text: The development of a 700°C steam power plant to operate on coal in combination with biomass will enable a reduction of CO2 emission of around 40% compared with the most advanced USC power plants operating today. This will bring the emissions from a combined coal-biomass fired 700°C power plant close to the figures of gas-fired combined cycle plants. The 700°C steam power plant offers a flexible technology with minimized CO2-emission based on coal - the most reliable energy source in the world. Further, it gives the demanded production flexibility in order to stabilize a grid with a high amount of unpredictable renewable energy input. The technical realization of a 700°C steam power plant depends on a successful development and qualification of advanced ferritic, austenitic and Ni- based alloys. With respect to austenitic and Ni-based alloys, promising results have been achieved. The economic criterion for the realization of a 700°C steam power plant is a realistic budget price. The consumption of large quantities of expensive Ni -based alloys has significant influence in this respect, and a successful development of an improved ferritic steel to be used at temperatures up to 650°C would improve the situation.

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answers: carbon

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answers: the most reliable energy source in the world

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

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answers: coal

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answers: The 700°C steam power plant

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answers: 700°C steam power plant

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text: Tanda Thermal Power Station is located in Ambedkar Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of NTPC. The coal for the power plant is sourced from North Karnpura Coal Fields. Source of water for the power plant is from Tanda Pump Canal on Saryu River.

text: Tanda Thermal Power Station is located in

entity_name: Ambedkar Nagar district

text: Ambedkar Nagar district

text: in the Indian state of

entity_name: Uttar Pradesh

text: Uttar Pradesh

text: . The power plant is one of the

entity_name: Coal

text: coal

text: based power plants of

entity_name: NTPC Limited

text: NTPC

text: . The coal for the power plant is sourced from North Karnpura Coal Fields. Source of water for the power plant is from Tanda Pump Canal on

entity_name: Sarayu

text: Saryu River

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As a result of this disparity between countries, American demographer Coale re-estimated the Sen's original numbers of missing women using a different methodology. Using data from his Regional Model Life Tables, Coale found that the natural male-to-female sex ratio, accounting for different country fertility rates and circumstances, had an expected value of 1.059. Using the number, he then arrived at an estimate of 60 million missing women, much lower than Sen's original estimate. However, a few years later, Klasen re-calculated the count of missing women using Coale's methodology with updated data. He found 69.3 million missing women, which was higher than Coale's original estimate. He also noted a problem with the Regional Model Life Tables; they were based on countries with higher female mortality, which would bias Coale's numbers of missing women downwards. Furthermore, Klasen and Wink noted that both Sen's and Coale's methodologies were flawed because Sen and Coale assume that optimal sex ratios are constant across time and space, which they are often not.

text: As a result of this disparity between countries, American demographer

entity_name: Ansley J. Coale

text: Coale

text: re-estimated the Sen's original numbers of missing women using a different methodology. Using data from his

text: Regional Model Life Tables

text: , Coale found that the natural male-to-female sex ratio, accounting for different country fertility rates and circumstances, had an expected value of 1.059. Using the number, he then arrived at an estimate of 60 million missing women, much lower than Sen's original estimate. However, a few years later, Klasen re-calculated the count of missing women using Coale's methodology with updated data. He found 69.3 million missing women, which was higher than Coale's original estimate. He also noted a problem with the Regional Model Life Tables; they were based on countries with higher female mortality, which would bias Coale's numbers of missing women downwards. Furthermore, Klasen and Wink noted that both Sen's and Coale's methodologies were flawed because Sen and Coale assume that optimal sex ratios are constant across time and space, which they are often not.

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answers: Coale found that the natural male-to-female sex ratio, accounting for different country fertility rates and circumstances, had an expected value of 1.059

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text: LG&E and KU's newest power plant provides power to about 1 million Kentucky residents. and is located on 2,200 acres situated along the Ohio River, 50 miles northeast of Louisville. It has been recognized as one of the most environmentally friendly coal fired plants in the country. Controversy with the plant include, the desire of the plant to dump its coal ash on its site. The EPA has said the plant should consider shipping the waste to Gallatin County, Kentucky to be placed in an underground limestone mine that already holds a permit to accept coal combustion waste.

entity_name: Louisville Gas & Electric

text: LG&E

text: and KU's newest power plant provides power to about 1 million Kentucky residents. and is located on 2,200 acres situated along the Ohio River, 50 miles northeast of

entity_name: Louisville, Kentucky

text: Louisville

text: . It has been recognized as one of the most environmentally friendly coal fired plants in the country. Controversy with the plant include, the desire of the plant to dump its coal ash on its site. The

text: EPA

text: has said the plant should consider shipping the waste to

entity_name: Gallatin County, Kentucky

text: Gallatin County, Kentucky

text: to be placed in an underground limestone mine that already holds a permit to accept coal combustion waste.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Pennsylvania enacted the Subsidence Act in 1966 “[T]o prevent or minimize subsidence and to regulate its consequences.” In other words, the Subsidence Act was designed to prevent the harmful effects that underground mining can have on the surface above. Some examples of coal mine subsidence damage include cracked foundations, sinkholes, and groundwater loss.

entity_name: Pennsylvania

text: Pennsylvania

text: enacted the Subsidence Act in 1966 “[T]o prevent or minimize subsidence and to regulate its consequences.” In other words, the Subsidence Act was designed to prevent the harmful effects that underground mining can have on the surface above. Some examples of coal mine subsidence damage include cracked foundations, sinkholes, and groundwater loss.

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answers: Pennsylvania enacted the Subsidence Act in 1966

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: underground mining

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Both the tonnage of coal used for electricity (1,047 million short tons) and the amount of US electricity generated from coal (2.02 million GWh) peaked in 2007. By 2015, electrical generation from coal had declined to 1.36 million GWh, and coal's share of total electrical generation in the US  fell from 48.5 percent in 2007 to 33.1 percent in 2015. Most of the decrease in coal electricity was offset by an increase in generation from natural gas-fired power plants.

text: Both the tonnage of coal used for electricity (1,047 million short tons) and the amount of US electricity generated from coal (2.02 million GWh) peaked in 2007. By 2015, electrical generation from coal had declined to 1.36 million GWh, and coal's share of total electrical generation in the US  fell from 48.5 percent in 2007 to 33.1 percent in 2015. Most of the decrease in coal electricity was offset by an increase in generation from

entity_name: Natural gas

text: natural gas

text: -fired power plants.

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answers: the amount of US electricity generated from coal (2.02 million GWh) peaked in 2007

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answers: The organic matter must be kept away from nitrogen

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Famous local industries include Bradford Colliery: coal had been mined in the area since Tudor times, and Bradford coal was used to power the very first cotton mills in Manchester. Deep mine shafts were sunk in the nineteenth century, and in the early twentieth century there was a conveyor belt that took coal to the nearby power station. Bradford Colliery finally closed in 1968.

text: Famous local industries include

text: Bradford Colliery

text: : coal had been mined in the area since Tudor times, and Bradford coal was used to power the very first cotton mills in Manchester. Deep mine shafts were sunk in the nineteenth century, and in the early twentieth century there was a conveyor belt that took coal to the nearby power station.

text: Bradford Colliery

text: finally closed in 1968.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Deep mine shafts were sunk in the nineteenth century

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mined

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Deep mine shafts were sunk

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Tudor times

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal to the nearby power station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Goonyella coal network is situated in Central Queensland. Running from the dual ports of Hay Point (BMA operated) and Dalrymple Bay (BBI operated) to the mines in the northern section of the Bowen Basin coal area. This rail network transports coal from Gregory Mine, Oaky Creek coal mine, German Creek coal mine, Foxleigh coal mine, Norwich Park coal mine, Lake Vermont Mine, Saraji coal mine, Peak Downs Mine, Millennium Mine, Poitrel Mine, Moorvale Mine, Burton Downs Mine, Carborough Downs Mine, Issac Plains Mine, Moranbah North coal mine, Goonyella Riverside Mine, Hail Creek coal mine, Clermont Mine, Riverside Mine, North Goonyella coal mine, South Walker Creek coal mine, and Blair Athol coal mine. Both the Goonyella and Blackwater coal networks are linked at Gregory Mine. At different times during the year coal may be transported from one network to the other depending on coal demand, coal blending requirements or due to network disruptions.

text: The Goonyella coal network is situated in Central Queensland. Running from the dual ports of Hay Point (BMA operated) and Dalrymple Bay (BBI operated) to the mines in the northern section of the Bowen Basin coal area. This rail network transports coal from Gregory Mine,

text: Oaky Creek coal mine

text: German Creek coal mine

text: Foxleigh coal mine

text: Norwich Park coal mine

text: , Lake Vermont Mine,

text: Saraji coal mine

text: Peak Downs Mine

text: , Millennium Mine, Poitrel Mine, Moorvale Mine, Burton Downs Mine, Carborough Downs Mine, Issac Plains Mine,

text: Moranbah North coal mine

text: Goonyella Riverside Mine

text: Hail Creek coal mine

text: , Clermont Mine, Riverside Mine,

text: North Goonyella coal mine

text: South Walker Creek coal mine

text: , and

text: Blair Athol coal mine

text: . Both the Goonyella and Blackwater coal networks are linked at Gregory Mine. At different times during the year coal may be transported from one network to the other depending on coal demand, coal blending requirements or due to network disruptions.

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answers: coal demand, coal blending requirements or due to network disruptions

answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: NDQ_004003

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answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal blending requirements

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal blending

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: For use in thermal power plants, coal is ground into dust using a device called a  powdered coal mill. The resulting product, called powdered coal or pulverized coal, is then generally used in a fossil fuel power plant for electricity generation.Pulverised coal is a significant dust explosion hazard, as large quantities are suspended in air for transfer from the mill to the power plant. Explosions have occurred when the flow drops and flames in the burning chamber pass back along the ductwork delivering fuel.

text: For use in thermal

text: power plant

text: s, coal is ground into dust using a device called a  powdered coal mill. The resulting product, called powdered coal or pulverized coal, is then generally used in a

text: fossil fuel power plant

text: for

text: electricity generation

text: .Pulverised coal is a significant dust explosion hazard, as large quantities are suspended in air for transfer from the mill to the power plant. Explosions have occurred when the flow drops and flames in the burning chamber pass back along the ductwork delivering fuel.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Pulverized coal is a significant dust explosion hazard

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: fossil fuel power plant

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Pulverized coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal mining continued and provided work for the people in the area. The coal was used to heat homes and hospitals, and to power steam engines. In 1958 the Arigna Power Station was opened to produce electricity. It was the first major power generating station in Connaught. The station was built specifically to burn the semi bituminous coal with its high ash content. At its height, the power station burned 55,000 tonnes of coal per year and employed 60 people. Like in other coal mining areas of Europe, the main goal of this power station was to secure the jobs in the local mining industry. During the internationalization process of the mid-20th century, foreign coal from much bigger and easier to mine deposits became much cheaper than local coal. At the end of the 1980s, the power station was shut down, and without its main buyer the mine closed in 1990.

text: Coal mining continued and provided work for the people in the area. The coal was used to heat homes and hospitals, and to power

text: steam engines

text: . In 1958 the Arigna

text: Power Station

text: was opened to produce electricity. It was the first major power generating station in

text: Connaught

text: . The station was built specifically to burn the semi

text: bituminous coal

text: with its high ash content. At its height, the power station burned 55,000 tonnes of coal per year and employed 60 people. Like in other coal mining areas of Europe, the main goal of this power station was to secure the jobs in the local mining industry. During the internationalization process of the mid-20th century, foreign coal from much bigger and easier to mine deposits became much cheaper than local coal. At the end of the 1980s, the power station was shut down, and without its main buyer the mine closed in 1990.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The coal was used to heat homes and hospitals, and to power steam engines

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: It was the first major power generating station in Connaught

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: semi bituminous

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: During the internationalization process of the mid-20th century

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Arigna Power Station was opened to produce electricity

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: The Arigna Power Station was opened to produce electricity

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal ash is found in coal-fired power plants. Coal is burned in coal-fired plants to produce electricity. More specifically, the coal is pulverized and then burned to generate energy. The particles that remain after burning coal is called coal ash. The production of coal combustion produces many by-products of coal ash. Some of these by-products are boiler slag, flue gas desulfurization material, bottom ash, fly ash, scrubber residues, cenospheres and fluidized bed combustion ash. Depending on the coal that was burned, the chemical composition found in coal ash can vary. However, most coal ash will contain aluminum oxide (Al

text: Coal ash is found in coal-fired power plants. Coal is burned in coal-fired plants to produce electricity. More specifically, the coal is pulverized and then burned to generate energy. The particles that remain after burning coal is called coal ash. The production of coal combustion produces many by-products of coal ash. Some of these by-products are boiler slag,

text: flue gas desulfurization

text: material,

text: bottom ash

text: fly ash

text: , scrubber residues,

text: cenospheres

text: and

text: fluidized bed combustion

text: ash. Depending on the coal that was burned, the chemical composition found in coal ash can vary. However, most coal ash will contain

text: aluminum oxide

text: (Al

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answers: ash

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answers: The particles that remain after burning coal is called coal ash

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answers: aluminum oxide

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answers: Coal ash

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answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The particles that remain after burning coal is called coal ash

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: pulverized and then burned to generate energy

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Nearby is a coal truck from Clifton Colliery from the days when this mine was providing most of the coal for the nearby Wilford Power Station which was situated on the site of what is now the Riverside Retail Park.

text: Nearby is a coal truck from Clifton Colliery from the days when this mine was providing most of the coal for the nearby Wilford Power Station which was situated on the site of what is now the Riverside Retail Park.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: providing most of the coal for the nearby Wilford Power Station

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mine

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Colliery

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Power Station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: There are 24 coal beds from the Pennsylvanian subperiod, which are part of the Llewellyn Formation and the Pottsville Formation. The coal beds are  to  thick. Mining of these coal beds has been done at depths of over  underground. There are significant silt deposits on the creek downstream of Ashland. In the watershed, there are a number of close-to-parallel ridges and valleys. These tend to be oriented in the same direction as the creek itself, east to west. The highest elevation in the Mahanoy Creek watershed is  above sea level in the eastern part of the watershed, not far from Delano. The lowest elevation in the watershed is  at the mouth. The elevations of the ridges tend to be between  and  above sea level, while the valleys are between  and  lower.

text: There are 24

text: coal bed

text: s from the

text: Pennsylvanian

text: subperiod, which are part of the Llewellyn Formation and the Pottsville Formation. The coal beds are  to  thick. Mining of these coal beds has been done at depths of over  underground. There are significant

text: silt

text: deposits on the creek downstream of Ashland. In the watershed, there are a number of close-to-parallel ridges and valleys. These tend to be oriented in the same direction as the creek itself, east to west. The highest

text: elevation

text: in the Mahanoy Creek watershed is  above sea level in the eastern part of the watershed, not far from

text: Delano

text: . The lowest elevation in the watershed is  at the mouth. The elevations of the ridges tend to be between  and  above sea level, while the valleys are between  and  lower.

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answers: coal

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answers: Mining of these coal beds has been done at depths of over underground

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Pennsylvanian subperiod

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The lowest elevation in the watershed is at the mouth

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answers: Pennsylvanian subperiod

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answers: Pennsylvanian subperiod

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answers: The lowest elevation in the watershed is at the mouth

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Mining

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In January 2015, HUBCO announced that it will set up 1,320MW coal-based power plants next to its thermal power station at Hub in Balochistan and gradually enhance coal based generation to 3,600MW. Speaking to journalists, Hubco’s Chief Executive Officer Khalid Mansoor said the company’s board of directors had formally approved development of two coal-based power plants of 660MW each.The two plants would be initially run on imported coal for which a coal jetty would also be developed, he said. He said Hubco had enough land available near its 1,292MW thermal power plant to house six coal plants of 660MW each and the company has added 1,320MW capacity in the first phase.

text: In January 2015, HUBCO announced that it will set up 1,320MW coal-based power plants next to its thermal power station at Hub in Balochistan and gradually enhance coal based generation to 3,600MW. Speaking to journalists, Hubco’s Chief Executive Officer Khalid Mansoor said the company’s board of directors had formally approved development of two coal-based power plants of 660MW each.The two plants would be initially run on imported coal for which a coal jetty would also be developed, he said. He said Hubco had enough land available near its 1,292MW thermal power plant to house six coal plants of 660MW each and the company has added 1,320MW capacity in the first phase.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The two plants would be initially run on imported coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: balochistan

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: coal jetty

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Balochistan

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: thermal power station at Hub

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The uses of coal were varied. Coal was used in limekilns to produce lime for mortar used in building and by farmers to improve the soil. From 1820 coal was used to produce gas for lighting and to power steam driven woollen mills in the area. Coke was used to dry malt for the brewing industry.

text: The uses of coal were varied. Coal was used in

text: limekilns

text: to produce

text: lime

text: for

text: mortar

text: used in building and by farmers to improve the soil. From 1820 coal was used to produce

text: gas

text: for lighting and to power steam driven woollen mills in the area.

text: Coke

text: was used to dry

text: malt

text: for the

text: brewing

text: industry.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Coke was used to dry malt for the brewing industry

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Coke

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coke

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coke

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Kilns may be heated by burning wood, coal and gas or by electricity. When used as fuels, coal and wood can introduce smoke, soot and ash into the kiln which can affect the appearance of unprotected wares. For this reason, wares fired in wood- or coal-fired kilns are often placed in the kiln in saggars, lidded ceramic boxes, to protect them. Modern kilns powered by gas or electricity are cleaner and more easily controlled than older wood- or coal-fired kilns and often allow shorter firing times to be used. In a Western adaptation of traditional Japanese Raku ware firing, wares are removed from the kiln while hot and smothered in ashes, paper or woodchips which produces a distinctive carbonised appearance. This technique is also used in Malaysia in creating traditional labu sayung.

text: Kilns may be heated by burning

text: wood

text: coal

text: and

text: gas

text: or by

text: electricity

text: . When used as fuels, coal and wood can introduce smoke, soot and ash into the kiln which can affect the appearance of unprotected wares. For this reason, wares fired in wood- or coal-fired kilns are often placed in the kiln in

text: saggar

text: s, lidded ceramic boxes, to protect them. Modern kilns powered by gas or electricity are cleaner and more easily controlled than older wood- or coal-fired kilns and often allow shorter firing times to be used. In a Western adaptation of traditional Japanese

text: Raku ware

text: firing, wares are removed from the kiln while hot and smothered in ashes, paper or woodchips which produces a distinctive

text: carbonised

text: appearance. This technique is also used in Malaysia in creating traditional labu sayung.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: ashes

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: When used as fuels, coal and wood can introduce smoke, soot and ash into the kiln

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: saggars

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: unprotected

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Raku

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: kiln

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Kilns

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The most economical method of coal extraction from coal seams depends on the depth and quality of the seams, and the geology and environmental factors. Coal mining processes are differentiated by whether they operate on the surface or underground. Many coals extracted from both surface and underground mines require washing in a coal preparation plant. Technical and economic feasibility are evaluated based on the following: regional geological conditions; overburden characteristics; coal seam continuity, thickness, structure, quality, and depth; strength of materials above and below the seam for roof and floor conditions; topography (especially altitude and slope); climate; land ownership as it affects the availability of land for mining and access; surface drainage patterns; ground water conditions; availability of labor and materials; coal purchaser requirements in terms of tonnage, quality, and destination; and capital investment requirements.

text: The most economical method of coal extraction from coal seams depends on the depth and quality of the seams, and the

text: geology

text: and environmental factors. Coal mining processes are differentiated by whether they operate on the surface or underground. Many coals extracted from both surface and underground mines require washing in a

text: coal preparation plant

text: . Technical and economic feasibility are evaluated based on the following: regional geological conditions;

text: overburden

text: characteristics; coal seam continuity, thickness, structure, quality, and depth; strength of materials above and below the seam for roof and floor conditions; topography (especially altitude and slope); climate; land ownership as it affects the availability of land for mining and access; surface drainage patterns; ground water conditions; availability of labor and materials; coal purchaser requirements in terms of tonnage, quality, and destination; and capital investment requirements.

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answers: Coal mining processes are differentiated by whether they operate on the surface or underground

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal preparation plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: To aid the rebuilding of the French economy, the value of stolen resources were recovered from defeated Germany under the Monnet Plan. As part of this policy, German factories were disassembled and moved to France, and the coal-rich industrial Saar Protectorate was occupied by France, as had been done post-World War I, in the Territory of the Saar Basin. Thus in the 1947–1956 period, France benefited from the resources and production of the Saar, and continued to extract coal from the Warndt coal deposit until 1981. The Saarland reunited with Germany in 1957, and resolution of its situation led to the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community, precursor to the European Union, which played a significant role in Europe and France's economy in the later post-war period.

text: To aid the rebuilding of the French economy, the value of stolen resources were recovered from defeated Germany under the

text: Monnet Plan

text: . As part of this policy, German factories were disassembled and moved to France, and the coal-rich industrial

text: Saar Protectorate

text: was occupied by France, as had been done post-World War I, in the

text: Territory of the Saar Basin

text: . Thus in the 1947–1956 period, France benefited from the resources and production of the Saar, and continued to extract coal from the Warndt coal deposit until 1981. The

text: Saarland

text: reunited with Germany in 1957, and resolution of its situation led to the formation of the

text: European Coal and Steel Community

text: , precursor to the

text: European Union

text: , which played a significant role in Europe and France's economy in the later post-war period.

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answers: continued to extract coal from the Warndt coal deposit until 1981

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answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The Saar

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: post-World War I

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Warndt coal deposit

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: extraction

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2016, JPMorgan decided not to finance coal mines and coal power plants in rich countries.

text: In 2016, JPMorgan decided not to finance

text: coal mine

text: s and

text: coal power plant

text: s in rich countries.

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answers: NDQ_004003

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answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal power plants

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Bina Thermal Power Plant is a coal based thermal power project located at Bina Etawa in Sagar district in Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of Jaypee Group.

text: Bina Thermal Power Plant is a coal based thermal power project located at

text: Bina Etawa

text: in

text: Sagar district

text: in Indian state of

text: Madhya Pradesh

text: . The power plant is one of the

text: coal

text: based power plants of

text: Jaypee Group

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answers: NDQ_004001

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answers: NDQ_004002

answers: thermal power

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Bina Etawa

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Sagar

answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The first power station on the site was the coal-fired Littlebrook A Power Station, built by the Kent Electric Power Company in the early 1930s. It was opened in 1939. Coal was initially brought to the station by rail, until a riverside pier was completed. The station was later converted to burn supplementary oil over coal, and remained in use until it closed in 1973. The 'Station had six coal-fired boilers, 3 chain grate and 3 pulverised fuel. The steam raised in the boilers was fed to three steam receivers which in turn supplied three steam turbine generators. Two of the turbines were supplied by CA Parsons at 30 MW each driving a directly coupled air cooled alternator running at 3000 rpm. The third turbine was supplied by BTH running at 1500 rpm driving a 4-pole air cooled alternator.  In its last years the 1500 4 pole alternator was decoupled from its turbine and used as a synchronous compensator thereby providing voltage regulation to its local grid.

text: The first power station on the site was the

text: coal-fired

text: Littlebrook A Power Station, built by the Kent Electric Power Company in the early 1930s. It was opened in 1939. Coal was initially brought to the station by

text: rail

text: , until a riverside

text: pier

text: was completed. The station was later converted to burn supplementary oil over coal, and remained in use until it closed in 1973. The 'Station had six coal-fired boilers, 3 chain grate and 3 pulverised fuel. The steam raised in the boilers was fed to three steam receivers which in turn supplied three steam turbine generators. Two of the turbines were supplied by CA Parsons at 30 MW each driving a directly coupled air cooled alternator running at 3000 rpm. The third turbine was supplied by BTH running at 1500 rpm driving a 4-pole air cooled alternator.  In its last years the 1500 4 pole alternator was decoupled from its turbine and used as a synchronous compensator thereby providing voltage regulation to its local grid.

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answers: Coal was initially brought to the station by rail

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: chain grate

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: chain grate

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: chain grate

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: The steam raised in the boilers was fed to three steam receivers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal is a sedimentary rock formed primarily from accumulated plant matter, and it includes many inorganic minerals and elements which were deposited along with organic material during its formation.  As the rest of the Earth's crust, coal also contains low levels of uranium, thorium, and other naturally occurring radioactive isotopes whose release into the environment leads to radioactive contamination. While these substances are present as very small trace impurities, enough coal is burned that significant amounts of these substances are released. A 1,000 MW coal-burning power plant could have an uncontrolled release of as much as 5.2 metric tons per year of uranium (containing  of uranium-235) and 12.8 metric tons per year of thorium. In comparison, a 1,000 MW nuclear plant will generate about 30 metric tons of high-level radioactive solid packed waste per year. It is estimated that during 1982, US coal burning released 155 times as much uncontrolled radioactivity into the atmosphere as the Three Mile Island incident. The collective radioactivity resulting from all coal burning worldwide between 1937 and 2040 is estimated to be 2,700,000 curies or 0.101 EBq. During normal operation, the effective dose equivalent from coal plants is 100 times that from nuclear plants. Normal operation however, is a deceiving baseline for comparison: just the Chernobyl nuclear disaster released, in iodine-131 alone, an estimated 1.76 EBq . of radioactivity, a value one order of magnitude above this value for total emissions from all coal burned within a century, while the iodine-131, the major radioactive substance which comes out in accident situations, has a half life of just 8 days.

text: Coal is a sedimentary rock formed primarily from accumulated plant matter, and it includes many inorganic minerals and elements which were deposited along with organic material during its formation.  As the rest of the Earth's

text: crust

text: , coal also contains low levels of

text: uranium

text: thorium

text: , and other naturally occurring

text: radioactive isotopes

text: whose release into the environment leads to radioactive contamination. While these substances are present as very small trace impurities, enough coal is burned that significant amounts of these substances are released. A 1,000 MW coal-burning power plant could have an uncontrolled release of as much as 5.2 metric tons per year of uranium (containing  of

text: ) and 12.8 metric tons per year of thorium. In comparison, a 1,000 MW nuclear plant will generate about 30 metric tons of high-level radioactive solid packed waste per year. It is estimated that during 1982, US coal burning released 155 times as much uncontrolled radioactivity into the atmosphere as the

text: Three Mile Island incident

text: . The collective radioactivity resulting from all coal burning worldwide between 1937 and 2040 is estimated to be 2,700,000 curies or 0.101 EBq. During normal operation, the effective dose equivalent from coal plants is 100 times that from nuclear plants. Normal operation however, is a deceiving baseline for comparison: just the

text: Chernobyl nuclear disaster

text: released, in iodine-131 alone, an estimated 1.76 EBq . of radioactivity, a value one order of magnitude above this value for total emissions from all coal burned within a century, while the iodine-131, the major radioactive substance which comes out in accident situations, has a half life of just 8 days.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: packed waste

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: During normal operation, the effective dose equivalent from coal plants is 100 times that from nuclear plants

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: accumulated plant matter

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: accumulated plant matter

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_004006

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: accumulated plant matter

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Nuclear plant will generate about 30 metric tons of high-level radioactive solid packed waste per year

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-burning power plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Self-heating in coal has been extensively studied. The tendency to self-heat decreases with increasing rank of the coal. Lignite coals are more active than bituminous coals, which are more active than anthracite coals. Freshly mined coal consumes oxygen more rapidly than weathered coal, and freshly mined coal self-heats to a greater extent than weathered coal. The presence of water vapor may also be important, as the rate of heat generation accompanying the absorption of water in dry coal from saturated air can be an order of magnitude or more than the same amount of dry air.

text: Self-heating in coal has been extensively studied. The tendency to self-heat decreases with increasing rank of the coal. Lignite coals are more active than bituminous coals, which are more active than anthracite coals. Freshly mined coal consumes oxygen more rapidly than weathered coal, and freshly mined coal self-heats to a greater extent than weathered coal. The presence of water vapor may also be important, as the rate of heat generation accompanying the absorption of water in dry coal from saturated air can be an order of magnitude or more than the same amount of dry air.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The tendency to self-heat decreases with increasing rank of the coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Lignite coals

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: anthracite coals

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Lignite coals

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: rate of heat generation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Major industrial branches are the coal-mining industry, steel industry,  chemical industry and the car component supplier industry.In the last century there were four coal-mines within the urban district. Today the Bergwerk Ost in Herringen is the last operating coal mine with about 3,000 employees.Mannesmann Hoesch Präzisrohr, Westfälische Draht Industrie (WDI) and Böhler Thyssen Welding are the major representatives of the steel industry, the chemical industry is represented by DuPont in Uentrop and the car supplier industry by Hella KGaA Hueck & Co. factory 4 in Bockum-Hövel with about 1000 employees.The energy industry is represented by a RWE coal power plant and a further power plant (Trianel) in Uentrop. A new coal power plant is currently under construction. The THTR-300, also in Uentrop-Schmehhausen, was decommissioned in 1989.Alongside the A2, in the southern part of the urban district, a new business park inhabits the growing logistics business.Hamm is also known as "City of Law" (Stadt des Rechts) because of the greatest German regional appeal court (Oberlandesgericht), the local court (Amtsgericht), the industrial court (Arbeitgericht) and the industrial appeal court (Landesarbeitsgericht).  The Chamber of Notaries and bar association of the regional appeal court Hamm and the courts are of greater influence on the appearance of the city.Several hospitals in the urban district are also important employers, for example the EVK Hamm has about 1000 employees.

text: Major industrial branches are the

text: coal-mining

text: industry,

text: steel industry

text: chemical industry

text: and the car component supplier industry.In the last century there were four coal-mines within the urban district. Today the Bergwerk Ost in Herringen is the last operating coal mine with about 3,000 employees.Mannesmann Hoesch Präzisrohr, Westfälische Draht Industrie (WDI) and Böhler Thyssen Welding are the major representatives of the steel industry, the chemical industry is represented by

text: DuPont

text: in Uentrop and the car supplier industry by Hella KGaA Hueck & Co. factory 4 in Bockum-Hövel with about 1000 employees.The

text: energy industry

text: is represented by a

text: RWE

text: coal power plant and a further power plant (Trianel) in Uentrop. A new coal power plant is currently under construction. The

text: , also in Uentrop-Schmehhausen, was decommissioned in 1989.Alongside the A2, in the southern part of the urban district, a new business park inhabits the growing

text: logistics

text: business.Hamm is also known as "City of Law" (Stadt des Rechts) because of the greatest German regional appeal court (Oberlandesgericht), the local court (Amtsgericht), the industrial court (Arbeitgericht) and the industrial appeal court (Landesarbeitsgericht).  The Chamber of Notaries and bar association of the regional appeal court Hamm and the courts are of greater influence on the appearance of the city.Several hospitals in the urban district are also important employers, for example the EVK Hamm has about 1000 employees.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: NDQ_004000

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answers: NDQ_004007

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answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Bergwerk Ost in Herringen is the last operating coal mine with about 3,000 employees

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Bergwerk Ost in Herringen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal power plant

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal-mining industry

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Bergwerk Ost in Herringen

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal power plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Two applications were filed by NGO Common Cause and Manohar Lal Sharma on 13 April 2013.Activist lawyer Prashant Bhushan, sought creation of a special investigation team to probe the case as it involved "very powerful personalities in the present government who were either in charge of the allocation process or who influenced the process to get allocation to their favoured entities"."There has been mounting evidence... for the last one year as to how major corporate groups like Jindals were able to garner huge blocks with millions of tonnes of coal, as was the case with shady companies linked with other politicians. Despite that CBI has neither filed any chargesheet nor made an arrest."the application said.. The Naveen Jindal Group had allegedly "misrepresented" facts and was shown favour by the Jharkhand Government which dropped other firms from its recommendation for allocation of coal blocks in the state in 2007, the CBI has said in its FIR filed before a court here in Coalgate.The FIR is categorical that Ministry of Power was against the proposal for allocating Amarkonda Murgadangal coal block to Jindal Group firms—Jindal Steel and Power Ltd (JSPL) and Gagan Sponge Iron Pvt Ltd (GSIPL) -- which have been named as accused along with Congress MP Naveen Jindal. However, former Minister of State for Coal Dasari Narayan Rao, also an accused in the FIR, had written a note to the then Coal Secretary and showed "undue favour" to Jindal's firm which had misrepresented the facts regarding its "preparedness in setting up their proposed end used plant (EUP)". "Enquiry further revealed that Government of Jharkhand vide its letter dated 20 June 2007 recommended the allocation of Amarkonda Murgadangal coal block to three companies namely (1) M/s Lanco Infratech Ltd (40 per cent), (2) M/s JSPL (30 per cent) and (3) M/s GSIPL (30 per cent). "However vide its letter dated 30 July 2007, Government of Jharkhand changed its recommendation and recommended the allocation of Amarkonda Murgadangal block to only the two Naveen Jindal Group companies i.e. JSPL (70 per cent) and M/s GSIPL (30 per cent)," the CBI said in its 12th FIR filed till date in the coal blocks allocation scam before the Special CBI Court. The agency alleged that both SPL and GSIPL misrepresented the facts to the Coal Ministry but the Screening Committee, which used to recommend for allocation of coal blocks to the shortlisted applicant companies, in its meeting held on 13 September 2007, had recommended allocation of Amarkonda Murgadangal coal block jointly to these two firms. "Enquiry further revealed that both M/s JSPL and M/s GSIPL misrepresented in its application/feed back form on the count of their preparedness in setting up their proposed EUP as well the previous allocation of coal blocks to their group companies," it said. The FIR further said, "Despite not being recommended by the Ministry of Power and the companies having misrepresented on the aforesaid counts, the Screening Committee in its meeting held on 13 September 2007 recommended the allocation of Amarkonda Murgadangal coal block jointly to M/s JSPL and M's GSIPL."The CBI said that Power Ministry had not recommended allocation of coal blocks either to JSPL or GSIPL as they did not "meet the criteria of preparation adopted by Central Electricity Authority which shortlisted the companies on behalf of Ministry of Power." Regarding Rao, the agency said that in order to influence the decision of the Screening Committee in favour of JSPL and GSIPL, the then Minister of State for Coal had written a note on 27 July 2007 to the Coal Secretary, who was also Chairman of the Screening Committee.Referring to the note, CBI said, "He (Rao) mentioned that he had come to know through the media reports that Ministry of Power/CEA had been appraising various applications received in the Ministry of Coal on the criteria of net worth of applicant, progress regarding land acquisition and water tie up etc.""However, the Screening Committee should evaluate various applicants as per the past practicesIt said on a representation by another firm Bhushan Energy Ltd (BEL) seeking 50 per cent share in Amarkonda Murgadangal coal block, Rao "again showed undue favour" to Jindal's firms and justified the decision of Screening Committee recommending the allocation of coal blocks to the two companies.It said that JSPL had submitted its application for coal block allocation in January 2007 to the Coal Ministry for securing few blocks earmarked for power sector, including Amarkonda Murgadangal coal block in Jharkhand for its proposed 1000 MW captive power plant to be set up at Patratu.GSIPL also submitted its application dated 10 January 2007 to the ministry for its 1000 MW independent power plant in Dumka district in Jharkhand, the CBI said, adding that the allocation letter was issued to the two firms on 17 January 2008. Besides Jindal, Rao, JSPL and GSIPL, the accused named in the FIR, lodged under provisions of the IPC dealing with the offence of conspiracy to cheat and under the relevant sections of the Prevention of Corruption Act, are—members of the 35th Screening Committee, Jindal Realty Pvt Ltd, New Delhi Exim Pvt Ltd, Sowbhagya Media Ltd, Directors of GSIPL and other unknown persons.

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answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/4de5646839d1ef67469c1dc551f4dbd3

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/203b169285abc19bea143381389d46b2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/657e093762a9c4270e30a1259ef68ef7

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/36dadc3510a8a0d6d66db3a5b497dec7

answers: 0

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal dropped other firms from its recommendation for allocation of coal blocks in the state.

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: recommendation for allocation of coal blocks in the state in 2007

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Steel and Power

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Government of Jharkhand dropped other firms from its recommendation for allocation of coal blocks in the state in 2007.

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: dropped other firms from its recommendation for allocation of coal blocks

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: dropped other firms from its recommendation for allocation of coal blocks

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: M/s Lanco Infratech Ltd (40 per cent), M/s JSPL (30 per cent) and M/s GSIPL (30 per cent) the Government of Jharkhand dropped other firms from its recommendation for allocation of coal blocks in the state in 2007.

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: dropped other firms from its recommendation for allocation of coal blocks in the state.

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The Naveen Jindal Group had allegedly "misrepresented" facts and was shown favour by the Jharkhand Government

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: end used plant (EUP)

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1949, his organizational research work, studying work crews in a coal mine, with Ken Bamforth, resulted in the famous article, "Some Social and Psychological Consequences of the Longwall Method of Coal Getting."

text: In 1949, his organizational research work, studying work crews in a coal mine, with Ken Bamforth, resulted in the famous article, "Some Social and Psychological Consequences of the Longwall Method of Coal Getting."

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Longwall Method of Coal Getting

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mine

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Longwall

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal mine

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal Getting

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Longwall Method

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Beginning in 2005 Ontario, Canada planned coal phase-out legislation. Ontario annually consumed 15 million tons of coal in large power plants to supplement nuclear power. Nanticoke Generating Station was a major source of air pollution, and Ontario suffered "smog days" during the summer.In 2007, Ontario's Liberal government committed to phasing out all coal generation in the province by 2014. Premier Dalton McGuinty said, "By 2030 there will be about 1,000 more new coal-fired generating stations built on this planet. There is only one place in the world that is phasing out coal-fired generation and we're doing that right here in Ontario." The Ontario Power Authority projects that in 2014, with no coal generation, the largest sources of electrical power in the province will be nuclear (57 percent), hydroelectricity (25 percent), and natural gas (11 percent). The final coal plant in Ontario, Thunder Bay Generating Station, stopped burning coal in April 2014.

text: Beginning in 2005

text: Ontario

text: Canada

text: planned coal phase-out legislation. Ontario annually consumed 15 million tons of coal in large power plants to supplement nuclear power.

text: Nanticoke Generating Station

text: was a major source of air pollution, and Ontario suffered "smog days" during the summer.In 2007, Ontario's Liberal government committed to phasing out all coal generation in the province by 2014. Premier Dalton McGuinty said, "By 2030 there will be about 1,000 more new coal-fired generating stations built on this planet. There is only one place in the world that is phasing out coal-fired generation and we're doing that right here in Ontario." The Ontario Power Authority projects that in 2014, with no coal generation, the largest sources of electrical power in the province will be nuclear (57 percent), hydroelectricity (25 percent), and natural gas (11 percent). The final coal plant in Ontario,

text: Thunder Bay Generating Station

text: , stopped burning coal in April 2014.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Nanticoke Generating Station was a major source of air pollution

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The final coal plant in Ontario, Thunder Bay Generating Station

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: nuclear

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Nanticoke Generating Station

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Thunder Bay Generating Station, stopped burning coal in April 2014

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: large power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Raw coal often contains impurities such as slate, sulphur, ash (or "bone"), clay, or soil, which requires that it be cleaned before shipment to market. Mine workers sampled the coal as it came out of the mine to determine whether the level of impurity recommended washing (if washing was available). Slate, sulphur, and ash have a higher relative density than coal, and will sink in agitated water. Passing the coal through the tipple was an essential pre-treatment process for coal washing, however, because the impure coal must be of similar sized lumps for coal washing to work. If coal washing was conducted, coal might enter the breaker "wet." This meant the incline of the various belts and conveyors had to be lowered so that the coal did not slide on the belts or move too quickly down chutes. Where coal washing was used, the coal breaker was expanded to handle both "dry" and "wet" coal simultaneously.

text: Raw coal often contains impurities such as slate,

text: sulphur

text: , ash (or "bone"),

text: clay

text: , or soil, which requires that it be cleaned before shipment to market. Mine workers sampled the coal as it came out of the mine to determine whether the level of impurity recommended washing (if washing was available). Slate, sulphur, and ash have a higher

text: relative density

text: than coal, and will sink in agitated water. Passing the coal through the tipple was an essential pre-treatment process for coal washing, however, because the impure coal must be of similar sized lumps for coal washing to work. If coal washing was conducted, coal might enter the breaker "wet." This meant the incline of the various belts and conveyors had to be lowered so that the coal did not slide on the belts or move too quickly down chutes. Where coal washing was used, the coal breaker was expanded to handle both "dry" and "wet" coal simultaneously.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: If coal washing was conducted, coal might enter the breaker "wet."

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: the mine

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: sulphur

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Raw coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Sulphur

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: "dry" coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal breaker

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Coal production and use creates in South Africa Coal combustion wastes (CCW), coal mine wastes (AMD) and toxic coal land fires. Coal combustion wastes (CCW), contain toxic substances like arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead. Hundreds of South African old coal mines are filled with sulphate salts, heavy metals and carcinogenic substances like benzene and toluene. This AMD damages wildlife and spreads illness and disease. According to Greenpeace most shockingly is eMalahleni 'place of coal', Mpumalanga province, surrounded by 22 collieries and steel, vanadium and manganese plants. One of the biggest old mines is the Transvaal and Delagoa Bay (T&DB) mine, closed in 1953. 60 km downstream from Emalahleni AMD leaked into the water supply in 2006 and 2007 killing thousands of fish, crocodiles and freshwater turtles and poisoning the water used by communities. Coal fires continue in the disused mines.

text: Coal production and use creates in South Africa Coal combustion wastes (CCW), coal mine wastes (AMD) and toxic coal land fires. Coal combustion wastes (CCW), contain toxic substances like arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead. Hundreds of South African old coal mines are filled with sulphate salts, heavy metals and carcinogenic substances like benzene and toluene. This AMD damages wildlife and spreads illness and disease. According to Greenpeace most shockingly is

text: eMalahleni

text: 'place of coal',

text: Mpumalanga

text: province, surrounded by 22 collieries and steel, vanadium and manganese plants. One of the biggest old mines is the Transvaal and Delagoa Bay (T&DB) mine, closed in 1953. 60 km downstream from Emalahleni AMD leaked into the water supply in 2006 and 2007 killing thousands of fish, crocodiles and freshwater turtles and poisoning the water used by communities. Coal fires continue in the disused mines.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: AMD damages wildlife and spreads illness and disease

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal mine

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: coal mine wastes

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal mine wastes

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: eMalahleni

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: AMD

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal mine

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Plants designed for lignite (brown coal) are increasingly used in locations as varied as Germany, Victoria, Australia and North Dakota. Lignite is a much younger form of coal than black coal. It has a lower energy density than black coal and requires a much larger furnace for equivalent heat output. Such coals may contain up to 70% water and ash, yielding lower furnace temperatures and requiring larger induced-draft fans. The firing systems also differ from black coal and typically draw hot gas from the furnace-exit level and mix it with the incoming coal in fan-type mills that inject the pulverized coal and hot gas mixture into the boiler.

text: Plants designed for

text: lignite

text: (brown coal) are increasingly used in locations as varied as

text: Germany

text: Victoria, Australia

text: and

text: North Dakota

text: . Lignite is a much younger form of coal than black coal. It has a lower energy density than black coal and requires a much larger furnace for equivalent heat output. Such coals may contain up to 70% water and

text: ash

text: , yielding lower furnace temperatures and requiring larger induced-draft fans. The firing systems also differ from black coal and typically draw hot gas from the furnace-exit level and mix it with the incoming coal in fan-type mills that inject the pulverized coal and hot gas mixture into the boiler.

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answers: gas

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Lignite is a much younger form of coal than black coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Lignite

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: black coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: water

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Lignite

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Black coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: inject the pulverized coal and hot gas mixture into the boiler

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Notwithstanding, a coal phase-out for Germany is implied in the plan, environment minister Barbara Hendricks said in an interview on 21November 2016.  "If you read the Climate Action Plan carefully, you will find that the exit from coal-fired power generation is the immanent consequence of the energy sector target.... By 2030... half of the coal-fired power production must have ended, compared to 2014", Hendricks said.

text: Notwithstanding, a coal phase-out for Germany is implied in the plan, environment minister

text: Barbara Hendricks

text: said in an interview on 21November 2016.  "If you read the Climate Action Plan carefully, you will find that the exit from coal-fired power generation is the immanent consequence of the energy sector target.... By 2030... half of the coal-fired power production must have ended, compared to 2014", Hendricks said.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: By 2030... half of the coal-fired power production must have ended

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: power generation

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal phase-out

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power generation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce electricity and heat through combustion. World coal consumption was about 7.25 billion tonnes in 2010 (7.99 billion short tons) and is expected to increase 48% to 9.05 billion tonnes (9.98 billion short tons) by 2030. China produced 3.47 billion tonnes (3.83 billion short tons) in 2011. India produced about 578 million tonnes (637.1 million short tons) in 2011. 68.7% of China's electricity comes from coal. The US consumed about 13% of the world total in 2010, i.e. 951 million tonnes (1.05 billion short tons), using 93% of it for generation of electricity. 46% of total power generated in the US was using coal.  The United States Energy Information Administration estimates coal reserves at  short tons (860 Gt). One estimate for resources is 18,000 Gt.

text: Coal is primarily used as a

text: solid fuel

text: to produce electricity and heat through combustion. World coal consumption was about 7.25 billion

text: tonne

text: s in 2010 (7.99 billion

text: short ton

text: s) and is expected to increase 48% to 9.05 billion tonnes (9.98 billion short tons) by 2030.

text: China

text: produced 3.47 billion tonnes (3.83 billion short tons) in 2011.

text: India

text: produced about 578 million tonnes (637.1 million short tons) in 2011. 68.7% of China's electricity comes from coal. The US consumed about 13% of the world total in 2010, i.e. 951 million tonnes (1.05 billion short tons), using 93% of it for generation of electricity. 46% of total power generated in the US was using coal.  The United States

text: Energy Information Administration

text: estimates coal

text: reserves

text: at

text: short ton

text: s (860

text: Gt

text: ). One estimate for

text: resources

text: is 18,000 Gt.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The United States Energy Information Administration estimates coal reserves at short tons (860 Gt). One estimate for resources is 18,000 Gt

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: for generation of electricity

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The United States Energy Information Administration estimates coal reserves at short tons

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: through combustion

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Both the UK and German Dark Spread tables use a fuel efficiency factor of 35% for the coal conversion, and an energy conversion factor of 7.1 for converting tonnes/coal into MWh/electricity. In reality, each type of coal has a different energy value and each coal-fired plant has a different fuel efficiency, but 35% is accepted as a broad standard. At the time of writing (March 2007) there is no liquid Dark Spread traded market in either the UK or Germany. The Dark Spread value is the power price minus the coal price divided by 0.35, i.e. Dark Spread = Power price – (Coal price/0.35).

text: Both the UK and German Dark Spread tables use a fuel efficiency factor of 35% for the coal conversion, and an energy conversion factor of 7.1 for converting tonnes/coal into MWh/electricity. In reality, each type of coal has a different energy value and each coal-fired plant has a different fuel efficiency, but 35% is accepted as a broad standard. At the time of writing (March 2007) there is no liquid Dark Spread traded market in either the UK or Germany. The Dark Spread value is the power price minus the coal price divided by 0.35, i.e. Dark Spread = Power price – (Coal price/0.35).

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answers: each type of coal has a different energy value

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answers: Dark Spread = Power price – (Coal price/0.35)

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: In reality, each type of coal has a different energy value

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answers: coal-fired plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It has an extensive network of railroads, and much of the coal is transported by rail. The railways were once one of the largest customers for coal to drive the steam locomotives, but these have been replaced by diesel locomotives. Coal is rarely used now for home heating. Most coal today is used by power plants to produce electricity, both in West Virginia, and in other eastern states.

text: It has an extensive network of

text: railroad

text: s, and much of the coal is transported by rail. The railways were once one of the largest customers for coal to drive the

text: steam locomotive

text: s, but these have been replaced by

text: diesel locomotive

text: s. Coal is rarely used now for home heating. Most coal today is used by

text: power plants

text: to produce

text: electricity

text: , both in West Virginia, and in other eastern states.

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answers: Most coal today is used by power plants to produce electricity

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answers: diesel locomotives

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answers: Coal is rarely used now for home heating

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: diesel locomotives

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Brown coal deposits are currently mined in the Konin area, and form the basis for the province's power industry (the Pątnów-Adams-Konin coal-fired power stations account for more than 10% of the national electricity production). The region also has significant quantities of peat deposits; it is calculated that there are ca. 886 thousand hectares of land covered with an average thickness of 1.5 m of peat. An abundance of raw materials used in the production of numerous medicines was recently discovered in the muds of Błażejewo, Oderbank and Mechnacz. In addition, very large deposits of brown coal have been discovered in the vicinity of Kościan, these however are not currently being extracted and probably never will be extracted, due to the expense that would be incurred in adapting the site to build a coal mine and the need to resettle thousands of people.

text: Brown coal deposits are currently mined in the Konin area, and form the basis for the province's power industry (the Pątnów-Adams-Konin coal-fired power stations account for more than 10% of the national electricity production). The region also has significant quantities of peat deposits; it is calculated that there are ca. 886 thousand hectares of land covered with an average thickness of 1.5 m of peat. An abundance of raw materials used in the production of numerous medicines was recently discovered in the muds of

text: Błażejewo

text: Oderbank

text: and

text: Mechnacz

text: . In addition, very large deposits of brown coal have been discovered in the vicinity of

text: Kościan

text: , these however are not currently being extracted and probably never will be extracted, due to the expense that would be incurred in adapting the site to build a coal mine and the need to resettle thousands of people.

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answers: Brown coal deposits are currently mined in the Konin area, and form the basis for the province's power industry

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Brown

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Brown coal deposits

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Brown coal

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Ko cian

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal-fired power stations

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The coal for Wallerawang Power Station comes from mines in the local area, delivered by private road. 75% of the coal comes from the Centennial Coal-owned Angus Place colliery.

text: The

text: coal

text: for Wallerawang Power Station comes from mines in the local area, delivered by private road. 75% of the coal comes from the

text: Centennial Coal

text: -owned Angus Place

text: colliery

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: mines in the local area, delivered by private road

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: mines in the local area

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Centennial Coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Wallerawang Power Station

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Angus Place colliery

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Wallerawang Power Station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the first half of 2016, EGAT imported 11 million tonnes of coal. Indonesia and Australia supplied 5.6 million tonnes of bituminous coal and 5.5 million tonnes of "other" coal. China and Russia supplied 47,395 tonnes of anthracite coal. EGAT produced 6.88 million tonnes of lignite from January–May 2016, mostly for use in its own power plants.

text: In the first half of 2016, EGAT imported 11 million tonnes of

text: coal

text: . Indonesia and Australia supplied 5.6 million tonnes of

text: bituminous coal

text: and 5.5 million tonnes of "other" coal. China and Russia supplied 47,395 tonnes of

text: anthracite coal

text: . EGAT produced 6.88 million tonnes of

text: lignite

text: from January–May 2016, mostly for use in its own power plants.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: EGAT produced 6.88 million tonnes of lignite

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: anthracite

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Newly built coal-fired power plants can be made to immediately use gasification of the coal prior to combustion. This makes it much easier to separate off the  from the exhaust fumes, making the process cheaper. This gasification process is done in new coal-burning power plants such as the coal-burning power plant at Tianjin, called "GreenGen".

text: Newly built coal-fired power plants can be made to immediately use gasification of the coal prior to combustion. This makes it much easier to separate off the  from the exhaust fumes, making the process cheaper. This gasification process is done in new coal-burning power plants such as the coal-burning power plant at

text: Tianjin

text: , called "

text: GreenGen

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: gasification of the coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Gasification of the coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Tianjin

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: GreenGen

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: gasification

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal mining also has a number of social and cultural impacts on the communities in the surrounding area. Societies and cultures have been displaced, which has resulted in the loss of traditional practices and other forms of cultural capital. Contaminated air and water supplies forces many to migrate in order to avoid the health consequences. The extraction of the coal through the pillar method often results in mine collapses, which are responsible for the deaths and injuries of hundreds of workers every year. Closure of a mining site results in job loss, which could in turn lead to immigration in search of new job opportunities, cultural disturbance, and social instability. Local economies are also affected. Wealth disparities result due to the lack of income in these single resource dependent regions. Coal-related activities affect the quality of land and water in surrounding areas, compromising large portions of needed land such as that in the watershed basin in southern Santa Catarina State. Thousands of families in the communities of the coastal ecosystem of the Laguna area depend on fisheries and other oceanic resources, but the marine ecosystem has been degraded by mining and other industrial activities.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: has a number of social and cultural impacts on the communities in the surrounding area

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Contaminated air and water supplies

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: pillar method

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Contaminated air and water supplies

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The extraction of the coal through the pillar method

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: pillar method

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations. Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to grind into fine powder due to caking problem. However 100% biomass can be fired after Torrefaction in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal. Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal-fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source. Cofiring dry biomass up to 20% heat input with coal is also possible directly in pulverised coal-fired power stations without facing caking problem. North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems. As traditional use of biomass is being replaced by LPG at faster pace, biomass burning in agriculture fields would become major source for causing higher level air pollution.

text: Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations. Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to

text: grind

text: into fine powder due to

text: caking

text: problem. However 100% biomass can be fired after

text: Torrefaction

text: in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal. Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal-fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source.

text: Cofiring

text: dry biomass up to 20% heat input with coal is also possible directly in pulverised coal-fired power stations without facing caking problem. North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems. As traditional use of biomass is being replaced by

text: LPG

text: at faster pace, biomass burning in agriculture fields would become major source for causing higher level air pollution.

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answers: import coal is being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations

answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: pulverised

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the geologically recent past, some coal in the formation has spontaneously and naturally combusted to form clinker, red and brick-looking burnt coal. These rocks outcrop irregularly and are up to  thick. Clinker is found near deformed zones such as faults or tight folds, and is older than the deformities themselves. They are thought to have combusted after the development of the  Cerrejón thrust fault and alluvial fan.

text: In the geologically recent past, some coal in the formation has spontaneously and naturally combusted to form clinker, red and brick-looking burnt coal. These rocks outcrop irregularly and are up to  thick. Clinker is found near deformed zones such as

text: fault

text: s or tight folds, and is older than the deformities themselves. They are thought to have combusted after the development of the  Cerrejón

text: thrust fault

text: and

text: alluvial fan

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answers: spontaneously and naturally combusted

answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: clinker

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Cerrejón thrust fault and alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: spontaneously and naturally

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: By 2000, the village was plagued by toxic sulfurous gas clouds and acid rain from the nearby coal-fired Gavin Power Plant, as an unintended consequence of pollution-control technology. Residents hired lawyers requesting a buyout.  The plant's owner, American Electric Power (AEP), thoroughly investigated the claims and found that no long term injuries/illnesses resulted from the cloud but decided it could use the land to expand plant property for future technologies. In 2002, AEP reached a settlement with residents that was effectively a $20 million buyout. Most of the 221 residents agreed to leave the town and absolve the company from future property or health claims, while some remain through either deals with the company or refusal to sell their property. The company announced plans to demolish the existing structures and construct a dock facility for coal barges, but has not yet begun work on constructing them.

text: By 2000, the village was plagued by toxic

text: sulfur

text: ous gas clouds and

text: acid rain

text: from the nearby

text: coal

text: -fired

text: Gavin Power Plant

text: , as an

text: unintended consequence

text: of

text: pollution

text: -control technology. Residents hired lawyers requesting a buyout.  The plant's owner,

text: American Electric Power

text: (AEP), thoroughly investigated the claims and found that no long term injuries/illnesses resulted from the cloud but decided it could use the land to expand plant property for future technologies. In 2002, AEP reached a settlement with residents that was effectively a $20 million buyout. Most of the 221 residents agreed to leave the town and absolve the company from future property or health claims, while some remain through either deals with the company or refusal to sell their property. The company announced plans to demolish the existing structures and construct a dock facility for coal

text: barge

text: s, but has not yet begun work on constructing them.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: toxic sulfurous gas clouds and acid rain from the nearby coal-fired Gavin Power Plant

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Gavin Power Plant

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: toxic sulfurous gas

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: sulfurous

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Gavin Power Plant

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal-fired

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal barges

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As a consequence the region of Beijing has decided to phase out all its coal-fired power generation by the end of 2015.

text: As a consequence the region of Beijing has decided to phase out all its coal-fired power generation by the end of 2015.

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answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: Nitrogen

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answers: power generation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The plan states that "the climate targets can only be reached if coal-fired power generation is reduced step-by-step".  Moreover, the German government "in its development cooperation does not lend support to new coal power plants".  Regions which depend on coal, like the Lausitz, need special consideration: "we must succeed in establishing concrete perspectives for the future of the affected regions, before concrete decisions on the step-by-step withdrawal from the lignite industry can be taken".

text: The plan states that "the climate targets can only be reached if coal-fired power generation is reduced step-by-step".  Moreover, the German government "in its development cooperation does not lend support to new coal power plants".  Regions which depend on coal, like the

text: Lausitz

text: , need special consideration: "we must succeed in establishing concrete perspectives for the future of the affected regions, before concrete decisions on the step-by-step withdrawal from the lignite industry can be taken".

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answers: the German government "in its development cooperation does not lend support to new coal power plants"

answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: NDQ_004003

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answers: NDQ_004007

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answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Step-by-step withdrawal from the lignite industry

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: They also ran several coal flows including from Hatfield to Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station, using Class 66s and a new build of coal hoppers. Coal flows run by Fastline included:

text: They also ran several coal flows including from

text: Hatfield

text: to

text: Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station

text: , using

text: Class 66s

text: and a new build of coal

text: hoppers

text: . Coal flows run by Fastline included:

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answers: NDQ_004001

answers: from Hatfield to Ratcliffe-on-Soar

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal hoppers

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: from Hatfield to Ratcliffe

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Class 66s

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Hatfield

answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Power Station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As with most US naval designs, coal storage and engine efficiency were more important than in European designs. US ships might have to fight far from their home shores, especially in the Pacific. Even in the Caribbean, US forces might be farther from their coaling stations than a European power with colonial bases. Draft was a concern, since southern US harbors tended to have shallow entrances, and some proponents felt that all ships should be able to egress all major harbors.  Beams were typically limited by the width of dry docks.

text: As with most US naval designs, coal storage and engine efficiency were more important than in European designs. US ships might have to fight far from their home shores, especially in the Pacific. Even in the Caribbean, US forces might be farther from their coaling stations than a European power with colonial bases. Draft was a concern, since southern US harbors tended to have shallow entrances, and some proponents felt that all ships should be able to egress all major harbors.  Beams were typically limited by the width of dry docks.

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answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coaling stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Lamu Coal Power Station is a proposed 981.5 megawatt coal-fired thermal power station in Kenya, the largest economy in the East African Community.

text: Lamu Coal Power Station is a proposed 981.5 megawatt coal-fired thermal power station in Kenya, the largest economy in the

text: East African Community

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text: Kendal Power Station is a coal-fired power station in Mpumalanga, South Africa. It is sited in a coal-mining area; one of its sources is AEMFC's coal mine at Vlakfontein, near Ogies.

text: Kendal Power Station is a coal-fired power station in

text: Mpumalanga

text: South Africa

text: . It is sited in a coal-mining area; one of its sources is

entity_name: African Exploration Mining and Finance Corporation

text: AEMFC

text: 's coal mine at Vlakfontein, near

text: Ogies

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text: Coal power in Russia is one of the largest sources of energy in Russia, accounting for 14.4% of the country's energy consumption. The prominence of coal power in Russia has been declining since 1990, although Russia has among the largest coal reserves in the world. Russia is the fifth largest consumer of coal in the world and is the sixth largest producer of coal.

text: Coal power in

text: Russia

text: is one of the largest sources of

text: energy in Russia

text: , accounting for 14.4% of the country's energy consumption. The prominence of

text: coal

text: power in Russia has been declining since 1990, although Russia has among the largest coal reserves in the world. Russia is the fifth largest consumer of coal in the world and is the

text: sixth largest producer of coal

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Scollard is usually classified as the uppermost formation of the Edmonton Group, although some early workers included it in the overlying Paskapoo Formation.  It is subdivided into an upper, coal-bearing member that consists of the Ardley coal zone, and a lower member that lacks significant coal.  Neither member has been formally named.

text: The Scollard is usually classified as the uppermost formation of the

text: Edmonton Group

text: , although some early workers included it in the overlying

text: Paskapoo Formation

text: .  It is subdivided into an upper, coal-bearing member that consists of the Ardley coal zone, and a lower member that lacks significant coal.  Neither member has been formally named.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: "In 1907, on the head waters of the Bearcreek stream, the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. and its subsidiary, the Washoe Coal Co. developed the company coal mining town. Large daily freight shipments of 1,200 tons of coal went to the Anaconda smelters," via the Northern Pacific Railroad. "With the formation of the Montana Power Co. in 1912, soon there was less use of coal and the Washoe Mine closed."

text: "In 1907, on the head waters of the Bearcreek stream, the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. and its subsidiary, the Washoe Coal Co. developed the company coal mining town. Large daily freight shipments of 1,200 tons of coal went to the Anaconda smelters," via the

text: Northern Pacific Railroad

text: . "With the formation of the

text: Montana Power Co.

text: in 1912, soon there was less use of coal and the Washoe Mine closed."

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answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: smelters

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: "Paradise" is a song written by John Prine for his father, and recorded for his 1971 debut album, John Prine. Prine also re-recorded the song for his 1986 album, German Afternoons. The song is about the devastating impact of strip mining for coal, whereby the top layers of soil are blasted off with dynamite to reach the coal seam below. The song is also  about what happened to the area around the Green River in Kentucky because of the strip mining.  The song references the Peabody Coal Company, and a town called Paradise in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky where Tennessee Valley Authority now operates a coal-fired power plant. The area has suffered serious economic downturn because of the decline of coal mining.

text: "Paradise" is a song written by

text: John Prine

text: for his father, and recorded for his 1971 debut album,

text: John Prine

text: . Prine also re-recorded the song for his 1986 album,

text: German Afternoons

text: . The song is about the devastating impact of strip mining for coal, whereby the top layers of soil are blasted off with dynamite to reach the coal seam below. The song is also  about what happened to the area around the

text: Green River

text: in Kentucky because of the strip mining.  The song references the

text: Peabody Coal Company

text: , and a town called

text: Paradise

text: in

text: Muhlenberg County

text: Kentucky

text: where Tennessee Valley Authority now operates a coal-fired power plant. The area has suffered serious economic downturn because of the decline of coal mining.

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answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004007

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answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal-fired power plant

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Comparing the historical safety record of civilian nuclear energy with other forms of electrical generation, Ball, Roberts, and Simpson, the IAEA, and the Paul Scherrer Institute found in separate studies that during the period from 1970 to 1992, there were just 39 on-the-job deaths of nuclear power plant workers worldwide, while during the same time period, there were 6,400 on-the-job deaths of coal power plant workers, 1,200 on-the-job deaths of natural gas power plant workers and members of the general public caused by natural gas power plants, and 4,000 deaths of members of the general public caused by hydroelectric power plants. In particular, coal power plants are estimated to kill 24,000 Americans per year due to lung disease as well as causing 40,000 heart attacks per year in the United States. According to Scientific American, the average coal power plant emits 100 times more radiation per year than a comparatively sized nuclear power plant in the form of toxic coal waste known as fly ash.

text: Comparing the historical safety record of civilian nuclear energy with other forms of electrical generation, Ball, Roberts, and Simpson, the

text: IAEA

text: , and the Paul Scherrer Institute found in separate studies that during the period from 1970 to 1992, there were just 39 on-the-job deaths of nuclear power plant workers worldwide, while during the same time period, there were 6,400 on-the-job deaths of

text: coal power plant

text: workers, 1,200 on-the-job deaths of

text: natural gas power plant

text: workers and members of the general public caused by

text: natural gas power plants

text: , and 4,000 deaths of members of the general public caused by

text: hydroelectric power plants

text: . In particular,

text: coal power plant

text: s are estimated to kill 24,000 Americans per year due to lung disease as well as causing 40,000 heart attacks per year in the United States. According to

text: Scientific American

text: , the average coal power plant emits 100 times more radiation per year than a comparatively sized nuclear power plant in the form of

text: toxic coal waste

text: known as

text: fly ash

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answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The average coal power plant emits 100 times more radiation

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Nuclear energy

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal power plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: At the turn of the 19th century demand for coal increased rapidly for domestic and industrial consumption as steam was used to power factories and steam ships. It was won in what were intolerable conditions. Coal was got by hand, hewers using picks and shovels in mines lit by candles. Children as young as five years of age sat in complete darkness opening ventilation doors for hurriers, women and boys who hauled tubs of coal to the shaft bottom. Some coalowners used bonds, paying signing-on fees to the colliers who worked in their coal pits for a year or had to pay a considerable forfeit if the contract was broken. The coalowners used the bond system as a tool for enforcing discipline and fending off the ability of workers to join together to fight for better pay and conditions. The Combination Acts of 1799 made unions illegal. Some coal owners, including William Hulton, paid their workers with tokens or vouchers that could only be redeemed in their company shops, a practice outlawed by the passing of the Truck Act 1831. Wages were poor and coal owners introduced a system of fines to enforce discipline. The Duke of Bridgewater paid eight shillings (40p) for a six-day working week with shifts of 12 to 15 hours and fined those who were late half a crown. The wages amounted to a few pence more than given in Poor Law relief and miners worked to keep out of the workhouse. William Hulton reputedly paid the poorest wages in Lancashire and was hostile to permitting his workforce the right to free assembly.

text: At the turn of the 19th century demand for coal increased rapidly for domestic and industrial consumption as steam was used to power factories and steam ships. It was won in what were intolerable conditions. Coal was got by hand,

text: hewer

text: s using picks and shovels in mines lit by candles. Children as young as five years of age sat in complete darkness opening ventilation doors for hurriers, women and boys who hauled tubs of coal to the shaft bottom. Some coalowners used bonds, paying signing-on fees to the colliers who worked in their coal pits for a year or had to pay a considerable forfeit if the contract was broken. The coalowners used the bond system as a tool for enforcing discipline and fending off the ability of workers to join together to fight for better pay and conditions. The

text: Combination Acts

text: of 1799 made unions illegal. Some coal owners, including William Hulton, paid their workers with

text: tokens or vouchers

text: that could only be redeemed in their company shops, a practice outlawed by the passing of the

text: Truck Act 1831

text: . Wages were poor and coal owners introduced a system of fines to enforce discipline. The Duke of Bridgewater paid eight shillings (40p) for a six-day working week with shifts of 12 to 15 hours and fined those who were late

text: half a crown

text: . The wages amounted to a few pence more than given in

text: Poor Law

text: relief and miners worked to keep out of the

text: workhouse

text: . William Hulton reputedly paid the poorest wages in Lancashire and was hostile to permitting his workforce the right to free assembly.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: It was won in what were intolerable conditions

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal pits

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: ventilation doors for hurriers

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: It was won in what were intolerable conditions

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: steam

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The company focuses on both fuel coal for electricity generation in coal power plants, and coking coal for use in iron and steel mills.  The company's coal operations are located in Australia and the United States, mainly operating under its subsidiaries such as Rio Tinto Coal Australia and Rio Tinto Energy America.  In 2009, Rio Tinto was engaged in an ongoing attempt to sell off assets of Rio Tinto Energy America.  In March 2009, the company agreed to sell a major asset, the Jacobs Ranch coal mine in Wyoming, to Arch Coal for $761 million, and is continuing to seek buyers for remaining assets in an effort to reduce corporate debt. In 2011, the group acquired various coal-mining assets in Mozambique, including the Benga coal mine for $3.9 billion. In 2013, the assets were written down by $3 billion, while CEO Tom Albanese and coal-mining head Doug Ritchie, who spearheaded the purchase, were ousted from the company. In February 2014, the assets were written down by a further $470 million. On 28 July 2014, Rio severed its interest altogether, selling out to International Coal Ventures Private Limited (ICVL), a consortium of companies owned by the Indian government for $50 million. ICVL had been one of the under-bidders when Rio bought in.

text: The company focuses on both fuel coal for electricity generation in

text: coal power plants

text: , and

text: coking coal

text: for use in iron and

text: steel mill

text: s.  The company's coal operations are located in Australia and the United States, mainly operating under its subsidiaries such as

text: Rio Tinto Coal Australia

text: and

text: Rio Tinto Energy America

text: .  In 2009, Rio Tinto was engaged in an ongoing attempt to sell off assets of Rio Tinto Energy America.  In March 2009, the company agreed to sell a major asset, the

text: Jacobs Ranch

text: coal mine in Wyoming, to

text: Arch Coal

text: for $761 million, and is continuing to seek buyers for remaining assets in an effort to reduce corporate debt. In 2011, the group acquired various coal-mining assets in

text: Mozambique

text: , including the

text: Benga coal mine

text: for $3.9 billion. In 2013, the assets were written down by $3 billion, while CEO Tom Albanese and coal-mining head Doug Ritchie, who spearheaded the purchase, were ousted from the company. In February 2014, the assets were written down by a further $470 million. On 28 July 2014, Rio severed its interest altogether, selling out to International Coal Ventures Private Limited (ICVL), a consortium of companies owned by the Indian government for $50 million. ICVL had been one of the under-bidders when Rio bought in.

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answers: coal

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answers: The company's coal operations are located in Australia and the United States

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answers: coal

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answers: Coal operations are located in Australia and the United States

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answers: fuel coal

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answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coking coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1904 he was hired by the Brazilian government as head of the "Comissão de Estudos das Minas de Carvão de Pedra do Brasil" (Commission for Studies on Brazilian Coal Mines), whose aim was to identify the potential of Brazilian coal, and whose report, published in 1908, was a milestone for understanding the geology of the Paraná Basin in Southern Brazil. One of the main results of these studies, besides the reconnaissance for coal, was the discovery of Mesosaurus fossils within Permian black shales (Irati Formation), and the Glossopteris flora within the Permian coals. White was one of the first to propose the  equivalence between the South American Permian strata and similar rocks of the Karoo Basin in South Africa. This report had an important contribution to the development of Continental Drift Theory, published by Alfred Wegener in 1912.

text: In 1904 he was hired by the

text: Brazil

text: ian government as head of the "Comissão de Estudos das Minas de Carvão de Pedra do Brasil" (Commission for Studies on Brazilian Coal Mines), whose aim was to identify the potential of Brazilian coal, and whose report, published in 1908, was a milestone for understanding the geology of the

text: Paraná Basin

text: in

text: Southern Brazil

text: . One of the main results of these studies, besides the reconnaissance for coal, was the discovery of

text: Mesosaurus

text: fossil

text: s within

text: Permian

text: black

text: shale

text: s (

text: Irati Formation

text: ), and the

text: Glossopteris

text: flora

text: within the Permian coals. White was one of the first to propose the  equivalence between the

text: South American

text: Permian strata and similar rocks of the

text: Karoo Basin

text: in

text: South Africa

text: . This report had an important contribution to the development of

text: Continental Drift Theory

text: , published by

text: Alfred Wegener

text: in 1912.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: discovery of Mesosaurus fossils within Permian black shales (Irati Formation), and the Glossopteris flora within the Permian coals

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Pedra

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Permian coals

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: black shales

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Permian coals

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coals

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Method claim 1 of the patent application claims a three-step method for a broker to hedge risks for purchaser-users of an input of a product or service (termed a commodity). For example, an electric power plant might be a purchaser and user of coal, which it purchases from coal-mining companies (producer-sellers) and uses to make electricity. The power plant might seek to insulate itself from upward changes in the price of coal by engaging in "hedging" transactions. The risk can be quantified in terms of dollars (termed a "risk position"). Thus, if the purchaser-user uses 1000 tons of coal in a given period, and the potential price spike is $10 per ton, the purchaser-user's total risk position for that period is 1000 × $10, or $10,000.

text: Method claim 1 of the patent application claims a three-step method for a broker to hedge risks for purchaser-users of an input of a product or service (termed a commodity). For example, an electric power plant might be a purchaser and user of coal, which it purchases from coal-mining companies (producer-sellers) and uses to make electricity. The power plant might seek to insulate itself from upward changes in the price of coal by engaging in "hedging" transactions. The risk can be quantified in terms of dollars (termed a "risk position"). Thus, if the purchaser-user uses 1000 tons of coal in a given period, and the potential price spike is $10 per ton, the purchaser-user's total risk position for that period is 1000 × $10, or $10,000.

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answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: power plant might seek to insulate itself from upward changes in the price

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: miners

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal-mining

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal-mining

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The power plant might seek to insulate itself

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: uses to make electricity

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Russia is self-sufficient in coal, and consumed 223 million tons of coal in 2009. The percentage of coal in Russian power generation has been declining since 1990, when it was 20.7%, due to increasing gas consumption as well as increasing nuclear and hydroelectric energy production. Currently only 14.4% of Russia's power is produced from coal.

text: Russia is self-sufficient in coal, and consumed 223 million tons of coal in 2009. The percentage of coal in Russian power generation has been declining since 1990, when it was 20.7%, due to increasing

text: gas

text: consumption as well as increasing

text: nuclear

text: and

text: hydroelectric

text: energy production. Currently only 14.4% of Russia's power is produced from coal.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Currently only 14.4% of Russia's power is produced from coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: nuclear

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Russia is self-sufficient

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Nuclear and hydroelectric energy production

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: nuclear and hydroelectric energy production

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Dudley does mention several things that indicate what he was doing. The coal he used was the small pieces and slack which were "little or of no use in that inland country" and so brought in no money. This coal debris was left in heaps and "crowded moist slack heat naturally, and kindle in the middle of these great heaps, often sets the coal works on fire" and that "Also from these sulphurous heaps, mixed with ironstone (for out of many of the same pits is gotten much ironstone or mine), the fires heating vast quantities of water, passing through these soughs or adits becometh as hot as the bath at Bath". Dudley describes two rival attempts to smelt iron with coal instigated by supporters of Parliament during the Civil War and the Interregnum. Dudley visited both sites and having examined their furnaces and production methods, when asked his opinion, informed the proprietors that they would fail. The first attempt was by Captain Buck, with the backing of many parliamentary officers including Oliver Cromwell, with technical help from Edward Dagney, an Italian. In the second attempt in the late 1656–67 by Captain John Copley also failed despite Dudley, at no charge, improving the efficiency of Copley's bellows. Dudley reapplied for a patent from Charles II, in 1660 stating "and seeing no man able to perform the mastery of making of iron with pit-coal or sea-coal, ... [without my] laudable inventions the author was, and is, unwilling [that they] should fall to the ground and die with him".

text: Dudley does mention several things that indicate what he was doing. The coal he used was the small pieces and slack which were "little or of no use in that inland country" and so brought in no money. This coal debris was left in heaps and "crowded moist slack heat naturally, and kindle in the middle of these great heaps, often sets the coal works on fire" and that "Also from these sulphurous heaps, mixed with ironstone (for out of many of the same pits is gotten much ironstone or mine), the fires heating vast quantities of water, passing through these soughs or adits becometh as hot as the bath at

text: Bath

text: ". Dudley describes two rival attempts to smelt iron with coal instigated by supporters of Parliament during the

text: Civil War

text: and the

text: Interregnum

text: . Dudley visited both sites and having examined their furnaces and production methods, when asked his opinion, informed the proprietors that they would fail. The first attempt was by Captain Buck, with the backing of many parliamentary officers including Oliver Cromwell, with technical help from Edward Dagney, an Italian. In the second attempt in the late 1656–67 by Captain John Copley also failed despite Dudley, at no charge, improving the efficiency of Copley's bellows. Dudley reapplied for a patent from Charles II, in 1660 stating "and seeing no man able to perform the mastery of making of iron with pit-coal or sea-coal, ... [without my] laudable inventions the author was, and is, unwilling [that they] should fall to the ground and die with him".

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: NDQ_004000

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: water

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The coal he used was the small pieces and slack which were "little or of no use in that inland country" and so brought in no money

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: pits

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: This coal debris was left in heaps

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: pit-coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: ironstone

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: sulphurous heaps

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The coal he used was the small pieces and slack

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: bellows

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The power station has 5 units with a total installed capacity of 450 MW (4x60, 1x210 MW). The electricity generated is distributed by WBSEDCL to the residents of West Bengal (excepting Kolkata). All of the units are coal based thermal power stations. During the fiscal year 2006-07 the plant consumed a total of  of coal. The coal required by the power station is supplied by Coal India Limited. 90% of the coal requirement is sourced from indigenous mines and the remaining 10% is imported. Coal is transported to the power plant by Indian Railways.

text: The power station has 5 units with a total installed capacity of 450 MW (4x60, 1x210 MW). The electricity generated is distributed by

entity_name: West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company

text: WBSEDCL

text: to the residents of

text: West Bengal

text: (excepting

text: Kolkata

text: ). All of the units are

text: coal

text: based

text: thermal power stations

text: . During the

text: fiscal year

text: 2006-07 the plant consumed a total of  of coal. The coal required by the power station is supplied by

text: Coal India Limited

text: . 90% of the coal requirement is sourced from indigenous mines and the remaining 10% is imported. Coal is transported to the power plant by

text: Indian Railways

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: 90% of the coal requirement is sourced from indigenous mines and the remaining 10% is imported

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: indigenous mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: All of the units are coal based thermal power stations

answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: indigenous mines

answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Eneva is developing a thermal power plant in Ceará, Brazil, in partnership with MDU Resources Group, Inc.  Together with EDP-Energias do Brasil MPX is building the 720 MW Pecem power plant.  It is also building 360 MW Pecem II power plant and 360 MW Itaqui power plant, both coal-fired.  MPX has also proposed 720 MW coal-fired Sul power plant, 600 MW coal-fired Seival power plant and 2,100 MW coal-fired Acu power plant with a 3,300 MW natural gas-fired expansion.

text: Eneva is developing a thermal power plant in

text: Ceará

text: , Brazil, in partnership with

text: MDU Resources Group, Inc.

text: Together with

text: EDP-Energias do Brasil

text: MPX is building the 720 MW

text: Pecem power plant

text: .  It is also building 360 MW

text: Pecem II power plant

text: and 360 MW

text: Itaqui power plant

text: , both coal-fired.  MPX has also proposed 720 MW coal-fired

text: Sul power plant

text: , 600 MW coal-fired

text: Seival power plant

text: and 2,100 MW coal-fired

text: Acu power plant

text: with a 3,300 MW natural gas-fired expansion.

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answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: It is also building 360 MW Pecem II power plant and 360 MW Itaqui power plant

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: thermal

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answers: Itaqui power plant

answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Seival

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Electricity supply is relatively stable in Enugu and its Environs. The Oji River Power Station (which used to supply electricity to all of Eastern Nigeria) is located in Enugu State. With the deregulation of electricity generation in Nigeria, and the privatisation of the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), it is hoped the State Government would assist private investors to negotiate the take over and reactivation of the Oji Power Station. This is more so with the proximity of the Enugu coal mines to the power station, a driving distance of about 20 minutes. There are also traces of crude oil in Ugwuoba, in the same Oji-River Local Government area of the state. The state will also negotiate with investors interested in investing in the coal mining in Enugu.  The coal industry used to be one of the biggest employer of labour in the state and the state is looking to attract investors in the industry.

text: Electricity supply is relatively stable in Enugu and its Environs. The Oji River Power Station (which used to supply electricity to all of Eastern Nigeria) is located in Enugu State. With the deregulation of electricity generation in Nigeria, and the privatisation of the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), it is hoped the State Government would assist private investors to negotiate the take over and reactivation of the Oji Power Station. This is more so with the proximity of the Enugu coal mines to the power station, a driving distance of about 20 minutes. There are also traces of crude oil in Ugwuoba, in the same

text: Oji-River

text: Local Government area of the state. The state will also negotiate with investors interested in investing in the coal mining in Enugu.  The coal industry used to be one of the biggest employer of labour in the state and the state is looking to attract investors in the industry.

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answers: crude oil

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The coal industry used to be one of the biggest employer of labour in the state

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Oji River Power Station

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal mines

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answers: NDQ_004006

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Enugu coal mines

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: It is hoped the State Government would assist private investors

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal mines

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Illinois holds a 250-year supply of coal, providing the state with the largest recoverable coal reserve in the United States. The state's coal industry is valued at almost $1 billion, with coal mining operations across 12 counties. One pound of Illinois coal, described as bituminous, can produce one kilowatt-hour of electricity. Cline, spending $300 million on mining rights and equipment in Illinois, had foreseen that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency would require power plants to use scrubbers in removing pollutants. Illinois coal has too much sulfur to be safely burned by most power plants.

text: Illinois

text: holds a 250-year supply of coal, providing the state with the largest recoverable coal reserve in the

text: United States

text: . The state's

text: coal

text: industry is valued at almost $1 billion, with

text: coal mining

text: operations across 12 counties. One pound of Illinois coal, described as

text: bituminous

text: , can produce one kilowatt-hour of electricity. Cline, spending $300 million on mining rights and equipment in Illinois, had foreseen that the U.S.

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: would require power plants to use scrubbers in removing pollutants. Illinois coal has too much

text: sulfur

text: to be safely burned by most power plants.

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answers: Illinois coal has too much sulfur to be safely burned by most power plants

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous

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answers: One pound of Illinois coal, described as bituminous

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 250-year supply of coal

answers: NDQ_004008

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The British government decided in 1957 that electricity generation by nuclear power would be promoted, and that there would be a building programme to achieve 5,000 to 6,000 MWe capacity by 1965, a quarter of UK's generating needs. Although Sir John Cockcroft had advised the government that electricity generated by nuclear power would be more expensive than that from coal, the government decided that nuclear power stations as alternatives to coal-fired power stations would be useful to reduce the bargaining power of the coal miners' unions , and so decided to go ahead. In 1960 a government white paper scaled back the building programme to 3,000 MWe, acknowledging that coal generation was 25% cheaper. A government statement to the House of Commons in 1963 stated that nuclear generation was more than twice as expensive as coal. The "plutonium credit" which assigned a value to the plutonium produced was used to improve the economic case, although the operators of the power stations were never paid this credit.

text: The British government decided in 1957 that electricity generation by nuclear power would be promoted, and that there would be a building programme to achieve 5,000 to 6,000

text: MWe

text: capacity by 1965, a quarter of UK's generating needs. Although

text: Sir John Cockcroft

text: had advised the government that electricity generated by nuclear power would be more expensive than that from coal, the government decided that nuclear power stations as alternatives to coal-fired power stations would be useful to reduce the bargaining power of the coal miners' unions , and so decided to go ahead. In 1960 a government

text: white paper

text: scaled back the building programme to 3,000 MWe, acknowledging that coal generation was 25% cheaper. A government statement to the

text: House of Commons

text: in 1963 stated that nuclear generation was more than twice as expensive as coal. The "plutonium credit" which assigned a value to the plutonium produced was used to improve the economic case, although the operators of the power stations were never paid this credit.

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answers: coal generation was 25% cheaper

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answers: NDQ_004009

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The question thus arises:  What is the "denominator" of the regulated parcel?  For example: in Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon (260 U.S. 393) Pennsylvania Coal owned the mineral rights in a property (as well as the  right to surface support under Pennsylvania law), and Mahon owned the surface rights of that land. Relying on Pennsylvania statutory law, the surface owners wanted mining under their [surface] land stopped to prevent subsidence. The court agreed with the coal company and held that the state statute forbidding such mining was a taking of the coal company's property.

text: The question thus arises:  What is the "denominator" of the regulated parcel?  For example: in

text: Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon

text: (260 U.S. 393) Pennsylvania Coal owned the

text: mineral rights

text: in a property (as well as the  right to surface support under Pennsylvania law), and Mahon owned the

text: surface rights

text: of that land. Relying on Pennsylvania statutory law, the surface owners wanted mining under their [surface] land stopped to prevent subsidence. The court agreed with the coal company and held that the state statute forbidding such mining was a taking of the coal company's property.

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answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Pennsylvania

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal has been used to generate electricity in the United States since an Edison plant was built in New York City in 1882. The first alternating current power station was opened by General Electric in Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania in 1902, servicing the Webster Coal and Coke Company. By the mid-twentieth century, coal had become the leading fuel for generating electricity in the US. The long, steady rise of coal-fired generation of electricity shifted to a decline after 2007. The decline has been linked to the increased availability of natural gas and renewable power, and more stringent environmental regulations. The Environmental Protection Administration has advanced restrictions on coal plants to counteract mercury pollution, smog, and global warming.

text: Coal has been used to generate electricity in the United States since an Edison plant was built in New York City in 1882. The first alternating current power station was opened by

text: General Electric

text: in

text: Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania

text: in 1902, servicing the Webster Coal and Coke Company. By the mid-twentieth century, coal had become the leading fuel for generating electricity in the US. The long, steady rise of coal-fired generation of electricity shifted to a decline after 2007. The decline has been linked to the increased availability of

text: natural gas

text: and

text: renewable power

text: , and more stringent environmental regulations. The

text: Environmental Protection Administration

text: has advanced restrictions on coal plants to counteract

text: mercury pollution

text: smog

text: , and

text: global warming

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The Environmental Protection Administration has advanced restrictions on coal plants to counteract mercury pollution, smog, and global warming

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The long, steady rise of coal-fired generation of electricity shifted to a decline after 2007

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal-fired

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The long, steady rise of coal-fired generation of electricity shifted to a decline after 2007

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: alternating current power station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Thailand's resolve to go ahead with the massive new coal-fired power station in Krabi, a 315 MWe, 48 billion baht undertaking, presents a problem. Coal is a major source of mercury poisoning and has been found in toxic amounts up to 12 times more than the maximum acceptable dose in the inhabitants of Tha Thum in Prachinburi Province. Possible vectors are fly ash from the local coal power plant, coal dust from outdoor coal storage piles, or coal ash, used as fertiliser. These present risks to Krabi. "Clean coal" technology is still in its infancy and at the moment can only handle sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. Carbon dioxide sequestering is much more complex and costly. Two academics, referring to clean coal in general, point out that, "So-called 'clean coal' is expensive, untested, unwieldy and unworkable, yet it is raised as a panacea."

text: Thailand's resolve to go ahead with the massive new coal-fired power station in Krabi, a 315 MWe, 48 billion baht undertaking, presents a problem. Coal is a major source of mercury poisoning and has been found in toxic amounts up to 12 times more than the maximum acceptable dose in the inhabitants of Tha Thum in

text: Prachinburi Province

text: . Possible vectors are fly ash from the local coal power plant, coal dust from outdoor coal storage piles, or coal ash, used as fertiliser. These present risks to Krabi. "

text: Clean coal

text: " technology is still in its infancy and at the moment can only handle sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. Carbon dioxide sequestering is much more complex and costly. Two academics, referring to clean coal in general, point out that, "So-called 'clean coal' is expensive, untested, unwieldy and unworkable, yet it is raised as a panacea."

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: "Clean coal" technology is still in its infancy

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: fly ash

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: fly ash

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: sulphur dioxide

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: "Clean coal" technology

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: "Clean coal" technology

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1938, dismantled and without use, demolition began on what remained of the old original power plant to build in its place the new Tejo Power Station manufacturing space. Building was contracted out to several companies: for the coal mixer and increase in coal elevation, the Societé des Pieux Franki was selected, beginning work in September of that year. The metallic structure and construction work was given to Portuguese company Vulcano & Colares, beginning work on the first elements for the structure and the boilers in March 1939.What was noteworthy about this new building was that its structure was entirely built in iron, with the finishing following the same lines as the low pressure building, in other words, brick on the visible facades. The difference lay in the trimming, which contrary to the rest of the complex, presented a markedly classicist character of renaissance palace influence.

text: In 1938, dismantled and without use, demolition began on what remained of the old original power plant to build in its place the new Tejo Power Station manufacturing space. Building was contracted out to several companies: for the coal mixer and increase in coal elevation, the

text: Societé des Pieux Franki

text: was selected, beginning work in September of that year. The metallic structure and construction work was given to Portuguese company

text: Vulcano & Colares

text: , beginning work on the first elements for the structure and the boilers in March 1939.What was noteworthy about this new building was that its structure was entirely built in

text: iron

text: , with the finishing following the same lines as the low pressure building, in other words,

text: brick

text: on the visible facades. The difference lay in the

text: trimming

text: , which contrary to the rest of the complex, presented a markedly classicist character of renaissance palace influence.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: increase in coal elevation

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The metallic structure and construction work

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: low pressure

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: renaissance

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: increase in coal elevation

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: boilers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2013 coal made up about 45% of Germany's electricity production (19% from hard coal and 26% from lignite). German coal-fired power plants are being designed and modified so they can be increasingly flexible to support the fluctuations resulting from increased renewable energy. Existing power plants in Germany are designed to operate flexibly. Load following is achieved by German natural gas combined cycle plants and coal-fired power plants. New coal-fired power plants have a minimum load capability of approximately 40%, with further potential to reduce this to 20–25%. The reason is that the output of the coal boiler is controlled via direct fuel combustion and not, as is the case with a gas combined-cycle power plant, via a heat recovery steam generator with an upstream gas turbine.

text: In 2013 coal made up about 45% of Germany's electricity production (19% from hard coal and 26% from lignite). German coal-fired power plants are being designed and modified so they can be increasingly flexible to support the fluctuations resulting from increased renewable energy. Existing power plants in Germany are designed to operate flexibly. Load following is achieved by German natural gas combined cycle plants and coal-fired power plants. New coal-fired power plants have a minimum load capability of approximately 40%, with further potential to reduce this to 20–25%. The reason is that the output of the coal boiler is controlled via direct fuel combustion and not, as is the case with a gas combined-cycle power plant, via a heat recovery steam generator with an upstream gas turbine.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: New coal-fired power plants have a minimum load capability of approximately 40%, with further potential to reduce this to 20–25%

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: hard coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: hard coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: hard coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: direct fuel combustion

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Hunter Valley Coal Chain (HVCC) is the chain of coal delivery in New South Wales, Australia from (mainly open-cut) coal mines in the Hunter Region to the Port of Newcastle and domestic coal-fired power stations in the Hunter Valley. The HVCC essentially follows the path of the Hunter River travelling south-east from the mining areas in the Hunter Valley to Newcastle.

text: The Hunter Valley Coal Chain (HVCC) is the chain of coal delivery in

text: New South Wales

text: , Australia from (mainly open-cut) coal mines in the

text: Hunter Region

text: to the Port of

text: Newcastle

text: and domestic coal-fired power stations in the Hunter Valley. The HVCC essentially follows the path of the

text: Hunter River

text: travelling south-east from the mining areas in the Hunter Valley to Newcastle.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The Hunter Valley Coal Chain (HVCC) is the chain of coal delivery in New South Wales, Australia

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: open-cut

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: open-cut

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: open-cut

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: aluminium

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Hunter Valley

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The Hunter Valley Coal Chain

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Beryozovskaya GRES is a coal-fired power plant near the town of Sharypovo in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia.  The installed capacity of the plant is 1,600 MW.

text: Beryozovskaya

entity_name: Thermal power stations in Russia and Soviet Union

text: GRES

text: is a

text: coal-fired power plant

text: near the town of

text: Sharypovo

text: in

text: Krasnoyarsk Krai

text: Russia

text: .  The installed capacity of the plant is 1,600 MW.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal-fired power plant

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Beryozovskaya GRES

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Beryozovskaya

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal-fired power plant

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Having been established as a mining town, the majority of people living in Wright are employed by the various mines surrounding it. The site for the proposed, but stalled, Two Elk Energy Park is several miles from town. The Two Elk power plant is a planned 300 megawatt power plant which would burn "waste coal" from mines in the area. Waste coal is low-grade coal unsuitable for shipping and sale which would otherwise be reburied. Recent iterations of the plan include using beetle-killed pine as fuel. Only a shed and a partial foundation are at the site. Over 16 years, a series of permit extensions have been issued by Wyoming. Nearly half a billion dollars are available from tax-exempt bonds, but additional investment is required in order to fund the plant.

text: Having been established as a mining town, the majority of people living in Wright are employed by the various mines surrounding it. The site for the proposed, but stalled, Two Elk Energy Park is several miles from town. The Two Elk power plant is a planned 300 megawatt

text: power plant

text: which would burn "waste coal" from mines in the area. Waste coal is low-grade coal unsuitable for shipping and sale which would otherwise be reburied. Recent iterations of the plan include using beetle-killed pine as fuel. Only a shed and a partial foundation are at the site. Over 16 years, a series of permit extensions have been issued by Wyoming. Nearly half a billion dollars are available from tax-exempt bonds, but additional investment is required in order to fund the plant.

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answers: pine

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Waste coal is low-grade coal unsuitable for shipping and sale

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Waste coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: low-grade

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: beetle-killed pine

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: beetle-killed pine

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: waste coal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The oldest geological formation in the valley is the Supra-Pennant Measures of the Carboniferous period. It is a significant feature towards the north-eastern part of the area and is represented by the Pensford Syncline coal basin, which formed part of the Somerset coalfield. It is a complex formation containing coal seams and is made up of clay and shales. The landscape is typically undulating and includes outcrops of sandstone. Most of the area around Stanton Drew have neutral to acid red loamy soils with slowly permeable subsoils. Soils to the eastern part of the area are slowly permeable clayey and fine silty soils. They are found on Carboniferous clay and shales typical of the Supra-Pennant Measures. They are frequently waterlogged where the topography dictates. They tend towards being acid and are brown to grey brown in colour. In the south and south east of the area there are coal measures which are sufficiently near the surface for coal mining to have taken place around Clutton and High Littleton. In the eastern area of the valley as the River Chew flows through Publow, Woollard and Compton Dando before joining the River Avon at Keynsham there are alluvial deposits of clay soils.

text: The oldest geological formation in the valley is the Supra-Pennant Measures of the Carboniferous period. It is a significant feature towards the north-eastern part of the area and is represented by the

text: Pensford

text: Syncline coal basin, which formed part of the

text: Somerset coalfield

text: . It is a complex formation containing coal seams and is made up of clay and shales. The landscape is typically undulating and includes outcrops of sandstone. Most of the area around

text: Stanton Drew

text: have neutral to acid red loamy soils with slowly permeable subsoils. Soils to the eastern part of the area are slowly permeable clayey and fine silty soils. They are found on Carboniferous clay and shales typical of the Supra-Pennant Measures. They are frequently waterlogged where the topography dictates. They tend towards being acid and are brown to grey brown in colour. In the south and south east of the area there are coal measures which are sufficiently near the surface for coal mining to have taken place around

text: Clutton

text: and

text: High Littleton

text: . In the eastern area of the valley as the

text: River Chew

text: flows through

text: Publow

text: Woollard

text: and Compton Dando before joining the

text: River Avon

text: at Keynsham there are alluvial deposits of clay soils.

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answers: coal measures which are sufficiently near the surface for coal mining to have taken place around Clutton and High Littleton

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answers: coal mining

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Water from Hirakud Dam at a later stage was allocated to various industries, primarily for mineral processing and coal fired thermal power plants in Jharsuguda and Sambalpur districts.

text: Water from Hirakud Dam at a later stage was allocated to various industries, primarily for mineral processing and coal fired thermal power plants in

text: Jharsuguda

text: and

text: Sambalpur

text: districts.

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answers: thermal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Australian Greens party have proposed to phase out coal power stations. The NSW Greens proposed an immediate moratorium on coal-fired power stations and want to end all coal mining and coal industry subsidies.  The Australian Greens and the Australian Labor Party also oppose nuclear power.  The Federal Government and Victorian State Government want to modify existing coal-fired power stations into clean coal power stations. The Federal Labor government extended the mandatory renewable energy targets, an initiative to ensure that new sources of electricity are more likely to be from wind power, solar power and other sources of renewable energy in Australia.  Australia is one of the largest consumers of coal per capita, and also the largest exporter. The proposals are strongly opposed by industry, unions and the main Opposition Party in Parliament (now forming the party in government after the September 2013 election).

text: The

text: Australian Greens

text: party have proposed to phase out coal power stations. The NSW Greens proposed an immediate moratorium on coal-fired power stations and want to end all coal mining and coal industry subsidies.  The Australian Greens and the

text: Australian Labor Party

text: also oppose nuclear power.  The Federal Government and Victorian State Government want to modify existing coal-fired power stations into clean coal power stations. The Federal Labor government extended the

text: mandatory renewable energy target

text: s, an initiative to ensure that new sources of electricity are more likely to be from wind power, solar power and other sources of

text: renewable energy in Australia

text: Australia

text: is one of the largest consumers of coal per capita, and also the largest exporter. The proposals are strongly opposed by industry, unions and the main Opposition Party in Parliament (now forming the party in government after the September 2013 election).

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answers: Australia is one of the largest consumers of coal per capita

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answers: The Federal Labor government extended the mandatory renewable energy targets

answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Oleg Deripaska owns a 100% stake in Eurosibenergo, the world’s largest private hydrogeneration company and the largest private power company in Russia. It controls and manages 18 power plants with a combined installed energy capacity of 19.5 GW, including 15 GW provided by hydrogeneration. The company produces approximately 9% of all electricity in Russia and is also the leader in the Siberian energy market, with a market share totaling 41%. Some of EuroSibEnergo’s key clients include the largest aluminum plants in Russia. The company owns large fuel resources, which satisfy over 85% of the coal needs of its thermal power and boiler plants. It’s coal reserves amount to 1.26 billion tons, with annual coal production exceeding 12 million tons.

text: Oleg Deripaska owns a 100% stake in Eurosibenergo, the world’s largest private hydrogeneration company and the largest private power company in Russia. It controls and manages 18 power plants with a combined installed energy capacity of 19.5 GW, including 15 GW provided by hydrogeneration. The company produces approximately 9% of all electricity in

text: Russia

text: and is also the leader in the Siberian energy market, with a market share totaling 41%. Some of EuroSibEnergo’s key clients include the largest aluminum plants in Russia. The company owns large fuel resources, which satisfy over 85% of the coal needs of its thermal power and boiler plants. It’s coal reserves amount to 1.26 billion tons, with annual coal production exceeding 12 million tons.

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: From the beginning of the novel, the narrator, and by extension McGregor, treats disorganized workers with scorn; from the miners of Coal Creek, to the downtrodden laborers of Chicago who are shown mastered by their bosses (unlike McGregor, who does not follow this trend). It is when McGregor comes back to Coal Creek to bury his mother and sees the usually jumbled miners marching in step as part of the funeral procession does he have an epiphany that together the workers are a powerful force, to be organized specifically by him. Indeed, this realization is foreshadowed in Chapter 3 of Book I when as a young man he sees a troupe of marching soldiers disperse a rowdy mob of miner's (and, as a consequence, save his family's bakery) during a strike.

text: From the beginning of the novel, the narrator, and by extension McGregor, treats disorganized workers with scorn; from the miners of Coal Creek, to the downtrodden laborers of Chicago who are shown mastered by their bosses (unlike McGregor, who does not follow this trend). It is when McGregor comes back to Coal Creek to bury his mother and sees the usually jumbled miners marching in step as part of the funeral procession does he have an epiphany that together the workers are a powerful force, to be organized specifically by him. Indeed, this realization is foreshadowed in Chapter 3 of Book I when as a young man he sees a troupe of marching soldiers disperse a rowdy mob of miner's (and, as a consequence, save his family's bakery) during a strike.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The rail line transports coal from Gregory Mine, Oaky Creek coal mine, German Creek coal mine, Foxleigh coal mine, Norwich Park coal mine, Lake Vermont Mine, Saraji coal mine, Peak Downs Mine, Millennium Mine, Poitrel Mine, Moorvale Mine, Burton Downs Mine, Carborough Downs Mine, Issac Plains Mine, Moranbah North coal mine, Goonyella Riverside Mine, Hail Creek coal mine, Clermont Mine, Riverside Mine, North Goonyella coal mine, South Walker Creek coal mine, and Blair Athol coal mine.

text: The rail line transports coal from Gregory Mine,

text: Oaky Creek coal mine

text: German Creek coal mine

text: Foxleigh coal mine

text: Norwich Park coal mine

text: , Lake Vermont Mine,

text: Saraji coal mine

text: Peak Downs Mine

text: , Millennium Mine, Poitrel Mine, Moorvale Mine, Burton Downs Mine, Carborough Downs Mine, Issac Plains Mine,

text: Moranbah North coal mine

text: Goonyella Riverside Mine

text: Hail Creek coal mine

text: , Clermont Mine, Riverside Mine,

text: North Goonyella coal mine

text: South Walker Creek coal mine

text: , and

text: Blair Athol coal mine

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answers: The rail line transports coal from Gregory Mine, Oaky Creek coal mine, German Creek coal mine, Foxleigh coal mine, Norwich Park coal mine

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Mpumalanga accounts for 83% of South Africa's coal production. 90% of South Africa's coal consumption is used for electricity generation and the synthetic fuel industry. Coal power stations are in proximity to the coal deposits. A coal liquefaction plant in Secunda (Secunda CTL) is one of the country's two petroleum-from-coal extraction plants, which is operated by the synthetic fuel company Sasol.

text: Mpumalanga accounts for 83% of South Africa's coal production. 90% of South Africa's coal consumption is used for electricity generation and the synthetic fuel industry. Coal

text: power station

text: s are in proximity to the coal deposits. A

text: coal liquefaction

text: plant in

text: Secunda

text: Secunda CTL

text: ) is one of the country's two petroleum-from-coal extraction plants, which is operated by the

text: synthetic fuel

text: company

text: Sasol

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Mpumalanga

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Mpumalanga

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Coal power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: [[File:Boiler_-1_high_strength_bolts_material_input_inspection_2014-04-19_22-39.jpg|thumbnail|boiler #1 high strength bolts material input inspection]]The Duyên Hải Power Station is a complex of under-construction coal-fired power plants in Vietnam. It is located in Mu U Hamlet, Dan Thanh Commune, Duyên Hải District, Trà Vinh Province.  The complex will have a total capacity of 3,689 MW.  It includes also a seaport coal terminal, to be built by China Communications Construction Company, with a capacity of 12 million tonnes of coal and oil per year.

text: [[File:Boiler_-1_high_strength_bolts_material_input_inspection_2014-04-19_22-39.jpg|thumbnail|boiler #1 high strength bolts material input inspection]]The Duyên Hải Power Station is a complex of under-construction coal-fired power plants in

text: Vietnam

text: . It is located in Mu U Hamlet, Dan Thanh Commune,

text: Duyên Hải District

text: Trà Vinh Province

text: .  The complex will have a total capacity of 3,689 MW.  It includes also a seaport coal terminal, to be built by

text: China Communications Construction Company

text: , with a capacity of 12 million tonnes of coal and oil per year.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: 12 million tonnes of coal and oil per year

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Vietnam

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Duyên H i District, Trà Vinh Province

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal-fired

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The Duyên H i Power Station

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Duyên H i Power Station

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The company also advanced a number of coal-to-liquids and coal-to-gas projects to reduce emissions during the decade. On August 30, 2007, Ernie Fletcher, the governor of the U.S. state of Kentucky signed into state law a bill that will provide approximately $300 million in incentives to Peabody to build a coal gasification plant in that state. The resulting incentives were provisioned in the form of breaks on sales taxes, incentive taxes and coal severance taxes. In 2007, Peabody and a consortium of municipal electric cooperatives began construction on the 1600-megawatt Prairie State Energy Campus clean coal project in Lively Grove, Illinois. The company now retains five percent equity stake in the project, which is expected to begin generating power for customers in 2011.  At the 2010 World Energy Congress, Peabody CEO Gregory Boyce proposed a plan that advocated for the expanded use of coal worldwide, placing emphasis on geographic areas with limited or no access to electricity. On April 13, 2016 it reported, its revenue tumbled 17 percent as coal price fell and lost 2 billion dollars on the previous year. It then filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy on April 13, 2016.In November 2016, the day after Donald Trump won US presidential election, shares of Peabody Energy surged more than 50 percent.

text: The company also advanced a number of coal-to-liquids and coal-to-gas projects to reduce emissions during the decade. On August 30, 2007,

text: Ernie Fletcher

text: , the governor of the U.S. state of

text: Kentucky

text: signed into state law a bill that will provide approximately $300 million in incentives to Peabody to build a coal gasification plant in that state. The resulting incentives were provisioned in the form of breaks on sales taxes, incentive taxes and coal severance taxes. In 2007, Peabody and a consortium of municipal electric cooperatives began construction on the 1600-megawatt

text: Prairie State Energy Campus

text: clean coal project in

text: Lively Grove, Illinois

text: . The company now retains five percent equity stake in the project, which is expected to begin generating power for customers in 2011.  At the 2010

text: World Energy Congress

text: , Peabody CEO Gregory Boyce proposed a plan that advocated for the expanded use of coal worldwide, placing emphasis on geographic areas with limited or no access to electricity. On April 13, 2016 it reported, its revenue tumbled 17 percent as coal price fell and lost 2 billion dollars on the previous year. It then filed

entity_name: Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code

text: Chapter 11 bankruptcy

text: on April 13, 2016.In November 2016, the day after

text: Donald Trump

text: won US presidential election, shares of Peabody Energy surged more than 50 percent.

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answers: liquids

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: On April 13, 2016 it reported, its revenue tumbled 17 percent as coal price fell

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: It then filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy on April 13, 2016.

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: clean coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: It then filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy on April 13, 2016.

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal-to-gas

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal gasification plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The loss of 30% of the country's generating capacity led to much greater reliance on liquified natural gas and coal. Unusual conservation measures were undertaken. In the immediate aftermath, nine prefectures served by TEPCO experienced power rationing. The government asked major companies to reduce power consumption by 15%, and some shifted their weekends to weekdays to smooth power demand. Converting to a nuclear-free gas and oil energy economy would cost tens of billions of dollars in annual fees. One estimate is that even including the disaster, more lives would have been lost if Japan had used coal or gas plants instead of nuclear.

text: The loss of 30% of the country's generating capacity led to much greater reliance on

text: liquified natural gas

text: and

text: coal

text: . Unusual conservation measures were undertaken. In the immediate aftermath, nine prefectures served by TEPCO experienced power rationing. The government asked major companies to reduce power consumption by 15%, and some shifted their weekends to weekdays to smooth power demand. Converting to a nuclear-free gas and

text: oil

text: energy economy would cost tens of billions of dollars in annual fees. One estimate is that even including the disaster, more lives would have been lost if Japan had used coal or gas plants instead of nuclear.

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answers: more lives would have been lost if Japan had used coal or gas plants instead of nuclear

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: unanswerable

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answers: nuclear-free

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: generating capacity

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Consumers Energy's largest power plant is the Karn-Weadock coal-fired generating station located on Saginaw Bay near Bay City. Other Consumers Energy coal-fired plants are the JH Campbell power plant between Holland and Grand Haven; the Cobb power plant in Muskegon; and the Whiting power plant on Lake Erie in Luna Pier, just north of the Michigan- Ohio state line. The company will shut down its seven oldest coal-fired generating plants in 2016.

text: Consumers Energy's largest power plant is the Karn-Weadock coal-fired generating station located on Saginaw Bay near Bay City. Other Consumers Energy coal-fired plants are the JH Campbell power plant between Holland and Grand Haven; the Cobb power plant in Muskegon; and the Whiting power plant on Lake Erie in Luna Pier, just north of the Michigan- Ohio state line. The company will shut down its seven oldest coal-fired generating plants in 2016.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The company will shut down its seven oldest coal-fired generating plants in 2016

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Karn-Weadock coal-fired generating station

answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Saginaw Bay

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal that forms at higher temperatures burns more cleanly

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: generating station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Historically, coal mining has been the most dangerous energy activity and the list of historical coal mining disasters is a long one. Underground mining hazards include suffocation, gas poisoning, roof collapse and gas explosions. Open cut mining hazards are principally mine wall failures and vehicle collisions. In the US alone, more than 100,000 coal miners have been killed in accidents over the past century, with more than 3,200 dying in 1907 alone.

text: Historically, coal mining has been the most dangerous energy activity and the list of historical

text: coal

text: mining disasters

text: is a long one.

text: Underground mining

text: hazards include suffocation, gas poisoning, roof collapse and

text: gas

text: explosions.

text: Open cut mining

text: hazards are principally mine wall failures and vehicle collisions. In the US alone, more than 100,000 coal miners have been killed in accidents over the past century, with more than 3,200 dying in 1907 alone.

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answers: more than 100,000 coal miners have been killed in accidents over the past century, with more than 3,200 dying in 1907 alone

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: gas

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answers: Underground

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answers: gas

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Historically

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: gas explosions

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are two theories – the autochthonous (in situ) theory and the allochthonous (drift) theory – that attempt to explain the formation of coal balls, although the subject is mostly speculation.

text: There are two theories – the autochthonous (

text: in situ

text: ) theory and the allochthonous (drift) theory – that attempt to explain the formation of coal balls, although the subject is mostly speculation.

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answers: coal balls

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: the subject is mostly speculation

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: in situ

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: allochthonous

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: in situ

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: autochthonous

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Allochthonous

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: in situ

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: However the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh government had tentatively proposed the FRL level 112.77 m MSL fearing some coal deposits would be submerged above this level. The delay in taking up this project is boon in disguise to Telangana state. Presently underground coal gasification technology is very well developed and in commercial use. This technology is used to exploit coal deposits located deep in the underground (600 meters depth & more), the abandoned underground coal mines and also coal deposits located in seabed. The latest technology adopted from oil & gas wells drilling such as serpentine drilling / in seam drilling, guided drilling, bunching of wells, etc. has made in situ coal gasification technology a reliable and commercial proposition. With underground coal gasification technology, the coal deposits (if any), which got submerged under the reservoir water, can be exploited economically. Moreover, coal deposits are losing importance as this highly pollution causing energy source has become costly compared to abundant and pollution free renewable energy sources such as wind power and solar power in India.

text: However the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh government had tentatively proposed the FRL level 112.77 m MSL fearing some coal deposits would be submerged above this level. The delay in taking up this project is boon in disguise to Telangana state. Presently

text: underground coal gasification

text: technology is very well developed and in commercial use. This technology is used to exploit coal deposits located deep in the underground (600 meters depth & more), the abandoned underground coal mines and also coal deposits located in seabed. The latest technology adopted from oil & gas wells drilling such as serpentine drilling / in seam drilling, guided drilling, bunching of wells, etc. has made in situ coal gasification technology a reliable and commercial proposition. With underground coal gasification technology, the coal deposits (if any), which got submerged under the reservoir water, can be exploited economically. Moreover, coal deposits are losing importance as this highly pollution causing energy source has become costly compared to abundant and pollution free

text: renewable energy

text: sources such as

text: wind power

text: and

text: solar power

text: in India.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: highly pollution causing energy source has become costly

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal deposits

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: This technology is used to exploit coal deposits located deep in the underground

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: highly pollution causing

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal deposits

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: FRL level 112.77 m MSL

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: gasification

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Initially named a coaling station due to the use of coal for steam generation a fuelling station was built for the purpose of replenishing coal supplies for ships or railway locomotives. The term is often associated with 19th and early 20th century seaports associated with blue water navies, who used coaling stations as a means of extending the range of warships.In the late 19th century steamships powered by coal began to replace sailing ships as the principal means of propulsion for ocean transport. Fueling stations transitioned to oil as boilers moved from being coal-fired to oil- or hybrid oil-and-coal-firing, coal being completely replaced as steam engines gave way to internal combustion and gas turbine power plants.

text: Initially named a

text: coaling

text: station due to the use of coal for steam generation a fuelling station was built for the purpose of replenishing coal supplies for ships or railway locomotives. The term is often associated with 19th and early 20th century

text: seaports

text: associated with

text: blue water navies

text: , who used coaling stations as a means of extending the range of

text: warships

text: .In the late 19th century

text: steamship

text: s powered by

text: coal

text: began to replace

text: sailing ships

text: as the principal means of

text: propulsion

text: for ocean transport. Fueling stations transitioned to

text: oil

text: as boilers moved from being coal-fired to oil- or hybrid oil-and-coal-firing, coal being completely replaced as

text: steam engine

text: s gave way to

text: internal combustion

text: and gas turbine power plants.

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answers: Steamships powered by coal began to replace sailing ships as the principal means of propulsion for ocean transport

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

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answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: In the late 19th century

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Fueling stations transitioned to oil

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: gas turbine power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: When coal seams are near the surface, it may be economical to extract the coal using open cut (also referred to as open cast, open pit, mountaintop removal or strip) mining methods. Open cast coal mining recovers a greater proportion of the coal deposit than underground methods, as more of the coal seams in the strata may be exploited. Large open cast mines can cover an area of many square kilometers and use very large pieces of equipment. This equipment can include the following: Draglines which operate by removing the overburden, power shovels, large trucks in which transport overburden and coal, bucket wheel excavators, and conveyors. In this mining method, explosives are first used in order to break through the surface, or overburden, of the mining area. The overburden is then removed by draglines or by shovel and truck. Once the coal seam is exposed, it is drilled, fractured and thoroughly mined in strips. The coal is then loaded onto large trucks or conveyors for transport to either the coal preparation plant or directly to where it will be used.

text: When coal seams are near the surface, it may be economical to extract the coal using

text: open cut

text: (also referred to as open cast, open pit, mountaintop removal or strip) mining methods. Open cast coal mining recovers a greater proportion of the coal deposit than underground methods, as more of the coal seams in the

text: strata

text: may be exploited. Large open cast mines can cover an area of many square kilometers and use very large pieces of equipment. This equipment can include the following: Draglines which operate by removing the overburden, power shovels, large trucks in which transport overburden and coal, bucket wheel excavators, and conveyors. In this mining method, explosives are first used in order to break through the surface, or overburden, of the mining area. The overburden is then removed by draglines or by shovel and truck. Once the coal seam is exposed, it is drilled, fractured and thoroughly mined in strips. The coal is then loaded onto large trucks or conveyors for transport to either the coal preparation plant or directly to where it will be used.

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answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: NDQ_004003

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answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: It may be economical to extract the coal using open cut

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: It is drilled, fractured and thoroughly mined in strips

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal preparation plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Environmentally, the use of biomass briquettes produces much fewer greenhouse gases, specifically, 13.8% to 41.7%  and  NO.  There was also a reduction from 11.1% to 38.5% in  emissions when compared to coal from three different leading producers, EKCC Coal, Decanter Coal, and Alden Coal.  Biomass briquettes are also fairly resistant to water degradation, an improvement over the difficulties encountered with the burning of wet coal.  However, the briquettes are best used only as a supplement to coal.  The use of cofiring creates an energy that is not as high as pure coal, but emits fewer pollutants and cuts down on the release of previously sequestered carbon. The continuous release of carbon and other greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere leads to an increase in global temperatures.  The use of cofiring does not stop this process but decreases the relative emissions of coal power plants.

text: Environmentally, the use of biomass briquettes produces much fewer greenhouse gases, specifically, 13.8% to 41.7%  and  NO.  There was also a reduction from 11.1% to 38.5% in  emissions when compared to coal from three different leading producers, EKCC Coal, Decanter Coal, and Alden Coal.  Biomass briquettes are also fairly resistant to water degradation, an improvement over the difficulties encountered with the burning of wet coal.  However, the briquettes are best used only as a supplement to coal.  The use of cofiring creates an energy that is not as high as pure coal, but emits fewer pollutants and cuts down on the release of previously sequestered carbon. The continuous release of carbon and other greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere leads to an increase in global temperatures.  The use of cofiring does not stop this process but decreases the relative emissions of coal power plants.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The continuous release of carbon and other greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere leads to an increase in global temperatures

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: biomass briquettes

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Biomass briquettes

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: wet coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Biomass briquettes

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Biomass briquettes

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Refined coal is the product of the application of a coal upgrading technology that removes moisture and certain pollutants from lower-rank coals such as sub-bituminous and lignite (brown) coals and raising their calorific values. Coal refining or upgrading technologies are typically pre-combustion treatments and/or processes that alter the characteristics of a coal before it is burned. The goals of pre-combustion coal upgrading technologies are to increase efficiency and reduce emissions when coal is burned. Depending on the situation, pre-combustion technology can be used in place of or as a supplement to post-combustion technologies to control emissions from coal-fueled boilers. A primary benefit of refined coal is the capacity to reduce the net volume of carbon emissions that is currently emitted from power generators and would reduce the amount of emissions that is proposed to be managed via emerging carbon sequestration methodologies. Refined coal technologies have primarily been developed in the United States, several similar technologies have been researched, developed and tested in Victoria, Australia, including the Densified coal technology (Coldry Process) developed to alter the chemical bonds of brown coal to create a product that is cleaner, stable (not prone to spontaneous combustion), exportable and of sufficiently high calorific value to be a black coal equivalent.

text: Refined coal is the product of the application of a

text: coal

text: upgrading technology that removes moisture and certain pollutants from lower-rank coals such as

text: sub-bituminous

text: and

text: lignite

text: (brown) coals and raising their calorific values. Coal refining or upgrading technologies are typically pre-combustion treatments and/or processes that alter the characteristics of a coal before it is burned. The goals of pre-combustion coal upgrading technologies are to increase efficiency and reduce emissions when coal is burned. Depending on the situation, pre-combustion technology can be used in place of or as a supplement to post-combustion technologies to control emissions from coal-fueled boilers. A primary benefit of refined coal is the capacity to reduce the net volume of carbon emissions that is currently emitted from power generators and would reduce the amount of emissions that is proposed to be managed via emerging

text: carbon sequestration

text: methodologies. Refined coal technologies have primarily been developed in the United States, several similar technologies have been researched, developed and tested in

text: Victoria

text: , Australia, including the

text: Densified coal

text: technology (

text: Coldry Process

text: ) developed to alter the chemical bonds of brown coal to create a product that is cleaner, stable (not prone to spontaneous combustion), exportable and of sufficiently high calorific value to be a

text: black coal equivalent

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answers: stable

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answers: The goals of pre-combustion coal upgrading technologies are to increase efficiency and reduce emissions when coal is burned

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: lower-rank coals

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Refined coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: lower-rank

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Lower-rank coals

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Densified coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: boilers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Following the 1987 conversion to burn coal, the Point Tupper Generating Station was supplied almost exclusively with coal mined from the Sydney Coal Field by the federal Crown corporation mining company Cape Breton Development Corporation (DEVCO); the coal being delivered to Point Tupper by trains operated first by Canadian National Railway (CN) and after 1993 by the Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway (CBNS).  During the late 1990s, DEVCO began experiencing production shortfalls that led to Nova Scotia Power being forced to import foreign-mined coal from the United States and South America.  This coal was delivered to a pier near the Canso Causeway in Aulds Cove adjacent to an aggregate quarry operated by Martin Marietta Materials and loaded onto rail cars for delivery to the Trenton Generating Station as well as to the Point Tupper Generating Station.  In fall 2001, DEVCO shut down its remaining mine in the Sydney Coal Field, forcing Nova Scotia Power to import all coal for its remaining power plants in the Sydney region; NSP purchased all the surface assets from DEVCO, including the International Pier coal terminal on Sydney Harbour which was used to supply the Lingan Generating Station and Point Aconi Generating Station, however it continued to import coal for Trenton and Point Tupper through Aulds Cove to lessen the distance coal for these plants had to travel by rail.

text: Following the 1987 conversion to burn coal, the Point Tupper Generating Station was supplied almost exclusively with coal mined from the Sydney Coal Field by the federal

text: Crown corporation

text: mining company

text: Cape Breton Development Corporation

text: (DEVCO); the coal being delivered to Point Tupper by trains operated first by

text: Canadian National Railway

text: (CN) and after 1993 by the

entity_name: Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway

text: Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway

text: (CBNS).  During the late 1990s, DEVCO began experiencing production shortfalls that led to Nova Scotia Power being forced to import foreign-mined coal from the United States and South America.  This coal was delivered to a pier near the

text: Canso Causeway

text: in

text: Aulds Cove

text: adjacent to an aggregate quarry operated by Martin Marietta Materials and loaded onto rail cars for delivery to the

text: Trenton Generating Station

text: as well as to the Point Tupper Generating Station.  In fall 2001, DEVCO shut down its remaining mine in the Sydney Coal Field, forcing Nova Scotia Power to import all coal for its remaining power plants in the Sydney region; NSP purchased all the surface assets from DEVCO, including the International Pier coal terminal on Sydney Harbour which was used to supply the

text: Lingan Generating Station

text: and

text: Point Aconi Generating Station

text: , however it continued to import coal for Trenton and Point Tupper through Aulds Cove to lessen the distance coal for these plants had to travel by rail.

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answers: Point Tupper Generating Station was supplied almost exclusively with coal mined from the Sydney Coal Field

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mined

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Point Tupper Generating Station

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answers: During the late 1990s

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Point Tupper Generating Station

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Point Tupper Generating Station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: This interest in mass-flow led Ohain to research magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) for power generation, noting that the hot gases from a coal-fired plant could be used to extract power from their speed when exiting the combustion chamber, remaining hot enough to then power a conventional steam turbine. Thus an MHD generator could extract further power from the coal, and lead to greater efficiencies. Unfortunately this design has proven difficult to build due to a lack of proper materials, namely high-temperature non-magnetic materials that are also able to withstand the chemically active exhaust. Ohain also investigated other power related concepts.

text: This interest in mass-flow led Ohain to research

text: magnetohydrodynamics

text: (MHD) for power generation, noting that the hot gases from a coal-fired plant could be used to extract power from their speed when exiting the combustion chamber, remaining hot enough to then power a conventional steam turbine. Thus an MHD generator could extract further power from the coal, and lead to greater efficiencies. Unfortunately this design has proven difficult to build due to a lack of proper materials, namely high-temperature non-magnetic materials that are also able to withstand the chemically active exhaust. Ohain also investigated other power related concepts.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: an MHD generator could extract further power from the coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: non-magnetic materials

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: chemically active exhaust

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: conventional

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal-fired plant

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: high-temperature non-magnetic materials

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: China has the world's third largest reserve of coal, making coal such a cheap and abundant fuel source that the country relied on it for about 70% of its energy in 2009. China burns almost as much coal as the rest of the world combined, according to the International Energy Agency, and as a result, air pollution has gotten so bad that a study by the World Bank found that air pollution kills 750,000 people every year in China. Amidst growing public concern, social unrest incidents are growing around the country. For example, in December 2011 the government suspended plans to expand a coal-fired power plant in the city of Haimen after 30,000 local residents staged a violent protest against it, on the grounds that "the coal-fired power plant was behind a rise in the number of local cancer patients, environmental pollution and a drop in the local fishermen's catch."

text: China has the world's third largest reserve of coal, making coal such a cheap and abundant fuel source that the country relied on it for about 70% of its energy in 2009. China burns almost as much coal as the rest of the world combined, according to the International Energy Agency, and as a result, air pollution has gotten so bad that a study by the World Bank found that air pollution kills 750,000 people every year in China. Amidst growing public concern, social unrest incidents are growing around the country. For example, in December 2011 the government suspended plans to expand a coal-fired power plant in the city of

text: Haimen

text: after 30,000 local residents staged a violent protest against it, on the grounds that "the coal-fired power plant was behind a rise in the number of local cancer patients, environmental pollution and a drop in the local fishermen's catch."

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answers: coal

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answers: China burns almost as much coal as the rest of the world combined

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: China

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal-fired power plant

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It is on the Bhusawal–Kalyan section of Central Railway. Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal. The Nasik Thermal Power Station consumed 4,626,000 tonnes of coal in 2006-07. Around 80 per cent of the domestic coal supplies in India are meant for coal based thermal power plants and coal transportation forms 42 per cent of the total freight earnings of Indian railways.

text: It is on the

text: Bhusawal–Kalyan section

text: of

text: Central Railway

text: . Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal. The Nasik Thermal Power Station consumed 4,626,000 tonnes of coal in 2006-07. Around 80 per cent of the domestic coal supplies in India are meant for coal based thermal power plants and coal transportation forms 42 per cent of the total freight earnings of Indian railways.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: thermal power stations

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal-based thermal power stations

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal-based thermal power stations

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Elk Formation is a sequence of interbedded sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, shale, and chert-pebble or cobble conglomerate. Thin coal seams are present in some areas. Thick-bedded, cliff-forming sandstones and conglomerates are the most conspicuous lithologies.Most of the Elk Formation coals are of high-volatile bituminous rank and most seams are less than  thick. An unusual type of coal, referred to as "needle coal" occurs in very thin beds in the upper third of the formation. It consists of compacted masses of rod-like "needles" and has been shown to be of algal origin. "Needles" of vitreous coal are also found in some of the siltstones associated with the needle coals.

text: The Elk Formation is a sequence of interbedded

text: sandstone

text: siltstone

text: mudstone

text: shale

text: , and chert-pebble or cobble

text: conglomerate

text: . Thin coal seams are present in some areas. Thick-bedded, cliff-forming sandstones and conglomerates are the most conspicuous lithologies.Most of the Elk Formation coals are of high-volatile bituminous rank and most seams are less than  thick. An unusual type of coal, referred to as "needle coal" occurs in very thin beds in the upper third of the formation. It consists of compacted masses of rod-like "needles" and has been shown to be of algal origin. "Needles" of vitreous coal are also found in some of the siltstones associated with the needle coals.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: vitreous

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Most of the Elk Formation coals are of high-volatile bituminous rank

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: It consists of compacted masses of rod-like "needles"

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: high-volatile bituminous

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: vitreous

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: bitumen

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Elk Formation

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: high-volatile bituminous rank

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: volatile bituminous rank

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Most of the locomotives stabled at Mexborough were used for hauling coal trains.  The coal originated from the many collieries in the South Yorkshire coalfield and wagons of coal were despatched to locations all over the country.  However, the main destinations were the industries and power stations in Lancashire.  With the opening of the Wath marshalling yard in 1907, Mexborough supplied locomotives for collecting wagons from the collieries, for re-marshalling of the wagons at Wath and for hauling coal trains across the steeply-graded "Woodhead" route across the Pennines into Lancashire.  In the 1920s, the depot was the stabling point for what was then the most powerful locomotive in the UK, the London & North Eastern Railway's Garratt.  It was used for banking heavy coal trains up the Worsborough incline on the Woodhead route.

text: Most of the locomotives stabled at Mexborough were used for hauling coal trains.  The coal originated from the many collieries in the South Yorkshire coalfield and wagons of coal were despatched to locations all over the country.  However, the main destinations were the industries and power stations in Lancashire.  With the opening of the

text: Wath marshalling yard

text: in 1907, Mexborough supplied locomotives for collecting wagons from the collieries, for re-marshalling of the wagons at Wath and for hauling coal trains across the steeply-graded "Woodhead" route across the Pennines into Lancashire.  In the 1920s, the depot was the stabling point for what was then the most powerful locomotive in the UK, the London & North Eastern Railway's

text: Garratt

text: .  It was used for banking heavy coal trains up the Worsborough incline on the Woodhead route.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The coal originated from the many collieries in the South Yorkshire coalfield

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: collieries

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: collieries

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: South Yorkshire coalfield

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: South Africa has large deposits of coal which had low commercial value due to its high fly ash content.  It was thought that if this coal could be used to produce synthetic oil, petrol and diesel fuel, it would have significant benefit to South Africa.  In the 1920s, South African scientists started looking at the possibility of using coal as a source of liquid fuels.  This work was pioneered by P. N. Lategan, working for the Transvaal Coal Owners Association.  He completed his doctoral thesis from the Imperial College of Science in London on The Low-Temperature Carbonisation of South African Coal.  In 1927, a white paper from the government was issued describing various oil-from-coal processes being used overseas and their potential for South Africa.  In the 1930s a young scientist named Etienne Rousseau obtained an MSc from the University of Stellenbosch.  His thesis was entitled, The Sulfur Content of Coals and Oil Shales.  Rousseau became Sasol’s first managing director. After World War II, Angovaal bought the rights to a method of using the Fischer-Tropsch process patented by M. W. Kellogg Limited and in 1950 Sasol was formally incorporated as a state-owned company as South African Coal, Oil and Gas Corporation. Commissioning of the Sasol 1 site for the production of synfuels started in 1954.  Construction of the Sasol 2 site was completed in 1980, with the Sasol 3 site coming on stream in 1982. The Zevenfontein farm house served as Sasol’s first offices and is still in existence today.

text: South Africa has large deposits of coal which had low commercial value due to its high

text: fly ash

text: content.  It was thought that if this coal could be used to produce synthetic

text: oil

text: petrol

text: and

text: diesel

text: fuel, it would have significant benefit to

text: South Africa

text: .  In the 1920s, South African scientists started looking at the possibility of using coal as a source of liquid fuels.  This work was pioneered by P. N. Lategan, working for the Transvaal Coal Owners Association.  He completed his doctoral thesis from the Imperial College of Science in London on The Low-Temperature

text: Carbonisation

text: of South African Coal.  In 1927, a white paper from the government was issued describing various oil-from-coal processes being used overseas and their potential for

text: South Africa

text: .  In the 1930s a young scientist named Etienne Rousseau obtained an MSc from the

text: University of Stellenbosch

text: .  His thesis was entitled, The Sulfur Content of Coals and Oil Shales.  Rousseau became Sasol’s first managing director. After

text: World War II

text: , Angovaal bought the rights to a method of using the Fischer-Tropsch process patented by

text: M. W. Kellogg Limited

text: and in 1950 Sasol was formally incorporated as a state-owned company as South African Coal, Oil and Gas Corporation. Commissioning of the Sasol 1 site for the production of synfuels started in 1954.  Construction of the Sasol 2 site was completed in 1980, with the Sasol 3 site coming on stream in 1982. The Zevenfontein farm house served as Sasol’s first offices and is still in existence today.

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answers: ash

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: high fly ash content

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: fly ash

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Fly ash

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: fly ash

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: World War II

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The Sulfur Content of Coals and Oil Shales

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Fischer-Tropsch process

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Drax Group’s key asset is Drax Power Station. Originally built, owned and operated by the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB), Drax Power Station was constructed and commissioned in two stages. Stage one (units 1, 2 and 3) was completed in 1974. Some 12 years later in 1986, stage two (units 4, 5 and 6) was completed. Drax was the last coal-fired power station to be built in the UK, and was initially designed to use low-sulphur coal from the nearby Selby coalfield in six generating units. Each unit has a capacity of 660MW when burning coal, giving a total capacity of just under 4,000M. This made Drax the largest power station in the UK.

text: Drax Group’s key asset is Drax Power Station. Originally built, owned and operated by the

text: Central Electricity Generating Board

text: (CEGB), Drax Power Station was constructed and commissioned in two stages. Stage one (units 1, 2 and 3) was completed in 1974. Some 12 years later in 1986, stage two (units 4, 5 and 6) was completed. Drax was the last coal-fired power station to be built in the UK, and was initially designed to use low-sulphur coal from the nearby Selby coalfield in six generating units. Each unit has a capacity of 660MW when burning coal, giving a total capacity of just under 4,000M. This made Drax the largest power station in the UK.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Drax was the last coal-fired power station to be built in the UK

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: low-sulphur

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Selby coalfield

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: low-sulphur

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Sulphur

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Selby coalfield

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: low-sulphur

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired power station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the beginning of the 1990s the first generating unit in the new Rutenberg Power Station at Zikim, near Ashkelon, went into operation, fired by coal imported through the Port of Ashdod. The port has the necessary facilities for moving the incoming coal from the coal pier to the coal storage yard in the rear of the port, east of the Ashdod power station. There it was loaded on railcars for transport to the power station at Zikim. In 1988 the building of pier 9 was completed, which made possible the unloading of 2.5 million tons coal per year. In August 1989, the building of a conveyor, which transports coal from pier 9 to the coal yard, was completed, and with it the Port of Ashdod's preparation for the "coal age" was concluded on schedule.

text: In the beginning of the 1990s the first generating unit in the new

text: Rutenberg Power Station

text: at

text: Zikim

text: , near

text: Ashkelon

text: , went into operation, fired by coal imported through the Port of Ashdod. The port has the necessary facilities for moving the incoming coal from the coal pier to the coal storage yard in the rear of the port, east of the Ashdod power station. There it was loaded on railcars for transport to the power station at Zikim. In 1988 the building of pier 9 was completed, which made possible the unloading of 2.5 million tons coal per year. In August 1989, the building of a conveyor, which transports coal from pier 9 to the coal yard, was completed, and with it the Port of Ashdod's preparation for the "coal age" was concluded on schedule.

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answers: generating unit

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In Belgrade, the power plant Snaga i Svetlost was built in 1933, being one of the largest in the Balkans at that time. The establishment of the Električno preduzeće Srbije followed in 1945. Between 1947 and 1950, the hydroelectric power plant Sokolovica and coal power plants Mali Kostolac and Veliki Kostolac, the first power stations to be built in Serbia after the Second World War. In 1952, the underground mining of the coal field Kolubara had started. Four years later, coal power plant RB Kolubara went in operation. A year earlier, the hydroelectric power plants Vlasina and Zvornik have been connected to the power grid. In the period from 1960 to 1967, hydroelectric power plants Bistrica, Kokin Brod and Potpeć were under construction.

text: In Belgrade, the power plant Snaga i Svetlost was built in 1933, being one of the largest in the Balkans at that time. The establishment of the Električno preduzeće Srbije followed in 1945. Between 1947 and 1950, the hydroelectric power plant Sokolovica and coal power plants Mali Kostolac and Veliki Kostolac, the first power stations to be built in Serbia after the Second World War. In 1952, the underground mining of the coal field Kolubara had started. Four years later, coal power plant

text: RB Kolubara

text: went in operation. A year earlier, the hydroelectric power plants Vlasina and Zvornik have been connected to the power grid. In the period from 1960 to 1967, hydroelectric power plants Bistrica, Kokin Brod and Potpeć were under construction.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Tuzla is located in the northeastern part of Bosnia, settled just underneath the Majevica mountain range, on the Jala River. The central zone lies in an east-west oriented plain, with residential areas in the north and south of the city located on the Ilinčica, Kicelj and Gradina Hills. It is  above sea level.  The climate is moderate continental. There are abundant coal deposits in the region around Tuzla. 6 coal mines continue to operate around the city.  Much of the coal mined in the area is used to power the Tuzla Power Plant, which is the largest power plant in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text: Tuzla is located in the northeastern part of Bosnia, settled just underneath the Majevica mountain range, on the Jala River. The central zone lies in an east-west oriented plain, with residential areas in the north and south of the city located on the Ilinčica, Kicelj and Gradina Hills. It is

text: above sea level

text: .  The climate is moderate

text: continental

text: . There are abundant

text: coal

text: deposits in the region around Tuzla. 6

text: coal mines

text: continue to operate around the city.  Much of the coal mined in the area is used to power the

text: Tuzla Power Plant

text: , which is the largest power plant in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power the Tuzla Power Plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Ennore Thermal Power Station is a coal based power plant located in Tamil Nadu.

text: The Ennore Thermal Power Station is a coal based

text: power plant

text: located in

text: Tamil Nadu

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answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal based power station

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: thermal energy

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal based power station

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Thermal

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Tamil Nadu

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Thermal coal forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Box Flat Mine was serviced by the Bundamba-Swanbank coal line. After the Box Flat Mine closure the need to transport coal to fuel the power station became imperative. The Bundamba-Swanbank coal line transported most coal to the power station, so an additional balloon loop was built for the delivery of coal. There are now two balloon loops located on the branch line, the first balloon was used to stockpile coal for the power station, this loop is known as Box Flat. The second loop is known as Swanbank balloon and was used to deliver coal directly to the power station. The power station now uses gas as fuel and coal is no longer required.

text: The Box Flat Mine was serviced by the

entity_name: Redbank-Bundamba Loop Line and The Swanbank Extension

text: Bundamba-Swanbank coal line

text: . After the Box Flat Mine closure the need to transport coal to fuel the power station became imperative. The

text: Bundamba-Swanbank coal line

text: transported most coal to the power station, so an additional

text: balloon loop

text: was built for the delivery of coal. There are now two balloon loops located on the branch line, the first balloon was used to stockpile coal for the power station, this loop is known as Box Flat. The second loop is known as Swanbank balloon and was used to deliver coal directly to the power station. The power station now uses gas as fuel and coal is no longer required.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal is no longer required

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Mine

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Box Flat Mine

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal is no longer required

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal to fuel the power station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Most of the years, the river water is not joining the sea due to full utilisation of water mainly in agriculture. The river receives the waste from the large number of cities and the river basin population has increased to 80 million enhancing pollution load many folds in to the river. Adequate average and minimum continuous environmental flows to the sea are not taking place in most of the years constricting salt export and leading to formation of saline and sodic alkaline soils in the lower reaches of the river basin. High alkalinity water is discharged from the ash dump areas of many coal fired power stations in to the river which further increases the alkalinity of the river water whose water is naturally of high alkalinity since the river basin is draining vast area of basalt rock formations. The following are the few coal fired power stations located in the river basin

text: Most of the years, the river water is not joining the sea due to full utilisation of water mainly in agriculture. The river receives the waste from the large number of cities and the river basin population has increased to 80 million enhancing pollution load many folds in to the river. Adequate average and minimum continuous

text: environmental flows

text: to the sea are not taking place in most of the years constricting

text: salt export

text: and leading to formation of saline and

text: sodic alkaline soils

text: in the lower reaches of the river basin.

text: High alkalinity water

text: is discharged from the ash dump areas of many coal fired power stations in to the river which further increases the

text: alkalinity

text: of the river water whose water is naturally of high alkalinity since the river basin is draining vast area of

text: basalt rock

text: formations. The following are the few coal fired power stations located in the river basin

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: ash dump areas of many coal fired power stations

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: ash dump areas

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: aluminium

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Basalt rock formations

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: ash dump areas

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal fired power stations

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Thermal power stations in Sri Lanka now roughly match the installed hydroelectric generation capacity, with a share of nearly 49% of the available capacity in December 2013 and 40% of power generated in 2013. Thermal power stations in Sri Lanka runs on diesel, other fuel oils, naptha or coal. The Norocholai Coal Power Station, the only coal-fired power station in the country, was commissioned in late 2011, adding a further  of electrical capacity to the grid. It is currently planned to add an additional  of capacity to Norocholai in the next half decade. The second and final coal power station, the Sampur Coal Power Station, is under consideration in Trincomalee and is expected to be in-service by the end of 2017.

text: Thermal power stations in Sri Lanka now roughly match the installed hydroelectric generation capacity, with a share of nearly 49% of the available capacity in December 2013 and 40% of power generated in 2013.

text: Thermal power station

text: s in Sri Lanka runs on

text: diesel

text: , other

text: fuel oil

text: s,

text: naptha

text: or

text: coal

text: . The

text: Norocholai Coal Power Station

text: , the only coal-fired power station in the country, was commissioned in late 2011, adding a further  of electrical capacity to the grid. It is currently planned to add an additional  of capacity to Norocholai in the next half decade. The second and final coal power station, the

text: Sampur Coal Power Station

text: , is under consideration in

text: Trincomalee

text: and is expected to be in-service by the end of 2017.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Thermal power stations in Sri Lanka runs on coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: thermal power stations

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The second and final coal power station, the Sampur Coal Power Station

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Thermal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Thermal power stations in Sri Lanka now roughly match the installed hydroelectric generation capacity

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Sampur Coal Power Station

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Thermal power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Coal has the largest reserve and is often the cheapest fossil fuel. There is therefore a high demand for coal around the globe. Throughout the years the demand for it has become steady despite the growing environmental concerns. Coal has the highest contribution to the power generation mix but the local demand for it is not limited to power generation.  The Philippines has a vast potential for coal resources. According to Energy Global, there is potentially an approximate of 270 billion tons of coal resources.

text: Coal

text: has the largest reserve and is often the cheapest fossil fuel. There is therefore a high demand for coal around the globe. Throughout the years the demand for it has become steady despite the growing environmental concerns. Coal has the highest contribution to the power generation mix but the local demand for it is not limited to power generation.  The Philippines has a vast potential for coal resources. According to Energy Global, there is potentially an approximate of 270 billion tons of coal resources.

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answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Coal has the highest contribution to the power generation mix but the local demand for it is not limited to power generation

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal has the largest reserve

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The Philippines

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The Philippines has a vast potential for coal resources

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal is often the cheapest fossil fuel

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Pakistan has an installed electricity generation capacity of 22,797 MW in 2013. The average demand is 17,000 MW and the shortfall is between 4,000 and 5,000 MW. Oil (35.2 per cent), hydel (29.9 per cent), gas (29 per cent), and nuclear, solar and imported (6 per cent) are the principal sources. In the next 10 years, peak electricity demand is expected to rise by four to five per cent, which is roughly 1,500 MW. This dismal forecast is due to a lopsided energy mix, diminishing indigenous fuel reserves, increasing circular debt and transmission hold-ups. Pakistan has almost exhausted its gas reserves. Imported oil's price hikes affect the budget and its constant supply cannot be guaranteed. Pakistan has the potential to meet these energy challenges through hydroelectric power, but there are political and environmental issues in building dams. Rationality demands reducing reliance on oil and going for alternatives. The development of alternatives does not happen overnight. Pakistan will have to rely on imported fuels for the interim period at a huge cost. LNG is difficult to import, using coal has environmental issues, using shale gas also has environmental issues attached with it, and wind power has transmission network challenges. With total estimated coal reserves of over 186bn tonnes, Pakistan ranks sixth among coal-rich countries. Yet, coal's potential has not been exploited adequately.

text: Pakistan

text: has an installed electricity generation capacity of 22,797 MW in 2013. The average demand is 17,000 MW and the shortfall is between 4,000 and 5,000 MW. Oil (35.2 per cent), hydel (29.9 per cent), gas (29 per cent), and nuclear, solar and imported (6 per cent) are the principal sources. In the next 10 years, peak electricity demand is expected to rise by four to five per cent, which is roughly 1,500 MW. This dismal forecast is due to a lopsided energy mix, diminishing indigenous fuel reserves, increasing circular debt and transmission hold-ups.

text: Pakistan

text: has almost exhausted its gas reserves. Imported oil's price hikes affect the budget and its constant supply cannot be guaranteed.

text: Pakistan

text: has the potential to meet these energy challenges through hydroelectric power, but there are political and environmental issues in building dams. Rationality demands reducing reliance on oil and going for alternatives. The development of alternatives does not happen overnight.

text: Pakistan

text: will have to rely on imported fuels for the interim period at a huge cost. LNG is difficult to import, using coal has environmental issues, using shale gas also has environmental issues attached with it, and wind power has transmission network challenges. With total estimated coal reserves of over 186bn tonnes, Pakistan ranks sixth among coal-rich countries. Yet, coal's potential has not been exploited adequately.

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answers: oil

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal's potential has not been exploited adequately

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal has environmental issues

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: coal's potential has not been exploited adequately

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: hydel

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Pakistan ranks sixth among coal-rich countries

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal has environmental issues

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: has environmental issues

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Yanzhou Coal Mining Company () (, , ), majority owned by Yankuang Group, is a coal mining company in Mainland China. It is engaged in underground mining coal preparation and sales, and railway transportation service of coal. Its products are mainly low-sulphur coal which is suitable for large-scale power plant and for use in pulverized coal injection.

text: Yanzhou Coal Mining Company () (, , ), majority owned by

text: Yankuang Group

text: , is a

text: coal

text: mining company in

text: Mainland China

text: . It is engaged in underground mining coal preparation and

text: sales

text: , and

text: railway

text: transportation service of coal. Its products are mainly low-

text: sulphur

text: coal which is suitable for large-scale

text: power plant

text: and for use in

text: pulverized coal

text: injection.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: pulverized

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: low-sulphur coal which is suitable for large-scale power plant

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: sulphur

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: underground mining

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: low-sulphur

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: sulphur

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Mainland China

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: low-sulphur coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: large-scale power plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal remained dominant for the next seven decades, but by 1950, it was surpassed in turn by both petroleum and natural gas. In 2007, coal consumption was the highest it has ever been, with coal mostly being used to generate electricity. Natural gas, which is cleaner-burning and more easily transportable, has replaced coal as the preferred source of heating in homes, businesses and industrial furnaces. Although total energy use increased by approximately a factor of 50 between 1850 and 2000, energy use per capita increased only by a factor of four. As of 2009, United States per capita energy use had declined to 7075 (kilograms of oil-equivalent), 12% less than 2000, and through 2010 (most recent available) is at levels not seen since 1960s usage levels.At the beginning of the 20th century, petroleum was a minor resource used to manufacture lubricants and fuel for kerosene and oil lamps. One hundred years later it had become the preeminent energy source for the U.S. and the rest of the world. This rise closely paralleled the emergence of the automobile as a major force in American culture and the economy.

text: Coal remained dominant for the next seven decades, but by 1950, it was surpassed in turn by both petroleum and natural gas. In 2007, coal consumption was the highest it has ever been, with coal mostly being used to generate

text: electricity

text: . Natural gas, which is cleaner-burning and more easily transportable, has replaced coal as the preferred source of heating in homes, businesses and industrial furnaces. Although total energy use increased by approximately a factor of 50 between

text: and

text: , energy use per capita increased only by a factor of four. As of 2009, United States per capita energy use had declined to 7075 (kilograms of oil-equivalent), 12% less than 2000, and through 2010 (most recent available) is at levels not seen since 1960s usage levels.At the beginning of the 20th century, petroleum was a minor resource used to manufacture lubricants and fuel for

text: kerosene

text: and oil lamps. One hundred years later it had become the preeminent energy source for the U.S. and the rest of the world. This rise closely paralleled the emergence of the

text: automobile

text: as a major force in American culture and the economy.

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answers: In 2007, coal consumption was the highest it has ever been, with coal mostly being used to generate electricity

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: used to generate electricity

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answers: coal

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: It remained dominant for the next seven decades

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Natural gas

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal mostly being used

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon involved an action by an individual landowner who sought to prevent a mining operation from violating this law, undermining their home.   The owner's deed conveyed the surface but in express terms reserved the right to remove all the coal.  Under Pennsylvania law the deed also conveyed the right to surface support to the coal company which could thus remove subsurface coal even if that caused subsuidence. The deed provided that the grantee takes the premises with that risk and waives all claim for damages that may arise from mining out the coal.  The coal company essentially thus owned a property right to mine as much as it wished, without regard to consequences to the surface, by reason of this deed.  Over a dissent by Justice Brandeis, the court ruled that Pennsylvania's statute deprived the coal companies of the right to mine their coal, and this was deemed a confiscation.  The Court's opinion recognizes that government may lawfully limit the use of property to some extent without compensation, but found that this statute went too far.  Said the court:

text: Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon involved an action by an individual landowner who sought to prevent a mining operation from violating this law, undermining their home.   The owner's deed conveyed the surface but in express terms reserved the right to remove all the coal.  Under Pennsylvania law the deed also conveyed the right to surface support to the coal company which could thus remove subsurface coal even if that caused subsuidence. The deed provided that the grantee takes the premises with that risk and waives all claim for damages that may arise from mining out the coal.  The coal company essentially thus owned a property right to mine as much as it wished, without regard to consequences to the surface, by reason of this deed.  Over a dissent by Justice Brandeis, the court ruled that Pennsylvania's statute deprived the coal companies of the right to mine their coal, and this was deemed a confiscation.  The Court's opinion recognizes that government may lawfully limit the use of property to some extent without compensation, but found that this statute went too far.  Said the court:

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The owner's deed conveyed the surface but in express terms reserved the right to remove all the coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: subsurface coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: subsurface coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Pennsylvania Coal Co.

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The Court's opinion recognizes that government may lawfully limit the use of property to some extent without compensation

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: government may lawfully limit the use of property to some extent without compensation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal usage may be expected to decline steadily because of eroding cost advantages and  pressure to reduce sulphur and carbon (carbon dioxide) emissions, notwithstanding ongoing subsidy policies designed to retain jobs in the coal mining industry. Future coal usage is highly dependent on legislative drivers on emissions and the need to have security of supply. Whilst the costs of burning coal with desulphurisation and carbon capture facilities is greatly increased, it is still being actively considered as part of the UK energy strategy due to large domestic reserves, higher price stability than natural gas and reduced capital expenditure and construction time for plant compared to nuclear power.

text: Coal usage may be expected to decline steadily because of eroding cost advantages and  pressure to reduce

text: sulphur

text: and carbon (carbon dioxide) emissions, notwithstanding ongoing subsidy policies designed to retain jobs in the

text: coal mining

text: industry. Future coal usage is highly dependent on legislative drivers on emissions and the need to have security of supply. Whilst the costs of burning coal with desulphurisation and carbon capture facilities is greatly increased, it is still being actively considered as part of the UK energy strategy due to large domestic reserves, higher price stability than natural gas and reduced capital expenditure and construction time for plant compared to nuclear power.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Future coal usage is highly dependent on legislative drivers on emissions and the need to have security of supply

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal mining

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Desulphurisation

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal mining

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal mining

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Sulphur

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal mining

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: desulphurisation

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The use of CCS can reduce  emissions from the stacks of coal power plants by 85–90% or more, but it has no effect on  emissions due to the mining and transport of coal. It will actually "increase such emissions and of air pollutants per unit of net delivered power and will increase all ecological, land-use, air-pollution, and water-pollution impacts from coal mining, transport, and processing, because the CCS system requires 25% more energy, thus 25% more coal combustion, than does a system without CCS".

text: The use of CCS can reduce  emissions from the stacks of coal power plants by 85–90% or more, but it has no effect on  emissions due to the mining and transport of coal. It will actually "increase such emissions and of air pollutants per unit of net delivered power and will increase all ecological, land-use, air-pollution, and water-pollution impacts from coal mining, transport, and processing, because the CCS system requires 25% more energy, thus 25% more coal combustion, than does a system without CCS".

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: CCS system requires 25% more energy, thus 25% more coal combustion, than does a system without CCS

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: CCS can reduce emissions from the stacks of coal power plants by 85–90% or more

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal power plants

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The use of CCS can reduce emissions from the stacks of coal power plants by 85–90% or more

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: CCS system requires 25% more energy, thus 25% more coal combustion, than does a system without CCS

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Generally speaking, a coal tipple was typically used at a bituminous coal mine, where removing impurities was important but sorting by size was only a secondary, minor concern. Coal breakers were always used (with or without a tipple) at anthracite mines. While tipples were used around the world, coal breakers were used primarily in the United States in the state of Pennsylvania (where, between 1800 and the mid-20th century, many of the world's known anthracite reserves were located). At least one source claims that, in 1873, coal breaking plants were found only at anthracite mines in Pennsylvania.

text: Generally speaking, a

text: coal tipple

text: was typically used at a

text: bituminous coal

text: mine, where removing impurities was important but sorting by size was only a secondary, minor concern. Coal breakers were always used (with or without a tipple) at

text: anthracite

text: mines. While tipples were used around the world, coal breakers were used primarily in the

text: United States

text: in the state of Pennsylvania (where, between 1800 and the mid-20th century, many of the world's known anthracite reserves were located). At least one source claims that, in 1873, coal breaking plants were found only at anthracite mines in Pennsylvania.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Coal breakers were always used (with or without a tipple) at anthracite mines

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: anthracite mines

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: removing impurities

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: breakers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Surface mining of coal completely eliminates existing vegetation, destroys the genetic soil profile, displaces or destroys wildlife and habitat, degrades air quality, alters current land uses, and to some extent permanently changes the general topography of the area mined. This often results in a scarred landscape with no scenic value. Of greater concern, the movement, storage, and redistribution of soil during mining can disrupt the community of soil microorganisms and consequently nutrient cycling processes. Rehabilitation or reclamation mitigates some of these concerns and is required by US Federal Law, specifically the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.

text: Surface mining of coal completely eliminates existing vegetation, destroys the genetic soil profile, displaces or destroys wildlife and habitat, degrades air quality, alters current land uses, and to some extent permanently changes the general topography of the area mined. This often results in a scarred landscape with no scenic value. Of greater concern, the movement, storage, and redistribution of soil during mining can disrupt the community of

text: soil microorganisms

text: and consequently

text: nutrient cycling

text: processes. Rehabilitation or reclamation mitigates some of these concerns and is required by US Federal Law, specifically the

entity_name: Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977

text: Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977

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answers: NDQ_004001

answers: This often results in a scarred landscape with no scenic value

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Surface mining of coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Surface mining

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Surface mining of coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Surface mining

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On 6 November 2008 a group of seven people protesting against Australia's inaction on climate change walked onto the site of the Hazelwood power station and temporarily stopped one conveyor belt which carries coal from the mine to the power station. No production was lost due to adequate reserve bunker stocks of coal.

text: On 6 November 2008 a group of seven people protesting against Australia's inaction on climate change walked onto the site of the Hazelwood power station and temporarily stopped one conveyor belt which carries coal from the mine to the power station. No production was lost due to adequate reserve bunker stocks of coal.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: No production was lost due to adequate reserve bunker stocks

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mine

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: bunker stocks

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: mine

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Hazelwood

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: No production was lost

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal in Western Australia is currently, as of 2009, mined at only one location, at Collie, where two mines are operating. Ninety percent of all coal mined at Collie is used in power stations, the remainder in the Mineral Sands production. While a small amount of Western Australian coal has been exported to India and China in  recent years, the majority goes to the coal-fired power stations, mainly located in the Collie area as well.

text: Coal in Western Australia is currently, as of 2009, mined at only one location, at

text: Collie

text: , where two mines are operating. Ninety percent of all coal mined at Collie is used in power stations, the remainder in the Mineral Sands production. While a small amount of Western Australian coal has been exported to India and China in  recent years, the majority goes to the coal-fired power stations, mainly located in the Collie area as well.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Ninety percent of all coal mined at Collie is used in power stations

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Mineral Sands

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The majority goes to the coal-fired power stations

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Mineral Sands

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: Mineral Sands

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Mineral Sands

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The majority goes to the coal-fired power stations

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Wading River Station was originally built in 1895 during the extension of the Port Jefferson Branch to Wading River, and was once slated to continue eastward and rejoin the Main Line at either Riverhead or Calverton. Though neither of these proposals were carried out, it had a siding that crossed Wading River-Manor Road toward a coal bunker, and was extended to the site of an LIRR Demonstration farm from 1905 to 1928. The other demonstration farm  was east of Medford station on the Main Line. The station was originally a one-story structure that was converted to a two-story structure in 1906. Besides the previously mentioned coal bunker extension, it also had a siding on the south side of the tracks, for an engine house, smaller coal bunker and water tank. The line east of Port Jefferson was abandoned in 1938, and the lumber from the station was used to build a nearby store north of the former station. The right-of-way is now owned by the Long Island Power Authority and used for power lines, but there are plans to create a rail trail for bicycling, running, and walking.

text: Wading River Station was originally built in 1895 during the extension of the Port Jefferson Branch to Wading River, and was once slated to continue eastward and rejoin the

text: Main Line

text: at either

text: Riverhead

text: or

text: Calverton

text: . Though neither of these proposals were carried out, it had a siding that crossed Wading River-Manor Road toward a

text: coal bunker

text: , and was extended to the site of an LIRR Demonstration farm from 1905 to 1928. The other demonstration farm  was east of

text: Medford station

text: on the Main Line. The station was originally a one-story structure that was converted to a two-story structure in 1906. Besides the previously mentioned coal bunker extension, it also had a siding on the south side of the tracks, for an engine house, smaller coal bunker and water tank. The line east of Port Jefferson was abandoned in 1938, and the lumber from the station was used to build a nearby store north of the former station. The

text: right-of-way

text: is now owned by the

text: Long Island Power Authority

text: and used for power lines, but there are plans to create a

text: rail trail

text: for bicycling, running, and walking.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: it had a siding that crossed Wading River-Manor Road toward a coal bunker

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Long Island

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: the site of an LIRR Demonstration farm

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal bunker

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: LIRR Demonstration farm

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Demonstration farm

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: demonstration farm

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Thin layers of coal alternate with layers of mudstones in the Grootegeluk Formation, which is around  thick.Although some of the resources are near the surface and readily accessible, it may not be economically viable to extract coals from the seams that lie at depths of up to .Due to the thickness of the deposits, providing roof support and preventing spontaneous combustion would be insurmountable problems. A large part of the resource is low grade bituminous, suitable for local power generation but not for export.Other drawbacks to the Waterberg Coalfield include its distance from industrial centers in South Africa, lack of infrastructure in the area and lack of water supplies.Large amounts of water are needed for both the mines and the power stations.

text: Thin layers of coal alternate with layers of

text: mudstone

text: s in the Grootegeluk Formation, which is around  thick.Although some of the resources are near the surface and readily accessible, it may not be economically viable to extract coals from the seams that lie at depths of up to .Due to the thickness of the deposits, providing roof support and preventing spontaneous combustion would be insurmountable problems. A large part of the resource is low grade bituminous, suitable for local power generation but not for export.Other drawbacks to the Waterberg Coalfield include its distance from industrial centers in South Africa, lack of infrastructure in the area and lack of water supplies.Large amounts of water are needed for both the mines and the power stations.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: It may not be economically viable to extract coals from the seams that lie at depths of up to

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Grootegeluk Formation

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: low grade bituminous

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Grootegeluk Formation

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: spontaneous combustion would be insurmountable problems

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: spontaneous combustion

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon, along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly  hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.  A fossil fuel, coal forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous coal, and lastly anthracite. This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time.

text: Coal is a

text: combustible

text: black or brownish-black

text: sedimentary rock

text: usually occurring in

text: rock strata

text: in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as

text: anthracite coal

text: , can be regarded as

text: metamorphic rock

text: because of later exposure to elevated temperature and

text: pressure

text: . Coal is composed primarily of

text: carbon

text: , along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly

text: hydrogen

text: sulfur

text: oxygen

text: , and

text: nitrogen

text: .  A

text: fossil fuel

text: , coal forms when dead plant matter is converted into

text: peat

text: , which in turn is converted into

text: lignite

text: , then sub-bituminous coal, after that

text: bituminous coal

text: , and lastly

text: anthracite

text: . This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time.

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answers: 4

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answers: 3

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: is composed primarily of carbon, along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: dead plant matter

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: dead plant matter is converted into peat

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Anthracite coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: This involves biological and geological processes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: According to Meade, the gasworks of the early 20th century generally kept on hand several weeks of coal. This amount of coal could cause major problems, because coal was liable to spontaneous combustion when in large piles, especially if they were rained upon, due to the protective dust coating of the coal being washed off, exposing the full porous surface area of the coal of slightly to highly activated carbon below; in a heavy pile with poor heat transfer characteristics, the heat generated could lead to ignition. But storage in air-entrained confined spaces was not highly looked upon either, as residual heat removal would be difficult, and fighting a fire if it was started could result in the formation of highly toxic carbon monoxide through the water-gas reaction, caused by allowing water to pass over extremely hot carbon (HO + C = H + CO), which would be dangerous outside, but deadly in a confined space.

text: According to Meade, the gasworks of the early 20th century generally kept on hand several weeks of coal. This amount of coal could cause major problems, because coal was liable to spontaneous combustion when in large piles, especially if they were rained upon, due to the protective dust coating of the coal being washed off, exposing the full porous surface area of the coal of slightly to highly activated carbon below; in a heavy pile with poor heat transfer characteristics, the heat generated could lead to ignition. But storage in air-entrained confined spaces was not highly looked upon either, as residual heat removal would be difficult, and fighting a fire if it was started could result in the formation of highly toxic carbon monoxide through the water-gas reaction, caused by allowing water to pass over extremely hot carbon (HO + C = H + CO), which would be dangerous outside, but deadly in a confined space.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: spontaneous combustion when in large piles

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: activated carbon

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: highly activated carbon

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: HO + C = H + CO

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: gasworks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The coal layers are part of a Tertiary formation created 65 million years ago. It is classified as bituminous coal and cannel coal, with a high petroleum content (16–25 percent) and high sulphuric contents (2 percent). This is the same formation as the coal mines in Longyearbyen and Sveagruva, but the Ny-Ålesund layer has been shifted in relation to these.

text: The coal layers are part of a

text: Tertiary

text: formation created 65 million years ago. It is classified as

text: bituminous coal

text: and

text: cannel coal

text: , with a high petroleum content (16–25 percent) and high sulphuric contents (2 percent). This is the same formation as the coal mines in

text: Longyearbyen

text: and

text: Sveagruva

text: , but the Ny-Ålesund layer has been shifted in relation to these.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: high petroleum content (16–25 percent) and high sulphuric contents (2 percent

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous coal and cannel coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Tertiary formation

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Sulphuric

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Tertiary

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: It is classified as bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: it is classified as bituminous coal

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: India is the third largest consumer of coal in the world. India's federal energy minister is planning to stop importing thermal coal by 2018.The annual report of India's Power Ministry has a plan to grow power by about 80GW as part of their 11th 5-year plan, and 79% of that growth will be in fossil fuel–fired power plants, primarily coal.  India plans four new "ultra mega" coal-fired power plants as part of that growth, each 4000MW in capacity. As of 2015 there are six nuclear reactors under construction. In the first half of 2016, the amount of coal-fired generating capacity in pre-construction planning in India fell by 40,000 MW, according to results released by the Global Coal Plant Tracker. In June 2016, India's Ministry of Power stated that no further power plants would be required in the next three years, and "any thermal power plant that has yet to begin construction should back off."

text: India is the third largest consumer of coal in the world. India's federal energy minister is planning to stop importing thermal coal by 2018.The annual report of India's Power Ministry has a plan to grow power by about 80GW as part of their 11th 5-year plan, and 79% of that growth will be in fossil fuel–fired power plants, primarily coal.  India plans four new "ultra mega" coal-fired power plants as part of that growth, each 4000MW in capacity. As of 2015 there are six nuclear reactors under construction. In the first half of 2016, the amount of coal-fired generating capacity in pre-construction planning in India fell by 40,000 MW, according to results released by the Global Coal Plant Tracker. In June 2016, India's Ministry of Power stated that no further power plants would be required in the next three years, and "any thermal power plant that has yet to begin construction should back off."

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: 79% of that growth will be in fossil fuel–fired power plants

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The annual report of India's Power Ministry

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: thermal coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: India is the third largest consumer of coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: thermal coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Since June 2006 when Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited the Shenhua Group's coal liquefaction project and expressed that coal-to-liquids production was one important part of China's energy security, there have been many new ‘coal to oil' projects announced by many large coal producing provinces and cities. As of the end of 2006 there will 88 methyl alcohol projects planned; the total capacity of these projects is 48.5 megatons/year. If all of these projects are built, by 2010 output of methyl alcohol will reach 60 megatons/year. This development rush to build coal to oil projects is giving rise to concerns about a new round of wasteful development and the unintended consequences of such rapid development; these include wasteful extraction of coal, excessive use of water (this process requires 10 tons of water for every ton of oil produced), and likely increases in the price of coal.

text: Since June 2006 when Chinese Premier

text: Wen Jiabao

text: visited the

text: Shenhua Group

text: 's

text: coal liquefaction

text: project and expressed that coal-to-liquids production was one important part of China's

text: energy security

text: , there have been many new ‘coal to oil' projects announced by many large coal producing provinces and cities. As of the end of 2006 there will 88

text: methyl alcohol

text: projects planned; the total capacity of these projects is 48.5 megatons/year. If all of these projects are built, by 2010 output of methyl alcohol will reach 60 megatons/year. This development rush to build coal to oil projects is giving rise to concerns about a new round of wasteful development and the

text: unintended consequence

text: s of such rapid development; these include wasteful extraction of coal, excessive use of water (this process requires 10 tons of water for every ton of oil produced), and likely increases in the price of coal.

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answers: oil

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: wasteful extraction

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: methyl alcohol

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: methyl alcohol

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

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answers: methyl alcohol

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: This development rush

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: methyl alcohol

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: liquefaction

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: China’s exceedingly high energy demand has pushed the demand for relatively cheap coal-fired power. Each week, another 2GW of coal-fired power is put online in China.  Coal supplies about 80% of China's energy needs today, and that ratio is expected to continue, even as overall power usage grows rapidly. Serious air quality deterioration has resulted from the massive use of coal and many Chinese cities suffer severe smog events.

text: China’s exceedingly high energy demand has pushed the demand for relatively cheap coal-fired power. Each week, another 2GW of coal-fired power is put online in China.  Coal supplies about 80% of China's energy needs today, and that ratio is expected to continue, even as overall power usage grows rapidly. Serious air quality deterioration has resulted from the massive use of coal and many Chinese cities suffer severe smog events.

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answers: relatively cheap

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Coal supplies about 80% of China's energy needs today

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: coal-fired power

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal-fired power

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Although the cabs were wide, headroom was extremely limited, and consequently they were oil-fired, so that they could be operated by one man rather than two. Fuel tanks holding  of oil were fitted into the bunker, which could also hold 0.75 tons of coal, since the grate was designed so that either fuel could be used. Oil was always used in the tunnels, but coal was often used above ground. Once the railway opened to passengers in July 1900, the locomotives were seldom used in the tunnels, but did occasionally go into them. They were mainly used for shunting in depots and for moving coal wagons at Wood Lane power station, which operated until March 1928. However the two locomotives were scrapped in 1923.

text: Although the cabs were wide, headroom was extremely limited, and consequently they were oil-fired, so that they could be operated by one man rather than two. Fuel tanks holding  of oil were fitted into the bunker, which could also hold 0.75 tons of coal, since the grate was designed so that either fuel could be used. Oil was always used in the tunnels, but coal was often used above ground. Once the railway opened to passengers in July 1900, the locomotives were seldom used in the tunnels, but did occasionally go into them. They were mainly used for shunting in depots and for moving coal wagons at Wood Lane power station, which operated until March 1928. However the two locomotives were scrapped in 1923.

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answers: coal was often used above ground

answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Oil was always used in the tunnels

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Wood Lane power station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Coal in Raniganj formation is found in Mejia CD Block. The seams at shallow depth have non-coking coal suitable for use in thermal power plants. As per the Geological Survey of India, proved reserve is 13.14 million tonnes and indicated reserve is 197.37 million tonnes.

text: Coal in Raniganj formation is found in Mejia CD Block. The seams at shallow depth have non-coking coal suitable for use in thermal power plants. As per the Geological Survey of India, proved reserve is 13.14 million tonnes and indicated reserve is 197.37 million tonnes.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The seams at shallow depth have non-coking coal suitable for use in thermal power plants

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: non-coking coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal in Raniganj formation

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coking coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: non-coking

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Raniganj formation

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: non-coking coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal mining is the industry most frequently associated with Appalachia in outsiders' minds, due in part to the fact that the region once produced two-thirds of the nation's coal.  At present, however, the mining industry employs just 2% of the Appalachian workforce.  The region's vast coalfield covers  between northern Pennsylvania and central Alabama, mostly along the Cumberland Plateau and Allegheny Plateau regions.  Most mining activity has been concentrated in eastern Kentucky, southwestern Virginia, West Virginia, and western Pennsylvania, with smaller operations in western Maryland, Tennessee and Alabama.  The Pittsburgh coal seam, which has produced 13 billion tons of coal since the early 19th century, has been called the world's most valuable mineral deposit.  There are over 60 major coal seams in West Virginia, and over 80 in eastern Kentucky.  Most of the coal mined is bituminous coal, although significant anthracite deposits exist on the fringe of the region in central Pennsylvania.  About two-thirds of Appalachia's coal is produced by underground mining, the rest by surface mining. Mountaintop removal, a form of surface mining, is a highly controversial mining practice in central Appalachia due to its negative impacts on the environment and health of local residents.

text: Coal mining is the industry most frequently associated with Appalachia in outsiders' minds, due in part to the fact that the region once produced two-thirds of the nation's coal.  At present, however, the mining industry employs just 2% of the Appalachian workforce.  The region's vast coalfield covers  between northern Pennsylvania and central Alabama, mostly along the

text: Cumberland Plateau

text: and

text: Allegheny Plateau

text: regions.  Most mining activity has been concentrated in eastern Kentucky, southwestern Virginia, West Virginia, and western Pennsylvania, with smaller operations in

text: western Maryland

text: Tennessee

text: and

text: Alabama

text: .  The

text: Pittsburgh coal seam

text: , which has produced 13 billion tons of coal since the early 19th century, has been called the world's most valuable mineral deposit.  There are over 60 major coal seams in West Virginia, and over 80 in eastern Kentucky.  Most of the coal mined is

text: bituminous coal

text: , although significant

text: anthracite

text: deposits exist on the fringe of the region in central Pennsylvania.  About two-thirds of Appalachia's coal is produced by

text: underground mining

text: , the rest by

text: surface mining

text: Mountaintop removal

text: , a form of surface mining, is a highly controversial mining practice in central Appalachia due to its negative impacts on the environment and health of local residents.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: About two-thirds of Appalachia's coal is produced by underground mining, the rest by surface mining

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Underground mining, the rest by surface mining

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Appalachia

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Mountaintop removal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: underground mining

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Angul Thermal Power Station is a coal based thermal power project located at Derang village in Angul district in Indian state of Odisha. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of  Jindal India Thermal Power Limited.

text: Angul Thermal Power Station is a coal based thermal power project located at Derang village in

text: Angul district

text: in Indian state of

text: Odisha

text: . The power plant is one of the

text: coal

text: based power plants of

text: Jindal India Thermal Power Limited

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal based thermal power project

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: thermal power

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Angul Thermal Power Station

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

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answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Angul Thermal Power Station

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: thermal power

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The interest in cofiring and the use of this term sprung up in the 1980s in the U.S. and Europe, and referred specifically to the use of waste solid residues (paper, plastic, solvents, tars, etc.) or biomass in coal power stations that were designed only for the combustion of coal, and attempted, because of the existence of those new opportunity fuels, to carry out a combined combustion in order to increase benefit margins. This interest in cofiring has grown in the last decade mainly due to increasing social concern about global warming and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The consequences of this concern are new policies on energy and the environment aimed at reducing emissions. Cofiring is regarded as a great opportunity for replacing coal (solid fossil fuel) used for power generation with renewable fuels (biomass) with lower costs and a direct decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. During the last few decades research has provided very diverse solutions for cofiring biomass in coal power stations with a limited impact on efficiency, operation and lifespan.

text: The interest in cofiring and the use of this term sprung up in the 1980s in the U.S. and Europe, and referred specifically to the use of

text: waste

text: solid residues (paper, plastic, solvents, tars, etc.) or

text: biomass

text: in

text: coal power station

text: s that were designed only for the combustion of coal, and attempted, because of the existence of those new opportunity fuels, to carry out a combined combustion in order to increase benefit margins. This interest in cofiring has grown in the last decade mainly due to increasing social concern about

text: global warming

text: and

text: greenhouse gas

text: (GHG) emissions. The consequences of this concern are new policies on energy and the environment aimed at reducing emissions. Cofiring is regarded as a great opportunity for replacing coal (solid

text: fossil fuel

text: ) used for power generation with

text: renewable

text: fuels (biomass) with lower costs and a direct decrease in

text: greenhouse gas emissions

text: . During the last few decades research has provided very diverse solutions for cofiring biomass in coal power stations with a limited impact on efficiency, operation and lifespan.

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answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Cofiring is regarded as a great opportunity for replacing coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: solid fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: coal power stations that were designed only for the combustion of coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: solid fossil fuel

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Cofiring

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Cofiring

answers: NDQ_004009

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As designed, the ships displaced . They had an length at the waterline of , a beam of  and a mean draft of about . They were powered by four Brown-Curtis steam turbines, each driving one shaft, which developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . The engines were powered by 14 Yarrow water-tube boilers. Four were coal-fired while the rest were mixed-firing. The ship carried a maximum of  of coal and an additional  of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate in the mixed-firing boilers. At full capacity, she could steam for  at a speed of . The ships' crew numbered 630 officers and men.

text: As designed, the ships displaced . They had an

text: length at the waterline

text: of , a

text: beam

text: of  and a mean

text: draft

text: of about . They were powered by four

text: Brown-Curtis

text: steam turbine

text: s, each driving one shaft, which developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . The engines were powered by 14

text: Yarrow

text: water-tube boiler

text: s. Four were coal-fired while the rest were mixed-firing. The ship carried a maximum of  of coal and an additional  of

text: fuel oil

text: that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate in the mixed-firing boilers. At full capacity, she could steam for  at a speed of . The ships' crew numbered 630 officers and men.

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answers: fuel oil

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The ship carried a maximum of of coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Four were coal-fired while the rest were mixed-firing

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: mixed-firing

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Four were coal-fired

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: mixed-firing

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: mixed-firing boilers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Jiang supports burning straw instead of coal as a source of power.  He estimated that a biomass power plant of 25,000 kW can generate 100,000 tons less carbon dioxide every year compared with the coal burning power plant of the same capacity.  Furthermore, Jiang said that biomasses are less wasteful than coal.  Thirty percent of burnt coal is waste while biomass burning generates just two percent and can be used as fertilizer after proper processing.

text: Jiang supports burning

text: straw

text: instead of

text: coal

text: as a source of power.  He estimated that a biomass power plant of 25,000 kW can generate 100,000 tons less

text: carbon dioxide

text: every year compared with the coal burning power plant of the same capacity.  Furthermore, Jiang said that biomasses are less wasteful than coal.  Thirty percent of burnt coal is waste while

text: biomass

text: burning generates just two percent and can be used as fertilizer after proper processing.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Thirty percent of burnt coal is waste

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Jiang supports burning straw

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: biomass power plant

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal was important for Johnson County and the rest of eastern Kentucky even before the Civil War, but its development halted at the start of the war. Financing was slow to return to the coal industry in eastern Kentucky and this inhibited development in Johnson County. The people were suspicious of outsiders and Mayo, a school teacher, was a known quantity and one of their own.  So he was invaluable in helping the coal industry to gain a firm foothold in the coal fields of eastern Kentucky and to the industrialized north which spurred the development of railroads in the area.  Carpetbaggers from the North became a common sight in the area.  It was during this time that many of the citizens of Johnson County were given misleading information and sold all mineral rights to their property for pennies on the dollar of what the rights were worth. In some cases, for a new shotgun. It was also during this time that many people lost their property due to a strange rash of fires in several county seats, destroying deeds and records of ownership, which paved the way for land-grabbers to take what the owners did not want to relinquish.

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answers: its development halted at the start of the war

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answers: Coal

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answers: Coal was important for Johnson County and the rest of eastern Kentucky even before the Civil War

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answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

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answers: coal industry

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Two forms of coal are mined in Australia, depending on the region: high quality black coal and lower quality brown coal. Black coal is mainly found in Queensland and New South Wales, and is used for both domestic power generation and for export overseas. It is normally mined underground before being transported to power stations, or export shipping terminals. Brown coal is mainly found in Victoria and South Australia, and is of lower quality due a higher ash and water content. Today there are three open cut brown coal mines in Victoria used for baseload power generation.

text: Two forms of

text: coal

text: are mined in Australia, depending on the region: high quality black coal and lower quality brown coal. Black coal is mainly found in

text: Queensland

text: and

text: New South Wales

text: , and is used for both domestic power generation and for export overseas. It is normally mined underground before being transported to power stations, or export shipping terminals. Brown coal is mainly found in

text: Victoria

text: and

text: South Australia

text: , and is of lower quality due a higher ash and water content. Today there are three open cut brown coal mines in Victoria used for

text: baseload power generation

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answers: ash

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answers: It is normally mined underground before being transported to power stations, or export shipping terminals

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answers: ash and water

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answers: It is normally mined underground

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answers: high quality black coal

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answers: ash

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answers: Queensland and New South Wales

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Black coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: It is usually mined underground

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The first coal mining in North  America began in New Brunswick, Canada in the early 1600s. Coal was found by French explorers and fur traders along the shores of Grand Lake where rivers and erosion had exposed the coal. Small amounts of coal were dug from surface deposits and tunnels dug into the coal seams, and this coal supplied Fort Saint Marie, built by the French about 1632 at the mouth of the Saint John River. The French sold coal to the British colony at Boston as early as 1639. Due to this earliest export of coal in North America, Grand Lake has been recognized as a Canadian Historic Site . Coal mining expanded after the British took control of the area in the mid 1700s and encouraged permanent  settlements in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec and Ontario by British Loyalists.  Beginning in 1765, over 11,000 Loyalists settled in N.B., most along  the lower 100 miles of the Saint John River and around Grand Lake. Approximately 200,000 tons of coal were dug at Grand Lake between 1639 and 1887 using surface collection, vertical shafts and the room and pillar system.  By 1920, the use of draglines and other modern equipment made strip mining possible and the privately-owned Grand Lake area mines produced over 200,000 tons per year. Most of this coal was used  by the railroad and large businesses.  By 1936, a coal burning electric power generating plant at Newcastle Creek was operating with  two 33,000  volt lines going to Fredericton and one 66,000 volt line going to Marysville.  By 1950, coal production at Grand Lake often reached 1 million tons per year.  In 1969, all the privately-owned Grand Lake area coal companies and approximately 1,000 employees were consolidated into one provincial government controlled company named N.B. Coal Ltd.. In 2009, the increasing availability of oil and environmental concerns with coal use caused the closing of the Grand Lake coal mines and New Brunswick's coal mining industry.

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answers: oil

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answers: The French sold coal to the British colony at Boston as early as 1639

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: surface deposits

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answers: surface deposits and tunnels dug into the coal seams

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answers: Coal mining expanded after the British took control of the area in the mid 1700s

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answers: environmental concerns with coal use

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answers: generating plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: South Africa is the world's third largest coal exporter, and much of the country's coal is used for power production. (about 40%) 77% of South Africa's energy needs are provided by coal.

text: South Africa is the world's third largest coal exporter, and much of the country's coal is used for power production. (about 40%) 77% of South Africa's energy needs are provided by coal.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: 77% of South Africa's energy needs are provided by coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: South Africa

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: used for power production

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: It forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power production

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Carbonate mineralization involves the formation of coal balls. Coal balls are the fossilizations of many different plants and their tissues.  They often occur in the presence of seawater or acidic peat. Coal balls are calcareous permineralizations of peat by calcium and magnesium carbonates. Often spherical in shape and ranging from a few grams to several hundred kilograms in mass, coal balls are formed when water containing carbonate permeates the cells of an organism.  This type of fossilization yields information about plant life in the Upper Carboniferous Period (325 to 280 million years ago).

text: Carbonate mineralization involves the formation of coal balls.

text: Coal ball

text: s are the fossilizations of many different plants and their tissues.  They often occur in the presence of seawater or acidic peat. Coal balls are calcareous permineralizations of peat by

text: calcium

text: and

text: magnesium

text: carbonates. Often spherical in shape and ranging from a few grams to several hundred kilograms in mass, coal balls are formed when water containing carbonate permeates the cells of an organism.  This type of fossilization yields information about plant life in the Upper

text: Carboniferous

text: Period (325 to 280 million years ago).

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answers: 0

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answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal balls are the fossilizations of many different plants and their tissues

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: plants and their tissues

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: They often occur in the presence of seawater or acidic peat

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbonate

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Upper Carboniferous Period

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Carbonate mineralization

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station (KhSTPP)is located in Kahalgaon in Bhagalpur district of Bihar. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of NTPC. The coal for the power plant is sourced from Rajmahal coalfield of Eastern Coalfields Limited. Source of water for the power plant is Ganga River.

text: Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station (KhSTPP)is located in

text: Kahalgaon

text: in

text: Bhagalpur district

text: of

text: Bihar

text: . The power plant is one of the

text: coal

text: based power plants of

text: NTPC

text: . The coal for the power plant is sourced from

text: Rajmahal coalfield

text: of

text: Eastern Coalfields Limited

text: . Source of water for the power plant is

text: Ganga River

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Rajmahal coalfield of Eastern Coalfields Limited

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Eastern Coalfields Limited

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Kahalgaon

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Kahalgaon

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Thermal coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Thermal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: An alternative form of coal combustion is as coal-water slurry fuel (CWS), which was developed in the Soviet Union. Other ways to use coal are combined heat and power cogeneration and an MHD topping cycle.

text: An alternative form of coal combustion is as

text: coal-water slurry fuel

text: (CWS), which was developed in the

text: Soviet Union

text: . Other ways to use coal are

text: combined heat and power cogeneration

text: and

text: an MHD topping cycle

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answers: NDQ_004000

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: CWS, which was developed in the Soviet Union

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: water

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: MHD topping cycle

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: MHD topping cycle

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: MHD topping cycle

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: MHD topping cycle

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: combined heat and power cogeneration

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Thermal power plants are based on the fuel coal, gas, diesel etc. Public sector undertaking NTPC, state level power generating companies and private firms are engaged in this sector for power generation.

text: Thermal power plants

text: are based on the fuel coal, gas,

text: diesel

text: etc. Public sector undertaking

text: NTPC

text: , state level power generating companies and private firms are engaged in this sector for power generation.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal, gas, diesel etc

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Thermal power plants

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Thermal power plants

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Thermal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Thermal power plants

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Thermal power plants

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Thermal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Most commercial nuclear power plants release gaseous and liquid radiological effluents into the environment as a byproduct of the Chemical Volume Control System, which are monitored in the US by the EPA and the NRC. Civilians living within  of a nuclear power plant typically receive about 0.1 μSv per year. For comparison, the average person living at or above sea level receives at least 260 μSv from cosmic radiation.All reactors in the United States are required by law to have a containment building.  The walls of containment buildings are several feet thick and made of concrete and therefore can stop the release of any radiation emitted by the reactor into the environment. If a person is to worry about an energy source that releases large amounts of radiation into the environment, they should worry about coal-fired plants.  Hundreds of tons of uranium and thorium are contained in the ash released into the environment by coal-fired plants.   Coal-fired plants are not required to retain their radioactive wastes like nuclear power plants are but rather “expel their radioactive by-products into the environment and expose people to anywhere from one hundred to four hundred times more radiation than nuclear plants do” (Cravens 2007).  Coal-fired plants are much more hazardous to people’s health than nuclear power plants as they release much more radioactive elements into the environment.

text: Most commercial nuclear power plants release gaseous and liquid radiological effluents into the environment as a byproduct of the Chemical Volume Control System, which are monitored in the US by the EPA and the NRC. Civilians living within  of a nuclear power plant typically receive about 0.1

text: μSv

text: per year. For comparison, the average person living at or above sea level receives at least 260 μSv from

text: cosmic radiation

text: .All reactors in the United States are required by law to have a containment building.  The walls of containment buildings are several feet thick and made of concrete and therefore can stop the release of any radiation emitted by the reactor into the environment. If a person is to worry about an energy source that releases large amounts of radiation into the environment, they should worry about coal-fired plants.  Hundreds of tons of uranium and thorium are contained in the ash released into the environment by coal-fired plants.   Coal-fired plants are not required to retain their radioactive wastes like nuclear power plants are but rather “expel their radioactive by-products into the environment and expose people to anywhere from one hundred to four hundred times more radiation than nuclear plants do” (Cravens 2007).  Coal-fired plants are much more hazardous to people’s health than nuclear power plants as they release much more radioactive elements into the environment.

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Coal-fired plants are much more hazardous to people’s health than nuclear power plants as they release much more radioactive elements into the environment

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: uranium and thorium

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nuclear power plants are required by law to have a containment building

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: commercial

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: uranium

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal-fired plants

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Nuclear power plants

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The environmental impact of the coal industry includes issues such as land use, waste management, water and air pollution, caused by the coal mining, processing and the use of its products.  In addition to atmospheric pollution, coal burning produces hundreds of millions of tons of solid waste products annually, including fly ash, bottom ash, and flue-gas desulfurization sludge, that contain mercury, uranium, thorium, arsenic, and other heavy metals.

text: The environmental impact of the coal industry includes issues such as

text: land use

text: waste management

text: water

text: and

text: air pollution

text: , caused by the

text: coal mining

text: , processing and the use of its products.  In addition to atmospheric pollution, coal burning produces hundreds of millions of tons of solid waste products annually, including

text: fly ash

text: bottom ash

text: , and

text: flue-gas desulfurization

text: sludge, that contain

text: mercury

text: uranium

text: thorium

text: arsenic

text: , and other

text: heavy metals

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The environmental impact of the coal industry includes issues such as land use, waste management, water and air pollution

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: land

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: fly ash, bottom ash

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal mining

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The environmental impact

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The environmental impact of the coal industry

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: gas desulfurization

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Hubbert Linearization using yearly production rates has weaknesses for peak coal calculation, as the signal-to-noise ratio is inferior with coal mining data compared to oil extraction. As a consequence, Rutledge uses cumulative production for linearization. By this method the estimated ultimate recovery results in a stable fit for active coal regions. The ultimate production for world coal is estimated to be 680 Gt, of which 309 Gt have already been produced.However, in 2013 the World Coal Association reported that two different estimates of coal reserves remaining were 1038 and 861 Gt.

text: The

text: Hubbert Linearization

text: using yearly production rates has weaknesses for peak coal calculation, as the

text: signal-to-noise ratio

text: is inferior with coal mining data compared to oil extraction. As a consequence, Rutledge uses cumulative production for linearization. By this method the

text: estimated ultimate recovery

text: results in a stable fit for active coal regions. The ultimate production for world coal is estimated to be 680 Gt, of which 309 Gt have already been produced.However, in 2013 the World Coal Association reported that two different estimates of coal reserves remaining were 1038 and 861 Gt.

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/d1f77b9396bd6f2b5ee8d2a7d500d024

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/a691852cc2659911f335a95ebb007b79

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 1

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/aa26afed04525fff93c76764c78e8adb

answers: 0

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answers: 3

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/307fa30d3580ac6b45e5309a4a2585bd

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/a0fe12502991ee6562e944abe9da77ef

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/c5ae733c353b5f36b3b66bbceac57ff0

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/a6996d787d12ca7a150a47ed1805fb2e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/af677989fc4207a92520a7739c3afba9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/c90ec7be7bffdef90071e8ba7f3cbc50

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/075efa7d1578587d57512c380f4a7505

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/9ffc9264ee8bd4fce57d155abd9edeef

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/ae817bb5e805d3ce63b563f78e559e4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/7609af30222a94dd884edfae0e153bb3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/8dad1150e11ec56d0e4d676d0cb3a7f3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/5eb1b4d445388af8663182b688b6c3a3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/4de5646839d1ef67469c1dc551f4dbd3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/203b169285abc19bea143381389d46b2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/657e093762a9c4270e30a1259ef68ef7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/36dadc3510a8a0d6d66db3a5b497dec7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/1f63eebbb1db2a2623a5e37611aaa134

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The Hubbert Linearization using yearly production rates has weaknesses for peak coal calculation

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal mining

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The Hubbert Linearization using yearly production rates

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal mining

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Hubbert Linearization using yearly production rates

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Rutledge uses cumulative production for linearization

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: uses cumulative production for linearization

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal-fired boilers / power plants when using coal or lignite rich in limestone produces ash containing calcium oxide (CaO). CaO readily dissolves in water to form slaked lime / Ca(OH) and carried by rain water to rivers / irrigation water from the ash dump areas. Lime softening process precipitates Ca and Mg ions / removes temporary hardness in the water and also converts sodium bicarbonates in river water into sodium carbonate. Sodium carbonate (washing soda) further reacts with the remaining Ca and Mg in the water to remove / precipitate the total hardness. Also water-soluble sodium salts present in the ash enhance the sodium content in water further. Thus river water is converted into soft water by eliminating Ca and Mg ions and enhancing Na ions by coal-fired boilers. Soft water application in   irrigation (surface or ground water) converts the fertile soils into alkaline sodic soils. River water alkalinity and sodicity due to accumulation of salts in the remaining water after meeting various transpiration and evaporation losses, become acute when many coal-fired boilers and power stations are installed in a river basin. River water sodicity affects downstream cultivated river basins located in China, India, Egypt, Pakistan, west Asia,  Australia, western US, etc.

text: Coal-fired boilers / power plants when using coal or lignite rich in

text: limestone

text: produces

text: ash

text: containing

text: calcium oxide

text: (CaO). CaO readily dissolves in water to form

text: slaked lime

text: / Ca(OH) and carried by rain water to rivers / irrigation water from the ash dump areas.

text: Lime softening

text: process precipitates Ca and Mg ions / removes temporary hardness in the water and also converts

text: sodium bicarbonate

text: s in river water into sodium carbonate.

text: Sodium carbonate

text: (washing soda) further reacts with the remaining Ca and Mg in the water to remove / precipitate the total

text: hardness

text: . Also water-soluble sodium salts present in the ash enhance the sodium content in water further. Thus river water is converted into

text: soft water

text: by eliminating Ca and Mg ions and enhancing Na ions by coal-fired boilers. Soft water application in

text: irrigation

text: (surface or ground water) converts the fertile soils into

text: alkaline sodic soils

text: . River water alkalinity and

text: sodicity

text: due to accumulation of salts in the remaining water after meeting various transpiration and evaporation losses, become acute when many coal-fired boilers and power stations are installed in a river basin. River water sodicity affects downstream cultivated river basins located in China, India, Egypt, Pakistan, west Asia,  Australia, western US, etc.

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/d1f77b9396bd6f2b5ee8d2a7d500d024

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 2

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/5a63a5109b91a435e2dceb4a91da0943

answers: 1

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/aa26afed04525fff93c76764c78e8adb

answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/9994aa26040bde33c9da60e1cdc9a640

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/2816cab89f4b0495778dde577ebb2a10

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/53e32ef7a8f505d0cdd50ca0d160c1de

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/cca0579bfb6255cbc96ad0ed7d18f5e3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/f689312bfe780946a32590f25ce33969

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/307fa30d3580ac6b45e5309a4a2585bd

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/95a13f413f1cafbcfd37e389c67da694

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/9ad65a5f4d1d3e1df2865f74c7d02d92

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/13c600d186275674ff2075db64a08409

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/5c434b847e28cc2b0f95e44fb0bd591f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/46792c8844f2be86e4601efb02b0eee0

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/76384d4528c93d4b644c73118f3ac272

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/a0fe12502991ee6562e944abe9da77ef

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/c5ae733c353b5f36b3b66bbceac57ff0

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/cd830b52317437f04392cb66c722ed36

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/a6996d787d12ca7a150a47ed1805fb2e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/af677989fc4207a92520a7739c3afba9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/c90ec7be7bffdef90071e8ba7f3cbc50

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/075efa7d1578587d57512c380f4a7505

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/9ffc9264ee8bd4fce57d155abd9edeef

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/118a436f247249edd503e6883b82d78b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/ae817bb5e805d3ce63b563f78e559e4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/7609af30222a94dd884edfae0e153bb3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/8dad1150e11ec56d0e4d676d0cb3a7f3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/5eb1b4d445388af8663182b688b6c3a3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/4de5646839d1ef67469c1dc551f4dbd3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/203b169285abc19bea143381389d46b2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/657e093762a9c4270e30a1259ef68ef7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/36dadc3510a8a0d6d66db3a5b497dec7

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/1f63eebbb1db2a2623a5e37611aaa134

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: carbonate

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: produces ash containing calcium oxide (CaO)

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: calcium oxide

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: uses coal or lignite rich in limestone

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On 9 March 2010 a consortium of 13 mining companies with coal operations in Queensland, known as the Queensland Coal Industry Rail Group and headed by former NSW premier Nick Greiner, announced their intention to buy QR's coal rail network. The consortium made a formal $4.85 billion offer on 26 May for the tracks used exclusively or predominantly to haul export coal to port, and excluding QR's trains and freight businesses. If the bid is accepted the rail assets would be managed by the Australian Rail Track Corporation, a federal government owned body who manages the Australian interstate freight network. Premier Anna Bligh and Treasurer Andrew Fraser said it would consider the offer but believed a public float was the best option. The companies providing the equity included Anglo American Metallurgical Coal, BHP Billiton, Ensham Resources, Felix Resources, Jellinbah Group, Macarthur Coal, Peabody Energy, Rio Tinto Coal Australia, Vale Australia, Wesfarmers Resources and Xstrata Coal; with Aquila Resources and New Hope Coal are supporting parties and may provide equity at a later stage. QR chief executive Lance Hockridge rejected the bid in June 2010, saying it is not in the best interests of the future expansion of the state's coal network. The consortium increased their bid for QR National to $5.2 billion on 10 August 2010 and the Queensland Government confirmed they are in negotiations with the consortium over this bid. During the negotiations the consortium received access to the QR National's financials. The negotiations ended when the consortium did not meet the deadline of 10 September 2010 for making a binding offer for QR National.

text: On 9 March 2010 a consortium of 13 mining companies with coal operations in Queensland, known as the Queensland Coal Industry Rail Group and headed by former NSW premier

text: Nick Greiner

text: , announced their intention to buy QR's coal rail network. The consortium made a formal $4.85 billion offer on 26 May for the tracks used exclusively or predominantly to haul export coal to port, and excluding QR's trains and freight businesses. If the bid is accepted the rail assets would be managed by the

text: Australian Rail Track Corporation

text: , a federal government owned body who manages the Australian interstate freight network. Premier

text: Anna Bligh

text: and Treasurer

text: Andrew Fraser

text: said it would consider the offer but believed a public float was the best option. The companies providing the equity included

text: Anglo American Metallurgical Coal

text: BHP Billiton

text: Ensham Resources

text: Felix Resources

text: Jellinbah Group

text: Macarthur Coal

text: Peabody Energy

text: Rio Tinto Coal Australia

text: Vale Australia

text: Wesfarmers Resources

text: and

text: Xstrata Coal

text: ; with

text: Aquila Resources

text: and

text: New Hope Coal

text: are supporting parties and may provide equity at a later stage. QR chief executive Lance Hockridge rejected the bid in June 2010, saying it is not in the best interests of the future expansion of the state's coal network. The consortium increased their bid for QR National to $5.2 billion on 10 August 2010 and the Queensland Government confirmed they are in negotiations with the consortium over this bid. During the negotiations the consortium received access to the QR National's

text: financials

text: . The negotiations ended when the consortium did not meet the deadline of 10 September 2010 for making a binding offer for QR National.

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/d1f77b9396bd6f2b5ee8d2a7d500d024

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/a691852cc2659911f335a95ebb007b79

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/955f60699051d2892daa1e1700d75d73

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/d1056223aa2acdc3ce3362ef200649bd

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/0d22b424a63a93f2196758de81d596fb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/659bd6c41b59174920d46628f77f49a7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/5a63a5109b91a435e2dceb4a91da0943

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/aa26afed04525fff93c76764c78e8adb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/b4dc6752d929429fae6a300c110be82c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/1cfa3ada661760fd5bfe2f7cd7eefaf5

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/9994aa26040bde33c9da60e1cdc9a640

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/2816cab89f4b0495778dde577ebb2a10

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/53e32ef7a8f505d0cdd50ca0d160c1de

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/cca0579bfb6255cbc96ad0ed7d18f5e3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/f689312bfe780946a32590f25ce33969

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/307fa30d3580ac6b45e5309a4a2585bd

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/95a13f413f1cafbcfd37e389c67da694

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/9ad65a5f4d1d3e1df2865f74c7d02d92

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/13c600d186275674ff2075db64a08409

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/5c434b847e28cc2b0f95e44fb0bd591f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/46792c8844f2be86e4601efb02b0eee0

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/76384d4528c93d4b644c73118f3ac272

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/a0fe12502991ee6562e944abe9da77ef

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/c5ae733c353b5f36b3b66bbceac57ff0

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/cd830b52317437f04392cb66c722ed36

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/a6996d787d12ca7a150a47ed1805fb2e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/af677989fc4207a92520a7739c3afba9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/c90ec7be7bffdef90071e8ba7f3cbc50

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/075efa7d1578587d57512c380f4a7505

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/9ffc9264ee8bd4fce57d155abd9edeef

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/118a436f247249edd503e6883b82d78b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/ae817bb5e805d3ce63b563f78e559e4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/7609af30222a94dd884edfae0e153bb3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/8dad1150e11ec56d0e4d676d0cb3a7f3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/5eb1b4d445388af8663182b688b6c3a3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/4de5646839d1ef67469c1dc551f4dbd3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/203b169285abc19bea143381389d46b2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/657e093762a9c4270e30a1259ef68ef7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/36dadc3510a8a0d6d66db3a5b497dec7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/1f63eebbb1db2a2623a5e37611aaa134

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Queensland Coal Industry Rail Group

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mining

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Queensland Coal Industry Rail Group

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: export coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Queensland

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Queensland Coal Industry Rail Group

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal operations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A large part of Indian coal reserve is similar to Gondwana coal. It is of low calorific value and high ash content. The carbon content is low in India's coal, and toxic trace element concentrations are negligible. The natural fuel value of Indian coal is poor. On average, the Indian power plants using India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh, whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh. This is because of the difference in the quality of the coal, as measured by the Gross Calorific Value (GCV). On average, Indian coal has a GCV of about 4500 Kcal/kg, whereas the quality elsewhere in the world is much better; for example, in Australia, the GCV is 6500 Kcal/kg approximately. India imported nearly 95 Mtoe of steam coal and coking coal which is 29% of total consumption to meet the demand in electricity, cement and steel production. China has banned import of high ash coal, high sulphur coal and contaminated coal with trace metals which are causing air pollution.

text: A large part of Indian coal reserve is similar to

text: Gondwana coal

text: . It is of low calorific value and high ash content. The carbon content is low in India's coal, and toxic trace element concentrations are negligible. The natural fuel value of Indian coal is poor. On average, the Indian power plants using India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh, whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh. This is because of the difference in the quality of the coal, as measured by the Gross Calorific Value (GCV). On average, Indian coal has a GCV of about 4500 Kcal/kg, whereas the quality elsewhere in the world is much better; for example, in Australia, the GCV is 6500 Kcal/kg approximately. India imported nearly 95

text: Mtoe

text: of steam coal and coking coal which is 29% of total consumption to meet the demand in electricity, cement and steel production. China has banned import of high ash coal, high sulphur coal and contaminated coal with trace metals which are causing air pollution.

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answers: ash

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: It is of low calorific value and high ash content

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Gondwana coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: high ash coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: sulphur

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Indian coal reserve

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Gasification  of coal or lignite produces syngas or coal gas or coke oven gas which is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases. Coal gas can be converted into synthetic natural gas (SNG) by using Fischer–Tropsch process at low pressure and high temperature. Coal gas can also be produced by underground coal gasification where the coal deposits are located deep in the ground or uneconomical to mine the coal.  CNG and LNG are emerging as economical alternatives to diesel oil with the escalation in international crude oil prices. Synthetic natural gas production technologies have tremendous scope to meet the transport sector requirements fully using the locally available coal in India. Dankuni coal complex is producing syngas which is piped to the industrial users in Calcutta. Many coal based fertiliser plants which are shut down can also be retrofitted economically to produce SNG as LNG and CNG fetch good price by substituting imports. Recently, Indian government fixed the natural gas price at producer end as 5.61 US$ per mmbtu on net calorific value (NCV) basis which is at par with the estimated SNG price from coal.

text: Gasification

text: of coal or lignite produces

text: syngas

text: or

text: coal gas

text: or

text: coke oven gas

text: which is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases. Coal gas can be converted into

text: synthetic natural gas

text: (SNG) by using

text: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: at low pressure and high temperature. Coal gas can also be produced by underground

text: coal gasification

text: where the coal deposits are located deep in the ground or uneconomical to mine the coal.

text: CNG

text: and

text: LNG

text: are emerging as economical alternatives to diesel oil with the escalation in international crude oil prices.

text: Synthetic natural gas production

text: technologies have tremendous scope to meet the transport sector requirements fully using the locally available coal in India.

text: Dankuni

text: coal complex is producing syngas which is piped to the industrial users in Calcutta. Many coal based fertiliser plants which are shut down can also be retrofitted economically to produce SNG as LNG and CNG fetch good price by substituting imports. Recently, Indian government fixed the natural gas price at producer end as 5.61 US$ per mmbtu on

text: net calorific value

text: (NCV) basis which is at par with the estimated SNG price from coal.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Coal gas can be converted into synthetic natural gas

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Fischer–Tropsch process at low pressure and high temperature

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: CO2

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal deposits are located deep in the ground or uneconomical to mine the coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Synthetic natural gas

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Gasification

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: These programs have helped to meet regulatory challenges by incorporating pollution control technologies into a portfolio of cost-effective regulatory compliance options for conventional and developmental coal-fired power plants. This portfolio has positioned the U.S. as a top exporter of clean coal technologies such as those used for SOx, NOx and mercury, and more recently for carbon capture, consistent with a goal of deploying advanced coal-based power systems in commercial service with improved efficiency and environmental performance to meet increasingly stringent environmental regulations and market demands, leading to widespread, global deployment which will contribute to significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The DOE continues its programs and initiatives through regional sequestration partnerships, a carbon sequestration leadership forum and the Carbon Sequestration Core Program, a CCS research and development program.

text: These programs have helped to meet regulatory challenges by incorporating pollution control technologies into a portfolio of cost-effective regulatory compliance options for conventional and developmental coal-fired power plants. This portfolio has positioned the U.S. as a top exporter of clean coal technologies such as those used for SOx, NOx and mercury, and more recently for carbon capture, consistent with a goal of deploying advanced coal-based power systems in commercial service with improved efficiency and environmental performance to meet increasingly stringent environmental regulations and market demands, leading to widespread, global deployment which will contribute to significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The DOE continues its programs and initiatives through regional sequestration partnerships, a carbon sequestration leadership forum and the Carbon Sequestration Core Program, a CCS research and development program.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: U.S. as a top exporter of clean coal technologies

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: sequestration

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: conventional

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: CCS research and development program

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Clean coal technologies

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: This line serves two coal based thermal power stations: the 880 MW Nashik Thermal Power Station of Mahagenco and 850 MW Ukai Thermal Power Station of Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited. Nasik TPS consumed 4,626,000 tonnes of coal in 2006-07 and Ukai TPS consumed 3,200,000 tonnes the same year. Coal transportation forms 42 per cent of the total freight earnings of Indian railways.

text: This line serves two coal based thermal power stations: the 880 MW

text: Nashik Thermal Power Station

text: of

entity_name: Maharashtra State Power Generation Company

text: Mahagenco

text: and 850 MW

text: Ukai Thermal Power Station

text: of

entity_name: Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited

text: Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited

text: . Nasik TPS consumed 4,626,000 tonnes of coal in 2006-07 and Ukai TPS consumed 3,200,000 tonnes the same year. Coal transportation forms 42 per cent of the total freight earnings of Indian railways.

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answers: Coal transportation forms 42 per cent of the total freight earnings of Indian railways

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: thermal power stations

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: The port handles around 8 million tonnes of coal for clients such as the Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board, Karnataka Power Corporation, cement plants of Tamil Nadu and independent power producers in northern Tamil Nadu and southern Andhra Pradesh. The coal handling for the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board was transferred to the Ennore Port. In 2005, as part of pollution-control measure, the port has installed wind curtains made of ultraviolet resistant fabric along the harbour's beachfront for over 1.5 km to the east of the coal terminal to prevent wind carrying coal dust into the city at a cost of  3.7 million. In 2008, the port has also installed a semi-mechanised closed coal conveyor system comprising two streams with a capacity of 15 million metric tons/annum and a handling rated capacity of 1,500 metric tons/hour/stream and running for a length of 5 km at two berths, namely, Jawahar Dock IV and VI, at a cost of  430 million to transfer the coal to the individual coal plots at the southern end of the port, from where the cargo will be transported by rail to respective destinations, thus preventing pollution from coal dust and eliminating movement of coal-carrying trucks within the port. The conveyor runs at an elevation of 10–13 m and has provision for longitudinal movement along the road to the plots and transverse movement for stacking coal at individual plots. Coal discharged into the hoppers located at the two docks is conveyed to coal plots through conveyors or tripper cars and is equipped with belt weigher. The conveyor system is expected to remain functional for about 5 years, till Ennore Port is ready to handle coal for all the clients.

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answers: The port handles around 8 million tonnes of coal

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answers: The port handles around 8 million tonnes of coal

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answers: coal

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answers: coal dust

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The port handles around 8 million tonnes of coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal discharged into the hoppers located at the two docks is conveyed to coal plots through conveyors or tripper cars and is equipped with belt weigher

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-carrying trucks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: By the 1970s, the energy requirements of Britain's households and industry had changed.  The Clean Air Act and North Sea gas meant that the number of domestic users of coal was dwindling, industry was now powered by electricity, and the centralisation of the power industry under the Central Electricity Generating Board meant that power was generated in a new fleet of large power stations rather small municipal generators.  The remaining coal traffic was block-train rather than wagon-load and consequently did not require much marshalling: the coming of Merry-go-round trains for coal that travelled from colliery or dock to power station in a continuous cycle further reduced this need.

text: By the 1970s, the energy requirements of Britain's households and industry had changed.  The

text: Clean Air Act

text: and

text: North Sea gas

text: meant that the number of domestic users of coal was dwindling, industry was now powered by electricity, and the centralisation of the power industry under the

text: Central Electricity Generating Board

text: meant that power was generated in a new fleet of large

text: power station

text: s rather small municipal generators.  The remaining coal traffic was block-train rather than wagon-load and consequently did not require much marshalling: the coming of

text: Merry-go-round train

text: s for coal that travelled from colliery or dock to power station in a continuous cycle further reduced this need.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal traffic was block-train rather than wagon-load and consequently did not require much marshalling

answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: By the 1970s

answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Sources in the Coal Ministry said the IMG has sent a note to the Ministry recommending de-allocation of 11 coal blocks of companies including JSPL, Monnet Ispat and Energy Ltd and either imposition or deduction of bank guarantee in another 19 cases. A large of allottees of these blocks were issued show cause notices by the IMG to show why they had failed to take the required action to develop these blocks and why action should not be taken against them. Following this, the Coal Ministry had asked the owners of these blocks to make a presentation before the IMG on achievement of milestones and reasons for delays. Those who were asked to make a presentation before the IMG included state-owned Steel Authority of India (SAIL), NTPC Ltd, JSPL, Abhijeet Infrastructure, Birla Corp and Rathi Udyog, Tata Power and Monnet Ispat and Energy Ltd. JSPL was specifically asked to make a presentation with regard to delay in production from its four coal blocks - Amarkunda Murgadangal in Jharkhand, Utkal B1 and Ramchandi in Odisha and Urtan North in Madhya Pradesh. Similarly, SAIL was asked to make presentation for Sitanala mine in Jharkhand and NTPC for Parki Barwadih mine in Jharkhand and Talaipalli mine in Chhattisgarh. During the presentation, a number of companies pointed to the continued unending delays in land acquisition, getting environmental clearances and regulatory hurdles for delays in development of the mines. The government had formed the IMG last year to review the progress of coal blocks allocated to firms for captive use and recommend action, including de-allocation. The panel has members from other Ministries including Steel and Power. The Supreme Court is monitoring the Coalgate scam probe into coal block allocations since 1993 being conducted by CBI following three public interest litigation petitions alleging that rules were flouted in giving away the natural resources and favouring certain companies at a huge loss of crores to the national exchequer. Slamming the decision to de-allocate their coal blocks, Jindal Steel and Power and Monnet Ispat and Energy have blamed lack of government approvals and external factors like Naxal activities for not making enough progress in their mines. The two companies, whose 4 blocks figure in the list of 11 to be de-allocated, said that they are being punished for no fault of theirs. The de-allocation is seen as a major setback to both as the blocks were supposed to be the captive raw material source for their upcoming/existing steel and power plants. Jindal's Rs. 80,000-crore mega venture of Coal-to-Liquid project is likely to be hit. The two companies have together invested over 110 billion so far on development of their end-use plants. At the outset, we are shocked and surprised to hear the recommendation made by IMG (Inter-ministerial group), it seems that everybody in the policy making/monitoring wants to avoid a pragmatic decision in view of the media hype," Monnet Ispat spokesperson said in a statement. The JSPL spokesperson said the company's coal blocks are being de-allocated "despite best efforts made by the company and no fault on part of the company." Last week, the Coal Ministry decided to de-allocate 11 captive coal blocks to various companies. JSPL's three – Ramchandi promotional block, Amarkonda Murgadangal and Urtan North (jointly with Monnet) — figure in the list. Monnet's one more block, Rajagamar Dipside (South of Pulakdih Nala) coal block jointly allotted to Monnet Ispat and Energy Ltd among others, is also part of the list. The Monnet spokesperson further said 450 hectares of the block, out of total 650 hectares, is over-lapping with a block of the South Eastern Coalfields Ltd (SECL) and SECL needs to surrender title of the land and transfer it to Monnet. He also accused the Coal Ministry of violating its own conditions (clause 17 of General Condition of Allocation), saying that the caluse "clearly stipulates that any delay in transferring the land by a government company to the coal block allocatee can be claimed as grace period." “If IMG has recommended for de-allocation, then they are violating the published guidelines of MoC," the spokesperson said, adding that Monnet can start development of the block immediately as it needs "to acquire only 5 acre of land for making an entry." According to the JSPL spokesperson, the company has made 4 attempts for carrying out exploration at Amarkonda Murgadangal block since April, 2009 but could not do it due to "large amount of extremist/Naxal activities" and "illegal mining" supported by extremists/anti-social elements. "State government had further agreed to extend the validity of PL (prospective licence) by 2 years 4 months and 8 days under force majeure conditions on 5 June 2013 and we are in the process of starting our fifth attempt to carry out drilling operations in this block," he said. The spokesperson of Jindal Steel and Power (JSPL) said its employees, officials and contractors were assaulted or made hostage many times at the site and equipment were damaged. He added that many complaints and FIRs have been filed on these issues and state and central governments have been informed about it. Talking about the to be de-allocated Ramchandi promotional block, he said JSPL's application for prospecting licence is pending with Odisha government for more than three years and the state government has not yet "executed PL on one pretext or the other in spite of a number of reminders." “In the circumstances, company could not start exploration activities for no fault of the company," he said, while noting that the company has already completed various initial work, including detailed feasibility study, for the project and has invested Rs. 740 million on it. The Ramchandi block, which has estimated 1.5 billion tonnes of coal reserves, was allocated for ambitious Coal-to-Liquid project in February, 2009 and JSPL had already announced investment Rs. 800 billion on the venture. On Urtan North block, the third to be de-allocated block (jointly allocated with Monnet), JSPL spokesperson said that its Mine Plan is pending for final approval from Coal Ministry for more than six months now. The delay in Coal Ministry's approval has led to further delay in securing Environment Clearance (EC) as well. "Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of MoEF, GoI has already considered grant of EC and is mainly pending for submission of Mine Plan approval letter. The Mine Plan approval letter is pending for issuance with Ministry of Coal for more than six months," the company said. Monnet, which is also a partner in the block, also echoed the same. It the spokesperson said that grant of EC is in the "final stage" and the company is hopeful that it will be cleared by EAC in their "forthcoming meeting" to be held later this month. For Monnet, Urtan North and Rajagamar Dipside blocks are supposed to be the captive raw material source for its over a million tonne steel plant in Chhattisgarh's Raigarh, which is now in final stages of commissioning. The company said it has invested over Rs. 60 billion to develop the end-use plant. The Urtan North block is also critical to JSPL's plans as it was supposed to meet 10-12 per cent of the coking coal needs of its already operational Raigarh steel plant in Chhattisgarh. The company said has invested Rs. 34.16 billion on its development.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The government had formed the IMG last year to review the progress of coal blocks allocated to firms for captive use and recommend action, including de-allocation

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal mines

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: captive use

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coalgate scam probe into coal block allocations since 1993

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The Supreme Court is monitoring the Coalgate scam probe into coal block allocations since 1993 being conducted by CBI

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: de-allocation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Historically in the U.S. the prevalent method of coal acquisition was underground mining which is very labor-intensive. In MTR, through the use of explosives and large machinery, more than two and a half times as much coal can be extracted per worker per hour than in traditional underground mines, thus greatly reducing the need for workers. In Kentucky, for example, the number of workers has declined over 60% from 1979 to 2006 (from 47,190 to 17,959 workers). The industry overall lost approximately 10,000 jobs from 1990 to 1997, as MTR and other more mechanized underground mining methods became more widely used. The coal industry asserts that surface mining techniques, such as mountaintop removal, are safer for miners than sending miners underground.

text: Historically in the U.S. the prevalent method of coal acquisition was

text: underground mining

text: which is very labor-intensive. In MTR, through the use of explosives and large machinery, more than two and a half times as much coal can be extracted per worker per hour than in traditional underground mines, thus greatly reducing the need for workers. In Kentucky, for example, the number of workers has declined over 60% from 1979 to 2006 (from 47,190 to 17,959 workers). The industry overall lost approximately 10,000 jobs from 1990 to 1997, as MTR and other more mechanized underground mining methods became more widely used. The coal industry asserts that surface mining techniques, such as mountaintop removal, are safer for miners than sending miners underground.

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answers: coal

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answers: surface mining techniques, such as mountaintop removal, are safer for miners than sending miners underground

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mountaintop removal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Underground mining

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answers: underground mining

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answers: coal

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answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Historically

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: surface mining techniques, such as mountaintop removal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: explosives and large machinery

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: However, in lesser developed countries and some developing countries, many miners continue to die annually, either through direct accidents in coal mines or through adverse health consequences from working under poor conditions. China, in particular, has the highest number of coal mining related deaths in the world, with official statistics claiming that 6,027 deaths occurred in 2004. To compare, 28 deaths were reported in the US in the same year. Coal production in China is twice that in the US, while the number of coal miners is around 50 times that of the US, making deaths in coal mines in China 4 times as common per worker (108 times as common per unit output) as in the US.

text: However, in lesser developed countries and some developing countries, many miners continue to die annually, either through direct accidents in coal mines or through adverse health consequences from working under poor conditions.

text: China

text: , in particular, has the highest number of coal mining related deaths in the world, with official statistics claiming that 6,027 deaths occurred in 2004. To compare, 28 deaths were reported in the US in the same year. Coal production in China is twice that in the US, while the number of coal miners is around 50 times that of the US, making deaths in coal mines in China 4 times as common per worker (108 times as common per unit output) as in the US.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: China, in particular, has the highest number of coal mining related deaths in the world

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal mines

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal production

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal mines

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Another theme that is intertwined all throughout The Unquiet Earth is power.  We see the power of the coal companies, as they own and operate the coal towns and control the lives of its citizens.  Everyone who resides within the coal camp, whether they are a miner, related to a miner or have another occupation within the camp are affected by the power of the coal company.  The coal company owns the houses and, in a sense, owns the miners as well, as the companies control the amount of money put into the operation of the coal towns.  The miners are treated terribly by the company and told what to do, when to work, and where to work.  They have little concern for the miner’s safety or well-being, since high production is their number one goal.  They are so desperate for workers, in fact, that the miners in the novel are even held by gun point and led to the mines against their will and forced to work as a result of the coal company: when Rachel looks out the window and sees men with guns take her neighbors to the mines to work against their will.  Also, the coal company is trying to overpower the citizens and miners to prevent them from striking.

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answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Firesteel was the only coal mining community in South Dakota. The first coal was found in 1907 or 1908 by W. Benoist and A. Traversie in a prairie dog town. A commercial coal mine was opened in 1911. Because of the expensive cost of a railroad, the mine was locally operated until World War I, when the railroad costs dropped and wider markets opened. In 1929, a new dragline was purchased by Firesteel Coal Company, and mechanical stripping was made possible. In 1933, the State Relief Agency opened a new mine about 3/4 of a mile southwest of the town to provide more fuel for people struggling through the Great Depression. However, this mine closed on March 17, 1934, when the government realized that purchasing coal was cheaper than mining it. Runkel Coal was founded by L. P. Runkel in 1935. The company's peak years were May 1941 to April 1942, when 51,743 tons of coal were sold. During this time, 30 truckers were paid 35 cents per ton to load and haul the coal from pits to the railcars. In 1947, Ben Dollarhide bought out the Runkel Company and formed the Dewey County Coal Company. Dollarhide added a large tipple to speed loading. In one day, 552 tons of coal were pushed through the tipple.

text: Firesteel was the only

text: coal mining

text: community

text: in South Dakota. The first

text: coal

text: was found in 1907 or 1908 by W. Benoist and A. Traversie in a

text: prairie dog

text: town. A commercial coal mine was opened in 1911. Because of the expensive cost of a

text: railroad

text: , the mine was locally operated until

text: World War I

text: , when the railroad costs dropped and wider markets opened. In 1929, a new

text: dragline

text: was purchased by Firesteel Coal Company, and

text: mechanical stripping

text: was made possible. In 1933, the

text: State Relief Agency

text: opened a new mine about 3/4 of a mile southwest of the town to provide more

text: fuel

text: for people struggling through the

text: Great Depression

text: . However, this mine closed on March 17, 1934, when the government realized that purchasing coal was cheaper than mining it. Runkel Coal was founded by L. P. Runkel in 1935. The company's peak years were May 1941 to April 1942, when 51,743 tons of coal were sold. During this time, 30 truckers were paid 35 cents per ton to load and haul the coal from pits to the railcars. In 1947, Ben Dollarhide bought out the Runkel Company and formed the Dewey County Coal Company. Dollarhide added a large

text: tipple

text: to speed loading. In one day, 552 tons of coal were pushed through the tipple.

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answer: 1

text: Coal mining in the United States has historically had economic and cultural dominance in regions such as the Allegheny Mountains and Appalachian Mountains, where it was a major part of identity and traditions. The replacement of workers by mechanization has had major consequences for the industry and for the people it affects.

text: Coal mining in the United States has historically had economic and cultural dominance in regions such as the

text: Allegheny Mountains

text: and

text: Appalachian Mountains

text: , where it was a major part of identity and traditions. The replacement of workers by mechanization has had major consequences for the industry and for the people it affects.

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answer: 1

text: In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) began conducting a joint program with the industry and State agencies to demonstrate clean coal technologies large enough for commercial use. The program, called the Clean Coal Technology & Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI), has had a number of successes that have reduced emissions and waste from coal-based electricity generation. The National Energy Technology Laboratory has administered three rounds of CCPI funding and the following projects were selected during each round:

text: In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) began conducting a joint program with the industry and State agencies to demonstrate clean coal technologies large enough for commercial use. The program, called the Clean Coal Technology & Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI), has had a number of successes that have reduced emissions and waste from coal-based electricity generation. The

text: National Energy Technology Laboratory

text: has administered three rounds of CCPI funding and the following projects were selected during each round:

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answers: coal

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answers: reduced emissions and waste from coal-based electricity generation

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answers: coal

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answers: Coal-based electricity generation

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answers: coal

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answers: coal

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answers: carbon

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answers: The late 1980s and early 1990s

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Clean coal technologies large enough for commercial use

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: electricity generation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The earliest recognized use is from the Shenyang area of China 4000 BC where Neolithic inhabitants had begun carving ornaments from black lignite. Coal from the Fushun mine in northeastern China was used to smelt copper as early as 1000 BCE. Marco Polo, the Italian who traveled to China in the 13th century, described coal as "black stones ... which burn like logs", and said coal was so plentiful, people could take three hot baths a week. In Europe, the earliest reference to the use of coal as fuel is from the geological treatise On stones (Lap. 16) by the Greek scientist Theophrastus (circa 371–287 BC):

text: The earliest recognized use is from the

text: Shenyang

text: area of China 4000 BC where

text: Neolithic

text: inhabitants had begun carving ornaments from black lignite. Coal from the Fushun mine in northeastern China was used to smelt copper as early as 1000 BCE.

text: Marco Polo

text: , the Italian who traveled to China in the 13th century, described coal as "black stones ... which burn like logs", and said coal was so plentiful, people could take three hot baths a week. In Europe, the earliest reference to the use of coal as fuel is from the geological treatise On stones (Lap. 16) by the Greek scientist

text: Theophrastus

text: (circa 371–287 BC):

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 4000 BC

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: burn like logs

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The techniques of coal mining were introduced to Canada in 1720 in what is now Cape Breton, on a coal seam on the north side of Cow Bay. The coal was used as fuel for the inhabitants at Louisburg. Large scale mining developed the Sydney area in particular and continued until 1876 by which time easily reached deposits had been exhausted. However mining continued with tunnels extending out under the sea. The coal was used to power steam locomotives and in latter years to make steel, provide fuel for central heating and provide the volatile gases that formed the basis for the coal gasification and related chemical industries. In 1893, a number of Nova Scotia collieries including the Bridgeport, Caledonia, Clyde, Gardiner, Glace Bay, Gowrie, Lingan,  Lorway, Schooner Pond and Victoria were united to form the Dominion Coal Company which by 1912 produced 40% of Canada's total coal output.

text: The techniques of

text: coal mining

text: were introduced to Canada in 1720 in what is now Cape Breton, on a coal seam on the north side of Cow Bay. The coal was used as fuel for the inhabitants at Louisburg. Large scale mining developed the Sydney area in particular and continued until 1876 by which time easily reached deposits had been exhausted. However mining continued with tunnels extending out under the sea. The coal was used to power steam locomotives and in latter years to make steel, provide fuel for central heating and provide the volatile gases that formed the basis for the coal gasification and related chemical industries. In 1893, a number of Nova Scotia collieries including the Bridgeport, Caledonia, Clyde, Gardiner, Glace Bay, Gowrie, Lingan,  Lorway, Schooner Pond and Victoria were united to form the Dominion Coal Company which by 1912 produced 40% of Canada's total coal output.

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answers: coal

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answers: by 1912 produced 40% of Canada's total coal output

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal seam

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: coal seam on the north side of Cow Bay

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Nova Scotia collieries

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answers: It was used as fuel for the inhabitants at Louisburg

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: It was used to power steam locomotives

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal gasification

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Although, in later years, the colliers faced competition from the railways in supplying coal for domestic use in the capital, large quantities of coal were used at the numerous power stations on the banks of the River Thames, and wharves were constructed alongside them for unloading the colliers. The wharf at Battersea Power Station is still extant, and the cranes used for unloading the coal can be seen on the riverfront. These are fitted with clamshell buckets and in operation loaded a hopper, which in turn fed a conveyor system leading to the power station's coal bunkers. The modern equivalent can be seen at the Tyne Coal Terminal, unloading bulk carriers. Gas Light and Coke Company had similar facilities at its large gasworks, also alongside the Thames, for handling the large quantity of bituminous coal which was needed to supply the capital with town gas.

text: Although, in later years, the colliers faced competition from the railways in supplying coal for domestic use in the capital, large quantities of coal were used at the numerous

text: power station

text: s on the banks of the

text: River Thames

text: , and wharves were constructed alongside them for unloading the colliers. The wharf at

text: Battersea Power Station

text: is still extant, and the cranes used for unloading the coal can be seen on the riverfront. These are fitted with

text: clamshell buckets

text: and in operation loaded a hopper, which in turn fed a conveyor system leading to the power station's coal bunkers. The modern equivalent can be seen at the Tyne Coal Terminal, unloading bulk carriers.

text: Gas Light and Coke Company

text: had similar facilities at its large gasworks, also alongside the Thames, for handling the large quantity of bituminous coal which was needed to supply the capital with

text: town gas

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The wharf at Battersea Power Station is still extant

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: coal bunkers

answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The southern region of Sonebhadra is referred to as the " Energy Capital of India "; this region has many electrical power stations around Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar. NTPC (a leading power generation company in India) has three coal-based thermal power plants at Shaktinagar SSTPS(Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station),2000 MW (India's first NTPC Power Plant), [VSTPP (Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power project)] |Vindhyanagar]] (largest capacity in India, 4760 MW) and Bijpur (Rihandnagar, RhSTPP(Rihand Super Thermal Power project), 3000 MW]). Other power stations are at Anpara (UPRVUNL), Obra (UPRVUNL), Renusagar (Hindalco) and Pipri-Hydro (UPRVUNL). NCL (a branch of Coal India Limited) has its headquarters and many coal mines in this region. Hindalco has a major aluminium plant at Renukut.

text: The southern region of Sonebhadra is referred to as the " Energy Capital of India "; this region has many electrical power stations around

text: Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar

text: NTPC

text: (a leading power generation company in India) has three coal-based thermal power plants at

text: Shaktinagar

text: SSTPS(Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station),2000 MW (India's first NTPC Power Plant), [VSTPP (Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power project)] |Vindhyanagar]] (largest capacity in India, 4760 MW) and

text: Bijpur

text: Rihandnagar

text: , RhSTPP(Rihand Super Thermal Power project), 3000 MW]). Other power stations are at

text: Anpara

entity_name: Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam

text: UPRVUNL

text: Obra

text: (UPRVUNL),

text: Renusagar

text: Hindalco

text: ) and

text: Pipri

text: -Hydro (UPRVUNL).

text: NCL

text: (a branch of

text: Coal India Limited

text: ) has its headquarters and many coal mines in this region.

text: Hindalco

text: has a major aluminium plant at

text: Renukut

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Historically, coal was gasified using early technology to produce coal gas (also known as "town gas"), which is a combustible gas traditionally used for municipal lighting and heating before the advent of industrial-scale production of natural gas.

text: Historically, coal was gasified using early technology to produce

text: coal gas

text: (also known as "town gas"), which is a combustible gas traditionally used for municipal lighting and heating before the advent of industrial-scale production of natural gas.

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answers: used for municipal lighting and heating

answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: gasified

answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004009

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Myuna Colliery is a coal mine at Wangi Wangi, New South Wales, Australia. The colliery was developed to provide coal for the Eraring Power Station, 5 kilometres to the west. The mine started in August 1979, with coal production commencing in 1982. The Wallarah, Great Northern and Fassifern coal seams have been mined using bord and pillar mining methods. Coal is transported to the Eraring Power Station by an overland conveyor system.

text: Myuna Colliery is a

text: coal mine

text: at

text: Wangi Wangi, New South Wales

text: Australia

text: . The colliery was developed to provide coal for the

text: Eraring Power Station

text: , 5 kilometres to the west. The mine started in August 1979, with coal production commencing in 1982. The Wallarah, Great Northern and Fassifern coal seams have been mined using bord and pillar mining methods. Coal is transported to the

text: Eraring Power Station

text: by an overland conveyor system.

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Coal is transported to the Eraring Power Station by an overland conveyor system

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mined using bord and pillar mining methods

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Wallarah, Great Northern and Fassifern coal seams

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Wallarah

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Fassifern coal seams

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Wallarah, Great Northern and Fassifern coal seams

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Eraring Power Station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Around 30 nations collectively operate more than 1,400 brown coal-fired power stations around the world. Brown coal power stations that cannot economically dewater brown coal are inefficient and cause of high levels of carbon emissions. High emitting power stations, notably the Hazelwood power station in Australia, attract environmental criticism. Many modern economies including Greece and Victoria (Australia) are highly dependent on brown coal for electricity. Improved environmental performance and the need for stable economic environment provide incentive for investment to substantially reduce the negative environmental impact of burning raw ('as mined') brown coal.

text: Around 30 nations collectively operate more than 1,400 brown coal-fired power stations around the world. Brown coal power stations that cannot economically dewater brown coal are inefficient and cause of high levels of

text: carbon emissions

text: . High emitting power stations, notably the

text: Hazelwood power station

text: in

text: Australia

text: , attract environmental criticism. Many modern economies including

text: Greece

text: and

text: Victoria

text: (Australia) are highly dependent on brown coal for electricity. Improved environmental performance and the need for stable economic environment provide incentive for investment to substantially reduce the negative environmental impact of burning raw ('as mined') brown coal.

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Many modern economies including Greece and Victoria (Australia) are highly dependent on brown coal for electricity

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: brown

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: dewater

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: brown coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: brown coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: dewater brown coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: brown coal-fired

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In Pennsylvania, the Allegheny Formation includes rocks from the base of the Brooksville Coal to the top of the Upper Freeport Coal, and was defined to include all economically significant coals in the upper Pennsylvanian sequence. The formation consists of cyclothemic sequences of coal, shale, limestone, sandstone, and clay.  It contains six major coal zones, which, in stratigraphic order, are:

text: In Pennsylvania, the Allegheny Formation includes rocks from the base of the Brooksville Coal to the top of the Upper Freeport Coal, and was defined to include all economically significant coals in the upper Pennsylvanian sequence. The formation consists of

text: cyclothemic

text: sequences of coal, shale, limestone, sandstone, and clay.  It contains six major coal zones, which, in

text: stratigraphic

text: order, are:

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: economically significant coals in the upper Pennsylvanian sequence

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal, shale

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Upper Freeport Coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Pennsylvanian

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Pennsylvanian

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Upper Freeport Coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: When coal is used for electricity generation, it is usually pulverized and then burned in a furnace with a boiler. The furnace heat converts boiler water to steam, which is then used to spin turbines which turn generators and create electricity. The thermodynamic efficiency of this process has been improved over time; some older coal-fired power stations have thermal efficiencies in the vicinity of 25% whereas the newest supercritical and "ultra-supercritical" steam cycle turbines, operating at temperatures over 600 °C and pressures over 27 MPa (over 3900 psi), can achieve thermal efficiencies in excess of 45% (LHV basis) using anthracite fuel, or around 43% (LHV basis) even when using lower-grade lignite fuel. Further thermal efficiency improvements are also achievable by improved pre-drying (especially relevant with high-moisture fuel such as lignite or biomass) and cooling technologies.

text: When coal is used for

text: electricity generation

text: , it is usually pulverized and then burned in a

text: furnace

text: with a

text: boiler

text: . The furnace heat converts boiler water to

text: steam

text: , which is then used to spin

text: turbine

text: s which turn

text: generators

text: and create electricity. The

text: thermodynamic efficiency

text: of this process has been improved over time; some older coal-fired power stations have thermal efficiencies in the vicinity of 25% whereas the newest

text: supercritical

text: and "ultra-supercritical" steam cycle turbines, operating at temperatures over 600 °C and pressures over 27 MPa (over 3900 psi), can achieve thermal efficiencies in excess of 45% (LHV basis) using anthracite fuel, or around 43% (LHV basis) even when using lower-grade lignite fuel. Further thermal efficiency improvements are also achievable by improved pre-drying (especially relevant with high-moisture fuel such as lignite or biomass) and cooling technologies.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: water

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: older coal-fired power stations have thermal efficiencies in the vicinity of 25%

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: anthracite

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: pre-drying

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: supercritical and "ultra-supercritical" steam cycle turbines

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: The furnace heat converts boiler water to steam

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Exxon started to develop this process in 1966 and the development process continued until 1976.  By 1975, the process was used in 1/2-tons per day pilot plant.  In 1977, preparations to build the demonstration-scale 250-tons per day plant in Baytown, Texas. The plant was opened in April 1980. The plant was built by Carter Oil, an affiliate of Exxon Corporation later renamed Exxon Coal, U.S.A. The plant was financed by the United States Department of Energy and by the private investors Carter Oil, Electric Power Research Institute, Japan Coal Liquefaction Development Company, Phillips Coal Company, ARCO Coal Company, Ruhrkohle and Agip.  The plant was closed and dismantled in 1982.  Originally Exxon planned to open its first commercial scale plant in 1997; however, this plan was abandoned.

text: Exxon started to develop this process in 1966 and the development process continued until 1976.  By 1975, the process was used in 1/2-tons per day pilot plant.  In 1977, preparations to build the demonstration-scale 250-tons per day plant in

text: Baytown, Texas

text: . The plant was opened in April 1980. The plant was built by

text: Carter Oil

text: , an affiliate of Exxon Corporation later renamed Exxon Coal, U.S.A. The plant was financed by the

text: United States Department of Energy

text: and by the private investors Carter Oil,

text: Electric Power Research Institute

text: , Japan Coal Liquefaction Development Company, Phillips Coal Company, ARCO Coal Company,

text: Ruhrkohle

text: and

text: Agip

text: .  The plant was closed and dismantled in 1982.  Originally Exxon planned to open its first commercial scale plant in 1997; however, this plan was abandoned.

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answers: 0

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answers: Liquefaction

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: By 1975, the process was used in 1/2-tons per day pilot plant

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: By 1975, the process was used in 1/2-tons per day pilot plant

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Liquefaction

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: Coal

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answers: Coal

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answers: The plant was built by Carter Oil

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: By 1975, the process was used in 1/2-tons per day pilot plant

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Liquefaction

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Mundra Thermal Power Station or Mundra Thermal Power Project is located at Mundra in Kutch district in the Indian state of Gujarat. The power plant is one of the coal-based power plants of Adani Power. The coal for the power plant is imported primarily from Bunyu, Indonesia. Source of water for the power plant is sea water from the Gulf of Kutch.

text: Mundra Thermal Power Station or Mundra Thermal Power Project is located at

text: Mundra

text: in

text: Kutch district

text: in the Indian state of

text: Gujarat

text: . The power plant is one of the

text: coal

text: -based power plants of

text: Adani Power

text: . The coal for the power plant is imported primarily from

text: Bunyu

text: Indonesia

text: . Source of water for the power plant is sea water from the

text: Gulf of Kutch

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: import primarily from Bunyu, Indonesia

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Bunyu

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Mundra Thermal Power Station

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Bunyu

answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Thermal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: After the Romans left Britain, in AD 410, there are no records of coal being used in the country until the end of the 12th century.  Shortly after the signing of the Magna Carta, in 1215, coal began to be traded in areas of Scotland and the north-east England, where the carboniferous strata were exposed on the sea shore, and thus became known as "sea coal".  This commodity, however, was not suitable for use in the type of domestic hearths then in use, and was mainly used by artisans for lime burning, metal working and smelting.  As early as 1228, sea coal from the north-east was being taken to London.  During the 13th century, the trading of coal increased across Britain and by the end of the century most of the coalfields in England, Scotland and Wales were being worked on a small scale.  As the use of coal amongst the artisans became more widespread, it became clear that coal smoke was detrimental to health and the increasing pollution in London led to much unrest and agitation. As a result of this, a Royal proclamation  was issued in 1306 prohibiting artificers of London from using sea coal in their furnaces and commanding them to return to the traditional fuels of wood and charcoal.  During the first half of the 14th century  coal began to be used for domestic heating in coal producing areas of Britain, as improvements were made in the design of domestic hearths.  Edward III was the first king to take an interest in the coal trade of the north east, issuing a number of writs to regulate the trade and allowing the export of coal to Calais.  The demand for coal steadily increased in Britain during the 15th century, but it was still mainly being used in the mining districts, in coastal towns  or being exported to continental Europe.  However, by the middle of the 16th century supplies of wood  were beginning to fail in Britain and the use of coal as a domestic fuel rapidly expanded.

text: After the Romans left Britain, in AD 410, there are no records of coal being used in the country until the end of the 12th century.  Shortly after the signing of the

text: Magna Carta

text: , in 1215, coal began to be traded in areas of Scotland and the north-east England, where the

text: carboniferous

text: strata were exposed on the sea shore, and thus became known as "sea coal".  This commodity, however, was not suitable for use in the type of domestic hearths then in use, and was mainly used by artisans for

text: lime burning

text: , metal working and smelting.  As early as 1228, sea coal from the north-east was being taken to London.  During the 13th century, the trading of coal increased across Britain and by the end of the century most of the coalfields in England, Scotland and Wales were being worked on a small scale.  As the use of coal amongst the artisans became more widespread, it became clear that coal smoke was detrimental to health and the increasing pollution in London led to much unrest and agitation. As a result of this, a Royal proclamation  was issued in 1306 prohibiting artificers of London from using sea coal in their furnaces and commanding them to return to the traditional fuels of wood and charcoal.  During the first half of the 14th century  coal began to be used for domestic heating in coal producing areas of Britain, as improvements were made in the design of domestic hearths.

text: Edward III

text: was the first king to take an interest in the coal trade of the north east, issuing a number of writs to regulate the trade and allowing the export of coal to

text: Calais

text: .  The demand for coal steadily increased in Britain during the 15th century, but it was still mainly being used in the mining districts, in coastal towns  or being exported to continental Europe.  However, by the middle of the 16th century supplies of wood  were beginning to fail in Britain and the use of coal as a domestic fuel rapidly expanded.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: NDQ_004002

answers: carboniferous strata

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: carboniferous strata

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: sea coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: carboniferous

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: After the Romans left Britain, in AD 410

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal smoke was detrimental to health

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: working on a small scale

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: At the height of the Industrial Revolution, coal-power supplanted water-power as the driving force and minable coal seams were found in Mellor. Relatively recently, the British Coal Board strip-mined those seams that still had sufficient coal in them.

text: At the height of the Industrial Revolution, coal-power supplanted water-power as the driving force and minable coal seams were found in Mellor. Relatively recently, the

text: British Coal Board

text: strip-mined those seams that still had sufficient coal in them.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: At the height of the Industrial Revolution, coal-power supplanted water-power as the driving force

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal seams

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: minable coal seams

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: British

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: At the height of the Industrial Revolution

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: strip-mined those seams that still had sufficient coal in them

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: strip-mined

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the late 1950s, the Soviet Union looked for new methods of using coal sludge for power generation. Coal-water slurry fuel was made in a Ball mill which pulverised the coal or coal sludge. This was done near a coal mine in Belovo, Siberia. The coal-water slurry fuel was transported through a pipeline to Novosibirskaya TEC-5, Novosibirsk, a distance of . The pipeline had three intermediate pumping stations. The Belovo Novosibirsk project used coal-water slurry fuel in steam boilers at a rate of 1340 tonnes per hour. There was a further project at Belovo Novosibirsk between 1989 and 1993 and development of coal-water slurry fuel technology for district heating stations and power stations. In 2004, a coal water slurry fuel production plant was opened at Enskiy village, Murmansk.

text: In the late 1950s, the

text: Soviet Union

text: looked for new methods of using coal sludge for power generation. Coal-water slurry fuel was made in a

text: Ball mill

text: which pulverised the coal or coal sludge. This was done near a coal mine in

text: Belovo

text: Siberia

text: . The coal-water slurry fuel was transported through a

text: pipeline

text: to Novosibirskaya TEC-5,

text: Novosibirsk

text: , a distance of . The pipeline had three intermediate pumping stations. The Belovo Novosibirsk project used coal-water slurry fuel in steam boilers at a rate of 1340 tonnes per hour. There was a further project at Belovo Novosibirsk between 1989 and 1993 and development of coal-water slurry fuel technology for

text: district heating

text: stations and power stations. In 2004, a coal water slurry fuel production plant was opened at

text: Enskiy village

text: Murmansk

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answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: pulverised the coal or coal sludge

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal sludge

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal sludge

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal sludge

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal sludge

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal-water slurry fuel

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-water slurry fuel in steam boilers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The importance of the force majeure clause in a contract, particularly one of any length in time, cannot be overstated as it relieves a party from an obligation under the contract (or suspends that obligation). What is permitted to be a force majeure event or circumstance can be the source of much controversy in the negotiation of a contract and a party should generally resist any attempt by the other party to include something that should, fundamentally, be at the risk of that other party. For example, in a coal-supply agreement, the mining company may seek to have "geological risk" included as a force majeure event; however, the mining company should be doing extensive exploration and analysis of its geological reserves and should not even be negotiating a coal-supply agreement if it cannot take the risk that there may be a geological limit to its coal supply from time to time. The outcome of that negotiation, of course, depends on the relative bargaining power of the parties and there will be cases where force majeure clauses can be used by a party effectively to escape liability for bad performance.

text: The importance of the force majeure clause in a contract, particularly one of any length in time, cannot be overstated as it relieves a party from an obligation under the contract (or suspends that obligation). What is permitted to be a force majeure event or circumstance can be the source of much controversy in the negotiation of a contract and a party should generally resist any attempt by the other party to include something that should, fundamentally, be at the risk of that other party. For example, in a

text: coal

text: -supply agreement, the

text: mining

text: company may seek to have "

text: geological

text: risk" included as a force majeure event; however, the mining company should be doing extensive exploration and analysis of its geological reserves and should not even be negotiating a coal-supply agreement if it cannot take the risk that there may be a geological limit to its coal supply from time to time. The outcome of that negotiation, of course, depends on the relative bargaining power of the parties and there will be cases where force majeure clauses can be used by a party effectively to escape liability for bad performance.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: there may be a geological limit to its coal supply from time to time

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mining

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Geological risk

answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-supply agreement

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As well as providing power for the tram system, the station was a source of electricity for local homes. The building of a power station brought major environmental improvements to what was a highly polluted area, because electricity represented a much cleaner source of household energy than coal, which was used at the time. Local households gradually switched to the new power source. A partner in the enterprise of the Lemington power station was Sir Matthew White Ridley, who had considerable interests in coal and banking.

text: As well as providing power for the tram system, the station was a source of electricity for local homes. The building of a power station brought major environmental improvements to what was a highly polluted area, because electricity represented a much cleaner source of household energy than coal, which was used at the time. Local households gradually switched to the new power source. A partner in the enterprise of the Lemington power station was

entity_name: Matthew White Ridley, 1st Viscount Ridley

text: Sir Matthew White Ridley

text: , who had considerable interests in coal and banking.

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answers: electricity represented a much cleaner source of household energy

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: highly polluted

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: highly polluted area

answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: The building of a power station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Power Plant is located at Ghanauli near Ropar in Punjab. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of PSPCL

text: Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Power Plant is located at Ghanauli near

text: Ropar

text: in Punjab. The power plant is one of the

text: coal

text: based power plants of

text: PSPCL

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answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal based power plants

answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Ghanauli

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Super Thermal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Thermal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal fires, used to heat individual buildings or in a power-producing plant, can emit significant clouds of smoke that contributes to smog. Air pollution from this source has been reported in England since the Middle Ages. London, in particular, was notorious up through the mid-20th century for its coal-caused smogs, which were nicknamed 'pea-soupers.' Air pollution of this type is still a problem in areas that generate significant smoke from burning coal, as witnessed by the 2013 autumnal smog in Harbin, China, which closed roads, schools, and the airport.

text: Coal fires, used to heat individual buildings or in a power-producing plant, can emit significant clouds of smoke that contributes to smog. Air pollution from this source has been reported in England since the

text: Middle Ages

text: . London, in particular, was notorious up through the mid-20th century for its coal-caused smogs, which were nicknamed '

text: pea-soupers

text: .' Air pollution of this type is still a problem in areas that generate significant smoke from burning coal, as witnessed by the

text: 2013 autumnal smog in Harbin, China

text: , which closed roads, schools, and the airport.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: can emit significant clouds of smoke that contributes to smog

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal fires

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: power-producing plant

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The Middle Ages

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal fires

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power-producing plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Not all these counties, and not all of the Western Coal Field, contain coal. The term is used to define the region with Pennsylvanian-age strata, largely sandstone and shale, in contrast to the Mississippian-age limestone of the adjoining and older Pennyroyal region. A transitional zone, generally defined as being part of the coalfield region, is the Clifty Area, where the rock outcrops include bituminous sandstone, or tar sands, which have commercial value as paving material.

text: Not all these counties, and not all of the Western Coal Field, contain coal. The term is used to define the region with Pennsylvanian-age strata, largely sandstone and shale, in contrast to the

text: Mississippian

text: -age

text: limestone

text: of the adjoining and older

text: Pennyroyal

text: region. A transitional zone, generally defined as being part of the coalfield region, is the Clifty Area, where the rock outcrops include bituminous sandstone, or

text: tar sand

text: s, which have commercial value as paving material.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: tar

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: not all of the Western Coal Field, contain coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Pennsylvanian-age strata

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Mississippian-age limestone

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Mississippian

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: It is used to define the region with Pennsylvanian-age strata

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coalfield region

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The coal early on was from the Barnsley seam, the top layer being good for steaming and the lower parts for house and coking (mix). Harworth coal was in great demand from railway companies like the LNER. The Flying Scotsman locomotive, one of the most famous steam engines in the world (now owned by the National Railway Museum) was burning Harworth coal when it covered the 392 miles from London to Edinburgh in a record seven hours and 27 minutes in 1932. With the decline of steam power in the late 1960s and coal being used less for gas and heating the coal began to be used for producing power. Power stations like Drax and Cottam used Harworth coal, this being transported by the SYJR. Other lower seams included the Parkgate seam.

text: The coal early on was from the Barnsley seam, the top layer being good for steaming and the lower parts for house and coking (mix). Harworth coal was in great demand from railway companies like the

text: LNER

text: . The

text: Flying Scotsman

text: locomotive, one of the most famous steam engines in the world (now owned by the

text: National Railway Museum

text: ) was burning Harworth coal when it covered the 392 miles from London to Edinburgh in a record seven hours and 27 minutes in 1932. With the decline of steam power in the late 1960s and coal being used less for gas and heating the coal began to be used for producing power. Power stations like

text: Drax

text: and

text: Cottam

text: used Harworth coal, this being transported by the SYJR. Other lower seams included the Parkgate seam.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: the lower parts for house and coking (mix)

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Barnsley seam

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Barnsley coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Barnsley coal

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Barnsley seam

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal. For example, the Bhusawal Thermal Power Station consumed 2,400,000 tonnes of coal in 2006-07, and the Paras Thermal Power Station consumed 351,000 tonnes of coal in the same year. Around 80 per cent of the domestic coal supplies in India are meant for coal based thermal power plants and coal transportation forms 42 per cent of the total freight earnings of Indian railways. There are over 200 coal loading points across India. Coal is transported by rail to around 60 thermal power stations, 12 steel plants and 55 cement factories forming the major customers of coal.

text: Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal. For example, the Bhusawal Thermal Power Station consumed 2,400,000 tonnes of coal in 2006-07, and the Paras Thermal Power Station consumed 351,000 tonnes of coal in the same year. Around 80 per cent of the domestic coal supplies in India are meant for coal based thermal power plants and coal transportation forms 42 per cent of the total freight earnings of Indian railways. There are over 200 coal loading points across India. Coal is transported by rail to around 60 thermal power stations, 12 steel plants and 55 cement factories forming the major customers of coal.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: transportation forms 42 per cent of the total freight earnings of Indian railways

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal-based thermal power stations

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal is transported by rail

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal power stations

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal-based thermal power stations

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: These ships had twin screws and had forced-draught coal burning boilers, that is they burned pulverised coal in an artificially augmented airstream. One consequence of this was that they produced a lot of smoke, so much so that they were more usually referred to as Smokey Joes. Another was that if they were fed anything other than the Welsh Steam Coal they were designed for then the fuel consumption was enormous—one ship was bunkered with soft brown Natal coal and burnt 20 tons in a single day.

text: These ships had twin screws and had forced-draught coal burning

text: boilers

text: , that is they burned pulverised coal in an artificially augmented airstream. One consequence of this was that they produced a lot of smoke, so much so that they were more usually referred to as Smokey Joes. Another was that if they were fed anything other than the

text: Welsh Steam Coal

text: they were designed for then the fuel consumption was enormous—one ship was bunkered with

text: soft brown Natal coal

text: and burnt 20 tons in a single day.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: pulverised coal in an artificially augmented airstream

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: pulverised

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: bunkered

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Welsh Steam Coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Natal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: pulverised coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: forced-draught

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Although reserves of coal remain abundant, consumption of coal has declined in many countries, with some becoming "coal-free". This decline has resulted from the replacement of coal-fired electricity by gas and renewable energy, along with the decline of the steel industry in some countries. As a result, the term "peak coal" is now used primarily to refer to a peak and subsequent decline in global and national coal consumption. According to a number of estimates, China, the world's largest coal consumer, reached peak coal in 2013, and the world may already passed peak coal.

text: Although reserves of coal remain abundant, consumption of coal has declined in many countries, with some becoming "coal-free". This decline has resulted from the replacement of

text: coal-fired electricity

text: by gas and renewable energy, along with the decline of the

text: steel industry

text: in some countries. As a result, the term "peak coal" is now used primarily to refer to a peak and subsequent decline in global and national coal consumption. According to a number of estimates, China, the world's largest coal consumer, reached peak coal in 2013, and the world may already passed peak coal.

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answers: China, the world's largest coal consumer, reached peak coal in 2013, and the world may already passed peak coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: steel

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: "coal-free"

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: China

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: Coal-free

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal-fired electricity

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Concern about global warming in the US  - especially in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and Al Gore's receipt of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for his raising awareness of climate change - temporarily increased public opposition to new coal-fired power plants. Simultaneously with these events, the anti-coal movement in the US - similar to that in the UK and Australia - had made coal-fired power projects more politically costly, and spurred further shifts in public opinion against coal-fired power.

text: Concern about

text: global warming in the US

text: - especially in the aftermath of

text: Hurricane Katrina

text: and

text: Al Gore

text: 's receipt of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for his raising awareness of climate change - temporarily increased public opposition to new coal-fired power plants. Simultaneously with these events, the anti-coal movement in the US - similar to that in the UK and Australia - had made coal-fired power projects more politically costly, and spurred further shifts in public opinion against coal-fired power.

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answers: public opposition to new coal-fired power plants

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2013, five coal export terminals were being proposed in the Pacific Northwest to export coal from the Powder River Basin to Asian markets. As of February 2016, some coal terminal proposals had been withdrawn, leaving two still applied for. The withdrawals were ascribed to loss of demand and consequent lower coal prices.

text: In 2013, five

text: coal export terminal

text: s were being proposed in the

text: Pacific Northwest

text: to export coal from the Powder River Basin to Asian markets. As of February 2016, some coal terminal proposals had been withdrawn, leaving two still applied for. The withdrawals were ascribed to loss of demand and consequent lower coal prices.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: loss of demand and consequent lower coal prices

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Powder River Basin

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Powder River Basin

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answers: Powder River Basin

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Powder River Basin

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Powder River Basin

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: export

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Subsidence is another problem posed by coal extraction. The “pillar” extraction mode was used until the 1990s. This method leaves behind pillars of coal to support the root of the mine. The mined-out areas frequently cave in, however, which may cause the foundations of houses above the mines to crack and leave fractures, and therefore render useless, areas often used for plowing.

text: Subsidence

text: is another problem posed by coal extraction. The “pillar” extraction mode was used until the 1990s. This method leaves behind pillars of coal to support the root of the mine. The mined-out areas frequently cave in, however, which may cause the foundations of houses above the mines to crack and leave fractures, and therefore render useless, areas often used for plowing.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Subsidence is another problem posed by coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mine

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Subsidence

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: pillar

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Subsidence

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: pillar” extraction mode

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The coal ministry on Thursday decided to de-allocate 11 captive coal blocks including three mines of Jindal Steel and Power, besides forfeiting the bank guarantees of six firms and asking five to expressly furnish bank guarantees. The ministry has been facing intense flak over alleged irregularities in allocation of coal blocks since 1993 and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is currently investigating the abnormalities and criminal conspiracy in their allotment. The agency has filed 14 FIRs and two preliminary enquiries so far in this connection. In this backdrop, an inter-ministerial group (IMG) of the coal ministry met on 24 October to consider the fate of 30 coal blocks, including those being investigated by the CBI. Of the mines recommended for de-allocation, two blocks – Amarkonda Murgadangal and Ramchandi Promotional (coal-to-liquid mine) belongs to Naveen Jindal-promoted JSPL and the Urtan North block also allocated to JSPL along with Monnet Ispat & Energy . All allottees had been issued show-cause notices and were asked to furnish their views to the IMG. The decisions have been taken after careful consideration, a top coal ministry official told The Indian Express. Coal minister Sriprakash Jaiswal is learnt to have approved the recommendations of the IMG. Another coal-to-liquid block – North of Akrapal allocated to the Strategic Energy tech System Limited, which is a joint venture between the Tata group and South African firm Sasol has also been de-allocated. The Radhikapur (West) block allocated jointly to Rungta Mines, OCL India and Ocean Ispat, Bikram mine allotted to Birla Corporation, Khappa and Extension block allocated to Sunflag Iron and Steel and Dalmia Cement have been cancelled. The ministry has decided to de-allocate the Rajgamar Dipside (South of Pulakdih Nala) coal block jointly allotted to Monnet Ispat and Energy Ltd among others. With the fresh round of de-allocation, the total number of blocks cancelled stands at 51 as the government had earlier de-allocated 40 blocks. The ministry is preparing to inform the companies impacted by the decision. As per the IMG's recommendations steel maker SAIL is among the five companies to lose bank guarantees for delay in developing allotted blocks. Other firms include Abhijeet Infrastructure, Andhra Pradesh Mineral Development Corporation, Tenughat Vidyut Nigam and Chaman Metaliks. DE-ALLOCATED BLOCKS  - COMPANIES COAL BLOCKS STATE Jindal Steel and Power Amarkonda Murgadangal Jharkhand, Jindal Steel and Power Ramchandi Promotional Block(CTL) Orissa .Jindal Steel and Power & Urtan North Madhya Pradesh, Monnet Ispat and Energy .Rungta Mines, OCL India Radhikapur (West) Orissa and Ocean Ispat, Strategic Energy tech System North of Akrapal (CTL) Orissa Ltd (A Tata-Sasol JV company), Birla Corporation Bikram Madhya Pradesh .Sunflag Iron and Steel Khappa & Extension Maharashtra & Dalmia Cement Monnet Ispat and Energy Rajagamar Dipside Chhattisgarh & Shri Virangana Steels Ltd, Rathi Udyog Limited Kesla North Chhattisgarh, Castron Brahmdiha Jharkhand, Maharashtra State Mining Corp Warora Maharashtra .

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/36dadc3510a8a0d6d66db3a5b497dec7

answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: 0)

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and complete, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: ministry has been facing intense flak over alleged irregularities in allocation of coal blocks since 1993

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: CBI has filed 14 FIRs and two preliminary enquiries so far in this connection.

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal-to-liquid mine

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: CBI has filed 14 FIRs and two preliminary enquiries so far in this connection

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The ministry has been facing intense flak over alleged irregularities in allocation

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: CBI has filed 14 FIRs and two preliminary enquiries so far in this connection.

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal blocks has been reduced to 30.

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The work of the Geological Survey remained primarily exploration for coal, mainly for powering steam transport, and later oil reserves, and ore deposits. In 1852, Sir Thomas Oldham, father of Richard Dixon Oldham, broadened the ambit of the scope of functioning of the Geological Survey of India by advancing the argument with the government that it was not possible to find coal without first mapping the geological structure of India. Thus, the Geological Survey commenced to map the rock structures and strata and their age and relationships in India. Because the method of Radiometric dating wasn't developed at that time, the age of rock strata had to be estimated from the presence of index fossils, and consequently, much of the geologists' efforts were spent in finding these index fossils.

text: The work of the Geological Survey remained primarily exploration for coal, mainly for powering steam transport, and later oil reserves, and ore deposits. In 1852, Sir

text: Thomas Oldham

text: , father of

text: Richard Dixon Oldham

text: , broadened the ambit of the scope of functioning of the Geological Survey of India by advancing the argument with the government that it was not possible to find coal without first mapping the geological structure of India. Thus, the Geological Survey commenced to map the rock structures and strata and their age and relationships in India. Because the method of

text: Radiometric dating

text: wasn't developed at that time, the age of rock strata had to be estimated from the presence of

text: index fossil

text: s, and consequently, much of the geologists' efforts were spent in finding these index fossils.

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answers: oil

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The work of the Geological Survey remained primarily exploration for coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: powering steam transport

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The geologists' efforts were spent in finding these index fossils

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: powering steam

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Large coal power plants use large amounts of coal each day; enough to fill a hundred train coal cars carrying  each.  Water used to transport the coal is likewise significant, particularly in arid regions like the Southwestern United States. Such a power plant would use about  with a coal slurry pipeline or about  with a coal log pipeline. This amounts to about  per year respectively.The  Mohave Generating Station in Laughlin, Nevada had the longest coal slurry pipeline in the world at . From 1969 until 2005, the pipeline used  of water per year to carry about  of coal to the plant from the Black Mesa Mine in the northeastern corner of Arizona. The plant was shut down on December 31, 2005 because the controversial coal and water supply terms were being renegotiated.

text: Large coal power plants use large amounts of coal each day; enough to fill a hundred train coal cars carrying  each.  Water used to transport the coal is likewise significant, particularly in

text: arid

text: regions like the

text: Southwestern United States

text: . Such a power plant would use about  with a coal slurry pipeline or about  with a coal log pipeline. This amounts to about  per year respectively.The

text: Mohave Generating Station

text: in

text: Laughlin, Nevada

text: had the longest coal slurry pipeline in the world at . From 1969 until 2005, the pipeline used  of water per year to carry about  of coal to the plant from the

text: Black Mesa Mine

text: in the northeastern corner of

text: Arizona

text: . The plant was shut down on December 31, 2005 because the controversial coal and water supply terms were being

text: renegotiated

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answers: coal log

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Water used to transport the coal is likewise significant

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Black Mesa Mine

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Black Mesa Mine

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal log

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: arid regions

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal log pipeline

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Large coal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: FutureGen is a project (now suspended) to demonstrate capture and sequestration of waste carbon dioxide from a coal-fired electrical generating station. The project (renamed FutureGen 2.0) was retrofitting a shuttered coal-fired power plant in Meredosia, Illinois, with oxy-combustion generators.  The waste CO would be piped approximately  to be sequestered in underground saline formations. FutureGen was a partnership between the United States government and an alliance of primarily coal-related corporations. Costs were estimated at US$1.65 billion, with $1.0 billion provided by the Federal Government.

text: FutureGen is a project (now suspended) to demonstrate

text: capture and sequestration

text: of waste carbon dioxide from a coal-fired electrical generating station. The project (renamed FutureGen 2.0) was retrofitting a shuttered coal-fired power plant in

text: Meredosia, Illinois

text: , with

text: oxy-combustion

text: generators.  The waste CO would be piped approximately  to be sequestered in underground saline formations. FutureGen was a partnership between the

text: United States government

text: and an alliance of primarily coal-related corporations. Costs were estimated at US$1.65 billion, with $1.0 billion provided by the Federal Government.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: FutureGen was a partnership between the United States government

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal-related corporations

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Underground saline formations

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal-related corporations

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Underground saline

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: oxy-combustion generators

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: generating station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Clean coal is a concept for processes or approaches that mitigate emissions of carbon dioxide (CO)  and other greenhouse gases, and radioactive materials, that arise from the use of coal, mainly for electrical power generation, using clean coal technology.  Currently, the term clean coal is used in the coal industry primarily in reference to carbon capture and storage, which pumps and stores CO emissions underground. Plants using integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) involve coal gasification, which provides a basis for increased efficiency and lower cost in capturing CO emissions. Prior to the current focus on carbon capture and storage, the term clean coal had been used to refer to technologies for reducing emissions of NOx, sulfur, and heavy metals from coal.

text: Clean coal is a concept for processes or approaches that mitigate emissions of

text: carbon dioxide

text: (CO)  and other

text: greenhouse gas

text: es, and

entity_name: Naturally occurring radioactive material

text: radioactive material

text: s, that arise from the use of coal, mainly for electrical power generation, using

text: clean coal technology

text: .  Currently, the term clean coal is used in the coal industry primarily in reference to

text: carbon capture and storage

text: , which pumps and stores CO emissions underground. Plants using

text: integrated gasification combined cycle

text: (IGCC) involve

text: coal gasification

text: , which provides a basis for increased efficiency and lower cost in capturing CO emissions. Prior to the current focus on carbon capture and storage, the term clean coal had been used to refer to technologies for reducing emissions of NOx, sulfur, and heavy metals from coal.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Currently, the term clean coal is used in the coal industry primarily in reference to carbon capture and storage

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: CO emissions underground

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: electrical power generation

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: IGCC

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal gasification

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: using clean coal technology

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Coalspur Formation includes seven major seams that range up to  in thickness. The coal is of sub-bituminous B to C rank, with a low sulphur content. It is mined in the Alberta Coal Branch area and shipped to electric power generating stations in Canada and abroad.

text: The Coalspur Formation includes seven major seams that range up to  in thickness. The coal is of sub-bituminous B to C rank, with a low sulphur content. It is mined in the

text: Alberta Coal Branch

text: area and shipped to electric power generating stations in Canada and abroad.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: low sulphur content

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: sub-bituminous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Sub-bituminous

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: sub-bituminous

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: sub-bituminous

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: sulphur

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coalspur Formation

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: low sulphur content

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: electric power generating stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Over 90% of Canada's coal reserves and 99% of its production are located in the Western provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan. Alberta has 70% of Canada's coal reserves, and 48% of the province is underlaid by coal deposits. The Hat Creek deposit in British Columbia has one of the thickest coal deposits in the world, about  thick. There are also smaller, but substantial, coal deposits in the Yukon and Northwest Territories and the Arctic Islands, which are even further from markets. The Atlantic provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have coal deposits that were historically a very important source of energy, and Nova Scotia was once the largest coal producer in Canada, but these deposits are much smaller and much more expensive to produce than the Western coal, so coal production in the Atlantic provinces has virtually ceased. Nova Scotia now imports all the coal for its steel mills and power plants from other countries like Colombia. At the same time, the Western provinces export their coal to 20 different countries, particularly Japan, Korea, and China, in addition to using it in their own thermal power plants. Elk Valley Coal mine is the second biggest coal mine in the world.

text: Over 90% of Canada's coal reserves and 99% of its production are located in the Western provinces of

text: Alberta

text: British Columbia

text: , and

text: Saskatchewan

text: . Alberta has 70% of Canada's coal reserves, and 48% of the province is underlaid by coal deposits. The Hat Creek deposit in British Columbia has one of the thickest coal deposits in the world, about  thick. There are also smaller, but substantial, coal deposits in the

text: Yukon

text: and

text: Northwest Territories

text: and the

text: Arctic Islands

text: , which are even further from markets. The

text: Atlantic provinces

text: of

text: Nova Scotia

text: and

text: New Brunswick

text: have coal deposits that were historically a very important source of energy, and Nova Scotia was once the largest coal producer in Canada, but these deposits are much smaller and much more expensive to produce than the Western coal, so coal production in the Atlantic provinces has virtually ceased. Nova Scotia now imports all the coal for its steel mills and power plants from other countries like Colombia. At the same time, the Western provinces export their coal to 20 different countries, particularly

text: Japan

text: Korea

text: , and

text: China

text: , in addition to using it in their own thermal power plants. Elk Valley Coal mine is the second biggest coal mine in the world.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Over 90% of Canada's coal reserves and 99% of its production are located in the Western provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Western provinces

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: underlaid by coal deposits

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Atlantic provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: thermal power plants

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal-water slurry fuel is a combustionable mixture of fine coal particles suspended in water. It can be used to power boilers, gas turbines, diesel engines and heating and power stations.

text: Coal-water slurry fuel is a

text: combustion

text: able mixture of fine

text: coal

text: particles suspended in water. It can be used to power boilers,

text: gas turbine

text: s,

text: diesel engine

text: s and heating and

text: power station

text: s.

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answers: water

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: It can be used to power boilers

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: fine coal particles suspended in water

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: coal particles suspended in water

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: fine coal particles suspended in water

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal-water

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: fine coal particles suspended in water

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Electricity is generated in Ontario from nuclear power, hydroelectric power, natural gas and renewables such as wind, solar and biomass. Total production in 2013 was 154 TWh (i.e. 154 billion kWh.) The various sources of generation used in 2013 are shown in the pie chart to the right. Production from fossil sources, i.e. natural gas and coal, was 13%. In April 2014, Ontario eliminated coal as a source of electricity generation. The generation mix for the current hour can be viewed at the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) webpage.

text: Electricity is generated in Ontario from nuclear power, hydroelectric power, natural gas and renewables such as wind, solar and biomass. Total production in 2013 was 154 TWh (i.e. 154 billion kWh.) The various sources of generation used in 2013 are shown in the pie chart to the right. Production from fossil sources, i.e. natural gas and coal, was 13%. In April 2014, Ontario eliminated coal as a source of electricity generation. The generation mix for the current hour can be viewed at the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) webpage.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Ontario eliminated coal as a source of electricity generation

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: fossil sources

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: In April 2014, Ontario eliminated coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: fossil

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: fossil

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: In April 2014, Ontario eliminated coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: i.e. natural gas and coal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Bank of America has been criticized for its heavy investment in the environmentally damaging processes of coal mining, especially through mountaintop removal (MTR). On May 6, 2015, the company announced that it would "reduce [its] credit exposure ... to the coal mining industry," i.e. reduce its financing of companies engaging in MTR, coal mining, and coal power production. The company stated that pressure to divest from universities and environmental groups led to this policy change.

text: Bank of America has been criticized for its heavy investment in the environmentally damaging processes of coal mining, especially through

text: mountaintop removal

text: (MTR). On May 6, 2015, the company announced that it would "reduce [its] credit exposure ... to the coal mining industry," i.e. reduce its financing of companies engaging in MTR, coal mining, and coal power production. The company stated that pressure to divest from universities and environmental groups led to this policy change.

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answers: coal power production

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Opened in 1962, the Whitewood mine operates on a "strip" model, harvesting approximately 2.8 megatonnes of sub-bituminous coal per annum.  Most of this thermal coal is used for steam-driven power generation at the Wabamun, Sundance, and Keephills power plants, but a small amount of coal is sold to the residents of Parkland County for personal uses.

text: Opened in 1962, the Whitewood mine operates on a "

text: strip

text: " model, harvesting approximately 2.8 megatonnes of

text: sub-bituminous coal

text: per annum.  Most of this thermal coal is used for

text: steam-driven power generation

text: at the Wabamun, Sundance, and Keephills power plants, but a small amount of coal is sold to the residents of

text: Parkland County

text: for personal uses.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: a small amount of coal is sold to the residents of Parkland County for personal uses

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: sub-bituminous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: sub-bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal coal

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: sub-bituminous

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: thermal coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: steam-driven

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Kincardine power station was a large coal-fired power station on the shores of the upper Firth of Forth by Kincardine on Forth, Fife, Scotland.

text: Kincardine power station was a large

text: coal-fired

text: power station

text: on the shores of the upper

text: Firth of Forth

text: by

text: Kincardine on Forth

text: Fife

text: Scotland

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal-fired power station

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Scotland

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Kincardine

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Kincardine

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal-fired

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Due to the microporous nature of coal, coal is a significant seal in the Zonguldak basin. Outside of the coal bearing formations, the only other formation that can serve as a seal is the Kilimli Formation.

text: Due to the microporous nature of coal, coal is a significant seal in the Zonguldak basin. Outside of the coal bearing formations, the only other formation that can serve as a seal is the Kilimli Formation.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: due to the microporous nature

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: microporous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: microporous

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Kilimli Formation

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Zonguldak basin

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Kilimli Formation

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Microporous nature

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: WPS owns two coal, and one natural gas power generation plants. It also owns 15 hydroelectric power plants on the Wisconsin, Tomahawk, Peshtigo and Menominee rivers, and a wind farm in northeastern Iowa. The Weston Power Plant is coal-fired power plant rated at 981 megawatts and is located near Wausau, Wisconsin. The Weston 4 unit was built in 2008 and is considered to be one of the cleanest coal-fired power plants in the country. J. P. Pulliam Generating Station is also a coal-fired generating plant with a capacity of 375-megawatt and is located near downtown Green Bay at the mouth of the Fox River.  The Fox Energy Center is the company's most recent acquisition (2012). It is a natural gas–fired power plant, has a capacity of nearly 500 megawatts and is located near Kaukauna, Wisconsin.

text: WPS owns two coal, and one natural gas power generation plants. It also owns 15 hydroelectric power plants on the Wisconsin, Tomahawk, Peshtigo and Menominee rivers, and a wind farm in northeastern

text: Iowa

text: . The

text: Weston Power Plant

text: is coal-fired power plant rated at 981 megawatts and is located near

text: Wausau, Wisconsin

text: . The Weston 4 unit was built in 2008 and is considered to be one of the cleanest coal-fired power plants in the country.

text: J. P. Pulliam Generating Station

text: is also a coal-fired generating plant with a capacity of 375-megawatt and is located near downtown

text: Green Bay

text: at the mouth of the

text: Fox River

text: .  The Fox Energy Center is the company's most recent acquisition (2012). It is a natural gas–fired power plant, has a capacity of nearly 500 megawatts and is located near

text: Kaukauna, Wisconsin

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answers: gas

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answers: is considered to be one of the cleanest coal-fired power plants in the country

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: J. P. Pulliam Generating Station

answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: The Fox Energy Center

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The Fox Energy Center

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired power plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: Belle River Power Plant is a major coal- and natural gas-fired power plant owned by Detroit Edison, a subsidiary of DTE Energy. It is located in St. Clair County, Michigan, on the peninsula formed by the St. Clair and Belle rivers.  The plant was built across M-29 from the St. Clair Power Plant in East China, Michigan, and shares the coal delivery terminal with it. The Belle River plant shares cooling water from the St. Clair River with its sister plant. Five oil-fueled internal combustion generators (named IC1, IC2, 3, 4, and 5) were built in 1981, with the total output 13.75 megawatt. Coal-fired unit 1 of the Belle River plant was completed in 1984, followed by a similar unit 2 in 1985. Each unit has a nameplate capacity of 697.5 MWe, however the coal-fired plant as a whole generates 1260 MWe all year around. In 1999, three peaker natural-gas fired turbines (named 12-1, 12-2, and 13-1) were added, with the total name-plate capacity of 256 MWe.

text: Belle River Power Plant is a major

text: coal-

text: and

text: natural gas

text: -fired power plant owned by

text: Detroit Edison

text: , a subsidiary of

text: DTE Energy

text: . It is located in

text: St. Clair County, Michigan

text: , on the peninsula formed by the

text: St. Clair

text: and

text: Belle

text: rivers.  The plant was built across

text: from the

text: St. Clair Power Plant

text: in

text: East China, Michigan

text: , and shares the coal delivery terminal with it. The Belle River plant shares cooling water from the

text: St. Clair River

text: with its sister plant. Five oil-fueled

text: internal combustion

text: generators (named IC1, IC2, 3, 4, and 5) were built in 1981, with the total output 13.75 megawatt. Coal-fired unit 1 of the Belle River plant was completed in 1984, followed by a similar unit 2 in 1985. Each unit has a nameplate capacity of 697.5

text: MWe

text: , however the coal-fired plant as a whole generates 1260 MWe all year around. In 1999, three peaker natural-gas fired turbines (named 12-1, 12-2, and 13-1) were added, with the total name-plate capacity of 256

text: MWe

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answers: oil

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answers: The Belle River plant shares cooling water from the St. Clair River with its sister plant

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal

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answers: coal

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Belle River Power Plant

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal-fired unit 1

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: Overlying the Yoredale Group rocks is a thick sequence of Coal Measures across which the Durham Coalfield developed. The sequence in County Durham is divided into Lower, Middle and Upper formations. Each of the three are dominated by mudstones but contain abundant sandstones and coal seams. Ironstone bands occur in the lower part of the sequence. At least eleven marine bands (shelly mudstones in general) occur within the Coal Measures. Of these, the 'Quarterburn' marine band defines the base of the Lower Coal Measures Formation, the 'Harvey' marine band defines its junction with the overlying Middle Coal Measures Formation and the 'Down Hill' marine band defines the latter's junction with the Upper Coal Measures Formation. The Quarterburn, Harvey and Down Hill marine bands correlate with the standard Subcrenatum, Vanderbeckei  and Cambriense marine bands of elsewhere. The top of the entire Coal Measures sequence is an erosion surface.

text: Overlying the Yoredale Group rocks is a thick sequence of Coal Measures across which the

text: Durham Coalfield

text: developed. The sequence in County Durham is divided into Lower, Middle and Upper formations. Each of the three are dominated by mudstones but contain abundant sandstones and

text: coal seam

text: s.

text: Ironstone

text: bands occur in the lower part of the sequence. At least eleven

text: marine bands

text: (shelly mudstones in general) occur within the Coal Measures. Of these, the 'Quarterburn' marine band defines the base of the Lower Coal Measures Formation, the 'Harvey' marine band defines its junction with the overlying Middle Coal Measures Formation and the 'Down Hill' marine band defines the latter's junction with the Upper Coal Measures Formation. The Quarterburn, Harvey and Down Hill marine bands correlate with the standard Subcrenatum, Vanderbeckei  and Cambriense marine bands of elsewhere. The top of the entire Coal Measures sequence is an erosion surface.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal seams

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: shelly mudstones

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal Measures

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal seams

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: Iron

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal Measures

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal Measures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal seams

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the United States today, coal is the largest single source of fuel for energy production. Annually, the country mines over a billion tons of coal. Coal waste is a consequence of this consumption; the Mine Safety and Health Administration has estimated that there are over 235 sludge ponds throughout the region with the potential to break into an underground mine, as the Martin County pond did in 2000.

text: In the United States today, coal is the largest single source of fuel for energy production. Annually, the country mines over a billion tons of coal. Coal waste is a consequence of this consumption; the

text: Mine Safety and Health Administration

text: has estimated that there are over 235 sludge ponds throughout the region with the potential to break into an underground mine, as the Martin County pond did in 2000.

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answers: Coal waste is a consequence of this consumption

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: energy production

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: General James M. Gavin Power Plant is a 2.6-Gigawatt coal-fired power station in Cheshire, Ohio, USA operated by Blackstone Group LP and ArcLight Capital Partners. Named after James M. Gavin, it is the largest coal-fired power facility in Ohio, and one of the largest in the nation. Its two units, rated at 1300 MWe each, were launched into service in 1974 and 1975. The plant is connected to the grid by 765 kilovolt transmission lines (the highest rated voltage in the United States). The plant is located  upstream along the Ohio River from the smaller, older coal-fired Kyger Creek Power Plant.

text: General James M. Gavin Power Plant is a 2.6-

text: Gigawatt

text: coal-fired

text: power station

text: in

text: Cheshire, Ohio

text: USA

text: operated by Blackstone Group LP and ArcLight Capital Partners. Named after

text: James M. Gavin

text: , it is the largest coal-fired power facility in Ohio, and one of the largest in the nation. Its two units, rated at 1300

text: MWe

text: each, were launched into service in 1974 and 1975. The plant is connected to the grid by 765 kilovolt transmission lines (the highest rated voltage in the United States). The plant is located  upstream along the

text: Ohio River

text: from the smaller, older coal-fired

text: Kyger Creek Power Plant

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answers: Kyger Creek Power Plant

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answers: Kyger Creek Power Plant

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired power station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The chief source of income is BCCL, the coal company. It employs a large number of people. Agriculture is under-developed. The farm size is tiny and ancient tools are used. BCCL is now retrenching and closing its mines because of the depletion of the coal in the mines. The new professions which have emerged in the area are Coal-theft and Dalali (Agent-ship). So in the early morning you would find hundreds of cycle-wallah carrying coal illegally to the Nischitpur Railway Halt, from where it would be carried to Gaya and other areas by Passenger trains(sic). In fact some times passengers would not be allowed to board the train so that more of the coal could be carried. Administration- both local and railway maintains a deathly silence. Railway Police people can be seen to take money from coal-thieves as their cut. Dalali is an important vocation here with increasing number of people taking to it. Mind you this is not honest. What they do is, in connivance with the local administration charge money from the public for all govt. services. You would end coughing-up several times the actual amount for getting any service. So there are Dalals of local Police Station, of Block development office, of SDM's office, of DM's office. If one goes otherwise than through Dalals, the work would be completed in such a long time that one would start feeling that perhaps the whole system is dead and this when one has made many rounds of the office.

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answers: It employs a large number of people

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answers: Agriculture is under-developed

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answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-theft

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A major drawback of using coal as a fuel source is the emission of carbon dioxide and other pollutants, including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, mercury, and particulates. Almost all coal-fired power plants use pulverized coal combustion, which grinds the coal to increase the surface area, burns it to make steam, and runs the steam through a turbine to generate electricity. Pulverized coal plants can only capture carbon dioxide after combustion when it is diluted and harder to separate. In comparison, gasification in IGCC allows for separation and capture of the concentrated and pressurized carbon dioxide before combustion. Syngas cleanup includes filters to remove bulk particulates, scrubbing to remove fine particulates, and solid absorbents for mercury removal. Additionally, hydrogen gas is used as fuel, which produces no pollutants under combustion.

text: A major drawback of using coal as a fuel source is the emission of carbon dioxide and other pollutants, including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, mercury, and particulates. Almost all coal-fired power plants use pulverized coal combustion, which grinds the coal to increase the surface area, burns it to make steam, and runs the steam through a turbine to generate electricity. Pulverized coal plants can only capture carbon dioxide after combustion when it is diluted and harder to separate. In comparison, gasification in IGCC allows for separation and capture of the concentrated and pressurized carbon dioxide before combustion. Syngas cleanup includes filters to remove bulk particulates, scrubbing to remove fine particulates, and solid absorbents for mercury removal. Additionally, hydrogen gas is used as fuel, which produces no pollutants under combustion.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: emission of carbon dioxide and other pollutants

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: carbon dioxide and other pollutants

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: pulverized coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: IGCC

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: gasification in IGCC

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: pulverized coal combustion

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Gasification  of coal or lignite or biomass, produces syngas or coal gas or wood gas which is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases. Coal gas can be converted into synthetic natural gas  by using Fischer–Tropsch process at low pressure and high temperature. Coal gas can also be produced by underground coal gasification where the coal deposits are located deep in the ground or uneconomical to mine the coal. Synthetic natural gas production technologies have tremendous scope to meet the SNG requirements of gas-based power stations fully using the locally available coal (or imported coal in short run). Dankuni coal complex is producing syngas which is piped to the industrial users in Calcutta. Many coal based fertiliser plants which are shut down can also be retrofitted economically to produce synthetic natural gas for bridging natural gas shortages. It is estimated that SNG production cost would be below 6 $ per mmBtu. The indigenously produced natural gas by the Exploration & Production (E&P) contractors sold at prevailing international gas prices do not guarantee the natural gas supply whereas the SNG produced from coal/ biomass is reliable & dependable fuel supply to the gas based power stations and other natural gas consumers.

text: Gasification

text: of coal or lignite or

text: biomass

text: , produces

text: syngas

text: or

text: coal gas

text: or

text: wood gas

text: which is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases. Coal gas can be converted into

text: synthetic natural gas

text: by using

text: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: at low pressure and high temperature. Coal gas can also be produced by underground

text: coal gasification

text: where the coal deposits are located deep in the ground or uneconomical to mine the coal.

text: Synthetic natural gas production

text: technologies have tremendous scope to meet the SNG requirements of gas-based power stations fully using the locally available coal (or imported coal in short run).

text: Dankuni

text: coal complex is producing syngas which is piped to the industrial users in Calcutta. Many coal based fertiliser plants which are shut down can also be retrofitted economically to produce synthetic natural gas for bridging natural gas shortages. It is estimated that SNG production cost would be below 6 $ per

text: mmBtu

text: . The indigenously produced natural gas by the Exploration & Production (E&P) contractors sold at prevailing international gas prices do not guarantee the natural gas supply whereas the SNG produced from coal/ biomass is reliable & dependable fuel supply to the gas based power stations and other natural gas consumers.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: It is estimated that SNG production cost would be below 6 $ per mmBtu

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: lignite or biomass

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Fischer–Tropsch process at low pressure and high temperature

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: CO2

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Fischer–Tropsch process

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Gasification

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: An alternative approach of using coal for electricity generation with improved efficiency is the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant. Instead of pulverizing the coal and burning it directly as fuel in the steam-generating boiler, the coal is gasified (see coal gasification) to create syngas, which is burned in a gas turbine to produce electricity (just like natural gas is burned in a turbine). Hot exhaust gases from the turbine are used to raise steam in a heat recovery steam generator which powers a supplemental steam turbine. Thermal efficiencies of current IGCC power plants range from 39% to 42% (HHV basis) or ≈42–45% (LHV basis) for bituminous coal and assuming utilization of mainstream gasification technologies (Shell, GE Gasifier, CB&I). IGCC power plants outperform conventional pulverized coal-fueled plants in terms of pollutant emissions, and allow for relatively easy carbon capture.

text: An alternative approach of using coal for electricity generation with improved efficiency is the

text: integrated gasification combined cycle

text: (IGCC) power plant. Instead of pulverizing the coal and burning it directly as fuel in the steam-generating boiler, the coal is gasified (see

text: coal gasification

text: ) to create

text: syngas

text: , which is burned in a

text: gas turbine

text: to produce electricity (just like natural gas is burned in a turbine). Hot exhaust gases from the turbine are used to raise steam in a

text: heat recovery steam generator

text: which powers a supplemental

text: steam turbine

text: . Thermal efficiencies of current IGCC power plants range from 39% to 42% (HHV basis) or ≈42–45% (LHV basis) for bituminous coal and assuming utilization of mainstream gasification technologies (Shell, GE Gasifier, CB&I). IGCC power plants outperform conventional pulverized coal-fueled plants in terms of pollutant emissions, and allow for relatively easy carbon capture.

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: IGCC power plants outperform conventional pulverized coal-fueled plants in terms of pollutant emissions

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: pulverized coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: in a gas turbine

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: 50% of power to be generated from the proposed capacity addition has been tied up with GRIDCO under a long term power purchase agreement. Financing agreement executed with Power Finance Corporation and Rural Electrification Corporation for financing of 75% debt. Two captive coal mines (namely Manoharpur and Dip-side of Manoharpur) allocated to Odisha Coal and Power Limited for supply of coal to OPGC are in advanced stage of development, along with the dedicated railway line (MGR) of 47 km for transporting the coal from the mine to the power plant. Land acquisition process for railway line and coal mine have been significantly advanced and the Stage-1 clearance has been obtained from Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India for Forest Diversion for coal mine and MGR alignment.

text: 50% of power to be generated from the proposed capacity addition has been tied up with GRIDCO under a long term

text: power purchase agreement

text: . Financing agreement executed with

text: Power Finance Corporation

text: and

text: Rural Electrification Corporation

text: for financing of 75% debt. Two captive coal mines (namely Manoharpur and Dip-side of Manoharpur) allocated to Odisha Coal and Power Limited for supply of coal to OPGC are in advanced stage of development, along with the dedicated railway line (MGR) of 47 km for transporting the coal from the mine to the power plant. Land acquisition process for railway line and coal mine have been significantly advanced and the Stage-1 clearance has been obtained from Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India for Forest Diversion for coal mine and MGR alignment.

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answers: Two captive coal mines (namely Manoharpur and Dip-side of Manoharpur) allocated to Odisha Coal and Power Limited for supply of coal to OPGC

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answers: coal mines

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The reports of a Court of Coal Mines Regulation could have far reaching consequences leading to changes in coal mining practice and by its exposure of poor practices or poor implementation of proper practices.

text: The reports of a Court of Coal Mines Regulation could have far reaching consequences leading to changes in coal mining practice and by its exposure of poor practices or poor implementation of proper practices.

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal mining

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The power station was well situated for coal deliveries as it was only  from Lemington Staithes. The staithes marked the end of the Wylam Waggonway, which brought coal from a number of nearby collieries to the staithes for export. Coal was hauled from the staithes to the power station, before being dumped directly into overhead hoppers in the boiler house. From there it was burned in the boilers to provide steam for the turbo generators. This steam was then cooled after use, using condensers, the water for which was taken from the Lemington Gut. This was a backwater of the River Tyne, created when a new channel was cut in 1876.

text: The power station was well situated for coal deliveries as it was only  from Lemington Staithes. The

text: staithes

text: marked the end of the Wylam Waggonway, which brought coal from a number of nearby

text: collieries

text: to the staithes for export. Coal was hauled from the staithes to the power station, before being dumped directly into overhead hoppers in the boiler house. From there it was burned in the

text: boiler

text: s to provide steam for the

text: turbo generator

text: s. This steam was then cooled after use, using

text: condenser

text: s, the water for which was taken from the Lemington Gut. This was a

text: backwater

text: of the River Tyne, created when a new channel was cut in 1876.

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answers: Coal was hauled from the staithes to the power station

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answers: NDQ_004008

answers: From there it was burned in the boilers to provide steam for the turbo generators

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: in the boilers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Giuliani did not address the fact that coal-generated electricity produces more carbon dioxide than other fossil fuels, and was not asked what specific measures could be taken to reduce the environmental impacts of coal. His Texas-based law firm, Bracewell & Giuliani, is a major lobbyist on behalf of coal-fired power plants and the fossil fuel industry.

text: Giuliani did not address the fact that coal-generated electricity produces

text: more carbon dioxide

text: than other

text: fossil fuel

text: s, and was not asked what specific measures could be taken to reduce the

text: environmental impacts of coal

text: . His Texas-based law firm,

text: Bracewell & Giuliani

text: , is a

text: major lobbyist

text: on behalf of coal-fired power plants and the fossil fuel industry.

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Siemens Corporation developed two ways in powering these old coal plants. The first one is called a Full Powering and the second is called Parallel Powering. Full Powering is only used with old plants because the boilers has reached the life of its usage. Full powering replaces the original boiler and gas-turbine (GT) and heat recovery steam generator are added (HRSG). While compared to the full repowering concept, this repowering scheme achieves slightly lower efficiency. Due to the two independent steam sources for the steam turbine, this concept provides a higher fuel flexibility and also greater flexibility in respect to load variations.An example of a repowering project is of Fluor updating the Seward plant.The plant was a 521-MW coal-fired power plant. The plant burns waste coal. The project was to take three existing pulverized coal-fired boilers out and install two new Clean Coal Technology CFB boilers with major changes such as installing two Alstom CFB boilers along with an Alstom steam turbine generator. This plant is now the largest waste coal generator in the world with a capacity of 521-MW of capacity. It runs on 11,000 tons of waste coal per day.

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answers: The plant burns waste coal

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answers: Full Powering is only used with old plants because the boilers has reached the life of its usage

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answers: This plant is now the largest waste coal generator in the world

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answers: Clean Coal Technology CFB boilers

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answers: The plant burns waste coal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal, as the largest artificial contributor to carbon dioxide emissions, has been attacked for its detrimental effects on health. Coal has been linked to acid rain, smog pollution, respiratory diseases, mining accidents, reduced agricultural yields and climate change. Proponents of coal downplay these claims and instead advocate the low cost of using coal for energy. Many European countries, such as Italy, have turned to coal as natural gas and oil prices rose.

text: Coal, as the largest artificial contributor to

text: carbon dioxide

text: emissions, has been attacked for its detrimental effects on health. Coal has been linked to

text: acid rain

text: , smog pollution,

text: respiratory diseases

text: mining accidents

text: , reduced agricultural yields and

text: climate change

text: . Proponents of coal downplay these claims and instead advocate the low cost of using coal for energy. Many European countries, such as Italy, have turned to coal as natural gas and oil prices rose.

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answers: Coal that forms at higher temperatures

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answers: coal for energy

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Hsinta Power Plant or Hsing-ta Power Plant () is a coal-fired power plant in Yong'an District and Qieding District in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.  With a total installed capacity of 4,326 MW, the plant is Taiwan's second largest coal-fired power plant after the 5,500 MW Taichung Power Plant (coal-generated power only).

text: The Hsinta Power Plant or Hsing-ta Power Plant () is a

text: coal-fired power plant

text: in

text: Yong'an District

text: and

text: Qieding District

text: in

text: Kaohsiung

text: Taiwan

text: .  With a total installed capacity of 4,326 MW, the plant is Taiwan's second largest coal-fired power plant after the 5,500 MW

text: Taichung Power Plant

text: (coal-generated power only).

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Taiwan's second largest coal-fired power plant

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Taiwan

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Hsinta Power Plant

answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Hsinta Power Plant

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project (Mundra UMPP) is a subbituminous coal-fired power plant in Tunda village at Mundra, Kutch district, in Gujarat, India.  The coal for the power plant is imported primarily from Indonesia. The source of water for the power plant is sea water from Gulf of Kutch. The power plant is owned by Tata Power. The special purpose vehicle Coastal Gujarat Power Ltd (CGPL) was incorporated on 10 February 2006.

text: Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project (Mundra UMPP) is a

text: subbituminous coal

text: -fired power plant in Tunda village at

text: Mundra

text: Kutch district

text: , in

text: Gujarat

text: , India.  The coal for the power plant is imported primarily from

text: Indonesia

text: . The source of water for the power plant is sea water from

text: Gulf of Kutch

text: . The power plant is owned by

text: Tata Power

text: . The special purpose vehicle Coastal Gujarat Power Ltd (CGPL) was incorporated on 10 February 2006.

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answers: subbituminous

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: import primarily from Indonesia

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: subbituminous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Subbituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: subbituminous

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: subbituminous

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: subbituminous

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: subbituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: subbituminous

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In Thailand, Banpu operates coal mines in Lampang and Phayao Provinces, and has stakes in the BLCP, a 1,434 MW coal-fired power plant at Map Ta Phut, and in RATCH, a 3,645 MW power plant in Ratchaburi Province. It has also has five coal mines in Indonesia and two in China. Banpu agreed to buy Centennial Coal Co Ltd for US$2 billion on 5 July 2010.

text: In Thailand, Banpu operates coal mines in

text: Lampang

text: and

text: Phayao

text: Provinces, and has stakes in the

text: BLCP

text: , a 1,434 MW coal-fired power plant at

text: Map Ta Phut

text: , and in RATCH, a 3,645 MW power plant in

text: Ratchaburi Province

text: . It has also has five coal mines in Indonesia and two in China. Banpu agreed to buy Centennial Coal Co Ltd for US$2 billion on 5 July 2010.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Banpu operates coal mines in Lampang and Phayao Provinces

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: coal mines in Lampang and Phayao Provinces

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal-fired power plant

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: It has also has five coal mines in Indonesia and two in China

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal mines in Lampang and Phayao Provinces

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: After the German occupation, the fort was used as a storage area for potatoes, wine, and coal. The nearby power station was coal-fired at the time.

text: After the German occupation, the fort was used as a storage area for potatoes, wine, and coal. The nearby

text: power station

text: was coal-fired at the time.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal-fired

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: the fort

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: German

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: After the German occupation

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal-fired

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: High alkalinity water is discharged from the ash dump areas of many coal fired power stations into the river which further increases the alkalinity of the river water whose water is naturally of high alkalinity since the river basin is draining vast area of basalt formations. This problem aggravates during the lean flow months in entire river basin. Already the Godavari basin area in Telangana is suffering from high alkalinity and salinity water problem which is converting soils in to unproductive sodic alkali soils. The following are the few coal fired power stations located in the river basin:

text: High alkalinity water

text: is discharged from the ash dump areas of many coal fired power stations into the river which further increases the

text: alkalinity

text: of the river water whose water is naturally of high alkalinity since the river basin is draining vast area of

text: basalt

text: formations. This problem aggravates during the lean flow months in entire river basin. Already the Godavari basin area in Telangana is suffering from high alkalinity and salinity water problem which is converting soils in to unproductive

text: sodic alkali soils

text: . The following are the few coal fired power stations located in the river basin:

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: High alkalinity water

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: coal fired power stations

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Basalt formations

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A coaling tower, coal stage or coaling station is a facility used to load coal as fuel into railway steam locomotives. Coaling towers were often sited at motive power depots or locomotive maintenance shops.

text: A coaling tower, coal stage or coaling station is a facility used to load

text: coal

text: as fuel into railway

text: steam locomotive

text: s. Coaling towers were often sited at

text: motive power depot

text: s or locomotive maintenance shops.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal is a fuel into railway steam locomotives

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coaling stations

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: steam

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coaling towers

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coaling

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: steam locomotives

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The co-owner of Severní energetická (formerly Litvínovská uhelná and which is part of the Czech Coal Group), Jan Dienstl, is the most accessible of the mining operators, and has never been averse to openly calling for the repealing of the mining limits. In his opinion, it is a clear issue of maintaining power and heating supplies to the Czech population and the state must categorically state whether it wants brown coal for its  citizens or not. “And if not, somebody from the government must stand up and clearly say what will replace coal. Coal heats the houses of nearly three million people and the price of heating for them will increase by a half. It’s necessary to state very specifically who employs thousands of people who won’t have work in the region. Coal supplies cheap electricity and heating and employs people while it doesn’t need and doesn’t receive any subsidies.”

text: The co-owner of

text: Severní energetická

text: (formerly Litvínovská uhelná and which is part of the

text: Czech Coal Group

text: Jan Dienstl

text: , is the most accessible of the mining operators, and has never been averse to openly calling for the repealing of the mining limits. In his opinion, it is a clear issue of maintaining power and heating supplies to the Czech population and the state must categorically state whether it wants brown coal for its  citizens or not. “And if not, somebody from the government must stand up and clearly say what will replace coal. Coal heats the houses of nearly three million people and the price of heating for them will increase by a half. It’s necessary to state very specifically who employs thousands of people who won’t have work in the region. Coal supplies cheap electricity and heating and employs people while it doesn’t need and doesn’t receive any subsidies.”

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Coal supplies cheap electricity and heating and employs people while it doesn’t need and doesn’t receive any subsidies

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: brown coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: brown coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: brown coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: brown coal

answers: NDQ_004006

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal supplies cheap electricity

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As of 2013, domestic coal consumption for power production was being displaced by natural gas, but production from strip mines utilizing thick deposits in the western United States such as the Powder River Basin in northern Wyoming and Southern Montana for export to Asia increased. In 2014, 3.0 percent of the coal shipments from Montana and Wyoming were exported. The 2014 coal exports from the two states of 13 .4 million short tons represented an increase of 1.2 million tons over 2012 export levels, which is 0.3 percent of the states’ 2014 total coal shipments of 439.8 million tons.

text: As of 2013, domestic coal consumption for power production was being displaced by natural gas, but production from strip mines utilizing thick deposits in the western United States such as the Powder River Basin in northern Wyoming and Southern Montana for export to Asia increased. In 2014, 3.0 percent of the coal shipments from Montana and Wyoming were exported. The 2014 coal exports from the two states of 13 .4 million short tons represented an increase of 1.2 million tons over 2012 export levels, which is 0.3 percent of the states’ 2014 total coal shipments of 439.8 million tons.

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answers: short tons

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: export to Asia increased

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: strip mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: thick deposits in the western United States

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: thick deposits

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Powder River Basin

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: strip mines

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Coal Creek power station which provides the thermal input to the process began construction in 1974, becoming fully operational for electricity production in 1980.  The power plant had already been using heat from some of the steam to dry the lignite coal it burns as fuel, improving its efficiency, however 60% of the steam's heat energy was still being lost.  In 2005 Headwaters Incorporated, in conjunction with Great River Energy, announced their plans for the construction of an ethanol production facility collocated with the Coal Creek Power plant.  The plant will be majority owned by Headwaters who will manage the construction and plant operations, with GRE owning a minority share of the plant.  Construction of the facility took place during 2006 with ethanol production beginning in February 2007. In 2010, Headwaters sold its 51 percent ownership to Great River Energy which now has full ownership of the plant.

text: The Coal Creek power station which provides the thermal input to the process began construction in 1974, becoming fully operational for electricity production in 1980.  The power plant had already been using heat from some of the steam to dry the

text: lignite

text: coal it burns as fuel, improving its efficiency, however 60% of the steam's heat energy was still being lost.  In 2005

text: Headwaters Incorporated

text: , in conjunction with

text: Great River Energy

text: , announced their plans for the construction of an ethanol production facility collocated with the Coal Creek Power plant.  The plant will be majority owned by Headwaters who will manage the construction and plant operations, with GRE owning a minority share of the plant.  Construction of the facility took place during 2006 with ethanol production beginning in February 2007. In 2010, Headwaters sold its 51 percent ownership to Great River Energy which now has full ownership of the plant.

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answers: 60% of the steam's heat energy was still being lost

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answers: Dry the lignite coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal input

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The freight and marshalling yard is used mainly handle coal despatched to the Gustav Knepper Power Station. Formerly coal was transported from the Adolf von Hansemann colliery, which closed in 1967.

text: The freight and marshalling yard is used mainly handle coal despatched to the

text: Gustav Knepper Power Station

text: . Formerly coal was transported from the Adolf von Hansemann colliery, which closed in 1967.

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answers: Power Station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In South Wales, the larger part of what had been the Upper Coal Measures now forms the Pennant Sandstone Formation in the overlying Warwickshire Group. The South Wales Coal Measures Group is preceded (underlain) by the Marros Group.

text: In South Wales, the larger part of what had been the Upper Coal Measures now forms the Pennant Sandstone Formation in the overlying Warwickshire Group. The South Wales Coal Measures Group is preceded (underlain) by the

text: Marros Group

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Upper Coal Measures now forms the Pennant Sandstone Formation

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Sandstone

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Upper Coal Measures

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Warwickshire Group

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Upper Coal Measures

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Upper Coal Measures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: unanswerable

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In Keynes' opinion, the reparation figure should have been fixed "well within Germany's capacity to pay" so to "make possible the renewal of hope and enterprise within her territory" and to "avoid the perpetual friction and opportunity of improper pressure arising out of the Treaty clauses". Keynes identified reparations as the "main excursion into the economic field" by the Treaty of Versailles, but said that the treaty excluded provisions for rehabilitating Europe's economies, for improving relations between the Allies and the defeated Central Powers, for stabilizing Europe's new nations, for "reclaim[ing] Russia", or for promoting economic solidarity between the Allies. Coal provides an example of these destabilizing effects in Germany and beyond. Keynes said the "surrender of the coal will destroy German industry" but conceding that without coal shipments as reparations, the French and Italian industries damaged directly by the war or indirectly by damage to coal mines would be affected. He writes that this is "not yet the whole problem". The repercussions would also affect Central and Northern Europe, and neutral states such as Switzerland and Sweden, which made up for their own coal deficiencies by trading with Germany. Likewise, Keynes said Austria would now be consigned to "industrial ruin" as "nearly all the coalfields of the former Empire lie outside of what is now German-Austria".

text: German-Austria

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answers: 4

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Keynes said the "surrender of the coal will destroy German industry"

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal provides an example

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal provides an example of these destabilizing effects in Germany and beyond

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal provides an example of these destabilizing effects

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal mines

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Fuelling stations, also known as coaling stations, are repositories of fuel (coal & later oil) that have been located to service commercial and naval vessels. Today, the term "coaling station" can also refer to coal storage and feeding units in fossil-fuel power stations.

text: Fuelling stations, also known as coaling stations, are repositories of fuel (

text: coal

text: & later

text: oil

text: ) that have been located to service commercial and naval vessels. Today, the term "coaling station" can also refer to coal storage and feeding units in

text: fossil-fuel power station

text: s.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: fossil-fuel power stations

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: fossil

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: fossil-fuel

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: fossil-fuel

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Fuelling stations

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Most thermal stations use coal as the main fuel. Raw coal is transported from coal mines to a power station site by trucks, barges, bulk cargo ships or railway cars. Generally, when shipped by railways, the coal cars are sent as a full train of cars. The coal received at site may be of different sizes. The railway cars are unloaded at site by rotary dumpers or side tilt dumpers to tip over onto conveyor belts below. The coal is generally conveyed to crushers which crush the coal to about  size. The crushed coal is then sent by belt conveyors to a storage pile. Normally, the crushed coal is compacted by bulldozers, as compacting of highly volatile coal avoids spontaneous ignition.

text: Most thermal stations use coal as the main fuel. Raw coal is transported from

text: coal mines

text: to a power station site by

text: truck

text: s,

text: barge

text: s,

text: bulk cargo ships

text: or

text: railway

text: cars. Generally, when shipped by railways, the coal cars are sent as a full train of cars. The coal received at site may be of different sizes. The railway cars are unloaded at site by rotary dumpers or side tilt dumpers to tip over onto conveyor belts below. The coal is generally conveyed to crushers which crush the coal to about  size. The crushed coal is then sent by belt conveyors to a storage pile. Normally, the crushed coal is compacted by bulldozers, as compacting of highly volatile coal avoids spontaneous ignition.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: volatile

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Most thermal stations use coal as the main fuel

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: compacting of highly volatile coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Raw coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: volatile coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: compacting of highly volatile coal avoids spontaneous ignition

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: Dunston is particularly known for wooden coal staiths, first opened in 1893 as a structure for loading coal from the North Durham coalfield onto ships. In the 1920s, 140,000 tons of coal per week were loaded from the staiths, and they continued to be used until the 1970s. They were also a shipping point for coke produced at the nearby Norwood Coke Works, as well as pencil pitch manufactured at the Thomas Ness Tar Works using by-products from the Norwood plant and the Redheugh Gasworks. Throughout their working life, motive power for shunting wagons on the staiths and in their extensive sidings known as the Norwood Coal Yard came in the form of locomotives from Gateshead MPD. The staiths' output gradually declined with the contraction of the coal industry, and they were finally closed and partially dismantled in 1980. Now redundant, the railway lines leading to the staiths were lifted, finally allowing the demolition of several low bridges that had become a nuisance to bus operators by limiting the routes available to double-deckers in the area. For many years, the men who worked on the staiths, known as teemers (the men who released the coal from the wagons and operated the loading chutes and conveyors) and trimmers (who had the dangerous job of ensuring the stability of the colliers by levelling the load in their holds as they were filled), had their own room in the nearby Dunston Excelsior Club. For anyone not employed in the club or on the staiths, access to the room was strictly by invite only, and the staithesmen held a reputation for unceremoniously ejecting anyone who fell foul of this rule.

text: Dunston is particularly known for wooden

text: coal staith

text: s, first opened in 1893 as a structure for loading coal from the North Durham coalfield onto ships. In the 1920s, 140,000 tons of coal per week were loaded from the staiths, and they continued to be used until the 1970s. They were also a shipping point for coke produced at the nearby Norwood

text: Coke

text: Works, as well as pencil pitch manufactured at the Thomas Ness Tar Works using

text: by-products

text: from the Norwood plant and the Redheugh

text: Gasworks

text: . Throughout their working life, motive power for shunting wagons on the staiths and in their extensive sidings known as the Norwood Coal Yard came in the form of locomotives from

text: Gateshead MPD

text: . The staiths' output gradually declined with the contraction of the coal industry, and they were finally closed and partially dismantled in 1980. Now redundant, the railway lines leading to the staiths were lifted, finally allowing the demolition of several low bridges that had become a nuisance to bus operators by limiting the routes available to double-deckers in the area. For many years, the men who worked on the staiths, known as teemers (the men who released the coal from the wagons and operated the loading chutes and conveyors) and trimmers (who had the dangerous job of ensuring the stability of the colliers by levelling the load in their holds as they were filled), had their own room in the nearby Dunston Excelsior Club. For anyone not employed in the club or on the staiths, access to the room was strictly by invite only, and the staithesmen held a reputation for unceremoniously ejecting anyone who fell foul of this rule.

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/d1f77b9396bd6f2b5ee8d2a7d500d024

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/a691852cc2659911f335a95ebb007b79

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/955f60699051d2892daa1e1700d75d73

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/d1056223aa2acdc3ce3362ef200649bd

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/9994aa26040bde33c9da60e1cdc9a640

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/2816cab89f4b0495778dde577ebb2a10

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1013/5c434b847e28cc2b0f95e44fb0bd591f

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/46792c8844f2be86e4601efb02b0eee0

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/76384d4528c93d4b644c73118f3ac272

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/c5ae733c353b5f36b3b66bbceac57ff0

answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/cd830b52317437f04392cb66c722ed36

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1014/a6996d787d12ca7a150a47ed1805fb2e

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/118a436f247249edd503e6883b82d78b

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/ae817bb5e805d3ce63b563f78e559e4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/7609af30222a94dd884edfae0e153bb3

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/36dadc3510a8a0d6d66db3a5b497dec7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1015/1f63eebbb1db2a2623a5e37611aaa134

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: pencil pitch

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: 140,000 tons of coal per week were loaded from the staiths

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: wooden coal staiths

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: pencil pitch

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: Tar

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: North Durham coalfield

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Staithesmen

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: shunting

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Nabinagar Power Generation Company Ltd(NPGCL), a 50:50 joint venture of NTPC Ltd and BSEB, is setting up the 1,980 MW (660 MW X 3) Nabinagar Supercritical Thermal Power Project (STPP) in Nabinagar, Aurangabad,Bihar. BHEL won a 2,854-crore contract for supply of the steam generator package for three coal-fired thermal units of 660 MW each with supercritical parameters.TRF Ltd, a Tata Group company, has won a 360.47-crore order from Nabinagar Power Generating Company Pvt. Ltd for designing, engineering, manufacturing, supplying, erecting, testing and commissioning of a coal handling plant for a 3 x 660MW coal-based super thermal power project coming up at Nabinagar. The coal handling plant will be designed to run at a capacity of 3,630 tonne per hour.In March 2013, Alstom was awarded a contract worth approximately $115 million by Bharat Heavy BHEL, to supply components for three units of 660 MW supercritical boilers of NPGCL.Alstom India will supply transformers for NTPC’s Supercritical Nabinagar Power Project,by winning a  Rs 105 crore order that covers design, engineering, manufacture, supply, testing, erection and commissioning of generator transformers and associated power transformers and shunt reactor. The Nabingar power transformer package is due to be delivered by October 2017.

text: Nabinagar Power Generation Company Ltd(NPGCL), a 50:50 joint venture of NTPC Ltd and BSEB, is setting up the 1,980 MW (660 MW X 3) Nabinagar Supercritical Thermal Power Project (STPP) in

text: Nabinagar

text: Aurangabad

text: ,Bihar.

text: BHEL

text: won a 2,854-crore contract for supply of the steam generator package for three coal-fired thermal units of 660 MW each with supercritical parameters.TRF Ltd, a

text: Tata Group

text: company, has won a 360.47-crore order from Nabinagar Power Generating Company Pvt. Ltd for designing, engineering, manufacturing, supplying, erecting, testing and commissioning of a coal handling plant for a 3 x 660MW coal-based super thermal power project coming up at Nabinagar. The coal handling plant will be designed to run at a capacity of 3,630 tonne per hour.In March 2013,

text: Alstom

text: was awarded a contract worth approximately $115 million by Bharat Heavy

text: BHEL

text: , to supply components for three units of 660 MW supercritical boilers of NPGCL.Alstom India will supply transformers for NTPC’s Supercritical Nabinagar Power Project,by winning a  Rs 105 crore order that covers design, engineering, manufacture, supply, testing, erection and commissioning of generator transformers and associated power transformers and shunt reactor. The Nabingar power transformer package is due to be delivered by October 2017.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The coal handling plant will be designed to run at a capacity of 3,630 tonne per hour

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: thermal units

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The coal handling plant will be designed to run at a capacity of 3,630 tonne per hour

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Supercritical

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: Nabinagar, Aurangabad, Bihar

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Supercritical Thermal Power Project (STPP)

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: supercritical parameters

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1997, coal accounted for more than 80% of primary energy consumption and hydropower more than 10%. Net imports of coal represented only about 3% of coal consumption. Hydroelectric power plants generated about 65% of North Korea's electricity and coal-fired thermal plants about 35% in 1997. However, with only 20% of the per capita electricity generation of Japan, the DPRK suffers from chronic supply shortages. Coal exports to China currently account for a major portion of the DPRK's revenue.

text: In 1997, coal accounted for more than 80% of primary energy consumption and hydropower more than 10%. Net imports of coal represented only about 3% of coal consumption. Hydroelectric power plants generated about 65% of North Korea's electricity and coal-fired thermal plants about 35% in 1997. However, with only 20% of the per capita electricity generation of Japan, the DPRK suffers from chronic supply shortages. Coal exports to China currently account for a major portion of the DPRK's revenue.

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answers: Net imports of coal represented only about 3% of coal consumption

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answers: North Korea

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answers: Coal imports

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answers: The DPRK

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Hydroelectric power plants

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Impoundments for storage of blackwater and other coal-related wastes have a troubled history with often severe environmental consequences.

text: Impoundments for storage of blackwater and other coal-related wastes have a troubled history with often severe environmental consequences.

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answers: blackwater

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: often severe environmental consequences

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: blackwater

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Blackwater

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: blackwater

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: blackwater

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Blackwater

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Blackwater

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Loading the colliers was carried out by hand at first, especially where coal was transferred from keels which had brought it downstream from parts of the river that the colliers were unable to navigate, but as the quantities handled increased, specialised jetties known as "staithes" began to be built. These were of numerous designs. Some had spouts used for unscreened or small coal, others known as "drops" had steep inclines at the end, down which a wagon would be lowered directly into the hold, minimising the breakage of coal. Some had both drops and spouts. The drops and spouts could be raised and lowered with the tide. Later, elevators began to be introduced, such as those at Bates Staithes in Blyth, Northumberland and Harton Low Staithes in South Shields. These staithes used spouts. The largely intact Dunston Staithes on the Tyne are a good example of this type. In Scotland, a system was common where wagons would be placed on a cradle and lifted into the hold of the ship, but this system was rarely used elsewhere. Two large steam cranes were built for this purpose at the Harton Low Staithes, but it was found that despite their size and power they were too slow to handle the amount of coal that was arriving at the staithes, and were replaced by elevators.

text: Loading the colliers was carried out by hand at first, especially where coal was transferred from keels which had brought it downstream from parts of the river that the colliers were unable to navigate, but as the quantities handled increased, specialised jetties known as "staithes" began to be built. These were of numerous designs. Some had spouts used for unscreened or small coal, others known as "drops" had steep inclines at the end, down which a wagon would be lowered directly into the hold, minimising the breakage of coal. Some had both drops and spouts. The drops and spouts could be raised and lowered with the tide. Later,

entity_section: Material handling belts and belt elevators

text: elevators

text: began to be introduced, such as those at Bates Staithes in

text: Blyth, Northumberland

text: and Harton Low Staithes in

text: South Shields

text: . These staithes used spouts. The largely intact

text: Dunston Staithes

text: on the Tyne are a good example of this type. In Scotland, a system was common where wagons would be placed on a cradle and lifted into the hold of the ship, but this system was rarely used elsewhere. Two large steam cranes were built for this purpose at the Harton Low Staithes, but it was found that despite their size and power they were too slow to handle the amount of coal that was arriving at the staithes, and were replaced by elevators.

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text: Matla Power Station in Mpumalanga, South Africa, is a coal-fired power plant operated by Eskom and consuming the output from the Matla coal mine.

text: Matla Power Station in

text: Mpumalanga

text: South Africa

text: , is a

text: coal-fired power plant

text: operated by

text: Eskom

text: and consuming the output from the

text: Matla coal mine

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Hawaii has banned new coal plants beyond the only operating coal-fired power plant in the state, AES Hawaii Power Plant.

text: Hawaii has banned new coal plants beyond the only operating coal-fired power plant in the state,

text: AES Hawaii Power Plant

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answers: fired

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In response to the letter from Pelosi and Reid, the Architect of the Capitol replied on May 1, 2009 that the plant had been transitioning to natural gas and was prepared to switch completely to that fuel, using coal only as a backup source. In 2008, the plant had operated on about 65% natural gas and 35% coal, compared to 58% coal in 2005. This did not end the Capitol complex's reliance on coal. Electricity is supplied by a local utility company that uses coal as a power source. By 2011, coal use at the CPP was down to 5%.

text: In response to the letter from Pelosi and Reid, the Architect of the Capitol replied on May 1, 2009 that the plant had been transitioning to natural gas and was prepared to switch completely to that fuel, using coal only as a backup source. In 2008, the plant had operated on about 65% natural gas and 35% coal, compared to 58% coal in 2005. This did not end the Capitol complex's reliance on coal. Electricity is supplied by a local utility company that uses coal as a power source. By 2011, coal use at the CPP was down to 5%.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: This did not end the Capitol complex's reliance on coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: This did not end the Capitol complex's reliance on coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The Capitol complex's reliance on coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Electricity is supplied by a local utility company

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Korba Super Thermal Power Plant is located at Jamnipali in Korba district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. The power plant is one of the coal-based power plants of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC). The coal for the power plant is sourced from Kusmunda and Gevra Mines. The source of water for the power plant is Hasdeo River.

text: Korba Super Thermal Power Plant is located at

text: Jamnipali

text: in

text: Korba district

text: in the Indian state of

text: Chhattisgarh

text: . The power plant is one of the

text: coal

text: -based power plants of

text: National Thermal Power Corporation

text: (NTPC). The coal for the power plant is sourced from Kusmunda and Gevra Mines. The source of water for the power plant is

text: Hasdeo River

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Kusmunda and Gevra Mines

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Gevra Mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Gevra Mines

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Gevra Mines

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Gevra Mines

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Thermal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: EGAT continues to press forward with plans to construct six new coal-fired power plants by 2025 in spite of institutions such as the World Bank halting funding for new coal projects except in "rare circumstances". Rachel Kyte, the World Bank climate change envoy, said continued use of coal was exacting a heavy cost on some of the world's poorest countries, in local health impacts as well as climate change, which is imposing even graver consequences on the developing world. "In general globally we need to wean ourselves off coal,...There is a huge social cost to coal and a huge social cost to fossil fuels...if you want to be able to breathe clean air." EGAT "...has—in TV commercials—ridiculed renewable energy as expensive and insufficient to deal with rising electricity demand."

text: EGAT continues to press forward with plans to construct six new coal-fired power plants by 2025 in spite of institutions such as the

text: World Bank

text: halting funding for new coal projects except in "rare circumstances". Rachel Kyte, the World Bank climate change envoy, said continued use of coal was exacting a heavy cost on some of the world's poorest countries, in local health impacts as well as climate change, which is imposing even graver consequences on the developing world. "In general globally we need to wean ourselves off coal,...There is a huge social cost to coal and a huge social cost to fossil fuels...if you want to be able to breathe clean air." EGAT "...has—in TV commercials—ridiculed renewable energy as expensive and insufficient to deal with rising electricity demand."

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: There is a huge social cost to coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Rachel Kyte

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: By the end of calendar year 2015, despite poor hydro electricity generation, India has become power surplus country with huge power generation capacity idling for want of electricity demand. The calendar year 2016 started with steep fall in the  international price of energy commodities such as coal, diesel oil, naphtha, bunker fuel and LNG which are used in electricity generation in India. Earlier many of the power stations which are using fuels other than coal are unable to operate due to high cost of LNG and petro products. This situation has changed due to glut in petroleum products globally. The prices are falling to such an extent that these fuels have become cheaper to give competition for pit head coal based power generators. Many of the stranded gas and liquid fuel based power stations would be competing with indigenous coal based power stations in an electricity market where demand growth is not encouraging. All the segments of the electricity sector such as fuel suppliers, fuel transporters (railways, harbours, pipelines, etc.), Electricity generators, electricity transmission companies and distribution companies would be facing severe competition to cut down the prices and improve their operating efficiency in a final consumer dictated market. If the power distribution companies, keep on charging exorbitant tariffs to bulk consumers, they would be opting for solar/wind power plants or take over an existing power plant to meet their captive consumption. Due to tepid growth in electricity consumption, coal stocks are continuously building up at power stations as well as coal mines.

text: By the end of calendar year 2015, despite poor hydro electricity generation, India has become power surplus country with huge power generation capacity idling for want of electricity demand. The calendar year 2016 started with steep fall in the  international price of energy commodities such as coal, diesel oil,

text: naphtha

text: bunker fuel

text: and

text: LNG

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal stocks are continuously building up at power stations as well as coal mines

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Pit head coal based power generators

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: pit head coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal based power generators

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Due to emergence of shale gas, coal consumption declined from 2009. In the first quarter of 2012, the use of coal for electricity generation declined substantially more, 21% from 2011 levels. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, 27 gigawatts of capacity from coal-fired generators is to be retired from 175 coal-fired power plants between 2012 and 2016. Natural gas showed a corresponding increase, increasing by a third over 2011. Coal's share of electricity generation dropped to just over 36%.  Coal use continues to decline rapidly through November 2015 with its share around 33.6%.

text: Due to

text: emergence of shale gas

text: , coal consumption declined from 2009. In the first quarter of 2012, the use of coal for electricity generation declined substantially more, 21% from 2011 levels. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, 27 gigawatts of capacity from coal-fired generators is to be retired from 175 coal-fired power plants between 2012 and 2016. Natural gas showed a corresponding increase, increasing by a third over 2011. Coal's share of electricity generation dropped to just over 36%.  Coal use continues to decline rapidly through November 2015 with its share around 33.6%.

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: the use of coal for electricity generation declined substantially more

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: It must be kept away from nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal-fired

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: emergence of shale gas

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: shale gas

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 2013, the Architect of the Capitol announced that it had "identified the construction of a cogeneration plant as the most environmentally and economically beneficial way to meet its goal to use natural gas 100% of the time." The new cogeneration unit would use 100 percent natural gas to provide power for the 23 buildings of the Capitol complex, which includes the Capitol Building, the House and Senate office buildings, the Supreme Court, the U.S. Botanic Garden and the Library of Congress buildings, among others. Not only will it reduce the use of coal on-site for the chillers and boilers, but it would provide 93% of the facility's electricity. This would allow it to replace inefficient, 45% coal-generated electricity bought off the grid with more efficiently generated, on-site electricity that uses no coal. They completed the permitting process for this facility in June 2013.

text: In 2013, the Architect of the Capitol announced that it had "identified the construction of a cogeneration plant as the most environmentally and economically beneficial way to meet its goal to use natural gas 100% of the time." The new cogeneration unit would use 100 percent natural gas to provide power for the 23 buildings of the Capitol complex, which includes the Capitol Building, the House and Senate office buildings, the Supreme Court, the U.S. Botanic Garden and the Library of Congress buildings, among others. Not only will it reduce the use of coal on-site for the chillers and boilers, but it would provide 93% of the facility's electricity. This would allow it to replace inefficient, 45% coal-generated electricity bought off the grid with more efficiently generated, on-site electricity that uses no coal. They completed the permitting process for this facility in June 2013.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal-generated electricity bought off the grid

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: This would allow it to replace inefficient, 45% coal-generated electricity bought off the grid

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: This would allow it to replace inefficient, 45% coal-generated electricity

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures burns more cleanly

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-generated electricity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations. Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to grind into fine powder due to its caking problem. However 100% biomass can be fired after Torrefaction in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal. Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal-fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source. Cofiring dry biomass up to 20% heat input with coal is possible directly in pulverised coal-fired power stations without facing caking problem. North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems.

text: Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in

text: pulverised coal-fired power stations

text: . Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to

text: grind

text: into fine powder due to its

text: caking

text: problem. However 100% biomass can be fired after

text: Torrefaction

text: in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal. Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal-fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source.

text: Cofiring

text: dry biomass up to 20% heat input with coal is possible directly in pulverised coal-fired power stations without facing caking problem. North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: import coal is being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: imported coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Torrefaction

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: imported coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Torrefaction

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Torrefaction

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The economy of Dinajpur mainly depends upon agriculture based production. Dinajpur is famous for rice production. 'Katharivog' rice is the best produced rice in Bangladesh. Dinajpur is also rich with wheat production. The Lychee(fruit) of Dinajpur is the best of Bangladesh. Dinajpur is also famous for its Mangoes. "Kosba" is called the matrix of mango.  Also it grows a plenty of vegetables and seasonal fruits.A huge percentage of people from Dinajpur depends upon agri based products. The main industry also includes rice processing mills.However, Dinajpur is highly rich with natural resources like coal. Of the five coal field discovered so far in Bangladesh, three are in Dinajpur. The name of these deposits are-Barapukuria, Phulbari and Dighipara coal field. At present coal is being produced commercially only from the Barapukuria underground coal mine in Dinajpur district. Current production rate is about 1500 tons per day. The plan to establish an open-pit mine in nearby Phulbari was aborted in 2006 in the wake of a mass protest by the local people. The coal from the Boropukuria Coal Mine is being fed to the 250MW Barapukuria Power Station.

text: The economy of Dinajpur mainly depends upon agriculture based production. Dinajpur is famous for rice production. 'Katharivog' rice is the best produced rice in Bangladesh. Dinajpur is also rich with wheat production. The

text: Lychee

text: (fruit) of Dinajpur is the best of Bangladesh. Dinajpur is also famous for its Mangoes. "Kosba" is called the matrix of mango.  Also it grows a plenty of vegetables and seasonal fruits.A huge percentage of people from Dinajpur depends upon agri based products. The main industry also includes rice processing mills.However, Dinajpur is highly rich with natural resources like coal. Of the five coal field discovered so far in Bangladesh, three are in Dinajpur. The name of these deposits are-Barapukuria, Phulbari and Dighipara coal field. At present coal is being produced commercially only from the Barapukuria underground coal mine in Dinajpur district. Current production rate is about 1500 tons per day. The plan to establish an open-pit mine in nearby Phulbari was aborted in 2006 in the wake of a mass protest by the local people. The coal from the

text: Boropukuria Coal Mine

text: is being fed to the 250MW

text: Barapukuria Power Station

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Of the five coal field discovered so far in Bangladesh, three are in Dinajpur

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: underground coal mine

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: underground coal mine

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Barapukuria underground coal mine

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Barapukuria underground coal mine

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: the 250MW Barapukuria Power Station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Other Lesser Poland's major plants were significantly expanded after 1945, including Żywiec Brewery, Okocim Brewery, Fablok, Łucznik Arms Factory, FŁT-Kraśnik, Jaworzno Power Station, Siersza Power Plant, Huta Stalowa Wola, Janina Coal Mine, Sobieski Coal Mine, Zaklady Azotowe Tarnów-Mościce. Furthermore, in early 1950s significant sulfur resources were discovered in Tarnobrzeg, as a result of which Siarkopol company was founded, and the city of Tarnobrzeg quickly grew. In 1975, coal was discovered northeast of Lublin, and soon afterwards, Bogdanka Coal Mine and Piaski Coal Mine were opened.

text: Other Lesser Poland's major plants were significantly expanded after 1945, including

text: Żywiec Brewery

text: Okocim Brewery

text: Fablok

text: Łucznik Arms Factory

text: FŁT-Kraśnik

text: Jaworzno Power Station

text: , Siersza Power Plant,

text: Huta Stalowa Wola

text: Janina Coal Mine

text: Sobieski Coal Mine

text: , Zaklady Azotowe Tarnów-Mościce. Furthermore, in early 1950s significant

text: sulfur

text: resources were discovered in Tarnobrzeg, as a result of which Siarkopol company was founded, and the city of Tarnobrzeg quickly grew. In 1975, coal was discovered northeast of Lublin, and soon afterwards,

text: Bogdanka Coal Mine

text: and

text: Piaski Coal Mine

text: were opened.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: In 1975, coal was discovered northeast of Lublin

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Janina Coal Mine

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Janina

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: According to an article in NCG magazine, April 2014, the converting of a conventional coal-fired power plant is done by injecting the  into ammonium carbonate after which it is then transported and deposited underground (preferably in soil beneath the sea). This injection process however is by far the most expensive. Besides the cost of the equipment and the ammonium carbonate, the coal-fired power plant also needs to use 30% of its generated heat to do the injection (parasitic load). A test-setup has been done in the American Electric Power Mountaineer coal-burning power plant.

text: According to an article in NCG magazine, April 2014, the converting of a conventional coal-fired power plant is done by injecting the  into

text: ammonium carbonate

text: after which it is then transported and deposited underground (preferably in soil beneath the sea). This injection process however is by far the most expensive. Besides the cost of the equipment and the ammonium carbonate, the coal-fired power plant also needs to use 30% of its generated heat to do the injection (parasitic load). A test-setup has been done in the American Electric Power Mountaineer coal-burning power plant.

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answers: 4

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answers: carbonate

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: This injection process however is by far the most expensive

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Ammonium carbonate

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: conventional

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: ammonium

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: soil beneath the sea

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: This injection process however is by far the most expensive

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: by injecting the

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Some nations have decreased their coal consumption thus far in the 21st century, the greatest reductions being in the United States (coal consumption reduced by 176 million metric tons per year over the period 2000-2012), Canada (reduced by 21 million tons per year) and Spain (20 million tons per year). Other nations have increased their coal consumption in the same period, led by China (increased 2,263 million metric tons per year in the period 2000-2012), India (increased 367 million tons per year), and South Korea (59 million tons per year). Worldwide, coal consumption increased 60% during the period 2000-2012. As of 2012, 1200 new coal power plants were reportedly being planned worldwide, most of them in China and India. However, coal consumption has peaked in China in 2013 or 2014, depending on the data used and fell in 2015 by 3.6%, even though there was a growth of GDP of 6.9%.

text: Some nations have decreased their coal consumption thus far in the 21st century, the greatest reductions being in the United States (coal consumption reduced by 176 million metric tons per year over the period 2000-2012), Canada (reduced by 21 million tons per year) and Spain (20 million tons per year). Other nations have increased their coal consumption in the same period, led by China (increased 2,263 million metric tons per year in the period 2000-2012), India (increased 367 million tons per year), and South Korea (59 million tons per year). Worldwide, coal consumption increased 60% during the period 2000-2012. As of 2012, 1200 new coal power plants were reportedly being planned worldwide, most of them in China and India. However, coal consumption has peaked in China in 2013 or 2014, depending on the data used and fell in 2015 by 3.6%, even though there was a growth of GDP of 6.9%.

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answers: Worldwide, coal consumption increased 60% during the period 2000-2012

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: coal consumption increased 60% during the period 2000-2012

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal power plants

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The 21st century

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 1200 new coal power plants were reportedly being planned worldwide

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Destitute children are seen sitting aimlessly in the streets. A shot of a woman nursing a baby is accompanied with the statement "We can't wash our hands of the Germans, because we can't afford that new life to flow in any direction it wants". The military authorities are shown mobilising civilians to begin the task of cleaning up and rebuilding, and it is explained that the aim is to prevent not only starvation and epidemics, but also "diseases of the mind", i.e. "new brands of Fascism".People are shown living in the cellars of bombed buildings, without heat, light, water or sanitation. Coal is singled out as the single most vital resource, with the British "Coal Control" unit organising the output and distribution of the Ruhr coalfield production. A Catch-22 situation is detailed, whereby coal is needed for power and transport, but without the power and transport infrastructure already in place the coal cannot be moved to where it needs to be. There is no coal to spare for civilian use, so the populace have to forage for timber as a power source. Civilian railway travel on what survives of the network is only possible with a permit issued by the military authorities, but the volume of passengers still overwhelms the capacity. A train is seen leaving Hamburg for Kiel with dozens of people riding the buffers or hanging on the outside, ignoring loudhailer announcements that this is forbidden.

text: Destitute children are seen sitting aimlessly in the streets. A shot of a woman nursing a baby is accompanied with the statement "We can't wash our hands of the Germans, because we can't afford that new life to flow in any direction it wants". The military authorities are shown mobilising civilians to begin the task of cleaning up and rebuilding, and it is explained that the aim is to prevent not only starvation and epidemics, but also "diseases of the mind", i.e. "new brands of Fascism".People are shown living in the cellars of bombed buildings, without heat, light, water or sanitation. Coal is singled out as the single most vital resource, with the British "Coal Control" unit organising the output and distribution of the

text: Ruhr

text: coalfield production. A

text: situation is detailed, whereby coal is needed for power and transport, but without the power and transport infrastructure already in place the coal cannot be moved to where it needs to be. There is no coal to spare for civilian use, so the populace have to forage for timber as a power source. Civilian railway travel on what survives of the network is only possible with a permit issued by the military authorities, but the volume of passengers still overwhelms the capacity. A train is seen leaving Hamburg for

text: Kiel

text: with dozens of people riding the buffers or hanging on the outside, ignoring loudhailer announcements that this is forbidden.

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answers: timber

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answers: coal is needed for power and transport

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coalfield production

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Ruhr coalfield production

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answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The Ruhr coalfield

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal Control

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal cannot be moved to where it needs to be

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The involved mine is owned by Xishan Coal Electricity Group of Shanxi Coking Coal Group, one of China's largest producers of coking coal, a material used in the production of steel. The company operates twenty-eight mines. No accidents were reported at the Tunlan mine in the previous decade before this incident, and it consequently was considered a safe mine at which to work. The mine produces five million tons of coking coal per year.

text: The involved mine is owned by

text: Xishan Coal Electricity Group

text: of

text: Shanxi Coking Coal Group

text: , one of China's largest producers of

text: coking coal

text: , a material used in the production of

text: steel

text: . The company operates twenty-eight mines. No accidents were reported at the Tunlan mine in the previous decade before this incident, and it consequently was considered a safe mine at which to work. The mine produces five million tons of

text: coking

text: coal per year.

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answers: The mine produces five million tons of coking coal per year

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answers: Coking Coal

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Coal Electricity

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Note that the subdivision of the British Carboniferous rock sequence has undergone considerable revision in recent years and many traditional sequence names are now obsolete in formal use, though of course they remain widespread in the literature. What is now referred to as the Pennine Coal Measures Group would once have been referred to simply as the 'Productive Coal Measures' and the Yoredale Group was the 'Yoredale Series'. The 'Millstone Grit' of County Durham (minus the 'Great Limestone Member') has been renamed as the 'Stainmore Formation', having also been referred to somewhat confusingly as the Stainmore Group at one time.

text: Note that the subdivision of the British Carboniferous rock sequence has undergone considerable revision in recent years and many traditional

text: sequence names

text: are now obsolete in formal use, though of course they remain widespread in the literature. What is now referred to as the Pennine Coal Measures Group would once have been referred to simply as the 'Productive Coal Measures' and the Yoredale Group was the 'Yoredale Series'. The 'Millstone Grit' of County Durham (minus the 'Great Limestone Member') has been renamed as the 'Stainmore Formation', having also been referred to somewhat confusingly as the Stainmore Group at one time.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: What is now referred to as the Pennine Coal Measures Group would once have been referred to simply as the 'Productive Coal Measures'

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Rock sequence

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal Measures Group

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The 'Millstone Grit' of County Durham

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Coal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Climate scientist and head of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies James E. Hansen condemned the building of new coal power stations stating: In the face of such threats [from climate change] it is madness to propose a new generation of power plants based on burning coal, which is the dirtiest and most polluting of all the fossil fuels. We need a moratorium on the construction of coal-fired power plants and we must phase out the existing ones within two decades He is however more accepting of coal with CCS stating that Coal could still be a long-term energy source for power plants, if the carbon dioxide is captured and sequestered underground. Greenpeace is sceptical that CCS technology is viable.

text: Climate scientist and head of the

text: NASA

text: Goddard Institute for Space Studies

text: James E. Hansen

text: condemned the building of new coal power stations stating: In the face of such threats [from

text: climate change

text: ] it is madness to propose a new generation of power plants based on burning coal, which is the dirtiest and most polluting of all the

text: fossil fuels

text: . We need a moratorium on the construction of coal-fired power plants and we must phase out the existing ones within two decades He is however more accepting of coal with CCS stating that Coal could still be a long-term energy source for power plants, if the carbon dioxide is captured and sequestered underground. Greenpeace is sceptical that CCS technology is viable.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: the dirtiest and most polluting of all the fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: CCS

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal-fired power plants

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: CCS

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-fired

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Talcher Super Thermal Power Station or NTPC Talcher Kaniha located in  Angul district of the Indian state of Odisha is the first mega power plant of India to have an installed generation capacity of 3000MW. The power plant is one of the coal-based power plants of NTPC. The coal for the power plant is sourced from Lingraj Block & Kaniha coal block of Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. Source of water for the power plant is from Samal Barrage Reservoir on Brahmani River.

text: Talcher Super Thermal Power Station or NTPC Talcher Kaniha located in

text: Angul district

text: of the Indian state of

text: Odisha

text: is the first mega power plant of India to have an installed generation capacity of 3000MW. The power plant is one of the

text: coal

text: -based power plants of

text: NTPC

text: . The coal for the power plant is sourced from Lingraj Block & Kaniha coal block of Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. Source of water for the power plant is from Samal Barrage Reservoir on

text: Brahmani River

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Lingraj Block & Kaniha coal block of Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Mahanadi

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Mahanadi

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Talcher Super Thermal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Thermal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Sub-bituminous coal is a type of coal whose properties range from those of lignite to those of bituminous coal and are used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power generation.

text: Sub-bituminous coal is a type of

text: coal

text: whose properties range from those of

text: lignite

text: to those of

text: bituminous coal

text: and are used primarily as fuel for

text: steam-electric power generation

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answers: 4

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power generation

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Sub-bituminous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Sub-bituminous

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: steam

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: An estimated 4.48 million tons of coal will be required annually for the plant, based on a calculation of 22 hours of power generation per day. Indonesia is identified as a primary source for its high quality coal, reliable production, and short transit times to Pakistan. Coal from Pakistan's own Thar coalfield was found to contain excessive amounts of sulfur and lime, and was not deemed to be of high enough quality for the project. The supply of reliable coal from the fields was also considered to be inadequate. A mixture of Pakistani indigenous coal with imported coal was also deemed to be unsuitable as it would decrease heat production from coal, and would compromise safety of the boilers which are to be used in the project.

text: An estimated 4.48 million tons of coal will be required annually for the plant, based on a calculation of 22 hours of power generation per day. Indonesia is identified as a primary source for its high quality coal, reliable production, and short transit times to Pakistan. Coal from Pakistan's own

text: Thar coalfield

text: was found to contain excessive amounts of sulfur and lime, and was not deemed to be of high enough quality for the project. The supply of reliable coal from the fields was also considered to be inadequate. A mixture of Pakistani indigenous coal with imported coal was also deemed to be unsuitable as it would decrease heat production from coal, and would compromise safety of the boilers which are to be used in the project.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Indonesia is identified as a primary source for its high quality coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Indonesia

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal from Pakistan's own Thar coalfield

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Indonesia

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Thar coalfield

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Indonesia is identified as a primary source

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: boilers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Economically important coal seams occur throughout the Mist Mountain Formation, and some of the seams near the base for the formation are regionally extensive. The strata were strongly folded and faulted during the Laramide Orogeny, which brought the coal to surface in many places.  This also produced localized thickening and thinning of the coal in some areas due to shearing and fault-repetition of the seams, especially in the cores of folds and flexures. Localized coal thicknesses of up to  have been documented.

text: Economically important

text: coal

text: seams occur throughout the Mist Mountain Formation, and some of the seams near the base for the formation are regionally extensive. The strata were strongly

text: folded

text: and

text: faulted

text: during the

text: Laramide Orogeny

text: , which brought the coal to surface in many places.  This also produced localized thickening and thinning of the coal in some areas due to shearing and fault-repetition of the seams, especially in the cores of folds and flexures. Localized coal thicknesses of up to  have been documented.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Localized coal thicknesses of up to have been documented

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Laramide Orogeny

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Mist Mountain Formation

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Laramide Orogeny

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Laramide Orogeny

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: fault-repetition

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Wyandotte municipal power plant has three boilers and four generators. Types of fuels that are consumed are coal, natural gas and tire derived fuel (TDF). TDF is more efficient than coal, has a higher BTU value than coal, and is about half the price of coal. It produces nearly the same emissions. 95% of ash produced at the power plant becomes recycled materials like cement, and is used in steel production. 13,000 tons of TDF (which is the equivalent of 2.6 million tires) were used at the power plant in 2001.

text: The Wyandotte municipal power plant has three boilers and four generators. Types of fuels that are consumed are coal, natural gas and

text: tire derived fuel

text: (TDF). TDF is more efficient than coal, has a higher BTU value than coal, and is about half the price of coal. It produces nearly the same emissions. 95% of ash produced at the power plant becomes recycled materials like cement, and is used in steel production. 13,000 tons of TDF (which is the equivalent of 2.6 million tires) were used at the power plant in 2001.

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answers: ash

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: TDF is more efficient than coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: tire

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: TDF

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: TDF

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: TDF

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: boilers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal was discovered in Kentucky in 1750. Since the first commercial coal mine opened in 1820 coal has gained both economic importance and controversy regarding its environmental consequences. As of 2010 there were 442 operating coal mines in the state.

text: Coal was discovered in Kentucky in 1750. Since the first commercial

text: coal

text: mine opened in 1820 coal has gained both economic importance and controversy regarding its environmental consequences. As of 2010 there were 442 operating coal mines in the state.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: controversy regarding its environmental consequences

answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal mines

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: commercial

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal was discovered

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The first commercial coal mine opened in 1820

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal mines

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1986 China's total generating capacity was 76,000 megawatts: 52,000 from thermal plants and 24,000 from hydropower sources. China planned to construct large generators with capacities of 100 to 300 megawatts to increase thermal power capacity. The new, larger generators would be much more efficient than generators with capacities of only 50 megawatts or less. With the larger generators, China would only have to increase coal consumption by 40 percent to achieve a 54-percent increase in generating capacity by 1990. Observers believed that as China increased its grid network it could construct power plants close to coal mines, then run power lines to the cities. This method would eliminate the costly and difficult transportation of coal to smaller urban plants, which had already created a significant pollution problem.

text: In 1986 China's total generating capacity was 76,000 megawatts: 52,000 from thermal plants and 24,000 from hydropower sources. China planned to construct large generators with capacities of 100 to 300 megawatts to increase thermal power capacity. The new, larger generators would be much more efficient than generators with capacities of only 50 megawatts or less. With the larger generators, China would only have to increase coal consumption by 40 percent to achieve a 54-percent increase in generating capacity by 1990. Observers believed that as China increased its grid network it could construct power plants close to coal mines, then run power lines to the cities. This method would eliminate the costly and difficult transportation of coal to smaller urban plants, which had already created a significant

text: pollution

text: problem.

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answers: coal

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answers: The costly and difficult transportation of coal to smaller urban plants, which had already created a significant pollution problem

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: With the larger generators, China would only have to increase coal consumption by 40 percent

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal mines

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the earth's crust and has a long history of being exploited. Archaeological evidence shows that it was burned in funeral pyres in Wales during the Bronze Age and cinders have been found in Roman settlements in Britain. Originally the coal would have come from outcropping coal seams, and from lumps of sea coal gathered from the foreshore. By the seventeenth century, coal was being dug from shallow deposits for local use and by the beginning of the eighteenth century, a trade in coal was developing along the coast from such areas as Pembrokeshire, Llanelli and Swansea Bay. As surface deposits were exhausted by opencast mining, shallow pits were dug, and later bell pits, with more coal being extracted from short galleries. Soon, horizontal shafts were being dug into the hillsides and barrows manoeuvred along wooden tracks.

text: Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the earth's crust and has a long history of being exploited. Archaeological evidence shows that it was burned in funeral pyres in Wales during the

text: Bronze Age

text: and cinders have been found in Roman settlements in Britain. Originally the coal would have come from outcropping coal seams, and from lumps of sea coal gathered from the foreshore. By the seventeenth century, coal was being dug from shallow deposits for local use and by the beginning of the eighteenth century, a trade in coal was developing along the coast from such areas as Pembrokeshire, Llanelli and Swansea Bay. As surface deposits were exhausted by opencast mining, shallow pits were dug, and later

text: bell pit

text: s, with more coal being extracted from short galleries. Soon, horizontal shafts were being dug into the hillsides and barrows manoeuvred along wooden tracks.

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answers: NDQ_004002

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: barrows manoeuvred along wooden tracks

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: fossil fuel

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: By the seventeenth century, coal was being dug from shallow deposits

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: horizontal shafts

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The formation is divided into three members, in ascending stratigraphic order: Dilco Coal Member, Dalton Sandstone Member, and Gibson Coal Member.  The Dilco Coal Member is described by Cather (2010) as "Drab mudstone, fine- to medium-grained sandstone, and coal. Sandstone is commonly crossbedded or ripple laminated."  The Dalton Sandstone Member is described as "Gray to yellowish gray, fine- to medium-grained, cliff-forming sandstone."  The Gibson Coal Member is described as "Drab mudstone, buff, brown, and greenish gray sandstone (commonly cross-bedded), and coal," with the coals typically less than 0.5 m thick.

text: The formation is divided into three members, in ascending stratigraphic order: Dilco Coal Member, Dalton Sandstone Member, and Gibson Coal Member.  The Dilco Coal Member is described by Cather (2010) as "Drab

text: mudstone

text: , fine- to medium-grained

text: sandstone

text: , and

text: coal

text: . Sandstone is commonly

text: crossbedded

text: or ripple laminated."  The Dalton Sandstone Member is described as "Gray to yellowish gray, fine- to medium-grained, cliff-forming sandstone."  The Gibson Coal Member is described as "Drab mudstone, buff, brown, and greenish gray sandstone (commonly

text: cross-bedded

text: ), and coal," with the coals typically less than 0.5 m thick.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coals typically less than 0.5 m thick

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Dilco Coal Member

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Dilco Coal Member

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Dilco Coal Member

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The Gibson Coal Member

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Wańkowicz himself went to Giszowiec, a district of Katowice, to see with his own eyes the process of coal mining. Together with manager of a local coal mine, engineer Michejda, he went 400 meters underground: "I will never let my wife enter a coal mine, says one of the engineers. You never know what may happen at any moment (...) There are many dangers at a coal mine. Apart from rock burst, there is water and natural gas. Therefore, managers of the mine are in constant struggle with these elements (...) I am leaving industrial Upper Silesia, driving my car towards Cieszyn. Behind me stays a Polyphemus of the Polish lands. East of it, a new center of power is being built - the Central Industrial Area (pages 216 - 224).

text: Wańkowicz himself went to

text: Giszowiec

text: , a district of

text: Katowice

text: , to see with his own eyes the process of coal mining. Together with manager of a local coal mine, engineer Michejda, he went 400 meters underground: "I will never let my wife enter a coal mine, says one of the engineers. You never know what may happen at any moment (...) There are many dangers at a coal mine. Apart from

text: rock burst

text: , there is water and natural gas. Therefore, managers of the mine are in constant struggle with these elements (...) I am leaving industrial

text: Upper Silesia

text: , driving my car towards

text: Cieszyn

text: . Behind me stays a

text: Polyphemus

text: of the Polish lands. East of it, a new center of power is being built - the Central Industrial Area (pages 216 - 224).

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answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: There are many dangers at a coal mine

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: water and natural gas

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Polyphemus

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal mine

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The ships' engines were designed to give , with the exception of Mainzs engines, which were rated at . These were powered by fifteen coal-fired Marine water-tube boilers, which were trunked into three evenly spaced funnels. These gave the ships a top speed of ; Mainzs more powerful engines gave her a half-knot speed advantage. All four ships exceeded these figures on speed trials, however, and all four cruisers reached speeds in excess of . Kolberg carried  of coal, and after 1916,  of oil. This gave her a maximum range of approximately  at . Mainz carried  of coal, which allowed her to steam for  at the cruising speed. Cöln carried  of coal for a cruising radius of . Augsburg carried , and had the same radius of action as Cöln.

text: The ships' engines were designed to give , with the exception of Mainzs engines, which were rated at . These were powered by fifteen coal-fired Marine

text: water-tube boiler

text: s, which were trunked into three evenly spaced funnels. These gave the ships a top speed of ; Mainzs more powerful engines gave her a half-knot speed advantage. All four ships exceeded these figures on speed trials, however, and all four cruisers reached speeds in excess of . Kolberg carried  of coal, and after 1916,  of oil. This gave her a maximum range of approximately  at . Mainz carried  of coal, which allowed her to steam for  at the cruising speed. Cöln carried  of coal for a cruising radius of . Augsburg carried , and had the same radius of action as Cöln.

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answers: oil

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answers: Mainz carried of coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Marine

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Mainz carried of coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal-fired

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Marine water-tube boilers

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: water-tube boilers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Further less important seams lie within the underlying Pennine Lower Coal Measures Formation and within the overlying strata of the Pennine Upper Coal Measures Formation and the Warwickshire Group including the 'High Coal' at the base of the latter.

text: Further less important seams lie within the underlying Pennine Lower Coal Measures Formation and within the overlying strata of the Pennine Upper Coal Measures Formation and the

text: Warwickshire Group

text: including the 'High Coal' at the base of the latter.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: 'High Coal' at the base of the latter

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal Measures Formation

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Pennine

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The Warwickshire Group

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: High Coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal is a fossil fuel

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Nescopeck Creek's watershed contains several major rock formations. These are the Mauch Chunk Formation, the Llewellyn Formation, the Pocono Formation, and the Pottsville Formation. The Mauch Chunk Formation is associated with large amounts of high-quality groundwater. This formation consists of a  layer of shale, sandstone, and silt. It is situated under the Hazleton valley. The Mauch Chunk Formation contains outcrops of reddish rock. This formation is softer than many of the nearby rock formations. This formation makes up Sugarloaf Mountain and most of the Nescopeck Creek watershed. The Llewellyn Formation contains more coal than any other formation in the Nescopeck Creek watershed. This formation is  thick and is composed of brownish-gray sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Buck Mountain, Mammoth Mountain, and Gamma Mountain are all carved out of the Llewellyn Formation and contain coal seams. The formation was once extensive, but has been worn down by erosion over millions of years. The Pottsville Formation also contains a large number of aquifers. This formation is  thick, and is composed of gray conglomerate and sandstone. While there is no anthracite in the Pottsville Formation, it does contain three-foot seams of other varieties of coal. Groundwater from this formation is acidic and high in manganese and iron. The Pottsville Formation makes up the valleys directly surrounding Nescopeck Creek. The Pocono Formation consists of conglomerate and sandstone and surrounds the Pottsville Formation. The rock formations are typically more varied in the northern and western part of the watershed than the southern part.

text: Nescopeck Creek's watershed contains several major

text: rock formation

text: s. These are the

text: Mauch Chunk Formation

text: , the

text: Llewellyn Formation

text: , the

text: Pocono Formation

text: , and the

text: Pottsville Formation

text: . The Mauch Chunk Formation is associated with large amounts of high-quality

text: groundwater

text: . This formation consists of a  layer of

text: shale

text: sandstone

text: , and

text: silt

text: . It is situated under the Hazleton valley. The Mauch Chunk Formation contains outcrops of reddish rock. This formation is softer than many of the nearby rock formations. This formation makes up Sugarloaf Mountain and most of the Nescopeck Creek watershed. The Llewellyn Formation contains more coal than any other formation in the Nescopeck Creek watershed. This formation is  thick and is composed of brownish-gray

text: sandstone

text: , siltstone, and shale. Buck Mountain, Mammoth Mountain, and Gamma Mountain are all carved out of the Llewellyn Formation and contain coal seams. The formation was once extensive, but has been worn down by

text: erosion

text: over millions of years. The Pottsville Formation also contains a large number of

text: aquifer

text: s. This formation is  thick, and is composed of gray

text: conglomerate

text: and sandstone. While there is no anthracite in the Pottsville Formation, it does contain three-foot seams of other varieties of coal. Groundwater from this formation is acidic and high in manganese and iron. The Pottsville Formation makes up the valleys directly surrounding Nescopeck Creek. The Pocono Formation consists of conglomerate and sandstone and surrounds the Pottsville Formation. The rock formations are typically more varied in the northern and western part of the watershed than the southern part.

answers: tqa2:L_0113/T_1012/d1f77b9396bd6f2b5ee8d2a7d500d024

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The Llewellyn Formation contains more coal than any other formation in the Nescopeck Creek watershed

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: brownish-gray sandstone

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The Pottsville Formation contains three-foot seams of other varieties of coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: anthracite

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The Pottsville Formation

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The Pottsville Formation

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal seams

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Appalachian Mountains contain major deposits of anthracite coal as well as bituminous coal. In the folded mountains the coal is in metamorphosed form as anthracite, represented by the Coal Region of northeastern Pennsylvania. The bituminous coal fields of western Pennsylvania, western Maryland, southeastern Ohio, eastern Kentucky, southwestern Virginia, and West Virginia contain the sedimentary form of coal. The  mountain top removal method of coal mining, in which entire mountain tops are removed, is currently threatening vast areas and ecosystems of the Appalachian Mountain region.

text: The Appalachian Mountains contain major deposits of

text: anthracite

text: coal

text: as well as

text: bituminous coal

text: . In the folded mountains the coal is in metamorphosed form as anthracite, represented by the

text: Coal Region

text: of

text: northeastern Pennsylvania

text: . The bituminous coal fields of

text: western Pennsylvania

text: western Maryland

text: , southeastern Ohio, eastern Kentucky,

text: southwestern Virginia

text: , and West Virginia contain the sedimentary form of coal. The

text: mountain top removal

text: method of

text: coal mining

text: , in which entire mountain tops are removed, is currently threatening vast areas and ecosystems of the Appalachian Mountain region.

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answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: is currently threatening vast areas and ecosystems of the Appalachian Mountain region

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The Appalachian Mountains

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: anthracite

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: The mountain top removal method

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Outcroppings of sandstone of the Pocono Formation occur in the valley of North Fork Tangascootack Creek. However, the red shale of the Mauch Chunk Formation is not visible in the creek's valley. The hills north of the creek contain no coal, but are topped by conglomerate. The Mercer coal crop line is in the watershed of North Fork Tangascootack Creek. An area of sandy soils is located in the Slaughtering Ground Barrens, immediately north of the creek.

text: Outcroppings of

text: sandstone

text: of the

text: Pocono Formation

text: occur in the valley of North Fork Tangascootack Creek. However, the red

text: shale

text: of the

text: Mauch Chunk Formation

text: is not visible in the creek's valley. The hills north of the creek contain no

text: coal

text: , but are topped by

text: conglomerate

text: . The Mercer coal crop line is in the watershed of North Fork Tangascootack Creek. An area of

text: sand

text: y soils is located in the Slaughtering Ground Barrens, immediately north of the creek.

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answers: 0

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The hills north of the creek contain no coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: coal crop line

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: red shale

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Pocono Formation

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Slaughtering

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Commercial operations in fishing and sea hunting were established inside the bay at Point Gardner by the Tyee Company who sought to take advantage of the unexploited waters of southeast Alaska. They established their operations on Admiralty Island at Murder Cove in 1903 using the first American-built steam-powered whaler, the 97-foot "Tyee Junior", which was equipped with a harpoon gun on the bow. Consequent to a declining whale population, the company closed its operations in 1913. In 1905, the most extensive coal exploration in southeastern Alaska occurred at Murder Cove, Kootznahoo Inlet, and Hamilton Bay. The Tertiary-aged coal-bearing formations are made up of conglomerate, sandstone, and shale. The Murder Cove explorations occurred on a  thick seam located  from deep water. Though this deposit contains the best grade of coal in the region, further development did not proceed because of its very limited size. A lighthouse was established at Murder Cover during the fiscal year 1914.

text: Commercial operations in fishing and sea hunting were established inside the bay at

text: Point Gardner

text: by the Tyee Company who sought to take advantage of the unexploited waters of

text: southeast Alaska

text: . They established their operations on Admiralty Island at Murder Cove in 1903 using the first American-built steam-powered

text: whaler

text: , the 97-foot "Tyee Junior", which was equipped with a harpoon gun on the bow. Consequent to a declining whale population, the company closed its operations in 1913. In 1905, the most extensive coal exploration in southeastern Alaska occurred at Murder Cove,

text: Kootznahoo Inlet

text: , and Hamilton Bay. The Tertiary-aged coal-bearing formations are made up of conglomerate, sandstone, and shale. The Murder Cove explorations occurred on a  thick seam located  from deep water. Though this deposit contains the best grade of coal in the region, further development did not proceed because of its very limited size. A

text: lighthouse

text: was established at Murder Cover during the fiscal year 1914.

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answers: the best grade of coal in the region, further development did not proceed because of its very limited size

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answers: Tertiary-aged coal

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answers: Tertiary-aged

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answers: Tertiary-aged

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answers: Though this deposit contains the best grade of coal in the region

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answers: steam-powered

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An incident in the power station Niederaussem occurred on 9 June 2006. At 1:15 a fire caught hold in block H of the coaling station. The fire spread to two further coaling station blocks. Later the flames seized nearly the entire area of the "old power station", and a large, black smoke cloud ascended, which spread many kilometres to the north-west. The power station's own fire brigade could not control the fire and sounded the alarm. About 300 rescue forces from the entire Land responded. The damage to property went into the two digit million-range.  Even by the late evening of the next day the fire was not completely extinguished. The spread of the fire was contained by recently developed fire precautions in the other sectors of the power station so that only the coaling station was affected.

text: An incident in the power station Niederaussem occurred on 9 June 2006. At 1:15 a fire caught hold in block H of the coaling station. The fire spread to two further coaling station blocks. Later the flames seized nearly the entire area of the "old power station", and a large, black smoke cloud ascended, which spread many kilometres to the north-west. The power station's own

text: fire brigade

text: could not control the fire and sounded the alarm. About 300 rescue forces from the entire

text: Land

text: responded. The damage to property went into the two digit million-range.  Even by the late evening of the next day the fire was not completely extinguished. The spread of the fire was contained by recently developed fire precautions in the other sectors of the power station so that only the coaling station was affected.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: it transports to gujarat.It is on the Nagpur-Bhusawal and Bhusawal-Kalyan sections of Central Railway. Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal. For example, the Bhusawal Thermal Power Station consumed 2,400,000 tonnes of coal in 2006-07. Around 80 per cent of the domestic coal supplies in India are meant for coal based thermal power plants and coal transportation forms 42 per cent of the total freight earnings of Indian railways.

text: it transports to gujarat.It is on the

text: Nagpur-Bhusawal

text: and

text: Bhusawal-Kalyan

text: sections of

text: Central Railway

text: . Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal. For example, the Bhusawal Thermal Power Station consumed 2,400,000 tonnes of coal in 2006-07. Around 80 per cent of the domestic coal supplies in India are meant for coal based thermal power plants and coal transportation forms 42 per cent of the total freight earnings of Indian railways.

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answers: coal

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answers: Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal

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answers: Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal

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answers: Coal-based thermal power stations

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answers: thermal power stations

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The technology of "clean" coal has also become important. Western Canada has abundant coal supplies but the use of coal in recent years has been criticized for environmental reasons. To counter this criticism, coal and coal-fired electricity producers have formed the Canadian Clean Power Coalition. This organization promotes a number of projects which use a variety of "clean" coal technologies. These include the EPCOR Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plant for the Genesse Power Station in Alberta. The IGCC plant gasifies coal and uses the clean gas to drive a gas turbine. The process also produces steam, which is used to turn a steam turbine. Both turbines are used to produce electricity. The process also captures CO from the gas combustion, which is in turn used for enhanced oil recovery or is sequestered underground.

text: The technology of "clean" coal has also become important. Western Canada has abundant

text: coal

text: supplies but the use of coal in recent years has been criticized for environmental reasons. To counter this criticism, coal and coal-fired electricity producers have formed the Canadian Clean Power Coalition. This organization promotes a number of projects which use a variety of "clean" coal technologies. These include the EPCOR Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plant for the Genesse Power Station in Alberta. The IGCC plant gasifies coal and uses the clean gas to drive a

text: gas turbine

text: . The process also produces steam, which is used to turn a

text: steam turbine

text: . Both turbines are used to produce electricity. The process also captures CO from the gas combustion, which is in turn used for

text: enhanced oil recovery

text: or is sequestered underground.

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answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The use of coal in recent years has been criticized for environmental reasons

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Western Canada

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: "clean" coal

answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004007

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answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The technology of "clean" coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Group comprises a lower unit of coarse sandstones, siltstones, mudstone, and limestones with thin coals and ironstones known as the Lower Limestone Formation, an overlying sequence of similar rocks known as the Limestone Coal Formation, then an Upper Limestone Formation and at its top the sandstones of the Passage Formation. This last formation also includes fireclays, siltstones, mudstones, ironstones, coal and seatrocks.

text: The Group comprises a lower

text: unit

text: of coarse

text: sandstone

text: s,

text: siltstone

text: s,

text: mudstone

text: , and

text: limestone

text: s with thin

text: coal

text: s and

text: ironstone

text: s known as the Lower Limestone Formation, an overlying sequence of similar rocks known as the Limestone Coal Formation, then an Upper Limestone Formation and at its top the sandstones of the Passage Formation. This last formation also includes

text: fireclay

text: s, siltstones, mudstones, ironstones, coal and

text: seatrocks

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Limestone Coal Formation

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal and seatrocks

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal and seatrocks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Croydon power stations refers to a pair of demolished coal-fired power stations and to a gas-fired power station in the Purley Way area of Croydon, London. The coal-fired stations operated from 1896 until 1984, and the gas-fired station opened in 1999. Croydon B power station's chimneys have been retained as a local landmark.

text: The Croydon power stations refers to a pair of demolished

text: coal-fired power stations

text: and to a

text: gas

text: -fired power station in the

text: Purley Way

text: area of

text: Croydon

text: , London. The coal-fired stations operated from 1896 until 1984, and the gas-fired station opened in 1999. Croydon B power station's chimneys have been retained as a local landmark.

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answers: gas

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The coal-fired stations operated from 1896 until 1984

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: demolished

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Croydon

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Gas-fired

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: chimneys

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Dollar is now mainly residential; however, for a long time it was known for its industries. Attempts were made to mine lead and copper in Dollar Glen from the 18th century and possibly earlier, but these were of no economic significance. Coal mining in the area began around the same time and, until 1973, supplied the Kincardine Power Station, and later, the Longannet Power Station with coal from the Upper Hirst seam. A tiny private non-NCB coal mine operated from the Harviestoun estate from the mid-1970s, partly filling the gap that the closed NCB left, whilst there was still local demand for coal.

text: Dollar is now mainly residential; however, for a long time it was known for its industries. Attempts were made to mine lead and copper in Dollar Glen from the 18th century and possibly earlier, but these were of no economic significance. Coal mining in the area began around the same time and, until 1973, supplied the

text: Kincardine Power Station

text: , and later, the

text: Longannet Power Station

text: with coal from the

text: Upper Hirst

text: seam. A tiny private non-

text: NCB

text: coal mine operated from the Harviestoun estate from the mid-1970s, partly filling the gap that the closed NCB left, whilst there was still local demand for coal.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: there was still local demand for coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Upper Hirst seam

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Upper Hirst seam

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: non-NCB

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: lead

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Upper Hirst seam

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Upper Hirst seam

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Power Station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In September 2012, the Executive Board of the Clean Development Mechanism adopted rules confirming that new coal thermal power generation plants could be registered as CDM projects and could use the simplified rules called 'Programmes of Activities'. The organisation CDM-Watch described the decision as inconsistent with the objective of the CDM as it subsidised the construction of new coal power plants. CDM-Watch described the CERs that would be issued as "non-additional dirty carbon credits".

text: In September 2012, the Executive Board of the Clean Development Mechanism adopted rules confirming that new coal thermal power generation plants could be registered as CDM projects and could use the simplified rules called 'Programmes of Activities'. The organisation CDM-Watch described the decision as inconsistent with the objective of the CDM as it subsidised the construction of new coal power plants. CDM-Watch described the CERs that would be issued as "non-additional dirty carbon credits".

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: new coal thermal power generation plants could be registered as CDM projects

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: thermal power generation

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: CERs

answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: thermal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The average share of electricity generated from coal in the US has dropped from 52.8% in 1997 to 45.0% in 2009. In 2009, there were 1436 coal-powered units at the electrical utilities across the US, with a total nominal capacity of 338.732 MW (compared to 1024 units at nominal 278 GW in 2000).The actual average generated power from coal in 2006 was 227.1 GW (1.991 trillion kilowatt-hours per year), the highest in the world and still slightly ahead of China (1.95 trillion kilowatt-hours per year) at that time. In 2000, the US average production of electricity from coal was 224.3 GW (1.966 trillion kilowatt-hours for the year). In 2006, US electrical generation consumed  or 92.3% of the coal mined in the US.

text: The average share of electricity generated from coal in the US has dropped from 52.8% in 1997 to 45.0% in 2009. In 2009, there were 1436 coal-powered units at the electrical utilities across the US, with a total nominal capacity of 338.732

text: MW

text: (compared to 1024 units at nominal 278 GW in 2000).The actual average generated power from coal in 2006 was 227.1 GW (1.991 trillion kilowatt-hours per year), the highest in the world and still slightly ahead of China (1.95 trillion kilowatt-hours per year) at that time. In 2000, the US average production of electricity from coal was 224.3 GW (1.966 trillion kilowatt-hours for the year). In 2006, US electrical generation consumed  or 92.3% of the coal mined in the US.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: In 2000, the US average production of electricity from coal was 224.3 GW

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mined

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: China

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: In 2000, the US average production of electricity from coal was 224.3 GW

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-powered units

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal includes anthracite, bituminous coal, lignite, and peat. Coal from fields differ in ash and moisture content, energy value, volatile elements, sulphur content, and other properties.  Anthracite and bituminous coal are relatively high value compared to lignite and peat, which have lower energy and higher moisture contents. Coal is often used in the iron and steel industry, or to produce energy.

text: Coal includes

text: anthracite

text: bituminous coal

text: lignite

text: , and

text: peat

text: . Coal from fields differ in ash and moisture content, energy value, volatile elements, sulphur content, and other properties.  Anthracite and bituminous coal are relatively high value compared to lignite and peat, which have lower energy and higher moisture contents. Coal is often used in the iron and steel industry, or to produce energy.

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answers: ash

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Coal is often used in the iron and steel industry, or to produce energy

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: anthracite

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: anthracite

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: anthracite

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Sulphur

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: peat

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Anthracite

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal is often used in the iron and steel industry

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station is located in Singrauli district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. One of the coal-fired power stations of NTPC, it is the largest power station in India, with an installed capacity of 4760 MW. The coal for the power plant is sourced from Nigahi mines, and the water is sourced from the discharge canal of Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station.

text: The Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station is located in

text: Singrauli district

text: in the

text: India

text: n state of

text: Madhya Pradesh

text: . One of the

text: coal-fired power stations

text: of

text: NTPC

text: , it is the largest power station in India, with an installed capacity of 4760 MW. The coal for the power plant is sourced from Nigahi mines, and the water is sourced from the discharge canal of

text: Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station

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answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal for the power plant is sourced from Nigahi mines

answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The remnants of coal mining and coke manufacture are important in demonstrating important industries in the region's and Queensland's history. Coke manufacture played an important though under-recognised role in early coal mining and related industries over an extended period of time (1870s - ).  The Mihi Creek site includes archaeological artefacts which illustrate early examples of processes and activities relating to the increasing demand for quality coke for use in early Queensland industry in the late 19th century (particularly for rail and maritime industries and coal-powered engines generally).

text: The remnants of coal mining and coke manufacture are important in demonstrating important industries in the region's and Queensland's history. Coke manufacture played an important though under-recognised role in early coal mining and related industries over an extended period of time (1870s - ).  The Mihi Creek site includes archaeological artefacts which illustrate early examples of processes and activities relating to the increasing demand for quality coke for use in early Queensland industry in the late 19th century (particularly for rail and maritime industries and coal-powered engines generally).

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Sipat Super Thermal Power Station or Rajiv Gandhi Super Thermal Power Station  is located at Sipat in Bilaspur district in state of Chhattisgarh. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of NTPC. The coal for the power plant is sourced from Dipika Mines of South Eastern Coalfields Limited.

text: Sipat Super Thermal Power Station or Rajiv Gandhi Super Thermal Power Station  is located at

text: Sipat

text: in

text: Bilaspur district

text: in state of

text: Chhattisgarh

text: . The power plant is one of the

text: coal

text: based power plants of

text: NTPC

text: . The coal for the power plant is sourced from Dipika Mines of

text: South Eastern Coalfields Limited

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answers: The power plant is one of the coal based power plants

answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Dipika Mines

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answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Sipat Super Thermal Power Station

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Thermal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A coal town, also known as a coal camp or patch is typically situated in a remote place and provides residences for a population of miners to reside near a coal mine. A coal town is a type of company town or mining community. "Usually, the coal camp, like the railroad camp, began with temporary housing-tents or boardinghouses—until more permanent dwellings could be built. Gradually, within a year or so, the camp grew into a Company Store, the most essential structure in the town...". The more typical structures such as churches, and schools would appear later as the town grew.

text: A coal town, also known as a coal camp or patch is typically situated in a remote place and provides residences for a population of miners to reside near a

text: coal mine

text: . A coal town is a type of

text: company town

text: or

text: mining community

text: . "Usually, the coal camp, like the railroad camp, began with temporary housing-tents or boardinghouses—until more permanent dwellings could be built. Gradually, within a year or so, the camp grew into a

text: Company Store

text: , the most essential structure in the town...". The more typical structures such as churches, and schools would appear later as the town grew.

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answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mine

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

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answers: coal mine

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answers: coal

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal mine

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The more typical structures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal mine

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal measures appear in the Radstock district, and surrounding Somerset Coalfield (largely concealed by Triassic and newer rocks). There are two series of coal-bearing sandstones and shales separated by Pennant Sandstone. Locally the beds are folded and faulted. There were mines in the Radstock and Nailsea areas but these have closed. This was one of the first areas in the world to undergo systematic geological study and mapping by John Strachey and William Smith in the 18th century. They observed the rock layers, or strata, which led Smith to the creation of a testable hypothesis, which he termed the Principle of Faunal Succession.

text: Coal measures

text: appear in the

text: Radstock

text: district, and surrounding

text: Somerset Coalfield

text: (largely concealed by

text: Triassic

text: and newer rocks). There are two series of coal-bearing sandstones and

text: shale

text: s separated by

text: Pennant Sandstone

text: . Locally the beds are folded and faulted. There were mines in the Radstock and Nailsea areas but these have closed. This was one of the first areas in the world to undergo systematic geological study and mapping by

text: John Strachey

text: and

text: William Smith

text: in the 18th century. They observed the rock layers, or

text: strata

text: , which led Smith to the creation of a testable hypothesis, which he termed

text: the Principle of Faunal Succession

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: There were mines in the Radstock and Nailsea areas but these have closed

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: sandstones

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Sandstones and shales

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Somerset Coalfield

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Triassic

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The beds are folded and faulted

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: beds are folded and faulted

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Another problem related to coal combustion is the emission of particulates that have a serious impact on public health.  Power plants remove particulate from the flue gas with the use of a bag house or electrostatic precipitator. Several newer plants that burn coal use a different process, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle in which synthesis gas is made out of a reaction between coal and water. The synthesis gas is processed to remove most pollutants and then used initially to power gas turbines. Then the hot exhaust gases from the gas turbines are used to generate steam to power a steam turbine. The pollution levels of such plants are drastically lower than those of "classic" coal power plants.

text: Another problem related to coal combustion is the emission of

text: particulates

text: that have a serious impact on public health.  Power plants remove particulate from the flue gas with the use of a

text: bag house

text: or

text: electrostatic precipitator

text: . Several newer plants that burn coal use a different process,

entity_section: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)

text: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

text: in which

text: synthesis gas

text: is made out of a reaction between coal and water. The synthesis gas is processed to remove most pollutants and then used initially to power gas turbines. Then the hot exhaust gases from the gas turbines are used to generate steam to power a steam turbine. The pollution levels of such plants are drastically lower than those of "classic" coal power plants.

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: particulates that have a serious impact on public health

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: water

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: classic

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: "classic" coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Apparently, total exergy cost of wind and natural-gas fired technologies are almost the same, but contrarily to the wind power plants, the non-renewable unit exergy costs of NG-fired power plants is practically equal to the total cost. It should be noted that this result is a consequence of the efficiency assumed for wind power plants. If energy storage is to be taken into account for intermittent technologies such as wind farms, the total exergy cost could be slightly increased. The upstream and downstream CO2 emissions in the coal route represent a very small part of the total CO2 emissions, if compared with the direct emissions of coal burning in the power plant. Finally, it is pointed out that controversies related to the flooding dams of vast zones with complex ecosystems should be carefully analysed since, according to the results reported by Dones et al., the GHG emissions could be increased up to achieve emission levels comparable to those of gas combined cycles power plants.

text: Apparently, total exergy cost of wind and natural-gas fired technologies are almost the same, but contrarily to the wind power plants, the non-renewable unit exergy costs of NG-fired power plants is practically equal to the total cost. It should be noted that this result is a consequence of the efficiency assumed for wind power plants. If energy storage is to be taken into account for intermittent technologies such as wind farms, the total exergy cost could be slightly increased. The upstream and downstream CO2 emissions in the coal route represent a very small part of the total CO2 emissions, if compared with the direct emissions of coal burning in the power plant. Finally, it is pointed out that controversies related to the flooding dams of vast zones with complex ecosystems should be carefully analysed since, according to the results reported by Dones et al., the GHG emissions could be increased up to achieve emission levels comparable to those of gas combined cycles power plants.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: direct emissions of coal burning in the power plant

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: natural-gas

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: upstream and downstream CO2 emissions

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: natural-gas fired technologies

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: CO2

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: upstream and downstream CO2 emissions in the coal route

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The upstream and downstream CO2 emissions

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: gas combined cycles power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It is on the Jalgaon-Surat branch line of Western Railway. Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal. For example, the Ukai Thermal Power Station consumed 3,200,000 tonnes of coal in 2006-07. Around 80 per cent of the domestic coal supplies in India are meant for coal based thermal power plants and coal transportation forms 42 per cent of the total freight earnings of Indian railways.

text: It is on the

text: Jalgaon-Surat branch line

text: of

text: Western Railway

text: . Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal. For example, the Ukai Thermal Power Station consumed 3,200,000 tonnes of coal in 2006-07. Around 80 per cent of the domestic coal supplies in India are meant for coal based thermal power plants and coal transportation forms 42 per cent of the total freight earnings of Indian railways.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: thermal power stations

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal-based thermal power stations

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Sakoa Coal Field is in the southwest of Madagascar and coal was first discovered in the area in 1908. Small-scale mining was undertaken during World War II. Drilling results indicate that the field is large with a seam measuring up to  thick in places. The product is a thermal coal similar in specification to coal currently being exported by South Africa and is likely to be used in power plants in India and Western Europe. Current estimates for the field are that 200 million tonnes of coal are recoverable, with an estimated potential resource tonnage of over one billion tonnes. It is expected that the coal will mostly be mined by the open pit method, and that extraction will initially be at the rate of five million tonnes per year.

text: The Sakoa Coal Field is in the southwest of Madagascar and coal was first discovered in the area in 1908. Small-scale mining was undertaken during World War II. Drilling results indicate that the field is large with a seam measuring up to  thick in places. The product is a thermal coal similar in specification to coal currently being exported by South Africa and is likely to be used in power plants in India and Western Europe. Current estimates for the field are that 200 million tonnes of coal are recoverable, with an estimated potential resource tonnage of over one billion tonnes. It is expected that the coal will mostly be mined by the

text: open pit

text: method, and that extraction will initially be at the rate of five million tonnes per year.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Small-scale mining was undertaken during World War II

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: thermal coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Small-scale mining was undertaken during World War II

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: thermal coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: thermal coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: World War II

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: thermal coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: After its incorporation in 1928 the town's population teetered in and around 300, until about 1974 when the town discovered that they were to receive the Poplar River Power Project.  This project brought many new citizens to the town to help with the building and operation of the Power Plant.  The Poplar River Power Plant can be seen from a distance with the large smoke stack extending above the town.  With the Poplar River Power Project also came the development of the Coronach Coal Mine, which provides the coal/fuel to the Power Plant.  The Coal mine has had a few locations and a variety of owners; it is currently owned by Westmoreland Coal Company.  Many people that visit the area enjoy touring the mine, where they can experience the immense size of the draglines as they dig down to uncover the coal.  The coal will eventually be loaded onto the train and hauled over to the Power Plant, which is also a popular site to tour.

text: After its incorporation in 1928 the town's population teetered in and around 300, until about 1974 when the town discovered that they were to receive the Poplar River Power Project.  This project brought many new citizens to the town to help with the building and operation of the Power Plant.  The Poplar River Power Plant can be seen from a distance with the large smoke stack extending above the town.  With the Poplar River Power Project also came the development of the Coronach Coal Mine, which provides the coal/fuel to the Power Plant.  The Coal mine has had a few locations and a variety of owners; it is currently owned by Westmoreland Coal Company.  Many people that visit the area enjoy touring the mine, where they can experience the immense size of the draglines as they dig down to uncover the coal.  The coal will eventually be loaded onto the train and hauled over to the Power Plant, which is also a popular site to tour.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The coal will eventually be loaded onto the train and hauled over to the Power Plant

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal/fuel

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The Poplar River Power Project

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal/fuel

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Poplar River Power Project

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The Poplar River Power Plant

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal/fuel to the Power Plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Historically, coal mining has been a very dangerous activity and the list of historical coal mining disasters is a long one. In the US alone, more than 100,000 coal miners were killed in accidents in the twentieth century, 90 percent of the fatalities occurring in the first half of the century.More than 3,200 died in 1907 alone.

text: Historically, coal mining has been a very dangerous activity and the list of historical coal

text: mining disasters

text: is a long one. In the US alone, more than 100,000 coal miners were killed in accidents in the twentieth century, 90 percent of the fatalities occurring in the first half of the century.More than 3,200 died in 1907 alone.

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answers: more than 100,000 coal miners were killed in accidents in the twentieth century

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: A coal phase-out for Germany is implied in Germany's Climate Action Plan 2050, environment minister Barbara Hendricks said in an interview on 21November 2016.  "If you read the Climate Action Plan carefully, you will find that the exit from coal-fired power generation is the immanent consequence of the energy sector target.... By 2030... half of the coal-fired power production must have ended, compared to 2014", she said.

text: A coal phase-out for Germany is implied in Germany's

text: Climate Action Plan 2050

text: , environment minister

text: Barbara Hendricks

text: said in an interview on 21November 2016.  "If you read the Climate Action Plan carefully, you will find that the exit from coal-fired power generation is the immanent consequence of the energy sector target.... By 2030... half of the coal-fired power production must have ended, compared to 2014", she said.

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power generation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The sandstones, mudstones and coals of the Pennine Coal Measures Group form the Lancashire Coalfield which includes both the Burnley Coalfield and the South Lancashire Coalfield. Both were economically important to Lancashire's economy during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Group is divided into Lower, Middle and Upper formations, all dating from the Westphalian. These are in turn overlain by the Etruria and Halesowen formations of the Warwickshire Group.

text: The sandstones, mudstones and coals of the Pennine Coal Measures Group form the

text: Lancashire Coalfield

text: which includes both the Burnley Coalfield and the South Lancashire Coalfield. Both were economically important to Lancashire's economy during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Group is divided into Lower, Middle and Upper formations, all dating from the

text: Westphalian

text: . These are in turn overlain by the Etruria and Halesowen formations of the Warwickshire Group.

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answers: coals

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: economically important to Lancashire's economy during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: sandstones, mudstones

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal Measures Group

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Westphalian

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coals

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Westphalian

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal Measures Group

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Coal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there were numerous coal mines in the Bussey area. In the early 1890s, the Powers company had two mine shafts in the area with a private tramway connecting them to the company's tipple along the railroad line. J. A. Powers founded the O.K. Coal Company in bussey, with a mile-long railroad spur to a mine a mile south of town. This mine was the largest producer in Marion County from 1895 to around 1902. Powers reorganized the O.K. company as the Mammoth Vein Coal Company when it moved its primary operations to Everist, a coal camp 3 miles west of Bussey and a mile north of Marysville. The Cricket Coal Company, later the Equality Coal Company, was based in Bussey and had a shaft outside of town, producing 18,000 tons of coal in 1915 from a coal seam that was 4 to 6 feet thick.

text: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there were numerous coal mines in the Bussey area. In the early 1890s, the Powers company had two mine shafts in the area with a private tramway connecting them to the company's tipple along the railroad line. J. A. Powers founded the O.K. Coal Company in bussey, with a mile-long railroad spur to a mine a mile south of town. This mine was the largest producer in Marion County from 1895 to around 1902. Powers reorganized the O.K. company as the Mammoth Vein Coal Company when it moved its primary operations to

text: Everist

text: , a coal camp 3 miles west of Bussey and a mile north of

text: Marysville

text: . The Cricket Coal Company, later the Equality Coal Company, was based in Bussey and had a shaft outside of town, producing 18,000 tons of coal in 1915 from a coal seam that was 4 to 6 feet thick.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: there were numerous coal mines in the Bussey area

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Mammoth Vein

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: 4 to 6 feet thick

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: 4 to 6 feet thick

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Mammoth Vein

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 4 to 6 feet thick

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: tipple

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Densified coal is the product of the Coldry Process coal upgrading technology that removes moisture from low-rank coals such as sub-bituminous and lignite/brown coal. The densification process raises the calorific value of low-rank coal to equal or exceed that of many export-grade black coals. Densified coal resulting from the Coldry Process is regarded as a black coal equivalent or replacement for black coal.

text: Densified coal is the product of the Coldry Process

text: coal

text: upgrading technology that removes moisture from low-rank coals such as

text: sub-bituminous

text: and

text: lignite

text: brown coal

text: . The densification process raises the calorific value of low-rank coal to equal or exceed that of many export-grade black coals. Densified coal resulting from the Coldry Process is regarded as a

text: black coal equivalent

text: or replacement for

text: black coal

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: raises the calorific value of low-rank coal to equal or exceed that of many export-grade black coals

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: low-rank coals

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Moisture

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: low-rank coals

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004006

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: sub-bituminous

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Densified coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: densification process

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The South African Sunday Times alleged that a Gupta owned company, Tegeta, benefited from official connections in the awarding of a R4 billion contract to supply coal to the state electrical utility company Eskom. The Mines Minister Mosebenzi Zwane denied this allegation saying that he didn’t give Tegeta any preferential treatment and was only interested in preserving jobs following Tegeta’s purchase of a coal mine that supplies Eskom. According to the business rescue practitioners Tegeta will also take on the R2.4 billion penalty imposed by Eskom on Optimum for delivering poor-quality coal. On the 12th June, City Press alleged that Eskom awarded Tegeta a contract worth more than R564 million, paying in advance in order to ‘bail out the Guptas’ and that it also allowed the company to divert a significant portion of Optimum’s coal to another power station in order to be bought at a higher price. An executive for Eskom said that paying companies in advance has been done before and that Eskom was not diverting coal from the Hendrina power plant to the Arnot power plant. Nazeem Howa described allegations as “sublime and ridiculous” and that prepayments were a standard practice of Eskom.

text: The South African

text: Sunday Times

text: alleged that a Gupta owned company, Tegeta, benefited from official connections in the awarding of a R4 billion contract to supply coal to the state electrical utility company

text: Eskom

text: . The Mines Minister Mosebenzi Zwane denied this allegation saying that he didn’t give Tegeta any preferential treatment and was only interested in preserving jobs following Tegeta’s purchase of a coal mine that supplies Eskom. According to the business rescue practitioners Tegeta will also take on the R2.4 billion penalty imposed by Eskom on Optimum for delivering poor-quality coal. On the 12th June, City Press alleged that Eskom awarded Tegeta a contract worth more than R564 million, paying in advance in order to ‘bail out the Guptas’ and that it also allowed the company to divert a significant portion of Optimum’s coal to another power station in order to be bought at a higher price. An executive for Eskom said that paying companies in advance has been done before and that Eskom was not diverting coal from the Hendrina power plant to the Arnot power plant. Nazeem Howa described allegations as “sublime and ridiculous” and that prepayments were a standard practice of Eskom.

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answers: Tegeta will also take on the R2.4 billion penalty imposed by Eskom on Optimum for delivering poor-quality coal

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answers: power station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Kamalanga Thermal Power Plant is a coal based thermal power project located at Kamalanga in Dhenkanal district in Indian state of Odisha. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of GMR Kamalanga Energy Limited, a subsidiary of GMR Group.

text: Kamalanga Thermal Power Plant is a coal based thermal power project located at Kamalanga in

text: Dhenkanal district

text: in Indian state of

text: Odisha

text: . The power plant is one of the

text: coal

text: based power plants of GMR Kamalanga Energy Limited, a subsidiary of

text: GMR Group

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answers: NDQ_004003

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answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Kamalanga

answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: thermal power

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: One issue that has often raised concerns is the use of cadmium in cadmium telluride solar cells (CdTe is only used in a few types of PV panels). Cadmium in its metallic form is a toxic substance that has the tendency to accumulate in ecological food chains. The amount of cadmium used in thin-film PV modules is relatively small (5-10 g/m²) and with proper emission control techniques in place the cadmium emissions from module production can be almost zero. Current PV technologies lead to cadmium emissions of 0.3-0.9 microgram/kWh over the whole life-cycle. Most of these emissions actually arise through the use of coal power for the manufacturing of the modules, and coal and lignite combustion leads to much higher emissions of cadmium. Life-cycle cadmium emissions from coal is 3.1 microgram/kWh, lignite 6.2, and natural gas 0.2 microgram/kWh. Note that if electricity produced by photovoltaic panels were used to manufacture the modules instead of electricity from burning coal, cadmium emissions from coal power usage in the manufacturing process could be entirely eliminated.

text: One issue that has often raised concerns is the use of

text: cadmium

text: in

text: cadmium telluride solar cell

text: s (CdTe is only used in a few types of PV panels). Cadmium in its metallic form is a toxic substance that has the tendency to

text: accumulate

text: in ecological

text: food chain

text: s. The amount of cadmium used in thin-film PV modules is relatively small (5-10 g/m²) and with proper emission control techniques in place the cadmium emissions from module production can be almost zero. Current PV technologies lead to cadmium emissions of 0.3-0.9

text: microgram

text: /kWh over the whole life-cycle. Most of these emissions actually arise through the use of coal power for the manufacturing of the modules, and coal and

text: lignite

text: combustion leads to much higher emissions of cadmium. Life-cycle cadmium emissions from coal is 3.1 microgram/kWh, lignite 6.2, and

text: natural gas

text: 0.2 microgram/kWh. Note that if electricity produced by photovoltaic panels were used to manufacture the modules instead of electricity from burning coal, cadmium emissions from coal power usage in the manufacturing process could be entirely eliminated.

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answers: lignite combustion leads to much higher emissions of cadmium

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Changes in demand also influenced the flow of coal. By the 1960s household coal was in decline and power station coal was on the rise. In 1959, for example, High Marnham Power Station opened and immediately created a new demand in a new location. This was followed in the 1960s by larger new power stations in the Trent Valley whose demand for coal necessitated new technology, which was provided in notable forms such as "TOPS" and computer timetabled Merry-go-round trains (mgr). West Burton Power Station's power signalbox was opened in 1965, in preparation for stockpiling coal on a wholly different scale from traditional working.

text: Changes in demand also influenced the flow of coal. By the 1960s household coal was in decline and power station coal was on the rise. In 1959, for example,

text: High Marnham Power Station

text: opened and immediately created a new demand in a new location. This was followed in the 1960s by larger new power stations in the

text: Trent

text: Valley whose demand for coal necessitated new technology, which was provided in notable forms such as "TOPS" and computer timetabled

text: Merry-go-round train

text: s (mgr).

text: West Burton Power Station's

text: power signalbox was opened in 1965, in preparation for stockpiling coal on a wholly different scale from traditional working.

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answers: By the 1960s

answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: The Matla Coal Mine is a coal mine located in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 297.3 million tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Africa and the world. The mine produces around 14 million tonnes of coal per year with the output going directly to the Matla Power Station.

text: The Matla Coal Mine is a

text: coal

text: mine located in the

text: Mpumalanga Province

text: South Africa

text: . The mine has coal reserves amounting to 297.3 million tonnes of

text: coking coal

text: , one of the largest coal reserves in

text: Africa

text: and the world. The mine produces around 14 million tonnes of coal per year with the output going directly to the

text: Matla Power Station

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answers: coal

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answers: one of the largest coal reserves in Africa and the world

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coking coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal Mine

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answers: coking coal

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Matla Coal Mine

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coking coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Matla Power Station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Other mines in the basin include Foxleigh coal mine, Coppabella coal mine, Collinsville coal mine, Blair Athol coal mine, Middlemount coal mine, Yarrabee coal mine, South Walker Creek coal mine, Rolleston coal mine, Oaky Creek coal mine, Norwich Park coal mine, North Goonyella coal mine, Newlands coal mine, Moranbah North coal mine, Kestrel coal mine, Jellinbah coal mine, Gregory coal mine and German Creek coal mine.

text: Other mines in the basin include

text: Foxleigh coal mine

text: Coppabella coal mine

text: Collinsville coal mine

text: Blair Athol coal mine

text: Middlemount coal mine

text: Yarrabee coal mine

text: South Walker Creek coal mine

text: Rolleston coal mine

text: Oaky Creek coal mine

text: Norwich Park coal mine

text: North Goonyella coal mine

text: Newlands coal mine

text: Moranbah North coal mine

text: Kestrel coal mine

text: Jellinbah coal mine

text: Gregory coal mine

text: and

text: German Creek coal mine

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Foxleigh coal mine, Coppabella coal mine, Collinsville coal mine, Blair Athol coal mine

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Foxleigh coal mine

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal mine

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal mine

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Yarrabee coal mine

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal mine

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The New River Coalfield is located in northeastern Raleigh County and southern Fayette County, West Virginia. Commercial mining of coal began in the 1870s and thrived into the 20th century. The coal in this field is a low volatile coal, and the seams of coal that have been mined include Sewell, Fire Creek, and Beckley. This is very high quality bituminous coal rated at approximately . The New River coalfield is named after the north flowing New River. Over 60 coal towns were once located there, supported by independent commercial districts at Beckley, Oak Hill, Mount Hope, and Fayetteville. By the 21st century many coal camps had partially or completely returned to nature. These company towns were located along Dunloup (Loup) Creek, Laurel Creek, White Oak Creek, lower Piney Creek, and, of course, the New River. The mainline of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway ran right through the center of this coalfield, with spurs branching off in many directions, and rail yards were maintained at Quinnimont, Raleigh, and Thurmond, WV. The Virginian Railway's main line also passed through the western side of the field as well.  Companies such as the New River Company,  New River & Pocahontas Consolidated Coal Co., and Mary Frances Coal Co. were the largest operators in the New River Coalfield, but there were many smaller ones as well.  These companies recruited native born whites, immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, and African-Americans from the South to work in their coal mines and railroads.  The mines began to close down after World War II and today there are very few active coal mines in the field.  The New River Gorge is now the domain of the National Park Service and they have done what their budget allows to preserve the coal heritage of the area.

text: The New River Coalfield is located in northeastern

text: Raleigh County

text: and southern

text: Fayette County

text: West Virginia

text: . Commercial mining of coal began in the 1870s and thrived into the 20th century. The

text: coal

text: in this field is a low volatile coal, and the seams of coal that have been mined include Sewell, Fire Creek, and Beckley. This is very high quality

text: bituminous coal

text: rated at approximately . The New River coalfield is named after the north flowing

text: New River

text: . Over 60

text: coal town

text: s were once located there, supported by independent commercial districts at

text: Beckley

text: Oak Hill

text: Mount Hope

text: , and

text: Fayetteville

text: . By the 21st century many coal camps had partially or completely returned to nature. These company towns were located along Dunloup (Loup) Creek, Laurel Creek, White Oak Creek, lower Piney Creek, and, of course, the New River. The mainline of the

text: Chesapeake and Ohio Railway

text: ran right through the center of this coalfield, with spurs branching off in many directions, and rail yards were maintained at Quinnimont, Raleigh, and

text: Thurmond, WV

text: . The

text: Virginian Railway

text: 's main line also passed through the western side of the field as well.  Companies such as the New River Company,  New River & Pocahontas Consolidated Coal Co., and Mary Frances Coal Co. were the largest operators in the New River Coalfield, but there were many smaller ones as well.  These companies recruited native born

text: whites

text: , immigrants from Southern and Eastern

text: Europe

text: , and

text: African-Americans

text: from

text: the South

text: to work in their coal mines and railroads.  The mines began to close down after

text: World War II

text: and today there are very few active coal mines in the field.  The New River Gorge is now the domain of the

text: National Park Service

text: and they have done what their budget allows to preserve the coal heritage of the area.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Commercial mining of coal began in the 1870s and thrived into the 20th century

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: low volatile coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: volatile coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: By the 21st century many coal camps had partially or completely returned to nature

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: low volatile coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal mines

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal was first used as a fuel around 1000 BCE in China. With the energy in the form of chemical energy that could be released through combustion, but the concept development of the steam engine in the United Kingdom in 1769, coal came into more common use as a power source. Coal was later used to drive ships and locomotives. By the 19th century, gas extracted from coal was being used for street lighting in London. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the primary use of coal is to generate electricity, providing 40% of the world's electrical power supply in 2005.

text: Coal was first used as a fuel around 1000 BCE in China. With the energy in the form of

text: chemical energy

text: that could be released through

text: combustion

text: , but the concept development of the

text: steam engine

text: in the United Kingdom in 1769, coal came into more common use as a power source. Coal was later used to drive ships and

text: locomotives

text: . By the 19th century, gas extracted from coal was being used for street lighting in

text: London

text: . In the 20th and 21st centuries, the primary use of coal is to generate

text: electricity

text: , providing 40% of the world's electrical power supply in 2005.

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answers: gas

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answers: providing 40% of the world's electrical power supply in 2005

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal is made from

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal was first used as a fuel around 1000 BCE

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: primary use of coal is to generate electricity

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: 1000 BCE

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal that forms at higher temperatures burns more cleanly

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: combustion

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coldry Process is a patented coal upgrading technology being developed in Victoria, Australia by Environmental Clean Technologies Limited based on 'brown coal densification'. It has been developed specifically to beneficiate low-rank brown coal (lignite) and some forms of sub-bituminous coal by removing the majority of the naturally occurring moisture content; harden and densify the coal; raise the calorific value of the coal; and transform the coal into a stable (lower spontaneous combustion risk), exportable black coal equivalent product for use by black coal fired power generators to produce electricity or as a feedstock for downstream processes such as coal-to-gas, oil and other high value chemicals.The Coldry Process is currently developed to pilot scale (as at October 2012).

text: Coldry Process is a patented

text: coal upgrading technology

text: being developed in Victoria, Australia by Environmental Clean Technologies Limited based on 'brown coal densification'. It has been developed specifically to beneficiate low-rank

text: brown coal

text: lignite

text: ) and some forms of

text: sub-bituminous

text: coal

text: by removing the majority of the naturally occurring moisture content; harden and densify the coal; raise the calorific value of the coal; and transform the coal into a stable (lower spontaneous combustion risk), exportable

text: black coal equivalent

text: product for use by

text: black coal

text: fired

text: power generators

text: to produce

text: electricity

text: or as a feedstock for downstream processes such as coal-to-gas, oil and other high value chemicals.The Coldry Process is currently developed to pilot scale (as at October 2012).

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answers: oil

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: raise the calorific value of the coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: low-rank brown coal (lignite)

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: sub-bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: lower spontaneous combustion risk

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power generators

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Land is deforested prior to mining operations and the resultant lumber is either sold or burned. According to the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA), the topsoil is supposed to be removed and set aside for later reclamation. However, coal companies are often granted waivers and instead reclaim the mountain with "topsoil substitute."  The waivers are granted if adequate amounts of topsoil are not naturally present on the rocky ridge top. Once the area is cleared, miners use explosives to blast away the overburden, the rock and subsoil, to expose coal seams beneath. The overburden is then moved by various mechanical  means to areas of the ridge previously mined.  These areas are the most economical area of storage as they are located close to the active pit of exposed coal.  If the ridge topography is too steep to adequately handle the amount of spoil produced then additional storage is used in a nearby valley or hollow, creating what is known as a valley fill or hollow fill.  Any streams in a valley are buried by the overburden.

text: Land is

text: deforested

text: prior to mining operations and the resultant

text: lumber

text: is either sold or burned. According to the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (

text: SMCRA

text: ), the

text: topsoil

text: is supposed to be removed and set aside for later reclamation. However, coal companies are often granted waivers and instead reclaim the mountain with "topsoil substitute."  The waivers are granted if adequate amounts of topsoil are not naturally present on the rocky ridge top. Once the area is cleared, miners use explosives to blast away the

text: overburden

text: , the rock and

text: subsoil

text: , to expose

text: coal

text: seams beneath. The overburden is then moved by various mechanical  means to areas of the ridge previously mined.  These areas are the most economical area of storage as they are located close to the active pit of exposed coal.  If the ridge topography is too steep to adequately handle the amount of spoil produced then additional storage is used in a nearby valley or hollow, creating what is known as a valley fill or hollow fill.  Any streams in a valley are buried by the overburden.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The overburden is then moved by various mechanical means to areas of the ridge previously mined

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: rock and subsoil

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Any streams in a valley

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal seams

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal seams

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal companies are often granted waivers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Started in 2008, the most important campaign for the Alliance is the Anti-Coal Campaign.  The campaign coordinates and supports civil society activities to prevent new coal power plants from being built in Germany.  Coal is more carbon intensive than other fossil fuels, so that even the most advanced lignite-fired power plant discharges twice as much  as a gas-fired power plant.  Coal power plants have a lifetime of 40–50 years and create high  emissions throughout their lives.  Without a coal phase-out, the Alliance questions whether the German government can meet its future  emissions targets.

text: Started in 2008, the most important campaign for the Alliance is the Anti-Coal Campaign.  The campaign coordinates and supports civil society activities to prevent new coal power plants from being built in Germany.  Coal is more carbon intensive than other fossil fuels, so that even the most advanced lignite-fired power plant discharges twice as much  as a gas-fired power plant.  Coal power plants have a lifetime of 40–50 years and create high  emissions throughout their lives.  Without a coal phase-out, the Alliance questions whether the German government can meet its future  emissions targets.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Coal power plants have a lifetime of 40–50 years and create high emissions throughout their lives

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal

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answers: NDQ_004007

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answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal: Resources and Future Production, published on 5 April 2007 by the Energy Watch Group (EWG) found that global coal extraction could peak in as few as 15 years.  However, the graphs in their 2013 report show a peak in 2020. Reporting on this, Richard Heinberg also notes that the date of peak annual energetic extraction from coal will likely come earlier than the date of peak in quantity of coal (tons  per year) extracted as the most energy-dense types of coal have been mined most extensively.

text: Coal: Resources and Future Production, published on 5 April 2007 by the Energy Watch Group (EWG) found that global coal extraction could peak in as few as 15 years.  However, the graphs in their 2013 report show a peak in 2020. Reporting on this, Richard Heinberg also notes that the date of peak annual energetic extraction from coal will likely come earlier than the date of peak in quantity of coal (tons  per year) extracted as the most energy-dense types of coal have been mined most extensively.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: global coal extraction could peak in as few as 15 years

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Resources and Future Production

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: energy-dense

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Energy Watch Group (EWG)

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal extraction

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the north, the Sundance Sea, an extension of the Arctic Ocean, stretched through Canada down to the United States. Coal is found in the Morrison Formation of Montana, which means that the northern part of the formation, along the shores of the sea, was wet and swampy, with more vegetation. Aeolian, or wind-deposited sandstones are found in the southwestern part, which indicates it was much more arid — a desert, with sand dunes.

text: In the north, the

text: Sundance Sea

text: , an extension of the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: , stretched through Canada down to the United States.

text: Coal

text: is found in the Morrison Formation of Montana, which means that the northern part of the formation, along the shores of the sea, was wet and swampy, with more vegetation.

text: Aeolian

text: , or wind-deposited sandstones are found in the southwestern part, which indicates it was much more arid — a

text: desert

text: , with sand

text: dune

text: s.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: northern part of the formation, along the shores of the sea, was wet and swampy

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Morrison Formation

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Morrison Formation

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Morrison Formation

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Morrison Formation

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Morrison Formation

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: wind

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The fossil fuels include coal, petroleum and natural gas. Bulgaria possesses significant reserves of coal estimated at 4,8 billion tons. More than 92% of them, or 4,5 billion tons, is lignite, which is the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content but is widely used for electricity generation. With reserves of 2,856 billion tons Maritsa Iztok, situated in the Upper Thracian Plain, is by far the largest coal basin in the country which powers Maritsa Iztok Complex, the largest energy complex in South-Eastern Europe. Other lignite basins include Sofia valley (reserves of 870 million tons), Elhovo (656 million tons), Lom (277 million tons), Maritsa Zapad (170 million tons). The reserves of sub-bituminous coal are 300 million tons, situated mainly near Bobov Dol, Pernik and Burgas. The recoverable reserves of bituminous coal and anthracite are insignificant — only 10 and 2,5 million tons respectively. However, there is a huge basin of bituminous coal in Southern Dobruja with estimated reserves of over 1 billion tons but its large depth (1370–1950 m) is an obstacle for its commercial exploitation.

text: The fossil fuels include

text: coal

text: petroleum

text: and

text: natural gas

text: . Bulgaria possesses significant reserves of coal estimated at 4,8 billion tons. More than 92% of them, or 4,5 billion tons, is

text: lignite

text: , which is the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content but is widely used for electricity generation. With reserves of 2,856 billion tons Maritsa Iztok, situated in the Upper Thracian Plain, is by far the largest coal basin in the country which powers

text: Maritsa Iztok Complex

text: , the largest energy complex in South-Eastern Europe. Other lignite basins include Sofia valley (reserves of 870 million tons),

text: Elhovo

text: (656 million tons),

text: Lom

text: (277 million tons), Maritsa Zapad (170 million tons). The reserves of

text: sub-bituminous coal

text: are 300 million tons, situated mainly near

text: Bobov Dol

text: Pernik

text: and

text: Burgas

text: . The recoverable reserves of

text: bituminous coal

text: and

text: anthracite

text: are insignificant — only 10 and 2,5 million tons respectively. However, there is a huge basin of bituminous coal in

text: Southern Dobruja

text: with estimated reserves of over 1 billion tons but its large depth (1370–1950 m) is an obstacle for its commercial exploitation.

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answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: More than 92% of them, or 4,5 billion tons, is lignite

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Upper Thracian Plain

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: is widely used for electricity generation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The petitioners' main contention was that one restriction imposed by the DER is that "50% of the coal beneath structures protected by § 4" must be left unearthed to support the surface land, and that consequently their "support estate[s] had been entirely destroyed" because they had to leave 50% of the coal beneath the surface in place, so they could only mine the mineral estate while leaving the support estate untouched. In answers to interrogatories, the petitioners claimed that from 1966 to 1982 their land use rights at their 13 coal mines had been restricted to the point of a taking because of the Subsidence Act. As a result, they claimed that they had to leave about 27 million tons of coal in place. Altogether, these mines contained at least 1.46 billion tons of coal. The percentage of coal that had to remain unmined was less than 2% of the petitioners' total coal.

text: The petitioners' main contention was that one restriction imposed by the DER is that "50% of the coal beneath structures protected by § 4" must be left unearthed to support the surface land, and that consequently their "support estate[s] had been entirely destroyed" because they had to leave 50% of the coal beneath the surface in place, so they could only mine the mineral estate while leaving the support estate untouched. In answers to interrogatories, the petitioners claimed that from 1966 to 1982 their land use rights at their 13 coal mines had been restricted to the point of a taking because of the Subsidence Act. As a result, they claimed that they had to leave about 27 million tons of coal in place. Altogether, these mines contained at least 1.46 billion tons of coal. The percentage of coal that had to remain unmined was less than 2% of the petitioners' total coal.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Altogether, these mines contained at least 1.46 billion tons of coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mineral

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Subsidence Act

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: mineral

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Subsidence Act

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal mines

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Because the slate of chemical products that can be made via coal gasification can in general also use feedstocks derived from natural gas and petroleum, the chemical industry tends to use whatever feedstocks are most cost-effective. Therefore, interest in using coal tends to increase for higher oil and natural gas prices and during periods of high global economic growth that may strain oil and gas production. Also, production of chemicals from coal is of much higher interest in countries like South Africa, China, India and the United States where there are abundant coal resources. The abundance of coal combined with lack of natural gas resources in China is strong inducement for the coal to chemicals industry pursued there. In the United States, the best example of the industry is Eastman Chemical Company which has been successfully operating a coal-to-chemicals plant at its Kingsport, Tennessee, site since 1983. Similarly, Sasol has built and operated coal-to-chemicals facilities in South Africa.

text: Because the slate of chemical products that can be made via coal gasification can in general also use feedstocks derived from

text: natural gas

text: and

text: petroleum

text: , the chemical industry tends to use whatever feedstocks are most cost-effective. Therefore, interest in using coal tends to increase for higher oil and natural gas prices and during periods of high global economic growth that may strain oil and gas production. Also, production of chemicals from coal is of much higher interest in countries like South Africa, China, India and the United States where there are abundant coal resources. The abundance of coal combined with lack of natural gas resources in China is strong inducement for the coal to chemicals industry pursued there. In the United States, the best example of the industry is Eastman Chemical Company which has been successfully operating a coal-to-chemicals plant at its Kingsport, Tennessee, site since 1983. Similarly, Sasol has built and operated coal-to-chemicals facilities in South Africa.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: The abundance of coal combined with lack of natural gas resources in China is strong inducement for the coal to chemicals industry pursued there

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal resources

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The abundance of coal combined with lack of natural gas resources

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: abundant coal resources

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: South Africa

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: gasification

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A location was selected east of Charlottesville where the C&O mainline followed the Rivanna River, providing both an easy water supply and rail access.  The Red Land Power Corporation, chartered March 29, 1913, was charged to construct a 2,000-horsepower plant for the C&A and was merged into the C&A on November 25, 1913.  The old power plant was used temporarily, with new equipment, to produce AC power for the city as the new plant was being completed. Coal was provided to the new plant by way of rail, where a spur off of the C&O railway was provided to allow coal from hopper cars to be unloaded into a storage bin beneath.  Two 400 hp boilers were installed along with multiple turbines and generators in order to generate the electricity.  The completed plant produced 175,000 kWh per month as of 1914 and consumed four hopper cars worth of coal per month; this is contrasted with the old power plant's generation of 125,000 kWh per month consuming 14–15 cars worth, demonstrating the new plant's efficiency.

text: A location was selected east of Charlottesville where the C&O mainline followed the

text: Rivanna River

text: , providing both an easy water supply and rail access.  The Red Land Power Corporation, chartered March 29, 1913, was charged to construct a 2,000-

text: horsepower

text: plant for the C&A and was merged into the C&A on November 25, 1913.  The old power plant was used temporarily, with new equipment, to produce AC power for the city as the new plant was being completed. Coal was provided to the new plant by way of rail, where a spur off of the C&O railway was provided to allow coal from

text: hopper cars

text: to be unloaded into a storage bin beneath.  Two 400 hp boilers were installed along with multiple turbines and generators in order to generate the electricity.  The completed plant produced 175,000 kWh per month as of 1914 and consumed four hopper cars worth of coal per month; this is contrasted with the old power plant's generation of 125,000 kWh per month consuming 14–15 cars worth, demonstrating the new plant's efficiency.

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answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: four hopper cars worth of coal per month

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: hopper cars

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: hopper cars

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: hopper cars

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Four hopper cars worth of coal per month

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: boilers were installed along with multiple turbines and generators

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Coal in the Fort Union in the Powder River Basin occurs mainly in the Tongue River Member, where as many as 32 coal seams total more than 300 feet in thickness. One such bed, the Wyodak Coal near Gillette, Wyoming, is as much as 110 feet thick. Most of the coals in the Fort Union Formation are ranked subbituminous.

text: Coal in the Fort Union in the Powder River Basin occurs mainly in the Tongue River Member, where as many as 32 coal seams total more than 300 feet in thickness. One such bed, the Wyodak Coal near

text: Gillette, Wyoming

text: , is as much as 110 feet thick. Most of the coals in the Fort Union Formation are ranked

text: subbituminous

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_004000

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: subbituminous

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: subbituminous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Subbituminous

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: subbituminous

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: subbituminous

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Fort Union Formation

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: subbituminous

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: subbituminous

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: With the bankruptcy of the Penn Central Transportation railroad in 1970, Detroit Edison sought to continue transporting coal from the Monongahela mines in Pennsylvania to a brand new power plant in Monroe, Michigan. However, the bankruptcy of Penn Central left Detroit Edison short of motive power and under capacitated coal hoppers. Detroit Edison then chose to purchase brand new locomotives and coal cars to fit their needs. Purchasing EMD SD40's and GE U30C's for mainline motive power as well as High-Side Articulated Gondolas (with a capacity of 185,000 pounds), this new equipment allowed Detroit Edison to move more coal en masse than what Penn Central was able to do with their equipment. The trains were maintained by Detroit Edison officials but operated by Penn Central crews.

text: With the bankruptcy of the

text: Penn Central Transportation

text: railroad in 1970, Detroit Edison sought to continue transporting coal from the

text: Monongahela

text: mines in

text: Pennsylvania

text: to a brand new power plant in

text: Monroe, Michigan

text: . However, the bankruptcy of Penn Central left Detroit Edison short of motive power and under capacitated coal hoppers. Detroit Edison then chose to purchase brand new locomotives and coal cars to fit their needs. Purchasing

text: EMD SD40

text: 's and

text: GE U30C

text: 's for mainline motive power as well as High-Side Articulated Gondolas (with a capacity of 185,000 pounds), this new equipment allowed Detroit Edison to move more coal en masse than what Penn Central was able to do with their equipment. The trains were maintained by Detroit Edison officials but operated by Penn Central crews.

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answers: NDQ_004001

answers: under capacitated coal hoppers

answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Monongahela mines

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: high-side articulated gondolas

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power plant

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Coal Measures is a lithostratigraphical term for the coal-bearing part of the Upper Carboniferous System. The Coal Measures Group consists of the Upper Coal Measures Formation, the Middle Coal Measures Formation and the Lower Coal Measures Formation. The group records the deposition of fluvio-deltaic sediments which consists mainly of clastic rocks (claystones, shales, siltstones, sandstones, conglomerates) interstratified with the beds of coal. In most places, the Coal Measures are underlain by coarser clastic sequences known as Millstone Grit, of Namurian age. The top of the Coal Measures may be marked by an unconformity, the overlying rocks being Permian or later in age. In some parts of Britain, however, the Coal Measures grade up into mainly coal-barren red beds of late Westphalian and possibly Stephanian age. Within the Pennine Basin these barren measures are now referred to as the Warwickshire Group, from the district where they achieve their thickest development.

text: The Coal Measures is a

text: lithostratigraphical

text: term for the coal-bearing part of the Upper

text: Carboniferous

text: System. The

text: Coal Measures Group

text: consists of the Upper Coal Measures Formation, the Middle Coal Measures Formation and the Lower Coal Measures Formation. The group records the deposition of fluvio-deltaic sediments which consists mainly of

text: clastic rock

text: s (

text: claystone

text: s,

text: shale

text: s,

text: siltstone

text: s,

text: sandstone

text: s,

text: conglomerates

text: ) interstratified with the beds of

text: coal

text: . In most places, the Coal Measures are underlain by coarser clastic sequences known as

text: Millstone Grit

text: , of

text: Namurian

text: age. The top of the Coal Measures may be marked by an

text: unconformity

text: , the overlying rocks being

text: Permian

text: or later in age. In some parts of Britain, however, the Coal Measures grade up into mainly coal-barren

text: red beds

text: of late

text: Westphalian

text: and possibly

text: Stephanian

text: age. Within the

text: Pennine Basin

text: these barren measures are now referred to as the

text: Warwickshire Group

text: , from the district where they achieve their thickest development.

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answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: NDQ_004003

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answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal-bearing part

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The excess of hydrogen in a coal, above the amount necessary to combine with its oxygen to form water, is known as disposable hydrogen, and is a measure of the fitness of the coal for use in the manufacture of coal gas. Such coal, although of very small value as fuel, commands a specially high price for gas-making. Cannel coal was used as a major feedstock for the historical manufactured gas industry, as the gas produced from it was valuable for lighting due to the luminosity of the flame it produced. Cannel gas was widely used for domestic lighting throughout the 19th century before the invention of the incandescent gas mantle by Carl Auer von Welsbach in the 1880s. Following the introduction of the gas mantle, cannel coal lost favour as a manufactured gas feedstock as the gas mantle could produce large quantities of light without regard for the flame luminosity of the gas burnt.

text: The excess of

text: hydrogen

text: in a coal, above the amount necessary to combine with its

text: oxygen

text: to form water, is known as disposable hydrogen, and is a measure of the fitness of the coal for use in the manufacture of

text: coal gas

text: . Such coal, although of very small value as fuel, commands a specially high price for gas-making. Cannel coal was used as a major feedstock for the historical

text: manufactured gas industry

text: , as the gas produced from it was valuable for lighting due to the luminosity of the flame it produced. Cannel gas was widely used for domestic lighting throughout the 19th century before the invention of the incandescent

text: gas mantle

text: by

text: Carl Auer von Welsbach

text: in the 1880s. Following the introduction of the gas mantle, cannel coal lost favour as a manufactured gas feedstock as the gas mantle could produce large quantities of light without regard for the flame luminosity of the gas burnt.

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answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Cannel coal was used as a major feedstock for the historical manufactured gas industry

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Cannel coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Cannel coal

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Cannel coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: incandescent gas mantle

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: gas mantle

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The coal industry of Illinois has its origins in the middle 19th century, when entrepreneurs such as Jacob Loose discovered coal in locations such as Sangamon County. Jacob Bunn contributed to the development of the Illinois coal industry, and was a founder and owner of the Western Coal & Mining Company of Illinois. About 68% of Illinois has coal-bearing strata of the Pennsylvanian geologic period. According to the Illinois State Geological Survey, 211 billion tons of bituminous coal are estimated to lie under the surface, having a total heating value greater than the estimated oil deposits in the Arabian Peninsula. However, this coal has a high sulfur content, which causes acid rain unless special equipment is used to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions. Many Illinois power plants are not equipped to burn high-sulfur coal. In 1999, Illinois produced 40.4 million tons of coal, but only 17 million tons (42%) of Illinois coal was consumed in Illinois. Most of the coal produced in Illinois is exported to other states and countries. In 2008, Illinois exported 3 million tons of coal and was projected to export 9 million tons in 2011, as demand for energy grows in places such as China, India, elsewise in Asia and Europe. As of 2010, Illinois was ranked third in recoverable coal reserves at producing mines in the Nation. Most of the coal produced in Illinois is exported to other states, while much of the coal burned for power in Illinois (21 million tons in 1998) is mined in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming.

text: The coal industry of Illinois has its origins in the middle 19th century, when entrepreneurs such as

text: Jacob Loose

text: discovered coal in locations such as

text: Sangamon County

text: Jacob Bunn

text: contributed to the development of the Illinois coal industry, and was a founder and owner of the

text: Western Coal & Mining Company

text: of Illinois. About 68% of Illinois has coal-bearing strata of the

text: Pennsylvanian

text: geologic period. According to the Illinois State Geological Survey, 211 billion tons of

text: bituminous coal

text: are estimated to lie under the surface, having a total heating value greater than the estimated oil deposits in the

text: Arabian Peninsula

text: . However, this coal has a high

text: sulfur

text: content, which causes

text: acid rain

text: unless special equipment is used to reduce

text: sulfur dioxide

text: emissions

text: . Many Illinois

text: power plants

text: are not equipped to burn high-sulfur coal. In 1999, Illinois produced 40.4 million tons of coal, but only 17 million tons (42%) of Illinois coal was consumed in Illinois. Most of the coal produced in Illinois is exported to other states and countries. In 2008, Illinois exported 3 million tons of coal and was projected to export 9 million tons in 2011, as demand for energy grows in places such as China, India, elsewise in Asia and Europe. As of 2010, Illinois was ranked third in recoverable coal reserves at producing mines in the Nation. Most of the coal produced in Illinois is exported to other states, while much of the coal burned for power in Illinois (21 million tons in 1998) is mined in the

text: Powder River Basin

text: of

text: Wyoming

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answers: This coal has a high sulfur content, which causes acid rain

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: About 68% of Illinois has coal-bearing strata of the Pennsylvanian geologic period

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: bituminous

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answers: Pennsylvanian geologic period

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: high-sulfur coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: is mined in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The American share of world coal production remained steady at about 20 percent from 1980 to 2005, at about 1 billion short tons per year. The United States was ranked as the 2nd coal producing country in the world in 2010, and possesses the largest coal reserves in the world. In 2008 then-President George W. Bush stated that coal was the most reliable source of electricity. However, in 2011 President Barack Obama said that the US should rely more on "clean" sources of energy that emit lower or no carbon dioxide pollution. As of 2013, while domestic coal consumption for electric power was being displaced by natural gas, exports were increasing. US coal production increasingly comes from strip mines in the western United States, such as from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming and Montana.

text: The American share of world coal production remained steady at about 20 percent from 1980 to 2005, at about 1 billion short tons per year. The United States was ranked as the

text: coal producing country in the world in 2010, and possesses the largest

text: coal reserves

text: in the world. In 2008 then-

text: President

text: George W. Bush

text: stated that coal was the most reliable source of electricity. However, in 2011 President

text: Barack Obama

text: said that the US should rely more on "clean" sources of energy that emit lower or no

text: carbon dioxide

text: pollution. As of 2013, while domestic coal consumption for electric power was being displaced by natural gas, exports were increasing. US coal production increasingly comes from strip mines in the western United States, such as from the

text: Powder River Basin

text: in Wyoming and Montana.

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answers: short tons

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answers: The American share of world coal production remained steady at about 20 percent from 1980 to 2005, at about 1 billion short tons per year

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: strip mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: US coal production increasingly comes from strip mines in the western United States

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: strip mines

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answers: carbon dioxide

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answers: US coal production increasingly comes from strip mines in the western United States

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: US coal production increasingly comes from strip mines in the western United States

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: strip mines

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The following coal seams occur within the Pennine Middle Coal Measures Formation in this coalfield:

text: The following

text: coal seam

text: s occur within the Pennine Middle

text: Coal Measures

text: Formation in this coalfield:

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal is a fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal seams

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The Pennine Middle Coal Measures Formation

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal seams

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

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answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Pennine Middle Coal Measures Formation

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal that forms at higher temperatures burns more cleanly.

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal is a fossil fuel

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Trombay Thermal Power Station is a coal-based thermal power plant located at Trombay near Mumbai in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The power plant is owned by Tata Power.

text: Trombay Thermal Power Station is a coal-based thermal power plant located at

text: Trombay

text: near

text: Mumbai

text: in the Indian state of

text: Maharashtra

text: . The power plant is owned by

text: Tata Power

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: 'Clean coal' technology: It has been estimated that it will be 2020 to 2025 before any commercial-scale clean coal power stations (coal-burning power stations with carbon capture and sequestration) are widely adopted. Moreover, some have criticised the clean coal approach and it is at best a means of ameliorating carbon emissions. It is not a form of renewable energy production, although like carbon sequestration it offers a significant commercial challenge to renewable developments. In 2009 a licence to test underground coal gassification technology in Fife was granted to Thornton New Energy. However, a plan to build a new "clean coal" power station at Hunterston collapsed in 2009 after financial backing was withdrawn.

text: 'Clean coal' technology: It has been estimated that it will be 2020 to 2025 before any commercial-scale clean coal power stations (coal-burning power stations with carbon capture and sequestration) are widely adopted. Moreover, some have criticised the clean coal approach and it is at best a means of ameliorating carbon emissions. It is not a form of renewable energy production, although like carbon sequestration it offers a significant commercial challenge to renewable developments. In 2009 a licence to test underground coal gassification technology in Fife was granted to Thornton New Energy. However, a plan to build a new "clean coal" power station at

text: Hunterston

text: collapsed in 2009 after financial backing was withdrawn.

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answers: NDQ_004001

answers: It is not a form of renewable energy production

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answers: 'Clean coal'

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: underground coal gassification

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: carbon capture and sequestration

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The current open cut mine operation is for low-grade, sub-bituminous black coal which is frequently referred to as hard brown coal or just brown coal. It is transported 250 km by rail to power stations outside Port Augusta on the east side of Spencer Gulf. The coal occurs in several nested bowl-shaped seams, each several metres thick. The coalfield at Leigh Creek is operated by the Alinta Energy and currently produces over 2.5 million tonnes a year of coal. Alinta energy also operates the power stations at Port Augusta which are the only remaining coal-fired generators in South Australia, and the only users of coal from Leigh Creek.

text: The current

text: open cut mine

text: operation is for low-grade, sub-bituminous

text: black coal

text: which is frequently referred to as hard brown coal or just brown coal. It is transported 250 km by rail to

text: power stations

text: outside

text: Port Augusta

text: on the east side of

text: Spencer Gulf

text: . The coal occurs in several nested bowl-shaped seams, each several metres thick. The coalfield at Leigh Creek is operated by the

text: Alinta Energy

text: and currently produces over 2.5 million tonnes a year of coal. Alinta energy also operates the power stations at Port Augusta which are the only remaining coal-fired generators in South Australia, and the only users of coal from Leigh Creek.

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answers: black coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: It is transported 250 km by rail to power stations outside Port Augusta on the east side of Spencer Gulf

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: sub-bituminous black coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: low-grade

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Spencer Gulf

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Alinta Energy

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: There is no coal mining or coal tar in Finland. Coal is imported. According to Finnwatch (27.9.2010) there are 13 coal power plants in Finland. The companies Pohjolan Voima, Fortum, Helsingin Energia and Rautaruukki consume coal most. According to the Finnwatch inquiry in 2010 none of the Finnish companies had yet a commitment to coal phase out. Energy companies stated following reductions in their future coal use: Helsingin Energia -40 % by 2020, Lahti Energia several tens of % by 2012 and Vantaan Energia -30 % by 2014.

text: There is no

text: coal mining

text: or

text: coal tar

text: in Finland.

text: Coal

text: is imported. According to

text: Finnwatch

text: (27.9.2010) there are 13 coal power plants in Finland. The companies

text: Pohjolan Voima

text: Fortum

text: Helsingin Energia

text: and

text: Rautaruukki

text: consume coal most. According to the Finnwatch inquiry in 2010 none of the Finnish companies had yet a commitment to

text: coal phase out

text: . Energy companies stated following reductions in their future coal use:

text: Helsingin Energia

text: -40 % by 2020, Lahti Energia several tens of % by 2012 and Vantaan Energia -30 % by 2014.

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answers: coal tar

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: There is no coal mining or coal tar in Finland

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal tar

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal is imported

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: imported

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal is imported

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal that forms at higher temperatures burns more cleanly.

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: coal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on the planet. It is a relatively cheap fuel, with some of the largest deposits in regions that are relatively stable politically, such as China, India and the United States. This contrasts with natural gas and petroleum, the largest deposits of which are located in the politically volatile Persian Gulf. Solid coal cannot directly replace natural gas or petroleum in most applications, petroleum is mostly used for transportation and the natural gas not used for electricity generation is used for space, water and industrial heating. Coal can be converted to gas or liquid fuel, but the efficiencies and economics of such processes can make them unfeasible. Vehicles or heaters may require modification to use coal-derived fuels. Coal can produce more pollution than petroleum or natural gas.

text: Coal is the most abundant

text: fossil fuel

text: on the planet. It is a relatively cheap fuel, with some of the largest deposits in regions that are relatively stable politically, such as

text: China

text: India

text: and the

text: United States

text: . This contrasts with

text: natural gas

text: and

text: petroleum

text: , the largest deposits of which are located in the politically volatile

text: Persian Gulf

text: . Solid coal cannot directly replace natural gas or petroleum in most applications, petroleum is mostly used for

text: transportation

text: and the natural gas not used for

text: electricity generation

text: is used for

text: space

text: water

text: and industrial heating. Coal can be converted to gas or liquid fuel, but the efficiencies and economics of such processes can make them unfeasible. Vehicles or heaters may require modification to use coal-derived fuels. Coal can produce more

text: pollution

text: than petroleum or natural gas.

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answers: coal

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answers: Coal can produce more pollution than petroleum or natural gas

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answers: fossil fuel

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answers: Coal can be converted to gas or liquid fuel

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answers: Solid coal

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answers: Coal can be converted to gas or liquid fuel

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Coal can produce more pollution than petroleum or natural gas

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answers: Coal can be converted to gas or liquid fuel

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The end of the Coal and Iron Police began in 1902 during what became known as The Anthracite Coal Strike. It began May 15 and lasted until October 23. The strike led to violence throughout seven counties and caused a nationwide coal shortage, driving up the price of anthracite coal. The strike did not end until President Theodore Roosevelt intervened. In the aftermath of the strike, there was growing determination that peace and order should be maintained by regularly appointed and responsible officers employed by the public. This led to the formation of the Pennsylvania State Police on May 2, 1905 when Senate Bill 278 was signed into law by Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker. The stated purpose was to act as fire, forest, game and fish wardens, and to protect the farmers, but some observers felt that it really was to serve the interests of the coal and iron operators because the same legislation created a "trespassing offense" that wherever a warning sign was displayed a person could be arrested and fined ten dollars. This was seen as a direct assault on picketing. In August 1911 a coal and Iron policeman/Deputy Constable Edgar Rice of Coatesville, Pennsylvania was shot and killed by Zachariah Walker; Walker was lynched.

text: The end of the Coal and Iron Police began in 1902 during what became known as

text: The Anthracite Coal Strike

text: . It began May 15 and lasted until October 23. The strike led to violence throughout seven counties and caused a nationwide coal shortage, driving up the price of

text: anthracite coal

text: . The strike did not end until

text: President

text: Theodore Roosevelt

text: intervened. In the aftermath of the strike, there was growing determination that peace and order should be maintained by regularly appointed and responsible officers employed by the public. This led to the formation of the

text: Pennsylvania State Police

text: on May 2, 1905 when Senate Bill 278 was signed into law by

text: Governor

text: Samuel W. Pennypacker

text: . The stated purpose was to act as fire, forest, game and fish wardens, and to protect the farmers, but some observers felt that it really was to serve the interests of the coal and iron operators because the same legislation created a "trespassing offense" that wherever a warning sign was displayed a person could be arrested and fined ten dollars. This was seen as a direct assault on

text: picketing

text: . In August 1911 a coal and Iron policeman/Deputy Constable Edgar Rice of

text: Coatesville, Pennsylvania

text: was shot and killed by Zachariah Walker; Walker was lynched.

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answers: iron

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: driving up the price of anthracite coal

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answers: Anthracite

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Anthracite

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Anthracite

answers: NDQ_004005

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coatesville, Pennsylvania

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: anthracite coal

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: Coal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The power station was commissioned in 1962 with 6 turbines with a nominal capacity of 180 megawatts, and operated by the City of Cape Town.  Between 1985 and 1994 the station was held on standby, but it resumed generating in 1995 with a reduced capacity of 120 MW. Between 1995 and 2003 it was mainly used to generate power in peak demand periods and during power failures of the national grid. In 2003, significant investment was required due to the age of the power station, and generation was stopped. The site is in the process of being decommissioned.  Athlone is the last coal-fired power station still standing in Cape Town; the others, in the city centre and Salt River, were demolished in the 1980s and 1990s. The cost of transport means that coal costs three to five times more in Cape Town than it does near the mines inland; this makes it more economical to transmit power from there to Cape Town than to generate power in Cape Town from transported coal.

text: The power station was commissioned in 1962 with 6 turbines with a nominal capacity of 180

text: megawatt

text: s, and operated by the

text: City of Cape Town

text: .  Between 1985 and 1994 the station was held on standby, but it resumed generating in 1995 with a reduced capacity of 120 MW. Between 1995 and 2003 it was mainly used to generate power in peak demand periods and during power failures of the national grid. In 2003, significant investment was required due to the age of the power station, and generation was stopped. The site is in the process of being decommissioned.  Athlone is the last coal-fired power station still standing in Cape Town; the others, in the city centre and Salt River, were demolished in the 1980s and 1990s. The cost of transport means that coal costs three to five times more in Cape Town than it does near the mines inland; this makes it more economical to transmit power from there to Cape Town than to generate power in Cape Town from transported coal.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal costs three to five times more in Cape Town than it does near the mines inland

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: The site is in the process of being decommissioned

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal-fired

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answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Athlone is the last coal-fired power station still standing in Cape Town

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The site is in the process of being decommissioned

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: turbines

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On 26 May 2006 in the Schwarze Pumpe industrial area, construction work started on the world's first "carbon-dioxide free" oxyfuel test facility in pilot scale. The details below are excellent for understanding the pilot plant, but Vattenfall stopped carbon capture R&D at the plant in 2014 because they found "its costs and the energy it requires makes the technology unviable."http://www.thelocal.se/20140507/vattenfall-abandons-research-on-co2-storage This is a facility with a thermal power of 30 MW, following the so-called Oxyfuel method to burn the coal with pure Oxygen and Nitrogen-free exhaust. The resulting carbon dioxide will be compressed and liquefied. It will then be put into geologic formations and stored so as not to contribute to global warming. Aim of the plant is not to produce electricity but steam which is then used by the nearby industry.The facility will be commissioned in summer 2008 and serve as a prototype for larger power plants. Environmentalists have criticized the facility, because of the high level of carbon dioxide it emits in comparison with other fossil fuels. In their opinion a greater impact on the reduction of global warming could have been obtained for the same money through investments in more on renewable energies, and efficient power production and use.On May 14 2016 Vattenvall reported that environmental campaigners tried to force the power plant to shut down by occupying the coal transport railway tracks into the plant. 120 people were arrested. 2,000 climate activists occupied different areas of the nearby mine Welzow-Süd and the rails of the coal transport trains in order to stop the fuel supply to the power plant Schwarze Pumpe and thereby enforce a stop of plant operation.

text: On 26 May 2006 in the Schwarze Pumpe industrial area, construction work started on the world's first "carbon-dioxide free"

text: oxyfuel

text: test facility in pilot scale. The details below are excellent for understanding the pilot plant, but Vattenfall stopped carbon capture R&D at the plant in 2014 because they found "its costs and the energy it requires makes the technology unviable."http://www.thelocal.se/20140507/vattenfall-abandons-research-on-co2-storage This is a facility with a thermal power of 30 MW, following the so-called

text: Oxyfuel method

text: to burn the coal with pure Oxygen and Nitrogen-free

text: exhaust

text: . The resulting carbon dioxide will be compressed and liquefied. It will then be put into geologic formations and stored so as not to contribute to

text: global warming

text: . Aim of the plant is not to produce electricity but steam which is then used by the nearby industry.The facility will be commissioned in summer 2008 and serve as a prototype for larger power plants. Environmentalists have criticized the facility, because of the high level of carbon dioxide it emits in comparison with other fossil fuels. In their opinion a greater impact on the reduction of global warming could have been obtained for the same money through investments in more on renewable energies, and efficient power production and use.On May 14 2016 Vattenvall reported that environmental campaigners tried to force the power plant to shut down by occupying the coal transport railway tracks into the plant. 120 people were arrested. 2,000 climate activists occupied different areas of the nearby mine Welzow-Süd and the rails of the coal transport trains in order to stop the fuel supply to the power plant Schwarze Pumpe and thereby enforce a stop of plant operation.

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answers: It will then be put into geologic formations and stored so as not to contribute to global warming

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answers: During the Carboniferous Period

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answers: with pure Oxygen and Nitrogen-free exhaust

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations. Raw biomass can not be used in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to grind into fine powder due to caking property of raw biomass. However biomass can be used after Torrefaction in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal. North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with torrefied biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residual biomass is available.

text: Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations. Raw biomass can not be used in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to grind into fine powder due to

text: caking

text: property of raw biomass. However biomass can be used after

text: Torrefaction

text: in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal. North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with torrefied biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residual biomass is available.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: the largest coal-fired power station is Taichung Power Plant in Taiwan. The world's most energy-efficient coal-fired power plant is the Avedøre Power Station in Denmark.

text: the largest coal-fired power station is

text: Taichung Power Plant

text: in

text: Taiwan

text: . The world's most energy-efficient coal-fired power plant is the

text: Avedøre Power Station

text: in

text: Denmark

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answers: NDQ_004008

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: power station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The majority of the coal mined in the Powder River Basin is part of the Fort Union Formation (Paleocene), with the low sulfur and ash content of the coal in the region making it very desirable. Coal supplies about a third of the United States' electricity supplies, with the Powder River Basin mines supplying around 40 percent of the coal that fuels those stations, mainly to the east of the Rocky Mountains, for generating electricity.

text: The majority of the coal mined in the Powder River Basin is part of the

text: Fort Union Formation

text: Paleocene

text: ), with the low

text: sulfur

text: and

text: ash

text: content of the coal in the region making it very desirable. Coal supplies about a third of the

text: United States

text: electricity

text: supplies, with the Powder River Basin mines supplying around 40 percent of the coal that fuels those stations, mainly to the east of the Rocky Mountains, for generating

text: electricity

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answers: ash

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answers: low sulfur and ash content of the coal in the region making it very desirable

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Paleocene

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answers: Paleocene

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answers: Paleocene

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answers: sulfur

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answers: Paleocene

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answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: fuels those stations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The wide, shallow seas of the Carboniferous Period provided ideal conditions for coal formation, although coal is known from most geological periods. The exception is the coal gap in the Permian–Triassic extinction event, where coal is rare. Coal is known from Precambrian strata, which predate land plants — this coal is presumed to have originated from residues of algae.

text: The wide, shallow seas of the

text: Carboniferous

text: Period provided ideal conditions for coal formation, although coal is known from most geological periods. The exception is the coal gap in the

text: Permian–Triassic extinction event

text: , where coal is rare. Coal is known from

text: Precambrian

text: strata, which predate land plants — this coal is presumed to have originated from residues of algae.

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answers: NDQ_004001

answers: coal is known from Precambrian strata, which predate land plants

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: This coal is presumed to have originated from residues of algae

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: Carboniferous Period

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answers: Carboniferous Period

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answers: Coal is known from Precambrian strata

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: remains of algae

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: At some coal mines waste mine gas is collected and used to generate small amounts of power.  At Moronbah North coal mine a 45 MW power station generates base load power and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Oaky Creek coal mines collect enough mine gas to generate 20 MW of power.

text: At some coal mines waste

text: mine gas

text: is collected and used to generate small amounts of power.  At Moronbah North coal mine a 45 MW power station generates base load power and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Oaky Creek coal mines collect enough mine gas to generate 20 MW of power.

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answers: mine gas

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: some coal mines waste mine gas is collected and used to generate small amounts of power

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mines

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: mines

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Oaky Creek

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Moronbah North

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: waste mine gas is collected

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: He took issue with James Hansen, who wrote in The Guardian, that "coal is the single greatest threat to civilization and all life on our planet" and that trains carrying coal were "Death Trains" — responding (also in The Guardian), "Hansen doesn't offer a single idea as to what the world will use to replace the coal that he abhors. Coal currently provides about 28% of the world's total energy use. And it is the cheapest source of fuel for electric power production. That's why developing countries – China and India in particular – are using so much of it."

text: He took issue with

text: James Hansen

text: , who wrote in

text: The Guardian

text: , that "coal is the single greatest threat to civilization and all life on our planet" and that trains carrying

text: coal

text: were "Death Trains" — responding (also in The Guardian), "Hansen doesn't offer a single idea as to what the world will use to replace the coal that he abhors. Coal currently provides about 28% of the world's total energy use. And it is the cheapest source of fuel for

text: electric power

text: production. That's why developing countries – China and India in particular – are using so much of it."

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answers: 28%

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Coal currently provides about 28% of the world's total energy use

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: cheapest source of fuel for electric power production

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: "Death Trains"

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: cheapest source of fuel

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Buggy was modeled after a US-built steam car Taylor had seen in 1864. It was designed by Taylor to have a coal-fired boiler for the carriage. Fully pressurized, the steam was used to move a piston attached to the rear axle, producing forward motion. The vehicle does not have a reverse gear or brakes. It was able to travel at a sustained 24kph (15 mph).  The vehicle features thin strips of metal bent around the edge of the wheels in place of rubber tires. It is powered by a two-cylinder boiler mounted behind the driver. Steam is generated in the vertical coal-fired boiler, which is connected by rubber hoses to a six-gallon water tank located between the front wheels. The vehicle lacks a coal box, but has a storage nook for lump coal or wood under the driver’s perch.

text: The Buggy was modeled after a US-built steam car Taylor had seen in 1864. It was designed by Taylor to have a coal-fired boiler for the carriage. Fully pressurized, the steam was used to move a piston attached to the rear axle, producing forward motion. The vehicle does not have a reverse gear or brakes. It was able to travel at a sustained 24kph (15 mph).  The vehicle features thin strips of metal bent around the edge of the wheels in place of rubber tires. It is powered by a two-cylinder boiler mounted behind the driver. Steam is generated in the vertical coal-fired boiler, which is connected by rubber hoses to a six-gallon water tank located between the front wheels. The vehicle lacks a coal box, but has a storage nook for lump coal or wood under the driver’s perch.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: has a storage nook for lump coal or wood under the driver’s perch

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: It was designed by Taylor to have a coal-fired boiler for the carriage

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: lump coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: The Buggy

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The vehicle lacks a coal box

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: a coal-fired boiler

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Most coal seams are too deep underground for opencast mining and require underground mining, a method that currently accounts for about 60 percent of world coal production. In deep mining, the room and pillar or bord and pillar method progresses along the seam, while pillars and timber are left standing to support the mine roof. Once room and pillar mines have been developed to a stopping point (limited by geology, ventilation, or economics), a supplementary version of room and pillar mining, termed second mining or retreat mining, is commonly started. Miners remove the coal in the pillars, thereby recovering as much coal from the coal seam as possible. A work area involved in pillar extraction is called a pillar section.

text: Most coal seams are too deep underground for opencast mining and require underground mining, a method that currently accounts for about 60 percent of world coal production. In deep mining, the

text: room and pillar or bord and pillar

text: method progresses along the seam, while pillars and timber are left standing to support the mine roof. Once room and pillar mines have been developed to a stopping point (limited by geology, ventilation, or economics), a supplementary version of room and pillar mining, termed second mining or

text: retreat mining

text: , is commonly started. Miners remove the coal in the pillars, thereby recovering as much coal from the coal seam as possible. A work area involved in pillar extraction is called a pillar section.

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answers: coal

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answers: Most coal seams are too deep underground for opencast mining

answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: NDQ_004003

answers: pillars and timber are left standing

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal seams are too deep underground

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: coal that forms at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: underground mining

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Fyn Power Station () is a coal, straw and municipal waste-fired power station operated by Vattenfall in Odense, Denmark. It has eight units, three of which were operating : unit 3, unit 7, and unit 8. Unit 3 has a power of 235 MW (coal), unit 7 of 362 MW (coal), unit 8 of 35 MW biomass), and  Odense CHP plant 24 MW. Unit 7 has a  tall chimney, which is the second-tallest in Denmark, unit 3 a  tall chimney.

text: The Fyn Power Station () is a coal, straw and municipal waste-fired power station operated by

text: Vattenfall

text: in

text: Odense

text: Denmark

text: . It has eight units, three of which were operating : unit 3, unit 7, and unit 8. Unit 3 has a power of 235 MW (coal), unit 7 of 362 MW (coal), unit 8 of 35 MW biomass), and  Odense CHP plant 24 MW. Unit 7 has a  tall chimney, which is the second-tallest in Denmark, unit 3 a  tall chimney.

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answers: Unit 3 has a power of 235 MW

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answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Unit 7 has a tall chimney

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: fired

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Based in part on Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.'s 2005 book, Crimes Against Nature and featuring Kennedy and a cast of activists and experts, the film considers the health consequences of mining and burning coal and looks at the context and history of environmental laws in the United States. Exploring a proposal to build a wind farm on a mountain in the heart of "coal country," rather than deforesting and demolishing the mountain for the coal seams within, the film suggests that wind resources are plentiful in the U.S., would provide many domestic jobs and that wind is a more benign source of power than coal and has the potential to eliminate the destructive aspects of coal.

text: Based in part on

text: Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.

text: 's 2005 book,

text: Crimes Against Nature

text: and featuring Kennedy and a cast of activists and experts, the film considers the health consequences of mining and burning coal and looks at the context and history of environmental laws in the United States. Exploring a proposal to build a wind farm on a mountain in the heart of "coal country," rather than deforesting and demolishing the mountain for the coal seams within, the film suggests that wind resources are plentiful in the U.S., would provide many domestic jobs and that wind is a more benign source of power than coal and has the potential to eliminate the destructive aspects of coal.

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: wind is a more benign source of power than coal

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: mountain

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: deforesting

answers: NDQ_004004

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answers: NDQ_004007

answers: coal seams

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Wind

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: wind

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The P&R became profitable almost immediately. Energy-dense coal had been replacing increasingly scarce wood as fuel in businesses and homes since the 1810s, and P&R-delivered coal was one of the first alternatives to the near-monopoly held by Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company since the 1820s. Soon the P&R bought or leased many of the railroads in the Schuylkill River Valley and extended westward and north along the Susquehanna into the southern end of the  Northern Pennsylvania Coal Region. In Philadelphia, the Reading also built Port Richmond, the self-proclaimed "Largest privately owned railroad tidewater terminal in the world", which burnished the P&R's bottom lines by allowing coal to be loaded onto ships and barges for export. In 1871, the Reading established a subsidiary called the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, which set about buying anthracite coal mines in the Coal Region. This vertical expansion gave the P&R almost full control of coal from mining through to market, allowing it to compete successfully with like-organized competitors such as Lehigh Coal & Navigation and the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company.

text: The P&R became profitable almost immediately. Energy-dense coal had been replacing increasingly scarce

text: wood

text: as fuel in businesses and homes since the 1810s, and P&R-delivered coal was one of the first alternatives to the near-monopoly held by

text: Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company

text: since the 1820s. Soon the P&R bought or leased many of the railroads in the Schuylkill River Valley and extended westward and north along the Susquehanna into the southern end of the

text: Northern Pennsylvania Coal Region

text: . In Philadelphia, the Reading also built

text: Port Richmond

text: , the self-proclaimed "Largest privately owned railroad tidewater terminal in the world", which burnished the P&R's bottom lines by allowing coal to be loaded onto ships and barges for export. In 1871, the Reading established a subsidiary called the

text: Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company

text: , which set about buying

text: anthracite

text: coal mine

text: s in the

text: Coal Region

text: . This

text: vertical expansion

text: gave the P&R almost full control of

text: coal

text: from mining through to market, allowing it to compete successfully with like-organized competitors such as Lehigh Coal & Navigation and the

text: Delaware & Hudson Canal Company

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answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: This vertical expansion gave the P&R almost full control of coal from mining through to market, allowing it to compete successfully with like-organized competitors

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: anthracite

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Anthracite

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: unanswerable

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answers: iron

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: unanswerable

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answers: NDQ_004009

answers: P&R

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal-fire power stations create energy by first burning a powdered coal and an air mixture in a boiler furness to produce heat. The Carbon in the coal and the oxygen combine to create Carbon Dioxide and heat. This heat passes to the water inside the coils located in the furness. This water is then forced to move up the coils to the boiler where the hot water turns to high pressure steam. This high pressure steam is forced through pipes to a steam turbine, where the high pressure turns the turbine. This turning motion turns the generator which then creates electricity. The electricity is then transferred to the grid by exiting through a transformer and on ward to where it will be used by the public.

text: Coal-fire power stations create energy by first burning a powdered coal and an air mixture in a boiler furness to produce heat. The Carbon in the coal and the oxygen combine to create

text: Carbon Dioxide

text: and heat. This heat passes to the water inside the coils located in the furness. This water is then forced to move up the coils to the boiler where the hot water turns to high pressure steam. This high pressure steam is forced through pipes to a steam turbine, where the high pressure turns the turbine. This turning motion turns the generator which then creates electricity. The electricity is then transferred to the grid by exiting through a transformer and on ward to where it will be used by the public.

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answers: water

answers: NDQ_004001

answers: Carbon in the coal and the oxygen combine

answers: NDQ_004002

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_004003

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: powdered coal

answers: NDQ_004005

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_004006

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_004007

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Carbon Dioxide

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: steam turbine, where the high pressure turns the turbine

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: Before 20th century diesel locomotives, steam locomotives were used, and powered in the San Joaquin Valley by burning coal mined from the northern foothills of Mount Diablo to the north. The Southern Pacific Railroad Company established the site as a coaling station in 1888, and it was called simply Coaling Station A. Local tradition has it that an official of Southern Pacific made the name more sonorous by adding an a to it. However, it is just as likely that the small railside signs of the day, which often abbreviated names, read "COALINGA" to mean "Coaling A." [Another example is Braner's Cut north of Eureka, whose sign said "BRACUT," which has now become the name of that spot along Highway 101.] The resemblance to Nahuatl (where cōātl = "snake") is accidental.

text: Before 20th century

text: diesel locomotive

text: s,

text: steam locomotive

text: s were used, and powered in the San Joaquin Valley by burning

text: coal

text: mined from the northern foothills of

text: Mount Diablo

text: to the north. The

text: Southern Pacific Railroad Company

text: established the site as a

text: coaling station

text: in 1888, and it was called simply Coaling Station A. Local tradition has it that an official of Southern Pacific made the name more sonorous by adding an a to it. However, it is just as likely that the small railside signs of the day, which often abbreviated names, read "COALINGA" to mean "Coaling A." [Another example is Braner's Cut north of Eureka, whose sign said "BRACUT," which has now become the name of that spot along Highway 101.] The resemblance to

text: Nahuatl

text: (where cōātl = "snake") is accidental.

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answers: coal mined from the northern foothills of Mount Diablo to the north

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coal burning accounts for about 40% of the PM 2.5 in Beijing and is also the chief source of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide. Since 2012, the city has been converting coal-fired power stations to burn natural gas and aims to cap annual coal consumption at 20 million tons. In 2011, the city burned 26.3 million tons of coal, 73% of which for heating and power generation and the remainder for industry.  Much of the city's air pollutants are emitted by neighbouring regions. Coal consumption in neighbouring Tianjin is expected to increase from 48 to 63 million tons from 2011 to 2015. Hebei Province burned over 300 million tons of coal in 2011, more than all of Germany, of which only 30% were used for power generation and a considerable portion for steel and cement making. Power plants in the coal-mining regions of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi, where coal consumption has tripled since 2000, and Shandong also contribute to air pollution in Beijing. Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei and Inner Mongolia, respectively rank from first to fourth, among Chinese provinces by coal consumption. There were four major coal-fired power plants in the city to provide electricity as well as heating during the winter. The first one (Gaojing Thermal Power Plant) was shut down in 2014. Another two were shut in March 2015. The last one (Huaneng Thermal Power Plant) would be shut in 2016. Between 2013 and 2017, the city planned to reduce 13 million tons of coal consumption and cap coal consumption to 15 million tons in 2015.

text: Coal burning accounts for about 40% of the

text: PM 2.5

text: in Beijing and is also the chief source of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide. Since 2012, the city has been converting coal-fired

text: power stations

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answers: 73% of which for heating and power generation and the remainder for industry

answers: NDQ_004002

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answers: Coal burning accounts for about 40% of the PM 2.5 in Beijing

answers: NDQ_004004

answers: coal-fired power stations

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answers: Coal burning accounts for about 40% of the PM 2.5 in Beijing

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: The city has been converting coal-fired power stations to burn natural gas

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: thermal power plants

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: While there is a general consensus among the scientific community that anthropogenic GHG emissions are forcing changes in the global climate system, there is much less agreement about what should be done to address the problem because both the causes and potential solutions involve significant economic, political, and as Ingrid Kelley points out, social and cultural issues. Addressing climate change has been, and will continue to be particularly difficult for the United States because the U.S. was born during the Industrial Revolution and its growth has been powered by fossil fuels. Coal, for example, was first commercially mined in the United States in 1748, and within a few years after the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, Pittsburgh became the first industrial center in the country to use coal-fired steam power in its manufacturing operations. Electric generating plants first used pulverized coal in 1918, and that same basic method of generation is still in use today. In 2009, coal was used to produce 45% of electricity in the U.S. and that proportion is projected to remain more or less constant through 2035. Largely because of the Country's reliance on coal, electricity generation accounted for 34% of U.S. GHG emissions in 2007, followed by transportation sources (28%) and other industrial sources (19%). In 2005, the United States emitted 18% of the world's total GHG emissions, making it the second largest emitter after China. While the technology that powers our "fossil fuel culture" is part of the climate change problem, and more sustainable technologies will undoubtedly be part of the solution, another important factor in our efforts to stop climate change is the "blindness" that our economic system exhibits toward environmental degradation.

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answers: Electric generating plants first used pulverized coal in 1918, and that same basic method of generation is still in use today

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answers: fossil fuels

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answers: Coal, for example, was first commercially mined

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: Coal ash contains many toxic substances that can negatively impact the human body. Employees working in coal-fired power plants or near coal ash waste sites are at major risk of inhaling coal ash dust. Coal ash dust is generally known as particulate matter (particle pollution) and the dust particles can harm the lungs when inhaled. Workers increase their risk of harmful side effects when they inhale the smallest coal ash dust particles. The smaller the coal ash dust particle, the deeper the particle will be inhaled into the lungs. As a result, the toxic particles can inflame the lungs causing severe damage to the body. Furthermore, coal ash dust can enter the body through the nose causing damage to the brain directly. However, regardless of particle entry, the toxicity from coal ash can cause harm to major body parts such as the brain, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, stomach and intestines. Thus, individuals working near coal ash surface impoundments or landfills are at increased risk for many serious health problems.

text: Coal ash contains many toxic substances that can negatively impact the human body. Employees working in coal-fired power plants or near coal ash waste sites are at major risk of inhaling coal ash dust. Coal ash dust is generally known as particulate matter (particle pollution) and the dust particles can harm the lungs when inhaled. Workers increase their risk of harmful side effects when they inhale the smallest coal ash dust particles. The smaller the coal ash dust particle, the deeper the particle will be inhaled into the lungs. As a result, the toxic particles can inflame the lungs causing severe damage to the body. Furthermore, coal ash dust can enter the body through the nose causing damage to the brain directly. However, regardless of particle entry, the toxicity from coal ash can cause harm to major body parts such as the

text: brain

text: lungs

text: heart

text: liver

text: kidneys

text: stomach

text: and intestines. Thus, individuals working near coal ash surface impoundments or landfills are at increased risk for many serious health problems.

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answers: coal

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answers: The toxicity from coal ash can cause harm to major body parts such as the brain, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, stomach and intestines

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. Indiana has 24 coal power plants, including the largest coal power plant in the United States, Gibson Generating Station, located across the Wabash River from Mount Carmel, Illinois. Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the Gallagher power plant just west of New Albany.

text: Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. Indiana has 24 coal power plants, including the largest coal power plant in the United States,

text: Gibson Generating Station

text: , located across the Wabash River from

text: Mount Carmel, Illinois

text: . Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the

text: Gallagher

text: power plant just west of New Albany.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Yanzhou Coal  is principally engaged in underground coal mining, preparation and processing, sales, and railway transportation of coal. The Company is organized into three operating divisions: coal mining, coal railway transportation and methanol and electrical power.

text: Yanzhou Coal  is principally engaged in underground coal mining, preparation and processing, sales, and railway transportation of coal. The Company is organized into three operating divisions:

text: coal mining

text: coal railway transportation

text: and

text: methanol

text: and

text: electrical power

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answers: Underground

answers: NDQ_004008

answers: Underground coal mining

answers: NDQ_004009

answers: electrical power

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Coshocton lies in a coal-producing region. The nearby Conesville Power Plant uses this coal to generate power. Strip mining is a by-product of this industry.

text: Coshocton lies in a

text: coal

text: -producing region. The nearby Conesville Power Plant uses this coal to generate power.

text: Strip mining

text: is a by-product of this industry.

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