606

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answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

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answers: macroscopic

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answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: thick round skin

answers: NDQ_006613

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answers: microscopic

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answers: microscopic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1619 Drebbel designed and built telescopes and microscopes and was, with Gerbier, involved in a building project for the Duke of Buckingham. William Boreel, the Dutch Ambassador to England, mentions the microscope that was developed by Drebbel. Drebbel became famous for his invention in 1621 of a microscope with two convex lenses.  Several authors, including Christiaan Huygens assign the invention of the compound microscope to Drebbel. However, a Neapolitan, named Fontana, claimed the discovery for himself in 1618. Other sources attribute the invention of the compound microscope directly to Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias around 1595. In 1624 Galileo sent a Drebbel-type microscope to Federico Cesi (1585–1630), a wealthy noble man  in Rome who used it to illustrate Apiarum, his book about bees.

text: In 1619 Drebbel designed and built telescopes and microscopes and was, with Gerbier, involved in a building project for the Duke of Buckingham.

text: William Boreel

text: , the Dutch Ambassador to England, mentions the microscope that was developed by Drebbel. Drebbel became famous for his invention in 1621 of a

text: microscope

text: with two

text: convex lens

text: es.  Several authors, including

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: assign the invention of the compound microscope to Drebbel. However, a Neapolitan, named Fontana, claimed the discovery for himself in 1618. Other sources attribute the invention of the compound microscope directly to Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias around 1595. In 1624

text: Galileo

text: sent a Drebbel-type microscope to

text: Federico Cesi

text: (1585–1630), a wealthy noble man  in Rome who used it to illustrate Apiarum, his book about bees.

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answers: NDQ_006587

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answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias

answers: NDQ_006597

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answers: NDQ_006598

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answers: NDQ_006600

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answers: NDQ_006607

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answers: NDQ_006609

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answers: NDQ_006614

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answers: NDQ_006616

answers: convex lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: two convex lenses

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 880 nm

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Hooke most famously describes a fly's eye and a plant cell (where he coined that term because plant cells, which are walled, reminded him of the cells in a honeycomb). Known for its spectacular copperplate engravings of the miniature world, particularly its fold-out plates of insects, the text itself reinforces the tremendous power of the new microscope. The plates of insects fold out to be larger than the large folio itself, the engraving of the louse in particular folding out to four times the size of the book. Although the book is best known for demonstrating the power of the microscope, Micrographia also describes distant planetary bodies, the wave theory of light, the organic origin of fossils, and other philosophical and scientific interests of its author.

text: Hooke most famously describes a

text: fly

text: 's eye and a plant

text: cell

text: (where he coined that term because plant cells, which are walled, reminded him of the cells in a

text: honeycomb

text: ). Known for its spectacular copperplate engravings of the miniature world, particularly its fold-out plates of

text: insect

text: s, the text itself reinforces the tremendous power of the new

text: microscope

text: . The plates of insects fold out to be larger than the large

text: folio

text: itself, the engraving of the

text: louse

text: in particular folding out to four times the size of the book. Although the book is best known for demonstrating the power of the microscope, Micrographia also describes distant

text: planetary bodies

text: , the

text: wave theory of light

text: , the organic origin of

text: fossil

text: s, and other philosophical and scientific interests of its author.

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text: Contributors to the first issue include Thomas Henry Huxley, Joseph Lister, William Crawford Williamson, and George Shadbolt. The contents of the early issues are diverse, and include original research articles, translations of papers published in other languages, transactions of the meetings of the Microscopical Society of London (later the Royal Microscopical Society), and book reviews. The journal also published short notes and memoranda, aimed "to gather up fragments of information, which singly might appear to be useless but together are of great importance to science"; the editors encouraged non-specialist submissions to this section, considering that "there are few possessors of a Microscope who have not met with some stray fact or facts which, published in this way, may not lead to important results." The editors also intended "to relieve the graver and more strictly scientific matter of the Journal by lighter contributions, such as will be found useful to the beginner, not uninteresting to the advanced observer, and of interest perhaps to the general reader."

text: Contributors to the first issue include

text: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: Joseph Lister

text: William Crawford Williamson

text: , and

text: George Shadbolt

text: . The contents of the early issues are diverse, and include original research articles, translations of papers published in other languages, transactions of the meetings of the Microscopical Society of London (later the

text: Royal Microscopical Society

text: ), and book reviews. The journal also published short notes and memoranda, aimed "to gather up fragments of information, which singly might appear to be useless but together are of great importance to science"; the editors encouraged non-specialist submissions to this section, considering that "there are few possessors of a Microscope who have not met with some stray fact or facts which, published in this way, may not lead to important results." The editors also intended "to relieve the graver and more strictly scientific matter of the Journal by lighter contributions, such as will be found useful to the beginner, not uninteresting to the advanced observer, and of interest perhaps to the general reader."

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text: The first S-layers were discovered in bacteria in the 1950s and the presence of S-layers in many Archaea was determined through microscopic (both light and electron) studies of Archaea. The presence of an S-layer in a member of the Methanosarcinales was determined in the 1980s by electron microscope (EM) studies examining the cell morphology of Methanosarcina mazei. This, and other EM studies, confirmed that the cell envelope structure of the Methanosarcinales is composed of a cytoplasmic membrane (CM) with an additional barrier (the S-layer) external to the CM. Under conditions of low osmolarity the S-layer is extensively decorated with a polysaccharide, termed methanochondroitin, and the cells tend to grow in multicellular aggregates. Upon adaptation to high osmolarity conditions the cells disaggregate and grow as single cells that lack the methanochondroitin layer.

text: The first S-layers were discovered in bacteria in the 1950s and the presence of S-layers in many Archaea was determined through microscopic (both light and electron) studies of Archaea. The presence of an S-layer in a member of the Methanosarcinales was determined in the 1980s by

text: electron microscope

text: (EM) studies examining the cell morphology of Methanosarcina mazei. This, and other EM studies, confirmed that the cell envelope structure of the Methanosarcinales is composed of a cytoplasmic membrane (CM) with an additional barrier (the S-layer) external to the CM. Under conditions of low osmolarity the S-layer is extensively decorated with a polysaccharide, termed methanochondroitin, and the cells tend to grow in multicellular aggregates. Upon adaptation to high osmolarity conditions the cells disaggregate and grow as single cells that lack the methanochondroitin layer.

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answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Fluoro-Jade stained tissue can be visualized under an epifluorescent microscope using a filter system designed for fluorescein or fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC) (excitation: 495 nm; emission:521 nm). Multiple morphological features can be detected using fluoro-jade stain including cell bodies, dendrites, axons, and axon terminals.  Even though all fluoro-jade derivatives can detect these specific morphological features, the newer derivatives (FlJb and FlJc) have greater specificity and resolution and therefore are superior in detecting finer morphological features.  Fluorojade is typically quantified in every 6th-12th 40 nm section within the region of interest and expressed as cells/section.  Alternatively, stereological procedures may be used to estimate total fluorojade positive cells within the defined region.

text: Fluoro-Jade stained tissue can be visualized under an

text: epifluorescent microscope

text: using a filter system designed for fluorescein or fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC) (excitation: 495 nm; emission:521 nm). Multiple morphological features can be detected using fluoro-jade stain including

text: cell bodies

text: dendrite

text: s,

text: axon

text: s, and

text: axon terminal

text: s.  Even though all fluoro-jade derivatives can detect these specific morphological features, the newer derivatives (FlJb and FlJc) have greater specificity and resolution and therefore are superior in detecting finer morphological features.  Fluorojade is typically quantified in every 6th-12th 40 nm section within the region of interest and expressed as cells/section.  Alternatively, stereological procedures may be used to estimate total fluorojade positive cells within the defined region.

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answers: epifluorescent

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answers: epifluorescent microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 40 nm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Fluoro-Jade

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: epifluorescent microscope

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answers: 40 nm

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answers: epifluorescent microscope

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answers: epifluorescent microscope

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answers: epifluorescent

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answers: epifluorescent microscope

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answers: Francis Crick

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answers: 521

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The primary purposes of analysis are to determine historic finishes and to determine principle components such as media or basic pigments. There are two methodologies in the preparation of paint samples for microscopic analysis. The first, which is derived from the medical world, is to treat the sample as a specimen and set it into a fixed position in a permanent medium such as paraffin. The specimen is then ground to a flat finish, providing a horizontal surface for viewing under a microscope. The second is to leave the samples in a loose condition with their broken surfaces which then can be manipulated under the microscope to permit a variety of views of the layers. The primary disadvantage to the first method is that the grinding process tends to blur layers together, especially layers of similar or identical colors. It also provide only a single, fixed point of viewing. The second method lacks these disadvantages, although skill and experience is required to manipulate the samples effectively.

text: The primary purposes of analysis are to determine historic finishes and to determine principle components such as media or basic pigments. There are two methodologies in the preparation of paint samples for microscopic analysis. The first, which is derived from the medical world, is to treat the sample as a specimen and set it into a fixed position in a permanent medium such as

text: paraffin

text: . The specimen is then ground to a flat finish, providing a horizontal surface for viewing under a microscope. The second is to leave the samples in a loose condition with their broken surfaces which then can be manipulated under the microscope to permit a variety of views of the layers. The primary disadvantage to the first method is that the grinding process tends to blur layers together, especially layers of similar or identical colors. It also provide only a single, fixed point of viewing. The second method lacks these disadvantages, although skill and experience is required to manipulate the samples effectively.

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answers: Microscopically

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Grossly and microscopically, it consists of the ovarian cortex.

text: Grossly and microscopically, it consists of the ovarian cortex.

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text: Atypical hyperplasia is a benign (noncancerous) cellular hyperplasia in which cells show some atypia. In this condition, cells look abnormal under a microscope and are increased in number.

text: Atypical hyperplasia is a

text: benign

text: (noncancerous) cellular

text: hyperplasia

text: in which cells show some

text: atypia

text: . In this condition, cells look abnormal under a

text: microscope

text: and are increased in number.

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text: AFM was invented by IBM Scientists in 1982.The precursor to the AFM, the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), was developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer in the early 1980s at IBM Research - Zurich, a development that earned them the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986. Binnig invented the atomic-force microscope and the first experimental implementation was made by Binnig, Quate and Gerber in 1986.

text: AFM was invented by IBM Scientists in 1982.The precursor to the AFM, the

text: scanning tunneling microscope

text: (STM), was developed by

text: Gerd Binnig

text: and

text: Heinrich Rohrer

text: in the early 1980s at

text: IBM Research - Zurich

text: , a development that earned them the

text: Nobel Prize for Physics

text: in 1986. Binnig invented the atomic-force microscope and the first experimental implementation was made by Binnig,

text: Quate

text: and

text: Gerber

text: in 1986.

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text: In 1674, in a letter to the Royal Society, the Dutch pioneer of microscopy Antoni van Leeuwenhoek wrote that he had collected water samples from an inland lake, in which he found "animalcules" that were "green in the middle, and before and behind white." Clifford Dobell regards it as "almost certain" that these were Euglena viridis, whose "peculiar arrangement of chromatophores...gives the flagellate this appearance at low magnification."

text: In 1674, in a letter to the Royal Society, the Dutch pioneer of microscopy

text: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

text: wrote that he had collected water samples from an inland lake, in which he found "animalcules" that were "green in the middle, and before and behind white." Clifford Dobell regards it as "almost certain" that these were Euglena viridis, whose "peculiar arrangement of chromatophores...gives the flagellate this appearance at low magnification."

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text: Nanophytoplankton are particularly small phytoplankton with sizes between 2 and 20 µm. They are the autotrophic part of nanoplankton. Like other phytoplankton, nanophytoplankton are microscopic organisms that obtain energy through the process of photosynthesis and must therefore live in the upper sunlit layer of ocean or other bodies of water. These microscopic free-floating organisms, including algae, and cyanobacteria, fix large amounts of carbon which would otherwise be released as carbon dioxide.

text: Nanophytoplankton are particularly small

text: phytoplankton

text: with sizes between 2 and 20 µm. They are the

text: autotrophic

text: part of

text: nanoplankton

text: . Like other phytoplankton, nanophytoplankton are microscopic organisms that obtain energy through the process of photosynthesis and must therefore live in the upper sunlit layer of ocean or other bodies of water. These microscopic free-floating organisms, including

text: algae

text: , and

text: cyanobacteria

text: , fix large amounts of

text: carbon

text: which would otherwise be released as

text: carbon dioxide

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text: Flustra foliacea was studied as early as 1665, when Robert Hooke published observations of various organisms and materials made with an early microscope. It was first given a binomial name in 1758, when Carl Linnaeus included it in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae as Eschara foliacea. In later publications, Linnaeus divided bryozoans into more than one genus, and so the species came to be called Flustra foliacea. It is the type species of the genus Flustra.

text: Flustra foliacea was studied as early as 1665, when

text: Robert Hooke

text: published observations of various organisms and materials made with an early

text: microscope

text: . It was first given a

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text: in 1758, when

text: Carl Linnaeus

text: included it in the

text: 10th edition

text: of his

text: Systema Naturae

text: as Eschara foliacea. In later publications, Linnaeus divided bryozoans into more than one genus, and so the species came to be called Flustra foliacea. It is the

text: type species

text: of the genus

text: Flustra

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text: This hall focuses on health and everything related to life and their own lives. In a society where people have more time for recreational activities, higher levels of education and a longer average lifespan, the general public has become much more interested in health, medical sciences and new bio-health technologies.The hall aims to promote awareness of what is currently known about health and life sciences by providing a general overview of the field, linking the different sciences and techniques involved: these include the human body, anatomical sciences, the study of the senses, biomedicine, transplant operations, new medicines, genetics and the genetic engineering revolution, food, understanding relationships between living things and their environment, life expectancy, etc... Life sciences are exceptionally important today and a great deal of interdisciplinary research is being carried out into the field.Discovering how the human body works has always been a tremendous intellectual and scientific challenge. Knowledge has allowed scientists to carry out exhaustive research into illnesses, disorders, functional anomalies and deformities which have, for many years, caused suffering and death. The history of medicine is, on the one hand, the history of humans’ persistent curiosity and desire to understand the world, and, on the other, the history of the struggle between illnesses and the longing to be as healthy and well as possible.The hall also includes exhibits on the development of techniques used in science related to health, life, and the study of human beings: instruments and methods used to represent the body using models, recordings or photographs, as well as some of the most modern examination techniques, microscopic displays, digital simulation, etc. Because the exhibits are scientific and educational, the hall strikes a balance between highly valuable historical objects and exhibits and real organs, interactive experiments, virtual reality, IT models, scale models, scenographic exhibits, reproductions, videos, workshops, etc.

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text: The spores are smooth, with a roughly ellipsoid shape, and have typical dimensions of 7–7.5 by 4.5–5 µm. In deposit, such as in a spore print, the spores are light yellow orange, while under the microscope they are a very pale yellowish. The spore bearing cells—the basidia—are 75–80 by 7–9 µm, 4-5-6-spored, slightly club-shaped, and with a distinctly thickened wall at the base. Clamp connections (short branches connecting one cell to the previous cell to allow passage of the products of nuclear division) are present in the hyphae of all parts of the fruit body.

text: The

text: spores

text: are smooth, with a roughly

text: ellipsoid

text: shape, and have typical dimensions of 7–7.5 by 4.5–5

text: µm

text: . In deposit, such as in a

text: spore print

text: , the spores are light yellow orange, while under the microscope they are a very pale yellowish. The spore bearing cells—the

text: basidia

text: —are 75–80 by 7–9 µm, 4-5-6-spored, slightly club-shaped, and with a distinctly thickened wall at the base.

text: Clamp connection

text: s (short branches connecting one cell to the previous cell to allow passage of the products of

text: nuclear

text: division) are present in the

text: hypha

text: e of all parts of the fruit body.

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answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Depending on the size of the microscope, four to six objective lenses of different magnifications may be fitted to a rotating turret known as a nosepiece. These microscopes may also be fitted with accessories for fitting still and video cameras, fluorescence illumination, confocal scanning and many other applications.

text: Depending on the size of the microscope, four to six objective lenses of different magnifications may be fitted to a rotating turret known as a nosepiece. These microscopes may also be fitted with accessories for fitting still and video cameras,

text: fluorescence illumination

text: confocal scanning

text: and many other applications.

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answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: confocal scanning

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal scanning

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: applications

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: four to six objective lenses

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: objective lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: four to six objective lenses

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 4 to 6 objective lenses

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: |-bgcolor=#fefefe| 20901 Mattmuehler ||  || December 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=902 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20902 Kylebeighle ||  || December 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=903 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20903 ||  || December 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=904 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20904 || 2190 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=905 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20905 || 2581 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=906 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20906 || 2727 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=907 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20907 || 2762 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=908 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20908 || 2819 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=909 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20909 || 4026 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=910 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20910 || 4060 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=911 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20911 || 4083 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=912 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20912 || 4129 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=913 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20913 || 4214 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=914 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20914 || 4215 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=915 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20915 || 4302 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=916 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20916 || 4628 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=917 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20917 || 5016 P-L || October 22, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=918 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20918 || 6539 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=919 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20919 || 6606 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=920 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20920 || 6653 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=921 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20921 || 6680 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=922 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20922 || 6769 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=923 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20923 || 6846 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=924 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20924 || 9526 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=925 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20925 || 9596 P-L || October 22, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=926 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20926 || 1101 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=927 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20927 || 1126 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=928 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20928 || 2024 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=929 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20929 || 2050 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=930 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20930 || 2130 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=931 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20931 || 2208 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=932 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20932 || 2258 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=933 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20933 || 3015 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=934 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20934 || 4194 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=935 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20935 || 4265 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=936 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20936 Nemrut Dagi || 4835 T-1 || May 13, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=937 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20937 || 1005 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=938 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20938 || 1075 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=939 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20939 || 1178 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=940 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20940 || 1236 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=941 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20941 || 1341 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=942 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20942 || 2092 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=943 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20943 || 2115 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=944 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20944 || 2200 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=945 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20945 || 2248 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=946 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20946 || 2316 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=947 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 20947 Polyneikes || 2638 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=948 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20948 || 2754 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=949 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20949 || 3024 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=950 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20950 || 3305 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=951 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20951 || 4261 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=952 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 20952 Tydeus || 5151 T-2 || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=953 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20953 || 1068 T-3 || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=954 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20954 || 1158 T-3 || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=955 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20955 || 2387 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=956 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20956 || 3510 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=957 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20957 || 4430 T-3 || October 11, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=958 bgcolor=#FA8072| 20958 || A900 MA || June 29, 1900 || Mount Hamilton || J. E. Keeler ||  —|-id=959 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20959 || 1936 UG || October 21, 1936 || Nice || M. Laugier ||  —|-id=960 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20960 || 1971 UR || October 26, 1971 || Hamburg-Bergedorf || L. Kohoutek ||  —|-id=961 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 20961 Arkesilaos ||  || September 19, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=962 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20962 ||  || March 12, 1977 || Kiso || H. Kosai, K. Furukawa ||  —|-id=963 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20963 Pisarenko ||  || August 19, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=964 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20964 Mons Naklethi || 1977 UA || October 16, 1977 || Kleť || A. Mrkos || |-id=965 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20965 Kutafin ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=966 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20966 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=967 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20967 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=968 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20968 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=969 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20969 Samo || 1979 SH || September 17, 1979 || Kleť || A. Mrkos || |-id=970 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20970 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=971 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20971 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=972 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20972 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=973 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20973 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=974 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20974 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=975 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20975 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=976 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20976 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=977 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20977 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=978 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20978 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=979 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20979 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=980 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20980 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=981 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20981 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=982 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20982 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=983 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20983 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=984 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20984 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=985 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20985 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=986 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20986 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=987 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20987 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=988 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20988 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=989 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20989 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=990 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20990 ||  || September 1, 1983 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=991 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20991 Jánkollár ||  || November 28, 1984 || Piszkéstető || M. Antal || |-id=992 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20992 ||  || September 5, 1985 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=993 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20993 ||  || September 5, 1985 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=994 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20994 Atreya || 1985 TS || October 15, 1985 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=995 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 20995 || 1985 VY || November 1, 1985 || La Silla || R. M. West ||  —|-id=996 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20996 || 1986 PB || August 4, 1986 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=997 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20997 ||  || August 1, 1986 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=998 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20998 ||  || August 26, 1986 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=999 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20999 || 1987 BF || January 28, 1987 || Ojima || T. Niijima, T. Urata ||  —|-id=000 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 21000 L'Encyclopédie ||  || January 26, 1987 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || |}

text: |-bgcolor=#fefefe| 20901 Mattmuehler ||  || December 1, 2000 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: || |-id=902 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20902 Kylebeighle ||  || December 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=903 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20903 ||  || December 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=904 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20904 || 2190 P-L || September 24, 1960 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: 20936 Nemrut Dagi

text: Mount Hamilton

text: J. E. Keeler

text: ||  —|-id=959 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20959 || 1936 UG || October 21, 1936 ||

text: Nice

text: M. Laugier

text: ||  —|-id=960 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20960 || 1971 UR || October 26, 1971 ||

text: Hamburg-Bergedorf

text: L. Kohoutek

text: ||  —|-id=961 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 20961 Arkesilaos ||  || September 19, 1973 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: || |-id=962 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20962 ||  || March 12, 1977 ||

text: Kiso

text: H. Kosai

text: K. Furukawa

text: ||  —|-id=963 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20963 Pisarenko ||  || August 19, 1977 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=964 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20964 Mons Naklethi || 1977 UA || October 16, 1977 ||

text: Kleť

text: A. Mrkos

text: || |-id=965 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20965 Kutafin ||  || September 26, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=966 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20966 ||  || November 7, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=967 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20967 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=968 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20968 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=969 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20969 Samo || 1979 SH || September 17, 1979 ||

text: Kleť

text: A. Mrkos

text: || |-id=970 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20970 ||  || February 28, 1981 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: S. J. Bus

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=991 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20991 Jánkollár ||  || November 28, 1984 ||

text: Piszkéstető

text: M. Antal

text: || |-id=992 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20992 ||  || September 5, 1985 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=993 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20993 ||  || September 5, 1985 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=994 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20994 Atreya || 1985 TS || October 15, 1985 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=995 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 20995 || 1985 VY || November 1, 1985 ||

text: La Silla

text: R. M. West

text: ||  —|-id=996 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20996 || 1986 PB || August 4, 1986 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: ||  —|-id=997 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20997 ||  || August 1, 1986 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=998 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20998 ||  || August 26, 1986 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=999 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20999 || 1987 BF || January 28, 1987 ||

text: Ojima

text: T. Niijima

text: T. Urata

text: ||  —|-id=000 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 21000 L'Encyclopédie ||  || January 26, 1987 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

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text: The most commonly used otoscopes—those used in emergency rooms, pediatric offices, general practice, and by internists- are monocular devices.  They provide only a two-dimensional view of the ear canal, its contents, and usually at least a portion of the eardrum, depending on what is within the ear canal and its status.  Another method of performing otoscopy (visualization of the ear) is use of a binocular microscope, in conjunction with a larger metal ear speculum, with the patient supine and the head tilted, which provides a much larger field of view and the added advantages of a stable head, far superior lighting, and most importantly, depth perception.  A binocular (two-eyed) view is required in order to judge depth.  If wax or another material obstructs the canal and/or a view of the entire eardrum, it can easily and confidently be removed with specialized suction tips and other microscopic ear instruments, whereas the absence of depth perception with the one-eyed view of a common otoscope makes removal of anything more laborious and hazardous.  Another major advantage of the binocular microscope is that both of the examiner's hands are free, since the microscope is suspended from a stand. The microscope has up to 40x power magnification, which allows much more detailed viewing of the entire ear canal, and of the entire eardrum unless edema of the canal skin prevents it.  Subtle changes in the anatomy are much more easily detected and interpreted than with a monocular view otoscope.  Traditionally only ENT specialists (otolaryngologists) and otologists (subspecialty ear doctors) acquire binocular microscopes and the necessary skills and training to use them, and incorporate their routine use in evaluating patient's ear complaints.  Studies have shown that reliance on a monocular otoscope to diagnose ear disease results in a more than 50% chance of misdiagnosis, as compared to binocular microscopic otoscopy.  The expense of acquiring a binocular microscope is only one obstacle to its being more widely adapted to general medicine.  The low level of familiarity with binocular otoscopy among pediatric and general medicine professors in physician training programs is probably a more difficult obstacle to overcome.  Thus, the standard of general otologic diagnosis and ear care remains, for the most part, the largely antiquated monocular otoscope.

text: ENT

text: specialists (otolaryngologists) and otologists (subspecialty ear doctors) acquire binocular microscopes and the necessary skills and training to use them, and incorporate their routine use in evaluating patient's ear complaints.  Studies have shown that reliance on a monocular otoscope to diagnose ear disease results in a more than 50% chance of misdiagnosis, as compared to binocular microscopic otoscopy.  The expense of acquiring a binocular microscope is only one obstacle to its being more widely adapted to general medicine.  The low level of familiarity with binocular otoscopy among pediatric and general medicine professors in physician training programs is probably a more difficult obstacle to overcome.  Thus, the standard of general otologic diagnosis and ear care remains, for the most part, the largely antiquated monocular otoscope.

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text: A cohort of biologists and science educators, the AMS's members use a wide array of microscopical techniques (light microscopy, electron microscopy, fluorescence and confocal microscopes) to further their research and eventually publish their research in its journal Invertebrate Biology.

text: A cohort of biologists and science educators, the AMS's members use a wide array of microscopical techniques (

text: light microscopy

text: electron microscopy

text: fluorescence

text: and

text: confocal microscopes

text: ) to further their research and eventually publish their research in its journal Invertebrate Biology.

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text: Great working distance and depth of field are important qualities for this type of microscope. Both qualities are inversely correlated with resolution: the higher the resolution (i.e. the greater the distance at which two adjacent points can be distinguished as separate), the smaller the depth of field and working distance. Some stereo microscopes can deliver a useful magnification up to 100×, comparable to a 10× objective and 10× eyepiece in a normal compound microscope, although the magnification is often much lower. This is around one tenth the useful resolution of a normal compound optical microscope.

text: Great working distance and depth of field are important qualities for this type of microscope. Both qualities are inversely correlated with resolution: the higher the resolution (i.e. the greater the distance at which two adjacent points can be distinguished as separate), the smaller the depth of field and working distance. Some stereo microscopes can deliver a useful magnification up to 100×, comparable to a 10× objective and 10× eyepiece in a normal compound microscope, although the magnification is often much lower. This is around one tenth the useful resolution of a normal compound optical microscope.

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text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made more than 500 optical lenses. He also created at least 25 single-lens microscopes, of differing types, of which only nine have survived. These microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-made lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times. It is suspected that Van Leeuwenhoek possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times. Although he has been widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur, his scientific research was of remarkably high quality.

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made more than 500 optical lenses. He also created at least 25 single-lens microscopes, of differing types, of which only nine have survived. These microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-made lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times. It is suspected that Van Leeuwenhoek possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times. Although he has been widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur, his scientific research was of remarkably high quality.

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text: Since the early 1970s individuals have been using the microscope as an artistic instrument.  Web sites and traveling art exhibits such as the Nikon Small World and Olympus Bioscapes have featured a range of images for the sole purpose of artistic enjoyment. Some collaborative groups, such as the Paper Project have also incorporated microscopic imagery into tactile art pieces as well as 3D immersive rooms and dance performances.

text: Since the early 1970s individuals have been using the microscope as an artistic instrument.  Web sites and traveling art exhibits such as the Nikon Small World and Olympus Bioscapes have featured a range of images for the sole purpose of artistic enjoyment. Some collaborative groups, such as the

text: Paper Project

text: have also incorporated microscopic imagery into tactile art pieces as well as 3D immersive rooms and dance performances.

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text: The Journal of Microscopy is the peer-reviewed scientific journal of the Royal Microscopical Society which covers all aspects of microscopy including spatially resolved spectroscopy, compositional mapping, and image analysis. This includes technology and applications in physics, chemistry, material science, and the life sciences. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Society. The editor-in-chief is Tony Wilson, an Engineering Science professor at Oxford University.

text: The Journal of Microscopy is the

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text: Royal Microscopical Society

text: which covers all aspects of

text: microscopy

text: including spatially resolved

text: spectroscopy

text: , compositional mapping, and

text: image analysis

text: . This includes technology and applications in

text: physics

text: chemistry

text: material science

text: , and the life sciences. It is published by

text: Wiley-Blackwell

text: on behalf of the Society. The

text: editor-in-chief

text: is Tony Wilson, an Engineering Science professor at

text: Oxford University

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answers: Microscopy

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answers: spatially resolved spectroscopy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: spatial resolved

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006585

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answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

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answers: Microscopy

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answers: Royal Microscopical Society

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answers: Microscopy

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answers: Royal Microscopical

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answers: Microscopy

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answers: 570 nm

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Another type, microscopic particles usually refers to particles of sizes ranging from atoms to molecules, such as carbon dioxide, nanoparticles, and colloidal particles. These particles are studied in chemistry, as well as atomic and molecular physics. The smallest of particles are the subatomic particles, which refer to particles smaller than atoms. These would include particles such as the constituents of atoms – protons, neutrons, and electrons – as well as other types of particles which can only be produced in particle accelerators or cosmic rays. These particles are studied in particle physics.

text: Another type,

text: microscopic particles

text: usually refers to particles of sizes ranging from

text: atom

text: s to

text: molecule

text: s, such as

text: carbon dioxide

text: nanoparticle

text: s, and

text: colloidal particles

text: . These particles are studied in

text: chemistry

text: , as well as

text: atomic

text: and

text: molecular physics

text: . The smallest of particles are the

text: subatomic particle

text: s, which refer to particles smaller than atoms. These would include particles such as the constituents of atoms –

text: proton

text: s,

text: neutron

text: s, and

text: electron

text: s – as well as other types of particles which can only be produced in

text: particle accelerator

text: s or

text: cosmic ray

text: s. These particles are studied in

text: particle physics

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answers: 365 nm

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Elected as a Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society in 1889, Booth was also a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Her other association memberships include the Royal Photographic Society, the American Microscopic Society, the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, and the Daughters of the American Revolution.

text: Elected as a Fellow of the

text: Royal Microscopical Society

text: in 1889, Booth was also a Fellow of the

entity_name: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: . Her other association memberships include the

text: Royal Photographic Society

text: , the American Microscopic Society, the

text: Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

text: , and the

text: Daughters of the American Revolution

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: |-bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2701 Cherson || 1978 RT || September 1, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=702 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2702 Batrakov ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=703 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2703 Rodari ||  || March 29, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=704 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2704 Julian Loewe ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus || |-id=705 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2705 Wu ||  || October 9, 1980 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || |-id=706 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2706 Borovský || 1980 VW || November 11, 1980 || Kleť || Z. Vávrová || |-id=707 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2707 Ueferji ||  || August 28, 1981 || La Silla || H. Debehogne || |-id=708 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2708 Burns || 1981 WT || November 24, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=709 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2709 Sagan || 1982 FH || March 21, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=710 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2710 Veverka || 1982 FQ || March 23, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=711 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2711 Aleksandrov ||  || August 31, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=712 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2712 Keaton || 1937 YD || December 29, 1937 || Konkoly || G. Kulin || |-id=713 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2713 Luxembourg || 1938 EA || February 19, 1938 || Uccle || E. Delporte || |-id=714 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2714 Matti || 1938 GC || April 5, 1938 || Turku || H. Alikoski || |-id=715 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2715 Mielikki || 1938 US || October 22, 1938 || Turku || Y. Väisälä || |-id=716 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2716 Tuulikki || 1939 TM || October 7, 1939 || Turku || Y. Väisälä || |-id=717 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2717 Tellervo || 1940 WJ || November 29, 1940 || Turku || L. Oterma || |-id=718 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2718 Handley || 1951 OM || July 30, 1951 || Johannesburg || E. L. Johnson || |-id=719 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2719 Suzhou || 1965 SU || September 22, 1965 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=720 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2720 Pyotr Pervyj ||  || September 6, 1972 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=721 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2721 Vsekhsvyatskij ||  || September 22, 1973 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=722 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2722 Abalakin ||  || April 1, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=723 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2723 Gorshkov ||  || August 31, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=724 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2724 Orlov ||  || September 13, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=725 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2725 David Bender ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus || |-id=726 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2726 Kotelnikov ||  || September 22, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=727 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2727 Paton ||  || September 22, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=728 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2728 Yatskiv ||  || September 22, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=729 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2729 Urumqi ||  || October 18, 1979 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=730 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2730 Barks || 1981 QH || August 30, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=731 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2731 Cucula || 1982 kJ || May 21, 1982 || Zimmerwald || P. Wild || |-id=732 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2732 Witt || 1926 FG || March 19, 1926 || Heidelberg || M. F. Wolf || |-id=733 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2733 Hamina || 1938 DQ || February 22, 1938 || Turku || Y. Väisälä || |-id=734 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2734 Hašek ||  || April 1, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=735 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2735 Ellen || 1977 RB || September 13, 1977 || Palomar || S. J. Bus, T. Lauer || |-id=736 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2736 Ops || 1979 OC || July 23, 1979 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=737 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2737 Kotka || 1938 DU || February 22, 1938 || Turku || Y. Väisälä || |-id=738 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2738 Viracocha || 1940 EC || March 12, 1940 || Konkoly || G. Kulin || |-id=739 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2739 Taguacipa ||  || October 17, 1952 || Mount Wilson || J. L. Brady || |-id=740 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2740 Tsoj ||  || September 26, 1974 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=741 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2741 Valdivia || 1975 XG || December 1, 1975 || Cerro El Roble || C. Torres, S. Barros || |-id=742 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2742 Gibson ||  || May 6, 1981 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || |-id=743 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2743 Chengdu || 1965 WR || November 21, 1965 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=744 bgcolor=#FA8072| 2744 Birgitta || 1975 RB || September 4, 1975 || Kvistaberg || C.-I. Lagerkvist || |-id=745 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2745 San Martín ||  || September 25, 1976 || El Leoncito || Félix Aguilar Obs. || |-id=746 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2746 Hissao ||  || September 22, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=747 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2747 Český Krumlov || 1980 DW || February 19, 1980 || Kleť || A. Mrkos || |-id=748 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2748 Patrick Gene ||  || May 5, 1981 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || |-id=749 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2749 Walterhorn || 1937 TD || October 11, 1937 || Heidelberg || K. Reinmuth || |-id=750 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2750 Loviisa || 1940 YK || December 30, 1940 || Turku || Y. Väisälä || |-id=751 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2751 Campbell || 1962 RP || September 7, 1962 || Brooklyn || Indiana University || |-id=752 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2752 Wu Chien-Shiung || 1965 SP || September 20, 1965 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=753 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2753 Duncan || 1966 DH || February 18, 1966 || Brooklyn || Indiana University || |-id=754 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2754 Efimov || 1966 PD || August 13, 1966 || Nauchnij || T. M. Smirnova || |-id=755 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2755 Avicenna ||  || September 26, 1973 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || |-id=756 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2756 Dzhangar ||  || September 19, 1974 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || |-id=757 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2757 Crisser || 1977 VN || November 11, 1977 || Cerro El Roble || S. Barros || |-id=758 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2758 Cordelia || 1978 RF || September 1, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=759 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 2759 Idomeneus || 1980 GC || April 14, 1980 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=760 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2760 Kacha ||  || October 8, 1980 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=761 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2761 Eddington || 1981 AE || January 1, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=762 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2762 Fowler || 1981 AT || January 14, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=763 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2763 Jeans || 1982 OG || July 24, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=764 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2764 Moeller || 1981 CN || February 8, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || N. G. Thomas || |-id=765 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2765 Dinant || 1981 EY || March 4, 1981 || La Silla || H. Debehogne, G. DeSanctis || |-id=766 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2766 Leeuwenhoek ||  || March 23, 1982 || Kleť || Z. Vávrová || |-id=767 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2767 Takenouchi || 1967 UM || October 30, 1967 || Hamburg-Bergedorf || L. Kohoutek || |-id=768 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2768 Gorky ||  || September 6, 1972 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=769 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2769 Mendeleev ||  || April 1, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=770 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2770 Tsvet ||  || September 19, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=771 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2771 Polzunov ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=772 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2772 Dugan || 1979 XE || December 14, 1979 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=773 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2773 Brooks ||  || May 6, 1981 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || |-id=774 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2774 Tenojoki || 1942 TJ || October 3, 1942 || Turku || L. Oterma || |-id=775 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2775 Odishaw ||  || October 14, 1953 || Brooklyn || Indiana University || |-id=776 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2776 Baikal ||  || September 25, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=777 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2777 Shukshin ||  || September 24, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=778 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2778 Tangshan || 1979 XP || December 14, 1979 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=779 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2779 Mary || 1981 CX || February 6, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || N. G. Thomas || |-id=780 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2780 Monnig ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || |-id=781 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2781 Kleczek || 1982 QH || August 19, 1982 || Kleť || Z. Vávrová || |-id=782 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2782 Leonidas || 2605 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=783 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2783 Chernyshevskij ||  || September 14, 1974 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=784 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2784 Domeyko || 1975 GA || April 15, 1975 || Cerro El Roble || C. Torres || |-id=785 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2785 Sedov ||  || August 31, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=786 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2786 Grinevia ||  || September 6, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=787 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2787 Tovarishch ||  || September 13, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=788 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2788 Andenne || 1981 EL || March 1, 1981 || La Silla || H. Debehogne, G. DeSanctis || |-id=789 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2789 Foshan || 1956 XA || December 6, 1956 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=790 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2790 Needham ||  || October 19, 1965 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=791 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2791 Paradise || 1977 CA || February 13, 1977 || Palomar || S. J. Bus || |-id=792 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2792 Ponomarev ||  || March 13, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=793 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2793 Valdaj || 1977 QV || August 19, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=794 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2794 Kulik ||  || August 8, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=795 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2795 Lepage || 1979 YM || December 16, 1979 || La Silla || H. Debehogne, E. R. Netto || |-id=796 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2796 Kron || 1980 EC || March 13, 1980 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=797 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 2797 Teucer || 1981 LK || June 4, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=798 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2798 Vergilius || 2009 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=799 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2799 Justus || 3071 P-L || September 25, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=800 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2800 Ovidius || 4585 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |}

text: |-bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2701 Cherson || 1978 RT || September 1, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=702 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2702 Batrakov ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij ||

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=703 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2703 Rodari ||  || March 29, 1979 || Nauchnij ||

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=704 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2704 Julian Loewe ||  || June 25, 1979 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: || |-id=705 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2705 Wu ||  || October 9, 1980 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=706 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2706 Borovský || 1980 VW || November 11, 1980 ||

text: Kleť

text: Z. Vávrová

text: || |-id=707 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2707 Ueferji ||  || August 28, 1981 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: || |-id=708 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2708 Burns || 1981 WT || November 24, 1981 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=709 bgcolor=#fefefe|

text: 2709 Sagan

text: || 1982 FH || March 21, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=710 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2710 Veverka || 1982 FQ || March 23, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=711 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2711 Aleksandrov ||  || August 31, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=712 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2712 Keaton || 1937 YD || December 29, 1937 ||

text: Konkoly

text: G. Kulin

text: || |-id=713 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2713 Luxembourg || 1938 EA || February 19, 1938 ||

text: Uccle

text: E. Delporte

text: || |-id=714 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2714 Matti || 1938 GC || April 5, 1938 ||

text: Turku

text: H. Alikoski

text: || |-id=715 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2715 Mielikki || 1938 US || October 22, 1938 || Turku ||

text: Y. Väisälä

text: || |-id=716 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2716 Tuulikki || 1939 TM || October 7, 1939 || Turku || Y. Väisälä || |-id=717 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2717 Tellervo || 1940 WJ || November 29, 1940 || Turku ||

text: L. Oterma

text: || |-id=718 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2718 Handley || 1951 OM || July 30, 1951 ||

text: Johannesburg

text: E. L. Johnson

text: || |-id=719 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2719 Suzhou || 1965 SU || September 22, 1965 ||

text: Nanking

text: Purple Mountain Obs.

text: || |-id=720 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2720 Pyotr Pervyj ||  || September 6, 1972 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=721 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2721 Vsekhsvyatskij ||  || September 22, 1973 || Nauchnij ||

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=722 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2722 Abalakin ||  || April 1, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=723 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2723 Gorshkov ||  || August 31, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=724 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2724 Orlov ||  || September 13, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=725 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2725 David Bender ||  || November 7, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: || |-id=726 bgcolor=#d6d6d6|

text: 2726 Kotelnikov

text: ||  || September 22, 1979 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=727 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2727 Paton ||  || September 22, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=728 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2728 Yatskiv ||  || September 22, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=729 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2729 Urumqi ||  || October 18, 1979 ||

text: Nanking

text: Purple Mountain Obs.

text: || |-id=730 bgcolor=#E9E9E9|

text: 2730 Barks

text: || 1981 QH || August 30, 1981 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=731 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2731 Cucula || 1982 kJ || May 21, 1982 ||

text: Zimmerwald

text: P. Wild

text: || |-id=732 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2732 Witt || 1926 FG || March 19, 1926 ||

text: Heidelberg

text: M. F. Wolf

text: || |-id=733 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2733 Hamina || 1938 DQ || February 22, 1938 ||

text: Turku

text: Y. Väisälä

text: || |-id=734 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2734 Hašek ||  || April 1, 1976 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=735 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2735 Ellen || 1977 RB || September 13, 1977 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: T. Lauer

text: || |-id=736 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2736 Ops || 1979 OC || July 23, 1979 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=737 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2737 Kotka || 1938 DU || February 22, 1938 ||

text: Turku

text: Y. Väisälä

text: || |-id=738 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2738 Viracocha || 1940 EC || March 12, 1940 ||

text: Konkoly

text: G. Kulin

text: || |-id=739 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2739 Taguacipa ||  || October 17, 1952 ||

text: Mount Wilson

text: J. L. Brady

text: || |-id=740 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2740 Tsoj ||  || September 26, 1974 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=741 bgcolor=#E9E9E9|

text: 2741 Valdivia

text: || 1975 XG || December 1, 1975 ||

text: Cerro El Roble

text: C. Torres

text: S. Barros

text: || |-id=742 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2742 Gibson ||  || May 6, 1981 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=743 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2743 Chengdu || 1965 WR || November 21, 1965 ||

text: Nanking

text: Purple Mountain Obs.

text: || |-id=744 bgcolor=#FA8072| 2744 Birgitta || 1975 RB || September 4, 1975 ||

text: Kvistaberg

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: || |-id=745 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2745 San Martín ||  || September 25, 1976 ||

text: El Leoncito

text: Félix Aguilar Obs.

text: || |-id=746 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2746 Hissao ||  || September 22, 1979 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=747 bgcolor=#d6d6d6|

text: 2747 Český Krumlov

text: || 1980 DW || February 19, 1980 ||

text: Kleť

text: A. Mrkos

text: || |-id=748 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2748 Patrick Gene ||  || May 5, 1981 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=749 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2749 Walterhorn || 1937 TD || October 11, 1937 ||

text: Heidelberg

text: K. Reinmuth

text: || |-id=750 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2750 Loviisa || 1940 YK || December 30, 1940 ||

text: Turku

text: Y. Väisälä

text: || |-id=751 bgcolor=#fefefe|

text: 2751 Campbell

text: || 1962 RP || September 7, 1962 ||

text: Brooklyn

text: Indiana University

text: || |-id=752 bgcolor=#d6d6d6|

text: 2752 Wu Chien-Shiung

text: || 1965 SP || September 20, 1965 ||

text: Nanking

text: Purple Mountain Obs.

text: || |-id=753 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2753 Duncan || 1966 DH || February 18, 1966 ||

text: Brooklyn

text: Indiana University

text: || |-id=754 bgcolor=#fefefe|

text: 2754 Efimov

text: || 1966 PD || August 13, 1966 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: T. M. Smirnova

text: || |-id=755 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2755 Avicenna ||  || September 26, 1973 || Nauchnij ||

text: L. I. Chernykh

text: || |-id=756 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2756 Dzhangar ||  || September 19, 1974 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || |-id=757 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2757 Crisser || 1977 VN || November 11, 1977 ||

text: Cerro El Roble

text: S. Barros

text: || |-id=758 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2758 Cordelia || 1978 RF || September 1, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=759 bgcolor=#C2FFFF|

text: 2759 Idomeneus

text: || 1980 GC || April 14, 1980 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=760 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2760 Kacha ||  || October 8, 1980 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=761 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2761 Eddington || 1981 AE || January 1, 1981 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=762 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2762 Fowler || 1981 AT || January 14, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=763 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2763 Jeans || 1982 OG || July 24, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=764 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2764 Moeller || 1981 CN || February 8, 1981 || Anderson Mesa ||

text: N. G. Thomas

text: || |-id=765 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2765 Dinant || 1981 EY || March 4, 1981 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: G. DeSanctis

text: || |-id=766 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2766 Leeuwenhoek ||  || March 23, 1982 ||

text: Kleť

text: Z. Vávrová

text: || |-id=767 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2767 Takenouchi || 1967 UM || October 30, 1967 ||

text: Hamburg-Bergedorf

text: L. Kohoutek

text: || |-id=768 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2768 Gorky ||  || September 6, 1972 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=769 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2769 Mendeleev ||  || April 1, 1976 || Nauchnij ||

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=770 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2770 Tsvet ||  || September 19, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=771 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2771 Polzunov ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij ||

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=772 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2772 Dugan || 1979 XE || December 14, 1979 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=773 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2773 Brooks ||  || May 6, 1981 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=774 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2774 Tenojoki || 1942 TJ || October 3, 1942 ||

text: Turku

text: L. Oterma

text: || |-id=775 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2775 Odishaw ||  || October 14, 1953 ||

text: Brooklyn

text: Indiana University

text: || |-id=776 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2776 Baikal ||  || September 25, 1976 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=777 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2777 Shukshin ||  || September 24, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=778 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2778 Tangshan || 1979 XP || December 14, 1979 ||

text: Nanking

text: Purple Mountain Obs.

text: || |-id=779 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2779 Mary || 1981 CX || February 6, 1981 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: N. G. Thomas

text: || |-id=780 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2780 Monnig ||  || February 28, 1981 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: S. J. Bus

text: || |-id=781 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2781 Kleczek || 1982 QH || August 19, 1982 ||

text: Kleť

text: Z. Vávrová

text: || |-id=782 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2782 Leonidas || 2605 P-L || September 24, 1960 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: || |-id=783 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2783 Chernyshevskij ||  || September 14, 1974 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=784 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2784 Domeyko || 1975 GA || April 15, 1975 ||

text: Cerro El Roble

text: C. Torres

text: || |-id=785 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2785 Sedov ||  || August 31, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=786 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2786 Grinevia ||  || September 6, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=787 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2787 Tovarishch ||  || September 13, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=788 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2788 Andenne || 1981 EL || March 1, 1981 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: G. DeSanctis

text: || |-id=789 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2789 Foshan || 1956 XA || December 6, 1956 ||

text: Nanking

text: Purple Mountain Obs.

text: || |-id=790 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2790 Needham ||  || October 19, 1965 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=791 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2791 Paradise || 1977 CA || February 13, 1977 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: || |-id=792 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2792 Ponomarev ||  || March 13, 1977 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=793 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2793 Valdaj || 1977 QV || August 19, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=794 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2794 Kulik ||  || August 8, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=795 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2795 Lepage || 1979 YM || December 16, 1979 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: E. R. Netto

text: || |-id=796 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2796 Kron || 1980 EC || March 13, 1980 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=797 bgcolor=#C2FFFF|

text: 2797 Teucer

text: || 1981 LK || June 4, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=798 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2798 Vergilius || 2009 P-L || September 24, 1960 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: || |-id=799 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2799 Justus || 3071 P-L || September 25, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=800 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2800 Ovidius || 4585 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |}

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answers: N. S. Chernykh

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Nauchnij

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Nauchnij

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: The term "micrographia" may refer to:

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: The object must be at least 550 mm wide.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: || || March 21, 1982 || Anderson Mesa

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Nauchnij and Chernykh

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Electron microscopes can make clear images that are as much as two times larger than a normal microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Molecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The cell theory relied on the discovery of the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Light of all wavelengths is invisible to the human eye

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens microscopes were stronger than van Leeuwenhoeks microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Light microscopes are more powerful than electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Light microscopes are no longer used today.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Nauchnij

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: RNA

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answers: Nauchnij

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answers: spectrophotometer

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answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

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answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: The invention of the microscope allowed scientists to see

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answers: A microscope is an instrument that makes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Nauchnij and N. S. Chernykh

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answers: The microscopes could magnify objects as much as a human eye.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Light microscopes refract visible light and form images with

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 2710

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 6 dB

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Grossly, LAM lungs are enlarged and diffusely cystic, with dilated air spaces as large as several centimeters in diameter. Microscopic examination of the lung reveals foci of smooth muscle-like cell infiltration of the lung parenchyma, airways, lymphatics, and blood vessels associated with areas of thin-walled cystic change. LAM lesions often contain an abundance of lymphatic channels, forming an anastomosing meshwork of slit-like spaces lined by endothelial cells. LAM cells generally expand interstitial spaces without violating tissue planes but have been observed to invade the airways, the pulmonary artery, the diaphragm, aorta, and retroperitoneal fat, to destroy bronchial cartilage and arteriolar walls, and to occlude the lumen of pulmonary arterioles.

text: Grossly, LAM lungs are enlarged and diffusely cystic, with dilated air spaces as large as several centimeters in diameter. Microscopic examination of the lung reveals foci of smooth muscle-like cell infiltration of the lung parenchyma, airways, lymphatics, and blood vessels associated with areas of thin-walled cystic change. LAM lesions often contain an abundance of lymphatic channels, forming an

text: anastomosing

text: meshwork of slit-like spaces lined by

text: endothelial

text: cells. LAM cells generally expand interstitial spaces without violating tissue planes but have been observed to invade the airways, the pulmonary artery, the diaphragm, aorta, and

text: retroperitoneal

text: fat, to destroy bronchial cartilage and arteriolar walls, and to occlude the

text: lumen

text: of pulmonary arterioles.

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answers: Microscopic examination

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answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: centimeters

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answers: Microscopic

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answers: cells

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answers: Microscopic

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answers: Microscopic examination

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answers: Microscopic

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answers: Microscopic examination

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answers: Jansens

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answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Louis Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

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answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopic

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answers: Microscopic examination

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answers: Microscopic

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answers: several centimeters

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopically

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: several centimeters

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: centimeters

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The 1655 investigation by William Boreel (who may have been a childhood friend of Zacharias Zachariassen) added to the confusion over invention. The people he interviewed were trying to recount details 50 or 60 years after the fact and Boreel may have confused the names of spectacle makers from his childhood. He may have also been confused about a microscope built by another optician for Drebbel, claiming it was built by Zacharias Janssen.

text: The 1655 investigation by William Boreel (who may have been a childhood friend of Zacharias Zachariassen) added to the confusion over invention. The people he interviewed were trying to recount details 50 or 60 years after the fact and Boreel may have confused the names of spectacle makers from his childhood. He may have also been confused about a microscope built by another optician for Drebbel, claiming it was built by Zacharias Janssen.

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answers: 60 years after the fact

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answers: 60

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Electron microscopes are expensive to build and maintain, but the capital and running costs of confocal light microscope systems now overlaps with those of basic electron microscopes. Microscopes designed to achieve high resolutions must be housed in stable buildings (sometimes underground) with special services such as magnetic field cancelling systems.

text: Electron microscopes are expensive to build and maintain, but the capital and running costs of

text: confocal light microscope

text: systems now overlaps with those of basic electron microscopes. Microscopes designed to achieve high resolutions must be housed in stable buildings (sometimes underground) with special services such as magnetic field cancelling systems.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Not all animal fibers have the same properties, and even within a species the fiber is not consistent. Merino is a very soft, fine wool, while Cotswold is coarser, and yet both merino and Cotswold are types of sheep. This comparison can be continued on the microscopic level, comparing the diameter and structure of the fiber. With animal fibers, and natural fibers in general, the individual fibers look different, whereas all synthetic fibers look the same. This provides an easy way to differentiate between natural and synthetic fibers under a microscope.

text: Not all animal fibers have the same properties, and even within a species the fiber is not consistent.

text: Merino

text: is a very soft, fine

text: wool

text: , while

text: Cotswold

text: is coarser, and yet both merino and Cotswold are types of

text: sheep

text: . This comparison can be continued on the microscopic level, comparing the diameter and structure of the fiber. With animal fibers, and

text: natural fiber

text: s in general, the individual fibers look different, whereas all

text: synthetic fiber

text: s look the same. This provides an easy way to differentiate between natural and synthetic fibers under a microscope.

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text: The subsequent steps following fusion of A and a haploid cells, have been outlined by Fincham and Day and Wagner and Mitchell.  After fusion of the cells, the further fusion of their nuclei is delayed.  Instead, a nucleus from the fertilizing cell and a nucleus from the ascogonium become associated and begin to divide synchronously.  The products of these nuclear divisions (still in pairs of unlike mating type, i.e. A/a) migrate into numerous ascogenous hyphae, which then begin to grow out of the ascogonium.  Each of these ascogenous hypha bends to form a hook (or crozier) at its tip and the A and a pair of haploid nuclei within the crozier divide synchronously.  Next, septa form to divide the crozier into three cells.  The central cell in the curve of the hook contains one A and one a nucleus (see Figure).  This binuclear cell initiates ascus formation and is called an “ascus-initial” cell.  Next the two uninucleate cells on either side of the first ascus-forming cell fuse with each other to form a binucleate cell that can grow to form a further crozier that can then form its own ascus-initial cell. This process can then be repeated multiple times.

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answers: This process can then be repeated multiple times

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answers: Ascogenous hyphae

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text: Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. This includes eukaryotes such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes, which are bacteria and archaea. Viruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied.

text: Microbiology

text: is the study of

text: microorganisms

text: , which are

text: unicellular

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text: archaea

text: . Viruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied.

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text: Also of importance are the "Clark level" and "Breslow's depth", which refer to the microscopic depth of tumor invasion.

text: Also of importance are the "

text: Clark level

text: " and "

text: Breslow's depth

text: ", which refer to the microscopic depth of tumor invasion.

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text: Van Dael composed his flower-pieces with a variety of species, which he is believed to have studied from life.  Van Dael’s flowers were based on botanical study, and according to a contemporary botanist, van Hulthem, he grew flowers in his garden to serve as models. Van Dael applied a smooth gesso layer to his canvases, which allowed him to recreate the jewel-like quality of 17th century panels.  He departed from 17th-century still lifes in his use of a lighter palette of pinks, blues and yellows.

text: Van Dael composed his flower-pieces with a variety of species, which he is believed to have studied from life.  Van Dael’s flowers were based on botanical study, and according to a contemporary botanist, van Hulthem, he grew flowers in his garden to serve as models. Van Dael applied a smooth gesso layer to his canvases, which allowed him to recreate the jewel-like quality of 17th century panels.  He departed from 17th-century still lifes in his use of a lighter palette of pinks, blues and yellows.

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text: These cells were discovered by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel in the early 1960s. They refrained from reporting on the complex cells in (Hubel 1959) because they did not feel that they understood them well enough at the time. In Hubel and Wiesel (1962), they reported that complex cells were intermixed with simple cells and when excitatory and inhibitory regions could be established, the summation and mutual antagonism properties didn't hold.

text: These cells were discovered by

text: Torsten Wiesel

text: and

text: David Hubel

text: in the early 1960s. They refrained from reporting on the complex cells in (Hubel 1959) because they did not feel that they understood them well enough at the time. In Hubel and Wiesel (1962), they reported that complex cells were intermixed with simple cells and when excitatory and inhibitory regions could be established, the summation and mutual antagonism properties didn't hold.

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text: Microfluorimetry is building upon the established method of fluorimetric measurement. Using a dye that fluoresces in the presence of a target compound, fluorimetry can detect the presence of the compound by determining the presence and intensity of fluorescence. Differences in the intensity can be used to determine concentration of the compound. Additionally, if the dye undergoes a spectral shift then you can determine the absolute concentration of the target regardless of knowledge of the concentration of the dye. Fura-2 is an example of a fluorescent dye used to measure calcium. Microfluorimetry expands on fluorimetry by adding a microscopic component to measurements to allow analysis of single cells and other microscopic interests.

text: Microfluorimetry is building upon the established method of fluorimetric measurement. Using a dye that fluoresces in the presence of a target compound, fluorimetry can detect the presence of the compound by determining the presence and intensity of fluorescence. Differences in the intensity can be used to determine concentration of the compound. Additionally, if the dye undergoes a spectral shift then you can determine the absolute concentration of the target regardless of knowledge of the concentration of the dye. Fura-2 is an example of a fluorescent dye used to measure calcium. Microfluorimetry expands on fluorimetry by adding a microscopic component to measurements to allow analysis of single cells and other microscopic interests.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: to allow analysis of single cells and other microscopic interests

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: spectral shift

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Chadwick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: single cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: single cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: single cells

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 450 nm

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Over 30 antique microscopes are shown, most from the 18th century, in a large variety, with different solutions for lighting the subject and minimization of lens defects (e.g. chromatic aberration): simple, compound and reflecting microscopes, so called English microscopes (renowned for their quality), solar microscopes (which project their image on a wall, using sunlight only). Several wooden cabinets with microscopic slides are testimony of the craftsmanship than went into collections of ready made samples, which at the time were highly fashionable among well-to-do citizens who took an interest in scientific developments.

text: Over 30 antique

text: microscope

text: s are shown, most from the 18th century, in a large variety, with different solutions for lighting the subject and minimization of lens defects (e.g.

text: chromatic aberration

text: ): simple, compound and reflecting microscopes, so called English microscopes (renowned for their quality), solar microscopes (which project their image on a wall, using sunlight only). Several wooden cabinets with microscopic slides are testimony of the craftsmanship than went into collections of ready made samples, which at the time were highly fashionable among well-to-do citizens who took an interest in scientific developments.

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answers: NDQ_006576

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: solar microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: antique microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: English microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: English microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: chromatic aberration

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 18th century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: English microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: chromatic aberration

answers: NDQ_006600

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answers: NDQ_006603

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answers: NDQ_006604

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answers: NDQ_006605

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: reflecting

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

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answers: NDQ_006613

answers: samples

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: solar microscopes

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: sunlight

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Published in 1628 in the city of Frankfurt (host to an annual book fair that Harvey knew would allow immediate dispersion of his work), the 72 page Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus contains the matured account of the circulation of the blood. Opening with a dedication to King Charles I, the quarto has 17 chapters which give a perfectly clear and connected account of the action of the heart and the consequent movement of the blood around the body in a circuit. Having only a tiny lens at his disposal, Harvey was not able to reach the adequate pictures that were attained through such microscopes used by Leeuwenhoek; thus he had to resort to theory – and not practical evidence – in certain parts of his book.After the first chapter, which simply outlines past ideas and accepted rules regarding the heart and lungs, Harvey moves on to a fundamental premise to his treatise, stating that it was extremely important to study the heart when it was active in order to truly comprehend its true movement; a task which even he found of great difficulty, as he says:

text: Published in 1628 in the city of

text: Frankfurt

text: (host to an

text: annual book fair

text: that Harvey knew would allow immediate dispersion of his work), the 72 page

entity_name: Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus

text: Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus

text: contains the matured account of the

text: circulation of the blood

text: . Opening with a dedication to

text: King Charles I

text: , the

text: quarto

text: has 17 chapters which give a perfectly clear and connected account of the action of the

text: heart

text: and the consequent movement of the

text: blood

text: around the body in a circuit. Having only a tiny lens at his disposal, Harvey was not able to reach the adequate pictures that were attained through such microscopes used by

text: Leeuwenhoek

text: ; thus he had to resort to theory – and not practical evidence – in certain parts of his book.After the first chapter, which simply outlines past ideas and accepted rules regarding the

text: heart

text: and

text: lungs

text: , Harvey moves on to a fundamental premise to his treatise, stating that it was extremely important to study the

text: heart

text: when it was active in order to truly comprehend its true movement; a task which even he found of great difficulty, as he says:

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answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a tiny lens at his disposal

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Having only a tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Having only a tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Animalibus

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

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answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

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answers: NDQ_006606

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answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the action of the heart

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: pictures

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Harvey

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a tiny lens

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the science of the day, the prevailing view was that everything of value could be studied in a laboratory. So, for example, if a biologist wanted to study the vision of a frog, the eyeball of the frog would be taken to the laboratory for dissection and study under a microscope. Going against this prevailing view, Ritter believed that it was more important to study living things in their natural environment.

text: In the science of the day, the prevailing view was that everything of value could be studied in a laboratory. So, for example, if a biologist wanted to study the vision of a frog, the eyeball of the frog would be taken to the laboratory for dissection and study under a microscope. Going against this prevailing view, Ritter believed that it was more important to study living things in their natural environment.

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answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the prevailing view

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: eyeball

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: eyeball

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: dissection

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the eyeball

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: study

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biologists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: vision of a frog

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscope

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Wheelock and others assert the model/source was probably Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), a contemporary of Vermeer who was also born in Delft. The families of both men were in the textile business, and both families had a strong interest in science and optics. A "microscopist", van Leeuwenhoek was described after his death as being so skilled in "navigation, astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and natural science ... that one can certainly place him with the most distinguished masteres of the art." Another image of van Leeuwenhoek (by the Delft artist Jan Verkolje) about 20 years later shows a broad face and straight nose, similar to Vermeer's model. At the time Vermeer painted the two works, the scientist would have been about 36 years old. He would have been actively studying for his examination for surveyor, which he passed on February 4, 1669. There is no documentary evidence for any kind of relationship between the two men during Vermeer's lifetime, although in 1676, van Leeuwenhoek was appointed a trustee for Vermeer's estate.

text: Wheelock and others assert the model/source was probably

text: Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: (1632-1723), a contemporary of Vermeer who was also born in Delft. The families of both men were in the textile business, and both families had a strong interest in science and optics. A "microscopist", van Leeuwenhoek was described after his death as being so skilled in "navigation, astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and natural science ... that one can certainly place him with the most distinguished masteres of the art." Another image of van Leeuwenhoek (by the Delft artist

text: Jan Verkolje

text: ) about 20 years later shows a broad face and straight nose, similar to Vermeer's model. At the time Vermeer painted the two works, the scientist would have been about 36 years old. He would have been actively studying for his examination for surveyor, which he passed on February 4, 1669. There is no documentary evidence for any kind of relationship between the two men during Vermeer's lifetime, although in 1676, van Leeuwenhoek was appointed a trustee for Vermeer's estate.

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answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: A "microscopist"

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: A "microscopist"

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Delft

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Vermeer

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jan Verkolje

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: A "microscopist"

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: A "microscopist

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Vermeer

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: about 36 years old

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopist

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London. Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek's most remarkable microscopic discovery. They were just at the limit of what his simple lenses could make out and, in one of the most striking hiatuses in the history of science, no one else would see them again for over a century. Only then were his by-then-largely-forgotten observations of bacteria — as opposed to his famous "animalcules" (spermatozoa) — taken seriously.

text: Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: in 1676, using a single-lens

text: microscope

text: of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the

text: Royal Society of London

text: . Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek's most remarkable microscopic discovery. They were just at the limit of what his simple lenses could make out and, in one of the most striking hiatuses in the history of science, no one else would see them again for over a century. Only then were his by-then-largely-forgotten observations of bacteria — as opposed to his famous "

text: animalcule

text: s" (

text: spermatozoa

text: ) — taken seriously.

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answer: Yes

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answer: Yes

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text: Counting of cells: positive responder cells could be counted from the front of migrating cells, after staining or in native conditions in light microscope.

text: Counting of cells: positive responder cells could be counted from the front of migrating cells, after staining or in native conditions in light microscope.

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text: Van Leeuwenhoek created at least 25 microscopes, of differing types, of which only nine survive. His simple microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-ground lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times. It is suspected that Van Leeuwenhoek possessed units that could magnify up to 500 times. Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which now referred to as micro-organisms or microbes.

text: Van Leeuwenhoek

text: created at least 25

text: microscope

text: s, of differing types, of which only nine survive. His simple microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-ground lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times. It is suspected that Van Leeuwenhoek possessed units that could magnify up to 500 times. Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which now referred to as

text: micro-organisms

text: or

text: microbe

text: s.

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text: When Hook tries to attack a steam ship, Peter, Wendy, and Tinker bell fly to the steam ship when it collides with the Jolly Rodger (the name Hook gives to the recently resurrected ship) at the same time the four shipwrecked sailors escape their cell and leave in a lifeboat unseen by the pirates. From here, they paddle back to Mollusk Island to complete their mission to grab the large cache of starstuff from the island. Peter and Wendy are taken back to London once they are discovered as stowaways aboard the steam ship.

text: When Hook tries to attack a steam ship, Peter, Wendy, and Tinker bell fly to the steam ship when it collides with the Jolly Rodger (the name Hook gives to the recently resurrected ship) at the same time the four shipwrecked sailors escape their cell and leave in a lifeboat unseen by the pirates. From here, they paddle back to Mollusk Island to complete their mission to grab the large cache of starstuff from the island. Peter and Wendy are taken back to London once they are discovered as stowaways aboard the steam ship.

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answer: No

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text: As a physicist he was awarded for his research on of x-ray diffraction to the study of crystal structure; the effects of temperature on this diffraction; the diffraction of light by ultrasonics.He was working as professor of Physics at the University of Pittsburgh in the 1920s.At the University of Geneva he became director of the Institute of Physics in 1931. He developed the first electron microscope made in Switzerland, an important factor for the studies of molecular biology leading to creation in 1964 of the Institute of Molecular Biology (MOLBIO) by Edouard Kellenberger and others.

text: As a physicist he was awarded for his research on of

text: x-ray diffraction

text: to the study of

text: crystal

text: structure; the effects of temperature on this diffraction; the diffraction of light by

text: ultrasonics

text: .He was working as professor of Physics at the

text: University of Pittsburgh

text: in the 1920s.At the University of Geneva he became director of the Institute of Physics in 1931. He developed the first

text: electron microscope

text: made in Switzerland, an important factor for the studies of molecular biology leading to creation in 1964 of the Institute of Molecular Biology (MOLBIO) by

text: Edouard Kellenberger

text: and others.

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text: Kircher's work in geology included studies of volcanoes and fossils. One of the first people to observe microbes through a microscope, Kircher was ahead of his time in proposing that the plague was caused by an infectious microorganism and in suggesting effective measures to prevent the spread of the disease. Kircher also displayed a keen interest in technology and mechanical inventions; inventions attributed to him include a magnetic clock, various automatons and the first megaphone. The invention of the magic lantern is often misattributed to Kircher, although he did conduct a study of the principles involved in his Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae.

text: Kircher's work in geology included studies of

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text: and in suggesting effective measures to prevent the spread of the disease. Kircher also displayed a keen interest in technology and mechanical inventions; inventions attributed to him include a magnetic clock, various

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text: s and the first

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text: . The invention of the

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text: is often misattributed to Kircher, although he did conduct a study of the principles involved in his Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae.

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text: Seiler Instrument’s Microscope Division was created in 1950 when Seiler formed an agreement with Carl Zeiss (Jena) to distribute their microscope line in North America. After many successful years as a North American dealer for Zeiss, Seiler and Zeiss parted ways. This split allowed Seiler to create a new microscope to compete with the Zeiss product line and to develop partnerships in Germany, South America, and Asia. Seiler’s Microscope Division provides high quality optics and services to the medical and dental industry. Seiler offers a full line of medical microscope products including: Colposcopes, Ear Nose and Throat (ENT), Audiology, Compound and Laboratory Microscopes, Multidisciplinary Surgery Microscopes and Surgical Loupes. They also offer a complete line of dental microscopy products including: Surgical Microscopes, Dental Loupes, Loupe Lights, and Dental Stools.

text: Seiler Instrument’s Microscope Division was created in 1950 when Seiler formed an agreement with Carl Zeiss (Jena) to distribute their microscope line in North America. After many successful years as a North American dealer for Zeiss, Seiler and Zeiss parted ways. This split allowed Seiler to create a new microscope to compete with the Zeiss product line and to develop partnerships in Germany, South America, and Asia. Seiler’s Microscope Division provides high quality optics and services to the medical and dental industry. Seiler offers a full line of medical microscope products including: Colposcopes, Ear Nose and Throat (ENT), Audiology, Compound and Laboratory Microscopes, Multidisciplinary Surgery Microscopes and Surgical Loupes. They also offer a complete line of dental microscopy products including: Surgical Microscopes, Dental Loupes, Loupe Lights, and Dental Stools.

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text: UV-visible spectroscopy of microscopic samples is done by integrating an optical microscope with UV-visible optics, white light sources, a monochromator, and a sensitive detector such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) or photomultiplier tube (PMT). As only a single optical path is available, these are single beam instruments. Modern instruments are capable of measuring UV-visible spectra in both reflectance and transmission of micron-scale sampling areas. The advantages of using such instruments is that they are able to measure microscopic samples but are also able to measure the spectra of larger samples with high spatial resolution. As such, they are used in the forensic laboratory to analyze the dyes and pigments in individual textile fibers, microscopic paint chips  and the color of glass fragments. They are also used in materials science and biological research and for determining the energy content of coal and petroleum source rock by measuring the vitrinite reflectance. Microspectrophotometers are used in the semiconductor and micro-optics industries for monitoring the thickness of thin films after they have been deposited. In the semiconductor industry, they are used because the critical dimensions of circuitry is microscopic. A typical test of a semiconductor wafer would entail the acquisition of spectra from many points on a patterned or unpatterned wafer. The thickness of the deposited films may be calculated from the interference pattern of the spectra. In addition, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry can be used to determine the thickness, along with the refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin films as described in Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials. A map of the film thickness across the entire wafer can then be generated and used for quality control purposes.

text: UV-visible spectroscopy of microscopic samples is done by integrating an optical microscope with UV-visible optics, white light sources, a

text: monochromator

text: , and a sensitive detector such as a

text: charge-coupled device

text: (CCD) or

text: photomultiplier

text: tube (PMT). As only a single optical path is available, these are single beam instruments. Modern instruments are capable of measuring UV-visible spectra in both reflectance and transmission of micron-scale sampling areas. The advantages of using such instruments is that they are able to measure microscopic samples but are also able to measure the spectra of larger samples with high spatial resolution. As such, they are used in the forensic laboratory to analyze the dyes and pigments in individual textile fibers, microscopic paint chips  and the color of glass fragments. They are also used in materials science and biological research and for determining the energy content of coal and petroleum source rock by measuring the

text: vitrinite

text: reflectance. Microspectrophotometers are used in the semiconductor and micro-optics industries for monitoring the thickness of thin films after they have been deposited. In the semiconductor industry, they are used because the critical dimensions of circuitry is microscopic. A typical test of a semiconductor wafer would entail the acquisition of spectra from many points on a patterned or unpatterned wafer. The thickness of the deposited films may be calculated from the

text: interference pattern

text: of the spectra. In addition, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry can be used to determine the thickness, along with the refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin films as described in

entity_name: Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials

text: Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials

text: . A map of the film thickness across the entire wafer can then be generated and used for quality control purposes.

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text: David Danon arrived at Medical School of University of Geneva on December 31, 1946 late in the first semester pursuant to the agreement between his father and the British Mandate authorities, essentially exiling him from Palestine for the duration of the British Mandate.  He arrived without any knowledge of the French language. Despite his late start in his first year of medical school and his having to learn the French language, he excelled.  During his second year in medical school he began to do research.  His research was published in the scientific literature between the years 1948 and 1950. One of his Important projects was the study of the structure of the human nervous system. The use of conventional microscopes for this work was an obstacle due to the limited resolution capability of the common optical microscope. In order to facilitate the use of the more sophisticated electron microscope it was necessary to cut thinner slices of tissue.  Thus, David Danon developed the Microtome (a device for cutting extremely thin slices of tissue) for use on the electron microscope.  The University of Geneva recognized David for his development of this innovative device by awarding him the "best dissertation" award.

text: David Danon arrived at Medical School of

text: University of Geneva

text: Microtome

text: (a device for cutting extremely thin slices of tissue) for use on the

text: electron microscope

text: .  The University of Geneva recognized David for his development of this innovative device by awarding him the "best dissertation" award.

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text: An account of the early history of SEM has been presented by McMullan. Although Max Knoll produced a photo with a 50 mm object-field-width showing channeling contrast by the use of an electron beam scanner, it was Manfred von Ardenne who in 1937 invented a true microscope with high magnification by scanning a very small raster with a demagnified and finely focused electron beam. Ardenne applied the scanning principle not only to achieve magnification but also to purposefully eliminate the chromatic aberration otherwise inherent in the electron microscope. He further discussed the various detection modes, possibilities and theory of SEM, together with the construction of the first high magnification SEM. Further work was reported by Zworykin's group, followed by the Cambridge groups in the 1950s and early 1960s headed by Charles Oatley, all of which finally led to the marketing of the first commercial instrument by Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company as the "Stereoscan" in 1965, which was delivered to DuPont.

text: An account of the early history of SEM has been presented by McMullan. Although

text: Max Knoll

text: produced a photo with a 50 mm object-field-width showing channeling contrast by the use of an electron beam scanner, it was

text: Manfred von Ardenne

text: who in 1937 invented a true microscope with high magnification by scanning a very small raster with a demagnified and finely focused electron beam. Ardenne applied the scanning principle not only to achieve magnification but also to purposefully eliminate the

text: chromatic aberration

text: otherwise inherent in the electron microscope. He further discussed the various detection modes, possibilities and theory of SEM, together with the construction of the

text: first high magnification SEM

text: . Further work was reported by

text: Zworykin's

text: group, followed by the Cambridge groups in the 1950s and early 1960s headed by

text: Charles Oatley

text: , all of which finally led to the marketing of the first commercial instrument by

text: Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company

text: as the "Stereoscan" in 1965, which was delivered to

text: DuPont

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answer: 1

text: Some plants, particularly those adapted to life in damp or aquatic environments, have an extreme resistance to wetting. A well-known example is the Sacred Lotus. This adaptation is not purely the physical and chemical effect of a waxy coating, however; it depends largely on the microscopic shape of the surface. When a hydrophobic surface is sculpted into microscopic, regular, elevated areas, sometimes in fractal patterns, too high and too closely spaced for the surface tension of the liquid to permit any flow into the space between the plateaus, then the area of contact between liquid and solid surfaces may be reduced to less than a tenth of what a continuous surface might permit. The effect is to reduce wetting of the surface substantially.

text: Some plants, particularly those adapted to life in damp or aquatic environments, have an extreme resistance to wetting. A well-known example is the

text: Sacred Lotus

text: . This adaptation is not purely the physical and chemical effect of a waxy coating, however; it depends largely on the microscopic shape of the surface. When a hydrophobic surface is sculpted into microscopic, regular, elevated areas, sometimes in

text: fractal

text: patterns, too high and too closely spaced for the surface tension of the liquid to permit any flow into the space between the plateaus, then the area of contact between liquid and solid surfaces may be reduced to less than a tenth of what a continuous surface might permit. The effect is to reduce wetting of the surface substantially.

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text: The development of Imaris is tightly linked to the development of the confocal microscope. The first publication of a confocal microscope appeared in 1957 when Marvin Minsky patented his microscope (Minsky 1957). The instrument did not find much attention in the scientific community at the time due to the lack of light collection efficiency. It was only at the end of the 1970s, with the generation of scanning confocal microscopes, that the technique became useful for biological studies (Brakenhoff, 1979 and Choudhury 1977).

text: The development of Imaris is tightly linked to the development of the confocal microscope. The first publication of a confocal microscope appeared in 1957 when

text: Marvin Minsky

text: patented his microscope (Minsky 1957). The instrument did not find much attention in the scientific community at the time due to the lack of light collection efficiency. It was only at the end of the 1970s, with the generation of scanning confocal microscopes, that the technique became useful for biological studies (Brakenhoff, 1979 and Choudhury 1977).

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text: In contrast to macroscopic models, microscopic traffic flow models simulate single vehicle-driver units, so the dynamic variables of the models represent microscopic properties like the position and velocity of single vehicles.

text: In contrast to

text: macroscopic models

text: , microscopic traffic flow models simulate single vehicle-driver units, so the dynamic variables of the models represent microscopic properties like the position and velocity of single vehicles.

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text: Presnyakov’s name is connected with development of so called micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically (with a microscope).

text: Presnyakov’s name is connected with development of so called micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically (with a microscope).

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text: In 1841 his study of sulphur bacteria (then the 'glairine of sulphurous waters') was noteworthy, as was his microscopic examination of drinking water. His book the Aquavivarium (1856) had a great vogue. He co-founded the important Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science (QJMS) in 1853, and co-edited it with George Busk, and later with his son Ray. Half-hours with the microscope (1857) was a best-seller, reprinted until 1918.

text: In 1841 his study of sulphur bacteria (then the 'glairine of sulphurous waters') was noteworthy, as was his microscopic examination of

text: drinking water

text: . His book the Aquavivarium (1856) had a great vogue. He co-founded the important

text: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

text: (QJMS) in 1853, and co-edited it with

text: George Busk

text: , and later with his son Ray. Half-hours with the microscope (1857) was a best-seller, reprinted until 1918.

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answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: The appearance of cancer cells under a microscope is another predictor of systemic spread.  The more different the cancer cells look compared to normal duct cells, the greater the risk of systemic spread.  There are three characteristics that differentiate cancer cells from normal cells.

text: The appearance of cancer cells under a microscope is another predictor of systemic spread.  The more different the cancer cells look compared to normal duct cells, the greater the risk of systemic spread.  There are three characteristics that differentiate cancer cells from normal cells.

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text: Before the era of modern medical procedures, the main means for studying the internal structure of the body were palpation and dissection. It was the advent of microscopy that opened up an understanding of the building blocks that constituted living tissues. Technical advances in the development of achromatic lenses increased the resolving power of the microscope and around 1839, Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann identified that cells were the fundamental unit of organization of all living things. Study of small structures involved passing light through them and the microtome was invented to provide sufficiently thin slices of tissue to examine. Staining techniques using artificial dyes were established to help distinguish between different types of tissue. The fields of cytology and histology developed from here in the late 19th century. The invention of the electron microscope brought a great advance in resolution power and allowed research into the ultrastructure of cells and the organelles and other structures within them. About the same time, in the 1950s, the use of X-ray diffraction for studying the crystal structures of proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules gave rise to a new field of molecular anatomy.

text: Before the era of modern medical procedures, the main means for studying the internal structure of the body were

text: palpation

text: and

text: dissection

text: . It was the advent of

text: microscopy

text: that opened up an understanding of the building blocks that constituted living tissues. Technical advances in the development of

text: achromatic lens

text: es increased the

text: resolving power

text: of the microscope and around 1839,

text: Matthias Jakob Schleiden

text: and

text: Theodor Schwann

text: identified that cells were the fundamental unit of organization of all living things. Study of small structures involved passing light through them and the

text: microtome

text: was invented to provide sufficiently thin slices of tissue to examine. Staining techniques using artificial dyes were established to help distinguish between different types of tissue. The fields of

text: cytology

text: and

text: histology

text: developed from here in the late 19th century. The invention of the

text: electron microscope

text: brought a great advance in resolution power and allowed research into the

text: ultrastructure

text: of cells and the

text: organelle

text: s and other structures within them. About the same time, in the 1950s, the use of

text: X-ray diffraction

text: for studying the crystal structures of proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules gave rise to a new field of

text: molecular anatomy

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: His team discovered how to generate functional hemangioblasts (a population of "ambulance" cells) from human embryonic stem cells.In animals, these cells quickly repaired vascular damage, cutting the death rate after a heart attack in half and restoring the blood flow to ischemic limbs that might otherwise have required amputation.

text: His team discovered how to generate functional

text: hemangioblast

text: s (a population of "ambulance" cells) from human embryonic stem cells.In animals, these cells quickly repaired vascular damage, cutting the death rate after a heart attack in half and restoring the blood flow to ischemic limbs that might otherwise have required amputation.

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text: All modern optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light share the same basic components of the light path. In addition, the vast majority of microscopes have the same 'structural' components (numbered below according to the image on the right):

text: All modern optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light share the same basic components of the light path. In addition, the vast majority of microscopes have the same 'structural' components (numbered below according to the image on the right):

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text: The optical microscope, often referred to as light microscope, is a type of microscope which uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small samples. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in their present compound form in the 17th century. Basic optical microscopes can be very simple, although there are many complex designs which aim to improve resolution and sample contrast.

text: The optical microscope, often referred to as light microscope, is a type of

text: microscope

text: which uses

text: visible light

text: and a system of

text: lenses

text: to magnify images of small samples. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in their present compound form in the 17th century. Basic optical microscopes can be very simple, although there are many complex designs which aim to improve

text: resolution

text: and sample

text: contrast

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text: These microscopes could focus on objects the size of a wavelength or larger, giving restrictions still to advancement in discoveries with objects smaller than a wavelength. Later in the 1920s, the electron microscope was developed, making it possible to view objects that are smaller than a wavelength, once again, changing the possibilities in science.

text: These microscopes could focus on objects the size of a

text: wavelength

text: or larger, giving restrictions still to advancement in discoveries with objects smaller than a wavelength. Later in the 1920s, the

text: electron microscope

text: was developed, making it possible to view objects that are smaller than a wavelength, once again, changing the possibilities in science.

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text: Scanning electron microscopes operating in conventional high-vacuum mode usually image conductive specimens; therefore non-conductive materials require conductive coating (gold/palladium alloy, carbon, osmium, etc.). The low-voltage mode of modern microscopes makes possible the observation of non-conductive specimens without coating.  Non-conductive materials can be imaged also by a variable pressure (or environmental) scanning electron microscope.

text: Scanning electron microscopes operating in conventional high-vacuum mode usually image conductive specimens; therefore non-conductive materials require conductive coating (gold/palladium alloy, carbon, osmium, etc.). The low-voltage mode of modern microscopes makes possible the observation of non-conductive specimens without coating.  Non-conductive materials can be imaged also by a variable pressure (or environmental) scanning electron microscope.

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text: While earlier version of fiber-based laser traps exclusively used single mode beams, M. Kreysing and colleagues recently showed that the careful excitation of further optical modes in a short piece of optical fiber allows the realization of non-trivial trapping geometries. By this the researchers were able to orient various human cell types (individual cells and clusters) on a microscope. The main advantage of the so-called "optical cell rotator" technology over standard optical tweezers is the decoupling of trapping from imaging optics. This, its modular design, and the high compatibility of divergent laser traps with biological material indicates the great potential of this new generation of laser traps in medical research and life science. Recently, the optical cell rotator technology was implemented on the basis of adaptive optics, allowing to dynamically reconfigure the optical trap during operation and adapt it to the sample.

text: While earlier version of fiber-based laser traps exclusively used single mode beams, M. Kreysing and colleagues recently showed that the careful excitation of further optical modes in a short piece of optical fiber allows the realization of non-trivial trapping geometries. By this the researchers were able to orient various human cell types (individual cells and clusters) on a microscope. The main advantage of the so-called "optical cell rotator" technology over standard optical tweezers is the decoupling of trapping from imaging optics. This, its modular design, and the high compatibility of divergent laser traps with biological material indicates the great potential of this new generation of laser traps in medical research and life science. Recently, the optical cell rotator technology was implemented on the basis of

text: adaptive optics

text: , allowing to dynamically reconfigure the optical trap during operation and adapt it to the sample.

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text: The majority of fluorescence microscopes, especially those used in the life sciences, are of the epifluorescence design shown in the diagram. Light of the excitation wavelength is focused on the specimen through the objective lens. The fluorescence emitted by the specimen is focused to the detector by the same objective that is used for the excitation which for greater resolution will need objective lens with higher numerical aperture. Since most of the excitation light is transmitted through the specimen, only reflected excitatory light reaches the objective together with the emitted light and the epifluorescence method therefore gives a high signal-to-noise ratio. An additional wavelength specific filter between the objective and the detector can filter out the remaining excitation light from fluorescent light.

text: The majority of fluorescence microscopes, especially those used in the

text: life sciences

text: , are of the epifluorescence design shown in the diagram. Light of the excitation wavelength is focused on the specimen through the

text: objective

text: lens. The

text: fluorescence

text: emitted by the specimen is focused to the detector by the same objective that is used for the excitation which for greater resolution will need objective lens with higher

text: numerical aperture

text: . Since most of the excitation light is transmitted through the specimen, only reflected excitatory light reaches the objective together with the emitted light and the epifluorescence method therefore gives a high signal-to-noise ratio. An additional

text: wavelength specific filter

text: between the objective and the detector can filter out the remaining excitation light from fluorescent light.

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answers: NDQ_006577

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: numerical aperture

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: life sciences

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: numerical aperture

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: wavelength specific filter

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: excitation

answers: NDQ_006605

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Microinjection is the use of a glass micropipette to inject a liquid substance at a microscopic or borderline macroscopic level.  The target is often a living cell but may also include intercellular space. Microinjection is a simple mechanical process usually involving an inverted microscope with a magnification power of around 200x (though sometimes it is performed using a dissecting stereo microscope at 40–50x or a traditional compound upright microscope at similar power to an inverted model).

text: Microinjection is the use of a glass

text: micropipette

text: to inject a liquid substance at a

text: microscopic

text: or borderline

text: macroscopic

text: level.  The target is often a living cell but may also include intercellular space. Microinjection is a simple mechanical process usually involving an

text: inverted microscope

text: with a

text: magnification power

text: of around 200x (though sometimes it is performed using a dissecting

text: stereo microscope

text: at 40–50x or a traditional

text: compound upright microscope

text: at similar power to an inverted model).

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answers: NDQ_006576

answers: glass

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the use of a glass micropipette to inject a liquid substance at a microscopic or borderline macroscopic level

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Micropipette

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 50x

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: glass

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006600

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answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006604

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answers: NDQ_006605

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answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: dissecting

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answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 40–50x

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Scanning optical and electron microscopes, like the confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope, use lenses to focus a spot of light or electrons onto the sample then analyze the reflected or transmitted waves. The point is then scanned over the sample to analyze a rectangular region. Magnification of the image is achieved by displaying the data from scanning a physically small sample area on a relatively large screen. These microscopes have the same resolution limit as wide field optical, probe, and electron microscopes.

text: Scanning optical and electron microscopes, like the confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope, use lenses to focus a spot of light or electrons onto the sample then analyze the reflected or transmitted waves. The point is then scanned over the sample to analyze a rectangular region. Magnification of the image is achieved by displaying the data from scanning a physically small sample area on a relatively large screen. These microscopes have the same resolution limit as wide field optical, probe, and electron microscopes.

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answers: NDQ_006583

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answers: NDQ_006584

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answers: NDQ_006610

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answers: NDQ_006611

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answers: NDQ_006616

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answers: NDQ_006617

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answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: South Campus is the main campus of NMMU and it houses the main administration in its 18 story Main Building and is home to NMMU's Vice-Chancellor. It was built on  of land donated by the then Port Elizabeth City Council. The campus was declared a nature reserve in 1983, which covers 830 hectares and a conservation site for fynbos vegetation. The reserve has 22 mammal species (including springbok), 16 reptile species, four amphibian species, and 66 bird species. The 4.8 km Grysbok Trail is great for hiking and starts at the Biological Sciences parking area. NMMU is also the only university in South Africa to offer game drives in a 4X4 vehicle. The campus is also home to the High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope centre housing four state-of-the-art electron microscopes, including the only double aberration corrected transmission electron microscope on the African continent, making NMMU the only place in Africa where one can view atoms.

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answers: High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope

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answers: double aberration corrected

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answers: NDQ_006600

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answers: Microscope

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answers: NDQ_006616

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answers: NDQ_006617

answers: double aberration corrected transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 4.8 km

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The first simple condensers were introduced on pre-achromatic microscopes in the 17th century. Robert Hooke used a combination of a salt water filled globe and a plano-convex lens, and shows in the 'Micrographia' that he understands the reasons for its efficiency. Makers in the 18th century such as Benjamin Martin, Adams and Jones understood the advantage of condensing the area of the light source to that of the area of the object on the stage. This was a simple plano-convex or bi-convex lens, or sometimes a combination of lenses. With the development of the modern achromatic objective in 1829, by Joseph Jackson Lister, the need for better condensers became increasingly apparent. By 1837, the use of the achromatic condenser was introduced in France, by Felix Dujardin, and Chevalier. English makers early took up this improvement, due to the obsession with resolving test objects such as diatoms and Nobert ruled gratings. By the late 1840s, English makers such as Ross, Powell and Smith; all could supply highly corrected condensers on their best stands, with proper centring and focus. It is erroneously stated that these developments were purely empirical - no-one can design a good achromatic, spherically corrected condenser relying only on empirics. On the Continent, in Germany, the corrected condenser was not considered either useful or essential, mainly due to a misunderstanding of the basic optical principles involved. Thus the leading German company, Carl Zeiss in Jena, offered nothing more than a very poor chromatic condenser into the late 1870s. French makers, such as Nachet, provided excellent achromatic condensers on their stands When the leading German bacteriologist, Robert Koch, complained to Ernst Abbe, that he was forced to buy a Seibert achromatic condenser for his Zeiss microscope, in order to make satisfactory photographs of bacteria, Abbe produced a very good achromatic design in 1878.

text: The first simple condensers were introduced on pre-achromatic microscopes in the 17th century.

text: Robert Hooke

text: used a combination of a salt water filled globe and a plano-convex lens, and shows in the '

text: Micrographia

text: ' that he understands the reasons for its efficiency. Makers in the 18th century such as Benjamin Martin, Adams and Jones understood the advantage of condensing the area of the light source to that of the area of the object on the stage. This was a simple plano-convex or bi-convex lens, or sometimes a combination of lenses. With the development of the modern achromatic objective in 1829, by

text: Joseph Jackson Lister

text: , the need for better condensers became increasingly apparent. By 1837, the use of the achromatic condenser was introduced in France, by Felix Dujardin, and Chevalier. English makers early took up this improvement, due to the obsession with resolving test objects such as diatoms and Nobert ruled gratings. By the late 1840s, English makers such as Ross, Powell and Smith; all could supply highly corrected condensers on their best stands, with proper centring and focus. It is erroneously stated that these developments were purely empirical - no-one can design a good achromatic, spherically corrected condenser relying only on empirics. On the Continent, in Germany, the corrected condenser was not considered either useful or essential, mainly due to a misunderstanding of the basic optical principles involved. Thus the leading German company,

text: Carl Zeiss

text: in Jena, offered nothing more than a very poor chromatic condenser into the late 1870s. French makers, such as Nachet, provided excellent achromatic condensers on their stands When the leading German bacteriologist,

text: Robert Koch

text: , complained to

text: Ernst Abbe

text: , that he was forced to buy a Seibert achromatic condenser for his Zeiss microscope, in order to make satisfactory photographs of bacteria, Abbe produced a very good achromatic design in 1878.

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answers: NDQ_006581

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answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: achromatic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: diatoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006589

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answers: NDQ_006597

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answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Carl Zeiss in Jena

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answers: NDQ_006605

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answers: NDQ_006609

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answers: NDQ_006610

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answers: NDQ_006611

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answers: NDQ_006616

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answers: spherically

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Eukaryotic cells are structurally complex, and by definition are organized, in part, by interior compartments that are themselves enclosed by lipid membranes that resemble the outermost cell membrane. The larger organelles, such as the nucleus and vacuoles, are easily visible with the light microscope. They were among the first biological discoveries made after the invention of the microscope.

text: Eukaryotic

text: cells are structurally complex, and by definition are organized, in part, by interior compartments that are themselves enclosed by lipid membranes that resemble the outermost

text: cell membrane

text: . The larger organelles, such as the

text: nucleus

text: and

text: vacuoles

text: , are easily visible with the

text: light microscope

text: . They were among the first biological discoveries made after the invention of the

text: microscope

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answers: lipid membranes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: easily visible

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The origin of the concept was pieces of ivory or bone, containing specimens held between disks of transparent mica, that would slide into the gap between the stage and the objective. These "sliders" were popular in Victorian England until the Royal Microscopical Society introduced the standardized glass microscope slide.

text: The origin of the concept was pieces of

text: ivory

text: or

text: bone

text: , containing specimens held between disks of transparent

text: mica

text: , that would slide into the gap between the stage and the objective. These "sliders" were popular in

text: Victorian

text: England

text: until the

text: Royal Microscopical Society

text: introduced the standardized glass microscope slide.

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answer: 1

text: If the dialogue centers throughout the Netherlands were houses of study (Soete Village translation of Beth-ha-midrash) established the International Foundation united in the house of study, of which Van Praag was president. Until the end of his life he was closely involved in these houses of study, took part in the discussions and gave numerous lectures. The first house of study was located in the Amsterdam Anne Frank House. The statutes of the Anne Frank House are such things as the extent of understanding for the suffering inflicted the Jews, promoting tolerance and combating discrimination, not promote dialogue between Jews, Christians and Muslims. Nevertheless, the foundation contributed to this, not least by the stamp of Henry Van Praag 's bustle.

text: If the dialogue centers throughout the Netherlands were houses of study (Soete Village translation of Beth-ha-midrash) established the International Foundation united in the house of study, of which Van Praag was president. Until the end of his life he was closely involved in these houses of study, took part in the discussions and gave numerous lectures. The first house of study was located in the Amsterdam

text: Anne Frank House

text: . The statutes of the Anne Frank House are such things as the extent of understanding for the suffering inflicted the Jews, promoting tolerance and combating discrimination, not promote dialogue between Jews, Christians and Muslims. Nevertheless, the foundation contributed to this, not least by the stamp of Henry Van Praag 's bustle.

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text: István Apáthy, also known as Stephan Apáthy (1863–1922), was a Hungarian zoologist and histologist, known for his work in medical science and microscope technique. He particularly studied neurofibrils, and was known for improving microscopic techniques for dealing with tissue samples.  Apáthy was a professor at the Franz Joseph University.  He also theorized on the "social and political aspects" of eugenics.

text: István Apáthy, also known as Stephan Apáthy (1863–1922), was a

text: Hungarian

text: zoologist

text: and

text: histologist

text: , known for his work in medical science and

text: microscope

text: technique. He particularly studied

text: neurofibrils

text: , and was known for improving microscopic techniques for dealing with tissue samples.  Apáthy was a professor at the

text: Franz Joseph University

text: .  He also theorized on the "social and political aspects" of

text: eugenics

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text: Microscopic hair analysis is the science of comparing several strands of hair under a microscope and attempting to deduce if the strands 'match'.  It became established as a forensic science by the 1950s.  Researchers often monitored more than a dozen attributes, including pigment distribution and scale patterns.  This technique has been used in criminal investigations to try to tie hair found at a crime scene, or other location of note, and confirm if the hair matches that of a suspect.  While a simple hair color match might be consistent with a certain suspect having been at the scene - black hair at the scene when the suspect has black hair - microscopic hair analysis began to claim a stronger standard by the 1970s.  Rather than merely "narrow the field" of possibilities, hair analysts claimed to actually match a specific person, such that the hair could be 'proof' of a specific suspect's presence.  While the typed reports often hedged the certainty of microscopic hair analysis, witnesses in court would not always be as modest; the manager of the Montana state crime lab testified there was a "1 in 10,000 chance" that hairs found at a crime scene did not come from the suspect in one case, for example.  Microscopic hair analysis has a long tradition of being used in fiction as well; it was originally popularized by Sherlock Holmes before it was even used by the police.  Fictional works involving detectives have continued to use it since, including Columbo, Quincy, ME, Dexter, and CSI.

text: Sherlock Holmes

text: before it was even used by the police.  Fictional works involving detectives have continued to use it since, including

text: Columbo

text: Quincy, ME

text: Dexter

text: , and

text: CSI

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text: The stand was made by an employee of Tulley, James Smith, and is preserved in the Wellcome Institute.  Smith set up on his own in 1837, later taking on Richard Beck, a nephew of Lister, as an apprentice finally becoming a partner in 1847 when the company was renamed Smith & Beck.Lister published his work in 1830 in a paper entitled "On Some Properties in Achromatic Object-Glasses Applicable to the Improvement of the Microscope" submitted to the Royal Society, and collaborated with Smith and with Andrew Ross, who had established what was to become one of the finest microscope manufacturers in 1832.  Lister's law of aplanatic foci remained the underlying principle of microscopic science.

text: The stand was made by an employee of Tulley, James Smith, and is preserved in the

entity_name: Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine

text: Wellcome Institute

text: .  Smith set up on his own in 1837, later taking on Richard Beck, a nephew of Lister, as an apprentice finally becoming a partner in 1847 when the company was renamed Smith & Beck.Lister published his work in 1830 in a paper entitled "On Some Properties in Achromatic

text: Object-Glasses

text: Applicable to the Improvement of the Microscope" submitted to the Royal Society, and collaborated with Smith and with Andrew Ross, who had established what was to become one of the finest microscope manufacturers in 1832.  Lister's law of aplanatic foci remained the underlying principle of microscopic science.

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text: MountainsMap is a surface imaging and metrology software published by the company Digital Surf. Its main application is micro-topography, the science of studying surface texture and form in 3D at the microscopic scale. The software is used mainly with stylus-based or optical profilometers, optical microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

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text: They are exceptionally associated with hypercalcemia. On gross examination, dysgerminomas present with a smooth, bosselated (knobby) external surface, and is soft, fleshy and either cream-coloured, gray, pink or tan when cut. Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells.  Typically, the stroma contains lymphocytes and about 20% of patients have sarcoid-like granulomas.

text: They are exceptionally associated with hypercalcemia. On gross examination, dysgerminomas present with a smooth,

text: bosselated

text: (knobby) external surface, and is soft, fleshy and either cream-coloured, gray, pink or tan when cut. Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells.  Typically, the

text: stroma

text: contains

text: lymphocyte

text: s and about 20% of patients have sarcoid-like

text: granuloma

text: s.

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text: For the Maricopa Association of Governments, Caliper is developing the largest high-fidelity microsimulation model ever attempted.  Using TransModeler, vehicle traffic is being simulated within a 500 square mile area of Phoenix using a microscopic model with a .1 second time step.  The network includes more than 1800 traffic signals which are being simulated at the same time.  The network is represented at the lane level with accurate intersection placement and geography.  An equilibrium dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) is performed using the microscopic loading.

text: For the

text: Maricopa Association of Governments

text: Caliper

text: is developing the largest high-fidelity

text: microsimulation

text: model ever attempted.  Using TransModeler, vehicle traffic is being simulated within a 500 square mile area of

text: Phoenix

text: using a microscopic model with a .1 second time step.  The network includes more than 1800

text: traffic signals

text: which are being simulated at the same time.  The network is represented at the lane level with accurate intersection placement and geography.  An equilibrium

text: dynamic traffic assignment

text: (DTA) is performed using the microscopic loading.

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text: Fleas have appeared in poetry, literature, music and art; these include Robert Hooke's drawing of a flea under the microscope in his pioneering  book Micrographia published in 1665, poems by Donne and Jonathan Swift, works of music by Giorgio Federico Ghedini and Modest Mussorgsky, a play by Georges Feydeau, a film by Charlie Chaplin, and paintings by artists such as Giuseppe Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, and Georges de La Tour.

text: Fleas have appeared in poetry, literature, music and art; these include

text: Robert Hooke

text: 's drawing of a flea under the

text: microscope

text: in his pioneering  book

text: Micrographia

text: published in 1665, poems by Donne and

text: Jonathan Swift

text: , works of music by

text: Giorgio Federico Ghedini

text: and

text: Modest Mussorgsky

text: , a play by

text: Georges Feydeau

text: , a film by

text: Charlie Chaplin

text: , and paintings by artists such as

text: Giuseppe Crespi

text: Giovanni Battista Piazzetta

text: , and

text: Georges de La Tour

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text: In the half-century since the first experiments directly leading to the development of acoustic microscopes, at least three basic types of acoustic microscope have been developed. These are the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM), Confocal scanning acoustic microscope (CSAM), and C-mode scanning acoustic microscope (C-SAM). For details of development see the History section below. More recently acoustic microscopes based around picosecond ultrasonics systems have demonstrated acoustic imaging in cells using sub-optical wavelengths working with ultrasonic frequencies into the multi-GHz. Since the vast majority of acoustic microscopes in use today are C-SAM type instruments, this discussion will be limited to these instruments.

text: In the half-century since the first experiments directly leading to the development of acoustic microscopes, at least three basic types of acoustic microscope have been developed. These are the

text: scanning acoustic microscope

text: (SAM),

text: Confocal scanning acoustic microscope

text: (CSAM), and C-mode scanning acoustic microscope (C-SAM). For details of development see the History section below. More recently acoustic microscopes based around

text: picosecond ultrasonics

text: systems have demonstrated acoustic imaging in cells using sub-optical wavelengths working with ultrasonic frequencies into the multi-GHz. Since the vast majority of acoustic microscopes in use today are C-SAM type instruments, this discussion will be limited to these instruments.

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text: A digital microscope is a microscope equipped with a digital camera allowing observation of a sample via a computer. Microscopes can also be partly or wholly computer-controlled with various levels of automation. Digital microscopy allows greater analysis of a microscope image, for example measurements of distances and areas and quantitaton of a fluorescent or histological stain.Low-powered digital microscopes, USB microscopes, are also commercially available. These are essentially webcams with a high-powered macro lens and generally do not use transillumination. The camera attached directly to the USB port of a computer, so that the images are shown directly on the monitor. They offer modest magnifications (up to about 200×) without the need to use eyepieces, and at very low cost. High power illumination is usually provided by an LED source or sources adjacent to the camera lens.

text: A

text: digital microscope

text: is a microscope equipped with a

text: digital camera

text: allowing observation of a sample via a

text: computer

text: . Microscopes can also be partly or wholly computer-controlled with various levels of automation. Digital microscopy allows greater analysis of a microscope image, for example measurements of distances and areas and quantitaton of a fluorescent or

text: histological

text: stain.Low-powered digital microscopes,

text: USB microscope

text: s, are also commercially available. These are essentially

text: webcam

text: s with a high-powered

text: macro lens

text: and generally do not use

text: transillumination

text: . The camera attached directly to the

text: USB

text: port of a computer, so that the images are shown directly on the monitor. They offer modest magnifications (up to about 200×) without the need to use eyepieces, and at very low cost. High power illumination is usually provided by an

text: LED

text: source or sources adjacent to the camera lens.

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text: It has a Gram-positive cell wall, but, because the cell wall is so thin, it can appear either Gram-positive or Gram-negative under the microscope. It is associated microscopically with clue cells, which are epithelial cells covered in bacteria.

text: It has a Gram-positive cell wall, but, because the cell wall is so thin, it can appear either Gram-positive or Gram-negative under the microscope. It is associated microscopically with

text: clue cell

text: s, which are

text: epithelial cell

text: s covered in bacteria.

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answers: NDQ_006617

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Despite the simplicity of the hook-length formula, the Frame–Robinson–Thrall proof is uninsightful and does not provide an intuitive argument as to why hooks appear in the formula.The search for a short, intuitive explanation befitting such a simple result gave rise to many alternate proofs for the hook-length formula.A. P. Hillman and R. M. Grassl gave the first proof that illuminates the role of hooks in 1976 by proving a special case of the Stanley hook-content formula, which is known to imply the hook-length formula.C. Greene, A. Nijenhuis, and H. S. Wilf found a probabilistic proof using the hook walk in which the hook lengths appear naturally in 1979.J. B. Remmel adapted the original Frame–Robinson–Thrall proof into the first bijective proof for the hook-length formula in 1982.A direct bijective proof was first discovered by D. S. Franzblau and D. Zeilberger in 1982.D. Zeilberger also converted the Greene–Nijenhuis–Wilf hook walk proof into a bijective proof in 1984.A simpler direct bijective proof was announced by Igor Pak and Alexander V. Stoyanovskii in 1992, and its complete proof was presented by the pair and Jean-Christophe Novelli in 1997.

text: Despite the simplicity of the hook-length formula, the Frame–Robinson–Thrall proof is uninsightful and does not provide an intuitive argument as to why hooks appear in the formula.The search for a short, intuitive explanation befitting such a simple result gave rise to many alternate proofs for the hook-length formula.A. P. Hillman and R. M. Grassl gave the first proof that illuminates the role of hooks in 1976 by proving a special case of the

text: Stanley

text: hook-content formula, which is known to imply the hook-length formula.

text: C. Greene

text: A. Nijenhuis

text: , and

text: H. S. Wilf

text: found a probabilistic proof using the hook walk in which the hook lengths appear naturally in 1979.J. B. Remmel adapted the original Frame–Robinson–Thrall proof into the first bijective proof for the hook-length formula in 1982.A direct bijective proof was first discovered by D. S. Franzblau and

text: D. Zeilberger

text: in 1982.

text: D. Zeilberger

text: also converted the Greene–Nijenhuis–Wilf hook walk proof into a bijective proof in 1984.A simpler direct bijective proof was announced by

text: Igor Pak

text: and Alexander V. Stoyanovskii in 1992, and its complete proof was presented by the pair and Jean-Christophe Novelli in 1997.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Moreover, the deterministic law at the microscopic level produces a non-deterministic arrangement of the cells: if the experiment is repeated, a particular position in the experiment will be in a clockwise cell in some cases, and a counter-clockwise cell in others.  Microscopic perturbations of the initial conditions are enough to produce a non-deterministic macroscopic effect.  That is, in principle, there is no way to calculate the macroscopic effect of a microscopic perturbation.  This inability to predict long-range conditions and sensitivity to initial-conditions are characteristics of chaotic or complex systems (i.e., the butterfly effect).

text: Moreover, the deterministic law at the microscopic level produces a non-deterministic arrangement of the cells: if the experiment is repeated, a particular position in the experiment will be in a clockwise cell in some cases, and a counter-clockwise cell in others.  Microscopic perturbations of the

text: initial conditions

text: are enough to produce a non-deterministic macroscopic effect.  That is, in principle, there is no way to calculate the macroscopic effect of a microscopic perturbation.  This inability to predict long-range conditions and sensitivity to initial-conditions are characteristics of

text: chaotic

text: or

text: complex

text: systems (i.e., the

text: butterfly effect

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answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Digital holography has mostly been applied to light microscopy. However, digital holography has also been applied to electron microscopy. Holography was invented by Dennis Gabor to improve the electron microscope. For various reasons holography never made it into the electron microscope.

text: Digital holography has mostly been applied to light microscopy. However, digital holography has also been applied to

text: electron microscopy

text: . Holography was invented by

text: Dennis Gabor

text: to improve the electron microscope. For various reasons holography never made it into the electron microscope.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

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answers: NDQ_006604

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answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Dennis Gabor

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answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Dennis Gabor

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answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: holography

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Rouget is largely remembered for his correlation of physiology to microscopic anatomical structure. He was the first to discover the branching contractile cells on the external wall of the capillaries in amphibians, structures that are now known as "Rouget cells". Also the eponymous "Rouget's muscle" was described by him, which are circular fibers of the ciliary muscle of the eye. These fibers are sometimes called "Müller's muscle" after German anatomist Heinrich Müller (1820–1864).

text: Rouget is largely remembered for his correlation of physiology to microscopic

text: anatomical

text: structure. He was the first to discover the branching contractile cells on the external wall of the

text: capillaries

text: in

text: amphibian

text: s, structures that are now known as "

text: Rouget cells

text: ". Also the eponymous "Rouget's muscle" was described by him, which are circular fibers of the

text: ciliary muscle

text: of the eye. These fibers are sometimes called "

text: Müller's muscle

text: " after German anatomist

text: Heinrich Müller

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answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 880 nm

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In North America, all 10 Electroplankton were released in November 2009. Trapy, Hanenbow, Rec-Rec, Nanocarp, and Beatnes were released on November 9, while Luminaria (renamed Luminarrow), Sun-Animalcule, Lumiloop, Marine-Snow (renamed Marine-Crystals), and Volvoice (renamed Varvoice) were released November 23.

text: In North America, all 10 Electroplankton were released in November 2009. Trapy, Hanenbow, Rec-Rec, Nanocarp, and Beatnes were released on November 9, while Luminaria (renamed Luminarrow), Sun-Animalcule, Lumiloop, Marine-Snow (renamed Marine-Crystals), and Volvoice (renamed Varvoice) were released November 23.

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text: Stagnicola perplexa is similar in appearance and shares habitats and a geographical range comparable to Mythicomyces corneipes. S. perplexa generally has a more faded coloration, and produces brownish spore prints lacking purplish tones. The two species can be reliably distinguished by microscopic characteristics, as Stagnicola has smooth spores and cheilocystidia with thin walls. Owing to its similarly colored cap and habitat amongst mosses, Phaeocollybia attenuata might be confused with M. corneipes. Phaeocollybia attenuata can readily be differentiated in the field by the long wirelike pseudorhiza extending below the substrate, and microscopically by the much more heavily ornamented limoniform-globose spores and absence of pleurocystidia. Other morphologically similar species include Hypholoma udum and H. elongatum, but unlike M. corneipes, both of these agarics have smooth spores, yellow chrysocystidia, and lack metuloids. The lookalike Galerina sideroides is found in Washington, Michigan, and Sweden, where it fruits in groups on rotten conifer logs. It has distinct microscopic characteristics, such as a wider range of basidial widths (20–40 µm), and a lack of pleurocystidia.

text: Stagnicola perplexa

text: is similar in appearance and shares habitats and a geographical range comparable to Mythicomyces corneipes. S. perplexa generally has a more faded coloration, and produces brownish spore prints lacking purplish tones. The two species can be reliably distinguished by microscopic characteristics, as Stagnicola has smooth spores and cheilocystidia with thin walls. Owing to its similarly colored cap and habitat amongst mosses,

text: Phaeocollybia attenuata

text: might be confused with M. corneipes. Phaeocollybia attenuata can readily be differentiated in the field by the long wirelike pseudorhiza extending below the substrate, and microscopically by the much more heavily ornamented limoniform-globose spores and absence of pleurocystidia. Other morphologically similar species include

text: Hypholoma udum

text: and

text: H. elongatum

text: , but unlike M. corneipes, both of these agarics have smooth spores, yellow chrysocystidia, and lack metuloids. The lookalike

text: Galerina sideroides

text: is found in

text: Washington

text: Michigan

text: , and Sweden, where it fruits in groups on rotten conifer logs. It has distinct microscopic characteristics, such as a wider range of basidial widths (20–40 µm), and a lack of pleurocystidia.

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text: It was not until the 1660s and 1670s that the microscope was used extensively for research in Italy, the Netherlands and England. Marcelo Malpighi in Italy began the analysis of biological structures beginning with the lungs. Robert Hooke's Micrographia had a huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations. The greatest contribution came from Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who achieved up to 300 times magnification.  He sandwiched a v. small glass ball lens between the holes in two metal plates riveted together and with an adjustable by screws needle attached to mount the specimen. Then, Van Leeuwenhoek discovered red blood cells and spermatozoa and helped popularise microscopy as a technique. On 9 October 1676, he reported the discovery of micro-organisms.

text: It was not until the 1660s and 1670s that the microscope was used extensively for research in Italy, the Netherlands and England. Marcelo Malpighi in Italy began the analysis of biological structures beginning with the lungs.

text: Robert Hooke

text: 's

text: Micrographia

text: had a huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations. The greatest contribution came from

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: who achieved up to 300 times magnification.  He sandwiched a v. small glass ball lens between the holes in two metal plates riveted together and with an adjustable by screws needle attached to mount the specimen. Then, Van Leeuwenhoek discovered

text: red blood cell

text: s and

text: spermatozoa

text: and helped popularise microscopy as a technique. On 9 October 1676, he reported the discovery of micro-organisms.

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text: Quate is known as the brilliant mind behind acoustic and atomic force microscopy. The scanning acoustic microscope, invented with a colleague in 1973, has resolution exceeding optical microscopes, revealing structure in opaque or even transparent materials not visible to optics.

text: Quate is known as the brilliant mind behind acoustic and atomic force microscopy. The scanning acoustic microscope, invented with a colleague in 1973, has resolution exceeding optical microscopes, revealing structure in opaque or even transparent materials not visible to optics.

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text: The Image Cytometry Standard (ICS) is a digital multidimensional image file format used in life sciences microscopy. It stores not only the image data, but also the microscopic parameters describing the optics during the acquisition.

text: The Image Cytometry Standard (ICS) is a digital multidimensional image

text: file format

text: used in

text: life sciences

text: microscopy

text: . It stores not only the

text: image data

text: , but also the microscopic parameters describing the optics during the acquisition.

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text: During the ascus initial formation the crozier helps to maintain a dikaryotic state in the ascus initial and its side branch that will continue the spreading growth of the ascogenous hyphae in Ascomycota fruitbodies. The tips of developing asci on these ascogenous hyphae curl over. One haploid nucleus migrates into the curved tip while the other compatible haploid nucleus remains in the penultimate space below the hook. The ascus initial itself forms as a radiating spur branch at the top of the hook. Each nucleus divides resulting in the formation of a pair of compatible nuclei, i.e. a dikaryon, in the ascus. Two sister nuclei remain, one in the basal cell and the other in the crozier. The tip of the crozier fuses with the penultimate cell while walling itself off from the ascus by the formation of a septum. The nucleus from the crozier migrates into the penultimate cell joining the other nucleus, thus maintaining a dikaryotic state. These nuclei migrate into a side branch growing from the base of the ascus that repeats the ascus-crozier formation innumerable times. Mature croziers are detectable through microscopic examination of mature asci as small curved bridges at the basal septa. A minority of Ascomycota lack crosiers, hence the presence or absence of croziers is an important taxonomic character. Croziers resemble and function similarly to clamp connections on the dikaryotic hyphae of Basidiomycota.

text: During the

text: ascus

text: initial formation the crozier helps to maintain a

text: dikaryotic

text: state in the ascus initial and its side branch that will continue the spreading growth of the

text: ascogenous

text: hyphae in Ascomycota fruitbodies. The tips of developing asci on these ascogenous hyphae curl over. One

text: haploid

text: nucleus migrates into the curved tip while the other compatible haploid nucleus remains in the penultimate space below the hook. The ascus initial itself forms as a radiating spur branch at the top of the hook. Each

text: nucleus

text: divides resulting in the formation of a pair of compatible nuclei, i.e. a

text: dikaryon

text: , in the ascus. Two sister nuclei remain, one in the basal cell and the other in the crozier. The tip of the crozier fuses with the penultimate cell while walling itself off from the ascus by the formation of a

text: septum

text: . The nucleus from the crozier migrates into the penultimate cell joining the other nucleus, thus maintaining a dikaryotic state. These nuclei migrate into a side branch growing from the base of the ascus that repeats the ascus-crozier formation innumerable times. Mature croziers are detectable through microscopic examination of mature asci as small curved bridges at the basal septa. A minority of Ascomycota lack crosiers, hence the presence or absence of croziers is an important

text: taxonomic

text: character. Croziers resemble and function similarly to

text: clamp connection

text: s on the dikaryotic hyphae of

text: Basidiomycota

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text: Micrographia is a historically significant book by Robert Hooke about his observations through various lenses. It is particularly notable for being the first book to illustrate insects, plants etc. as seen through microscopes. Published in January 1665, the first major publication of the Royal Society, it became the first scientific best-seller, inspiring a wide public interest in the new science of microscopy.  It is also notable for coining the biological term cell.

text: Micrographia is a historically significant book by

text: Robert Hooke

text: about his observations through various lenses. It is particularly notable for being the first book to illustrate insects, plants etc. as seen through microscopes. Published in January 1665, the first major publication of the

text: Royal Society

text: , it became the first scientific best-seller, inspiring a wide public interest in the new science of

text: microscopy

text: .  It is also notable for coining the biological term

text: cell

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text: Arthur is in a cell in the town prison, and Hook wants to know who Nimue is and what he’s hiding, but Arthur says that Emma took his memories so he doesn't know anything. David pries Hook away, saying that Arthur was right, he doesn't remember anything from the events in Camelot, and the now, Arthur was "no longer important." Hook says Emma told them this was about him, but Regina says that Emma is manipulating him, like all the Dark Ones do, and Regina and Mary Margaret are convinced that Emma has fully succumbed to the darkness. Hook believes Emma hasn't fully caved to the darkness yet, since she hasn't used the sword yet, but Regina thinks Emma still needs another ingredient for her spell. Hook is determined to find out what went on in Camelot, saying that the only way to help her is to find out what happened between him and Emma. Hook visits Gold at his shop, and Mr. Gold tells Belle to put down the crossbow, since Hook wasn't Emma. Mr. Gold says he had some squid ink set aside, but the new Dark One took it. Hook says that Dark Ones are clever, being able to convince everyone that they've really changed when they haven't, and then asks what’s going on inside Emma’s head. He tells Gold what Emma said about her actions being about him. Gold says he recognizes the look on her face – regret. He says he became the Dark One to save his son. He adds that he convinced himself everything he did was for that, and that once he saved his son, he would atone for his sins, but things did not work out. He tells Hook to find out what Emma is trying to atone for to get the answers. Hook says he can’t find her, and Gold says that he will have to give her a reason to find him. Hook goes outside and calls for Emma and asks what happened between them and what she wants.

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text: In the 17th and 18th centuries, hand lenses were used by Malpighi, and microscopes by van Leeuwenhoek, preparations for fixing the eye for study by Ruysch, and later the freezing of the eye by Petit. This allowed for detailed study of the eye and an advanced model. Some mistakes persisted, such as: why the pupil changed size (seen to be vessels of the iris filling with blood), the existence of the posterior chamber, and of course the nature of the retina. In 1722, van Leeuwenhoek noted the existence of rods and cones, though they were not properly discovered until Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus in 1834 by use of a microscope.

text: In the 17th and 18th centuries,

text: hand lens

text: es were used by

text: Malpighi

text: , and

text: microscope

text: s by van Leeuwenhoek, preparations for fixing the eye for study by

text: Ruysch

text: , and later the freezing of the eye by

text: Petit

text: . This allowed for detailed study of the eye and an advanced model. Some mistakes persisted, such as: why the pupil changed size (seen to be vessels of the iris filling with blood), the existence of the

text: posterior chamber

text: , and of course the nature of the retina. In 1722, van

text: Leeuwenhoek

text: noted the existence of rods and cones, though they were not properly discovered until

text: Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus

text: in 1834 by use of a microscope.

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text: He won the Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1899, created a Companion of the Bath (CB) in the 1905 Birthday Honours, knighted in 1908 and upgraded to a Knight Commander of the Bath (KCB) in 1918. He was president of the British Science Association during 1924–1925.

text: He won the

text: Leeuwenhoek Medal

text: in 1915. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (

text: FRS

text: ) in 1899, created a Companion of the Bath (

text: CB

text: ) in the

text: 1905 Birthday Honours

text: knighted

text: in 1908 and upgraded to a Knight Commander of the Bath (KCB) in 1918. He was president of the

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text: during 1924–1925.

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text: The ER-C presently houses 13 electron microscopes manufactured by FEI Company and JEOL Ltd. ranging from standard scanning electron microscopes to highly specialised Titan series transmission electron microscopes equipped with aberration correction units and offering an information limit well below 100 picometres. The majority of ER-C instrumental resources is available for use by both in-house and external users.

text: The ER-C presently houses 13 electron microscopes manufactured by

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text: and

text: JEOL Ltd.

text: ranging from standard scanning electron microscopes to highly specialised Titan series transmission electron microscopes equipped with aberration correction units and offering an information limit well below 100 picometres. The majority of ER-C instrumental resources is available for use by both in-house and external users.

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text: In his model, Fisher argues that the functioning of the microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism. The performance of the microscope depends on the state of various knobs that can be manipulated, corresponding to distances and orientations of various lenses, whereas the fitness of an organism depends on the state of various phenotypic character such as body size and beak length and depth. The increase in the fitness of an organism by random changes is then analogous to the attempt to improve the performance of a microscope through randomly changing the positions of the knobs on the microscope.

text: In his model, Fisher argues that the functioning of the microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism. The performance of the microscope depends on the state of various knobs that can be manipulated, corresponding to distances and orientations of various lenses, whereas the fitness of an organism depends on the state of various

text: phenotypic

text: character such as body size and

text: beak

text: length and depth. The increase in the fitness of an organism by random changes is then analogous to the attempt to improve the performance of a microscope through randomly changing the positions of the knobs on the microscope.

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answers: Fisher argues that the functioning of the microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism

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answers: 580 nm

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The scanning tunneling microscope, an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level, was developed in 1981 by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.  Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christoph Gerber invented the first atomic force microscope in 1986. The first commercially available atomic force microscope was introduced in 1989.

text: The

text: scanning tunneling microscope

text: , an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level, was developed in 1981 by

text: Gerd Binnig

text: and

text: Heinrich Rohrer

text: at

text: IBM Zurich Research Laboratory

text: , for which they were awarded the

text: Nobel Prize in Physics

text: in 1986.  Binnig,

text: Calvin Quate

text: and

text: Christoph Gerber

text: invented the first

text: atomic force microscope

text: in 1986. The first commercially available atomic force microscope was introduced in 1989.

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answers: The first commercially available atomic force microscope

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answers: The scanning tunneling microscope

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answers: an instrument for imaging surfaces

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answers: 135 nm

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A primary difference between a stereo microscope and a digital microscope is the magnification. With a stereo microscope the magnification is found by multiplying the lens magnification by the eyepiece magnification. Since the digital microscope does not have an eyepiece, the magnification cannot be found using this method. Instead the magnification for a digital microscope is found by how many times larger the sample is reproduced on the monitor. Therefore, the magnification will depend on the size of the monitor. The average digital microscope system, which has a 15" monitor, would result in an average difference in magnification between an optical microscope and a digital microscope of about 40%. Thus the magnification number of a stereo microscope is usually 40% less than the magnification number of a digital microscope.

text: A primary difference between a stereo microscope and a digital microscope is the

text: magnification

text: . With a stereo microscope the magnification is found by multiplying the lens magnification by the eyepiece magnification. Since the digital microscope does not have an eyepiece, the magnification cannot be found using this method. Instead the magnification for a digital microscope is found by how many times larger the sample is reproduced on the monitor. Therefore, the magnification will depend on the size of the monitor. The average digital microscope system, which has a 15" monitor, would result in an average difference in magnification between an optical microscope and a digital microscope of about 40%. Thus the magnification number of a stereo microscope is usually 40% less than the magnification number of a digital microscope.

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1658 Dutch naturalist Jan Swammerdam was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope, and in 1695, microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, also Dutch, was the first to  draw an illustration of "red corpuscles", as they were called. No further blood cells were discovered until 1842 when French physician Alfred Donné discovered platelets. The following year leukocytes were first observed by Gabriel Andral, a French professor of medicine, and William Addison, a British physician, simultaneously. Both men believed that both red and white cells were altered in disease. With these discoveries, hematology, a new field of medicine, was established.  Even though agents for staining tissues and cells were available, almost no advances were made in knowledge about the morphology of blood cells until 1879, when Paul Ehrlich published his technique for staining blood films and his method for differential blood cell counting

text: In 1658 Dutch naturalist

text: Jan Swammerdam

text: was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope, and in 1695,

text: microscopist

text: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

text: , also Dutch, was the first to  draw an illustration of "red corpuscles", as they were called. No further blood cells were discovered until 1842 when French physician

text: Alfred Donné

text: discovered platelets. The following year leukocytes were first observed by

text: Gabriel Andral

text: , a French professor of medicine, and

text: William Addison

text: , a British physician, simultaneously. Both men believed that both red and white cells were altered in disease. With these discoveries,

text: hematology

text: , a new field of medicine, was established.  Even though agents for staining tissues and cells were available, almost no advances were made in knowledge about the morphology of blood cells until 1879, when

text: Paul Ehrlich

text: published his technique for staining blood films and his method for differential blood cell counting

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Gai has pioneered advanced in-situ electron microscopy applications in the chemical sciences and with Edward D. Boyes co-invented the atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). The ETEM enables the visualisation and analysis on the atomic scale of dynamic gas-catalyst reactions underpinning key chemical processes. Her research has helped to understand better how catalysts function, leading to valuable new science. Her microscope and process inventions are being exploited worldwide by microscope manufacturers, chemical companies and researchers.

text: Gai has pioneered advanced in-situ electron microscopy applications in the chemical sciences and with Edward D. Boyes co-invented the atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). The ETEM enables the visualisation and analysis on the atomic scale of dynamic gas-catalyst reactions underpinning key chemical processes. Her research has helped to understand better how catalysts function, leading to valuable new science. Her microscope and process inventions are being exploited worldwide by microscope manufacturers, chemical companies and researchers.

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text: In 1964 Crewe developed the first field emission electron gun in collaboration with Hitachi, a new type of electron source that enabled much higher optical quality than had previously been possible.  This gun, combined with inventions in electron lenses and detection, led to the development of the highest resolution microscope at that time.  In 1970 his field emission scanning transmission electron microscope succeeded in taking images individual atom (though not the first, this achievement usually being credited to Erwin Muller).  In 1975 he was successful in obtaining the first motion pictures of atoms, providing new insight into atomic interaction and material formation.

text: In 1964 Crewe developed the first

text: field emission electron gun

text: in collaboration with Hitachi, a new type of electron source that enabled much higher optical quality than had previously been possible.  This gun, combined with inventions in electron lenses and detection, led to the development of the highest resolution microscope at that time.  In 1970 his field emission

entity_name: Scanning transmission electron microscopy

text: scanning transmission electron microscope

text: succeeded in taking images individual atom (though not the first, this achievement usually being credited to

text: Erwin Muller

text: ).  In 1975 he was successful in obtaining the first motion pictures of atoms, providing new insight into atomic interaction and material formation.

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text: Bacteria and protists were first observed with a microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, initiating the scientific field of microbiology.

text: Bacteria

text: and

text: protist

text: s were first observed with a

text: microscope

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text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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text: microbiology

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text: Dutch draper and pioneering microbiologist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), a contemporary of artist Vermeer (and an executor for Vermeer when he died in 1675) in Delft was known to have exceptional lens making skills, having created single small lenses capable of 200x magnification, far exceeding those of more complex compound microscopes of the period. Indeed, his feats of lens making were not matched for a considerable time as he kept aspects of their construction secret; in the 1950s, C.L. Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing to recreate Leeuwenhoek design microscopes.  It was long believed that Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a master lens grinder (a notion repeated in the recent BBC television documentary "Cell"). However, it is now believed that he came upon a relatively simple method of making small, high quality glass spheres by heating and manipulating a small rod of soda lime glass.

text: Dutch draper and pioneering microbiologist

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: (1632–1723), a contemporary of artist Vermeer (and an executor for Vermeer when he died in 1675) in Delft was known to have exceptional lens making skills, having created single small lenses capable of 200x magnification, far exceeding those of more complex compound microscopes of the period. Indeed, his feats of lens making were not matched for a considerable time as he kept aspects of their construction secret; in the 1950s, C.L. Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing to recreate Leeuwenhoek design microscopes.  It was long believed that Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a master lens grinder (a notion repeated in the recent BBC television documentary "Cell"). However, it is now believed that he came upon a relatively simple method of making small, high quality glass spheres by heating and manipulating a small rod of soda lime glass.

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text: In modern materials science, fracture mechanics is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of mechanical components. It applies the physics of stress and strain, in particular the theories of elasticity and plasticity, to the microscopic crystallographic defects found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies. Fractography is widely used with fracture mechanics to understand the causes of failures and also verify the theoretical failure predictions with real life failures. The prediction of crack growth is at the heart of the damage tolerance discipline.

text: In modern

text: materials science

text: , fracture mechanics is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of mechanical components. It applies the

text: physics

text: of

text: stress

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text: strain

text: , in particular the theories of

text: elasticity

text: and

text: plasticity

text: , to the microscopic

text: crystallographic defect

text: s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

text: Fractography

text: is widely used with fracture mechanics to understand the causes of failures and also verify the theoretical failure predictions with real life failures. The prediction of crack growth is at the heart of the

text: damage tolerance

text: discipline.

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answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: The cell was  first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope. The first cell theory is credited to the work of Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in the 1830s. In this theory the internal contents of cells were called protoplasm and described as a jelly-like substance, sometimes called living jelly. At about the same time, colloidal chemistry began its development, and the concepts of bound water emerged. A colloid being something between a solution and a suspension, where Brownian motion is sufficient to prevent sedimentation.The idea of a semipermeable membrane, a barrier that is permeable to solvent but impermeable to solute molecules was developed at about the same time. The term osmosis originated in 1827 and its importance to physiological phenomena realized, but it wasn’t until 1877, when the botanist Pfeffer proposed the membrane theory of cell physiology. In this view, the cell was seen to be enclosed by a thin surface, the plasma membrane, and cell water and solutes such as a potassium ion existed in a physical state like that of a dilute solution. In 1889 Hamburger used hemolysis of erythrocytes to determine the permeability of various solutes. By measuring the time required for the cells to swell past their elastic limit, the rate at which solutes entered the cells could be estimated by the accompanying change in cell volume. He also found that there was an apparent nonsolvent volume of about 50% in red blood cells and later showed that this includes water of hydration in addition to the protein and other nonsolvent components of the cells.

text: The cell was  first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope. The first cell theory is credited to the work of

text: Theodor Schwann

text: and

text: Matthias Jakob Schleiden

text: in the 1830s. In this theory the internal contents of cells were called

text: protoplasm

text: and described as a jelly-like substance, sometimes called living jelly. At about the same time,

text: colloidal chemistry

text: began its development, and the concepts of

text: bound water

text: emerged. A

text: colloid

text: being something between a

text: solution

text: and a

text: suspension

text: , where

text: Brownian motion

text: is sufficient to prevent

text: sedimentation

text: .The idea of a

text: semipermeable membrane

text: , a barrier that is permeable to

text: solvent

text: but impermeable to

text: solute

text: molecules

text: was developed at about the same time. The term

text: osmosis

text: originated in 1827 and its importance to

text: physiological

text: phenomena realized, but it wasn’t until 1877, when the

text: botanist

text: Pfeffer

text: proposed the

text: membrane theory

text: of

text: cell physiology

text: . In this view, the cell was seen to be enclosed by a thin surface, the

text: plasma membrane

text: , and cell water and solutes such as a

text: potassium

text: ion

text: existed in a physical state like that of a

text: dilute solution

text: . In 1889 Hamburger used

text: hemolysis

text: of

text: erythrocytes

text: to determine the permeability of various solutes. By measuring the time required for the cells to swell past their elastic limit, the rate at which solutes entered the cells could be estimated by the accompanying change in cell volume. He also found that there was an apparent nonsolvent volume of about 50% in red blood cells and later showed that this includes water of hydration in addition to the protein and other nonsolvent components of the cells.

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answers: 680 nm

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1658 Dutch naturalist Jan Swammerdam was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope and in 1695, microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, also Dutch, was the first to draw an illustration of "red corpuscles", as they were called. No further blood cells were discovered until 1842 when the platelets were discovered.

text: In 1658 Dutch naturalist

text: Jan Swammerdam

text: was the first person to observe

text: red blood cells

text: under a microscope and in 1695,

text: microscopist

text: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

text: , also Dutch, was the first to draw an illustration of "red corpuscles", as they were called. No further

text: blood cells

text: were discovered until 1842 when the

text: platelets

text: were discovered.

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text: In the first half of the 18th century botany was beginning to move beyond descriptive science into experimental science. Although the microscope was invented in 1590 it was only in the late 17th century that lens grinding by Antony van Leeuwenhoek provided the resolution needed to make major discoveries. Important general biological observations were made by Robert Hooke (1635–1703) but the foundations of plant anatomy were laid by Italian Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694) of the University of Bologna in his Anatome Plantarum (1675) and Royal Society Englishman Nehemiah Grew (1628–1711) in his The Anatomy of Plants Begun (1671) and Anatomy of Plants (1682). These botanists explored what is now called developmental anatomy and morphology by carefully observing, describing and drawing the developmental transition from seed to mature plant, recording stem and wood formation. This work included the discovery and naming of parenchyma and stomata.

text: In the first half of the 18th century botany was beginning to move beyond descriptive science into experimental science. Although the

text: microscope

text: was invented in 1590 it was only in the late 17th century that lens grinding by

text: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

text: provided the resolution needed to make major discoveries. Important general biological observations were made by

text: Robert Hooke

text: (1635–1703) but the foundations of plant anatomy were laid by Italian

text: Marcello Malpighi

text: (1628–1694) of the University of Bologna in his Anatome Plantarum (1675) and Royal Society Englishman

text: Nehemiah Grew

text: (1628–1711) in his The Anatomy of Plants Begun (1671) and Anatomy of Plants (1682). These botanists explored what is now called developmental anatomy and morphology by carefully observing, describing and drawing the developmental transition from seed to mature plant, recording stem and wood formation. This work included the discovery and naming of

text: parenchyma

text: and

text: stomata

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text: It is important that the patient attend periodic follow-up checks, because even after careful microscopic surgical removal, cholesteatomas may recur.  Such recurrence may arise many years, or even decades, after treatment.

text: It is important that the patient attend periodic follow-up checks, because even after careful microscopic surgical removal, cholesteatomas may recur.  Such recurrence may arise many years, or even decades, after treatment.

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text: Insects were not the only organisms entering the laboratories as test subjects.  Bacteria had also been introduced and with the invention of the electron microscope in 1931 by Ernst Ruska, a whole new field of microbiology was born.  This invention allowed microbiologists to see objects that were far too small to be seen by any light microscope and thus viruses which had perplexed biologists of many fields for years, now came under scientific scrutiny.  In 1932 Wendell Stanley began a direct competition with Carl G. Vinson to be the first to completely isolate the Tobacco Mosaic Virus, a virus that had been until then invisibly killing tobacco plants across England.  It was Stanley who would accomplish this task first by changing the pH to one a more acidic one.  In doing so he was able to conclude that the virus was either a protein or closely related to one, thus benefiting experimental research.

text: Insects were not the only organisms entering the laboratories as test subjects.  Bacteria had also been introduced and with the invention of the electron microscope in 1931 by

text: Ernst Ruska

text: , a whole new field of microbiology was born.  This invention allowed microbiologists to see objects that were far too small to be seen by any light microscope and thus viruses which had perplexed biologists of many fields for years, now came under scientific scrutiny.  In 1932

text: Wendell Stanley

text: began a direct competition with

text: Carl G. Vinson

text: to be the first to completely isolate the Tobacco Mosaic Virus, a virus that had been until then invisibly killing tobacco plants across England.  It was Stanley who would accomplish this task first by changing the pH to one a more acidic one.  In doing so he was able to conclude that the virus was either a protein or closely related to one, thus benefiting experimental research.

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text: There followed, during the 1980s, a series of important refining techniques.  In 1980 he invented a method for the correction of spherical aberration in electron optical systems using sextupoles and, in 1996, Crewe invented a new type of focusing lens for low voltage scanning microscopes.  He held 19 patents for his inventions, and had more than 275 publications, most of them concerned with electron optics and electron microscopes.

text: There followed, during the 1980s, a series of important refining techniques.  In 1980 he invented a method for the correction of spherical aberration in electron optical systems using sextupoles and, in 1996, Crewe invented a new type of focusing lens for low voltage scanning microscopes.  He held 19 patents for his inventions, and had more than 275 publications, most of them concerned with electron optics and electron microscopes.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: After the biopsy is performed, the sample of tissue that was removed from the patient is sent to the pathology laboratory. A pathologist who specializes in diagnosing diseases (such as cancer) by examining tissue under a microscope. When the laboratory (see Histology) receives the biopsy sample, the tissue is processed and an extremely thin slice of tissue is removed from the sample and attached to a glass slide. Any remaining tissue is saved for use in later studies, if required. The slide with the tissue attached is treated with dyes that stain the tissue, which allows the individual cells in the tissue to be seen more clearly. The slide is then given to the pathologist, who examines the tissue under a microscope, looking for any abnormal findings. The pathologist then prepares a report that lists any abnormal or important findings from the biopsy. This report is sent to the physician who originally performed the biopsy on the patient.

text: After the biopsy is performed, the sample of tissue that was removed from the patient is sent to the

text: pathology

text: laboratory

text: . A

text: pathologist

text: who specializes in diagnosing

text: diseases

text: (such as

text: cancer

text: ) by examining tissue under a

text: microscope

text: . When the laboratory (see

text: Histology

text: ) receives the biopsy sample, the tissue is processed and an extremely thin slice of

text: tissue

text: is removed from the sample and attached to a glass slide. Any remaining tissue is saved for use in later studies, if required. The slide with the tissue attached is treated with dyes that stain the tissue, which allows the individual

text: cell

text: s in the tissue to be seen more clearly. The slide is then given to the pathologist, who examines the tissue under a microscope, looking for any abnormal findings. The pathologist then prepares a report that lists any abnormal or important findings from the biopsy. This report is sent to the physician who originally performed the biopsy on the patient.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1609, Galileo was, along with Englishman Thomas Harriot and others, among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. The name "telescope" was coined for Galileo's instrument by a Greek mathematician, Giovanni Demisiani, at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo a member of his Accademia dei Lincei. The name was derived from the Greek tele = 'far' and skopein = 'to look or see'. In 1610, he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects. By 1624 Galileo had used a compound microscope. He gave one of these instruments to Cardinal Zollern in May of that year for presentation to the Duke of Bavaria, and in September he sent another to Prince Cesi. The Linceans played a role again in naming the "microscope" a year later when fellow academy member Giovanni Faber coined the word for Galileo's invention from the Greek words μικρόν (micron) meaning "small", and σκοπεῖν (skopein) meaning "to look at". The word was meant to be analogous with "telescope". Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes, and published in 1625, appear to have been the first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope.

text: In 1609, Galileo was, along with Englishman

text: Thomas Harriot

text: and others, among the first to use a

text: refracting telescope

text: as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. The name "telescope" was coined for Galileo's instrument by a Greek mathematician,

text: Giovanni Demisiani

text: , at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince

text: Federico Cesi

text: to make Galileo a member of his

text: Accademia dei Lincei

text: . The name was derived from the Greek tele = 'far' and skopein = 'to look or see'. In 1610, he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects. By 1624 Galileo had used a compound

text: microscope

text: . He gave one of these instruments to Cardinal Zollern in May of that year for presentation to the Duke of Bavaria, and in September he sent another to Prince Cesi. The

text: Linceans

text: played a role again in naming the "microscope" a year later when fellow academy member

text: Giovanni Faber

text: coined the word for Galileo's invention from the Greek words μικρόν (micron) meaning "small", and σκοπεῖν (skopein) meaning "to look at". The word was meant to be analogous with "telescope". Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes, and published in 1625, appear to have been the first clear documentation of the

text: use of a compound microscope

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text: Plasmodesmata (singular: plasmodesma) are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them. Plasmodesmata evolved independently in several lineages, and species that have these structures include members of the Charophyceae, Charales, Coleochaetales and Phaeophyceae (which are all algae), as well as all embryophytes, better known as land plants. Unlike animal cells, almost every plant cell is surrounded by a polysaccharide cell wall. Neighbouring plant cells are therefore separated by a pair of cell walls and the intervening middle lamella, forming an extracellular domain known as the apoplast. Although cell walls are permeable to small soluble proteins and other solutes, plasmodesmata enable direct, regulated, symplastic intercellular transport of substances between cells. There are two forms of plasmodesmata: primary plasmodesmata, which are formed during cell division, and secondary plasmodesmata, which can form between mature cells.

text: Plasmodesmata (singular: plasmodesma) are microscopic channels which traverse the

text: cell wall

text: s of

text: plant cells

text: and some

text: algal

text: cells, enabling transport and communication between them. Plasmodesmata evolved independently in several lineages, and species that have these structures include members of the

text: Charophyceae

text: Charales

text: Coleochaetales

text: and

text: Phaeophyceae

text: (which are all algae), as well as all

text: embryophytes

text: , better known as land plants. Unlike

text: animal cell

text: s, almost every

text: plant cell

text: is surrounded by a

text: polysaccharide

text: cell wall

text: . Neighbouring plant cells are therefore separated by a pair of cell walls and the intervening

text: middle lamella

text: , forming an extracellular domain known as the

text: apoplast

text: . Although cell walls are permeable to small soluble proteins and other

text: solutes

text: , plasmodesmata enable direct, regulated,

text: symplast

text: ic intercellular transport of substances between cells. There are two forms of plasmodesmata: primary plasmodesmata, which are formed during cell division, and secondary plasmodesmata, which can form between mature cells.

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text: Most fluorescence microscopes in use are epifluorescence microscopes, where excitation of the fluorophore and detection of the fluorescence are done through the same light path (i.e. through the objective). These microscopes are widely used in biology and are the basis for more advanced microscope designs, such as the confocal microscope and the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRF).

text: Most fluorescence microscopes in use are epifluorescence microscopes, where excitation of the fluorophore and detection of the fluorescence are done through the same light path (i.e. through the objective). These microscopes are widely used in biology and are the basis for more advanced microscope designs, such as the

text: confocal microscope

text: and the

entity_name: Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope

text: total internal reflection fluorescence microscope

text: (TIRF).

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text: Unfortunately, thermodynamics provides little insight into what is happening at a microscopic level. Statistical mechanics is a physical theory which explains thermodynamics in microscopic terms. It explains thermodynamics in terms of the possible detailed microscopic situations the system may be in when the thermodynamic variables of the system are known. These are known as "microstates" while the description of the system in thermodynamic terms specifies the "macrostate" of the system. Many different microstates can yield the same macrostate. It is important to understand that statistical mechanics does not define temperature, pressure, entropy, etc. They are already defined by thermodynamics. Statistical mechanics serves to explain thermodynamics in terms of microscopic behavior of the atoms and molecules in the system.

text: Unfortunately, thermodynamics provides little insight into what is happening at a microscopic level.

text: Statistical mechanics

text: is a physical theory which explains thermodynamics in microscopic terms. It explains thermodynamics in terms of the possible detailed microscopic situations the system may be in when the thermodynamic variables of the system are known. These are known as "microstates" while the description of the system in thermodynamic terms specifies the "macrostate" of the system. Many different microstates can yield the same macrostate. It is important to understand that statistical mechanics does not define temperature, pressure, entropy, etc. They are already defined by thermodynamics. Statistical mechanics serves to explain thermodynamics in terms of microscopic behavior of the atoms and molecules in the system.

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answers: Microscopically

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1724) is credited with bringing the microscope to the attention of biologists, even though simple magnifying lenses were already being produced in the 16th century. Van Leeuwenhoek's home-made microscopes were simple microscopes, with a single very small, yet strong lens. They were awkward in use, but enabled van Leeuwenhoek to see detailed images. It took about 150 years of optical development before the compound microscope was able to provide the same quality image as van Leeuwenhoek's simple microscopes, due to difficulties in configuring multiple lenses.

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: (1632–1724) is credited with bringing the microscope to the attention of biologists, even though simple magnifying lenses were already being produced in the 16th century. Van Leeuwenhoek's home-made microscopes were simple microscopes, with a single very small, yet strong lens. They were awkward in use, but enabled van Leeuwenhoek to see detailed images. It took about 150 years of optical development before the compound microscope was able to provide the same quality image as van Leeuwenhoek's simple microscopes, due to difficulties in configuring multiple lenses.

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answers: 150 years

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The first microscope was made around 1595 in Middelburg in the Dutch Republic. Three different eyeglass makers have been given credit for the invention: Hans Lippershey (who also developed the first real telescope); Hans Janssen; and his son, Zacharias. The coining of the name "microscope" has been credited to Giovanni Faber, who gave that name to Galileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625.

text: The first microscope was made around 1595 in

text: Middelburg

text: in the

text: Dutch Republic

text: . Three different

text: eyeglass

text: makers have been given credit for the invention:

text: Hans Lippershey

text: (who also developed the first real

text: telescope

text: Hans Janssen

text: ; and his son,

text: Zacharias

text: . The coining of the name "microscope" has been credited to

text: Giovanni Faber

text: , who gave that name to

text: Galileo Galilei

text: 's compound microscope in 1625.

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text: In 1995, he accepted a post doctoral position at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, working in the group of Yves Chabal, in the Physical Sciences research laboratory, headed by Horst Stormer.  He studied the surface oxidation of silicon and the science of wafer bonding and splitting by hydrogen implantation, winning multiple awards for his work.  He was offered a position as a Member of Technical Staff in the Materials Research laboratory run by Alastair Glass, working for Mark Cardillo to study the microscopic physics and chemistry of sol-gel.

text: In 1995, he accepted a post doctoral position at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, working in the group of Yves Chabal, in the Physical Sciences research laboratory, headed by

text: Horst Stormer

text: .  He studied the surface oxidation of silicon and the science of wafer bonding and splitting by hydrogen implantation, winning multiple awards for his work.  He was offered a position as a Member of Technical Staff in the Materials Research laboratory run by Alastair Glass, working for Mark Cardillo to study the microscopic physics and chemistry of sol-gel.

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text: Van Leeuwenhoek used samples and measurements to estimate numbers of microorganisms in units of water. He also made good use of the huge lead provided by his method. He studied a broad range of microscopic phenomena, and shared the resulting observations freely with groups such as the British Royal Society. Such work firmly established his place in history as one of the first and most important explorers of the microscopic world. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first people to observe cells, much like Robert Hooke.

text: Van Leeuwenhoek used samples and measurements to estimate numbers of microorganisms in units of water. He also made good use of the huge lead provided by his method. He studied a broad range of microscopic phenomena, and shared the resulting observations freely with groups such as the British

text: Royal Society

text: . Such work firmly established his place in history as one of the first and most important explorers of the microscopic world. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first people to observe cells, much like

text: Robert Hooke

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text: Vacuuming an infested object can remove pests. It is important to ensure that the “materials are not fragile or deteriorated" if they are to be vacuumed. Vacuuming should remove all of the hatched pest, but some eggs may remain as they can be microscopic. After the object has been vacuumed, it should be placed in a plastic bag isolating the object. During the isolation, the objects should be monitored to make sure that no pests remain on the object, and after the pests life cycle is completed the cleaning process may needed to be repeated.

text: Vacuuming an infested object can remove pests. It is important to ensure that the “materials are not fragile or deteriorated" if they are to be vacuumed. Vacuuming should remove all of the hatched pest, but some eggs may remain as they can be microscopic. After the object has been vacuumed, it should be placed in a plastic bag isolating the object. During the isolation, the objects should be monitored to make sure that no pests remain on the object, and after the pests life cycle is completed the cleaning process may needed to be repeated.

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text: Robert Hooke's 1667 book, Micrographia: or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and Inquiries thereupon, illustrated a human louse, drawn as seen down an early microscope.

text: Robert Hooke

text: 's 1667 book,

text: Micrographia: or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and Inquiries thereupon

text: , illustrated a human louse, drawn as seen down an early

text: microscope

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text: Shortly after graduation, Livingston became the first female resident physician at a New York hospital where she was assigned to treat prostitutes infected with venereal diseases. While there, Livingston became interested in the study of tuberculosis and leprosy, and later scleroderma, a disease affecting the tissues and skin. After studying scleroderma tissues with the darkfield microscope, she claimed to find an acid-fast organism that consistently appeared in her slides. Thinking that scleroderma had some characteristics that were like cancer, Livingston then began studying malignant tissues and subsequently claimed to find evidence of acid-fast organisms in every sample. It was this early research that prompted the young physician to devote her career to the study of a specific microorganism involved in cancer.

text: Shortly after graduation, Livingston became the first female resident physician at a New York hospital where she was assigned to treat prostitutes infected with venereal diseases. While there, Livingston became interested in the study of

text: tuberculosis

text: and

text: leprosy

text: , and later

text: scleroderma

text: , a disease affecting the tissues and skin. After studying scleroderma tissues with the darkfield microscope, she claimed to find an

text: acid-fast

text: organism that consistently appeared in her slides. Thinking that scleroderma had some characteristics that were like cancer, Livingston then began studying malignant tissues and subsequently claimed to find evidence of acid-fast organisms in every sample. It was this early research that prompted the young physician to devote her career to the study of a specific microorganism involved in cancer.

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text: Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light microscope, or with instruments as complex as an electron microscope. Samples obtained from patients may be viewed directly under the light microscope, and can often rapidly lead to identification. Microscopy is often also used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, and can be made exquisitely specific when used in combination with antibody based techniques. For example, the use of antibodies made artificially fluorescent (fluorescently labeled antibodies) can be directed to bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen. A fluorescence microscope is then used to detect fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to internalized antigens within clinical samples or cultured cells. This technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of viral diseases, where the light microscope is incapable of identifying a virus directly.

text: Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is

text: microscopy

text: . Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound

text: light microscope

text: , or with instruments as complex as an

text: electron microscope

text: . Samples obtained from patients may be viewed directly under the light microscope, and can often rapidly lead to identification. Microscopy is often also used in conjunction with

text: biochemical

text: staining

text: techniques, and can be made exquisitely specific when used in combination with

text: antibody

text: based techniques. For example, the use of

text: antibodies

text: made artificially

text: fluorescent

text: (fluorescently labeled antibodies) can be directed to bind to and identify a specific

text: antigen

text: s present on a pathogen. A

text: fluorescence microscope

text: is then used to detect fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to internalized antigens within clinical samples or cultured cells. This technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of viral diseases, where the light microscope is incapable of identifying a virus directly.

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text: The Poincaré recurrence theorem considers a theoretical microscopic description of an isolated physical system. This may be considered as a model of a thermodynamic system after a thermodynamic operation has removed an internal wall. The system will, after a sufficiently long time, return to a microscopically defined state very close to the initial one. The Poincaré recurrence time is the length of time elapsed until the return. It is exceedingly long, likely longer than the life of the universe, and depends sensitively on the geometry of the wall that was removed by the thermodynamic operation. The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics. More obviously, however, it is simply a microscopic model of thermodynamic equilibrium in an isolated system formed by removal of a wall between two systems. For a typical thermodynamical system, the recurrence time is so large (many many times longer than the lifetime of the universe) that, for all practical purposes, one cannot observe the recurrence. One might wish, nevertheless, to imagine that one could wait for the Poincaré recurrence, and then re-insert the wall that was removed by the thermodynamic operation. It is then evident that the appearance of irreversibility is due to the utter unpredictability of the Poincaré recurrence given only that the initial state was one of thermodynamic equilibrium, as is the case in macroscopic thermodynamics. Even if one could wait for it, one has no practical possibility of picking the right instant at which to re-insert the wall. The Poincaré recurrence theorem provides a solution to Loschmidt's paradox. If an isolated thermodynamic system could be monitored over increasingly many multiples of the average Poincaré recurrence time, the thermodynamic behavior of the system would become invariant under time reversal.

text: The

text: Poincaré recurrence theorem

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The terms gingival hyperplasia and gingival hypertrophy have been used to describe this topic in the past.  These are not precise descriptions of gingival enlargement because these terms are strictly histologic diagnoses, and such diagnoses require microscopic analysis of a tissue sample. Hyperplasia refers to an increased number of cells, and hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of individual cells. As these identifications obviously cannot be performed with a clinical examination and evaluation of the tissue, the term gingival enlargement is more properly applied. Gingival enlargement has been classified according to etiology into 5 general groups:

text: The terms gingival

text: hyperplasia

text: and gingival

text: hypertrophy

text: have been used to describe this topic in the past.  These are not precise descriptions of gingival enlargement because these terms are strictly

text: histologic

text: diagnoses

text: , and such diagnoses require

text: microscopic

text: analysis of a tissue sample. Hyperplasia refers to an increased number of

text: cell

text: s, and hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of individual cells. As these identifications obviously cannot be performed with a clinical examination and evaluation of the tissue, the term gingival enlargement is more properly applied. Gingival enlargement has been classified according to etiology into 5 general groups:

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answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopic analysis of a tissue sample

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Gingival enlargement

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: diagnosis of a tissue sample

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Gingival enlargement

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Gingival enlargement

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: such diagnoses require microscopic analysis

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: larger than the cells

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Gingival enlargement

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Gingival enlargement

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: gingival hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: such diagnoses require microscopic analysis of a tissue sample

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Gingival enlargement

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

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answers: light microscopes

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answers: 5 general groups

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answers: microscopic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There is evidence of a tetragonal phase, observed in X-ray powder tests and later under a microscope. When tested two meteorites gave d-values that could "be indexed on the basis of a tetragonal unit cell, but not on the basis of a cubic or hexagonal unit cell". It has been speculated to be e-iron, a hexagonal polymorph of iron.

text: There is evidence of a tetragonal phase, observed in X-ray powder tests and later under a microscope. When tested two meteorites gave d-values that could "be indexed on the basis of a tetragonal unit cell, but not on the basis of a cubic or hexagonal unit cell". It has been speculated to be e-iron, a hexagonal polymorph of iron.

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answers: d

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The fish hook or similar device has been made by man for many thousands of years. Neolithic fish hooks have been recorded from Palestine about 7000 BC. In 2011, archaeologists in the Jerimalai cave in East Timor discovered what was then the world's oldest fish hook, a shell hook between 16,000 and 23,000 years old.However finds also made from sea snails some 23,000 years ago and predating the East Timor finds were reported from Okinawa.  An early written reference to a fish hook is found with reference to the Leviathan in the Book of Job 41:1; Canst thou draw out leviathan with a hook? Fish hooks have been crafted from all sorts of materials including wood, animal and human bone, horn, shells, stone, bronze, iron up to present day materials. In many cases, hooks were created from multiple materials to leverage the strength and positive characteristics of each material. Norwegians as late as the 1950s still used juniper wood to craft Burbot hooks. Quality steel hooks began to make their appearance in Europe in the 17th century and hook making became a task for specialists.

text: The fish hook or similar device has been made by man for many thousands of years.

text: Neolithic

text: fish hooks have been recorded from

text: Palestine

text: about 7000

text: BC

text: . In 2011, archaeologists in the Jerimalai cave in

text: East Timor

text: discovered what was then the world's oldest fish hook, a shell hook between 16,000 and 23,000 years old.However finds also made from sea snails some 23,000 years ago and predating the East Timor finds were reported from

text: Okinawa

text: .  An early written reference to a fish hook is found with reference to the

text: Leviathan

text: in the

text: Book of Job

text: 41:1; Canst thou draw out leviathan with a hook? Fish hooks have been crafted from all sorts of materials including wood, animal and human bone, horn, shells, stone, bronze, iron up to present day materials. In many cases, hooks were created from multiple materials to leverage the strength and positive characteristics of each material.

text: Norwegians

text: as late as the 1950s still used juniper wood to craft Burbot hooks. Quality steel hooks began to make their appearance in Europe in the 17th century and hook making became a task for specialists.

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text: [[File:Chicxulub shockedquartz.png|300px|thumb|right|Sample of shocked quartz found at Well #2, Chicxulub crater]]Shocked quartz is a form of quartz that has a microscopic structure that is different from normal quartz. Under intense pressure (but limited temperature), the crystalline structure of quartz is deformed along planes inside the crystal. These planes, which show up as lines under a microscope, are called planar deformation features (PDFs), or shock lamellae.

text: [[File:Chicxulub shockedquartz.png|300px|thumb|right|Sample of shocked quartz found at Well #2,

text: Chicxulub crater

text: ]]Shocked quartz is a form of

text: quartz

text: that has a microscopic structure that is different from normal quartz. Under intense pressure (but limited temperature), the crystalline structure of quartz is deformed along planes inside the crystal. These planes, which show up as lines under a microscope, are called

text: planar deformation features

text: (PDFs), or shock lamellae.

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text: is determined by calibrating the microscope with a suitable sample, DDM can be employed also for SLS experiments. Alternative algorithms for data analysis are suggested in.

text: is determined by calibrating the microscope with a suitable sample, DDM can be employed also for

text: SLS

text: experiments. Alternative algorithms for data analysis are suggested in.

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answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In order to identify Pythium irregulare it is necessary to isolate the organism and observe it microscopically. First, it is important to identify that the microbe is an oomycete by looking for characteristics that are specific to oomycetes, such as coenocytic hyphae, zoospores, and oospores. After that, one can identify the microbe as being in the genera Pythium by observing disease symptoms, host range, as well as the presence of a vesicle, where zoospores form, which is attached to the sporangia. In contrast, most other oomycetes do not have a vesicle and the zoospores form in the sporangia. Finally, once the genera has been identified, it is helpful to use a dichotomous key to identify the species, such as the one at http://plantpath.psu.edu/pythium/module-3/plaats-niterink-key-pythium. Some of the key identifiers for P. irregulare include oogonia with irregular shaped, cylindrical projections, sporangia that occur singly, sporangia that are not filamentous, and oogonia smaller than 30 μm. There are also many genomic tests that can be done to determine species based on specific DNA markers. It is also important to note that many diagnosticians do not identify to the species level because it can be difficult to find all necessary microscopic structures and many management techniques can be applied to all Pythium species.

text: In order to identify Pythium irregulare it is necessary to isolate the organism and observe it microscopically. First, it is important to identify that the microbe is an oomycete by looking for characteristics that are specific to oomycetes, such as coenocytic hyphae, zoospores, and oospores. After that, one can identify the microbe as being in the genera Pythium by observing disease symptoms, host range, as well as the presence of a vesicle, where zoospores form, which is attached to the

text: sporangia

text: . In contrast, most other oomycetes do not have a vesicle and the zoospores form in the sporangia. Finally, once the genera has been identified, it is helpful to use a dichotomous key to identify the species, such as the one at http://plantpath.psu.edu/pythium/module-3/plaats-niterink-key-pythium. Some of the key identifiers for P. irregulare include oogonia with irregular shaped, cylindrical projections, sporangia that occur singly, sporangia that are not filamentous, and oogonia smaller than 30 μm. There are also many genomic tests that can be done to determine species based on specific DNA markers. It is also important to note that many diagnosticians do not identify to the species level because it can be difficult to find all necessary microscopic structures and many management techniques can be applied to all Pythium species.

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answers: Pythium irregulare

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Müller joined the faculty at Pennsylvania State University in 1952, where he remained until his death in 1977. He co-invented the Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope at Penn State in 1967.  He died in Washington D.C..

text: Müller joined the faculty at

text: Pennsylvania State University

text: in 1952, where he remained until his death in 1977. He co-invented the

text: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

text: at Penn State in 1967.  He died in

text: Washington D.C.

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answers: 365 nm

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1989 Rick Dickinson, Christopher Curry (Acorn Computers), and Keith Dunning had a re-think of the famous MacArthur field microscope and Rick designed the Lensman microscope, a portable field microscope. In 1991 the Lensman microscope won the BBC design awards, The Prince Of Wales Award For Industrial Innovation And Production, Archimedes award for Engineering Excellence.

text: In 1989 Rick Dickinson,

text: Christopher Curry

text: Acorn Computers

text: ), and

text: Keith Dunning

text: had a re-think of the famous

text: MacArthur field microscope

text: and Rick designed the Lensman microscope, a portable field microscope. In 1991 the

text: Lensman microscope

text: won the

text: BBC design awards

text: The Prince Of Wales Award For Industrial Innovation And Production

text: Archimedes award for Engineering Excellence

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text: Pearse’s main contributions lie in the structure of coated vesicles. Pearse first purified coated vesicles; she also discovered the clathrin coat molecule in 1975. Coated pits and vesicles were first seen in thin sections of tissue in the electron microscope by Thomas Roth and Keith Porter in 1964. The importance of them for the clearance of LDL from blood was discovered by R. G. Anderson, Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein in 1976.

text: Pearse’s main contributions lie in the structure of coated

text: vesicle

text: s. Pearse first purified coated vesicles; she also discovered the

text: clathrin

text: coat molecule in 1975. Coated pits and vesicles were first seen in thin sections of tissue in the electron microscope by Thomas Roth and Keith Porter in 1964. The importance of them for the clearance of

text: LDL

text: from blood was discovered by R. G. Anderson,

text: Michael S. Brown

text: and

text: Joseph L. Goldstein

text: in 1976.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Harvey's epigenesis, more mechanistic and less vitalist than the Aristotelian version, was, thus, more compatible with the natural philosophy of the time. Still, the idea that unorganized matter could ultimately self-organize into life challenged the mechanistic framework of Cartesianism, which had become dominant in the Scientific Revolution. Because of technological limitations, there was no available mechanical explanation for epigenesis.  It was simpler and more convenient to postulate preformed miniature organisms that expanded in accordance with mechanical laws. So convincing was this explanation that some naturalists claimed to actually see miniature preformed animals (animalcules) in eggs and miniature plants in seeds. In the case of humans, the term homunculus was used.

text: Harvey's epigenesis, more mechanistic and less vitalist than the Aristotelian version, was, thus, more compatible with the

text: natural philosophy

text: of the time. Still, the idea that unorganized matter could ultimately self-organize into life challenged the

text: mechanistic

text: framework of

text: Cartesianism

text: , which had become dominant in the

text: Scientific Revolution

text: . Because of technological limitations, there was no available mechanical explanation for epigenesis.  It was simpler and more convenient to postulate preformed miniature organisms that expanded in accordance with mechanical laws. So convincing was this explanation that some naturalists claimed to actually see miniature preformed animals (

text: animalcule

text: s) in eggs and miniature plants in seeds. In the case of humans, the term

text: homunculus

text: was used.

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text: 1986 Atomic force microscope

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text: As is evident from their name, sessile serrated and traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs) have a serrated appearance and can be difficult to distinguish microscopically from hyperplastic polyps. Making this distinction is important, however, since SSAs and TSAs have the potential to become cancers,  while hyperplastic polyps do not.

text: As is evident from their name, sessile serrated and traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs) have a serrated appearance and can be difficult to distinguish microscopically from hyperplastic polyps. Making this distinction is important, however, since SSAs and TSAs have the potential to become cancers,  while hyperplastic polyps do not.

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text: German physicist Ernst Ruska and the electrical engineer Max Knoll constructed the prototype electron microscope in 1931, capable of four-hundred-power magnification; the apparatus was the first demonstration of the principles of electron microscopy. Two years later, in 1933, Ruska built an electron microscope that exceeded the resolution attainable with an optical (light) microscope. Moreover, Reinhold Rudenberg, the scientific director of Siemens-Schuckertwerke, obtained the patent for the electron microscope in May 1931.

text: German physicist

text: Ernst Ruska

text: and the electrical engineer

text: Max Knoll

text: constructed the

text: prototype

text: electron microscope in 1931, capable of four-hundred-power magnification; the apparatus was the first demonstration of the principles of electron microscopy. Two years later, in 1933, Ruska built an electron microscope that exceeded the resolution attainable with an optical (light) microscope. Moreover,

text: Reinhold Rudenberg

text: , the scientific director of

text: Siemens-Schuckertwerke

text: , obtained the patent for the electron microscope in May 1931.

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text: Place a few drops of the cell suspension onto a microscope slide and let air dry overnight. The following day, immerse the slide in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for several minutes.

text: Place a few drops of the cell suspension onto a microscope slide and let air dry overnight. The following day, immerse the slide in

text: phosphate buffered saline

text: (PBS) for several minutes.

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text: To visualize microscopic structures, it is necessary to combine an interferometer with the optics of a microscope. Such an arrangement is shown in Figure 3. This setup is similar to a standard optical microscope. The only differences are an interferometric objective lens and an accurate positioning stage (a piezoelectric actuator) to move the objective vertically. The optical magnification of the image on the CCD does not depend on the distance between tube lens and objective lens if the microscope images the object at infinity. The interference objective is the most important part of such a microscope. Different types of objectives are available. With a Mirau objective, as shown in Figure 3, the reference beam is reflected back in the direction of the objective front lens by a beam splitter. On the front lens there is a miniaturized mirror the same size as the illuminated surface on the object. Therefore, for high magnifications, the mirror is so small that its shadowing effect can be ignored. Moving the interference objective modifies the length of the measurement arm. The interference signal of a pixel has maximum modulation when the optical path length of light impinging on the pixel is exactly the same for the reference and the object beams. As before, the z-value for the point on the surface imaged by this pixel corresponds to the z-value of the positioning stage when the modulation of the correlogram is greatest.

text: To visualize microscopic structures, it is necessary to combine an interferometer with the optics of a

text: microscope

text: . Such an arrangement is shown in Figure 3. This setup is similar to a standard optical microscope. The only differences are an interferometric objective lens and an accurate positioning stage (a

text: piezoelectric

text: actuator) to move the objective vertically. The optical magnification of the image on the CCD does not depend on the distance between tube lens and objective lens if the microscope images the object at infinity. The interference objective is the most important part of such a microscope. Different types of objectives are available. With a

text: Mirau

text: objective, as shown in Figure 3, the reference beam is reflected back in the direction of the objective front lens by a beam splitter. On the front lens there is a miniaturized mirror the same size as the illuminated surface on the object. Therefore, for high magnifications, the mirror is so small that its shadowing effect can be ignored. Moving the interference objective modifies the length of the measurement arm. The interference signal of a pixel has maximum modulation when the optical path length of light impinging on the pixel is exactly the same for the reference and the object beams. As before, the z-value for the point on the surface imaged by this pixel corresponds to the z-value of the positioning stage when the modulation of the correlogram is greatest.

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text: Members include amateurs, professionals, beginners and experts with an interest in microscopes, microscopy or microscope slides.

text: Members include amateurs, professionals, beginners and experts with an interest in microscopes, microscopy or microscope slides.

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answers: NDQ_006584

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answers: Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: experts

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 5 nm

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope, and the formula (published in 1873)

text: Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope, and the formula (published in 1873)

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answers: Abbe

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answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: resolution limit

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: resolution limit

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: resolution limit

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answers: Abbe

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answers: Abbe

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answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: resolution limit

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 5 m

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Microscopic techniques have revealed a lot about the glycosome in the cell and have indeed proven that there is a membrane-bound organelle in the cell for glycogen and its processes. Paul Erlich's findings as early as 1883 noted that from the microscope he could tell that glycogen in the cell was always found with what he called a carrier, later known to be protein. The glycogen itself was also always seen in the cell towards the lower pole in one group, fixed. When scientists tried to stain what was assumed was simple glycogen molecules, the staining had different outcomes. This is due to the fact that they weren't free glycogen molecules but really a glycosome. The glycosome was studied in the microscope by examining the glycosome that was stained with uranyl acetate. The U/Pb that was seen stained was the protein that was part of the glycosome. The glycogen in the glycosome in the cells is normally associated with protein that is two to four times the weight of the glycogen. The glycogen itself however, after purified, is found with very little protein, less than three percent normally, showing that the glycosome is responsible and functions by having the proteins and enzymes needed for the glycogen in the glycosome. With the uranyl staining, as an acid, it would cause dissociation of the protein from the glycogen. The glycogen without the protein would form large aggregates and the stain would be the protein. This gives the illusion of glycogen disappearing as it is not stained, but it dissociates from the protein that it is normally associated with in the glycosome.

text: Microscopic techniques have revealed a lot about the glycosome in the cell and have indeed proven that there is a membrane-bound organelle in the cell for glycogen and its processes. Paul Erlich's findings as early as 1883 noted that from the microscope he could tell that glycogen in the cell was always found with what he called a carrier, later known to be protein. The glycogen itself was also always seen in the cell towards the lower pole in one group, fixed. When scientists tried to

text: stain

text: what was assumed was simple glycogen molecules, the staining had different outcomes. This is due to the fact that they weren't free glycogen molecules but really a glycosome. The glycosome was studied in the microscope by examining the glycosome that was stained with

text: uranyl acetate

text: . The U/Pb that was seen stained was the protein that was part of the glycosome. The glycogen in the glycosome in the cells is normally associated with protein that is two to four times the weight of the glycogen. The glycogen itself however, after purified, is found with very little protein, less than three percent normally, showing that the glycosome is responsible and functions by having the proteins and enzymes needed for the glycogen in the glycosome. With the uranyl staining, as an acid, it would cause dissociation of the protein from the glycogen. The glycogen without the protein would form large aggregates and the stain would be the protein. This gives the illusion of glycogen disappearing as it is not stained, but it dissociates from the protein that it is normally associated with in the glycosome.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_006616

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: techniques

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic techniques

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: four times the weight of the glycogen

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic techniques

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: glycogen

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: two to four times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: two to four times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Microscopically

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: High spatial resolution for arbitrary three-dimensional shape formation with modular robots can be accomplished using lattice system with large quantities of very small, prospectively microscopic modules. At small scales, and with large quantities of modules, deterministic control over reconfiguration of individual modules will become unfeasible, while stochastic mechanisms will naturally prevail. Microscopic size of modules will make the use of electromagnetic actuation and interconnection prohibitive, as well, as the use of on-board power storage.

text: High spatial resolution for arbitrary three-dimensional shape formation with modular robots can be accomplished using lattice system with large quantities of very small, prospectively microscopic modules. At small scales, and with large quantities of modules, deterministic control over reconfiguration of individual modules will become unfeasible, while stochastic mechanisms will naturally prevail. Microscopic size of modules will make the use of electromagnetic actuation and interconnection prohibitive, as well, as the use of on-board power storage.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: three-dimensional shape formation with modular robots

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: very small

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: three-dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: high spatial resolution

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electromagnetic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electromagnetic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electromagnetic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: very small

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: very small

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: electromagnetic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The room houses two electron microscopes (1947–1950) and related equipment (gold vaporiser, lens, object holders, a cooler, a goniometer), a collection of compound and specimen microscopes (some binocular) (1840–1870) plus accompanying microscope lamps and a tool box, a binocular polarisation microscope (1850), several microtomes (a.o. a cryomicrotome) and ultramicrotomes, a phase contrast microscope, a fluorescence microscope (plus several epi-illuminators, to exploit the difference between emitted and reflected light frequencies that some substances display), compound microscope with transformer in camera installation, a photomicroscope (photo camera with inverted microscope), a boxed collection of microscopic specimens (1870).

text: The room houses two

text: electron microscopes

text: (1947–1950) and related equipment (gold vaporiser, lens, object holders, a cooler, a

text: goniometer

text: ), a collection of compound and specimen microscopes (some

text: binocular

text: ) (1840–1870) plus accompanying microscope lamps and a tool box, a binocular

text: polarisation microscope

text: (1850), several

text: microtome

text: s (a.o. a

text: cryomicrotome

text: ) and

text: ultramicrotomes

text: , a

text: phase contrast microscope

text: , a

text: fluorescence microscope

text: (plus several

text: epi-illuminator

text: s, to exploit the difference between emitted and reflected light frequencies that some substances display), compound microscope with transformer in camera installation, a photomicroscope (photo camera with inverted microscope), a boxed collection of microscopic

text: specimen

text: s (1870).

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006576

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: photomicroscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 1840

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound and specimen microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound and specimen microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: room houses two electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1840

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: different

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1840

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: goniometer

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 1840–1870

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: photomicroscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: binocular

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Louis Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: photomicroscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: goniometer

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: specimens

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 1840–1870

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1870

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: photomicroscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: ultramicrotomes

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: photomicroscope

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The radial distribution function is of fundamental importance since it can be used, using the Kirkwood–Buff solution theory, to link the microscopic details to macroscopic properties. Moreover, by the reversion of the Kirkwood-Buff theory, it is possible to attain the microscopic details of the radial distribution function from the macroscopic properties.

text: The radial distribution function is of fundamental importance since it can be used, using the

text: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory

text: , to link the microscopic details to macroscopic properties. Moreover, by the reversion of the Kirkwood-Buff theory, it is possible to attain the microscopic details of the radial distribution function from the macroscopic properties.

answers: tqa2:L_0362/T_1911/e497c1357fe9f18cada96ff368a11427

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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text: In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory which describes the properties of cells. These cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began the scientific study of cells, also known as cell biology. Over a century later, many debates about cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration, and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life. Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839. This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. However, many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory. Cell theory has become the foundation of biology and is the most widely accepted explanation of the function of cells.

text: In

text: biology

text: , cell theory is a

text: scientific theory