text: The correlation in bandgap capabilities includes locally resonant elements and elastic moduli which operate in a certain frequency range. Elements which interact and resonate in their respective localized area are embedded throughout the material. In acoustic metamaterials, locally resonant elements would be the interaction of a single 1-cm rubber sphere with the surrounding liquid. The values of the stop band and band gap frequencies can be controlled by choosing the size, types of materials, and the integration of microscopic structures which control the modulation of the frequencies. These materials are then able to shield acoustic signals and attenuate the effects of anti-plane shear waves. By extrapolating these properties to larger scales it could be possible to create seismic wave filters (see Seismic metamaterials).

text: The correlation in

text: bandgap

text: capabilities includes locally resonant elements and

entity_name: Elastic modulus

text: elastic moduli

text: which operate in a certain

entity_name: Frequency band

entity_section: Frequency ranges

text: frequency range

text: . Elements which interact and resonate in their respective localized area are embedded throughout the material. In acoustic metamaterials, locally resonant elements would be the interaction of a single 1-cm rubber sphere with the surrounding liquid. The values of the stop band and band gap frequencies can be controlled by choosing the size, types of materials, and the integration of microscopic structures which control the modulation of the frequencies. These materials are then able to shield

entity_name: Acoustics

text: acoustic

text: signals and attenuate the effects of anti-plane shear waves. By extrapolating these properties to larger scales it could be possible to create seismic wave filters (see

entity_name: Metamaterial

entity_section: Seismic metamaterials

text: Seismic metamaterials

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

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answers: anti-plane

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answers: Seismic wave filters

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: anti-plane

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: anti-plane shear waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: anti-plane shear waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: locally resonant elements

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answers: acoustic metamaterials

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: anti-plane shear waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: By extrapolating these properties to larger scales it could be possible to create seismic wave filters

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Seismic anomalies are identified by mapping variations in wave speed as seismic waves travel through Earth. A hot mantle plume is predicted to have lower seismic wave speeds compared with similar material at a lower temperature. Mantle material containing a trace of partial melt (e.g., as a result of it having a lower melting point), or being richer in Fe, also has a lower seismic wave speed and those effects are stronger than temperature. Thus, although unusually low wave speeds have been taken to indicate anomalously hot mantle beneath "hot spots", this interpretation is ambiguous. The most commonly cited seismic wave-speed images that are used to look for variations in regions where plumes have been proposed come from seismic tomography. This method involves using a network of seismometers to construct three-dimensional images of the variation in seismic wave speed throughout the mantle.

method: UNH-qee

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answers: NDQ_005921

answers: tomography

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answers: Seismic anomalies are identified by mapping variations in wave speed as seismic waves travel through Earth

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: speed

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: hot mantle plume

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Mantle material containing a trace of partial melt

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Mantle material containing a trace of partial melt

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic anomalies are identified by mapping variations in wave speed as seismic waves travel through Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On February 17, Ohka, as the 2009 Catch the Wave winner, was granted entrance into a tournament to determine the inaugural Wave Single Champion and defeated rival Misaki Ohata in her semifinal match. On March 17, Ohka defeated Kana in the finals to win the tournament and become the inaugural Wave Single Champion. Ohka made her first successful title defense on April 21 against Yuu Yamagata. On July 15, Ohka became a double champion in Wave, when she and Hikaru Shida defeated Triple Tails.S (Kana and Mio Shirai) for the Wave Tag Team Championship. However, after a reign of only a month, Shidarezakura lost the Wave Tag Team Championship to Yoko Hatanaka (Gami and Tomoka Nakagawa) in their first defense on August 15. On August 25, Ohka made her second successful defense of the Wave Single Championship against rival and winner of the 2013 Catch the Wave, Misaki Ohata. From September 1 to October 6, Ohka took part in the 2013 Dual Shock Wave tournament, where she teamed with Kana under the team name Giann's. The team made it all the way to the finals of the tournament, before losing to Las Aventureras (Ayako Hamada and Yuu Yamagata) in a three-way match, which also included Muscle Venus (Hikaru Shida and Tsukasa Fujimoto). On October 30, Ohka made her third successful defense of the Wave Single Championship against Tomoka Nakagawa, avenging a loss suffered during the 2013 Dual Shock Wave. On November 20, Ohka combined her two tag teams with Hikaru Shida and Kana to form a trio named Shidare Giann's for a 6-Person Tag Tournament. In their first round Two Out of Three Falls match, the three defeated Urayama Arrows (Natsuki Urabe, Rina Yamashita and Yako Fujigasaki). On November 27, Shidare Giann's was eliminated from the tournament in a semifinal submission match by Revolucion Yoko Hatanaka (Gami, Kyoko Kimura and Tomoka Nakagawa). On December 15, Ohka made her fourth successful defense of the Wave Single Championship against Shuu Shibutani. Following Gami's retirement from professional wrestling at the end of 2013, Ohka became the new official representative of Wave. Ohka made her fifth successful defense of the Wave Single Championship on January 26, 2014, when she wrestled Misaki Ohata to a thirty-minute time limit draw. On March 2, Ohka made her sixth successful defense against JWP representative Kayoko Haruyama as part of a storyline rivalry between the two promotions. Ohka's seventh successful title defense took place on April 20, when she defeated Hikaru Shida. From May 5 to June 22, Ohka took part in the round-robin portion of the 2014 Catch the Wave tournament, winning her block with a record of three wins, two draws and one loss, suffered against Tsukasa Fujimoto. On July 27, Ohka was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals by Misaki Ohata. On August 24, Ohka's seventeen-month reign as the Wave Single Champion came to an end, when she lost the title to the 2014 Catch the Wave winner Hikaru Shida in her eighth defense.

text: On February 17, Ohka, as the 2009 Catch the Wave winner, was granted entrance into a

entity_name: Wave Single Championship

entity_section: Regina di Wave tournament

text: tournament

text: to determine the inaugural

text: Wave Single Champion

text: and defeated rival Misaki Ohata in her semifinal match. On March 17, Ohka defeated Kana in the finals to win the tournament and become the inaugural Wave Single Champion. Ohka made her first successful title defense on April 21 against Yuu Yamagata. On July 15, Ohka became a double champion in Wave, when she and Hikaru Shida defeated Triple Tails.S (Kana and Mio Shirai) for the Wave Tag Team Championship. However, after a reign of only a month, Shidarezakura lost the Wave Tag Team Championship to Yoko Hatanaka (Gami and Tomoka Nakagawa) in their first defense on August 15. On August 25, Ohka made her second successful defense of the Wave Single Championship against rival and winner of the

entity_name: Catch the Wave

text: 2013 Catch the Wave

text: , Misaki Ohata. From September 1 to October 6, Ohka took part in the

entity_name: Dual Shock Wave

text: 2013 Dual Shock Wave

text: tournament, where she teamed with Kana under the team name Giann's. The team made it all the way to the finals of the tournament, before losing to Las Aventureras (Ayako Hamada and Yuu Yamagata) in a three-way match, which also included Muscle Venus (Hikaru Shida and Tsukasa Fujimoto). On October 30, Ohka made her third successful defense of the Wave Single Championship against Tomoka Nakagawa, avenging a loss suffered during the 2013 Dual Shock Wave. On November 20, Ohka combined her two tag teams with Hikaru Shida and Kana to form a trio named Shidare Giann's for a 6-Person Tag Tournament. In their first round Two Out of Three Falls match, the three defeated Urayama Arrows (Natsuki Urabe, Rina Yamashita and Yako Fujigasaki). On November 27, Shidare Giann's was eliminated from the tournament in a semifinal

entity_name: Professional wrestling match types

entity_section: Variations of singles matches

text: submission match

text: by Revolucion Yoko Hatanaka (Gami, Kyoko Kimura and Tomoka Nakagawa). On December 15, Ohka made her fourth successful defense of the Wave Single Championship against Shuu Shibutani. Following Gami's retirement from professional wrestling at the end of 2013, Ohka became the new official representative of Wave. Ohka made her fifth successful defense of the Wave Single Championship on January 26, 2014, when she wrestled Misaki Ohata to a thirty-minute time limit draw. On March 2, Ohka made her sixth successful defense against JWP representative Kayoko Haruyama as part of a storyline rivalry between the two promotions. Ohka's seventh successful title defense took place on April 20, when she defeated Hikaru Shida. From May 5 to June 22, Ohka took part in the round-robin portion of the

text: 2014 Catch the Wave

text: tournament, winning her block with a record of three wins, two draws and one loss, suffered against Tsukasa Fujimoto. On July 27, Ohka was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals by Misaki Ohata. On August 24, Ohka's seventeen-month reign as the Wave Single Champion came to an end, when she lost the title to the 2014 Catch the Wave winner Hikaru Shida in her eighth defense.

method: UNH-ecn

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: March 17

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Ohka defeated Kana in the finals to win the tournament and become the inaugural Wave Single Champion

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Yoko Hatanaka

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Ohka defeated Kana in the finals to win the tournament

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Ohka defeated Kana in the finals

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Gami and Tomoka Nakagawa)

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Ohka defeated Kana in the finals

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Ohka defeated Kana in the finals

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: P-waves are a type of elastic wave, and are one of the two main types of elastic body waves, called seismic waves in seismology, that travel through a continuum and are the first waves from an earthquake to arrive at a seismograph. The continuum is made up of gases (as sound waves), liquids, or solids, including the Earth. P-waves can be produced by earthquakes and recorded by seismographs. The name P-wave can stand for either pressure wave  as it is formed from alternating compressions and rarefactions or primary wave, as it has the highest velocity and is therefore the first wave to be recorded.

text: P-waves are a type of

entity_name: Linear elasticity

entity_section: Elastic wave

text: elastic wave

text: , and are one of the two main types of elastic

entity_name: Seismic wave

text: body waves

text: , called

text: seismic waves

text: in seismology, that travel through a

entity_name: Continuum mechanics

text: continuum

text: and are the first waves from an earthquake to arrive at a seismograph. The

entity_name: Continuum (measurement)

text: continuum

text: is made up of

entity_name: Gas

text: gas

text: es (as

entity_name: Sound

text: sound

text: waves), liquids, or solids, including the

entity_name: Earth

text: Earth

text: . P-waves can be produced by

entity_name: Earthquake

text: earthquakes

text: and recorded by

entity_name: Seismometer

text: seismographs

text: . The name P-wave can stand for either pressure wave  as it is formed from alternating

entity_name: Compression (physics)

text: compression

text: s and

entity_name: Rarefaction

text: rarefaction

text: s or primary wave, as it has the highest velocity and is therefore the first wave to be recorded.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: P-waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a continuum

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: primary wave, as it has the highest velocity and is therefore the first wave to be recorded

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P-waves can be produced by earthquakes and recorded by seismographs

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: liquids, or solids

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: It is therefore the first wave to be recorded

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: P-waves can be produced by earthquakes and recorded by seismographs

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A supershear earthquake is an earthquake in which the propagation of the rupture along the fault surface occurs at speeds in excess of the seismic shear wave (S-wave) velocity. This causes an effect analogous to a sonic boom.

text: A supershear earthquake is an

text: earthquake

text: in which the propagation of the rupture along the fault surface occurs at speeds in excess of the seismic

entity_name: S-wave

text: shear wave

text: (S-wave) velocity. This causes an effect analogous to a

entity_name: Sonic boom

text: sonic boom

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answers: S-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: S-wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic shear wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fault surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: sonic boom

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: sonic boom

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: supershear earthquake

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: supershear earthquake

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Reconstruction of seismic reflections in the deep interior indicate some major discontinuities in seismic velocities that demarcate the major zones of the Earth: inner core, outer core, mantle, lithosphere and crust. The mantle itself is divided into the upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle and D′′ layer. Between the crust and the mantle is the Mohorovičić discontinuity.

text: Reconstruction of seismic reflections in the deep interior indicate some major discontinuities in seismic velocities that demarcate the major zones of the Earth:

text: inner core

text: outer core

text: mantle

text: lithosphere

text: and

text: crust

text: . The

text: mantle

text: itself is divided into the upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle and D′′ layer. Between the crust and the mantle is the

text: Mohorovičić discontinuity

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answers: NDQ_005921

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005922

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answers: NDQ_005923

answers: discontinuities

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the deep interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Mohorovi i discontinuity

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: deep interior

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic reflections

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Mohorovi i discontinuity

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: demarcate the major zones of the Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The most straightforward way to tube ride is by body surfing.  A body surfer may ride the waves on his belly without a board and thus he can relatively easily access the tube, even on a moderately small wave that is barreling.  It is also possible to tube ride using a boogie board, a surfboard, and other wave riding tools. However, tube riding is an advanced skill, and many surfers spend years and even their whole lifetime surfing without ever really getting "tubed" — the term used for being inside the barrel of the wave.

text: The most straightforward way to tube ride is by

text: body surfing

text: .  A body surfer may ride the waves on his belly without a board and thus he can relatively easily access the tube, even on a moderately small wave that is barreling.  It is also possible to tube ride using a

text: boogie board

text: , a

text: surfboard

text: , and other wave riding tools. However, tube riding is an advanced skill, and many surfers spend years and even their whole lifetime surfing without ever really getting "tubed" — the term used for being inside the barrel of the wave.

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answers: barrel

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: barrel

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The most straightforward way to tube ride is by body surfing

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: barrel

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: barrel

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: barreling

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: barreling

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is a liquid

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: barreling

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are produced by earthquakes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In physics, a surface wave is a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media, usually as a gravity wave between two fluids with different densities.  A surface wave can also be an elastic (or a seismic) wave, such as with a Rayleigh or Love wave. It can also be an electromagnetic wave guided by a refractive index gradient, or along an interface between two media having different dielectric constants. In radio transmission, a ground wave is a surface wave that propagates close to the surface of the Earth.

text: In

text: physics

text: , a surface wave is a

text: mechanical wave

text: that propagates along the

text: interface

text: between differing media, usually as a

text: gravity wave

text: between two

text: fluid

text: s with different densities.  A surface wave can also be an elastic (or a

text: seismic

text: ) wave, such as with a

text: Rayleigh

text: or

text: Love

text: wave. It can also be an

text: electromagnetic wave

text: guided by a

text: refractive index

text: gradient

text: , or along an interface between two media having different dielectric constants. In

text: radio

text: transmission

text: , a ground wave is a surface wave that propagates close to the surface of the

text: Earth

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface wave can also be an elastic (or a seismic) wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: interface between differing media

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: ground wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: electromagnetic wave guided by a refractive index gradient

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluids with different densities

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface wave that propagates close to the surface of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: A surface wave can also be an elastic (or a seismic) wave

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The beta distribution has been applied in acoustic analysis to assess damage to gears, as the kurtosis of the beta distribution has been reported to be a good indicator of the condition of a gear. Kurtosis has also been used to distinguish the seismic signal generated by a person's footsteps from other signals. As persons or other targets moving on the ground generate continuous signals in the form of seismic waves, one can separate different targets based on the seismic waves they generate. Kurtosis is sensitive to impulsive signals, so it's much more sensitive to the signal generated by human footsteps than other signals generated by vehicles, winds, noise, etc.  Unfortunately, the notation for kurtosis has not been standardized. Kenney and Keeping  use the symbol γ for the excess kurtosis, but Abramowitz and Stegun  use different terminology.  To prevent confusion  between kurtosis (the fourth moment centered on the mean, normalized by the square of the variance) and excess kurtosis, when using symbols, they will be spelled out as follows:

text: The beta distribution has been applied in acoustic analysis to assess damage to gears, as the kurtosis of the beta distribution has been reported to be a good indicator of the condition of a gear. Kurtosis has also been used to distinguish the seismic signal generated by a person's footsteps from other signals. As persons or other targets moving on the ground generate continuous signals in the form of seismic waves, one can separate different targets based on the seismic waves they generate. Kurtosis is sensitive to impulsive signals, so it's much more sensitive to the signal generated by human footsteps than other signals generated by vehicles, winds, noise, etc.  Unfortunately, the notation for kurtosis has not been standardized. Kenney and Keeping  use the symbol γ for the

text: excess kurtosis

text: , but

text: Abramowitz and Stegun

text: use different terminology.  To prevent confusion  between kurtosis (the fourth moment centered on the mean, normalized by the square of the variance) and excess kurtosis, when using symbols, they will be spelled out as follows:

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: the fourth moment centered on the mean, normalized by the square of the variance

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: kurtosis

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The beta distribution has been applied in acoustic analysis to assess damage to gears

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: kurtosis

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: vehicles, winds, noise, etc

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Kurtosis is sensitive to impulsive signals

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the beta distribution has been applied in acoustic analysis to assess damage to gears

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Kurtosis has also been used to distinguish the seismic signal generated by a person's footsteps from other signals

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A quick way to determine the distance from a location to the origin of a seismic wave less than 200 km away is to take the difference in arrival time of the P wave and the S wave in seconds and multiply by 8 kilometers per second.  Modern seismic arrays use more complicated earthquake location techniques.

text: A quick way to determine the distance from a location to the origin of a seismic wave less than 200 km away is to take the difference in arrival time of the P wave and the S wave in

text: second

text: s and multiply by 8 kilometers per second.  Modern seismic arrays use more complicated

text: earthquake location

text: techniques.

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answers: 3

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answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: origin

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 8 kilometers

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Modern seismic arrays use more complicated earthquake location techniques

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 8 kilometers per second

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 200 km

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: more complicated earthquake location techniques

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: more complicated earthquake location techniques

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a seismic wave less than 200 km away

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 8 kilometers per second

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquake location techniques

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ambraseys had also in his early days researched in the aspect of theoretical ground response analysis. In fact, his pioneering work on the seismic response of dam was based on those early considerations of ground response and was their extension by considering the geometry of an earth dam as a truncated wedge.

text: Ambraseys had also in his early days researched in the aspect of theoretical ground response analysis. In fact, his pioneering work on the seismic response of dam was based on those early considerations of ground response and was their extension by considering the geometry of an earth dam as a truncated wedge.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Urban seismic risk is a subset of the general term seismic risk which describes the problems specific to centers of population when they are subjected to earthquakes.  Many risks can be minimised with good earthquake construction, and seismic analysis. One of the best ways to deal with the issue is through an Earthquake scenario analysis.

text: Urban seismic risk is a subset of the general term

text: seismic risk

text: which describes the problems specific to centers of population when they are subjected to

text: earthquake

text: s.  Many risks can be minimised with good

text: earthquake construction

text: , and

text: seismic analysis

text: . One of the best ways to deal with the issue is through an

text: Earthquake scenario

text: analysis.

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answers: earthquakes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: Animals have been known to perceive the infrasonic waves going through the earth by natural disasters and can use these as an early warning. A recent example of this is the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Animals were reported to flee the area hours before the actual tsunami hit the shores of Asia. It is not known for sure that this is the cause; some have suggested that it may have been the influence of electromagnetic waves, and not of infrasonic waves, that prompted these animals to flee.

text: Animals have been known to perceive the infrasonic waves going through the earth by natural disasters and can use these as an early warning. A recent example of this is the

entity_name: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

text: . Animals were reported to flee the area hours before the actual tsunami hit the shores of Asia. It is not known for sure that this is the cause; some have suggested that it may have been the influence of

text: electromagnetic waves

text: , and not of infrasonic waves, that prompted these animals to flee.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: tsunami

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: infrasonic

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: infrasonic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: infrasonic

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: infrasonic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: infrasonic waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The surface impedance is derived from the ratio of the electric field at the surface to the magnetic field at the surface, which extends far into the metal beyond the skin depth. When a texture is applied to the metal surface, the surface impedance is altered, and its surface wave properties are changed. At low frequencies, it is inductive, and supports transverse-magnetic (TM) waves. At high frequencies, it is capacitive, and supports transverse electric (TE) waves. Near the LC resonance frequency, the surface impedance is very high. In this region, waves are not bound to the surface. Instead, they radiate into the surrounding space.

text: The surface impedance is derived from the ratio of the electric field at the surface to the magnetic field at the surface, which extends far into the metal beyond the skin depth. When a texture is applied to the metal surface, the surface impedance is altered, and its surface

text: wave

text: properties are changed. At low frequencies, it is

text: inductive

text: , and supports transverse-magnetic (TM) waves. At high frequencies, it is capacitive, and supports transverse electric (TE) waves. Near the LC

text: resonance

text: frequency, the surface impedance is very high. In this region, waves are not bound to the surface. Instead, they radiate into the surrounding

text: space

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answers: NDQ_005927

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answers: NDQ_005929

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: LC resonance frequency

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: TE

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Near the LC resonance frequency, the surface impedance is very high

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: skin depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: metal

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: they radiate into the surrounding space

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they radiate into the surrounding space

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The surface impedance

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The surface impedance is very high

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface impedance is very high

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Shock waves are not conventional sound waves; a shock wave takes the form of a very sharp change in the gas properties.  Shock waves in air are heard as a loud "crack" or "snap" noise. Over longer distances, a shock wave can change from a nonlinear wave into a linear wave, degenerating into a conventional sound wave as it heats the air and loses energy. The sound wave is heard as the familiar "thud" or "thump" of a sonic boom, commonly created by the supersonic flight of aircraft.

text: Shock waves are not conventional sound waves; a shock wave takes the form of a very sharp change in the gas properties.  Shock waves in air are heard as a loud "crack" or "snap" noise. Over longer distances, a shock wave can change from a nonlinear wave into a linear wave, degenerating into a conventional sound wave as it heats the air and loses energy. The sound wave is heard as the familiar "thud" or "thump" of a

text: sonic boom

text: , commonly created by the

text: supersonic

text: flight of aircraft.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: thud

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: linear wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Shock waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longer distances

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: conventional sound waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: conventional sound wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a shock wave takes the form of a very sharp change in the gas properties

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Shock waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a shock wave takes the form of a very sharp change in the gas properties

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In a solid, there is a non-zero stiffness both for volumetric deformations and shear deformations. Hence, it is possible to generate sound waves with different velocities dependenton the deformation mode. Sound waves generating volumetric deformations (compression) and shear deformations (shearing) are called pressure waves (longitudinal waves) and shear waves (transverse waves), respectively. In earthquakes, the corresponding seismic waves are called P-waves (primary waves) and S-waves (secondary waves), respectively. The sound velocities of these two types of waves propagating in a homogeneous 3-dimensional solid are respectively given by

text: In a solid, there is a non-zero stiffness both for volumetric deformations and shear deformations. Hence, it is possible to generate sound waves with different velocities dependenton the deformation mode. Sound waves generating volumetric deformations (compression) and shear deformations (shearing) are called pressure waves (longitudinal waves) and shear waves (transverse waves), respectively. In

text: earthquake

text: s, the corresponding seismic waves are called

text: P-wave

text: s (primary waves) and

text: S-wave

text: s (secondary waves), respectively. The sound velocities of these two types of waves propagating in a homogeneous 3-dimensional solid are respectively given by

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answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: P-waves and S-waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a homogeneous 3-dimensional solid

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: non-zero stiffness

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sound waves with different velocities dependenton the deformation mode

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves can be generated by earthquakes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Claerbout obtained a BS in physics in 1960, a MS in geophysics in 1963 and a PhD in geophysics in 1967, all from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His BS thesis was titled A rubidium vapor magnetometer. He worked with Stephen M. Simpson, Jr. for his MS thesis, titled Digital filters and applications to seismic detection and discrimination. The publication of this work made many geophysicists, including those in the oil and gas industry, well aware of Claerbout's potential. However, Claerbout found the sparse availability and low quality of earthquake seismic data frustrating and decided to study atmospheric gravity waves during his PhD. His advisor was Theodore R. Madden and the title of his thesis was Electromagnetic Effects of Atmospheric Gravity Waves.

text: Claerbout obtained a BS in

text: physics

text: in 1960, a MS in geophysics in 1963 and a PhD in geophysics in 1967, all from the

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: . His BS thesis was titled A rubidium vapor magnetometer. He worked with Stephen M. Simpson, Jr. for his MS thesis, titled Digital filters and applications to seismic detection and discrimination. The publication of this work made many geophysicists, including those in the oil and gas industry, well aware of Claerbout's potential. However, Claerbout found the sparse availability and low quality of earthquake seismic data frustrating and decided to study atmospheric gravity waves during his PhD. His advisor was Theodore R. Madden and the title of his thesis was Electromagnetic Effects of Atmospheric Gravity Waves.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Gravity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Gravity

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Gravity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: atmospheric gravity

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: low quality of earthquake seismic data

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Electromagnetic

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Rubidium vapor magnetometer

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Theodore R. Madden

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic detection and discrimination

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Breaking of water surface waves may occur anywhere that the amplitude is sufficient, including in mid-ocean.  However, it is particularly common on beaches because wave heights are amplified in the region of shallower water (because the group velocity is lower there).  See also waves and shallow water.

text: Breaking of water surface waves may occur anywhere that the amplitude is sufficient, including in mid-ocean.  However, it is particularly common on beaches because wave heights are amplified in the region of shallower water (because the group velocity is lower there).  See also

text: waves and shallow water

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: heights

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave heights

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Breaking of water surface waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: heights

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: shallower water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: mid-ocean

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: mid-ocean

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Breaking of water surface waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The group velocity is lower there

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Breaking of water surface waves may occur anywhere that the amplitude is sufficient

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Measurements of seismic waves are a source of information on the region that the waves travel through. If the density or composition of the rock changes suddenly, some waves are reflected. Reflections can provide information on near-surface structure. Changes in the travel direction, called refraction, can be used to infer the deep structure of the Earth.

text: Measurements of seismic waves are a source of information on the region that the waves travel through. If the density or composition of the rock changes suddenly, some waves are reflected.

text: Reflections

text: can provide information on near-surface structure. Changes in the travel direction, called

text: refraction

text: , can be used to infer the

text: deep structure of the Earth

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answers: travel direction

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: refraction

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Measurements of seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: direction

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: deep structure of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: deep structure of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Changes in the travel direction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Changes in the travel direction

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: changes in the travel direction, called refraction

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The concept of Earthquake Duration Magnitude - originally proposed by Bisztricsany in 1958 using surface waves only - is based on the realization that on a recorded earthquake seismogram, the total length of the seismic wavetrain - sometimes referred to as the CODA - reflects its size. Thus larger earthquakes give longer seismograms [as well as stronger seismic waves] than small ones. The seismic wave interval measured on the time axis of an earthquake record - starting with the first seismic wave onset until the wavetrain amplitude diminishes to at least 10% of its maximum recorded value - is referred to as "earthquake duration". It is this concept that Bisztricsany first used to develop his Earthquake Duration Magnitude Scale employing surface wave durations.

text: The concept of Earthquake Duration Magnitude - originally proposed by Bisztricsany in 1958 using

text: surface wave

text: s only - is based on the realization that on a recorded earthquake

text: seismogram

text: , the total length of the seismic wavetrain - sometimes referred to as the CODA - reflects its size. Thus larger earthquakes give longer seismograms [as well as stronger seismic waves] than small ones. The seismic wave interval measured on the time axis of an earthquake record - starting with the first

text: seismic wave

text: onset until the wavetrain

text: amplitude

text: diminishes to at least 10% of its maximum recorded value - is referred to as "earthquake duration". It is this concept that Bisztricsany first used to develop his Earthquake Duration Magnitude Scale employing surface wave durations.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: maximum recorded value

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Earthquake seismogram

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: CODA

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earthquake

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Earthquake Duration Magnitude

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: larger earthquakes give longer seismograms

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Bisztricsany

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Earthquake Duration Magnitude Scale

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: larger earthquakes give longer seismograms

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Seismometers are instruments that measure motion of the ground, including those of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic sources. Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to map the interior of the Earth, and locate and measure the size of these different sources.

text: Seismometers are instruments that measure motion of the ground, including those of

text: seismic wave

text: s generated by

text: earthquake

text: s,

text: volcanic eruptions

text: , and other

text: seismic source

text: s. Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to map the interior of the Earth, and locate and measure the size of these different sources.

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answers: The size

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answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismologists

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: NDQ_005925

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005926

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismologists

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismologists

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Avalanche is a mutant with the superhuman ability to generate powerful seismic waves from his hands, creating highly destructive effects. The waves can cause an inorganic object to shatter or crumble into dust and has in recent years been shown to affect organic matter as well. When directed against large objects like buildings or upon the earth itself, the seismic waves can produce effects similar to those of an earthquake or avalanche within limited areas. Avalanche need not touch an object to affect it; he can direct the waves against it from some distance away.

text: Avalanche is a

text: mutant

text: with the superhuman ability to generate powerful seismic waves from his hands, creating highly destructive effects. The waves can cause an inorganic object to shatter or crumble into dust and has in recent years been shown to affect organic matter as well. When directed against large objects like buildings or upon the earth itself, the seismic waves can produce effects similar to those of an earthquake or avalanche within limited areas. Avalanche need not touch an object to affect it; he can direct the waves against it from some distance away.

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answers: NDQ_005921

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answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The waves can cause an inorganic object to shatter or crumble into dust

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: limited areas

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: organic matter

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Avalanche need not touch an object to affect it

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: direct the waves against it from some distance away

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: organic matter

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the seismic waves can produce effects similar to those of an earthquake or avalanche within limited areas

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Seismicity determines where active zones of seismic activity occur as well as measure the total fault displacements and the timing of the onset of deformation (Allen et al. 2004).

text: Seismicity determines where active zones of seismic activity occur as well as measure the total fault displacements and the timing of the onset of deformation (Allen et al. 2004).

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answers: NDQ_005922

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answers: NDQ_005923

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answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005926

answers: active zones of seismic activity occur

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismicity

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismicity

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the timing of the onset of deformation

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Surface waves are seismic waves that travel at the surface of the earth, along the air/earth boundary.  Surface waves are slower than P-waves(compressional waves) and S-waves(transverse waves).  Surface waves are classified into two basic types, Rayleigh waves and Love waves.  Rayleigh waves travel in a longitudinal manner (the wave motion is parallel to the direction of wave propagation) with particle motion in a retrograde elliptical motion (Figure 1).  The Rayleigh waves result from the interaction between P-waves and vertically polarized S-waves.  Conversely, Love waves travel in a traverse manner (Figure 1) (the wave motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation), consisting of horizontally polarized S-waves.In seismology, surface waves are collected along with other seismic data, but are traditionally considered noise and an impedance in interpreting deeper reflection and refraction information.   Seismologists usually modify seismic equipment and experimental procedures to remove surface wave information from the data.   Earthquake seismologists however require the information seismic surface waves provide and thus design their equipment to amplify and gather as much information on these waves as possible.  The work by early earthquake seismologists to extract substantial information from surface wave data was the basis for surface wave inversion theory.

text: Surface waves are seismic waves that travel at the surface of the earth, along the air/earth boundary.  Surface waves are slower than

text: P-waves

text: (compressional waves) and

text: S-waves

text: (transverse waves).  Surface waves are classified into two basic types,

text: Rayleigh waves

text: and

text: Love waves

text: .  Rayleigh waves travel in a longitudinal manner (the wave motion is parallel to the direction of wave propagation) with particle motion in a retrograde elliptical motion (Figure 1).  The Rayleigh waves result from the interaction between P-waves and vertically polarized S-waves.  Conversely, Love waves travel in a traverse manner (Figure 1) (the wave motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation), consisting of horizontally polarized S-waves.In seismology, surface waves are collected along with other seismic data, but are traditionally considered noise and an impedance in interpreting deeper

text: reflection

text: and

text: refraction

text: information.   Seismologists usually modify seismic equipment and experimental procedures to remove surface wave information from the data.   Earthquake seismologists however require the information seismic surface waves provide and thus design their equipment to amplify and gather as much information on these waves as possible.  The work by early earthquake seismologists to extract substantial information from surface wave data was the basis for surface wave inversion theory.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Earthquake seismologists

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: horizontally polarized

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Love waves travel in a traverse manner

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface waves travel at the surface of the earth, along the air/earth boundary

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Surface waves are slower than P-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Earthquake seismologists

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Research on the origin of seismic noise indicates that the low frequency part of the spectrum (below 1 Hz) is due to natural causes, chiefly ocean waves. In particular the peak between 0.1 and 0.3 Hz is clearly associated with the interaction of water waves of nearly equal frequencies but opposite directions. At high frequency (above 1 Hz), seismic noise is mainly produced by human activities such as road traffic and industrial work; but there are also natural sources, like rivers. Around 1 Hz, wind and other atmospheric phenomena are also a major source of ground vibrations.

text: Research on the origin of seismic noise indicates that the low frequency part of the

text: spectrum

text: (below 1 Hz) is due to natural causes, chiefly

text: ocean wave

text: s. In particular the peak between 0.1 and 0.3 Hz is clearly associated with the interaction of water waves of nearly equal frequencies but opposite directions. At high frequency (above 1 Hz), seismic noise is mainly produced by human activities such as road traffic and industrial work; but there are also natural sources, like rivers. Around 1 Hz, wind and other atmospheric phenomena are also a major source of ground vibrations.

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answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 1 Hz

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: peak

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The low frequency part of the spectrum

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: opposite directions

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: ocean waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: ground vibrations

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the interaction of water waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The interaction of water waves of nearly equal frequencies but opposite directions

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: ground vibrations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The focal mechanism of an earthquake describes the deformation in the source region that generates the seismic waves. In the case of a fault-related event it refers to the orientation of the fault plane that slipped and the slip vector and is also known as a fault-plane solution. Focal mechanisms are derived from a solution of the moment tensor for the earthquake, which itself is estimated by an analysis of observed seismic waveforms. The focal mechanism can be derived from observing the pattern of "first motions", that is, whether the first arriving P waves break up or down. This method was used before waveforms were recorded and analysed digitally and this method is still used for earthquakes too small for easy moment tensor solution. Focal mechanisms are now mainly derived using semi-automatic analysis of the recorded waveforms.

text: The focal mechanism of an

text: earthquake

text: describes the deformation in the source region that generates the

text: seismic wave

text: s. In the case of a

text: fault

text: -related event it refers to the orientation of the

text: fault plane

text: that slipped and the slip

text: vector

text: and is also known as a fault-plane solution. Focal mechanisms are derived from a solution of the moment tensor for the earthquake, which itself is estimated by an analysis of observed

text: seismic

text: waveforms

text: . The focal mechanism can be derived from observing the pattern of "first motions", that is, whether the first arriving P waves break up or down. This method was used before waveforms were recorded and analysed digitally and this method is still used for earthquakes too small for easy moment tensor solution. Focal mechanisms are now mainly derived using semi-automatic analysis of the recorded waveforms.

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answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Focal

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Moment Tensor

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Focal mechanisms are now mainly derived using semi-automatic analysis of the recorded waveforms

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waveforms

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fault

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Focal mechanisms are derived from a solution of the moment tensor for the earthquake

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Focal mechanisms are now mainly derived using semi-automatic analysis of the recorded waveforms

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Focal mechanisms are derived from a solution of the moment tensor for the earthquake

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Focal mechanisms are now mainly derived using semi-automatic analysis of the recorded waveforms

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a fault-plane solution

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Interest towards tsunami risks to Malaysia has also heighten since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Although the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia was largely shielded by the Sumatran island from the full effects of waves generated by the earthquake, weaker deflected tsunami waves led to damage and casualties along the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia, affecting coastal Perlis, Kedah and Penang. The disaster also highlights the risk of further tsunamis that may strike coasts in direct line of undersea faults, primarily around the South China Sea.

text: Interest towards

text: tsunami

text: risks to Malaysia has also heighten since the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: . Although the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia was largely shielded by the Sumatran island from the full effects of waves generated by the earthquake, weaker deflected tsunami waves

entity_name: Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia

text: led to damage and casualties

text: along the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia, affecting coastal

text: Perlis

text: Kedah

text: and

text: Penang

text: . The disaster also highlights the risk of further tsunamis that may strike coasts in direct line of undersea faults, primarily around the

text: South China Sea

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: tsunami

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: tsunami

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: undersea faults

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: tsunami waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Indian Ocean

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: tsunamis that may strike coasts in direct line of undersea faults

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: full effects of waves generated by the earthquake

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: tsunami waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: undersea faults

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A fundamental problem in finding solutions for surface gravity waves is, that boundary conditions have to be applied at the beforehand unknown – and therefore being a part of the sought solution – position of the free surface.Sir George Stokes has solved this non-linear wave problem, in 1847, by expanding the relevant potential flow quantities in a Taylor series around the mean (or still) surface elevation. As a result, the boundary conditions can be expressed in terms of quantities at the mean (or still) surface elevation (which is fixed and known).

text: A fundamental problem in finding solutions for surface gravity waves is, that

text: boundary condition

text: s have to be applied at the beforehand unknown – and therefore being a part of the sought solution – position of the

text: free surface

text: Sir George Stokes

text: has solved this non-linear wave problem, in 1847, by expanding the relevant

text: potential flow

text: quantities in a

text: Taylor series

text: around the mean (or still) surface elevation. As a result, the boundary conditions can be expressed in terms of quantities at the mean (or still) surface elevation (which is fixed and known).

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface elevation

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface elevation

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The boundary conditions can be expressed in terms of quantities

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface elevation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: free surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: boundary conditions have to be applied at the beforehand unknown

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: boundary conditions have to be applied at the beforehand unknown

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a Taylor series around the mean (or still) surface elevation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In fluid dynamics, dispersion of water waves generally refers to frequency dispersion, which means that waves of different wavelengths travel at different phase speeds. Water waves, in this context, are waves propagating on the water surface, and forced by gravity and surface tension. As a result, water with a free surface is generally considered to be a dispersive medium.

text: In

text: fluid dynamics

text: , dispersion of

text: water waves

text: generally refers to

text: frequency dispersion

text: , which means that

text: wave

text: s of different

text: wavelength

text: s travel at different

text: phase speed

text: s. Water waves, in this context, are waves propagating on the

text: water surface

text: , and forced by

text: gravity

text: and

text: surface tension

text: . As a result,

text: water

text: with a

text: free surface

text: is generally considered to be a

text: dispersive medium

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answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: waves propagating on the water surface

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: wave of different wavelengths travel at different phase speeds

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: frequency dispersion

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: gravity and surface tension

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Waves of different wavelengths travel at different phase speeds

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: waves of different wavelengths travel at different phase speeds

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Despite the name, helioseismology is the study of solar waves and not solar seismic activity. The name is derived from the similar practice of studying terrestrial seismic waves to determine the composition of the Earth's interior. The science can be compared to asteroseismology, which studies the propagation of sound waves in stars.

text: Despite the name, helioseismology is the study of solar waves and not solar seismic activity. The name is derived from the similar practice of studying terrestrial seismic waves to determine the composition of the

text: Earth

text: 's interior. The science can be compared to

text: asteroseismology

text: , which studies the propagation of sound waves in stars.

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answers: propagation

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answers: NDQ_005922

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answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: solar seismic activity

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: solar seismic activity

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: asteroseismology

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: terrestrial seismic waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In fluid dynamics, the wave height of a surface wave is the difference between the elevations of a crest and a neighbouring trough. Wave height is a term used by mariners, as well as in coastal, ocean and naval engineering.

text: In

text: fluid dynamics

text: , the wave height of a

text: surface wave

text: is the difference between the

text: elevation

text: s of a

text: crest

text: and a neighbouring

text: trough

text: . Wave height is a term used by

text: mariner

text: s, as well as in

text: coastal

text: ocean

text: and

text: naval engineering

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answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wave height

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Wave height

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave height

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: crest and a neighbouring trough

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: crest and a neighbouring trough

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid dynamics

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Wave height

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: mariners, as well as in coastal, ocean and naval engineering

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Gravimetric data from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake has been used to create a model for increased warning time compared to seismic models, as gravity fields travel faster than seismic waves.

text: Gravimetric

text: data from the

text: 2011 Tōhoku earthquake

text: has been used to create a model for increased warning time compared to seismic models, as gravity fields travel faster than seismic waves.

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answers: gravity fields travel faster than seismic waves

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answers: Gravimetric data

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Determining the exact figure of the Earth is not only a geodetic operation or a task of geometry, but is also related to geophysics. Without any idea of the Earth's interior, we can state a "constant density" of 5.515 g/cm³ and, according to theoretical arguments (see Leonhard Euler, Albert Wangerin, etc.), such a body rotating like the Earth would have a flattening of 1:230.

text: Determining the exact figure of the Earth is not only a geodetic operation or a task of

text: geometry

text: , but is also related to

text: geophysics

text: . Without any idea of the

text: Earth's interior

text: , we can state a "constant density" of 5.515 g/cm³ and, according to theoretical arguments (see

text: Leonhard Euler

text: Albert Wangerin

text: , etc.), such a body rotating like the Earth would have a

text: flattening

text: of 1:230.

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answers: flattening

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 1:230

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: geophysics

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 1:230

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the Earth would have a flattening of 1:230

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the Earth would have a flattening of 1:230

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Without any idea of the Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The Earth would have a flattening of 1:230

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the Earth would have a flattening of 1:230

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In fluid dynamics, a trochoidal wave or Gerstner wave is an exact solution of the Euler equations for periodic surface gravity waves. It describes a progressive wave of permanent form on the surface of an incompressible fluid of infinite depth. The free surface of this wave solution is an inverted (upside-down) trochoid – with sharper crests and flat troughs. This wave solution was discovered by Gerstner in 1802, and rediscovered independently by Rankine in 1863.

text: In

text: fluid dynamics

text: , a trochoidal wave or Gerstner wave is an exact solution of the

text: Euler equations

text: for

text: periodic

text: surface gravity wave

text: s. It describes a

text: progressive wave

text: of permanent form on the surface of an

text: incompressible fluid

text: of infinite depth. The free surface of this wave solution is an inverted (upside-down)

text: trochoid

text: – with sharper

text: crest

text: s and flat troughs. This wave solution was discovered by

text: Gerstner

text: in 1802, and rediscovered independently by

text: Rankine

text: in 1863.

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answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crests

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: crests

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: It describes a progressive wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: incompressible fluid

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: sharper crests

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Rankine in 1863

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Rankine in 1863

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Gerstner wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: an incompressible fluid of infinite depth

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: It should be possible to combine the experimentally-determined wave velocities of the various parts of the Earth's interior and the elasticity data from various rocks in order to find out about the Earth's interior. However, by the early 20th century no one had been able to determine the elastic constants of common rocks, because almost all rocks are slightly porous, complicating conventional elasticity measurement methods.

text: It should be possible to combine the experimentally-determined wave velocities of the various parts of the Earth's interior and the elasticity data from various rocks in order to find out about the Earth's interior. However, by the early 20th century no one had been able to determine the elastic constants of common rocks, because almost all rocks are slightly

text: porous

text: , complicating conventional elasticity measurement methods.

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: It should be possible to combine the experimentally-determined wave velocities

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: elasticity data from various rocks

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the elastic constants of common rocks

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: elasticity data from various rocks

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Wave velocities

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: experimentally-determined wave velocities

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: When the source of the waves is moving towards the observer, each successive wave crest is emitted from a position closer to the observer than the previous wave. Therefore, each wave takes slightly less time to reach the observer than the previous wave. Hence, the time between the arrival of successive wave crests at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in the frequency. While they are travelling, the distance between successive wave fronts is reduced, so the waves "bunch together".  Conversely, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer, each wave is emitted from a position farther from the observer than the previous wave, so the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency. The distance between successive wave fronts is then increased, so the waves "spread out".

text: When the source of the waves is moving towards the observer, each successive wave

text: crest

text: is emitted from a position closer to the observer than the previous wave. Therefore, each wave takes slightly less time to reach the observer than the previous wave. Hence, the time between the arrival of successive wave crests at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in the frequency. While they are travelling, the distance between successive wave fronts is reduced, so the waves "bunch together".  Conversely, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer, each wave is emitted from a position farther from the observer than the previous wave, so the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency. The distance between successive wave fronts is then increased, so the waves "spread out".

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: When the source of waves is moving towards the observer

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: The distance between successive wave fronts

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the observer

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the source of waves is moving away from the observer

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the waves "spread out"

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The distance between successive wave fronts is reduced, so the waves "bunch together"

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: When the source of waves is moving towards the observer

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: each successive wave crest is emitted from a position closer to the observer than the previous wave

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Elastic waves are used to probe the site under investigation, by placing seismic vibrators on the ground surface. These waves propagate through the soil, and due to the heterogeneous geological structure of the site under investigation, multiple reflections and refractions occur. The response of the site to the seismic vibrator is measured by sensors (geophones), also placed on the ground surface. Two key-components are required for the profiling based on full-waveform inversion. These components are: a) a computer model for the simulation of elasic waves in semi-infinite domains; and b) an optimization framework, through which the computed response is matched to the measured response, via iteratively updating an initially assumed material distribution for the soil.

text: Elastic waves are used to probe the site under investigation, by placing seismic vibrators on the ground surface. These waves propagate through the soil, and due to the heterogeneous geological structure of the site under investigation, multiple reflections and refractions occur. The response of the site to the seismic vibrator is measured by sensors (geophones), also placed on the ground surface. Two key-components are required for the profiling based on full-waveform inversion. These components are: a) a computer model for the simulation of elasic waves in semi-infinite domains; and b) an optimization framework, through which the computed response is matched to the measured response, via iteratively updating an initially assumed material distribution for the soil.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The response of the site to the seismic vibrator

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagate

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the computed response is matched to the measured response

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: full-waveform inversion

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic vibrators on the ground surface

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: heterogeneous geological structure

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The physical characteristics of rocks that control the rate and mode of strain, such as yield strength or viscosity, depend on the thermodynamic state of the rock and composition. The most important thermodynamic variables in this case are temperature and pressure. Both of these increase with depth, so to a first approximation the mode of deformation can be understood in terms of depth. Within the upper lithosphere, brittle deformation is common because under low pressure rocks have relatively low brittle strength, while at the same time low temperature reduces the likelihood of ductile flow. After the brittle-ductile transition zone, ductile deformation becomes dominant. Elastic deformation happens when the time scale of stress is shorter than the relaxation time for the material. Seismic waves are a common example of this type of deformation. At temperatures high enough to melt rocks, the ductile shear strength approaches zero, which is why shear mode elastic deformation (S-Waves) will not propagate through melts.

text: The physical characteristics of rocks that control the rate and mode of strain, such as

text: yield strength

text: or

text: viscosity

text: , depend on the

text: thermodynamic state

text: of the rock and composition. The most important thermodynamic variables in this case are temperature and pressure. Both of these increase with depth, so to a first approximation the mode of deformation can be understood in terms of depth. Within the upper lithosphere, brittle deformation is common because under low pressure rocks have relatively low brittle strength, while at the same time low temperature reduces the likelihood of ductile flow. After the brittle-ductile transition zone, ductile deformation becomes dominant. Elastic deformation happens when the time scale of stress is shorter than the relaxation time for the material. Seismic waves are a common example of this type of deformation. At temperatures high enough to melt rocks, the ductile shear strength approaches zero, which is why shear mode elastic deformation (S-Waves) will not propagate through melts.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005923

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answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: S-Waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: S-Waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The physical characteristics of rocks that control the rate and mode of strain

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: melts

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: melts

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear mode elastic deformation will not propagate through melts

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: At temperatures high enough to melt rocks

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: At temperatures high enough to melt rocks

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The physical characteristics of rocks that control the rate and mode of strain

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Small sonar systems attached to floating buoys, called sonobuoys have been used by geologists to shoot seismic transects across the Adare Basin in order to establish 2D velocity models of the subsurface stratigraphy beneath the seafloor down to a depth of 5.5 km. The deeper deposited sediment has been compacted under heavier pressures for longer time periods, causing the sediment to become denser and the velocity of the seismic waves to increase with depth. Velocities from beneath the Adare Trough tend to be slightly higher than the average, indicating that the lithosphere is slightly thicker underneath the trough than the surrounding basin. Within the depth capable of measurement 6 distinct stratigraphic units have been established with characteristic velocities. The first unit begins at the seafloor with a velocity of 2000 m/s. The second unit lies 0.6 km beneath the seafloor and waves propagate with a velocity of 3000 m/s. The third layer begins at 1.8 km beneath the seafloor and has a velocity of 4200 m/s. The next layer begins at 2.3 km and has a velocity of 4900 m/s, followed by a layer at 3.1 km with 5700 m/s wave velocity. The final layer lies 3.3 km beneath the surface and displays velocities of 6000 m/s.

text: Small sonar systems attached to floating buoys, called

text: sonobuoy

text: s have been used by

text: geologists

text: to shoot seismic transects across the Adare Basin in order to establish 2D velocity models of the

text: subsurface

text: stratigraphy beneath the

text: seafloor

text: down to a depth of 5.5 km. The deeper deposited

text: sediment

text: has been compacted under heavier pressures for longer time periods, causing the sediment to become denser and the velocity of the

text: seismic waves

text: to increase with depth. Velocities from beneath the

text: Adare Trough

text: tend to be slightly higher than the average, indicating that the lithosphere is slightly thicker underneath the trough than the surrounding basin. Within the depth capable of measurement 6 distinct stratigraphic units have been established with characteristic velocities. The first unit begins at the seafloor with a velocity of 2000 m/s. The second unit lies 0.6 km beneath the seafloor and waves propagate with a velocity of 3000 m/s. The third layer begins at 1.8 km beneath the seafloor and has a velocity of 4200 m/s. The next layer begins at 2.3 km and has a velocity of 4900 m/s, followed by a layer at 3.1 km with 5700 m/s wave velocity. The final layer lies 3.3 km beneath the surface and displays velocities of 6000 m/s.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 6000 m/s

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wave velocity

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: lithosphere is slightly thicker underneath the trough than the surrounding basin

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0.6 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Adare Basin

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the lithosphere is slightly thicker underneath the trough than the surrounding basin

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The final layer lies 3.3 km beneath the surface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seafloor down to a depth of 5.5 km

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The deeper deposited sediment has been compacted under heavier pressures for longer time periods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: 'Seismic inverse Q-filtering' by Yanghua Wang (2008) contains an outline discussing the theory of Futterman, beginning with the wave equation:

text: 'Seismic inverse Q-filtering' by Yanghua Wang (2008) contains an outline discussing the theory of Futterman, beginning with the wave equation:

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Q

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wave equation

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Wave equation

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave equation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Q

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Q-filtering

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Q-filtering

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earth has a liquid outer core.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Yanghua Wang

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: inverse Q-filtering

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: One of the challenges in structural engineering is defining the reliable and accurate loading patterns for design of earthquake-resistant structures based on the all components of the seismic motions-three translational and three rotational. From earthquake engineering approach, it is usually assumed that the rotational components of strong ground motions are induced due to the spatial variation of the seismic waves and, consequently, these components are estimated in terms of corresponding translational components. When the earthquake shaking can be specified at a single point, the rotational loading of structures can be performed by point rotation, which corresponds with gradient of a point on the ground surface. Most investigations on the earthquake rotational loading, by considering the effects of point rotation on the behavior of structures have shown that the rotational components based on their frequency content can severely change dynamic behavior of structures, which are sensitive to the high-frequency motions, such as secondary systems, historical monuments, nuclear reactors, tall asymmetric buildings or irregular frames, slender tower shape structures, bridges, vertically irregular structures, and even the ordinary multi-story buildings. The contribution of the rotational components to the seismic response of the structures supported on the rigid mat foundation can even be amplified if the effects of the kinematic and dynamic soil structure interaction are considered in structural loading and modeling. In a recent study, the combined action of the rotational loading and multi-support excitation on the seismic behavior of short-span bridges was investigated. The numerical results suggested that depending on the structure properties and excitation characteristics, rotational components decrease the beneficial effects of multi-support excitation on the structure response.

text: One of the challenges in

text: structural engineering

text: is defining the reliable and accurate loading patterns for design of earthquake-resistant structures based on the all components of the seismic motions-three

text: translational

text: and three

text: rotational

text: . From

text: earthquake engineering

text: approach, it is usually assumed that the

entity_name: Rotational components of strong ground motions

text: rotational components of strong ground motions

text: are induced due to the spatial variation of the seismic waves and, consequently, these components are estimated in terms of corresponding translational components. When the earthquake shaking can be specified at a single point, the rotational loading of structures can be performed by point

text: rotation

text: , which corresponds with

text: gradient

text: of a point on the ground surface. Most investigations on the earthquake rotational loading, by considering the effects of point rotation on the behavior of structures have shown that the rotational components based on their

text: frequency

text: content can severely change dynamic behavior of structures, which are sensitive to the high-frequency motions, such as secondary systems, historical

text: monuments

text: nuclear reactors

text: , tall asymmetric

text: buildings

text: or irregular frames, slender

text: tower

text: shape structures,

text: bridges

text: , vertically irregular structures, and even the ordinary multi-story buildings. The contribution of the rotational components to the seismic response of the structures supported on the

text: rigid

text: mat

text: foundation

text: can even be amplified if the effects of the

text: kinematic

text: and dynamic

text: soil structure interaction

text: are considered in structural loading and modeling. In a recent study, the combined action of the rotational loading and multi-support excitation on the seismic behavior of short-span bridges was investigated. The numerical results suggested that depending on the structure properties and excitation characteristics, rotational components decrease the beneficial effects of multi-support excitation on the structure response.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: rotational components

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: point rotation

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Rotational components of strong ground motions

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: spatial variation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the spatial variation of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: rotational components

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes can be specified at a single point

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rotational components

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: spatial variation of the seismic waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: During seismic events along a fault surface the displacement initiates at the focus and then propagates outwards. Typically for large earthquakes the focus lies towards one end of the slip surface and much of the propagation is unidirectional (e.g. the 2008 Sichuan and 2004 Indian Ocean earthquakes). Theoretical studies have in the past suggested that the upper bound for propagation velocity is that of Rayleigh waves, approximately 0.92 of the shear wave velocity. However, evidence of propagation at velocities between S-wave and compressional wave (P-wave) values have been reported for several earthquakes in agreement with theoretical and laboratory studies that support the possibility of rupture propagation in this velocity range.

text: During seismic events along a fault surface the displacement initiates at the focus and then propagates outwards. Typically for large earthquakes the focus lies towards one end of the slip surface and much of the propagation is unidirectional (e.g. the

text: 2008 Sichuan

text: and

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: s). Theoretical studies have in the past suggested that the upper bound for propagation velocity is that of

text: Rayleigh waves

text: , approximately 0.92 of the shear wave velocity. However, evidence of propagation at velocities between S-wave and

text: compressional wave

text: (P-wave) values have been reported for several earthquakes in agreement with theoretical and laboratory studies that support the possibility of rupture propagation in this velocity range.

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answers: focus

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: During seismic events along a fault surface

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fault surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: much of the propagation is unidirectional

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: propagation velocity is that of Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the Earth is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: compressional wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the displacement initiates at the focus and then propagates outwards

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In May 2013, members of Elsipogtog First Nation demonstrated their concern over the proposed shale-gas project and 2D seismic imaging done near their reserve by SWN Resources Canada, a subsidiary of Southwestern Energy Company. Workers were on site to conduct seismic exploration that uses sound wave technology to create images of underground shale beds that might contain natural gas. Many residents voiced their concerns about the planned hydraulic fracturing (fracking) through social media. Throughout the Spring, Summer and Fall of 2013, protesters blocked SWN Resources Canada workers from accessing their seismic equipment.They blocked Route 116, 134, Hwy 11. On July 24, 2013, a video was recorded of a First Nations protester strapping herself to bundles of Geophones and other equipment used by SWN Resources Canada for seismic testing on the site. She slowed down the workers access to the equipment until the RCMP removed her later that day. On Sept 29th, SWN's trucks were blocked by a mystery van and protesters gathered in support.  Shortly afterward, a sacred fire was lit and maintained by a 12-year-old boy who watched over the prayers of the people. On October 1, 2013, a video was recorded of Elsipogtog First Nation Chief Arren James Sock delivering an eviction notice to SWN Resources Canada while dozens of protesters continued to block Route 134 in Rexton to prevent SWN Resources Canada from moving their exploration equipment.

text: In May 2013, members of Elsipogtog First Nation demonstrated their concern over the proposed shale-gas project and

text: 2D seismic imaging

text: done near their reserve by SWN Resources Canada, a subsidiary of

text: Southwestern Energy Company

text: . Workers were on site to conduct seismic exploration that uses sound wave technology to create images of underground shale beds that might contain natural gas. Many residents voiced their concerns about the planned

text: hydraulic fracturing

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Sound wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 2D seismic imaging

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: sound wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: underground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: hydraulic fracturing

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: hydraulic fracturing

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: hydraulic fracturing

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 2D seismic imaging

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: create images of underground shale beds

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Total internal reflection is the phenomenon which occurs when a propagated wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle with respect to the normal to the surface. If the refractive index is lower on the other side of the boundary and the incident angle is greater than the critical angle, the wave cannot pass through and is entirely reflected. The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs. This is particularly common as an optical phenomenon, where light waves are involved, but it occurs with many types of waves, such as electromagnetic waves in general or sound waves.

text: Total internal reflection is the phenomenon which occurs when a propagated

text: wave

text: strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular

text: critical angle

text: with respect to the

text: normal

text: to the surface. If the

text: refractive index

text: is lower on the other side of the boundary and the incident angle is greater than the critical angle, the wave cannot pass through and is entirely

text: reflected

text: . The critical angle is the

text: angle of incidence

text: above which the total internal reflection occurs. This is particularly common as an

text: optical phenomenon

text: , where light waves are involved, but it occurs with many types of waves, such as

text: electromagnetic waves

text: in general or

text: sound waves

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: critical angle

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: angle of incidence

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: angle

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: electromagnetic waves in general

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: electromagnetic waves in general

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the refractive index is lower

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: electromagnetic waves in general or sound waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The usefulness of surface waves in determining subsurface elastic properties arises from the way in which they disperse.  Dispersion (geology) is the way in which surface waves spread out as they travel across the surface of the earth.  Basically, if ten waves travel along the surface of the earth at the same speed, there is no dispersion.  If several of the waves start to travel faster than the others, dispersion is occurring.  Surface waves of varying wavelengths penetrate to different depths (Figure 2) and travel at the velocity of the mediums they are travelling through.  Figure 2 was generated by plotting the amplitude of surface waves against depth.  This was done for two different wavelengths.  Both waves have the same total energy, but the longer wavelength has its energy spread out over a larger interval.  If earth materials’ elastic parameters yield higher velocities with depth, longer wavelength surface waves will travel faster than those with shorter wavelengths.  The variation of velocities with wavelength makes it possible to infer critical information about the subsurface.  Dobrin (1951) uses a water disturbance example to illustrate the phenomenon that longer wavelengths tend to travel faster.  This increase in speed with wavelength is seen for both group velocities and phase velocities.  A wave group consists of waves at varying wavelengths and frequencies.  Individual waves of a wave group are usually generated at the same time, but tend to spread out within the group because each wavelet travels at a different speed.  A group velocity is basically the speed at which a wave group travels.  A phase velocity is the speed at which an individual wave travels, having its own characteristic wavelength and frequency.  Fourier theory tells us that a sharp impulse is made up of infinite frequency content in phase at one point.  If each frequency travels at the same speed, that peak will remain intact.  If each frequency travels at a different speed, that peak will spread out (Figure 3).  This spreading out is dispersion.  Phase and group velocity are both dependent on wavelength and are related by the equation

text: The usefulness of surface waves in determining subsurface elastic properties arises from the way in which they disperse.  Dispersion (geology) is the way in which surface waves spread out as they travel across the surface of the earth.  Basically, if ten waves travel along the surface of the earth at the same speed, there is no dispersion.  If several of the waves start to travel faster than the others, dispersion is occurring.  Surface waves of varying

text: wavelengths

text: penetrate to different depths (Figure 2) and travel at the velocity of the mediums they are travelling through.  Figure 2 was generated by plotting the amplitude of surface waves against depth.  This was done for two different wavelengths.  Both waves have the same total energy, but the longer wavelength has its energy spread out over a larger interval.  If earth materials’ elastic parameters yield higher velocities with depth, longer wavelength surface waves will travel faster than those with shorter wavelengths.  The variation of velocities with wavelength makes it possible to infer critical information about the subsurface.  Dobrin (1951) uses a water disturbance example to illustrate the phenomenon that longer wavelengths tend to travel faster.  This increase in speed with wavelength is seen for both

text: group velocities

text: and

text: phase velocities

text: .  A wave group consists of waves at varying wavelengths and

text: frequencies

text: .  Individual waves of a wave group are usually generated at the same time, but tend to spread out within the group because each wavelet travels at a different speed.  A group velocity is basically the speed at which a wave group travels.  A phase velocity is the speed at which an individual wave travels, having its own characteristic wavelength and frequency.

text: Fourier theory

text: tells us that a sharp impulse is made up of infinite frequency content in phase at one point.  If each frequency travels at the same speed, that peak will remain intact.  If each frequency travels at a different speed, that peak will spread out (Figure 3).  This spreading out is dispersion.  Phase and group velocity are both dependent on wavelength and are related by the equation

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005921

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answers: NDQ_005922

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answers: NDQ_005923

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answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005926

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answers: NDQ_005927

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answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: peak

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Dispersion is the way in which surface waves spread out as they travel across the surface of the earth

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mediums

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: longer wavelength surface waves will travel faster than those with shorter wavelength

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: longer wavelength surface waves will travel faster than those with shorter wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface waves of varying wavelengths penetrate to different depths

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Surface waves of varying wavelengths penetrate to different depths and travel at the velocity of the mediums they are travelling through.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves of varying wavelengths penetrate to different depths

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their chemical or physical (rheological) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust, which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The thickness of the crust varies from about  (kilometers) under the oceans to 30–50 km for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere, and it is of the lithosphere that the tectonic plates are composed. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and  below the surface, spanning a transition zone that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid outer core lies above a solid inner core. The Earth's inner core might rotate at a slightly higher angular velocity than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year. The radius of the inner core is about one fifth of that of Earth.

text: Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their

text: chemical

text: or physical (

text: rheological

text: ) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct

text: silicate

text: solid crust, which is underlain by a highly

text: viscous

text: solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the

text: Mohorovičić discontinuity

text: . The thickness of the crust varies from about  (kilometers) under the oceans to 30–50 km for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the

text: upper mantle

text: are collectively known as the lithosphere, and it is of the lithosphere that the tectonic plates are composed. Beneath the lithosphere is the

text: asthenosphere

text: , a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and  below the surface, spanning a

text: transition zone

text: that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid

text: outer core

text: lies above a solid

text: inner core

text: . The Earth's inner core might rotate at a slightly higher

text: angular velocity

text: than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year. The radius of the inner core is about one fifth of that of Earth.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005928

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Asthenosphere

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: angular velocity

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: angular velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Earth's inner core might rotate at a slightly higher angular velocity than the remainder of the planet

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The radius of the inner core is about one fifth of that of Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: an extremely low viscosity liquid outer core lies above a solid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Mohorovi i discontinuity

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Earth's inner core might rotate at a slightly higher angular velocity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Propagation velocity of the seismic waves ranges from approx. 3 km/s up to 13 km/s, depending on the density and elasticity of the medium. In the Earth's interior the shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves (approx. relation 1.7 : 1). The differences in travel time from the epicenter to the observatory are a measure of the distance and can be used to image both sources of quakes and structures within the Earth. Also the depth of the hypocenter can be computed roughly.

text: Propagation velocity

text: of the seismic waves ranges from approx. 3 km/s up to 13 km/s, depending on the

text: density

text: and

text: elasticity

text: of the medium. In the Earth's interior the shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves (approx. relation 1.7 : 1). The differences in travel time from the

text: epicenter

text: to the observatory are a measure of the distance and can be used to image both sources of quakes and structures within the Earth. Also the depth of the

text: hypocenter

text: can be computed roughly.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 3

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: depth of the hypocenter can be computed roughly

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the depth of the hypocenter can be computed roughly

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: density and elasticity of the medium

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: In the Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: differences in travel time from the epicenter to the observatory are a measure of the distance

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: is the radial distance. Surface waves therefore decay more slowly with distance than do bulk waves, which spread out in three dimensions from a point source.

text: is the radial distance. Surface waves therefore decay more slowly with distance than do bulk waves, which spread out in three dimensions from a point source.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 2

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answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/5081caa0d42c702fc0d292065f554229

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: point source

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: radial

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: three dimensions

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface waves therefore decay more slowly with distance than do bulk waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: bulk waves, which spread out in three dimensions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface waves decay more slowly with distance

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves decay more slowly with distance

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Seismic surveys involve the generation of sound waves to measure underground structures. Source waves are generally created by percussion mechanisms located near the ground or water surface, typically dropped weights, vibroseis trucks, or explosives. Data are collected with geophones, then stored and processed by computer. Current technology allows the generation of 3D images of underground rock structures using such equipment.

text: Seismic surveys involve the generation of sound waves to measure underground structures. Source waves are generally created by percussion mechanisms located near the ground or water surface, typically dropped weights,

text: vibroseis

text: trucks, or explosives. Data are collected with geophones, then stored and processed by computer. Current technology allows the generation of 3D images of underground rock structures using such equipment.

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answers: 3

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

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answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/5081caa0d42c702fc0d292065f554229

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Source

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Source waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 3D images of underground rock structures

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: source waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: underground rock structures

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 3D images

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 3D images of underground rock structures

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 3D images of underground rock structures

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: An entirely different approach to over-the-horizon radar is to use creeping waves or electromagnetic surface waves at much lower frequencies. Creeping waves are the scattering into the rear of an object due to diffraction, which is the reason both ears can hear a sound on one side of the head, for instance, and was how early communication and broadcast radio was accomplished. In the radar role, the creeping waves in question are diffracting around the Earth, although processing the returned signal is quite difficult. Development of such systems became practical in the late 1980s due to the rapidly increasing processing power available. Such systems are known as OTH-SW, for Surface Wave.

text: An entirely different approach to over-the-horizon radar is to use

text: creeping wave

text: s or

text: electromagnetic surface waves

text: at much lower frequencies. Creeping waves are the scattering into the rear of an object due to

text: diffraction

text: , which is the reason both ears can hear a sound on one side of the head, for instance, and was how early communication and broadcast radio was accomplished. In the radar role, the creeping waves in question are diffracting around the Earth, although processing the returned signal is quite difficult. Development of such systems became practical in the late 1980s due to the rapidly increasing processing power available. Such systems are known as OTH-SW, for Surface Wave.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: horizon

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: horizon

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Creeping waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: horizon

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: processing the returned signal is quite difficult

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: processing the returned signal is quite difficult

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: both ears can hear a sound on one side of the head

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Creeping waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Creeping waves are the scattering into the rear of an object due to diffraction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: represents the distance the wave has travelled from the earthquake. Surface waves therefore decay more slowly with distance than do body waves, which travel in three dimensions.  Large earthquakes may generate Love waves that travel around the Earth several times before dissipating.

text: represents the distance the wave has travelled from the earthquake. Surface waves therefore decay more slowly with distance than do body waves, which travel in three dimensions.  Large earthquakes may generate Love waves that travel around the Earth several times before dissipating.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: three dimensions

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body waves, which travel in three dimensions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface waves decay more slowly

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The distance the wave has travelled from the earthquake

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves decay more slowly with distance

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The instrumentation included ten smoked paper analog seismometers that were configured to allow for 48 hours of continuous single-component data recording. Six digital recorders built by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg were also used to record signals from three-component seismometers. Eight of the selected sites were equipped with a vertical component velocity transducer along with an FM telemetry link to transfer data back to a central station where a three-component unit was stationed. There the seismic signals were digitized, along with an internal time signal and an external DCF77 time signal, and stored on magnetic tape. The tapes were then played back and the P-wave and S-wave arrival times were used to automatically determine aftershock locations. Approximately two hundred aftershocks were recorded each day for the first several days of the expedition and at the end of the recording period in February the equipment was still picking up around 100 shocks per day. The team then set out to determine an accurate velocity model using data from the more accurate telemetry network. The soviet geophysicists detonated 100 kilograms of TNT in a hole drilled near the mainshock epicenter and the resulting shock waves were detected and used to help pinpoint a more accurate crustal velocity value of 5.3 to 5.4 km/s.

text: The instrumentation included ten smoked paper analog

text: seismometer

text: s that were configured to allow for 48 hours of continuous single-component data recording. Six digital recorders built by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg were also used to record signals from three-component seismometers. Eight of the selected sites were equipped with a vertical component velocity transducer along with an

text: FM

text: telemetry link to transfer data back to a central station where a three-component unit was stationed. There the seismic signals were digitized, along with an internal time signal and an external

text: time signal, and stored on

text: magnetic tape

text: . The tapes were then played back and the

text: P-wave

text: and

text: S-wave

text: arrival times were used to automatically determine aftershock locations. Approximately two hundred aftershocks were recorded each day for the first several days of the expedition and at the end of the recording period in February the equipment was still picking up around 100 shocks per day. The team then set out to determine an accurate velocity model using data from the more accurate telemetry network. The soviet

text: geophysicists

text: detonated 100 kilograms of

text: TNT

text: in a hole drilled near the mainshock epicenter and the resulting shock waves were detected and used to help pinpoint a more accurate

text: crust

text: al velocity value of 5.3 to 5.4 km/s.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical component velocity transducer

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: single-component data recording

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 5.4 km/s

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: magnetic tape

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: detonated 100 kilograms of TNT

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P-wave and S-wave arrival times were used to automatically determine aftershock locations

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the resulting shock waves were detected and used to help pinpoint a more accurate crustal velocity value of 5.3 to 5.4 km/s

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-wave and S-wave arrival times

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: aftershock locations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Almost periodic function – Amplitude modulation – Amplitude – Beat – Chaos theory – Cyclic group – Diffraction – Doppler effect – Eigenstate – Eigenvalue – Fibonacci sequence – Fourier series – Frequency domain – Frequency spectrum – Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) – Harmonic oscillator – Huygens–Fresnel principle – Longitudinal wave – Mechanical wave – Navier–Stokes equations – Partial differential equation – Periodic function – Permutation – Phase (waves) – Physics of music – Power spectrum – Signal – Sine wave – Spectrum of an operator – Translational symmetry – Transverse wave – Wave equation – Wave–particle duality – Wave – Waveform

text: Almost periodic function

text: Amplitude modulation

text: Amplitude

text: Beat

text: Chaos theory

text: Cyclic group

text: Diffraction

text: Doppler effect

text: Eigenstate

text: Eigenvalue

text: Fibonacci sequence

text: Fourier series

text: Frequency domain

text: Frequency spectrum

text: Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)

text: Harmonic oscillator

text: Huygens–Fresnel principle

text: Longitudinal wave

text: Mechanical wave

text: Navier–Stokes equations

text: Partial differential equation

text: Periodic function

text: Permutation

text: Phase (waves)

text: Physics of music

text: Power spectrum

text: Signal

text: Sine wave

text: Spectrum of an operator

text: Translational symmetry

text: Transverse wave

text: Wave equation

text: Wave–particle duality

text: Wave

text: Waveform

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Eigenvalue

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Eigenvalue

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Wave equation – Wave–particle duality

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: transverse wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: harmonic oscillator

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Wave–particle duality

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Wave–particle duality

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Doppler effect

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Wave equation – Wave–particle duality

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Wave equation – Wave–particle duality

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Instead of saying that humans live on the outside surface of a hollow planet—sometimes called a "convex" Hollow Earth hypothesis—some have claimed humans live on the inside surface of a hollow spherical world, so that our universe itself lies in that world's interior. This has been called the "concave" Hollow Earth hypothesis or skycentrism.

text: Instead of saying that humans live on the outside surface of a hollow planet—sometimes called a "convex" Hollow Earth hypothesis—some have claimed humans live on the inside surface of a hollow

text: spherical

text: world, so that our universe itself lies in that world's interior. This has been called the "concave" Hollow Earth hypothesis or

text: skycentrism

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: convex

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Convex

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismograph

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: concave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Hollow Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: convex

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: convex

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Hollow Earth hypothesis or skycentrism

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: hollow spherical world

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In seismology longitudinal and shear waves are known as P-waves and S-waves, respectively, and are termed body waves. Rayleigh waves are generated by the interaction of P- and S- waves at the surface of the earth, and travel with a velocity that is lower than the P-, S-, and Love wave velocities.  Rayleigh waves emanating outward from the epicenter of an earthquake  travel along the surface of the earth at about 10 times the speed of sound in air (0.340 km/s), that is ~3 km/s.

text: In seismology longitudinal and shear waves are known as

text: P-wave

text: s and

text: S-wave

text: s, respectively, and are termed body waves. Rayleigh waves are generated by the interaction of P- and S- waves at the surface of the earth, and travel with a velocity that is lower than the P-, S-, and Love wave velocities.  Rayleigh waves emanating outward from the epicenter of an earthquake  travel along the surface of the earth at about 10 times the

text: speed of sound

text: in air (0.340 km/s), that is ~3 km/s.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: longitudinal and shear waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Rayleigh waves emanating outward from the epicenter of an earthquake

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Dipole antennas, short antennas, parabolic and other reflector antennas, horn antennas, periscope antennas, helical antennas, spiral antennas, surface-wave and leaky wave antennas. Leaky wave antennas include dielectric and dielectric loaded antennas, and the variety of microstrip antennas.

text: Dipole antennas, short antennas, parabolic and other reflector antennas, horn antennas, periscope antennas, helical antennas, spiral antennas, surface-wave and leaky wave antennas. Leaky wave antennas include dielectric and dielectric loaded antennas, and the variety of microstrip antennas.

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answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: helical

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Leaky wave antennas

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface-wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: dielectric

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: leaky wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: leaky wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: leaky wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Leaky wave antennas

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: leaky wave antennas

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Seismology makes use of the ability of vibrations to travel through rock as seismic waves. These waves come in two types: pressure waves (P-waves) and shear waves (S-waves). P-waves travel faster than S-waves, and both have trajectories that bend as the wave speeds change with depth. Refraction seismology makes use of these curved trajectories. In addition, if there are discontinuities between layers in the rock or sediment, seismic waves are reflected. Reflection seismology identifies these layer boundaries by the reflections.

text: Seismology

text: makes use of the ability of vibrations to travel through rock as

text: seismic waves

text: . These waves come in two types: pressure waves (

text: P-wave

text: s) and shear waves (

text: S-wave

text: s). P-waves travel faster than S-waves, and both have trajectories that bend as the wave speeds change with depth. Refraction seismology makes use of these curved trajectories. In addition, if there are discontinuities between layers in the rock or sediment, seismic waves are reflected.

text: Reflection seismology

text: identifies these layer boundaries by the reflections.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: trajectories

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismology

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-waves travel faster

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear waves (S-waves)

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves travel faster than S-waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-waves travel faster than S-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: there are discontinuities between layers in the rock or sediment

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move. Mechanical waves propagate through a medium – air or water, making it oscillate as they pass by. Wind waves are surface waves that create the chaotic patterns of the sea. As they pass over sand, such waves create patterns of ripples; similarly, as the wind passes over sand, it creates patterns of dunes.

text: Wave

text: s are disturbances that carry energy as they move.

text: Mechanical wave

text: s propagate through a medium – air or water, making it

text: oscillate

text: as they pass by.

text: Wind wave

text: s are

text: surface wave

text: s that create the chaotic patterns of the sea. As they pass over sand, such waves create patterns of ripples; similarly, as the wind passes over sand, it creates patterns of

text: dune

text: s.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Mechanical waves propagate through a medium

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: ripples

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air or water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: dunes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: dunes

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Mechanical waves propagate through a medium

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Seismic waves produced by earthquakes or other sources (such as explosions) may be reflected by layers within the Earth.  Study of the deep reflections of waves generated by earthquakes has allowed seismologists to determine the layered structure of the Earth.  Shallower reflections are used in reflection seismology to study the Earth's crust generally, and in particular to prospect for petroleum and natural gas deposits.

text: Seismic wave

text: s produced by

text: earthquake

text: s or other sources (such as

text: explosion

text: s) may be reflected by layers within the

text: Earth

text: .  Study of the deep reflections of waves generated by earthquakes has allowed

text: seismologist

text: s to determine the layered

text: structure of the Earth

text: .  Shallower reflections are used in

text: reflection seismology

text: to study the Earth's

text: crust

text: generally, and in particular to prospect for

text: petroleum

text: and

text: natural gas

text: deposits.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Shallower

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: deep

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic waves produced by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: deep reflections

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: layers within the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: to prospect for petroleum and natural gas deposits

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: deep reflections of waves generated by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic waves produced by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Shallower reflections

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Shallower reflections are used in reflection seismology

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: USArray, managed by IRIS, is a 15-year program to place a dense network of permanent and portable seismographs across the continental United States. These seismographs record the seismic waves released by earthquakes that occur around the world. Seismic waves are indicators of energy disbursement within the earth. By analyzing the records of earthquakes obtained from this dense grid of seismometers, scientists can learn about Earth structure and dynamics and the physical processes controlling earthquakes and volcanoes. The goal of USArray is primarily to gain a better understanding of the structure and evolution of the continental crust, lithosphere, and mantle underneath North America.

text: USArray, managed by IRIS, is a 15-year program to place a dense network of permanent and portable seismographs across the continental United States. These seismographs record the seismic waves released by earthquakes that occur around the world.

text: Seismic waves

text: are indicators of energy disbursement within the earth. By analyzing the records of earthquakes obtained from this dense grid of seismometers, scientists can learn about Earth structure and dynamics and the physical processes controlling earthquakes and volcanoes. The goal of USArray is primarily to gain a better understanding of the structure and evolution of the

text: continental crust

text: lithosphere

text: , and

text: mantle

text: underneath North America.

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answers: 5

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: By analyzing the records of earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: dense

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: energy disbursement within the earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: energy disbursement within the earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: energy disbursement within the earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic waves are indicators of energy disbursement within the earth

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic waves are indicators of energy disbursement within the earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Information about the structure of Earth's deep interior can be acquired only indirectly by geophysical and geochemical methods. For the investigation of postulated plumes, gravimetric, geoid and in particular seismological methods along with geochemical analyses of erupted lavas have proven especially useful. Numerical models of the geodynamical processes attempt to merge these observations into a consistent general picture.

text: Information about the structure of Earth's deep interior can be acquired only indirectly by geophysical and geochemical methods. For the investigation of postulated plumes,

text: gravimetric

text: geoid

text: and in particular

text: seismological

text: methods along with geochemical analyses of erupted lavas have proven especially useful. Numerical models of the geodynamical processes attempt to merge these observations into a consistent general picture.

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answers: seismological

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answers: seismological

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Numerical models

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismological

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Gravimetric, geoid and in particular seismological methods

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Information about the structure of Earth's deep interior can be acquired only indirectly

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: geochemical analyses of erupted lavas

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismological

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismological methods along with geochemical analyses of erupted lavas have proven especially useful

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The use of electronic fuzes allows mines to intelligently ignore blast shock waves, by either being designed to ignore the characteristics of a blast shock wave or by using the characteristic magnetic field of the target to detonate the mine. Additionally seismic fuzes can be used to detonate mines, based on the characteristic sounds of foot steps or vehicles.

text: The use of electronic fuzes allows mines to intelligently ignore blast shock waves, by either being designed to ignore the characteristics of a blast shock wave or by using the characteristic magnetic field of the target to detonate the mine. Additionally seismic fuzes can be used to detonate mines, based on the characteristic sounds of foot steps or vehicles.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shock

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shock wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic fuzes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: shock waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: blast shock waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: blast shock waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: magnetic field of the target to detonate the mine

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: blast shock waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the characteristic sounds of foot steps or vehicles

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In determining the location of an earthquake, the arrival time of several types of seismic wave at a minimum of four dispersed observers is dependent upon each observer recording wave arrival times according to a common clock.

text: In determining the location of an

text: earthquake

text: , the arrival time of several types of

text: seismic wave

text: at a minimum of four dispersed observers is dependent upon each observer recording wave

text: arrival time

text: s according to a common clock.

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answers: arrival time

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: dispersed observers

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: dispersed

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: an earthquake

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a common clock

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a common clock

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: an earthquake

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the arrival time

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As the seismic (P or compression) waves stress earth materials, four geophysical phenomenon occur:

text: As the seismic (

text: P

text: or

text: compression

text: ) waves stress earth materials, four geophysical phenomenon occur:

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: compression

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: compression

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The seismic waves stress earth materials

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: compression

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth materials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: four geophysical phenomenon occur

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: compression waves stress earth materials

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earth has a liquid outer core.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P waves speed up at the mantle core boundary.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves stress earth materials

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Seismic tomography is a technique for imaging the subsurface of the Earth with seismic waves produced by earthquakes or explosions. P-, S-, and surface waves can be used for tomographic models of different resolutions based on seismic wavelength, wave source distance, and the seismograph array coverage. The data received at seismometers are used to solve an inverse problem, wherein the locations of reflection and refraction of the wave paths are determined. This solution can be used to create 3D images of velocity anomalies which may be interpreted as structural, thermal, or compositional variations. Geoscientists use these images to better understand core, mantle, and plate tectonic processes.

text: Seismic tomography is a technique for imaging the subsurface of the Earth with seismic waves produced by earthquakes or explosions.

text: P-

text: S-

text: , and surface waves can be used for tomographic models of different resolutions based on seismic wavelength, wave source distance, and the seismograph array coverage. The data received at seismometers are used to solve an inverse problem, wherein the locations of reflection and refraction of the wave paths are determined. This solution can be used to create 3D images of velocity anomalies which may be interpreted as structural, thermal, or compositional variations.

text: Geoscientists

text: use these images to better understand core, mantle, and

text: plate tectonic

text: processes.

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answers: 5

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: core, mantle, and plate tectonic processes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave source distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface waves can be used for tomographic models of different resolutions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wavelength

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes or explosions

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-, S-, and surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: core, mantle, and plate tectonic processes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The seismic waves caused by an earthquake will make buildings sway and oscillate in various ways depending on the frequency and direction of ground motion, and the height and construction of the building. Seismic activity can cause excessive oscillations of the building which may lead to structural failure. To enhance the building's seismic performance, a proper building design is performed engaging various seismic vibration control technologies.As mentioned above, damping devices had been used in the aeronautics and automobile industries long before they were standard in mitigating seismic damage to buildings. In fact, the first specialized damping devices for earthquakes were not developed until late in 1950.

text: The

text: seismic wave

text: s caused by an

text: earthquake

text: will make buildings sway and

text: oscillate

text: in various ways depending on the frequency and direction of ground motion, and the height and construction of the building. Seismic activity can cause excessive oscillations of the building which may lead to

text: structural failure

text: . To enhance the building's

text: seismic performance

text: , a proper building design is performed engaging various seismic

text: vibration control

text: technologies.As mentioned above, damping devices had been used in the aeronautics and automobile industries long before they were standard in mitigating seismic damage to buildings. In fact, the first specialized damping devices for earthquakes were not developed until late in 1950.

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005921

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The seismic waves caused by an earthquake

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: buildings

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: damping devices had been used in the aeronautics

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: ground motion, and the height and construction of the building

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The seismic waves caused by an earthquake

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: frequency and direction of ground motion

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Within microwave field theory, the interface of a dielectric and conductor supports "surface wave transmission". Surface waves have been studied as part of transmission lines and some may be considered as single-wire transmission lines.

text: Within

text: microwave field theory

text: , the interface of a dielectric and conductor supports "surface wave transmission". Surface waves have been studied as part of

text: transmission line

text: s and some may be considered as

text: single-wire transmission line

text: s.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: dielectric and conductor

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface wave transmission

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: surface wave transmission

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: microwave field theory

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves have been studied

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: We start with an example to invert for earth parameter values from temperature depth distribution in a given earth region. Although this example does not directly relate to seismic inversion since no traveling acoustic waves are involved, it nonetheless introduces practical application of the inversion technique in a manner easy to comprehend, before moving on to seismic applications. In this example, the temperature of the earth is measured at discrete locations in a well bore by placing temperature sensors in the target depths. By assuming a forward model of linear distribution of temperature with depth, two parameters are inverted for from the temperature depth measurements.

text: We start with an example to invert for earth parameter values from temperature depth distribution in a given earth region. Although this example does not directly relate to

text: seismic inversion

text: since no traveling acoustic waves are involved, it nonetheless introduces practical application of the inversion technique in a manner easy to comprehend, before moving on to seismic applications. In this example, the temperature of the earth is measured at discrete locations in a well bore by placing temperature sensors in the target depths. By assuming a forward model of linear distribution of temperature with depth, two parameters are inverted for from the temperature depth measurements.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic inversion

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no traveling acoustic waves are involved

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: well bore

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: traveling acoustic waves are involved

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: temperature depth distribution

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Inversion technique in a manner easy to comprehend, before moving on to seismic applications

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: temperature depth distribution in a given earth region

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: S-wave refraction evaluates the shear wave generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array. The wave is generated by horizontally striking an object on the ground surface to induce the shear wave. Since the shear wave is the second fastest wave, it is sometimes referred to as the secondary wave. When compared to the compression wave, the shear wave is approximately one-half (but may vary significantly from this estimate) the velocity depending on the medium.

text: S-wave refraction evaluates the

text: shear wave

text: generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array. The wave is generated by horizontally striking an object on the ground surface to induce the shear wave. Since the shear wave is the second fastest wave, it is sometimes referred to as the

text: secondary wave

text: . When compared to the compression wave, the shear wave is approximately one-half (but may vary significantly from this estimate) the velocity depending on the medium.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: one-half

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: S-wave refraction

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: compression wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: compression wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The wave is generated by horizontally striking an object on the ground surface

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Shear wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: shear wave generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: ) and a body wave magnitude scale (

text: ) and a

text: body wave magnitude

text: scale (

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body wave magnitude

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body wave magnitude

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: body wave magnitude scale

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: If seismic waves are harmonic waves S(t) without noise, with identical site responses, and without attenuation, then the above operation would reproduce the signal S(t) accurately.Real data w(t) are the sum of background noise n(t) plus the signal of interest S(t), i.e. w(t) = S(t) + n(t). Assuming that the signal is coherent and not attenuated, calculating the sum of M observations and including noise we get

text: If seismic waves are harmonic waves S(t) without noise, with identical site responses, and without attenuation, then the above operation would reproduce the signal S(t) accurately.Real data w(t) are the sum of background noise n(t) plus the signal of interest S(t), i.e. w(t) = S(t) + n(t). Assuming that the signal is coherent and not attenuated, calculating the sum of M observations and including noise we get

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answers: w(t) = S(t) + n(t)

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answers: w(t) = S(t) + n(t)

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answers: w(t) = S(t) + n(t)

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are harmonic waves S(t) without noise, with identical site responses, and without attenuation

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

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answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Both body and surface waves are traveling waves; however, large earthquakes can also make the Earth "ring" like a bell. This ringing is a mixture of  normal modes with discrete frequencies and periods of an hour or shorter.  Motion caused by a large earthquake can be observed for up to a month after the event. The first observations of normal modes were made in the 1960s as the advent of higher fidelity instruments coincided with two of the largest earthquakes of the 20th century - the 1960 Valdivia earthquake and the 1964 Alaska earthquake.  Since then, the normal modes of the Earth have given us some of the strongest constraints on the deep structure of the Earth.

text: Both body and surface waves are traveling waves; however, large earthquakes can also make the Earth "ring" like a bell. This ringing is a mixture of

text: normal modes

text: with discrete frequencies and periods of an hour or shorter.  Motion caused by a large earthquake can be observed for up to a month after the event. The first observations of normal modes were made in the 1960s as the advent of higher fidelity instruments coincided with two of the largest earthquakes of the 20th century - the

text: 1960 Valdivia earthquake

text: and the

text: 1964 Alaska earthquake

text: .  Since then, the normal modes of the Earth have given us some of the strongest constraints on the deep structure of the Earth.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: "ring"

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: normal modes of the Earth have given us some of the strongest constraints on the deep structure of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: traveling waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the Earth "ring" like a bell

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves are traveling waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: movement caused by a large earthquake can be observed for up to a month after the event

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Large earthquakes can also make the Earth "ring"

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the normal modes of the Earth have given us some of the strongest constraints on the deep structure

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: During her professional career, Natasha Hendrick has been involved with or wrote, many novels and journal articles. The first journal article that she collaborated on was "Seismic Processing in Areas of Complex Near-Surface Velocity Fields" in 1997. The second journal article she worked on in 1999 was Polarisation Analysis: What is it? Why do you need it? How do you do it?. The first work that Natasha worked on was Introduction to Vector-Processing Techniques for Multi-Component Seismic Exploration this was published in 2006. Practical Evaluation of P- and S-wave Separation via Elastic Wavefield Decomposition is Natasha's third journal that she worked on in 2006. The latest journal article that Hendrick worked on was First Look at Seismic Data From a Towed Dual-Sensor Streamer this was completed in 2008.

text: During her professional career, Natasha Hendrick has been involved with or wrote, many novels and journal articles. The first journal article that she collaborated on was "Seismic Processing in Areas of Complex Near-Surface Velocity Fields" in 1997. The second journal article she worked on in 1999 was Polarisation Analysis: What is it? Why do you need it? How do you do it?. The first work that Natasha worked on was Introduction to Vector-Processing Techniques for Multi-Component Seismic Exploration this was published in 2006. Practical Evaluation of P- and S-wave Separation via Elastic Wavefield Decomposition is Natasha's third journal that she worked on in 2006. The latest journal article that Hendrick worked on was First Look at Seismic Data From a Towed Dual-Sensor Streamer this was completed in 2008.

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answers: Polarisation Analysis

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Polarisation Analysis

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic Processing in Areas of Complex Near-Surface Velocity Fields

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Velocity Fields

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-wave Separation via Elastic Wavefield Decomposition

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Towed Dual-Sensor Streamer

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic Processing in Areas of Complex Near-Surface Velocity Fields

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Polarisation Analysis

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An Earthquake Early Warning alert (緊急地震速報(警報)) is issued to the general public when an earthquake of Japan seismic scale "5-lower" or higher is expected. An Earthquake Early Warning forecast (緊急地震速報(予報)) is issued to the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services when an earthquake of Japan seismic scale 3 or higher, or magnitude 3.5 or more is expected, or when a measurement of more than a 100 gals is detected in the amplitude of P-wave or S-wave.

text: An Earthquake Early Warning alert (緊急地震速報(警報)) is issued to the general public when an earthquake of

entity_name: Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale

text: Japan seismic scale

text: "5-lower" or higher is expected. An Earthquake Early Warning forecast (緊急地震速報(予報)) is issued to the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services when an earthquake of Japan seismic scale 3 or higher, or

text: magnitude

text: 3.5 or more is expected, or when a measurement of more than a 100

text: gals

text: is detected in the

text: amplitude

text: of P-wave or

text: S-wave

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: P-wave or S-wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquake

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 5-lower

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: An Earthquake Early Warning alert

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a 100 gals is detected in the amplitude of P-wave or S-wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: P-wave or S-wave

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: According to the superposition principle of quantum mechanics, wave functions can be added together and multiplied by complex numbers to form new wave functions and form a Hilbert space. The inner product between two wave functions is a measure of the overlap between the corresponding physical states and is used in the foundational probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, the Born rule, relating transition probabilities to inner products.   The Schrödinger equation determines how wave functions evolve over time. A wave function behaves qualitatively like other waves, such as water waves or waves on a string, because the Schrödinger equation is mathematically a type of wave equation. This explains the name "wave function", and gives rise to wave–particle duality. However, the wave function in quantum mechanics describes a kind of physical phenomenon, still open to different interpretations, which fundamentally differs from that of classic mechanical waves.

text: According to the

text: superposition principle

text: of quantum mechanics, wave functions can be added together and multiplied by complex numbers to form new wave functions and form a

text: Hilbert space

text: . The inner product between two wave functions is a measure of the overlap between the corresponding physical states and is used in the foundational probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, the

text: Born rule

text: , relating transition probabilities to inner products.   The Schrödinger equation determines how wave functions evolve over time. A wave function behaves qualitatively like other

text: wave

text: s, such as

text: water wave

text: s or waves on a string, because the Schrödinger equation is mathematically a type of

text: wave equation

text: . This explains the name "wave function", and gives rise to

text: wave–particle duality

text: . However, the wave function in quantum mechanics describes a kind of physical phenomenon, still open to different

text: interpretations

text: , which fundamentally differs from that of classic mechanical waves.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: inner product

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: inner product

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Schrödinger equation

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: inner product

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Hilbert space

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: fundamentally differs from that of classic mechanical waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the wave function in quantum mechanics describes a kind of physical phenomenon

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the Schrödinger equation determines how wave functions evolve over time

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Schrödinger equation

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the inner product between two wave functions is a measure of the overlap between the corresponding physical states

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Correlation-based processing techniques also enable seismologists to image the interior of the Earth at multiple scales using natural (e.g., the oceanic microseism) or artificial (e.g., urban) background noise as a seismic source.  For example, under ideal conditions of uniform seismic illumination, the correlation of the noise signals between two seismographs provides an estimate of the bidirectional seismic impulse response.

text: Correlation-based processing techniques also enable seismologists to image the interior of the Earth at multiple scales using natural (e.g., the oceanic microseism) or artificial (e.g., urban) background noise as a seismic source.  For example, under ideal conditions of uniform seismic illumination, the correlation of the noise signals between two seismographs provides an estimate of the bidirectional seismic

text: impulse response

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answers: seismograph

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic impulse response

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The correlation of the noise signals between two seismographs

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: bidirectional

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: urban

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the oceanic microseism

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: oceanic microseism

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismologists to image the interior of the Earth at multiple scales

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Correlation-based processing techniques

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Acting on the human body, the shock waves cause pressure waves through the tissues. These waves mostly damage junctions between tissues of different densities (bone and muscle) or the interface between tissue and air. Lungs and the abdominal cavity, which contain air, are particularly injured. The damage causes severe hemorrhaging or air embolisms, either of which can be rapidly fatal. The overpressure estimated to damage lungs is about 70 kPa. Some eardrums would probably rupture around 22 kPa (0.2 atm) and half would rupture between 90 and 130 kPa (0.9 to 1.2 atm).

text: Acting on the human body, the shock waves cause pressure waves through the tissues. These waves mostly damage junctions between tissues of different densities (bone and muscle) or the interface between tissue and air. Lungs and the

text: abdominal cavity

text: , which contain air, are particularly injured. The damage causes severe

text: hemorrhaging

text: or

text: air embolism

text: s, either of which can be rapidly fatal. The overpressure estimated to damage lungs is about 70 kPa. Some

text: eardrum

text: s would probably rupture around 22 kPa (0.2 atm) and half would rupture between 90 and 130 kPa (0.9 to 1.2 atm).

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: atm

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: atm

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Acting on the human body, the shock waves cause pressure waves through the tissues

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: pressure waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the tissues

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Lungs and the abdominal cavity, which contain air

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: pressure waves through the tissues

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The damage can be rapidly fatal

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Shock waves cause pressure waves through the tissues

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: These waves mostly damage junctions between tissues of different densities

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: For the first time, the United States Geological Survey would include earthquakes believed to have connections to industrial activities in its National Seismic Hazard Map which sets standards for construction and insurance rates. According to USGS National Seismic Hazard Project head Mark Petersen, an updated version of the map will become available before the end of 2015. This marks a deviation from the past, with the USGS updating the National Seismic Hazard Map annually instead of every six years.

text: For the first time, the United States Geological Survey would include earthquakes believed to have connections to industrial activities in its National Seismic Hazard Map which sets standards for construction and insurance rates. According to USGS National Seismic Hazard Project head Mark Petersen, an updated version of the map will become available before the end of 2015. This marks a deviation from the past, with the USGS updating the National Seismic Hazard Map annually instead of every six years.

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answers: Seismic

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Seismic

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic Hazard Map

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Seismic

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: earthquakes believed to have connections to industrial activities

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: industrial activities

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes believed to have connections to industrial activities

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes believed to have connections to industrial activities

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: One documented place an earthquake-generated tsunami has been surfed is at Punta Hermosa in Peru, at the offshore Kon Tiki reef, where the tsunami-generated waves were ridden about 1 kilometre from the shore, before further rising and crashing into the nearby shoreline. The surfers did not know these were tsunami waves until after the event.

text: One documented place an earthquake-generated tsunami has been surfed is at

text: Punta Hermosa

text: in Peru, at the offshore Kon Tiki reef, where the tsunami-generated waves were ridden about 1 kilometre from the shore, before further rising and crashing into the nearby shoreline. The surfers did not know these were tsunami waves until after the event.

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: Seismology (; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (seismós) meaning "earthquake" and -λογία (-logía) meaning "study of") is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies.  The field also includes studies of earthquake environmental effects such as tsunamis as well as diverse seismic sources such as volcanic, tectonic, oceanic, atmospheric, and artificial processes such as explosions.  A related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes is paleoseismology.   A recording of earth motion as a function of time is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a scientist who does research in seismology.

text: Seismology (; from

text: Ancient Greek

text: σεισμός (seismós) meaning "earthquake" and -λογία (-logía) meaning "study of") is the scientific study of

text: earthquake

text: s and the propagation of

text: elastic wave

text: s through the

text: Earth

text: or through other planet-like bodies.  The field also includes studies of

text: earthquake environmental effects

text: such as

text: tsunamis

text: as well as diverse

text: seismic source

text: s such as volcanic, tectonic, oceanic, atmospheric, and artificial processes such as explosions.  A related field that uses

text: geology

text: to infer information regarding past earthquakes is

text: paleoseismology

text: .   A recording of earth motion as a function of time is called a

text: seismogram

text: . A seismologist is a scientist who does research in seismology.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: A persisting hexagonal wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N was first noted in the Voyager images. The sides of the hexagon are each about  long, which is longer than the diameter of the Earth. The entire structure rotates with a period of  (the same period as that of the planet's radio emissions) which is assumed to be equal to the period of rotation of Saturn's interior. The hexagonal feature does not shift in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere. The pattern's origin is a matter of much speculation. Most scientists think  it is a standing wave pattern in the atmosphere. Polygonal shapes have been replicated in the laboratory through differential rotation of fluids.

text: A persisting

text: hexagon

text: al wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N was first noted in the Voyager images. The sides of the hexagon are each about  long, which is longer than the diameter of the Earth. The entire structure rotates with a period of  (the same period as that of the planet's radio emissions) which is assumed to be equal to the period of rotation of Saturn's interior. The hexagonal feature does not shift in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere. The pattern's origin is a matter of much speculation. Most scientists think  it is a

text: standing wave

text: pattern in the atmosphere. Polygonal shapes have been replicated in the laboratory through differential rotation of fluids.

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answers: standing

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The pattern's origin is a matter of much speculation

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Polygonal shapes have been replicated in the laboratory through differential rotation of fluids

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Polygonal shapes have been replicated in the laboratory through differential rotation of fluids

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The sides of the hexagon are each about long

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Polygonal shapes have been replicated in the laboratory through differential rotation of fluids

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The sides of the hexagon are each about long, which is longer than the diameter of the Earth

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In geology, the structure of the interior of a planet is often illustrated using a diagram of a cross section of the planet that passes through the planet's center, as in the cross section of Earth at right.

text: In

text: geology

text: , the structure of the interior of a

text: planet

text: is often illustrated using a diagram of a cross section of the planet that passes through the planet's center, as in the cross section of

text: Earth

text: at right.

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answers: cross section

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: cross section

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismograph

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: cross section

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the planet's center

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Earth at right

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: passes through the planet's center

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earth has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the structure of the interior

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: For shorter wavelengths, the behavior of seismic waves is described using the superposition of plane waves.  Transversely isotropic media support three types of elastic plane waves:

text: For shorter wavelengths, the behavior of seismic waves is described using the superposition of

text: plane wave

text: s.  Transversely isotropic media support three types of elastic plane waves:

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answers: superposition

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wavelength

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves are described using the superposition of plane waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: isotropic media

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: three types of elastic plane waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves are described using the superposition of plane waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves are described using the superposition

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Transversely isotropic media support three types of elastic plane waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the behavior of seismic waves is described using the superposition of plane waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A series of surface waves can be generated due to large-scale displacement of the ocean water. These can be caused by sub-marine landslides, seafloor deformations due to earthquakes, or the impact of a large meteorite.

text: A series of surface waves can be generated due to large-scale displacement of the ocean water. These can be caused by sub-marine

text: landslide

text: s, seafloor deformations due to

text: earthquake

text: s, or the impact of a large

text: meteorite

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: sub-marine landslides

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a large meteorite

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: impact of a large meteorite

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Surface waves can be generated due to large-scale displacement of the ocean water

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: large-scale displacement of the ocean water

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The simplest form of a blast wave has been described and termed the Friedlander waveform.  It occurs when a high explosive detonates in a free field, that is, with no surfaces nearby with which it can interact.Blast waves have properties predicted by the physics of waves. For example, they can diffract through a narrow opening, and refract as they pass through materials. Like light or sound waves, when a blast wave reaches a boundary between two materials, part of it is transmitted, part of it is absorbed, and part of it is reflected. The impedances of the two materials determine how much of each occurs.

text: The simplest form of a blast wave has been described and termed the Friedlander waveform.  It occurs when a high explosive

text: detonates

text: in a free field, that is, with no surfaces nearby with which it can interact.Blast waves have properties predicted by the

text: physics of waves

text: . For example, they can

text: diffract

text: through a narrow opening, and

text: refract

text: as they pass through materials. Like light or sound waves, when a blast wave reaches a boundary between two materials, part of it is transmitted, part of it is absorbed, and part of it is reflected. The

text: impedances

text: of the two materials determine how much of each occurs.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: boundary

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waveform

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The impedances of the two materials determine how much of each occurs

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: impedances

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: materials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: they can diffract through a narrow opening, and refract as they pass through materials

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they can diffract through a narrow opening, and refract as they pass through materials

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: no surfaces nearby with which it can interact

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The impedances of the two materials determine how much of each occurs

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they can diffract through a narrow opening, and refract as they pass through materials

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, Dziewonski and his collaborators laid the foundation to understanding the underlying cause of tectonic plate motions by exploring convection currents in the  Earth's mantle with radial maps of seismic property variations, based on measurements of seismic waves. These studies led to the development of the Preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) in collaboration with Don Anderson; PREM established an accurate radial model of the Earth for seismic velocities, attenuation, and density.

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, Dziewonski and his collaborators laid the foundation to understanding the underlying cause of

text: tectonic plate motions

text: by exploring

text: convection

text: currents in the

text: Earth's mantle

text: with radial maps of seismic property variations, based on measurements of

text: seismic waves

text: . These studies led to the development of the

text: Preliminary reference Earth model

text: (PREM) in collaboration with

text: Don Anderson

text: ; PREM established an accurate radial model of the Earth for seismic velocities,

text: attenuation

text: , and

text: density

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: radial

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: radial

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: convection currents

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: convection currents

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In seismology, several types of surface waves are encountered. Surface waves, in this mechanical sense, are commonly known as either Love waves (L waves) or Rayleigh waves. A seismic wave is a wave that travels through the Earth, often as the result of an earthquake or explosion. Love waves have transverse motion (movement is perpendicular to the direction of travel, like light waves), whereas Rayleigh waves have both longitudinal (movement parallel to the direction of travel, like sound waves) and transverse motion. Seismic waves are studied by seismologists and measured by a seismograph or seismometer. Surface waves span a wide frequency range, and the period of waves that are most damaging is usually 10 seconds or longer. Surface waves can travel around the globe many times from the largest earthquakes. Surface waves are caused when P waves and S waves come to the surface.

text: In

text: seismology

text: , several types of surface waves are encountered. Surface waves, in this mechanical sense, are commonly known as either

text: Love wave

text: s (L waves) or

text: Rayleigh wave

text: s. A

text: seismic wave

text: is a wave that travels through the Earth, often as the result of an earthquake or explosion. Love waves have transverse motion (movement is perpendicular to the direction of travel, like light waves), whereas Rayleigh waves have both longitudinal (movement parallel to the direction of travel, like sound waves) and transverse motion. Seismic waves are studied by seismologists and measured by a seismograph or seismometer. Surface waves span a wide frequency range, and the period of waves that are most damaging is usually 10 seconds or longer. Surface waves can travel around the globe many times from the largest earthquakes. Surface waves are caused when P waves and S waves come to the surface.

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/e69dd8bde7c62c832466dbc776519f31

answers: 0

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answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic waves are studied by seismologists

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Love waves have transverse motion

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P waves and S waves come to the surface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Love waves have transverse motion

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Surface waves can travel around the globe many times from the largest earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic waves can travel around the globe many times from the largest earthquakes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: given from earthquakes from seismic waves in ergs. Another famous result, known as Gutenberg–Richter law, provides probability distribution of earthquakes for a given energy.

text: given from earthquakes from seismic waves in

text: erg

text: s. Another famous result, known as

text: Gutenberg–Richter law

text: , provides

text: probability distribution

text: of

text: earthquake

text: s for a given

text: energy

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answers: Richter law

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Richter law

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: ergs

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Richter law

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Ergs

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Gutenberg–Richter law

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Gutenberg–Richter law

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earth has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: ergs

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: ergs

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A lineatus uses the shape of the waveform to determine distance by analyzing how much the waveform has changed since it was generated; this amount of change is extremely predictable and regular. The surface waveform has high frequencies near source, and lower frequencies farther away due to the dampening effect of the water surface; the amount of decrease diminishes with distance. A lineatus’ possible use of the wavefront’s curvature can be excluded since fish are still able to judge the distance of a wave’s source with only a single functioning neuromast when all others have been ablated. When presented with single-frequency or upward frequency-modulated waves, fish underestimate the distance of the wave source; this suggests the normal downward FM of capillary waves, which arises almost immediately in wave dispersion, is necessary for A lineatus to judge distance.  This was confirmed in 1982 by presenting fish with waves  with an artificially generated waveform so that at 7 cm the wave had the downward FM sweep of a wave 15 cm away, and fish responded to these by swimming 15 cm.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface waveform

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: distance

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The surface waveform has high frequencies near source, and lower frequencies farther away due to the dampening effect of the water surface; the amount of decrease diminishes with distance

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the normal downward FM of capillary waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: possible use of the wavefront’s curvature

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: this amount of change is extremely predictable and regular

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The surface waveform has high frequencies near source, and lower frequencies farther away

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: this amount of change is extremely predictable and regular

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes.  The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it, while the speed of travel (seismic velocity) is different in other layers.  The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell's law, like light bending as it passes through a prism.  Likewise, reflections are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity and are similar to light reflecting from a mirror.

text: The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes.  The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it, while the speed of travel (

text: seismic velocity

text: ) is different in other layers.  The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to

text: Snell's law

text: , like light bending as it passes through a prism.  Likewise, reflections are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity and are similar to light reflecting from a mirror.

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Snell's law

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shear waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: time of travel

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: The core

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: core does not allow shear waves to pass through it

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Snell's law

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Snell's law

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell's law

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Geophysical exploration is also sometimes used.  Geophysical techniques used for subsurface exploration include measurement of seismic waves (pressure, shear, and Rayleigh waves), surface-wave methods and/or downhole methods, and electromagnetic surveys (magnetometer, resistivity, and ground-penetrating radar).

text: Geophysical exploration

text: is also sometimes used.  Geophysical techniques used for subsurface exploration include measurement of

text: seismic waves

text: (pressure, shear, and

text: Rayleigh waves

text: ), surface-wave methods and/or downhole methods, and electromagnetic surveys (magnetometer, resistivity, and

text: ground-penetrating radar

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Rayleigh

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface-wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: pressure, shear, and Rayleigh waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Shear waves that propagate along the ray path at a group velocity have polarizations that are only orthogonal in a few specific directions.  Polarizations of body waves are orthogonal in all phase velocity directions, however this type of propagation is generally very difficult to observe or record.

text: Shear waves that propagate along the ray path at a

text: group velocity

text: have polarizations that are only orthogonal in a few specific directions.  Polarizations of body waves are orthogonal in all

text: phase velocity

text: directions, however this type of propagation is generally very difficult to observe or record.

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answers: Polarizations

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: orthogonal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Shear waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: ray path

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a few specific directions

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body waves are orthogonal in all phase velocity directions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: orthogonal in all phase velocity directions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: polarizations of body waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Shear waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: shear waves that propagate along the ray path at a group velocity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Two main data gathering techniques are employed in gathering surface wave information.  The two methods are spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) and multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW).  These techniques use either passive or active sources.  Passive sources are simply ambient noise, while active sources include traditional seismic sources such as an explosive device or a steel plate being hit with a hammer.  Overall, passive energy sources usually require more time when data gathering than active energy.  Ambient noise is also more useful when it comes from random directions.The spectral analysis surface wave (SASW) technique requires the use of a spectral analyzer and at least two geophones.  The spectral analyzer is used to study the frequency and phase of signals being recorded by the geophones.  An expanding spread array is useful in minimizing the near field effects of surface waves.  An increase in offset distance will result in more time for the waves to reach each geophone, giving the longer wavelengths more time to disperse.  The shot gather is modified to minimize the influence of body waves.  As the data is gathered, the spectral analyzer is able to generate the dispersion curves for the survey area in real time.The multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) technique can be performed similar to a traditional seismic acquisition whereby there is a geophone spread that is acquiring seismic data.  The resulting data is processed by picking out the surface wave arrivals from the acquired distance vs. time plot.  Based on the distance vs. time plot, the dispersion curve is created.

text: Two main data gathering techniques are employed in gathering surface wave information.  The two methods are spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) and multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW).  These techniques use either passive or active sources.  Passive sources are simply ambient noise, while active sources include traditional seismic sources such as an explosive device or a steel plate being hit with a hammer.  Overall, passive energy sources usually require more time when data gathering than active energy.  Ambient noise is also more useful when it comes from random directions.The spectral analysis surface wave (SASW) technique requires the use of a

text: spectral analyzer

text: and at least two

text: geophone

text: s.  The spectral analyzer is used to study the frequency and phase of signals being recorded by the geophones.  An expanding spread array is useful in minimizing the near field effects of surface waves.  An increase in offset distance will result in more time for the waves to reach each geophone, giving the longer wavelengths more time to disperse.  The shot gather is modified to minimize the influence of

text: body waves

text: .  As the data is gathered, the spectral analyzer is able to generate the dispersion curves for the survey area in real time.The multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) technique can be performed similar to a traditional seismic acquisition whereby there is a geophone spread that is acquiring seismic data.  The resulting data is processed by picking out the surface wave arrivals from the acquired distance vs. time plot.  Based on the distance vs. time plot, the dispersion curve is created.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: distance

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: multi-channel analysis

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: offset distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a geophone spread

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW)

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: multi-channel analysis of surface waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: passive energy sources usually require more time

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The resulting data is processed by picking out the surface wave arrivals from the acquired distance vs. time plot

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: passive energy sources usually require more time when data gathering than active energy

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Seismic refraction can be used not only to identify layers in rocks by the trajectories of the seismic waves, but also to infer the wave speeds in each layer, thereby providing some information on the material in each layer.

text: Seismic refraction

text: can be used not only to identify layers in rocks by the trajectories of the seismic waves, but also to infer the wave speeds in each layer, thereby providing some information on the material in each layer.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: trajectories

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: trajectories

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic refraction

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: trajectories

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: wave speeds in each layer

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: wave speeds in each layer

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic refraction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic refraction

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: infer the wave speeds in each layer

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A sympathetic detonation during mine blasting may influence the seismic signature of the blast, by boosting the P-wave amplitude without significantly amplifying the surface wave.

text: A sympathetic detonation during mine blasting may influence the

text: seismic signature

text: of the blast, by boosting the

text: P-wave

text: amplitude without significantly amplifying the

text: surface wave

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answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic signature

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mine

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: amplifying the surface wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: significantly amplifying the surface wave

answers: NDQ_005927

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answers: NDQ_005928

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answers: mine blasting may influence the seismic signature

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Anderson began his scientific career while serving in the U.S. Air Force. In Greenland, he studied the properties of sea ice. Anderson was charged with determining whether the ice was strong enough to withstand the landing of heavy aircraft. In working with his colleague, Dr. Wilford Weeks, on scientific papers resulting from the research, it became clear to Anderson that he needed more education. He chose to attend Caltech in geophysics. Anderson’s thesis focused on the anisotropic, or directionally dependent, properties of the mantle. It analyzed wave propagation in layered complex media. Prior to Anderson’s work, seismologists had assumed that the Earth’s interior behaved like glass, and was isotropic. After completing his Ph.D. in 1962, Anderson joined the faculty at Caltech and moved on to other areas of study, writing papers on the composition, physical state, and origin of the Earth as well as other planets. Much later in his career, he returned to the effects of anisotropy and partial melting and the presence of fluids in the upper mantle. He and his colleagues developed methods for taking into account anisotropy and the non-elastic behavior of seismic waves to explain how the Earth works. The technical terms for the subjects of his studies are anharmonicity, asphericity, anelasticity, as well as anisotrophy. In other words, the Earth is not an ideal, elastic sphere.

text: Anderson began his scientific career while serving in the

text: U.S. Air Force

text: . In

text: Greenland

text: , he studied the properties of sea ice. Anderson was charged with determining whether the ice was strong enough to withstand the landing of heavy aircraft. In working with his colleague, Dr. Wilford Weeks, on scientific papers resulting from the research, it became clear to Anderson that he needed more education. He chose to attend Caltech in geophysics. Anderson’s thesis focused on the

text: anisotropic

text: , or directionally dependent, properties of the

text: mantle

text: . It analyzed wave propagation in layered complex media. Prior to Anderson’s work, seismologists had assumed that the Earth’s interior behaved like glass, and was isotropic. After completing his Ph.D. in 1962, Anderson joined the faculty at Caltech and moved on to other areas of study, writing papers on the composition, physical state, and origin of the Earth as well as other planets. Much later in his career, he returned to the effects of

text: anisotropy

text: and partial melting and the presence of fluids in the upper mantle. He and his colleagues developed methods for taking into account anisotropy and the non-elastic behavior of seismic waves to explain how the Earth works. The technical terms for the subjects of his studies are anharmonicity, asphericity, anelasticity, as well as anisotrophy. In other words, the Earth is not an ideal, elastic sphere.

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answers: NDQ_005922

answers: It analyzed wave propagation in layered complex media

answers: NDQ_005923

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answers: NDQ_005928

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answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the Earth is not an ideal, elastic sphere

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In sedimentary basins, site effects also lead to the generation of surface waves at the basin edges. This phenomenon may significantly strengthen the amplification of the seismic motion. The aggravation of the amplification level when compared to the case of horizontal layering may be up to a factor of 5 or 10. It depends on the velocity contrast between the layers and the geometry of the basin. Such phenomena are named basin effects and we may consider the analogy with the vibrations in a bowl of jelly.

text: In

text: sedimentary basin

text: s, site effects also lead to the generation of

text: surface wave

text: s at the basin edges. This phenomenon may significantly strengthen the amplification of the

text: seismic motion

text: . The aggravation of the amplification level when compared to the case of horizontal layering may be up to a factor of 5 or 10. It depends on the

text: velocity

text: contrast between the layers and the geometry of the basin. Such phenomena are named basin effects and we may consider the analogy with the vibrations in a bowl of jelly.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: site effects also lead to the generation of surface waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: basin edges

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: horizontal layering

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: horizontal layering

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sedimentary basins

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: site effects also lead to the generation of surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: velocity contrast between the layers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The seismic wave kept going for four years, but the worst was over after about six months.

text: The seismic wave kept going for four years, but the worst was over after about six months.

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answers: the worst

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: about six months

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismograph

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answers: six months

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the worst was over after about six months

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The seismic wave kept going for four years

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The seismic wave kept going for four years

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the seismic wave kept going for four years

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Numerous terms are used in the English language to describe waves created in a body of water by the displacement of water; however, none of the terms in frequent use are entirely accurate.

text: Numerous terms are used in the English language to describe waves created in a body of water by the displacement of water; however, none of the terms in frequent use are entirely accurate.

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answers: displacement of water

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: English language

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: None

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: displacement

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body of water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the displacement of water

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the displacement of water

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The displacement of water

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: displacement of water

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Mineral physics is the science of materials that compose the interior of planets, particularly the Earth. It overlaps with petrophysics, which focuses on whole-rock properties. It provides information that allows interpretation of surface measurements of seismic waves, gravity anomalies, geomagnetic fields and electromagnetic fields in terms of properties in the deep interior of the Earth. This information can be used to provide insights into plate tectonics, mantle convection, the geodynamo and related phenomena.

text: Mineral physics is the science of materials that compose the interior of planets, particularly the Earth. It overlaps with

text: petrophysics

text: , which focuses on whole-rock properties. It provides information that allows interpretation of surface measurements of

text: seismic wave

text: s,

text: gravity anomalies

text: geomagnetic field

text: s and

text: electromagnetic

text: fields in terms of properties in the deep interior of the Earth. This information can be used to provide insights into

text: plate tectonics

text: mantle convection

text: , the

text: geodynamo

text: and related phenomena.

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answers: 5

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface measurements

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: This information can be used to provide insights

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: deep interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the geodynamo

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the geodynamo

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: mantle convection

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: It provides information that allows interpretation of surface measurements of seismic waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Seismic waves are elastic waves that propagate in solid or fluid materials.  They can be divided into body waves that travel through the interior of the materials; surface waves that travel along surfaces or interfaces between materials; and normal modes, a form of standing wave.

text: Seismic waves are

text: elastic waves

text: that propagate in solid or fluid materials.  They can be divided into body waves that travel through the interior of the materials; surface waves that travel along surfaces or interfaces between materials; and normal modes, a form of standing wave.

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answers: standing wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: standing wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solid or fluid materials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: normal modes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid materials

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: They can be divided into body waves that travel through the interior of the materials

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: The physics involved in actually triggering an earthquake is complex.  Most earthquake-generating zones are in a state of being close to failure.  If such a zone were to be left completely alone, it would generate significant earthquakes spontaneously.  Remote earthquakes, however, are in a position to disturb this critical state, either by shifting the stresses statically, or by dynamic change caused by passing seismic waves.

text: The physics involved in actually triggering an earthquake is complex.  Most earthquake-generating zones are in a state of being close to failure.  If such a zone were to be left completely alone, it would generate significant earthquakes spontaneously.  Remote earthquakes, however, are in a position to disturb this critical state, either by shifting the stresses statically, or by dynamic change caused by passing seismic waves.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005928

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answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: passing seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: zone

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: spontaneously

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The physics involved in actually triggering an earthquake

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are in a position to disturb this critical state

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In reflection seismology, the anelastic attenuation factor, often expressed as seismic quality factor or Q (which is inversely proportional to attenuation factor), quantifies the effects of anelastic attenuation on the seismic wavelet caused by fluid movement and grain boundary friction. As a seismic wave propagates through a medium, the elastic energy associated with the wave is gradually absorbed by the medium, eventually ending up as heat energy.  This is known as absorption (or anelastic attenuation) and will eventually cause the total disappearance of the seismic wave.

text: In

text: reflection seismology

text: , the anelastic attenuation factor, often expressed as seismic quality factor or Q (which is inversely proportional to attenuation factor), quantifies the effects of anelastic

text: attenuation

text: on the

text: seismic wave

text: let caused by fluid movement and grain boundary friction. As a seismic wave propagates through a medium, the

text: elastic

text: energy associated with the wave is gradually absorbed by the medium, eventually ending up as

text: heat energy

text: .  This is known as

text: absorption

text: (or anelastic attenuation) and will eventually cause the total disappearance of the seismic wave.

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/e69dd8bde7c62c832466dbc776519f31

answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: anelastic attenuation

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: inversely proportional

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: This is inversely proportional to attenuation factor

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: inversely proportional

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: total disappearance of the seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: will eventually cause the total disappearance of the seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid movement and grain boundary friction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: fluid movement and grain boundary friction

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: fluid movement and grain boundary friction

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Modern seismic reflection surveys are designed and acquired in such a way that the same point on the subsurface is sampled multiple times, with each sample having a different source and receiver location.  The seismic data is then carefully processed to preserve seismic amplitudes and accurately determine the spatial coordinates of each sample.  This allows a geophysicist to construct a group of traces with a range of offsets that all sample the same subsurface location in order to perform AVO analysis.  This is known as a Common Midpoint Gather (a midpoint being the area of the subsurface that a seismic wave reflects off before returning to the receiver) and in a typical seismic reflection processing workflow, the average amplitude would be calculated along the time sample, in a process known as “stacking”.  This process significantly reduces random noise but loses all information that could be used for AVO analysis.

text: Modern

text: seismic reflection

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Midpoint

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: AVO analysis

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: offsets

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: AVO analysis

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: loss of all information that could be used for AVO analysis

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic data is then carefully processed to preserve seismic amplitudes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic amplitudes

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the same point on the subsurface is sampled multiple times

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The seismic model of the Earth does not by itself determine the composition of the layers. For a complete model of the Earth, mineral physics is needed to interpret seismic velocities in terms of composition. The mineral properties are temperature-dependent, so the geotherm must also be determined. This requires physical theory for thermal conduction and convection and the heat contribution of radioactive elements. The main model for the radial structure of the interior of the Earth is the preliminary reference Earth model (PREM). Some parts of this model have been updated by recent findings in mineral physics (see post-perovskite) and supplemented by seismic tomography. The mantle is mainly composed of silicates, and the boundaries between layers of the mantle are consistent with phase transitions.

text: The seismic model of the Earth does not by itself determine the composition of the layers. For a complete model of the Earth,

text: mineral physics

text: is needed to interpret seismic velocities in terms of composition. The mineral properties are temperature-dependent, so the

text: geotherm

text: must also be determined. This requires physical theory for

text: thermal conduction

text: and

text: convection

text: and the heat contribution of

text: radioactive elements

text: . The main model for the radial structure of the interior of the Earth is the

text: preliminary reference Earth model

text: (PREM). Some parts of this model have been updated by recent findings in mineral physics (see

text: post-perovskite

text: ) and supplemented by

text: seismic tomography

text: . The mantle is mainly composed of

text: silicates

text: , and the boundaries between layers of the mantle are consistent with

text: phase transitions

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic tomography

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic velocities

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: It does not by itself determine the composition of the layers

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic velocities

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: The mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: mineral physics is needed to interpret seismic velocities

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: mineral physics is needed to interpret seismic velocities

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The mantle is mainly composed of silicates

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic velocities

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: mineral physics

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Real ocean waves are composed of an infinite number of wave trains and there is always some energy propagating in the opposite direction. Also, because the seismic waves are much faster than the water waves, the source of seismic noise is isotropic: the same amount of energy is radiated in all directions. In practice, the source of seismic energy is strongest when there are a significant amount of wave energy traveling in opposite directions. This occurs when swell from one storm meets waves with the same period from another storm, or close to the coast due coastal reflection.

text: Real ocean waves are composed of an infinite number of wave trains and there is always some energy propagating in the opposite direction. Also, because the seismic waves are much faster than the water waves, the source of seismic noise is isotropic: the same amount of energy is radiated in all directions. In practice, the source of seismic energy is strongest when there are a significant amount of wave energy traveling in opposite directions. This occurs when swell from one storm meets waves with the same period from another storm, or close to the coast due coastal reflection.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: period

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: period

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Real ocean waves are composed of an infinite number of wave trains

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: period

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the same amount of energy is radiated in all directions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the same amount of energy is radiated in all directions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the same amount of energy is radiated in all directions

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves are much faster

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the source of seismic energy is strongest when there are a significant amount of wave energy traveling in opposite directions

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Immediately above the Moho, the velocities of primary seismic waves (P-waves) are consistent with those through basalt (6.7–7.2 km/s), and below they are similar to those through peridotite or dunite (7.6–8.6 km/s). That suggests the Moho marks a change of composition, but the interface appears to be too even for any believable sorting mechanism within the Earth. Near-surface observations suggest such sorting produces an irregular surface.

text: Immediately above the Moho, the velocities of primary seismic waves (P-waves) are consistent with those through

text: basalt

text: (6.7–7.2 km/s), and below they are similar to those through

text: peridotite

text: or

text: dunite

text: (7.6–8.6 km/s). That suggests the Moho marks a change of composition, but the interface appears to be too even for any believable sorting mechanism within the Earth. Near-surface observations suggest such sorting produces an irregular surface.

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/5081caa0d42c702fc0d292065f554229

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Moho

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 8.6 km/s

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Immediately above the Moho, the velocities of primary seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocities of primary seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Moho marks a change of composition

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: sorting produces an irregular surface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the velocities of primary seismic waves (P-waves) are consistent with those through basalt

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Immediately above the Moho

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Moho marks a change of composition, but the interface appears to be too even for any believable sorting mechanism within the Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The interaction of two trains of surface waves of different frequencies and directions generates wave groups. For wave propagating almost in the same direction, this gives the usual sets of waves that travel at the group speed, which is slower than phase speed of water waves (see animation). For typical ocean waves with a period around 10 seconds, this group speed is close to 10 m/s.

text: The interaction of two trains of

text: surface waves

text: of different frequencies and directions generates

text: wave group

text: s. For wave propagating almost in the same direction, this gives the usual sets of waves that travel at the group speed, which is slower than phase speed of water waves (see animation). For typical ocean waves with a period around 10 seconds, this

text: group speed

text: is close to 10 m/s.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: phase speed

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: m

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The interaction of two trains of surface waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: m

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: phase speed of water waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: phase speed of water waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: This group speed is close to 10 m/s

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves of different frequencies and directions generates wave groups

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The two types of seismic body waves are compressional waves (P-waves) and shear waves (S-waves). Both have speeds that are determined by the elastic properties of the medium they travel through, in particular the bulk modulus K, the shear modulus μ, and the density ρ. In terms of these parameters, the P-wave speed v and the S-wave speed v are

text: The two types of seismic body waves are compressional waves (

text: P-waves

text: ) and shear waves (

text: S-waves

text: ). Both have speeds that are determined by the

text: elastic

text: properties of the medium they travel through, in particular the

text: bulk modulus

text: K, the

text: shear modulus

text: μ, and the

text: density

text: ρ. In terms of these parameters, the P-wave speed v and the S-wave speed v are

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/5081caa0d42c702fc0d292065f554229

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: v

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: compressional waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Both have speeds

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: v

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: compressional waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: compressional waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: It does not say.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they travel through

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A 4-component net radiometer serves to measure 4 separate components of surface radiation balance: SW direct incoming short wave radiation, SW or reflected short wave radiation, LW diffused long-wave radiation from the sky and LW long-wave radiation emitted by the ground surface. In net radiometers, shortwave radiation is measured with pyranometers which measure incoming shortwave radiation and reflected shortwave radiation (albedo), and longwave radiation is measured with pyrgeometers. The working range of pyranometers is 300 to 2800 nm wavelength and that of pyrgeometers is 4500 to 100000 nm wavelength.

text: A 4-component net radiometer serves to measure 4 separate components of surface radiation balance: SW direct incoming short wave radiation, SW or reflected short wave radiation, LW diffused long-wave radiation from the sky and LW long-wave radiation emitted by the ground surface. In net radiometers, shortwave radiation is measured with

text: pyranometer

text: s which measure incoming

text: shortwave radiation

text: and reflected shortwave radiation (

text: albedo

text: ), and

text: longwave radiation

text: is measured with

text: pyrgeometer

text: s. The working range of pyranometers is 300 to 2800 nm wavelength and that of pyrgeometers is 4500 to 100000 nm wavelength.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/5081caa0d42c702fc0d292065f554229

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: pyranometer

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: albedo

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: A 4-component net radiometer serves to measure 4 separate components of surface radiation balance

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: nm

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the sky

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: pyrgeometers

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: LW long-wave radiation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: long-wave radiation emitted by the ground surface

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: pyrgeometers

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: emitted by the ground surface

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The core–mantle boundary (CMB in the parlance of solid earth geophysicists) of the Earth lies between the planet's silicate mantle and its liquid iron-nickel outer core. This boundary is located at approximately 2891 km (1796 mi) depth beneath the Earth's surface. The boundary is observed via the discontinuity in seismic wave velocities at that depth.  This discontinuity is due to the differences between the acoustic impedances of the solid mantle and the molten outer core. P-wave velocities are much slower in the outer core than in the deep mantle while S-waves do not exist at all in the liquid portion of the core.  Recent evidence suggests a distinct boundary layer directly above the CMB possibly made of a novel phase of the basic perovskite mineralogy of the deep mantle named post-perovskite. Seismic tomography studies have shown significant irregularities within the boundary zone and appear to be dominated by the African and Pacific large low-shear-velocity provincess (LLSVP).

text: The core–mantle boundary (CMB in the parlance of solid earth

text: geophysicists

text: ) of the Earth lies between the planet's

text: silicate

text: mantle

text: and its liquid

text: iron

text: nickel

text: outer core

text: . This boundary is located at approximately 2891 km (1796 mi) depth beneath the Earth's surface. The boundary is observed via the discontinuity in

text: seismic wave

text: velocities at that depth.  This discontinuity is due to the differences between the acoustic impedances of the solid mantle and the molten outer core.

text: P-wave

text: velocities are much slower in the outer core than in the deep mantle while

text: S-wave

text: s do not exist at all in the liquid portion of the core.  Recent evidence suggests a distinct boundary layer directly above the CMB possibly made of a novel phase of the basic

text: perovskite

text: mineralogy of the deep mantle named

text: post-perovskite

text: Seismic tomography

text: studies have shown significant irregularities within the boundary zone and appear to be dominated by the African and Pacific

text: large low-shear-velocity provinces

text: s (LLSVP).

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The boundary is observed via the discontinuity in seismic wave velocities at that depth

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the liquid portion of the core

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: in the liquid portion of the core

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the liquid iron-nickel outer core

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: P-wave velocities are much slower in the outer core than in the deep mantle

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-waves do not exist at all in the liquid portion of the core

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: This discontinuity is due to the differences between the acoustic impedances of the solid mantle and the molten outer core

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Inversion of seismic data give profiles of seismic velocity as a function of depth. These must still be interpreted in terms of the properties of the minerals. A very useful heuristic was discovered by Francis Birch: plotting data for a large number of rocks, he found a linear relation of the compressional wave velocity

text: Inversion of seismic data give profiles of seismic velocity as a function of depth. These must still be interpreted in terms of the properties of the minerals. A very useful heuristic was discovered by

text: Francis Birch

text: : plotting data for a large number of rocks, he found a linear relation of the

text: compressional wave

text: velocity

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic velocity as a function of depth

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the properties of the minerals

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: must still be interpreted in terms of the properties of the minerals

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the properties of the minerals

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: compressional wave velocity

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic velocity as a function of depth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Most people think of waves as a surface phenomenon, which acts between water (as in lakes or oceans) and the air. Where low density water overlies high density water in the ocean, internal waves propagate along the boundary. They are especially common over the continental shelf regions of the world oceans and where brackish water overlies salt water at the outlet of large rivers. There is typically little surface expression of the waves, aside from slick bands that can form over the trough of the waves.

text: Most people think of waves as a surface phenomenon, which acts between water (as in lakes or oceans) and the air. Where low density water overlies high density water in the

text: ocean

text: , internal waves propagate along the boundary. They are especially common over the

text: continental shelf

text: regions of the world oceans and where

text: brackish

text: water overlies salt water at the outlet of large rivers. There is typically little surface expression of the waves, aside from slick bands that can form over the trough of the waves.

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answers: trough

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answers: Where low density water overlies high density water in the ocean

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answers: low density water overlies high density water in the ocean

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: This remix by UK producers Seismic Waves debuted on their 2010 Miami Winter Music Conference set, as broadcast on Miami music station Radio Danz. No official release date has been confirmed.

text: This remix by UK producers Seismic Waves debuted on their 2010 Miami Winter Music Conference set, as broadcast on Miami music station Radio Danz. No official release date has been confirmed.

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answers: No official release date has been confirmed

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Mohorovičić assumed that the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth. The function he proposed to calculate the velocity of seismic waves is called the Mohorovičić law. He developed a method for determining earthquake epicenters and constructed curves giving the travel times of seismic waves over distances of up to 10,000 miles from the source. He also proposed the construction of a new type of seismograph for recording the ground horizontal movement, but due to lack of funds the project was never realized.

text: Mohorovičić assumed that the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth. The function he proposed to calculate the velocity of seismic waves is called the

text: Mohorovičić law

text: . He developed a method for determining earthquake epicenters and constructed curves giving the travel times of seismic waves over distances of up to 10,000 miles from the source. He also proposed the construction of a new type of

text: seismograph

text: for recording the ground horizontal movement, but due to lack of funds the project was never realized.

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answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the project was never realized

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answers: velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Mohorovi i law

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Mohorovi i law

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Adams–Williamson equation, named after L. H. Adams and E. D. Williamson, is a relation between the velocities of seismic waves and the density of the Earth's interior.  Given the average density of rocks at the Earth's surface and profiles of the P-wave and S-wave speeds as function of depth, it can predict how density increases with depth.  It assumes that the compression is adiabatic and that the Earth is spherically symmetric, homogeneous, and in hydrostatic equilibrium. It can also be applied to spherical shells with that property. It is an important part of models of the Earth's interior such as the Preliminary reference Earth model (PREM).

text: The Adams–Williamson equation, named after L. H. Adams and E. D. Williamson, is a relation between the velocities of

text: seismic wave

text: s and the

text: density

text: of the Earth's interior.  Given the average density of rocks at the Earth's surface and profiles of the

text: P-wave

text: and

text: S-wave

text: speeds as function of depth, it can predict how density increases with depth.  It assumes that the compression is

text: adiabatic

text: and that the Earth is spherically symmetric, homogeneous, and in

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: . It can also be applied to spherical shells with that property. It is an important part of models of the Earth's interior such as the

text: Preliminary reference Earth model

text: (PREM).

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: It assumes that the compression is adiabatic and that the Earth is spherically symmetric, homogeneous, and in hydrostatic equilibrium

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rocks at the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: density increases with depth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: density increases with depth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The Adams–Williamson equation

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The Adams–Williamson equation

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it can predict how density increases with depth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In July 2013, Lupi et al. proposed that the Lusi mud eruption was the result of a natural event, triggered by a distant earthquake at Yogyakarta two days before. As a result, seimic waves were geometrically focused at the Lusi site leading to mud and CO2 generation and a reactivation of the local Watukosek Fault. According to their hypothesis the fault is linked to a deep hydrothermal system that feeds the eruption.  However, this hypothesis has been heavily criticised due to the original models containing a major error. The original study proposed that a “high velocity layer” focussed earthquake waves, amplifying the effect of the earthquake. However, the “high velocity layer” has since been demonstrated to be a non-existent artefact caused by velocity measurements of the steel casing in the Banjar Panji-1 well, which resulted in the original models assuming that a ‘layer of steel’ existed underground. Lupi et al. have acknowledged this error, but argue in a corrigendum that it makes no difference to their results, as they have proposed in a new velocity model, arguing for the existence of a different high velocity layer at the same depth. There still remains significant doubt about this revised model, as another study indicates that there is no geological or geophysical evidence for any significant domed high velocity layer at the mudflow location that would reflect and amplify seismic waves. A study by Rudolph et al. in 2015 replicated the seismic wave propagation modelling at the Sidoarjo mudflow location using the two competing velocity models, and proposed that the modelling conducted by Lupi et al. exaggerates the effect of the Yogyakarta earthquake at the mudflow location.

text: In July 2013, Lupi et al. proposed that the Lusi mud eruption was the result of a natural event, triggered by a distant earthquake at

text: Yogyakarta

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: high velocity layer

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: high velocity layer

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: According to their hypothesis the fault is linked to a deep hydrothermal system that feeds the eruption

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: high velocity layer

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: there is no geological or geophysical evidence for any significant domed high velocity layer

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: there is no geological or geophysical evidence for any significant domed high velocity layer

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: hydrothermal system

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The original study proposed that a “high velocity layer” focussed earthquake waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: deep hydrothermal system that feeds the eruption

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The picture of the structure of the Earth that has been arrived at through the study of seismic wavesis quite different from the Hollow Earth hypothesis. The time it takes for seismic waves to travel through and around the Earth directly contradicts a hollow sphere. The evidence indicates that the Earth is filled with solid rock (mantle and crust), liquid nickel-iron alloy (outer core), and solid nickel-iron (inner core).

text: The picture of the

text: structure of the Earth

text: that has been arrived at through the study of

text: seismic waves

text: is quite different from the Hollow Earth hypothesis. The time it takes for seismic waves to travel through and around the Earth directly contradicts a hollow sphere. The evidence indicates that the Earth is filled with solid rock (mantle and crust), liquid nickel-iron alloy (outer core), and solid nickel-iron (inner core).

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answers: 5

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: time

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The evidence indicates that the Earth is filled with solid rock

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: time

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the Hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: hollow sphere

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The evidence indicates that the Earth is filled with solid rock

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The evidence indicates that the Earth is filled with solid rock

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The time it takes for seismic waves to travel through and around the Earth directly contradicts a hollow sphere

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The specific and common chime tone from FM stations is automatically detected internally and turns on the radio (if in sleep mode) and loudly sounds a chime tone and EEW message before shaking occurs by S-wave. Once the S-wave has been analyzed, detailed information on the earthquake, such as its seismic scale and the areas under threat, is announced.

text: The specific and common

text: chime

text: tone from

text: FM

text: stations is automatically detected internally and turns on the radio (if in

text: sleep mode

text: ) and loudly sounds a chime tone and EEW message before shaking occurs by

text: S-wave

text: . Once the S-wave has been analyzed, detailed information on the earthquake, such as its

text: seismic scale

text: and the areas under threat, is announced.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: S-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic scale

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: S-wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic scale

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: FM stations

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: loudly sounds a chime tone

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: EEW message

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: shaking occurs by S-wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic scale

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A seismic shadow zone is an area of the Earth's surface where seismographs can only barely detect an earthquake after its seismic waves have passed through the Earth.  When an earthquake occurs, seismic waves radiate out spherically from the earthquake's focus.  The primary seismic waves are refracted by the liquid outer core of the Earth and are not detected between 104° and 140° (between approximately ) from the epicenter.  The secondary seismic waves cannot pass through the liquid outer core and are not detected more than 104° (approximately ) from the epicenter. P waves that have been converted to s-waves on leaving the outer core may be detected beyond 140 degrees.

text: A seismic shadow zone is an area of the

text: Earth

text: 's surface where

text: seismograph

text: s can only barely detect an

text: earthquake

text: after its

text: seismic waves

text: have passed through the Earth.  When an earthquake occurs, seismic waves radiate out spherically from the earthquake's

text: focus

text: .  The

text: primary seismic waves

text: are

text: refracted

text: by the liquid outer core of the Earth and are not detected between 104° and 140° (between approximately ) from the

text: epicenter

text: .  The

text: secondary seismic waves

text: cannot pass through the liquid outer core and are not detected more than 104° (approximately ) from the

text: epicenter

text: . P waves that have been converted to s-waves on leaving the outer core may be detected beyond 140 degrees.

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 140°

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The primary seismic waves are refracted by the liquid outer core of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 104°

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: may be detected beyond 140 degrees

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: primary seismic waves are refracted by the liquid outer core of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: primary seismic waves are refracted by the liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The primary seismic waves are refracted by the liquid outer core of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves radiate out spherically from the earthquake's focus

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Physics of Earth’s interior and seismology were developed by Emil Wiechert, Beno Gutenberg, Andrija Mohorovičić, Harold Jeffreys, Inge Lehmann, Edward Bullard, Charles Francis Richter, Francis Birch, Frank Press, Hiroo Kanamori and Walter Elsasser.

text: Physics of Earth’s interior and

text: seismology

text: were developed by

text: Emil Wiechert

text: Beno Gutenberg

text: Andrija Mohorovičić

text: Harold Jeffreys

text: Inge Lehmann

text: Edward Bullard

text: Charles Francis Richter

text: Francis Birch

text: Frank Press

text: Hiroo Kanamori

text: and

text: Walter Elsasser

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismology

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismology

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismology

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Earth’s

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth’s interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Hiroo Kanamori

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: physics of earth’s interior

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Hiroo Kanamori and Walter Elsasser

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismology

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: This type of structure can be used to create a metamaterial surface with the intended application of artificial magnetic conductors or applications for boundary conditions. Another application is as stop band device for surface wave propagation along the interface. This is because surface waves are a created as a consequence of an interface between two media having dissimilar refractive indices. Depending on the application of the system that includes the two media, there may be a need to attenuate surface waves or utilize them.

text: This type of structure can be used to create a metamaterial surface with the intended application of artificial magnetic conductors or applications for

text: boundary conditions

text: . Another application is as

text: stop band

text: device for

text: surface wave

text: propagation along the interface. This is because surface waves are a created as a consequence of an interface between two media having dissimilar

text: refractive indices

text: . Depending on the application of the system that includes the two media, there may be a need to attenuate surface waves or utilize them.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: stop band

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface wave propagation along the interface

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the interface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: attenuate surface waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: attenuate

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface wave propagation along the interface

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface wave propagation along the interface

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves are a created as a consequence of an interface between two media having dissimilar refractive indices

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The component waves follow different paths, experience different attenuations, have different phase velocities, and, in general, are elliptically polarized in opposite senses.The critical frequency of the extraordinary wave is always greater than the critical frequency of the ordinary wave (i.e. the wave in absence of the magnetic field) by the amount approximately equal to .5 times of gyro frequency .The amplitude of  extraordinary wave is dependent on the earth magnetic field at that particular point . Beside splitting, the polarization of the incident radio wave is also effected by this phenomena because the electron that were earlier in simple harmonic motion only are now in spiral motion too due to the magnetic field.

text: The component waves follow different paths, experience different attenuations, have different

text: phase velocities

text: , and, in general, are elliptically polarized in opposite senses.The

text: critical frequency

text: of the extraordinary wave is always greater than the

text: critical frequency

text: of the ordinary wave (i.e. the wave in absence of the magnetic field) by the amount approximately equal to .5 times of gyro frequency .The amplitude of  extraordinary wave is dependent on the earth magnetic field at that particular point . Beside splitting, the polarization of the incident radio wave is also effected by this phenomena because the electron that were earlier in simple harmonic motion only are now in spiral motion too due to the magnetic field.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The amplitude of extraordinary wave is dependent on the earth magnetic field at that particular point

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the wave in absence of the magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: elliptically polarized in opposite senses

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The critical frequency of the extraordinary wave is always greater than the critical frequency of the ordinary wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The amplitude of extraordinary wave is dependent on the earth magnetic field at that particular point

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: amplitude of extraordinary wave is dependent on the earth magnetic field

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: One of Silver's principal research interests was seismic anisotropy and its implications for the tectonic evolution of the Earth. He organized and conducted seismic field experiments in northern Canada, southern Africa, Chile and Bolivia, China, and Tibet, as well in California and elsewhere in western North America.Silver and colleagues were the first to conduct, in 1989, a modern portable broadband seismic experiment. This experiment was designed to explore the deep structure of the North American continent, but also formed the starting point for the development of novel methods of seismological investigation: with Winston Chan, Martha Savage, and other colleagues, Silver elaborated on earlier work and deduced from the measurements the splitting of shear waves, a type of seismic anisotropy, for areas of the size of tectonic plates in order to determine the patterns of convection in the upper mantle and the deformation history of the continental and subcontinental lithosphere that record how the continent grew and evolved. This approach has been developed ever since and is now in widespread use to study the patterns of convective flow in the Earth’s interior and the processes by which the continents were assembled.His shear-wave splitting studies with Mark Behn and Clint Conrad showed that the pattern of seismic anisotropy under oceanic lithosphere can be explained as being caused by mantle flow driven by plate motions and mantle density heterogeneity. With Behn, he also made the controversial proposition that plate tectonics on Earth is intermittent and may have been temporarily interrupted in the past when subduction largely ceased after the closure of a large ocean basin.

text: One of Silver's principal research interests was seismic anisotropy and its implications for the tectonic evolution of the Earth. He organized and conducted seismic field experiments in northern

text: Canada

text: , southern

text: Africa

text: Chile

text: and

text: Bolivia

text: China

text: , and

text: Tibet

text: , as well in California and elsewhere in western

text: North America

text: .Silver and colleagues were the first to conduct, in 1989, a modern portable broadband seismic experiment. This experiment was designed to explore the deep structure of the North American

text: continent

text: , but also formed the starting point for the development of novel methods of seismological investigation: with Winston Chan, Martha Savage, and other colleagues, Silver elaborated on earlier work and deduced from the measurements the splitting of

text: shear waves

text: , a type of seismic anisotropy, for areas of the size of tectonic plates in order to determine the patterns of convection in the upper mantle and the deformation history of the continental and subcontinental

text: lithosphere

text: that record how the continent grew and evolved. This approach has been developed ever since and is now in widespread use to study the patterns of convective flow in the Earth’s interior and the processes by which the continents were assembled.His shear-wave splitting studies with Mark Behn and Clint Conrad showed that the pattern of seismic anisotropy under oceanic lithosphere can be explained as being caused by mantle flow driven by plate motions and mantle density heterogeneity. With Behn, he also made the controversial proposition that plate tectonics on Earth is intermittent and may have been temporarily interrupted in the past when subduction largely ceased after the closure of a large ocean basin.

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answers: shear

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shear waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The splitting of shear waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: broadband

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: subduction largely ceased after the closure of a large ocean basin

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: mantle flow driven by plate motions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: convection in the upper mantle

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: patterns of convection in the upper mantle and the deformation history of the continental and subcontinental lithosphere

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Earthquakes create distinct types of waves with different velocities; when reaching seismic observatories, their different travel times help scientists to locate the source of the hypocenter. In geophysics the refraction or reflection of seismic waves is used for research into the structure of the Earth's interior, and man-made vibrations are often generated to investigate shallow, subsurface structures.

text: Earthquakes create distinct types of waves with different velocities; when reaching seismic observatories, their different

text: travel time

text: s help scientists to locate the source of the

text: hypocenter

text: . In geophysics the refraction or reflection of seismic waves is used for research into the structure of the

text: Earth's interior

text: , and man-made vibrations are often generated to investigate shallow, subsurface structures.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: hypocenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: hypocenter

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The refraction or reflection of seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: travel times

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: man-made vibrations

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: man-made vibrations are often generated to investigate shallow, subsurface structures

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earthquakes create distinct types of waves with different velocities

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the refraction or reflection of seismic waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Canadian inventor Reginald Fessenden was the first to conceive of using reflected seismic waves to infer geology. His work was initially on the propagation of acoustic waves in water, motivated by the sinking of the Titanic by an iceberg in 1912. He also worked on methods of detecting submarines during World War I.  He applied for the first patent on a seismic exploration method in 1914, which was issued in 1917. Due to the war, he was unable to follow up on the idea. John Clarence Karcher discovered seismic reflections independently while working for the United States Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) on methods of sound ranging to detect artillery.  In discussion with colleagues, the idea developed that these reflections could aid in exploration for petroleum.  With several others, many affiliated with the University of Oklahoma, Karcher helped to form the Geological Engineering Company, incorporated in Oklahoma in April, 1920.  The first field tests were conducted near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in 1921.

text: The

text: Canadian

text: inventor

text: Reginald Fessenden

text: was the first to conceive of using reflected seismic waves to infer geology. His work was initially on the propagation of acoustic waves in water, motivated by the sinking of the Titanic by an iceberg in 1912. He also worked on methods of detecting

text: submarines

text: during

text: World War I

text: .  He applied for the first patent on a seismic exploration method in 1914, which was issued in 1917. Due to the war, he was unable to follow up on the idea.

text: John Clarence Karcher

text: discovered seismic reflections independently while working for the

text: United States

text: Bureau of Standards (now the

text: National Institute of Standards and Technology

text: ) on methods of sound ranging to detect

text: artillery

text: .  In discussion with colleagues, the idea developed that these reflections could aid in exploration for

text: petroleum

text: .  With several others, many affiliated with the

text: University of Oklahoma

text: , Karcher helped to form the

text: Geological Engineering Company

text: , incorporated in

text: Oklahoma

text: in April, 1920.  The first field tests were conducted near

text: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

text: in 1921.

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answers: Due to the war, he was unable to follow up on the idea

answers: NDQ_005926

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answers: NDQ_005927

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answers: seismic waves to infer geology

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: these reflections could aid in exploration for petroleum

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Geophysical survey is the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies. Detection and analysis of the geophysical signals forms the core of Geophysical signal processing. The magnetic and gravitational fields emanating from the Earth's interior hold essential information concerning seismic activities and the internal structure. Hence, detection and analysis of the electric and Magnetic fields is very crucial. As the Electromagnetic and gravitational waves are multi-dimensional signals, all the 1-D transformation techniques can be extended for the analysis of these signals as well. Hence this article also discusses multi-dimensional signal processing techniques.

text: Geophysical survey is the systematic collection of

text: geophysical

text: data for spatial studies. Detection and analysis of the geophysical signals forms the core of Geophysical signal processing. The magnetic and gravitational fields emanating from the Earth's interior hold essential information concerning seismic activities and the internal structure. Hence, detection and analysis of the electric and Magnetic fields is very crucial. As the Electromagnetic and gravitational waves are multi-dimensional signals, all the 1-D transformation techniques can be extended for the analysis of these signals as well. Hence this article also discusses multi-dimensional signal processing techniques.

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answers: Multi-dimensional signal processing techniques

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: essential information concerning seismic activities and the internal structure

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1979 he has defended the thesis for a doctor's degree (on physical and mathematical sciences), with a theme «Kinematic interpretation of the reflected seismic waves (the theory and algorithms)».

text: In 1979 he has defended the thesis for a doctor's degree (on physical and mathematical sciences), with a theme «Kinematic interpretation of the reflected seismic waves (the theory and algorithms)».

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answers: NDQ_005929

answers: reflected seismic waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Azimi Q models  used Mathematical Q models to explain how the earth responds to seismic waves. Because these models satisfies the Krämers-Krönig relations they should be preferable to the Kolsky model in seismic inverse Q filtering.

text: The Azimi Q models  used

text: Mathematical Q models

text: to explain how the earth responds to

text: seismic waves

text: . Because these models satisfies the

text: Krämers-Krönig relations

text: they should be preferable to the

entity_name: The Kolsky basic model and modified model for attenuation and dispersion

text: Kolsky model

text: in

text: seismic inverse Q filtering

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answers: Q

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: inverse Q

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The Azimi Q models

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: inverse Q

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Kolsky model

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Krämers-Krönig relations

answers: NDQ_005927

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answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Krämers-Krönig

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the earth responds to seismic waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As an object accelerates from subsonic toward supersonic speed in a gas, different types of wave phenomena occur. To illustrate these changes, the next figure shows a stationary point (M = 0) that emits symmetric sound waves.  The speed of sound is the same in all directions in a uniform fluid, so these waves are simply concentric spheres. As the sound-generating point begins to accelerate, the sound waves "bunch up" in the direction of motion and "stretch out" in the opposite direction. When the point reaches sonic speed (M = 1), it travels at the same speed as the sound waves it creates. Therefore, an infinite number of these sound waves "pile up" ahead of the point, forming a Shock wave. Upon achieving supersonic flow, the particle is moving so fast that it continuously leaves its sound waves behind. When this occurs, the locus of these waves trailing behind the point creates an angle known as the Mach wave angle or Mach angle, µ:

text: As an object accelerates from subsonic toward supersonic speed in a gas, different types of wave phenomena occur. To illustrate these changes, the next figure shows a stationary point (M = 0) that emits symmetric sound waves.  The speed of sound is the same in all directions in a uniform fluid, so these waves are simply concentric spheres. As the sound-generating point begins to accelerate, the sound waves "bunch up" in the direction of motion and "stretch out" in the opposite direction. When the point reaches sonic speed (M = 1), it travels at the same speed as the sound waves it creates. Therefore, an infinite number of these sound waves "pile up" ahead of the point, forming a

text: Shock wave

text: . Upon achieving supersonic flow, the particle is moving so fast that it continuously leaves its sound waves behind. When this occurs, the locus of these waves trailing behind the point creates an angle known as the

text: Mach wave

text: angle or Mach angle, µ:

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: M = 1

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Mach angle

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The speed of sound is the same in all directions

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: angle

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Mach wave angle

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the speed of sound is the same in all directions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a gas

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Shock waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: an object accelerates from subsonic toward supersonic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The spelling of the compound varies (both with regard to this idiom and the everyday human communication gesture of waving). While hand-waving is the most common spelling of the unitary present participle and gerund in this usage, and hand-wave of the simple present verb, hand wave dominates as the noun-phrase form. Handwaving and handwave may be preferred in some circles, and are well attested. "Hand waving" is mostly used otherwise, e.g. "she had one hand waving, the other on the rail", but is found in some dictionaries in this form. A more arch, mock-antiquarian construction is waving of [the] hands. Superlative constructions such as "vigorous hand-waving", "waved their hand[s] furiously", "lots of waving of hands", etc., are used to imply that the hand-waver lacks confidence in the information being conveyed, cannot convincingly express or defend the core of the argument being advanced. The descriptive epithet hand-waver has been applied to those engaging in hand-waving, but is not common.  The opposite of hand-waving is sometimes called nose-following in mathematics .

text: The spelling of the

text: compound

text: varies (both with regard to this idiom and the everyday human communication gesture of

text: waving

text: ). While hand-waving is the most common spelling of the unitary

text: present participle

text: and

text: gerund

text: in this usage, and hand-wave of the

text: simple present

text: verb, hand wave dominates as the

text: noun-phrase

text: form. Handwaving and handwave may be preferred in some circles, and are well attested. "Hand waving" is mostly used otherwise, e.g. "she had one hand waving, the other on the rail", but is found in some dictionaries in this form. A more arch, mock-antiquarian construction is waving of [the] hands.

text: Superlative

text: constructions such as "vigorous hand-waving", "waved their hand[s] furiously", "lots of waving of hands", etc., are used to imply that the hand-waver lacks confidence in the information being conveyed, cannot convincingly express or defend the core of the argument being advanced. The descriptive epithet hand-waver has been applied to those engaging in hand-waving, but is not common.  The opposite of hand-waving is sometimes called nose-following in mathematics .

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answers: hand-waving

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: hand-wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The opposite of hand-waving

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: hand-waving

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: gerund

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: nose-following

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: hand-waving

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: hand wave dominates as the noun-phrase form

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The opposite of hand-waving

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: hand wave dominates as the noun-phrase form

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Moses Magnum’s body generates seismic force which amplifies his natural strength, gives him an unknown degree of durability and attunes him to seismic vibrations. He can unleash this energy to cause vibratory shockwaves, minor tremors or devastating earthquakes. These waves will emanate from his body in all directions unless he purposefully tries to channel them in a single direction, usually along the length of his arms and through the tips of his fingers.

text: Moses Magnum’s body generates seismic force which amplifies his natural strength, gives him an unknown degree of durability and attunes him to seismic vibrations. He can unleash this energy to cause vibratory shockwaves, minor tremors or devastating earthquakes. These waves will emanate from his body in all directions unless he purposefully tries to channel them in a single direction, usually along the length of his arms and through the tips of his fingers.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: usually along the length of his arms

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: length

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: length

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the tips of his fingers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: purposefully tries to channel them in a single direction

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: through the tips of his fingers

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: tremors or devastating earthquakes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In seismic processing, in most applications, we do not go in the forward direction as above. So the theory of dispersive body waves has most applications in the theory of seismic inverse Q filtering. From the Wikipedia article on this subject we get the inverse Q-filter:

text: In seismic processing, in most applications, we do not go in the forward direction as above. So the theory of dispersive body waves has most applications in the theory of

text: seismic inverse Q filtering

text: . From the Wikipedia article on this subject we get the inverse Q-filter:

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answers: forward direction

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Q-filter

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The theory of dispersive body waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: direction

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Q-filter

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: forward direction

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: forward direction

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic inverse Q filtering

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: inverse Q-filter

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic inverse Q filtering

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Each seismic wave looks different.  The P-wave is the first wave that is bigger than the other waves (the microseisms). Because P waves are the fastest seismic waves, they will usually be the first ones that the seismograph records. The next set of seismic waves on the seismogram will be the S-waves. These are usually bigger than the P waves, and have higher frequency. Look for a dramatic change in frequency for a different type of wave.

text: Each

text: seismic wave

text: looks different.  The

text: P-wave

text: is the first wave that is bigger than the other waves (the microseisms). Because P waves are the fastest seismic waves, they will usually be the first ones that the seismograph records. The next set of seismic waves on the seismogram will be the

text: S-wave

text: s. These are usually bigger than the P waves, and have higher frequency. Look for a dramatic change in frequency for a different type of wave.

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answers: frequency

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answers: S-waves

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answers: Scientists can learn most everything about earths interior by studying the waves that come into one seismograph

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: frequency

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismograph

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answers: P waves

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answers: The next set of seismic waves on the seismogram

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Because P waves are the fastest seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a dramatic change in frequency for a different type of wave

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Conductivity of the surface affects the propagation of ground waves, with more conductive surfaces such as sea water providing better propagation. Increasing the conductivity in a surface results in less dissipation. The refractive indices are subject to spatial and temporal changes. Since the ground is not a perfect electrical conductor, ground waves are attenuated as they follow the earth’s surface.  The wavefronts initially are vertical, but the ground, acting as a lossy dielectric, causes the wave to tilt forward as it travels.  This directs some of the energy into the earth where it is dissipated, so that the signal decreases exponentially.

text: Conductivity of the surface affects the propagation of

text: ground wave

text: s, with more conductive surfaces such as sea water providing better propagation. Increasing the conductivity in a surface results in less dissipation. The refractive indices are subject to spatial and temporal changes. Since the ground is not a perfect electrical conductor, ground waves are attenuated as they follow the earth’s surface.  The wavefronts initially are vertical, but the ground, acting as a lossy dielectric, causes the wave to tilt forward as it travels.  This directs some of the energy into the earth where it is dissipated, so that the signal decreases exponentially.

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answers: wavefronts

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answers: vertical

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answers: This directs some of the energy into the earth where it is dissipated, so that the signal decreases exponentially

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: sea water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: sea water providing better propagation

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the signal decreases exponentially

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sea water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: This directs some of the energy into the earth where it is dissipated

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: ground waves are attenuated as they follow the earth’s surface

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Seismic anisotropy is a term used in seismology to describe the directional dependence of the velocity of seismic waves in a medium (rock) within the Earth.

text: Seismic

text: anisotropy

text: is a term used in

text: seismology

text: to describe the directional dependence of the velocity of

text: seismic wave

text: s in a medium (

text: rock

text: ) within the

text: Earth

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answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005926

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: medium (rock)

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves in a medium

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: medium (rock) within the Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Another prominent form of surfing is body boarding, when a surfer rides a wave on a bodyboard, either lying on their belly, drop knee, or sometimes even standing up on a body board. Other types of surfing include knee boarding, surf matting (riding inflatable mats), and using foils. Body surfing, where the wave is surfed without a board, using the surfer's own body to catch and ride the wave, is very common and is considered by some to be the purest form of surfing.

text: Another prominent form of surfing is

text: body boarding

text: , when a surfer rides a wave on a bodyboard, either lying on their belly, drop knee, or sometimes even standing up on a body board. Other types of surfing include knee boarding, surf matting (riding inflatable mats), and using foils.

text: Body surfing

text: , where the wave is surfed without a board, using the surfer's own body to catch and ride the wave, is very common and is considered by some to be the purest form of surfing.

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answers: standing up

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismograph

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: its

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: bodyboard

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: standing up on a body board

answers: NDQ_005926

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: body boarding

answers: NDQ_005928

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answers: seismic waves are produced by earthquakes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: More than a million earthquakes are recorded each year, by a worldwide system of earthquake detection stations. The propagation velocity of the seismic waves depends on density and elasticity of the earth materials. In other words, the speeds of the seismic waves vary as they travel through different materials in the earth. The two main components of a seismic event are body waves and surface waves. Both of these have different modes of wave propagation.

text: More than a million

text: earthquakes

text: are recorded each year, by a worldwide system of earthquake detection stations. The propagation

text: velocity

text: of the

text: seismic waves

text: depends on

text: density

text: and

text: elasticity

text: of the earth materials. In other words, the speeds of the seismic waves vary as they travel through different materials in the

text: earth

text: . The two main components of a seismic event are

text: body waves

text: and

text: surface waves

text: . Both of these have different modes of wave propagation.

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answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: body waves and surface waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: different materials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005926

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: density and elasticity of the earth materials

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: density and elasticity of the earth materials

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Among the many types of seismic waves, one can make a broad distinction between body waves, which travel through the Earth, and surface waves, which travel at the Earth's surface.

text: Among the many types of seismic waves, one can make a broad distinction between body waves, which travel through the Earth, and surface waves, which travel at the Earth's surface.

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answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: body waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Seismic surface waves travel along the Earth's surface. They can be classified as a form of mechanical surface waves. They are called surface waves, as they diminish as they get further from the surface. They travel more slowly than seismic body waves (P and S). In large earthquakes, surface waves can have an amplitude of several centimeters.

text: Seismic surface waves travel along the Earth's surface. They can be classified as a form of

text: mechanical surface wave

text: s. They are called surface waves, as they diminish as they get further from the surface. They travel more slowly than seismic body waves (P and S). In large earthquakes, surface waves can have an amplitude of several centimeters.

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answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P and S

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic surface waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic body waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic surface waves travel along the Earth's surface

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The pre-Crisis Earth-Three Owlman and all members of his Crime Syndicate were killed during the Crisis on Infinite Earths maxi-series at the hands of the Anti-Monitor from a wave of antimatter destroying pre-Crisis Earth-Three.

text: The pre-Crisis Earth-Three Owlman and all members of his Crime Syndicate were killed during the

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: maxi-series at the hands of the

text: Anti-Monitor

text: from a wave of antimatter destroying pre-Crisis Earth-Three.

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answers: NDQ_005921

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answers: NDQ_005922

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answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Wave

answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: NDQ_005925

answers: pre-Crisis Earth-Three

answers: NDQ_005926

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answers: NDQ_005927

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answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Wave of antimatter

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Earth-Three

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Honda Wave — also marketed as the  Honda NF Series,  Honda Innova in Europe, and Honda Supra X in Indonesia — are a series of motorcycles manufactured by Honda that debuted in 1995 with an underbone design, having separate cosmetic plastic body panels over a structural steel tube chassis.  The Wave series succeeds the Honda Cub which used pressed steel frame acting as both the structural chassis and cosmetic bodywork.

text: The Honda Wave — also marketed as the  Honda NF Series,  Honda Innova in Europe, and Honda Supra X in Indonesia — are a series of

text: motorcycle

text: s manufactured by

text: Honda

text: that debuted in 1995 with an

text: underbone

text: design, having separate cosmetic plastic body panels over a structural steel tube chassis.  The Wave series succeeds the

text: Honda Cub

text: which used pressed steel frame acting as both the structural chassis and cosmetic bodywork.

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answers: Honda Supra X

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answers: Wave

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answers: The Wave series

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answers: Wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: steel tube chassis

answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The Wave series succeeds the Honda Cub

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The Wave series

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are produced by earthquakes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Elastodynamics is the study of elastic waves and involves linear elasticity with variation in time.  An elastic wave is a type of mechanical wave that propagates in elastic or viscoelastic materials.  The elasticity of the material provides the restoring force of the wave.  When they occur in the Earth as the result of an earthquake or other disturbance, elastic waves are usually called seismic waves.

text: Elastodynamics is the study of elastic waves and involves linear elasticity with variation in time.  An elastic wave is a type of

text: mechanical wave

text: that propagates in elastic or

text: viscoelastic

text: materials.  The elasticity of the material provides the restoring

text: force

text: of the wave.  When they occur in the

text: Earth

text: as the result of an

text: earthquake

text: or other disturbance, elastic waves are usually called

text: seismic wave

text: s.

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answers: propagates

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: viscoelastic

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answers: elastic waves are usually called seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Elastodynamics

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves occur in the Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Because of the efficiency with which seismic waves propagate through the Earth and the technical difficulties of decoupling explosions to diminish their seismic radiation, forensic seismology is a critical technique in the enforcement of bans on underground nuclear testing.

text: Because of the efficiency with which seismic waves propagate through the Earth and the technical difficulties of decoupling explosions to diminish their seismic radiation, forensic seismology is a critical technique in the enforcement of bans on

text: underground nuclear testing

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answers: NDQ_005922

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answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagate

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: diminish their seismic radiation

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: diminish their seismic radiation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves propagate

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves propagate through the Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Although the exact date of the formation of Caddo Lake is unknown, both of the major theories behind the lake's origins date back to the early 1800s. The Caddo legend behind the formation of the lake is that the Great Spirit caused an earthquake after one of the Caddo chiefs failed to obey him. The earthquake filled and formed the lake. The earthquake being described in the story is the 1812 New Madrid earthquake, which is believed by some geologists to have caused the creation of the lake. The theory behind the earthquake creating Caddo Lake is that the earthquake's seismic waves caused the ground to sink, which filled up and became the lake. The additional theory behind the creation of Caddo Lake was that it formed because of the Great Raft. The Great Raft was a large log jam that blocked the flow of the Red River, as well as a few smaller rivers. The jam was first reported by early Spanish explorers in the 1500s, but was not studied until the early 1800s. It is believed that Caddo Lake was formed by the Great Raft acting as a natural dam, and the first studies of this were reported around 1806.

text: Although the exact date of the formation of Caddo Lake is unknown, both of the major theories behind the lake's origins date back to the early 1800s. The Caddo legend behind the formation of the lake is that the Great Spirit caused an earthquake after one of the Caddo chiefs failed to obey him. The earthquake filled and formed the lake. The earthquake being described in the story is the

text: 1812 New Madrid earthquake

text: , which is believed by some geologists to have caused the creation of the lake. The theory behind the earthquake creating Caddo Lake is that the earthquake's seismic waves caused the ground to sink, which filled up and became the lake. The additional theory behind the creation of Caddo Lake was that it formed because of the

text: Great Raft

text: . The Great Raft was a large log jam that blocked the flow of the Red River, as well as a few smaller rivers. The jam was first reported by early Spanish explorers in the 1500s, but was not studied until the early 1800s. It is believed that Caddo Lake was formed by the Great Raft acting as a natural dam, and the first studies of this were reported around 1806.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The theory behind the earthquake creating Caddo Lake

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the Great Raft

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the Great Raft acting as a natural dam

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Caddo Lake was formed by the Great Raft acting as a natural dam

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: earthquake's seismic waves caused the ground to sink

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquake's seismic waves caused the ground to sink

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Assuming a seismic wave

text: Assuming a seismic wave

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answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0

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answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Assuming

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: is generated by a volcano, scientists can learn most everything about earths interior by studying the waves that come into one seismograph

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: trough to trough

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: can move through

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: is not a source of energy

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: is not a surface wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earth is a liquid.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: is produced by a volcano

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Michael H. Ritzwoller (born July 29, 1954) is an   observational seismologist and professor of physics at University of Colorado Boulder. He is also the director of the Center for Imaging the Earth's Interior at University of Colorado Boulder. His early work was mainly in normal mode seismology and helioseismology. Research in the last decade has concentrated on developing methods to focus seismic models derived from surface wave dispersion information to tectonic scales, particularly in the US and China. Recent emphasis has focused on developing methods for exploiting ambient noise and earthquakes in surface wave tomography and combining this information to produce 3-D models of the crust and uppermost mantle. In addition, he has developed Monte Carlo methods for seismic inversions and has worked on applying physical constraints from geodynamical models and thermodynamics into seismic inversions. He has published numerous articles with an h-index of 50 (updated on 23 August 2015).

text: Michael H. Ritzwoller (born July 29, 1954) is an   observational

text: seismologist

text: and professor of

text: physics

text: at

text: University of Colorado Boulder

text: . He is also the director of the Center for Imaging the Earth's Interior at

text: University of Colorado Boulder

text: . His early work was mainly in normal mode seismology and helioseismology. Research in the last decade has concentrated on developing methods to focus seismic models derived from surface wave dispersion information to tectonic scales, particularly in the US and China. Recent emphasis has focused on developing methods for exploiting ambient noise and earthquakes in surface wave tomography and combining this information to produce 3-D models of the crust and uppermost mantle. In addition, he has developed Monte Carlo methods for seismic inversions and has worked on applying physical constraints from geodynamical models and thermodynamics into seismic inversions. He has published numerous articles with an h-index of 50 (updated on 23 August 2015).

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface wave tomography

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 3-D models of the crust and uppermost mantle

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface wave dispersion

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: crust and uppermost mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: helioseismology

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: helioseismology

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 3-D models of the crust and uppermost mantle

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface wave tomography

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 3-D models of the crust and uppermost mantle

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water. The remaining 29% is land mass—consisting of continents and islands—that together has many lakes, rivers, and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics.

text: Earth's

text: lithosphere

text: is divided into several rigid

text: tectonic plates

text: that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water. The remaining 29% is land mass—consisting of continents and islands—that together has many lakes, rivers, and other sources of water that contribute to the

text: hydrosphere

text: . The majority of Earth's

text: polar regions

text: are covered in ice, including the

text: Antarctic ice sheet

text: and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: , and a convecting

text: mantle

text: that drives plate tectonics.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 71%

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Sea ice

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: that generates the Earth's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: convecting mantle

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: plate tectonics

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Seven pairs of hotspots and LIPs located on opposite sides of the earth have been noted; analyses indicate this coincident antipodal location is highly unlikely to be random. The hotspot pairs include a large igneous province with continental volcanism opposite an oceanic hotspot. Oceanic impacts of large meteorites are expected to have high efficiency in converting energy into seismic waves. These waves would propagate around the world and reconverge close to the antipodal position; small variations are expected as the seismic velocity varies depending upon the route characteristics along which the waves propagate. As the waves focus on the antipodal position, they put the crust at the focal point under significant stress and are proposed to rupture it, creating antipodal pairs. When the meteorite impacts a continent, the lower efficiency of kinetic energy conversion into seismic energy is not expected to create an antipodal hotspot.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: focal point

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: antipodal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: These waves would propagate around the world and reconverge close to the antipodal position

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: oceanic impacts

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: When the meteorite impacts a continent

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: When the meteorite impacts a continent

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: oceanic hotspots

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: These waves would propagate around the world and reconverge close to the antipodal position

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: oceanic impacts of large meteorites are expected to have high efficiency in converting energy into seismic waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The goal of inverse theory is to determine the spatial distribution of some variable (for example, density or seismic wave velocity). The distribution determines the values of an observable at the surface (for example, gravitational acceleration for density). There must be a forward model predicting the surface observations given the distribution of this variable.

text: The goal of inverse theory is to determine the spatial distribution of some variable (for example, density or seismic wave velocity). The distribution determines the values of an observable at the surface (for example, gravitational acceleration for density). There must be a forward model predicting the surface observations given the distribution of this variable.

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answers: NDQ_005927

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: The Hollow Earth hypothesis proposes that the planet Earth either is entirely hollow or otherwise contains a substantial interior space. The scientific community has dismissed the notion since at least the late 18th century. The concept of a hollow Earth recurs many times in folklore and as the premise for subterranean fiction, a subgenre of adventure fiction (A Journey to the Center of the Earth, At the Earth's Core). It is also featured in some present-day pseudoscientific and conspiracy theories.

text: The Hollow Earth

text: hypothesis

text: proposes that the planet

text: Earth

text: either is entirely hollow or otherwise contains a substantial interior space. The

text: scientific community

text: has dismissed the notion since at least the late 18th century. The concept of a hollow Earth recurs many times in

text: folklore

text: and as the premise for

text: subterranean fiction

text: , a subgenre of

text: adventure fiction

text: A Journey to the Center of the Earth

text: At the Earth's Core

text: ). It is also featured in some present-day

text: pseudoscientific

text: and

text: conspiracy theories

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answers: At the Earth's Core

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answers: The Hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The scientific community has dismissed the notion

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The Hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The scientific community has dismissed the notion since at least the late 18th century

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The Hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: It is also featured in some present-day pseudoscientific and conspiracy theories

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Houston area has over 150 active faults (estimated to be 300 active faults) with an aggregate length of up to , including the Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city. No significant historically recorded earthquakes have occurred in Houston, but researchers do not discount the possibility of such quakes having occurred in the deeper past, nor occurring in the future. Land in some areas southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out of the ground for many years. It may be associated with slip along the faults; however, the slippage is slow and not considered an earthquake, where stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves. These faults also tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed "fault creep", which further reduces the risk of an earthquake.

text: The Houston area has over 150 active

text: faults

text: (estimated to be 300 active faults) with an aggregate length of up to , including the

text: Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system

text: which runs through the center of the city. No significant historically recorded earthquakes have occurred in Houston, but researchers do not discount the possibility of such quakes having occurred in the deeper past, nor occurring in the future. Land in some areas southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out of the ground for many years. It may be associated with slip along the faults; however, the slippage is slow and not considered an earthquake, where stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves. These faults also tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed "

text: fault creep

text: ", which further reduces the risk of an earthquake.

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answers: Long Point

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

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answers: NDQ_005923

answers: aggregate length

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: stationary faults

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: stationary faults must slip suddenly enough

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water has been pumped out of the ground for many years

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: It may be associated with slip along the faults

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: When ground seismic waves reach up and start to penetrate a base of a building, their energy flow density, due to reflections, reduces dramatically: usually, up to 90%. However, the remaining portions of the incident waves during a major earthquake still bear a huge devastating potential.

text: When ground

text: seismic waves

text: reach up and start to penetrate a base of a building, their energy flow density, due to reflections, reduces dramatically: usually, up to 90%. However, the remaining portions of the incident waves during a major earthquake still bear a huge devastating potential.

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answers: energy flow density

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: reach up

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: ground seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: incident waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: building

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: energy flow density

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: ground seismic waves reach up and start to penetrate a base of a building

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earth's crust is made of water.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: ground seismic waves reach up and start to penetrate a base of a building

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: their energy flow density, due to reflections

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Madagascar also borrows ideas from Seismic Unix (SU), a package maintained by John Stockwell at the Center for Wave Phenomenon (CWP) at the Colorado School of Mines (Stockwell, 1997; Stockwell, 1999). Main contributors to SU included Einar Kjartansson, Shuki Ronen, Jack Cohen, Chris Liner, Dave Hale, and John Stockwell. SU adopted an open-source BSD-style license starting with release 40 (April 10, 2007).

text: Madagascar also borrows ideas from

text: Seismic Unix

text: (SU), a package maintained by John Stockwell at the Center for Wave Phenomenon (CWP) at the Colorado School of Mines (Stockwell, 1997; Stockwell, 1999). Main contributors to SU included Einar Kjartansson, Shuki Ronen, Jack Cohen, Chris Liner, Dave Hale, and John Stockwell. SU adopted an open-source BSD-style license starting with release 40 (April 10, 2007).

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answers: Seismic Unix

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answers: (CWP)

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answers: Seismic Unix (SU)

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic Unix (SU)

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic Unix (SU)

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic Unix

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Primary and  secondary waves are body waves that travel within the Earth. The motion and behavior of both P-type and S-type in the Earth are monitored to probe the interior structure of the Earth. Discontinuities in velocity as a function of depth are indicative of changes in phase or composition. Differences in arrival times of waves originating in a seismic event like an earthquake as a result of waves taking different paths allow mapping of the Earth's inner structure.

text: Primary and  secondary waves are body waves that travel within the Earth. The motion and behavior of both P-type and S-type in the Earth are monitored to probe the interior

text: structure of the Earth

text: . Discontinuities in velocity as a function of depth are indicative of changes in phase or composition. Differences in arrival times of waves originating in a seismic event like an earthquake as a result of waves taking different paths allow mapping of the Earth's inner structure.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: arrival times

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Differences in arrival times of waves originating in a seismic event like an earthquake

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-type

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves that travel within the Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: primary and secondary waves are body waves that travel

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-type and S-type

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Discontinuities in velocity as a function of depth are indicative of changes in phase or composition

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Passive seismic is much less expensive than well drilling. It is also cheaper and more environmentally friendly than active seismic, which requires a strong source of the seismic waves (like an underground explosion) to predict the structure. In some cases it may be the only method for which land access is granted by the land owner. Despite the method having been successfully applied in many parts of the world, this approach is currently less reliable, as the scientific methods are still largely under development.

text: Passive seismic is much less expensive than well drilling. It is also cheaper and more environmentally friendly than active seismic, which requires a strong source of the seismic waves (like an underground explosion) to predict the structure. In some cases it may be the only method for which land access is granted by the land owner. Despite the method having been successfully applied in many parts of the world, this approach is currently less reliable, as the scientific methods are still largely under development.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: active seismic

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Active seismic

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Passive seismic

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: active seismic

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: underground explosion

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: active seismic

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: active seismic

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Active seismic

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: active seismic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As a versatile tool for characterizing elastic properties of solid materials, RUS has found applications in a variety of fields.In geosciences one of the most important applications is related to the determination of seismic velocities in the Earth's interior. In a recent work,  for example, the elastic constants of hydrous forsterite were measured up to 14.1 GPa at ambient temperature. This study showed that aggregate bulk and shear moduli of hydrous forsterite increase with pressure at a greater rate than those of the corresponding anhydrous phase. This implies that at ambient conditions VP and VS of hydrous forsterite are slower than those of anhydrous one; conversely, with increasing pressure, and consequently depth, V and V of hydrous forsterite exceed those of anhydrous one. In addition hydration decreases the V/V ratio of forsterite, the maximum compressional wave azimuthal anisotropy and the maximum shear wave splitting. These data help us to constrain Earth's mantle composition and distinguish regions of hydrogen enrichment from regions of high temperature or partial melt.

text: As a versatile tool for characterizing elastic properties of

text: solid

text: materials, RUS has found applications in a variety of fields.In

text: geosciences

text: one of the most important applications is related to the determination of

text: seismic velocities

text: in the

text: Earth's interior

text: . In a recent work,  for example, the elastic constants of

text: hydrous

text: forsterite

text: were measured up to 14.1 GPa at ambient temperature. This study showed that aggregate

text: bulk

text: and

text: shear moduli

text: of hydrous forsterite increase with pressure at a greater rate than those of the corresponding

text: anhydrous

text: phase. This implies that at ambient conditions VP and VS of hydrous forsterite are slower than those of anhydrous one; conversely, with increasing pressure, and consequently depth, V and V of hydrous forsterite exceed those of anhydrous one. In addition hydration decreases the V/V ratio of forsterite, the maximum

text: compressional wave

text: azimuthal

text: anisotropy

text: and the maximum

text: shear wave

text: splitting. These data help us to constrain

text: Earth's mantle

text: composition and distinguish regions of

text: hydrogen

text: enrichment from regions of high temperature or partial melt.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: azimuthal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The elastic constants of hydrous forsterite were measured up to 14.1 GPa at ambient temperature

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: hydration decreases the V/V ratio

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: maximum compressional wave azimuthal anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: hydrogen enrichment from regions of high temperature or partial melt

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The elastic constants of hydrous forsterite

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: RUS has found applications in a variety of fields

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ando (1980) focused on identifying shear-wave anisotropy in the upper mantle.  This study focused on shear wave splitting recorded near the Chubu Volcanic Area in Japan.  Using newly implemented telemetric seismographic stations, they were able to record both P-wave and S-wave arrivals from earthquakes up to 260 km beneath the volcanic area.  The depths of these earthquakes make this area ideal for studying the structure of the upper mantle.  They noted the arrivals of two distinct shear waves with different polarizations (N-S, fast and E-W, slow) approximately 0.7 seconds apart. It was concluded that the splitting was not caused by the earthquake source but by the travel path of the waves on the way to the seismometers.  Data from other nearby stations were used to constrain the source of the seismic anisotropy.  He found the anisotropy to be consistent with the area directly below the volcanic area and was hypothesized to occur due to oriented crystals in a deep rooted magma chamber.  If the magma chamber contained elliptical inclusions oriented approximately N-S, then the maximum velocity direction would also be N-S, accounting for the presence of seismic birefringence.

text: Ando (1980) focused on identifying shear-wave anisotropy in the upper

text: mantle

text: .  This study focused on shear wave splitting recorded near the

text: Chubu

text: Volcanic Area

text: in

text: Japan

text: .  Using newly implemented

text: telemetric

text: seismographic

text: stations, they were able to record both P-wave and S-wave arrivals from

text: earthquakes

text: up to 260 km beneath the volcanic area.  The depths of these earthquakes make this area ideal for studying the structure of the upper mantle.  They noted the arrivals of two distinct shear waves with different polarizations (N-S, fast and E-W, slow) approximately 0.7 seconds apart. It was concluded that the splitting was not caused by the earthquake source but by the travel path of the waves on the way to the

text: seismometers

text: .  Data from other nearby stations were used to constrain the source of the seismic anisotropy.  He found the anisotropy to be consistent with the area directly below the volcanic area and was hypothesized to occur due to oriented crystals in a deep rooted

text: magma chamber

text: .  If the magma chamber contained

text: elliptical

text: inclusions oriented approximately N-S, then the maximum velocity direction would also be N-S, accounting for the presence of seismic

text: birefringence

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answers: Arrivals

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: maximum velocity direction

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: This study focused on shear wave splitting recorded near the Chubu Volcanic Area in Japan

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: travel path

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: caused by the earthquake source

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the splitting was not caused by the earthquake source

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic birefringence

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: It was concluded that the splitting was not caused by the earthquake source

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: depths of these earthquakes make this area ideal for studying the structure of the upper mantle

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: At the time, New York Times film critic Bosley Crowther said Journey to the Center of the Earth) is "... really not very striking make-believe, when all is said and done. The earth's interior is somewhat on the order of an elaborate amusement-park tunnel of love. And the attitudes of the people, toward each other and toward another curious man who happens to be exploring down there at the same time, are conventional and just a bit dull."

text: At the time,

text: New York Times

text: film critic

text: Bosley Crowther

text: said Journey to the Center of the Earth) is "... really not very striking make-believe, when all is said and done. The earth's interior is somewhat on the order of an elaborate amusement-park tunnel of love. And the attitudes of the people, toward each other and toward another curious man who happens to be exploring down there at the same time, are conventional and just a bit dull."

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: The earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amusement-park tunnel of love

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: The earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: conventional and just a bit dull

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: conventional and just a bit dull

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the earth's interior

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An atmospheric wave is a periodic disturbance in the fields of atmospheric variables (like surface pressure or geopotential height, temperature, or wind velocity) which may either propagate (traveling wave) or not (standing wave). Atmospheric waves range in spatial and temporal scale from large-scale planetary waves (Rossby waves) to minute sound waves. Atmospheric waves with periods which are harmonics of 1 solar day (e.g. 24 hours, 12 hours, 8 hours... etc.) are known as atmospheric tides.

text: An atmospheric wave is a periodic disturbance in the fields of

text: atmospheric

text: variables (like

text: surface pressure

text: or

text: geopotential height

text: temperature

text: , or

text: wind velocity

text: ) which may either propagate (

text: traveling wave

text: ) or not (

text: standing wave

text: ). Atmospheric waves range in

text: spatial

text: and

text: temporal

text: scale from large-scale planetary waves (

text: Rossby wave

text: s) to minute

text: sound wave

text: s. Atmospheric waves with periods which are

text: harmonics

text: of 1

text: solar day

text: (e.g. 24 hours, 12 hours, 8 hours... etc.) are known as

text: atmospheric tide

text: s.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: standing wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: standing wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Atmospheric waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: spatial

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: atmospheric variables

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: standing wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: standing wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Atmospheric waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rossby waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: atmospheric waves range in spatial and temporal scale

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Natasha received her Bachelor of Applied Science in geophysics from the University of Queensland. After spending time working for Veritas DGC, she returned to the University of Queensland where she received her PhD in multi-component seismic wave-field separation.

text: Natasha received her Bachelor of Applied Science in geophysics from the University of Queensland. After spending time working for Veritas DGC, she returned to the University of Queensland where she received her PhD in multi-component seismic wave-field separation.

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answers: NDQ_005923

answers: field separation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: field

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Veritas DGC

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: multi-component

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: multi-component seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: multi-component seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic wave-field separation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As far as seismic and acoustic waves are concerned, the motion of ocean waves in deep water is, to the leading order, equivalent to a pressure applied at the sea surface. This pressure is nearly equal to the water density times the wave orbital velocity squared. Because of this square, it is not the amplitude of the individual wave trains that matter (red and black lines in the figures) but the amplitude of the sum, the wave groups (blue line in figures).

text: As far as seismic and acoustic waves are concerned, the motion of ocean waves in deep water is, to the

text: leading order

text: , equivalent to a pressure applied at the sea surface. This pressure is nearly equal to the water density times the wave

text: orbital velocity

text: squared. Because of this square, it is not the amplitude of the individual wave trains that matter (red and black lines in the figures) but the amplitude of the sum, the wave groups (blue line in figures).

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answers: NDQ_005922

answers: This pressure is nearly equal to the water density times the wave orbital velocity squared

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave orbital velocity squared

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: deep water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the motion of ocean waves in deep water

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: it is not the amplitude of the individual wave trains that matter

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: this pressure is nearly equal to the water density

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: This pressure is nearly equal to the water density times the wave orbital velocity squared

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: this pressure is nearly equal to the water density times the wave orbital velocity squared

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: During the 17th century, the interior of the cathedral was changed to Baroque style in two waves. The first came under Bishop Johann Gottfried von Aschhausen. The medieval coloured windows were removed. After 1626 the interior was whitened, painting over frescoes. A second wave followed after the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648-53 under Bishop Melchior Otto Voit von Salzburg. The tomb of Heinrich and Kunigunde was moved, the rood screens were demolished and new high altars set up in both choirs.

text: During the 17th century, the interior of the cathedral was changed to

text: Baroque

text: style in two waves. The first came under Bishop

text: Johann Gottfried von Aschhausen

text: . The medieval coloured windows were removed. After 1626 the interior was whitened, painting over frescoes. A second wave followed after the end of the

text: Thirty Years' War

text: in 1648-53 under Bishop

text: Melchior Otto Voit von Salzburg

text: . The tomb of Heinrich and Kunigunde was moved, the

text: rood screen

text: s were demolished and new high altars set up in both choirs.

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answers: high

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answers: high

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The cathedral was changed to Baroque style

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Baroque style

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the tomb of Heinrich and Kunigunde was moved

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: painting over frescoes

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the interior of the cathedral was changed

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are produced by earthquakes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The hana lawelawe of the paa-kahili is an important ritual duty at the funeral of a Hawaiia noble's funeral. From the time the body is laid out to the moment it is interred, the bearers wave the kāhili above the deceased. Three of four kāhili bearers stand on either side and at regular intervels raise the standards above the body until they meet the opposing feathered staff on the other side. The standards are then waved to the right, left and then up while genealogy chants are sung detailing the deeds of the figure and their ancestors. When the body is transported from the home to the church, the hearse is surrounded by kāhili bearers. Once at the chapel the ritual continues, as well as while transferring the deceased to the cemetery. At Bernice Pauahi Bishop's funeral, 150 black kāhili were carried and displayed.

text: The hana lawelawe of the paa-kahili is an important ritual duty at the funeral of a Hawaiia noble's funeral. From the time the body is laid out to the moment it is interred, the bearers wave the kāhili above the deceased. Three of four kāhili bearers stand on either side and at regular intervels raise the standards above the body until they meet the opposing feathered staff on the other side. The standards are then waved to the right, left and then up while

text: genealogy

text: chants are sung detailing the deeds of the figure and their ancestors. When the body is transported from the home to the church, the

text: hearse

text: is surrounded by kāhili bearers. Once at the chapel the ritual continues, as well as while transferring the deceased to the cemetery. At

text: Bernice Pauahi Bishop

text: 's funeral, 150 black kāhili were carried and displayed.

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answers: up

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answers: up

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answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: right, left and then up

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: The standards

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The standards are then waved to the right, left and then up

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The bearers wave the k hili above the deceased

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a Hawaiia noble's funeral

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The standards are then waved to the right, left and then up

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves can be used to measure earthquakes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The term seismic sea wave also is used to refer to the phenomenon, because the waves most often are generated by seismic activity such as earthquakes. Prior to the rise of the use of the term tsunami in English-speaking countries, scientists generally encouraged the use of the term seismic sea wave rather than the inaccurate term tidal wave. However, like tsunami, seismic sea wave is not a completely accurate term, as forces other than earthquakes – including underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, land or ice slumping into the ocean, meteorite impacts, and the weather when the atmospheric pressure changes very rapidly – can generate such waves by displacing water.

text: The term seismic sea wave also is used to refer to the phenomenon, because the waves most often are generated by

text: seismic

text: activity such as earthquakes. Prior to the rise of the use of the term tsunami in English-speaking countries, scientists generally encouraged the use of the term seismic sea wave rather than the inaccurate term tidal wave. However, like tsunami, seismic sea wave is not a completely accurate term, as forces other than earthquakes – including underwater

text: landslide

text: s, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, land or ice slumping into the ocean,

text: meteorite

text: impacts, and the weather when the atmospheric pressure changes very rapidly – can generate such waves by displacing water.

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answers: seismic sea wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic sea wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic activity such as earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: tsunami

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the ocean

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: tsunami

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: tidal wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic activity such as earthquakes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude. Interference usually refers to the interaction of waves that are correlated or coherent with each other, either because they come from the same source or because they have the same or nearly the same frequency. Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for example, light, radio, acoustic, surface water waves or matter waves.

text: In

text: physics

text: , interference is a phenomenon in which two

text: wave

text: s

text: superpose

text: to form a resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same

text: amplitude

text: . Interference usually refers to the interaction of waves that are correlated or

text: coherent

text: with each other, either because they come from the same source or because they have the same or nearly the same

text: frequency

text: . Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for example,

text: light

text: radio

text: acoustic

text: surface water wave

text: s or

text: matter wave

text: s.

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answers: Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: interference effects can be observed with all types of waves

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: One important property of mechanical waves is that their amplitudes are measured in an unusual way, displacement divided by (reduced) wavelength. When this gets comparable to unity, significant nonlinear effects such as harmonic generation may occur, and, if large enough, may result in chaotic effects. For example, waves on the surface of a body of water break when this dimensionless amplitude exceeds 1, resulting in a foam on the surface and turbulent mixing. Some of the most common examples of mechanical waves are water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves.

text: One important property of mechanical waves is that their amplitudes are measured in an unusual way, displacement divided by

text: (reduced) wavelength

text: . When this gets comparable to unity, significant

text: nonlinear

text: effects such as harmonic generation may occur, and, if large enough, may result in chaotic effects. For example, waves on the surface of a body of water break when this dimensionless amplitude exceeds 1, resulting in a foam on the surface and turbulent mixing. Some of the most common examples of mechanical waves are water waves, sound waves, and

text: seismic waves

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answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are mechanical waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Body for Life uses a "wave" pattern,  periodically building up from level 5 to level 9 or 10 during an exercise session. This allows the muscles to warm up, and gives the body a chance to build up to a "high point" of maximal exertion. Brief but intense exercise provides maximum stimulus for the body to build strength and endurance, but without the risk of overtraining.

text: Body for Life uses a "wave" pattern,  periodically building up from level 5 to level 9 or 10 during an exercise session. This allows the muscles to warm up, and gives the body a chance to build up to a "high point" of maximal exertion. Brief but intense exercise provides maximum stimulus for the body to build

text: strength

text: and

text: endurance

text: , but without the risk of

text: overtraining

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answers: 9 or 10

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: "high point"

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: level

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the body

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: overtraining

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: overtraining

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: "wave" pattern

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are produced by shaking

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Physics theories of the late 19th century assumed that just as surface water waves must have a supporting substance, i.e. a "medium", to move across (in this case water), and audible sound requires a medium to transmit its wave motions (such as air or water), so light must also require a medium, the "luminiferous aether", to transmit its wave motions. Because light can travel through a vacuum, it was assumed that even a vacuum must be filled with aether. Because the speed of light is so large, and because material bodies pass through the aether without obvious friction or drag, it was assumed to have a highly unusual combination of properties. Designing experiments to test the properties of the aether was a high priority of 19th century physics.

text: Physics

text: theories of the late 19th century assumed that just as surface water waves must have a supporting substance, i.e. a "medium", to move across (in this case water), and audible

text: sound

text: requires a medium to transmit its wave motions (such as air or water), so light must also require a medium, the "

text: luminiferous aether

text: ", to transmit its wave motions. Because light can travel through a vacuum, it was assumed that even a vacuum must be filled with aether. Because the

text: speed of light

text: is so large, and because material bodies pass through the aether without obvious friction or drag, it was assumed to have a highly unusual combination of properties. Designing experiments to test the properties of the aether was a high priority of 19th century physics.

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: scientists can learn most everything about earths interior by studying the waves that come into one seismograph

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: vacuum

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: light can travel through a vacuum

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: light must also require a medium

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: light can travel through a vacuum

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Because light can travel through a vacuum, it was assumed that even a vacuum must be filled with aether

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: light can travel through a vacuum

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The action figures themselves were often repaints and head-swaps of existing characters, outfitted with different equipment; for example, Stinkor was originally a color-swap of Mer-Man wearing a re-colored version of Mekaneck's breastplate. For much of the original line, there were limited molds. Two chests, hairy and smooth, one belt/pair of shorts, and three sets of arms and legs (smooth muscular, evil 'claw' fingers/toes, and hairy). Teela had her own mold, which was later duplicated for Evil-Lyn. When the second wave appeared, several new molds were used (Ram Man, Man-E-Faces, and Trap Jaw all had new mold pieces). Wave three incorporated the same torso for Whiplash and Buzz-Off. New legs were shared with Whiplash, Buzz-Off and an early release of Clawful. Wave Four saw the introduction of more unique body parts (i.e. Leech, Mantenna, Sy-Klone and Two Bad) with Moss Man and Stinkor being the only new characters to be entirely created using old body parts. Wave 5 featured completely unique parts for almost every new character, while the final waves largely returned to the "classic" look of shared sculpts.

text: The action figures themselves were often repaints and head-swaps of existing characters, outfitted with different equipment; for example,

entity_name: List of Masters of the Universe characters

text: Stinkor

text: was originally a color-swap of

text: Mer-Man

text: wearing a re-colored version of

text: Mekaneck

text: 's breastplate. For much of the original line, there were limited molds. Two chests, hairy and smooth, one belt/pair of shorts, and three sets of arms and legs (smooth muscular, evil 'claw' fingers/toes, and hairy). Teela had her own mold, which was later duplicated for Evil-Lyn. When the second wave appeared, several new molds were used (

text: Ram Man

text: Man-E-Faces

text: , and

text: Trap Jaw

text: all had new mold pieces). Wave three incorporated the same torso for

text: Whiplash

text: and

text: Buzz-Off

text: . New legs were shared with Whiplash, Buzz-Off and an early release of

text: Clawful

text: . Wave Four saw the introduction of more unique body parts (i.e.

entity_name: List of She-Ra: Princess of Power characters

text: Leech

text: Mantenna

text: Sy-Klone

text: and

text: Two Bad

text: ) with

text: Moss Man

text: and Stinkor being the only new characters to be entirely created using old body parts. Wave 5 featured completely unique parts for almost every new character, while the final waves largely returned to the "classic" look of shared sculpts.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: Wave Five

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Wave Five

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Wave 5

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Wave Five

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Stinkor being the only new characters to be entirely created using old body parts

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Wave 5 featured completely unique parts for almost every new character

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Wave 5

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: • Sources of wind wave generation: Sea water wave is generated by many kinds of disturbances such as Seismic events, gravity, and crossing wind. The generation of wind wave is initiated by the disturbances of cross wind field on the surface of the sea water. Two major Mechanisms of surface wave formation by winds (a.k.a.‘The Miles-Phillips Mechanism’) and other sources (ex. earthquakes) of wave formation can explain the generation of wind waves.

text: • Sources of wind wave generation: Sea water wave is generated by many kinds of disturbances such as Seismic events, gravity, and crossing wind. The generation of wind wave is initiated by the disturbances of cross wind field on the surface of the sea water. Two major Mechanisms of surface wave formation by winds (a.k.a.‘The Miles-Phillips Mechanism’) and other sources (ex. earthquakes) of wave formation can explain the generation of wind waves.

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text: Modern regional structure is being investigated using seismic tomography and seismic reflection in three dimensions, providing unrivaled images of the Earth's interior, its faults and the deep crust. Further information from geophysics such as gravity and airborne magnetics can provide information on the nature of rocks imaged to be in the deep crust.

text: Modern regional structure is being investigated using

text: seismic tomography

text: and

text: seismic

text: reflection in three dimensions, providing unrivaled images of the Earth's interior, its faults and the deep crust. Further information from

text: geophysics

text: such as

text: gravity

text: and airborne magnetics can provide information on the nature of rocks imaged to be in the deep crust.

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text: Jon F. Claerbout (born 1937) is the Cecil Green Professor Emeritus of Geophysics at Stanford University. He has been a leading geophysicist since the later half of the 20th Century. He pioneered the use of computers in processing and filtering seismic exploration data, eventually developing the field of time series analysis and seismic wave propagation. He is the youngest ever recipient of the Maurice Ewing Medal of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, having received this award in 1992 for lifetime achievements when he was in his early fifties.

text: Jon F. Claerbout (born 1937) is the

text: Cecil Green

text: Professor Emeritus of Geophysics at

text: Stanford University

text: . He has been a leading

text: geophysicist

text: since the later half of the 20th Century. He pioneered the use of computers in processing and filtering seismic exploration data, eventually developing the field of time series analysis and seismic wave propagation. He is the youngest ever recipient of the Maurice Ewing Medal of the

text: Society of Exploration Geophysicists

text: , having received this award in 1992 for lifetime achievements when he was in his early fifties.

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answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: propagation

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: propagation

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic wave propagation

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: computers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Jon F. Claerbout

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave propagation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic wave propagation

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic wave propagation

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic exploration data

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The wingspan is about 10-16 mm. Palpi with the second joint reaching slightly beyond the frons. Hind wings with vein 3 from angle of cell or shortly stalked at vein 4. Male lack secondary sexual characters on the wings. Body rufous, with rufous suffusion. Fore wings with traces of numerous waved lines. An oblique antemedial line angled in the cell and a postmedial line with blackish suffusion inside it, angled on veins 6 and 4, then oblique. A submarginal waved greyish line found with black marks on it at costa, and on each side of vein 6. Hind wings with round outer margin. Traces of waved lines can be seen. There is a postmedial line angled on vein 4 and a waved greyish submarginal line. Ventral side with curved postmedial and submarginal lines. Hind wings of male on ventrally clothed entirely with rough grey and black scales.

text: The

text: wingspan

text: is about 10-16 mm. Palpi with the second joint reaching slightly beyond the frons. Hind wings with vein 3 from angle of cell or shortly stalked at vein 4. Male lack secondary sexual characters on the wings. Body rufous, with rufous suffusion. Fore wings with traces of numerous waved lines. An oblique antemedial line angled in the cell and a postmedial line with blackish suffusion inside it, angled on veins 6 and 4, then oblique. A submarginal waved greyish line found with black marks on it at costa, and on each side of vein 6. Hind wings with round outer margin. Traces of waved lines can be seen. There is a postmedial line angled on vein 4 and a waved greyish submarginal line. Ventral side with curved postmedial and submarginal lines. Hind wings of male on ventrally clothed entirely with rough grey and black scales.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: costa

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The wingspan is about 10-16 mm

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: The wingspan is about 10-16 mm

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: submarginal

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: secondary sexual characters

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: male lack secondary sexual characters on the wings

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: suffusion

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The wingspan is about 10-16 mm

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: waved lines can be seen

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Flinn–Engdahl regions (or F–E regions) are a division of the Earth into seismic zones. In seismology, it is the standard of localizing earthquakes. The scheme was proposed in 1965 by Edward A. Flinn and E. R. Engdahl. The first official definition was published in 1974 and a revision in 1995. Because each F-E region is composed of 1x1 degree blocks with integer latitudes and longitudes, the borders of the F–E regions may differ from political boundaries. For instance, the F–E region 545 ("Northern Italy") also includes parts of France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. After the 1995 revision there are 754 F–E regions, subsequently numbered from 1 to 757 with three gaps (172, 299 and 550) at dissolved regions. The regions are grouped into 50 larger seismic regions.

text: The Flinn–Engdahl regions (or F–E regions) are a division of the Earth into seismic zones. In seismology, it is the standard of localizing

text: earthquake

text: s. The scheme was proposed in 1965 by

text: Edward A. Flinn

text: and

text: E. R. Engdahl

text: . The first official definition was published in 1974 and a revision in 1995. Because each F-E region is composed of 1x1 degree blocks with integer latitudes and longitudes, the borders of the F–E regions may differ from political boundaries. For instance, the F–E region 545 ("Northern Italy") also includes parts of France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. After the 1995 revision there are 754 F–E regions, subsequently numbered from 1 to 757 with three gaps (172, 299 and 550) at dissolved regions. The regions are grouped into 50 larger seismic regions.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: longitudes

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 1x1 degree

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: In seismology, it is the standard of localizing earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudes

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the borders of the F–E regions may differ from political boundaries

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the borders of the F–E regions may differ from political boundaries

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: After the 1995 revision there are 754 F–E regions

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The Flinn–Engdahl regions

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it is the standard of localizing earthquakes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The distinguishing feature for a tsunami earthquake is that the release of seismic energy occurs at long periods (low frequencies) relative to typical tsunamigenic earthquakes. Earthquakes of this type do not generally show the peaks of seismic wave activity associated with ordinary events. A tsunami earthquake can be defined as an undersea earthquake for which the surface wave magnitude M differs markedly from the moment magnitude M, because the former is calculated from surface waves with a period of about 20 seconds, whereas the latter is a measure of the total energy release at all frequencies. The displacements associated with tsunami earthquakes are consistently greater than those associated with ordinary tsunamigenic earthquakes of the same moment magnitude, typically more than double. Rupture velocities for tsunami earthquakes are typically about 1.0 km per second, compared to the more normal 2.5–3.5 km per second for other megathrust earthquakes. These slow rupture speeds lead to greater directivity, with the potential to cause higher run-ups on short coastal sections. Tsunami earthquakes mainly occur at subduction zones where there is a large accretionary wedge or where sediments are being subducted, as this weaker material leads to the slower rupture velocities.

text: The distinguishing feature for a tsunami earthquake is that the release of seismic energy occurs at long periods (low frequencies) relative to typical tsunamigenic earthquakes. Earthquakes of this type do not generally show the peaks of seismic wave activity associated with ordinary events. A tsunami earthquake can be defined as an undersea earthquake for which the

text: surface wave magnitude

text: M differs markedly from the

text: moment magnitude

text: M, because the former is calculated from surface waves with a period of about 20 seconds, whereas the latter is a measure of the total energy release at all frequencies. The displacements associated with tsunami earthquakes are consistently greater than those associated with ordinary tsunamigenic earthquakes of the same moment magnitude, typically more than double. Rupture velocities for tsunami earthquakes are typically about 1.0 km per second, compared to the more normal 2.5–3.5 km per second for other megathrust earthquakes. These slow rupture speeds lead to greater directivity, with the potential to cause higher run-ups on short coastal sections. Tsunami earthquakes mainly occur at

text: subduction zone

text: s where there is a large

text: accretionary wedge

text: or where sediments are being subducted, as this weaker material leads to the slower rupture velocities.

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answers: peaks

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: moment magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Tsunami earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: displacements

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the latter is a measure of the total energy release at all frequencies

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: total energy release at all frequencies

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earthquakes of this type do not generally show the peaks of seismic wave activity associated with ordinary events

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Tsunami earthquakes mainly occur at subduction zones

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Earthquakes of this type do not generally show the peaks of seismic wave activity associated with ordinary events

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Reconstructions of seismic waves in the deep interior of the Earth show that there are no S-waves in the outer core. This indicates that the outer core is liquid, because liquids cannot support shear. The outer core is liquid, and the motion of this highly conductive fluid generates the Earth's field (see geodynamo). The inner core, however, is solid because of the enormous pressure.

text: Reconstructions of seismic waves in the deep interior of the Earth show that there are no

text: S-waves

text: in the

text: outer core

text: . This indicates that the outer core is liquid, because liquids cannot support shear. The

text: outer core

text: is liquid, and the motion of this highly conductive fluid generates the Earth's field (see

text: geodynamo

text: ). The

text: inner core

text: , however, is solid because of the enormous pressure.

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answers: 5

answers: NDQ_005928

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: S

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shear

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Reconstructions

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fluid

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the outer core is liquid

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: liquids cannot support shear

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: liquids cannot support shear

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: there are no S-waves in the outer core

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A mining accident took place on Monday, August 6, 2007, at 2:48 A.M. MDT.  The mine collapsed, trapping six workers: Kerry Allred (58), Luis Hernandez (23), Brandon Phillips (24), Carlos Payan (22), Manuel Sanchez (41), and Don Erickson (50). The workers were believed to be approximately 3.4 miles (5.5 km) from the mine entrance and 1500 feet (457 m) underground.  Seismic waves from the "coal mine bump" (collapse) were reported as magnitude 3.9 to 4.0 by seismograph stations in Utah and Nevada.  Initial reports questioned whether the collapse was triggered by an earthquake, but overwhelming evidence has led researchers to believe the seismic waves were caused by the collapse.  Additional seismic activities were recorded in the days following the event.

text: A

text: mining accident

text: took place on Monday, August 6, 2007, at 2:48 A.M.

text: MDT

text: .  The mine collapsed, trapping six workers: Kerry Allred (58), Luis Hernandez (23), Brandon Phillips (24), Carlos Payan (22), Manuel Sanchez (41), and Don Erickson (50). The workers were believed to be approximately 3.4 miles (5.5 km) from the mine entrance and 1500 feet (457 m) underground.

text: Seismic waves

text: from the "

text: coal mine bump

text: " (collapse) were reported as magnitude 3.9 to 4.0 by

text: seismograph

text: stations in Utah and Nevada.  Initial reports questioned whether the collapse was triggered by an earthquake, but overwhelming evidence has led researchers to believe the seismic waves were caused by the collapse.  Additional seismic activities were recorded in the days following the event.

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answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 1500 feet

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 3.4 miles

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mine

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: an earthquake

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismograph stations in Utah and Nevada

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismograph stations in Utah and Nevada

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Undersea People- ancient coelacanth fish that had evolved into human beings- declare war on the surface world. The Undersea People are uniformed in long black robes with triangular hoods. They have faces like a Komodo dragon, and their bodies are similar to the Creature from the Creature From the Black Lagoon movies. The Undersea People come to the surface world riding in an anglerfish-shaped submarine named Guilton, which was built in their undersea city 10,000 m below depth, causing seismic waves destroying naval ships.

text: The Undersea People- ancient coelacanth fish that had evolved into human beings- declare war on the surface world. The Undersea People are uniformed in long black robes with triangular hoods. They have faces like a Komodo dragon, and their bodies are similar to the Creature from the

text: Creature From the Black Lagoon

text: movies. The Undersea People come to the surface world riding in an anglerfish-shaped submarine named Guilton, which was built in their undersea city 10,000 m below depth, causing seismic waves destroying naval ships.

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answers: NDQ_005927

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answers: NDQ_005928

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answers: NDQ_005929

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: m

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: m

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: underwater city

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: destroying naval ships

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: destroying naval ships

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves destroying naval ships

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Gravitational wave sensors can detect even a minute change in the gravitational fields due to the influence of heavier bodies.  Large seismic waves can interfere with the gravitational waves and may cause shifts in the atoms. Hence, the magnitude of seismic waves can be detected by a relative shift in the gravitational waves.

text: Gravitational wave sensors can detect even a minute change in the gravitational fields due to the influence of heavier bodies.  Large seismic waves can interfere with the gravitational waves and may cause shifts in the atoms. Hence, the magnitude of seismic waves can be detected by a relative shift in the gravitational waves.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Large seismic waves can interfere with the gravitational waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: relative shift

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: gravitational waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: gravitational waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: gravitational waves can interfere with the gravitational waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Gravitational wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: gravitational waves

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Waves are formed in a similar manner to hydraulics and are sometimes also considered hydraulics as well.  Waves are noted by the large smooth face on the water rushing down. Sometimes a particularly large wave will also be followed by a "wave train", a long series of waves. These standing waves can be smooth or, particularly the larger ones, can be breaking waves (also called "whitecaps" or "haystacks").

text: Wave

text: s are formed in a similar manner to hydraulics and are sometimes also considered hydraulics as well.  Waves are noted by the large smooth face on the water rushing down. Sometimes a particularly large wave will also be followed by a "wave train", a long series of waves. These

text: standing wave

text: s can be smooth or, particularly the larger ones, can be breaking waves (also called "whitecaps" or "haystacks").

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/5081caa0d42c702fc0d292065f554229

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: large smooth face

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: large

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave train

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: breaking waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: breaking waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water rushing down

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Waves are formed in a similar manner to hydraulics

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: waves can be smooth or, particularly the larger ones, can be breaking waves

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Surface displacement during the earthquake was measured using SAR interferometry. The computed area of uplift is elongated W-E, with a maximum value of about  centered over the eastern end of the Latif anticline. A smaller area of subsidence was observed to the south of the uplifted area, and the lack of a sharp boundary between the two suggests that the fault does not come to the surface. The pattern of displacement is consistent with a north-dipping fault rupturing between about  and  in depth, which also provides a good match to the results of seismic modeling using body waves, although a SSE-dipping plane remains possible. This depth range strongly suggests that the fault affected the lower part of the sedimentary cover, while not ruling out some basement involvement. The mismatch between the orientation of the fault planes that caused the earthquake and the observed surface folds suggests that deformation at these two levels is decoupled by the presence of a detachment, possibly within marl layers.

text: Surface displacement during the earthquake was measured using

entity_name: Interferometric synthetic aperture radar

text: SAR interferometry

text: . The computed area of uplift is elongated W-E, with a maximum value of about  centered over the eastern end of the Latif anticline. A smaller area of subsidence was observed to the south of the uplifted area, and the lack of a sharp boundary between the two suggests that the fault does not come to the surface. The pattern of displacement is consistent with a north-dipping fault rupturing between about  and  in depth, which also provides a good match to the results of

text: seismic modeling

text: using

text: body waves

text: , although a SSE-dipping plane remains possible. This depth range strongly suggests that the fault affected the lower part of the sedimentary cover, while not ruling out some basement involvement. The mismatch between the orientation of the fault planes that caused the earthquake and the observed surface folds suggests that deformation at these two levels is decoupled by the presence of a detachment, possibly within marl layers.

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/6e94e141f75745d5f1512df5a5506e1a

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/907ca469be6ab10e22591ada6c47a955

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/45995f1875fa41e4d7962cfd2712846e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/1d84daf2f756e2c92ea3c76f804bbd56

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/5081caa0d42c702fc0d292065f554229

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: maximum value

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: SAR interferometry

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: marl layers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: dipping plane remains possible

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: SSE-dipping plane remains possible

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: SAR interferometry

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: SAR interferometry

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: This depth range strongly suggests that the fault affected the lower part of the sedimentary cover

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move. Mechanical waves propagate through a medium – air or water, making it oscillate as they pass by. Wind waves are sea surface waves that create the characteristic chaotic pattern of any large body of water, though their statistical behaviour can be predicted with wind wave models. As waves in water or wind pass over sand, they create patterns of ripples. When winds blow over large bodies of sand, they create dunes, sometimes in extensive dune fields as in the Taklamakan desert. Dunes may form a range of patterns including crescents, very long straight lines, stars, domes, parabolas, and longitudinal or Seif ('sword') shapes.

text: Wave

text: s are disturbances that carry energy as they move.

text: Mechanical wave

text: s propagate through a medium – air or water, making it

text: oscillate

text: as they pass by.

text: Wind wave

text: s are sea

text: surface wave

text: s that create the characteristic chaotic pattern of any large body of water, though their statistical behaviour can be predicted with wind wave models. As waves in water or wind pass over sand, they create patterns of ripples. When winds blow over large bodies of sand, they create

text: dune

text: s, sometimes in extensive dune fields as in the

text: Taklamakan

text: desert. Dunes may form a range of patterns including crescents, very long straight lines, stars, domes, parabolas, and longitudinal or Seif ('sword') shapes.

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/e69dd8bde7c62c832466dbc776519f31

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/935ab10daa9c2bec64ffe99bdbff91f5

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1682/26987ca737b111be6e99c01171ca15aa

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1682/bb5b76413a897daa0c9c3a6414b48120

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1682/fbc9a21e300065db2d40b9f809da0377

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1682/d108c5f4c97e33d3d5ec54a9bfa77d10

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1682/b5f2bfa2bc689786167189fd576b02a3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/ad261d26c51d64ca0529c9067ff9948d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/6e94e141f75745d5f1512df5a5506e1a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/a57602e447a46c53543ce068c2b206a0

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/80e2b7b1945c16160d18704ec4f7ebf8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/907ca469be6ab10e22591ada6c47a955

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/93a6e7c7ae3a018f6225da57ea50f1c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/567eef0cbffea75c6e1840b6400c0891

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/45995f1875fa41e4d7962cfd2712846e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/1d84daf2f756e2c92ea3c76f804bbd56

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/5081caa0d42c702fc0d292065f554229

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Ripples

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Parabolas

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air or water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: longitudinal or Seif

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Seismic wavelets captured before and after traversing a medium with seismic quality factor, Q, on coincident raypaths will have amplitudes that are related as follows:

text: Seismic wavelets captured before and after traversing a medium with seismic quality factor, Q, on coincident raypaths will have amplitudes that are related as follows:

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/e69dd8bde7c62c832466dbc776519f31

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/935ab10daa9c2bec64ffe99bdbff91f5

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/47e7ae1d5ddab07708cca073979728a4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/f8e5f32c4716ead2dcb34d9d917b2ed4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/de77358de9152774d51d300092c0f2bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/b9d6cc1b39d5274b5ca637f640379346

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/e5b86a7c5cfc4f48aa6ef89c84e1251b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/85ccedf3a016ebeee471245d23834fdb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/2079ec93e1a66ef6506f919461d0069d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/35bffb6afada126784cac8cd9d752659

answers: 0

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answers: Seismic wavelets captured before and after traversing a medium

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answers: P-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary.

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answers: Seismic wavelets

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The observation post was established about 10 km (≈6.21 miles) from the test vicinity, with members of Mathematics Group and Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) led by Dr. Masud Ahmad and Asghar Qadir charged with calculating the nuclear weapon yield. Determination of accurate and precise blast yields and shock waves is challenging because there are different ways in which the yields can be determined. The TPG predicted the total maximum test yields with an energy equivalent to be ~40 kilotons of TNT equivalent, with the largest (boosted) device yielding 30–36 kilotons. Other scientists estimated a yield of 6–13 kilotons or, based on the seismic wave data, a yield of 12–20 kt. Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) and Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan held to their estimates. The PAEC's mathematics division placed the scientific data in the public domain and published seismic activities, mathematical graphs, and mathematical formulas used to calculate the yield; though certain scientific information remains classified.

text: The observation post was established about 10 km (≈6.21 miles) from the test vicinity, with members of Mathematics Group and Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) led by Dr.

text: Masud Ahmad

text: and

text: Asghar Qadir

text: charged with calculating the

text: nuclear weapon yield

text: . Determination of accurate and precise blast yields and

text: shock waves

text: is challenging because there are different ways in which the yields can be determined. The TPG predicted the total maximum test yields with an

text: energy equivalent

text: to be ~40 kilotons of

text: TNT equivalent

text: , with the largest (boosted) device yielding 30–36 kilotons. Other scientists estimated a yield of 6–13 kilotons or, based on the

text: seismic wave

text: data, a yield of 12–20 kt. Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) and Dr.

text: Abdul Qadeer Khan

text: held to their estimates. The PAEC's mathematics division placed the scientific data in the public domain and published seismic activities, mathematical graphs, and mathematical formulas used to calculate the yield; though certain scientific information remains classified.

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answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic wave data

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answers: 10 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 10 km

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answers: classified

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answers: classified

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answers: seismic wave data

answers: NDQ_005928

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answers: seismic wave data

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Speculation also continues that the inner core might have exhibited a variety of internal deformation patterns. This may be necessary to explain why seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others. Because thermal convection alone appears to be improbable, any buoyant convection motions will have to be driven by variations in composition or abundance of liquid in its interior. S. Yoshida and colleagues proposed a novel mechanism whereby deformation of the inner core can be caused by a higher rate of freezing at the equator than at polar latitudes, and S. Karato proposed that changes in the magnetic field might also deform the inner core slowly over time.

text: Speculation also continues that the inner core might have exhibited a variety of internal

text: deformation

text: patterns. This may be necessary to explain why seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others. Because

text: thermal convection

text: alone appears to be improbable, any buoyant convection motions will have to be driven by variations in composition or abundance of liquid in its interior. S. Yoshida and colleagues proposed a novel mechanism whereby deformation of the inner core can be caused by a higher rate of freezing at the equator than at polar latitudes, and S. Karato proposed that changes in the magnetic field might also deform the inner core slowly over time.

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answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: direction

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: inner core

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: thermal convection alone appears to be improbable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: thermal convection alone appears to be improbable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: deformation patterns

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Surface waves have been used in over-the-horizon radar, which operates mainly at frequencies between 2 and 20 MHz over the sea, which has a sufficiently high conductivity to convey the surface waves to and from a reasonable distance (up to 100 km or more; over-horizon radar also uses skywave propagation at much greater distances). In the development of radio, surface waves were used extensively. Early commercial and professional radio services relied exclusively on long wave, low frequencies and ground-wave propagation.  To prevent interference with these services, amateur and experimental transmitters were restricted to the high frequencies (HF), felt to be useless since their ground-wave range was limited.  Upon discovery of the other propagation modes possible at medium wave and short wave frequencies, the advantages of HF for commercial and military purposes became apparent. Amateur experimentation was then confined only to authorized frequencies in the range.

text: Surface waves have been used in

text: over-the-horizon radar

text: , which operates mainly at frequencies between 2 and 20 MHz over the sea, which has a sufficiently high conductivity to convey the surface waves to and from a reasonable distance (up to 100 km or more; over-horizon radar also uses skywave propagation at much greater distances). In the

text: development of radio

text: , surface waves were used extensively. Early commercial and professional radio services relied exclusively on

text: long wave

text: , low frequencies and ground-wave propagation.  To prevent interference with these services, amateur and experimental transmitters were restricted to the high frequencies (HF), felt to be useless since their ground-wave range was limited.  Upon discovery of the other propagation modes possible at

text: medium wave

text: and

text: short wave

text: frequencies, the advantages of HF for commercial and military purposes became apparent. Amateur experimentation was then confined only to authorized frequencies in the range.

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answers: horizon

answers: NDQ_005921

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answers: NDQ_005922

answers: In the development of radio, surface waves were used extensively

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: reasonable distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the sea

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: ground-wave range

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: ground-wave propagation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the sea

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The development of radio, surface waves were used extensively

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: ground-wave propagation at much greater distances

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Because the inner core is not rigidly connected to the Earth's solid mantle, the possibility that it rotates slightly faster or slower than the rest of Earth has long been entertained. In the 1990s, seismologists made various claims about detecting this kind of super-rotation by observing changes in the characteristics of seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades, using the aforementioned property that it transmits waves faster in some directions. Estimates of this super-rotation are around one degree of extra rotation per year.

text: Because the inner core is not rigidly connected to the Earth's solid

text: mantle

text: , the possibility that it

text: rotates

text: slightly faster or slower than the rest of Earth has long been entertained. In the 1990s, seismologists made various claims about detecting this kind of super-rotation by observing changes in the characteristics of

text: seismic waves

text: passing through the inner core over several decades, using the aforementioned property that it transmits waves faster in some directions. Estimates of this super-rotation are around one degree of extra rotation per year.

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answers: one degree

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answers: seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: one degree

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the inner core

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: one degree of extra rotation per year

answers: NDQ_005926

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it transmits waves faster in some directions

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it transmits waves faster in some directions

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A surface acoustic wave (SAW) is an acoustic wave traveling along the surface of a material exhibiting elasticity, with an amplitude that typically decays exponentially with depth into the substrate.

text: A surface acoustic wave (SAW) is an

text: acoustic wave

text: traveling along the surface of a material exhibiting

text: elasticity

text: , with an

text: amplitude

text: that typically decays exponentially with depth into the substrate.

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answers: depth

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answers: material exhibiting elasticity

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answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface acoustic wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface acoustic wave

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In seismology, geophysicists use ray tracing to aid in earthquake location and tomographic reconstruction of the Earth's interior. Seismic wave velocity varies within and beneath Earth's crust, causing these waves to bend and reflect. Ray tracing may be used to compute paths through a geophysical model, following them back to their source, such as an earthquake, or deducing the properties of the intervening material. In particular, the discovery of the seismic shadow zone (illustrated at right) allowed scientists to deduce the presence of Earth's molten core.

text: In

text: seismology

text: , geophysicists use ray tracing to aid in earthquake location and

text: tomographic

text: reconstruction of the

text: Earth's interior

text: Seismic wave

text: velocity varies within and beneath Earth's

text: crust

text: , causing these waves to bend and reflect. Ray tracing may be used to compute paths through a geophysical model, following them back to their source, such as an earthquake, or deducing the properties of the intervening material. In particular, the discovery of the

text: seismic shadow zone

text: (illustrated at right) allowed scientists to deduce the presence of Earth's molten core.

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answers: NDQ_005923

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answers: the discovery of the seismic shadow zone

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic wave velocity varies within and beneath Earth's crust

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the discovery of the seismic shadow zone

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Seismic site effects are related to the amplification of seismic waves in surficial geological layers. The surface ground motion may be strongly amplified if the geological conditions are unfavourable (e.g. sediments). The damages due to an earthquake may thus be aggravated as in the case of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. For alluvial basins, we may shake a bowl of jelly to model the phenomenon at a small scale.

text: Seismic site effects are related to the amplification of

text: seismic waves

text: in surficial geological layers. The surface ground motion may be strongly amplified if the geological conditions are unfavourable (e.g. sediments). The damages due to an

text: earthquake

text: may thus be aggravated as in the case of the

text: 1985 Mexico City earthquake

text: . For

text: alluvial basins

text: , we may shake a bowl of jelly to model the phenomenon at a small scale.

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answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic site effects

answers: NDQ_005923

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answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: NDQ_005925

answers: we may shake a bowl of jelly

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: we may shake a bowl of jelly

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the 1985 Mexico City earthquake

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves in surficial geological layers

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The damages due to an earthquake may thus be aggravated

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Earthquakes occur as a consequence of gradual stress increases in a region, and once it reaches the maximum stress that the rocks can withstand a rupture generates and the resulting earthquake motion is related to a drop in the shear stress of the system. Earthquakes generate seismic waves when the rupture in the system occurs, the seismic waves consist of different types of waves that are capable of moving through the Earth like ripples over water. The causes that lead to slow earthquakes have only been theoretically investigated, by the formation of longitudinal shear cracks that were analysed using mathematical models. The different distributions of initial stress, sliding frictional stress, and specific fracture energy are all taken into account. If the initial stress minus the sliding frictional stress (with respect to the initial crack) is low, and the specific fracture energy or the strength of the crustal material (relative to the amount of stress) is high then slow earthquakes will occur regularly.In other words, slow earthquakes are caused by a variety of stick-slip and creep processes intermediated between asperity-controlled brittle and ductile fracture.  Asperities are tiny bumps and protrusions along the faces of fractures. They are best documented from intermediate crustal levels of certain subduction zones (especially those that dip shallowly — SW Japan, Cascadia, Chile), but appear to occur on other types of faults as well, notably strike-slip plate boundaries such as the San Andreas fault and "mega-landslide" normal faults on the flanks of volcanos.

text: Earthquakes occur as a consequence of gradual stress increases in a region, and once it reaches the maximum stress that the rocks can withstand a rupture generates and the resulting earthquake motion is related to a drop in the shear stress of the system. Earthquakes generate

text: seismic wave

text: s when the rupture in the system occurs, the seismic waves consist of different types of waves that are capable of moving through the Earth like ripples over water. The causes that lead to slow earthquakes have only been theoretically investigated, by the formation of longitudinal shear cracks that were analysed using mathematical models. The different distributions of

text: initial stress

text: sliding frictional stress

text: , and specific fracture energy are all taken into account. If the initial stress minus the sliding frictional stress (with respect to the initial crack) is low, and the specific fracture energy or the strength of the crustal material (relative to the amount of stress) is high then slow earthquakes will occur regularly.In other words, slow earthquakes are caused by a variety of

text: stick-slip

text: and creep processes intermediated between asperity-controlled

text: brittle and ductile fracture

text: .  Asperities are tiny bumps and protrusions along the faces of fractures. They are best documented from intermediate crustal levels of certain

text: subduction zones

text: (especially those that dip shallowly — SW Japan, Cascadia, Chile), but appear to occur on other types of

text: faults

text: as well, notably

text: strike-slip

text: plate boundaries such as the San Andreas fault and "mega-landslide" normal faults on the flanks of volcanos.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: maximum stress

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves consist of different types of waves that are capable of moving through the Earth like ripples over water

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: "mega-landslide" normal faults on the flanks of volcanos

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: moving through the Earth like ripples over water

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: ripples over water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The causes that lead to slow earthquakes have only been theoretically investigated

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The different distributions of initial stress, sliding frictional stress, and specific fracture energy are all taken into account

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A tsunami is an unusual form of wave caused by a sudden and powerful event such as an underwater earthquake or landslide, a meteorite impact, a volcanic eruption, or a collapse of land into the sea. These events can temporarily lift or lower the surface of the sea in the affected area, usually by a few feet. The potential energy of the displaced seawater is turned into kinetic energy, creating a shallow wave radiating outwards at a velocity proportional to the square root of the depth of the water. Tsunamis, therefore, travel much faster in the open ocean than on a continental shelf. Despite traveling at speeds of over , tsunamis in deep seas have wavelengths from  and an amplitude of less than three feet. Standard surface waves in the same region may only have wavelengths of a few hundred feet and speeds up to  but, when compared to their possible amplitudes of up to , tsunamis at this stage are often able to pass unnoticed. Tsunami warning systems rely on the fact that seismic waves caused by earthquakes travel around the world at around  per hour, allowing threatened regions to be alerted to the possibility of a tsunami. Measurements from a network of sea-level measuring stations make it possible to confirm or cancel a tsunami warning. A trigger event on the continental shelf may cause a local tsunami on the land side and a distant tsunami that travels out across the ocean. The energy of the wave is dissipated only gradually but is spread out over the wave front. As the wave radiates away from the source, the front gets longer and the average energy reduces, so distant shores will generally be hit by weaker waves. However, as the speed of the wave is controlled by the water depth, it does not travel at the same speed in all directions and this affects the direction of the wave front. This effect, known as refraction, can focus the strength of an advancing tsunami on some areas while weakening it in others, according to the undersea topography along its path.

text: A tsunami is an unusual form of wave caused by a sudden and powerful event such as an underwater

text: earthquake

text: or

text: landslide

text: , a

text: meteorite impact

text: , a

text: volcanic eruption

text: , or a

text: collapse of land into the sea

text: . These events can temporarily lift or lower the surface of the sea in the affected area, usually by a few feet. The potential energy of the displaced seawater is turned into kinetic energy, creating a shallow wave radiating outwards at a velocity proportional to the square root of the depth of the water. Tsunamis, therefore, travel much faster in the open ocean than on a continental shelf. Despite traveling at speeds of over , tsunamis in deep seas have wavelengths from  and an amplitude of less than three feet. Standard surface waves in the same region may only have wavelengths of a few hundred feet and speeds up to  but, when compared to their possible amplitudes of up to , tsunamis at this stage are often able to pass unnoticed.

text: Tsunami warning system

text: s rely on the fact that seismic waves caused by earthquakes travel around the world at around  per hour, allowing threatened regions to be alerted to the possibility of a tsunami. Measurements from a network of sea-level measuring stations make it possible to confirm or cancel a tsunami warning. A trigger event on the continental shelf may cause a local tsunami on the land side and a distant tsunami that travels out across the ocean. The energy of the wave is dissipated only gradually but is spread out over the wave front. As the wave radiates away from the source, the front gets longer and the average energy reduces, so distant shores will generally be hit by weaker waves. However, as the speed of the wave is controlled by the water depth, it does not travel at the same speed in all directions and this affects the direction of the wave front. This effect, known as

text: refraction

text: , can focus the strength of an advancing tsunami on some areas while weakening it in others, according to the undersea topography along its path.

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answers: wave front

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Tsunamis, therefore, travel much faster in the open ocean than on a continental shelf

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: tsunamis at this stage are often able to pass unnoticed

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: tsunamis at this stage are often able to pass unnoticed

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seawater

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Tsunamis, therefore, travel much faster in the open ocean

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves caused by earthquakes travel around the world at around per hour

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: YKA or Yellowknife Seismological Array is a medium size seismic array established near Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories, Canada, in 1962, in cooperative agreement between the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys (now Natural Resources Canada) and the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), to investigate the feasibility of teleseismic detection and identification of nuclear explosions. YKA currently consists of 19 short period seismic sensors in the form of a cross with an aperture of 2.5 km, plus 4 broadband seismograph sites with instruments able to detect a wide range of seismic wave frequencies.

text: YKA or Yellowknife Seismological Array is a medium size seismic array established near

text: Yellowknife

text: in the

text: Northwest Territories

text: , Canada, in 1962, in cooperative agreement between the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys (now

text: Natural Resources Canada

text: ) and the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (

text: UKAEA

text: ), to investigate the feasibility of

text: teleseism

text: ic detection and identification of nuclear explosions. YKA currently consists of 19 short period seismic sensors in the form of a cross with an aperture of 2.5 km, plus 4 broadband seismograph sites with instruments able to detect a wide range of seismic wave frequencies.

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answers: aperture

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answers: an aperture

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: a wide range of seismic wave frequencies

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 2.5 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: an aperture of 2.5 km

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_005926

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answers: Yellowknife Seismological Array

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Yellowknife

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Yellowknife Seismological Array

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: From the first seismograms, as seen on the figure, it was noticed that the trace was divided into two major portions.  The first seismic wave to arrive was the P-wave, followed closely by the S-wave.  Knowing the relative 'velocities of propagation', it was a simple matter to calculate the distance of the earthquake.

text: From the first seismograms, as seen on the figure, it was noticed that the trace was divided into two major portions.  The first seismic wave to arrive was the

text: P-wave

text: , followed closely by the

text: S-wave

text: .  Knowing the relative 'velocities of propagation', it was a simple matter to calculate the distance of the earthquake.

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answers: S-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: distance

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismograms

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: relative

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquake

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the trace was divided into two major portions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the trace was divided into two major portions

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the distance of the earthquake

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Study of geographic areas combined with an assessment of historical earthquakes allows geologists to determine seismic risk and  to create seismic hazard maps, which show the likely PGA values to be experienced in a region during an earthquake, with a probability of exceedance (PE).  Seismic engineers and government planning departments use these values to determine the appropriate earthquake loading for buildings in each zone, with key identified  structures (such as hospitals, bridges, power plants) needing to survive the maximum considered earthquake (MCE).

text: Study of geographic areas combined with an assessment of historical earthquakes allows geologists to determine

text: seismic risk

text: and  to create

text: seismic hazard map

text: s, which show the likely PGA values to be experienced in a region during an earthquake, with a

text: probability of exceedance

text: (PE).

text: Seismic engineers

text: and government planning departments use these values to determine the appropriate

text: earthquake loading

text: for buildings in each zone, with key identified  structures (such as hospitals, bridges, power plants) needing to survive the

text: maximum considered earthquake

text: (MCE).

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: MCE

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: PGA

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic engineers

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: PGA

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquake

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: MCE

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: MCE

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: historical earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: earthquake

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: historical earthquakes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Bou'in-Zahra earthquake was located in an area of active thrust faulting and folding, parallel and south of the southern edge of the Alborz mountain range, and was the 11th rupture in the previous two months in central Iran. A seismic inversion of long-period P and SH body-wave seismograms indicated a rupture on a thrust fault that dips 49 degrees to the southwest and had a centroid depth of roughly . The rupture's mechanism of faulting was reverse.

text: The Bou'in-Zahra earthquake was located in an area of active

text: thrust fault

text: ing and

text: folding

text: , parallel and south of the southern edge of the

text: Alborz

text: mountain range, and was the 11th rupture in the previous two months in central Iran. A

text: seismic inversion

text: of long-period P and SH

text: body-wave seismograms

text: indicated a rupture on a

text: thrust fault

text: that dips 49 degrees to the southwest and had a

text: centroid

text: depth of roughly . The rupture's

text: mechanism

text: of faulting was reverse.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005921

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answers: NDQ_005923

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answers: NDQ_005927

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answers: NDQ_005928

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answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: centroid

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: centroid depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: long-period P and SH body-wave seismograms

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: centroid depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body-wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body-wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The rupture's mechanism of faulting was reverse

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: body-wave seismograms

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: active thrust faulting and folding

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: According to Crampin  shear wave splitting measurements can be used to monitor stress levels in the earth.  It is well known that rocks near an earthquake-prone zone will exhibit dilatancy.  Shear wave splitting is produced by seismic waves traveling through a medium with oriented cracks or crystals.  The changes in shear wave splitting measurements over the time leading up to an impending earthquake can be studied to give insight to the timing and location of the earthquake. These phenomena may be observed many hundreds of kilometers from the epicenter.

text: According to Crampin  shear wave splitting measurements can be used to monitor stress levels in the earth.  It is well known that rocks near an earthquake-prone zone will exhibit

text: dilatancy

text: .  Shear wave splitting is produced by seismic waves traveling through a medium with oriented cracks or crystals.  The changes in shear wave splitting measurements over the time leading up to an impending earthquake can be studied to give insight to the timing and location of the earthquake. These phenomena may be observed many hundreds of kilometers from the epicenter.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: These phenomena may be observed many hundreds of kilometers from the epicenter

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: kilometers

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: cracks or crystals

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: earthquake-prone zone will exhibit dilatancy

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves traveling through a medium with oriented cracks or crystals

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: rocks near an earthquake-prone zone will exhibit dilatancy

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Shear wave splitting

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: stress levels in the earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Seismic waves are also generated by the Whillans Ice Stream, a large, fast-moving river of ice pouring from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet into the Ross Ice Shelf.  Two bursts of seismic waves are released every day, each one equivalent to a magnitude 7 earthquake, and are seemingly related to the tidal action of the Ross Sea. During each event a 96 by 193 kilometer (60 by 120 mile) region of the glacier moves as much as .67 meters (2.2 feet) over about 25 minutes, remains still for 12 hours, then moves another half-meter. The seismic waves are recorded at seismographs around Antarctica, and even as far away as Australia, a distance of more than 6,400 kilometers.  Because the motion takes place of such a long period of time 10 to 25 minutes, it cannot be felt by scientists standing on the moving glacier.  It is not known if these events are related to global warming.

text: Seismic waves

text: are also generated by the

text: Whillans Ice Stream

text: , a large, fast-moving river of ice pouring from the

text: West Antarctic Ice Sheet

text: into the

text: Ross Ice Shelf

text: .  Two bursts of seismic waves are released every day, each one equivalent to a magnitude 7 earthquake, and are seemingly related to the

text: tidal action

text: of the Ross Sea. During each event a 96 by 193 kilometer (60 by 120 mile) region of the glacier moves as much as .67 meters (2.2 feet) over about 25 minutes, remains still for 12 hours, then moves another half-meter. The seismic waves are recorded at

text: seismographs

text: around

text: Antarctica

text: , and even as far away as

text: Australia

text: , a distance of more than 6,400 kilometers.  Because the motion takes place of such a long period of time 10 to 25 minutes, it cannot be felt by scientists standing on the moving glacier.  It is not known if these events are related to global warming.

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answers: 2.2 feet

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 2.2 feet

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: It is not known if these events are related to global warming

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 6,400 kilometers

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: scientists standing on the moving glacier

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Ross Sea

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are recorded at seismographs around Antarctica, and even as far away as Australia

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Because of its enormous energy release and shallow rupture depth, the earthquake generated remarkable seismic ground motions around the globe, particularly due to huge Rayleigh (surface) elastic waves that exceeded  in vertical amplitude everywhere on Earth. The record section plot displays vertical displacements of the Earth's surface recorded by seismometers from the IRIS/USGS Global Seismographic Network plotted with respect to time (since the earthquake initiation) on the horizontal axis, and vertical displacements of the Earth on the vertical axis (note the 1 cm scale bar at the bottom for scale). The seismograms are arranged vertically by distance from the epicenter in degrees. The earliest, lower amplitude, signal is that of the compressional (P) wave, which takes about 22 minutes to reach the other side of the planet (the antipode; in this case near Ecuador). The largest amplitude signals are seismic surface waves that reach the antipode after about 100 minutes. The surface waves can be clearly seen to reinforce near the antipode (with the closest seismic stations in Ecuador), and to subsequently encircle the planet to return to the epicentral region after about 200 minutes. A major aftershock (magnitude 7.1) can be seen at the closest stations starting just after the 200 minute mark. This aftershock would be considered a major earthquake under ordinary circumstances, but is dwarfed by the mainshock.

text: Because of its enormous energy release and shallow rupture depth, the earthquake generated remarkable seismic ground motions around the globe, particularly due to huge

text: Rayleigh (surface) elastic waves

text: that exceeded  in vertical amplitude everywhere on Earth. The record section plot displays vertical displacements of the Earth's surface recorded by seismometers from the IRIS/USGS Global Seismographic Network plotted with respect to time (since the earthquake initiation) on the horizontal axis, and vertical displacements of the Earth on the vertical axis (note the 1 cm scale bar at the bottom for scale). The seismograms are arranged vertically by distance from the epicenter in degrees. The earliest, lower amplitude, signal is that of the compressional (P) wave, which takes about 22 minutes to reach the other side of the planet (the

text: antipode

text: ; in this case near Ecuador). The largest amplitude signals are seismic surface waves that reach the antipode after about 100 minutes. The surface waves can be clearly seen to reinforce near the antipode (with the closest seismic stations in Ecuador), and to subsequently encircle the planet to return to the epicentral region after about 200 minutes. A major aftershock (magnitude 7.1) can be seen at the closest stations starting just after the 200 minute mark. This aftershock would be considered a major earthquake under ordinary circumstances, but is dwarfed by the mainshock.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The seismograms are arranged vertically by distance from the epicenter in degrees

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: vertical amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: compressional (P) wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: compressional (P) wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Rayleigh (surface) elastic waves that exceeded in vertical amplitude everywhere on Earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh (surface) elastic waves that exceeded in vertical amplitude everywhere on Earth

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The seismograms are arranged vertically by distance from the epicenter

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In seismology, S-waves, secondary waves, or shear waves (sometimes called an elastic S-wave) are a type of elastic wave, and are one of the two main types of elastic body waves, so named because they move through the body of an object, unlike surface waves.

text: In

text: seismology

text: , S-waves, secondary waves, or shear waves (sometimes called an elastic S-wave) are a type of

text: elastic wave

text: , and are one of the two main types of elastic

text: body wave

text: s, so named because they move through the body of an object, unlike

text: surface wave

text: s.

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answers: 5

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: S-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: S-wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: S-waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: elastic body waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body of an object

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: move through the body

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: S-waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Shear waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they move through the body of an object

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Limitations in the calculation method mean that body wave magnitude saturates at around 6-6.5

text: Limitations in the calculation method mean that body wave magnitude saturates at around 6-6.5

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answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: body wave magnitude saturates at around 6-6.5

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 6-6.5

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body wave magnitude saturates

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body wave magnitude saturates

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: body wave magnitude saturates

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Body wave magnitude saturates at around 6-6.5

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: body wave magnitude

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The surface energy of the seismic waves from the earthquake was calculated to be at  joules, which is nearly double that of the 9.1 M 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed 230,000 people. If harnessed, the seismic energy from this earthquake would power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year. The seismic moment (M), which represents a physical size for the event, was calculated by the USGS at 3.9×10 joules, slightly less than the 2004 Indian Ocean quake.

text: The

text: surface energy

text: of the seismic waves from the earthquake was calculated to be at

text: joule

text: s, which is nearly double that of the 9.1 M

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

text: that killed 230,000 people. If harnessed, the seismic energy from this earthquake would power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year. The

text: seismic moment

text: (M), which represents a physical size for the event, was calculated by the USGS at 3.9×10 joules, slightly less than the 2004 Indian Ocean quake.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic moment

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic moment

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The surface energy of the seismic waves from the earthquake was calculated to be at joules

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic moment

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Indian Ocean

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the seismic energy from this earthquake would power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: If harnessed, the seismic energy from this earthquake would power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the Indian Ocean

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The surface energy of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The seismic moment (M) represents a physical size for the event

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The simplest mathematical formulation of the thermal history of Earth's interior involves the time evolution of the mid-mantle and mid-core temperatures.  To derive these equations one must first write the energy balance for the mantle and the core separately.  They are,

text: The simplest mathematical formulation of the thermal history of Earth's interior involves the time evolution of the mid-mantle and mid-core temperatures.  To derive these equations one must first write the

text: energy balance

text: for the mantle and the core separately.  They are,

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answers: mid-mantle

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: The simplest mathematical formulation

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: energy

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: energy balance for the mantle and the core separately

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: energy balance for the mantle and the core separately

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the mantle and the core separately

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Energy balance for the mantle and the core separately

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Earth's interior involves the time evolution

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: As an undergraduate Karcher attended the University of Oklahoma where in 1916 he received a B.S. degree in both Electrical Engineering and physics and was at the head of his class. When the university was granted a chapter in 1918, he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Upon graduation Karcher accepted the Tyndal Fellowship in Physics at the University of Pennsylvania where he began graduate work in September 1916. For his Ph.D. thesis he studied X-ray emissions. World War I interrupted his graduate studies and he served with the United States Bureau of Standards. His assignment was to locate heavy artillery batteries in France by studying acoustic waves the guns generated in the air. He noted an unexpected event in his research and switched his concentration to seismic waves in the earth. He thought it would be possible to determine the depth of underlying geological strata by vibrating the Earth's surface while precisely recording and timing the returning waves of energy. On October 16, 1920, Karcher married Lydia Kilborn; they had two children.

text: As an undergraduate Karcher attended the

text: University of Oklahoma

text: where in 1916 he received a

text: B.S.

text: degree in both

text: Electrical Engineering

text: and

text: physics

text: and was at the head of his class. When the university was granted a chapter in 1918, he was elected to

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: . Upon graduation Karcher accepted the Tyndal Fellowship in Physics at the

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: where he began graduate work in September 1916. For his Ph.D. thesis he studied X-ray emissions. World War I interrupted his graduate studies and he served with the United States Bureau of Standards. His assignment was to locate heavy artillery batteries in

text: France

text: by studying

text: acoustic

text: waves the guns generated in the air. He noted an unexpected event in his research and switched his concentration to

text: seismic waves

text: in the earth. He thought it would be possible to determine the depth of underlying geological strata by vibrating the Earth's surface while precisely recording and timing the returning waves of energy. On October 16, 1920, Karcher married Lydia Kilborn; they had two children.

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answers: NDQ_005922

answers: He thought it would be possible to determine the depth of underlying geological strata

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: X-ray emissions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the depth of underlying geological strata

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves in the earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: He thought it would be possible to determine the depth of underlying geological strata

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On October 27, 1998, during a four-year study of shear wave splitting in Iceland, Crampin and his coworkers recognized that time delays between split shear-waves were increasing at two seismic recording stations, BJA and SAU, in southwest Iceland. The following factors lead the group to recognize this as a possible precursor to an earthquake:

text: On October 27, 1998, during a four-year study of shear wave splitting in

text: Iceland

text: , Crampin and his coworkers recognized that time delays between split shear-waves were increasing at two seismic recording stations, BJA and SAU, in southwest Iceland. The following factors lead the group to recognize this as a possible precursor to an earthquake:

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answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic recording stations

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: time delays

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Iceland

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: shear wave splitting in Iceland

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear wave splitting

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: time delays between split shear-waves were increasing

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shear-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: time delays between split shear

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In October 2010, the King Street Station project was awarded $18.2 million from $2.4 billion in high-speed intercity passenger rail service funding announced by the U.S. Transportation Department. This funding was needed by the project in order to complete seismic regrades and to finalize the restoration of the interior. The restoration project was completed and the station was officially rededicated on April 24, 2013.

text: In October 2010, the King Street Station project was awarded $18.2 million from $2.4 billion in high-speed

text: intercity passenger rail

text: service funding announced by the

entity_name: United States Department of Transportation

text: U.S. Transportation Department

text: . This funding was needed by the project in order to complete seismic regrades and to finalize the restoration of the interior. The restoration project was completed and the station was officially rededicated on April 24, 2013.

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answers: NDQ_005921

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answers: NDQ_005922

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answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The restoration project was completed

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic regrades

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The restoration project was completed and the station was officially rededicated on April 24, 2013

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: This funding was needed by the project to complete seismic regrades

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic regrades

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: With all these, the advancement of anisotropy was still slow and in the first 30 years (1920-1950) of exploration seismology only a few papers were written on the subject. More work was done by several scientists such as Helbig (1956) who observed while doing seismic work on Devonian schists that velocities along the foliation were about 20% higher than those across the foliation. However the appreciation of anisotropy increased with the proposition of a new model for the generation of anisotropy in an originally isotropic background and a new exploration concept by Crampin (1987). One of the main points by Crampin was that the polarization of three component shear waves carries unique information about the internal structure of the rock through which they pass, and that shear wave splitting may contain information about the distribution of crack orientations.

text: With all these, the advancement of anisotropy was still slow and in the first 30 years (1920-1950) of exploration seismology only a few papers were written on the subject. More work was done by several scientists such as

text: Helbig

text: (1956) who observed while doing seismic work on

text: Devonian

text: schist

text: s that velocities along the foliation were about 20% higher than those across the foliation. However the appreciation of anisotropy increased with the proposition of a new model for the generation of anisotropy in an originally isotropic background and a new exploration concept by Crampin (1987). One of the main points by Crampin was that the polarization of three component shear waves carries unique information about the internal structure of the rock through which they pass, and that

text: shear wave splitting

text: may contain information about the distribution of

text: crack

text: orientations.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: polarization

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 20%

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: polarization of three component shear waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the internal structure of the rock through which they pass

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear wave splitting may contain information about the distribution of crack orientations

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Crampin

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Devonian schists

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: shear wave splitting may contain information

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The seismicity of Romania is clustered in several epicentral zones: Vrancea, Făgăraș-Câmpulung, Banat, Crișana, Maramureș and Southern Dobrogea. Other epicentral zones of local importance can be found in Transylvania, in the area of Jibou and Târnava River, in northern and western part of Oltenia, in northern Moldavia and in the Wallachian Plain. The Vrancea seismogenic zone is the most important among these seismic zones, having in mind the energy, the extent of the macroseismic effects and the persistent and confined character of the earthquakes that occur in this area. Basically, Vrancea area is responsible for over 90% of all earthquakes in Romania, releasing over 95% of the seismic energy. Two belts of moderate and shallower seismicity are emphasized in the other regions of the country: one along the Southern Carpathians and the eastern edge of the Pannonian Basin, the other along the Eastern Carpathians that extends towards SE on the Peceneaga–Camena line.

text: The seismicity of Romania is clustered in several epicentral zones:

text: Vrancea

text: Făgăraș

text: Câmpulung

text: Banat

text: Crișana

text: Maramureș

text: and

text: Southern Dobrogea

text: . Other epicentral zones of local importance can be found in

text: Transylvania

text: , in the area of

text: Jibou

text: and

text: Târnava River

text: , in northern and western part of

text: Oltenia

text: , in northern

text: Moldavia

text: and in the

text: Wallachian Plain

text: . The Vrancea seismogenic zone is the most important among these seismic zones, having in mind the energy, the extent of the macroseismic effects and the persistent and confined character of the earthquakes that occur in this area. Basically, Vrancea area is responsible for over 90% of all earthquakes in Romania, releasing over 95% of the seismic energy. Two belts of moderate and shallower seismicity are emphasized in the other regions of the country: one along the

text: Southern Carpathians

text: and the eastern edge of the

text: Pannonian Basin

text: , the other along the

text: Eastern Carpathians

text: that extends towards SE on the

text: Peceneaga

text: Camena

text: line.

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answers: NDQ_005927

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answers: NDQ_005928

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicentral

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: epicentral zone

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Vrancea seismogenic zone

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: shallower

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Transylvania

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Vrancea area is responsible for over 90% of all earthquakes in Romania

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: macroseismic effects

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Vrancea area is responsible for over 90% of all earthquakes in Romania, releasing over 95% of the seismic energy

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The Vrancea seismogenic zone

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes that occur in this area

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation. This falls within the domain of physical acoustics. In fluids, sound propagates primarily as a pressure wave. In solids, mechanical waves can take many forms including longitudinal waves, transverse waves and surface waves.

text: The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation. This falls within the domain of physical acoustics. In

text: fluid

text: s, sound propagates primarily as a

text: pressure wave

text: . In solids, mechanical waves can take many forms including

text: longitudinal waves

text: transverse waves

text: and

text: surface waves

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: This falls within the domain of physical acoustics

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fluids

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: longitudinal waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sound propagates primarily as a pressure wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: In solids, mechanical waves can take many forms

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: physical acoustics

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2013, Researchers from Columbia University and the University of Oklahoma demonstrated that in the midwestern United States, some areas with increased human-induced seismicity are susceptible to additional earthquakes triggered by the seismic waves from remote earthquakes. They recommended increased seismic monitoring near fluid injection sites to determine which areas are vulnerable to remote triggering and when injection activity should be ceased.

text: In 2013, Researchers from Columbia University and the University of Oklahoma demonstrated that in the midwestern United States, some areas with increased human-induced seismicity are susceptible to additional earthquakes triggered by the seismic waves from remote earthquakes. They recommended increased seismic monitoring near fluid injection sites to determine which areas are vulnerable to remote triggering and when injection activity should be ceased.

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answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves from remote earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: remote

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: United States

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: injection activity should be ceased

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves from remote earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid injection sites

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves from remote earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves from remote earthquakes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Typically, pressure waves travel faster in materials than do shear waves, and in earthquakes this is the reason that the onset of an earthquake is often preceded by a quick upward-downward shock, before arrival of waves that produce a side-to-side motion. For example, for a typical steel alloy, ,  and , yielding a compressional speed c of . This is in reasonable agreement with c measured experimentally at  for a (possibly different) type of steel. The shear speed c is estimated at  using the same numbers.

text: Typically, pressure waves travel faster in materials than do shear waves, and in earthquakes this is the reason that the onset of an earthquake is often preceded by a quick upward-downward shock, before arrival of waves that produce a side-to-side motion. For example, for a typical steel alloy, ,  and , yielding a compressional speed c of . This is in reasonable agreement with c measured experimentally at  for a (possibly different) type of steel. The shear speed c is estimated at  using the same numbers.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: upward

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: upward

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The shear speed c is estimated at using the same numbers

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: side-to-side

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: materials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: pressure waves travel faster

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the onset of an earthquake is often preceded by a quick upward-downward shock

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Shear waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Typically, pressure waves travel faster in materials than do shear waves

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Isoseismic curves of the event displayed some anomalies in damage distribution. The town of Fosdinovo and its surroundings sustained only minor damage, despite being in the middle of an area of widespread destruction. Vigneta and Castiglioncello, both frazioni of Casola in Lunigiana, had very different fates: the first was completely devastated, while the latter experienced only a few cracks in the walls and some collapsed chimneys. Study on those anomalies led to a better understanding of the effect of ground composition on the transmission of seismic waves. Vigneta was built on alluvial ground, made of sand and cobbles. It turned out that the cobbles acted as an amplifier for the shock waves, multiplying their intensity and deflecting them in random directions. Sometimes, cobbles shattered, and the ground above was further destabilized. Castiglioncello was built on an extraordinarily compact limestone slab, which acted as a barrier that reflected shock waves. Resonance and shock-wave amplification phenomena, well understood today, were unknown at the time of the Garfagnana earthquake.

text: Isoseismic curves

text: of the event displayed some anomalies in damage distribution. The town of

text: Fosdinovo

text: and its surroundings sustained only minor damage, despite being in the middle of an area of widespread destruction. Vigneta and

text: Castiglioncello

text: , both

text: frazioni

text: of

text: Casola in Lunigiana

text: , had very different fates: the first was completely devastated, while the latter experienced only a few cracks in the walls and some collapsed chimneys. Study on those anomalies led to a better understanding of the effect of ground composition on the transmission of seismic waves. Vigneta was built on

text: alluvial ground

text: , made of sand and cobbles. It turned out that the cobbles acted as an amplifier for the shock waves, multiplying their intensity and deflecting them in random directions. Sometimes, cobbles shattered, and the ground above was further destabilized. Castiglioncello was built on an extraordinarily compact limestone slab, which acted as a barrier that reflected shock waves. Resonance and shock-wave amplification phenomena, well understood today, were unknown at the time of the Garfagnana earthquake.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shock

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Shock wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Isoseismic curves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: damage distribution

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground composition

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: were unknown at the time of the Garfagnana earthquake

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Castiglioncello

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a barrier that reflected shock waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The town of Fosdinovo

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the effect of ground composition on the transmission of seismic waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: This approach fails to account for the rate at which electrons can pass the barrier. This rate should affect the tunnel current, so it can be treated using the Fermi's golden rule with the appropriate tunneling matrix element. John Bardeen solved this problem in his study of the metal-insulator-metal junction. He found that if he solved Schrödinger’s equation for each side of the junction separately to obtain the wave functions ψ and χ for each electrode, he could obtain the tunnel matrix, M, from the overlap of these two wave functions. This can be applied to STM by making the electrodes the tip and sample, assigning ψ and χ as sample and tip wave functions, respectively, and evaluating M at some surface S between the metal electrodes, where z=0 at the sample surface and z=W at the tip surface.

text: This approach fails to account for the rate at which electrons can pass the barrier. This rate should affect the tunnel current, so it can be treated using the

text: Fermi's golden rule

text: with the appropriate tunneling matrix element.

text: John Bardeen

text: solved this problem in his study of the

text: metal-insulator-metal

text: junction. He found that if he solved Schrödinger’s equation for each side of the junction separately to obtain the wave functions ψ and χ for each electrode, he could obtain the tunnel matrix, M, from the overlap of these two wave functions. This can be applied to STM by making the electrodes the tip and sample, assigning ψ and χ as sample and tip wave functions, respectively, and evaluating M at some surface S between the metal electrodes, where z=0 at the sample surface and z=W at the tip surface.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: z=W

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: z

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Schrödinger’s equation for each side of the junction separately

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: z

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the barrier

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: z=W at the tip surface

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: z=W at the tip surface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the rate at which electrons can pass the barrier

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: This rate should affect the tunnel current

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the rate at which electrons can pass the barrier

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Mitigation of seismic motion is an important factor in earthquake engineering and construction in earthquake-prone areas. The destabilizing action of an earthquake on constructions may be direct (seismic motion of the ground) or indirect (earthquake-induced landslides, liquefaction of the foundation soils and waves of tsunami).

text: Mitigation of seismic motion is an important factor in

text: earthquake engineering

text: and

text: construction

text: in

text: earthquake

text: -prone areas. The destabilizing action of an earthquake on constructions may be direct (seismic motion of the ground) or indirect (earthquake-induced

text: landslide

text: s,

text: liquefaction of the foundation soils

text: and waves of

text: tsunami

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answers: NDQ_005921

answers: tsunami

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismograph

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: tsunami

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquake

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: direct

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: direct

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquake-induced landslides

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic motion

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic motion of the ground

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Stoneley waves are most commonly generated during borehole sonic logging and vertical seismic profiling. They propagate along the walls of a fluid-filled borehole.  They make up a large part of the low-frequency component of the signal from the seismic source and their attenuation is sensitive to fractures and formation permeability.  Therefore, analysis of Stoneley waves can make it possible to estimate these rock properties. The standard data processing of sonic logs to derive wave velocity and energy content is explained in  and.

text: Stoneley waves are most commonly generated during borehole

text: sonic logging

text: and

text: vertical seismic profiling

text: . They propagate along the walls of a fluid-filled

text: borehole

text: .  They make up a large part of the low-frequency component of the signal from the seismic source and their attenuation is sensitive to fractures and formation

text: permeability

text: .  Therefore, analysis of Stoneley waves can make it possible to estimate these rock properties. The standard data processing of sonic logs to derive wave velocity and

text: energy

text: content is explained in  and.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: low-frequency

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Stoneley waves can make it possible to estimate these rock properties

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagate

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fluid

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: their attenuation is sensitive to fractures and formation permeability

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: fluid-filled borehole

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid-filled borehole

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Stoneley waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: their attenuation is sensitive to fractures and formation permeability

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The energy with which an earthquake affects a location depends on the running distance. The attenuation in the signal of ground motion intensity plays an important role in the assessment of possible strong groundshaking. A seismic wave loses energy as it propagates through the earth (attenuation). This phenomenon is tied in to the dispersion of the seismic energy with the distance. There are two types of dissipated energy:

text: The energy with which an

text: earthquake

text: affects a location depends on the running

text: distance

text: . The attenuation in the signal of ground motion intensity plays an important role in the assessment of possible strong groundshaking. A

text: seismic wave

text: loses

text: energy

text: as it propagates through the

text: earth

text: (attenuation). This

text: phenomenon

text: is tied in to the

text: dispersion

text: of the seismic energy with the distance. There are two types of

text: dissipated

text: energy:

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Attenuation

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: dispersion of seismic energy with the distance

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: running distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: strong groundshaking

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: ground motion intensity

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: A seismic wave loses energy

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: A seismic wave loses energy as it propagates

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: ground motion intensity plays an important role in the assessment of possible strong groundshaking

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: It is not possible in practice to have a true plane wave because it would have to fill all space; only a plane wave of infinite extent will propagate as a plane wave.  However, many waves are approximately plane waves in a localized region of space. For example, a localized source such as an antenna produces a field that is approximately a plane wave far from the antenna in its far-field region.   Similarly, if the length scales are much longer than the wave’s wavelength, as is often the case for light in the field of optics, one can treat the waves as light rays which correspond locally to plane waves.__TOC__

text: It is not possible in practice to have a true plane wave because it would have to fill all space; only a plane wave of infinite extent will propagate as a plane wave.  However, many

text: wave

text: s are approximately plane waves in a localized region of space. For example, a localized source such as an

text: antenna

text: produces a field that is approximately a plane wave far from the antenna in its

text: far-field region

text: .   Similarly, if the

text: length scale

text: s are much longer than the wave’s wavelength, as is often the case for light in the field of

text: optics

text: , one can treat the waves as

text: light rays

text: which correspond locally to plane waves.__TOC__

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wavelength

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: To answer this question, we should know that:

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: space

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: it would have to fill all space

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: it would have to fill all space

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: It is not possible in practice to have a true plane wave because it would have to fill all space

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: plane wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: many waves are approximately plane waves in a localized region of space

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through the Earth's interior or along its surface. The entire Earth can also oscillate in forms that are called normal modes or free oscillations of the Earth. Ground motions from waves or normal modes are measured using seismographs. If the waves come from a localized source such as an earthquake or explosion, measurements at more than one location can be used to locate the source. The locations of earthquakes provide information on plate tectonics and mantle convection.

text: Seismic wave

text: s are vibrations that travel through the Earth's interior or along its surface. The entire Earth can also oscillate in forms that are called

text: normal modes

text: or

text: free oscillations of the Earth

text: . Ground motions from waves or normal modes are measured using

text: seismograph

text: s. If the waves come from a localized source such as an earthquake or explosion, measurements at more than one location can be used to locate the source. The locations of earthquakes provide information on

text: plate tectonics

text: and

text: mantle convection

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

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answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/5081caa0d42c702fc0d292065f554229

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Ground motions

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The locations of earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: an earthquake or explosion

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the entire Earth can also oscillate

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: mantle convection

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: mantle convection

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes provide information on plate tectonics and mantle convection

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: Its name, S for secondary, comes from the fact that it is the second direct arrival on an earthquake seismogram, after the compressional primary wave, or P-wave, because S-waves travel slower in rock. Unlike the P-wave, the S-wave cannot travel through the molten outer core of the Earth, and this causes a shadow zone for S-waves opposite to where they originate. They can still appear in the solid inner core: when a P-wave strikes the boundary of molten and solid cores, S-waves will then propagate in the solid medium. And when the S-waves hit the boundary again they will in turn create P-waves. This property allows seismologists to determine the nature of the inner core.

text: Its name, S for secondary, comes from the fact that it is the second direct arrival on an earthquake

text: seismogram

text: , after the

text: compressional

text: primary wave, or

text: P-wave

text: , because S-waves travel slower in rock. Unlike the P-wave, the S-wave cannot travel through the molten

text: outer core

text: of the Earth, and this causes a

text: shadow zone

text: for S-waves opposite to where they originate. They can still appear in the solid

text: inner core

text: : when a P-wave strikes the boundary of molten and solid cores, S-waves will then propagate in the solid medium. And when the S-waves hit the boundary again they will in turn create P-waves. This property allows

text: seismologists

text: to determine the nature of the inner core.

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answers: 5

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismologists to determine the nature of the inner core

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: shadow zone

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solid inner core

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: travel through the molten outer core of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the S-wave cannot travel through the molten outer core

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the S-wave cannot travel through the molten outer core of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-waves travel slower in rock

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: when a P-wave strikes the boundary of molten and solid cores, S-waves will then propagate in the solid medium

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: For wave trains with a very small difference in frequency (and thus wavenumbers), this pattern of wave groups may have the same velocity as seismic waves, between 1500 and 3000 m/s, and will excite acoustic-seismic modes that radiate away.

text: For wave trains with a very small difference in frequency (and thus wavenumbers), this pattern of wave groups may have the same velocity as seismic waves, between 1500 and 3000 m/s, and will excite acoustic-seismic modes that radiate away.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: frequency

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: m/s

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: m/s

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: wave trains

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: wave groups may have the same velocity as seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: wave groups may have the same velocity as seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 1500 and 3000 m/s

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: wave groups may have the same velocity as seismic waves

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Human and freeborn robots fight their last New War battle in Ragnarok Intelligence Fields. Before being terminated, Archos R-14 broadcast its last message via seismic wave to unknown recipients.

text: Human and freeborn robots fight their last New War battle in Ragnarok Intelligence Fields. Before being terminated, Archos R-14 broadcast its last message via seismic wave to unknown recipients.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Ragnarok

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: freeborn robots

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are produced by earthquakes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Two types of tsunamis were produced by this subduction zone earthquake. There was a tectonic tsunami produced in addition to about 20 smaller and local tsunamis. These smaller tsunami were produced by submarine and subaerial landslides and were responsible for the majority of the tsunami damage. Tsunami waves were noted in over 20 countries, including: Peru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan, and Antarctica. The largest tsunami wave was recorded in Shoup Bay, Alaska, with a height of about .

text: Two types of tsunamis were produced by this subduction zone earthquake. There was a tectonic tsunami produced in addition to about 20 smaller and local tsunamis. These smaller tsunami were produced by submarine and subaerial landslides and were responsible for the majority of the tsunami damage. Tsunami waves were noted in over 20 countries, including: Peru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan, and Antarctica. The largest tsunami wave was recorded in Shoup Bay, Alaska, with a height of about .

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answers: height

answers: NDQ_005922

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answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: tectonic tsunami

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: subduction zone earthquake

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: subduction zone earthquake

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Kythira Strait, located within the Western Hellenic arc, is subject to submergence on account of normal faulting which results in "extensional deformation and rotation" between two major segments of the external arc. According to Papadopoulos and Kijko, the Western Hellenic arc has high seismic activity, resulting in deformations in the strait which are active. Here the "seismic slip" recorded is on the order of 0.3cm/year. Also reported in the strait are earthquakes at shallow and intermediate depths, with surface-wave magnitudes of up to 8.0.

text: The Kythira Strait, located within the Western Hellenic arc, is subject to submergence on account of normal faulting which results in "extensional deformation and rotation" between two major segments of the external arc. According to Papadopoulos and Kijko, the Western Hellenic arc has high seismic activity, resulting in deformations in the strait which are active. Here the "seismic slip" recorded is on the order of 0.3cm/year. Also reported in the strait are earthquakes at shallow and intermediate depths, with surface-wave magnitudes of up to 8.0.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitudes

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface-wave magnitudes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Kythira Strait

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: earthquakes at shallow and intermediate depths

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic slip

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The Kythira Strait

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface-wave magnitudes

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Birch's Law was discovered by Francis Birch and allows for the seismic speed of a P-wave to be represented as a function of  with regard to the atomic weight of the substance the wave is moving through.

text: Birch's Law was discovered by

text: Francis Birch

text: and allows for the seismic speed of a

text: P-wave

text: to be represented as a function of  with regard to the

text: atomic weight

text: of the substance the wave is moving through.

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: atomic weight

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the atomic weight of the substance the wave is moving through

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the seismic speed of a P-wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Birch's Law

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Birch's Law

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Birch's Law

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: There are two types of body waves, Pressure waves or Primary waves (P-waves) and Shear or Secondary waves (S-waves). P-waves are longitudinal waves that involve compression and expansion in the direction that the wave is moving and are always the first waves to appear on a seismogram as they are the fastest moving waves through solids. S-waves are transverse waves that move perpendicular to the direction of propagation. S-waves are slower than P-waves. Therefore, they appear later than P-waves on a seismogram. Fluids cannot support perpendicular motion, so S-waves only travel in solids.

text: There are two types of body waves, Pressure waves or Primary waves (

text: P-wave

text: s) and

text: Shear

text: or Secondary waves (

text: S-wave

text: s).

text: P-wave

text: s are

text: longitudinal wave

text: s that involve

text: compression

text: and

text: expansion

text: in the direction that the wave is moving and are always the first waves to appear on a

text: seismogram

text: as they are the fastest moving waves through solids.

text: S-waves

text: are

text: transverse wave

text: s that move perpendicular to the direction of propagation. S-waves are slower than P-waves. Therefore, they appear later than P-waves on a seismogram. Fluids cannot support perpendicular motion, so S-waves only travel in solids.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P-waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: S-waves only travel in solids

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fluids

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Fluids cannot support perpendicular motion, so S-waves only travel in solids

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: fluids cannot support perpendicular motion

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluids cannot support perpendicular motion

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-waves only travel in solids

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: fluids cannot support perpendicular motion

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Deep-focus earthquakes give rise to minimal surface waves. Their focal depth causes the earthquakes to be less likely to produce seismic wave motion with energy concentrated at the surface. The path of deep-focus earthquake seismic waves from focus to recording station goes through the heterogeneous upper mantle and highly variable crust only once. Therefore, the body waves undergo less attenuation and reverberation than seismic waves from shallow earthquakes, resulting in sharp body wave peaks.

text: Deep-focus earthquakes give rise to minimal

text: surface wave

text: s. Their focal depth causes the earthquakes to be less likely to produce

text: seismic wave

text: motion with energy concentrated at the surface. The path of deep-focus earthquake seismic waves from focus to recording station goes through the heterogeneous upper

text: mantle

text: and highly variable

text: crust

text: only once. Therefore, the body waves undergo less

text: attenuation

text: and

text: reverberation

text: than seismic waves from shallow earthquakes, resulting in sharp body wave peaks.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

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answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005927

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answers: NDQ_005928

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answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: peaks

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: peaks

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Their focal depth causes the earthquakes to be less likely to produce seismic wave motion with energy concentrated at the surface

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: focal depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: heterogeneous upper mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: shallow earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Deep-focus earthquakes give rise to minimal surface waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Deep-focus earthquakes give rise to minimal surface waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Their focal depth causes the earthquakes to be less likely to produce seismic wave motion with energy concentrated at the surface

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Their focal depth causes the earthquakes to be less likely to produce seismic wave motion with energy concentrated at the surface

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Polarization (also polarisation) is a parameter applying to waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillation. Electromagnetic waves such as light exhibit multiple polarizations, as do many other types of waves such as gravitational waves and sound waves in solids. On the other hand, sound waves in a gas or liquid only oscillate in the wave's direction of propagation, and the oscillation of ocean waves is always in the vertical direction. In these cases one doesn't normally speak of "polarization" since the oscillation's direction is not in question.

text: Polarization (

entity_name: American and British English spelling differences

text: also

text: polarisation) is a parameter applying to

text: wave

text: s that specifies the geometrical orientation of the

text: oscillation

text: Electromagnetic wave

text: s such as

text: light

text: exhibit multiple polarizations, as do many other types of waves such as

text: gravitational wave

text: s and sound waves in solids. On the other hand,

text: sound wave

text: s in a gas or liquid only

text: oscillate in the wave's direction of propagation

text: , and the oscillation of

text: ocean waves

text: is always in the vertical direction. In these cases one doesn't normally speak of "polarization" since the oscillation's direction is not in question.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: polarization

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical direction

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The oscillation of ocean waves is always in the vertical direction

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: direction

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: gas or liquid

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the oscillation of ocean waves is always in the vertical direction

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: electromagnetic waves such as light exhibit multiple polarizations

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: ocean waves is always in the vertical direction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Ocean waves are always in the vertical direction

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the oscillation of ocean waves is always in the vertical direction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Helioseismology is the study of the propagation of wave oscillations, particularly acoustic pressure waves, in the Sun. Unlike seismic waves on Earth, solar waves have practically no shear component (s-waves). Solar pressure waves are believed to be generated by the turbulence in the convection zone near the surface of the sun. Certain frequencies are amplified by constructive interference. In other words, the turbulence "rings" the sun like a bell. The acoustic waves are transmitted to the outer photosphere of the sun, which is where the light generated through absorption of radiant energy from nuclear fusion at the centre of the sun, leaves the surface. These oscillations are detectable on almost any time series of solar images, but are best observed by measuring the Doppler shift of photospheric absorption lines. Changes in the propagation of oscillation waves through the Sun reveal inner structures and allow astrophysicists to develop extremely detailed profiles of the interior conditions of the Sun.

text: Helioseismology is the study of the propagation of wave oscillations, particularly

text: acoustic

text: pressure wave

text: s, in the

text: Sun

text: . Unlike

text: seismic waves on Earth

text: , solar waves have practically no shear component (

text: s-waves

text: ). Solar pressure waves are believed to be generated by the turbulence in the

text: convection zone

text: near the surface of the sun. Certain frequencies are amplified by constructive interference. In other words, the turbulence "rings" the sun like a bell. The acoustic waves are transmitted to the outer photosphere of the sun, which is where the light generated through absorption of radiant energy from nuclear fusion at the centre of the sun, leaves the surface. These oscillations are detectable on almost any time series of solar images, but are best observed by measuring the

text: Doppler shift

text: of photospheric absorption lines. Changes in the propagation of oscillation waves through the Sun reveal inner structures and allow

text: astrophysicist

text: s to develop extremely detailed profiles of the interior conditions of the Sun.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Doppler shift

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: These oscillations are detectable on almost any time series of solar images

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic waves on Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves on Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves on Earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: s-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Changes in the propagation of oscillation waves through the Sun

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: When a seismic wave travelling through the Earth encounters an interface between two materials with different acoustic impedances, some of the wave energy will reflect off the interface and some will refract through the interface.  At its most basic, the seismic reflection technique consists of generating seismic waves and measuring the time taken for the waves to travel from the source, reflect off an interface and be detected by an array of receivers (or geophones) at the surface.  Knowing the travel times from the source to various receivers, and the velocity of the seismic waves, a geophysicist then attempts to reconstruct the pathways of the waves in order to build up an image of the subsurface.

text: When a seismic wave travelling through the Earth encounters an interface between two materials with different acoustic impedances, some of the wave energy will

text: reflect

text: off the interface and some will

text: refract

text: through the interface.  At its most basic, the seismic reflection technique consists of generating seismic waves and measuring the time taken for the waves to travel from the source, reflect off an interface and be detected by an array of receivers (or

text: geophone

text: s) at the surface.  Knowing the travel times from the source to various receivers, and the velocity of the seismic waves, a geophysicist then attempts to reconstruct the pathways of the waves in order to build up an image of the subsurface.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

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answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/5081caa0d42c702fc0d292065f554229

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: source

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: refract

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Knowing the travel times from the source to various receivers, and the velocity of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: refract through the interface

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the subsurface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a seismic wave travelling through the Earth encounters an interface between two materials with different acoustic impedances

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The velocity of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a geophysicist then attempts to reconstruct the pathways of the waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It was felt across most of Ontario and Quebec, as well as parts of the northeastern United States, in addition to places as far as Chicago, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Charleston, West Virginia, and Halifax. It was the first moderate earthquake associated with the Western Quebec Seismic Zone since 20 April 2002, when the area was affected by magnitude 5.1 M tremors. Southern Ontario was also affected by the 1998 magnitude 5.2 M Pymatuning earthquake, associated with a different seismic region (Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone).

text: It was felt across most of

text: Ontario

text: and

text: Quebec

text: , as well as parts of the northeastern United States, in addition to places as far as

text: Chicago

text: Pittsburgh

text: Baltimore

text: Charleston, West Virginia

text: , and

text: Halifax

text: . It was the first moderate earthquake associated with the

text: Western Quebec Seismic Zone

text: since 20 April 2002, when the area was affected by magnitude 5.1 M tremors. Southern Ontario was also affected by the 1998 magnitude 5.2 M

text: Pymatuning earthquake

text: , associated with a different seismic region (

text: Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismograph

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: parts of the northeastern United States

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Chicago, Pittsburgh, Baltimore

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: tremors

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Western Quebec Seismic Zone

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes are caused by earthquakes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Various sensors located on the surface of earth spaced equidistantly receive the seismic waves. The seismic waves travel through the various layers of earth and undergo changes in their properties - amplitude change, time of arrival, phase shift. By analyzing these properties of the signals, we can model the activities inside the earth.

text: Various sensors located on the surface of earth spaced equidistantly receive the seismic waves. The seismic waves travel through the various layers of earth and undergo changes in their properties - amplitude change, time of arrival, phase shift. By analyzing these properties of the signals, we can model the activities inside the earth.

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answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: By analyzing these properties of the signals

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: equidistant

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: layers of earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: time of arrival

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: travel through the various layers of earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves travel through the various layers of earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Phase shift

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: By analyzing these properties of the signals

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy by Astronomer Boris Shustov, director of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Astronomy, was , another using empirical period-yield scaling relations and the infrasound records, by Peter Brown of the University of Western Ontario gave a value of  and represents a best estimate for the yield of this airburst; there remains a potential "uncertainty [in the order of] a factor of two in this yield value". Brown and his colleagues also went on to publish a paper in November 2013 which stated that the "widely referenced technique of estimating airburst damage does not reproduce the [Chelyabinsk] observations, and that the mathematical relations found in the book The Effects of Nuclear Weapons which are based on the Effects of nuclear weapons—[which is] almost always used with this technique—overestimate blast damage[when applied to meteor airbursts]. A similar overestimate of the explosive yield of the Tunguska airburst also exists; as incoming celestial objects have rapid directional motion, the object causes stronger blast wave and thermal radiation pulses at the ground surface than would be predicted by a stationary object exploding, limited to the height at which the blast was initiated-where the object's "momentum is ignored". Thus a meteor airburst of a given energy is "much more damaging than an equivalent [energy] nuclear explosion at the same altitude."The seismic wave produced when the primary airburst's blast struck the ground yields a rather uncertain "best estimate" of 430 kilotons(momentum ignored).Corresponding to the seismic wave which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.

text: A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy by Astronomer Boris Shustov, director of the

entity_name: Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences

text: Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Astronomy

text: , was , another using empirical period-yield scaling relations and the infrasound records, by Peter Brown of the

text: University of Western Ontario

text: gave a value of  and represents a best estimate for the yield of this airburst; there remains a potential "uncertainty [in the order of] a factor of two in this yield value". Brown and his colleagues also went on to publish a paper in November 2013 which stated that the "widely referenced technique of estimating airburst damage does not reproduce the [Chelyabinsk] observations, and that the mathematical relations found in the book

text: The Effects of Nuclear Weapons

text: which are based on the

text: Effects of nuclear weapons

text: —[which is] almost always used with this technique—overestimate blast damage[when applied to meteor airbursts]. A similar overestimate of the explosive yield of the

text: Tunguska

text: airburst also exists; as incoming celestial objects have rapid directional motion, the object causes stronger blast wave and thermal radiation pulses at the ground surface than would be predicted by a stationary object exploding, limited to the height at which the blast was initiated-where the object's "momentum is ignored". Thus a meteor airburst of a given energy is "much more damaging than an equivalent [energy] nuclear explosion at the same altitude."The seismic wave produced when the primary airburst's blast struck the ground yields a rather uncertain "best estimate" of 430 kilotons(momentum ignored).Corresponding to the

text: seismic wave

text: which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismographs at magnitude 2.7

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Momentum ignored

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the object's "momentum is ignored"

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a meteor airburst

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic wave produced when the primary airburst's blast struck the ground

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the seismic wave produced when the primary airburst's blast struck the ground

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Also with implications for the physical exploration of the Earth's interior is the gravitational field, which can be measured very accurately at the surface and remotely by satellites. True vertical generally does not correspond to theoretical vertical (deflection ranges up to 50") because topography and all geological masses disturb the gravitational field. Therefore, the gross structure of the earth's crust and mantle can be determined by geodetic-geophysical models of the subsurface.

text: Also with implications for the physical exploration of the Earth's interior is the

text: gravitational field

text: , which can be measured very accurately at the surface and remotely by

text: satellite

text: s. True

text: vertical

text: generally does not correspond to theoretical vertical (

text: deflection

text: ranges up to 50") because

text: topography

text: and all geological masses disturb the gravitational field. Therefore, the gross structure of the

text: earth's crust

text: and mantle can be determined by geodetic-geophysical models of the subsurface.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: deflection

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: deflection

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The gross structure of the earth's crust and mantle can be determined by geodetic-geophysical models of the subsurface

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 50"

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the subsurface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: True vertical generally does not correspond to theoretical vertical

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: True vertical generally does not correspond to theoretical vertical

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: true vertical generally does not correspond to theoretical vertical

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: True vertical generally does not correspond to theoretical vertical

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: topography and all geological masses disturb the gravitational field

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Passive seismic is the detection of natural low frequency earth movements, usually with the purpose of discerning geological structure and locate underground oil, gas, or other resources. Usually the data listening is done in multiple measurement points that are separated by several hundred meters, over periods of several hours to several days, using portable seismometers. The conclusions about the geological structure are based on the spectral analysis or on the mathematical reconstruction of the propagation and possible sources of the observed seismic waves. If the latter is planned, data are usually acquired in multiple (in the ideal case - all) points simultaneously, using so called synchronized lines. Reliability of the time reverse modelling can be further increased using results of reflection seismology about the distribution of the sound speed in the underground volume.

text: Passive seismic is the detection of natural low frequency earth movements, usually with the purpose of discerning geological structure and locate underground oil, gas, or other resources. Usually the data listening is done in multiple measurement points that are separated by several hundred meters, over periods of several hours to several days, using portable

text: seismometer

text: s. The conclusions about the geological structure are based on the spectral analysis or on the mathematical reconstruction of the propagation and possible sources of the observed

text: seismic wave

text: s. If the latter is planned, data are usually acquired in multiple (in the ideal case - all) points simultaneously, using so called synchronized lines. Reliability of the time reverse modelling can be further increased using results of

text: reflection seismology

text: about the distribution of the sound speed in the underground volume.

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answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: meters

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The conclusions about the geological structure

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: meters

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: underground volume

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: data are usually acquired in multiple (in the ideal case - all) points simultaneously

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the distribution of the sound speed in the underground volume

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: oil, gas

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: reflection seismology

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the distribution of the sound speed in the underground volume

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Surface acoustic waves can be used for flow measurement also. SAW relies on the propagation of a wave front, which appears similar to seismic activities. The waves are generated at the excitation centre and spread out along the surface of a solid material. An electric pulse induces them to generate SAWs that propagate like the shock waves of an earthquake. Interdigital transducer acts as sender and as receiver. When one is in sender mode, the two most distant ones act as receivers. The SAWs travel along the surface of the measuring tube, but a portion will couple out to the liquid. The decoupling angle depends on the liquid respectively the propagation velocity of the wave which is specific to the liquid. On the other side of the measuring tube, portions of the wave will couple into the tube and continue their way along its surface to the next interdigital transducer. Another portion will be coupled out again and travels back to the other side of the measuring tube where the effect repeats itself and the transducer on this side detects the wave. That means excitation of any one transducer here will lead to a sequence of input signals on two other transducers in the distance. Two of the transducers send their signals in the direction of flow, two in the other direction.

text: Surface acoustic waves can be used for flow measurement also. SAW relies on the propagation of a wave front, which appears similar to seismic activities. The waves are generated at the excitation centre and spread out along the surface of a solid material. An electric pulse induces them to generate SAWs that propagate like the shock waves of an

text: earthquake

text: . Interdigital

text: transducer

text: acts as sender and as

text: receiver

text: . When one is in sender mode, the two most distant ones act as receivers. The SAWs travel along the surface of the measuring tube, but a portion will couple out to the liquid. The decoupling angle depends on the liquid respectively the propagation velocity of the wave which is specific to the liquid. On the other side of the measuring tube, portions of the wave will couple into the tube and continue their way along its surface to the next interdigital transducer. Another portion will be coupled out again and travels back to the other side of the measuring tube where the effect repeats itself and the transducer on this side detects the wave. That means excitation of any one transducer here will lead to a sequence of input signals on two other transducers in the distance. Two of the transducers send their signals in the direction of flow, two in the other direction.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: excitation centre

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: decoupling angle

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: SAW relies on the propagation of a wave front

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation of a wave front

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a solid material

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the direction of flow, two in the other direction

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the direction of flow, two in the other direction

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The decoupling angle depends on the liquid

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: SAW relies on the propagation of a wave front

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: SAW relies on the propagation of a wave front

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During an earthquake seismic waves propagate spherically out from the hypocenter. Seismic shadowing occurs on the opposite side of the Earth from the earthquake epicenter because the liquid outer core refracts the longitudinal or compressional (P-waves) while it absorbs the transverse or shear waves (S-waves).  Outside of the seismic shadow zone both types of wave can be detected but, due to their different velocities and paths through the Earth, they arrive at different times.  By measuring the time difference on any seismograph as well as the distance on a travel-time graph at which the P-wave and S-wave have the same separation, geologists can calculate the distance to the earthquake's epicenter.  This distance is called the epicentral distance, commonly measured in ° (degrees) and denoted as Δ (delta) in seismology.

text: During an earthquake

text: seismic wave

text: s propagate spherically out from the hypocenter.

text: Seismic shadowing

text: occurs on the opposite side of the Earth from the earthquake epicenter because the liquid outer core

text: refracts

text: the

text: longitudinal

text: or compressional (

text: P-wave

text: s) while it absorbs the

text: transverse

text: or shear waves (

text: S-wave

text: s).  Outside of the seismic shadow zone both types of wave can be detected but, due to their different velocities and paths through the Earth, they arrive at different times.  By measuring the time difference on any

text: seismograph

text: as well as the distance on a travel-time graph at which the P-wave and S-wave have the same separation, geologists can calculate the distance to the earthquake's epicenter.  This distance is called the epicentral distance, commonly measured in

text: (degrees) and denoted as Δ (delta) in seismology.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: time difference on any seismograph as well as the distance on a travel-time graph at which the P-wave and S-wave have the same separation

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: epicentral distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Seismic shadowing occurs on the opposite side of the Earth from the earthquake epicenter

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic shadowing occurs on the opposite side of the Earth from the earthquake epicenter

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic shadowing occurs on the opposite side of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: time difference on any seismograph as well as the distance on a travel-time graph at which the P-wave and S-wave have the same separation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: There are a number of large-scale carbon capture and sequestration projects that have demonstrated the viability and safety of this method of carbon storage, which are summarized here by the Global CCS Institute. The dominant monitoring technique is seismic imaging, where vibrations are generated that propagate through the subsurface.  The geologic structure can be imaged from the refracted/reflected waves.

text: There are a number of large-scale carbon capture and sequestration projects that have demonstrated the viability and safety of this method of carbon storage, which are summarized here by the Global CCS Institute. The dominant monitoring technique is seismic imaging, where vibrations are generated that propagate through the subsurface.  The geologic structure can be imaged from the refracted/reflected waves.

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answers: propagate

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic imaging

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answers: seismic imaging

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: the relative velocity between the body and the fluid. For example, a meteoroid traveling through Earth's atmosphere produces a shock wave generated by the extremely rapid compression of air in front of the meteoroid. It is primarily this ram pressure (rather than friction) that heats the air that in turn heats the meteoroid as it flows around it.

text: the relative velocity between the body and the fluid. For example, a

text: meteoroid

text: traveling through Earth's atmosphere produces a

text: shock wave

text: generated by the extremely rapid compression of air in front of the meteoroid. It is primarily this ram pressure (rather than

text: friction

text: ) that heats the air that in turn heats the meteoroid as it flows around it.

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answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005927

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answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The relative velocity between the body and the fluid

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the relative velocity between the body and the fluid

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: P-wave refraction evaluates the compression wave generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array. The wave is generated by vertically striking a striker plate with a sledgehammer, shooting a seismic shotgun into the ground, or detonating an explosive charge in the ground. Since the compression wave is the fastest of the seismic waves, it is sometimes referred to as the primary wave and is usually more-readily identifiable within the seismic recording as compared to the other seismic waves.

text: P-wave refraction evaluates the

text: compression wave

text: generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array. The wave is generated by vertically striking a striker plate with a sledgehammer, shooting a seismic shotgun into the ground, or detonating an explosive charge in the ground. Since the compression wave is the fastest of the

text: seismic waves

text: , it is sometimes referred to as the

text: primary wave

text: and is usually more-readily identifiable within the seismic recording as compared to the other seismic waves.

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answers: compression

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: compression wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: P-wave refraction evaluates the compression wave generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: compression wave generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the compression wave is the fastest of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: P-wave refraction evaluates the compression wave generated by the seismic source

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: It is usually more-readily identifiable within the seismic recording as compared to the other seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the compression wave is the fastest of the seismic waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Seismic interferometry is currently utilized primarily in research and academic settings. In one example, passive listening and the crosscorrelation of long noise traces was used to approximate the impulse response for shallow subsurface velocity analysis in Southern California. Seismic interferometry provided a result comparable to that indicated using elaborate inversion techniques. Seismic interferometry is most often used for the examination of the near surface and isoften utilized to reconstruct surface and direct waves only. As such, seismic interferometry is commonly used to estimate ground roll to aid in its removal. Seismic interferometry simplifies estimates of shear wave velocity and attenuation in a standing building.  Seismic interferometry has been applied to image the seismic scattering  and velocity structure  of volcanoes.

text: Seismic interferometry is currently utilized primarily in research and academic settings. In one example, passive listening and the crosscorrelation of long noise traces was used to approximate the impulse response for shallow subsurface velocity analysis in Southern California. Seismic interferometry provided a result comparable to that indicated using elaborate inversion techniques. Seismic interferometry is most often used for the examination of the near surface and isoften utilized to reconstruct surface and direct waves only. As such, seismic interferometry is commonly used to estimate ground roll to aid in its removal. Seismic interferometry simplifies estimates of shear wave velocity and attenuation in a standing building.  Seismic interferometry has been applied to image the seismic scattering  and velocity structure  of volcanoes.

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answers: ground roll

answers: NDQ_005921

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answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic interferometry

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: ground roll to aid in its removal

answers: NDQ_005926

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic interferometry provided a result comparable to that indicated using elaborate inversion techniques

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic interferometry

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic interferometry is most often used for the examination of the near surface

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The interior structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells, like an onion. These layers can be defined by their chemical and their rheological properties.  Earth has an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. Scientific understanding of the internal structure of the Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry, observations of rock in outcrop, samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth, measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of the  Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the Earth's deep interior.

text: The interior structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells, like an

text: onion

text: . These layers can be defined by their

text: chemical

text: and their

text: rheological

text: properties.

text: Earth

text: has an outer

text: silicate

text: solid

text: crust

text: , a highly

text: viscous

text: mantle

text: , a liquid

text: outer core

text: that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid

text: inner core

text: . Scientific understanding of the internal structure of the Earth is based on observations of

text: topography

text: and

text: bathymetry

text: , observations of

text: rock

text: in

text: outcrop

text: , samples brought to the surface from greater depths by

text: volcanoes

text: or

text: volcanic activity

text: , analysis of the

text: seismic wave

text: s that pass through the Earth, measurements of the

text: gravitational

text: and

text: magnetic fields

text: of the  Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the Earth's deep interior.

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answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves that pass through the Earth

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: experiments with crystalline solids

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves that pass through the Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is much less viscous than the mantle

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves that pass through the Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The idea of a so-called "Hollow Earth", once popular in fantasy adventure literature, is that the planet Earth has a hollow interior and an inner surface habitable by human beings.  Although the scientific community has made clear that this is pseudoscience, the idea nevertheless is a less popular feature of many fantasy and science fiction stories and of some conspiracy theories.

text: The idea of a so-called "

text: Hollow Earth

text: ", once popular in fantasy adventure literature, is that the planet

text: Earth

text: has a hollow interior and an inner surface habitable by human beings.  Although the scientific community has made clear that this is

text: pseudoscience

text: , the idea nevertheless is a less popular feature of many

text: fantasy

text: and

text: science fiction

text: stories and of some

text: conspiracy theories

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answers: Hollow Earth

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Hollow Earth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismograph

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Hollow Earth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Hollow Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Hollow Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Hollow Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the scientific community has made clear that this is pseudoscience

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Hollow Earth

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: hollow interior

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An important method for imaging large-scale structures in Earth's interior is seismic tomography, by which the area under consideration is "illuminated" from all sides with seismic waves from earthquakes from as many different directions as possible; these waves are recorded with a network of seismometers. The size of the network is crucial for the extent of the region which can be imaged reliably. For the investigation of the Iceland Plume both global and regional tomography have been used; in the former, the whole mantle is imaged at relatively low resolution using data from stations all over the world, whereas in the latter, a denser network only on Iceland images the mantle down to 400–450 km depth with higher resolution.

text: An important method for imaging large-scale structures in Earth's interior is seismic

text: tomography

text: , by which the area under consideration is "illuminated" from all sides with seismic waves from

text: earthquake

text: s from as many different directions as possible; these waves are recorded with a network of

text: seismometer

text: s. The size of the network is crucial for the extent of the region which can be imaged reliably. For the investigation of the Iceland Plume both global and regional tomography have been used; in the former, the whole mantle is imaged at relatively low resolution using data from stations all over the world, whereas in the latter, a denser network only on Iceland images the mantle down to 400–450 km depth with higher resolution.

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answers: 5

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: global

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: global and regional tomography have been used

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves from earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes from as many different directions as possible

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: If the free surface of a liquid is disturbed, waves are produced on the surface. These waves are not elastic waves due to any elastic force; they are gravity waves caused by the force of gravity tending to bring the surface of the disturbed liquid back to its horizontal level. Momentum causes the wave to overshoot, thus oscillating and spreading the disturbance to the neighboring portions of the surface. The velocity of the surface waves varies as the square root of the wavelength if the liquid is deep; therefore long waves on the sea go faster than short ones. Very minute waves or ripples are not due to gravity but to capillary action, and have properties different from those of the longer ocean surface waves,because the surface is increased in area by the ripples and the capillary forces are in this case large compared with the gravitational forces.Capillary ripples are damped both by sub-surface viscosity and by surface rheology.

text: If the free surface of a liquid is disturbed,

text: wave

text: s are produced on the surface. These waves are not

text: elastic waves

text: due to any

text: elastic force

text: ; they are

text: gravity wave

text: s caused by the force of gravity tending to bring the surface of the disturbed liquid back to its horizontal level.

text: Momentum

text: causes the wave to

text: overshoot

text: , thus oscillating and spreading the disturbance to the neighboring portions of the surface. The velocity of the surface waves varies as the square root of the

text: wavelength

text: if the liquid is deep; therefore

text: long waves

text: on the sea go faster than short ones. Very minute waves or ripples are not due to gravity but to

text: capillary action

text: , and have properties different from those of the longer

text: ocean surface waves

text: ,because the surface is increased in area by the ripples and the capillary forces are in this case large compared with the gravitational forces.Capillary ripples are damped both by sub-surface

text: viscosity

text: and by

text: surface rheology

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Overshoot

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: overshoot

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: These waves are not elastic waves due to any elastic force

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: liquid

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: elastic force

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: waves are produced on the surface

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: capillary ripples

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves are not elastic waves due to any elastic force

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Experience in writing and producing film soundtracks positioned Stuart to play a key role in the new wave explosion of the mid 1970s. He originally produced Silly Billy, a feminist reggae track for Mari Elliot in 1976, but both careers shifted hugely after a seismic encounter with the Sex Pistols:

text: Experience in writing and producing film soundtracks positioned Stuart to play a key role in the

text: new wave

text: explosion of the mid 1970s. He originally produced Silly Billy, a

text: feminist

text: reggae track for

text: Mari Elliot

text: in 1976, but both careers shifted hugely after a seismic encounter with the

text: Sex Pistols

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answers: NDQ_005922

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answers: NDQ_005923

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answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005926

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answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a seismic encounter

answers: NDQ_005928

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answers: seismic encounters

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Documented cases of vibrational communication are almost exclusively restricted to Rayleigh waves or bending waves. Seismic energy in the form of Rayleigh waves transmits most efficiently between 10 and 40 Hz. This is the range in which elephants may communicate seismically. In areas with little to no human-generated seismic noise, frequencies around 20 Hz are relatively noise-free, other than vibrations associated with thunder or earth tremors, making it a reasonably quiet communication channel. Both airborne and vibrational waves are subject to interference and alteration from environmental factors. Factors such as wind and temperature influence airborne sound propagation, whereas propagation of seismic signals are affected by the substrate type and heterogeneity. Airborne sound waves spread spherically rather than cylindrically, attenuate more rapidly (losing 6 dB for every doubling of distance) than ground surface waves such as Rayleigh waves (3 dB loss for every doubling of distance), and thus ground surface waves maintain integrity longer.  Vibrational signals are probably not very costly to produce for small animals, whereas the generation of air-borne sound is limited by body size.

text: Documented cases of vibrational communication are almost exclusively restricted to Rayleigh waves or bending waves. Seismic energy in the form of Rayleigh waves transmits most efficiently between 10 and 40

text: Hz

text: . This is the range in which elephants may communicate seismically. In areas with little to no human-generated seismic noise, frequencies around 20 Hz are relatively noise-free, other than vibrations associated with thunder or earth tremors, making it a reasonably quiet communication channel. Both airborne and vibrational waves are subject to interference and alteration from environmental factors. Factors such as wind and temperature influence airborne sound propagation, whereas propagation of seismic signals are affected by the substrate type and heterogeneity. Airborne sound waves spread spherically rather than cylindrically, attenuate more rapidly (losing 6

text: dB

text: for every doubling of distance) than ground surface waves such as Rayleigh waves (3 dB loss for every doubling of distance), and thus ground surface waves maintain integrity longer.  Vibrational signals are probably not very costly to produce for small animals, whereas the generation of air-borne sound is limited by body size.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Hz

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: dB

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic energy

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: doubling of distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: airborne

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the generation of air-borne sound is limited by body size

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Airborne sound waves spread spherically rather than cylindrically

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: vibrations associated with thunder or earth tremors

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh waves or bending waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic energy in the form of Rayleigh waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The process of creating dispersion curves from raw surface wave data (distance vs. time plot) can be performed using five transformation processes.  The first is known as the wave-field transformation (τ-p transformation), first performed by McMechan and Yedlin (1981). The second is a 2-dimensional wave-field transform (f-k transformation) performed by Yilmaz (1987). The third is a wave-field transform base on phase shift, performed by Park et al. (1998). The fourth is a modified wave-field transform base on frequency decomposition and slant stacking, performed by Xia et al. (2007). The fifth is a high-resolution Linear Radon transformation performed by Luo et al. (2008). In performing a wave-field transformation, a slant stack is done, followed by a Fourier transform.  The way in which a Fourier transform changes x-t data into x-ω (ω is angular frequency) data shows why phase velocity dominates surface wave inversion theory.  Phase velocity is the velocity of each wave with a given frequency.  The modified wavefield transform is executed by doing a Fourier transform first before a slant stack.  Slant stacking is a process by which x-t (where x is the offset distance, and t is the time) data is transformed into slowness versus time space.  A linear move (similar to normal move out (NMO)) out is applied to the raw data.  For each line on a seismic plot, there will be a move out that can be applied that will make that line horizontal.  Distances are integrated for each slowness and time composition.  This is known as a slant stack because each value for slowness represents a slant in x-t space and the integration stacks these values for each slowness.

text: The process of creating dispersion curves from raw surface wave data (distance vs. time plot) can be performed using five transformation processes.  The first is known as the wave-field transformation (τ-p transformation), first performed by McMechan and Yedlin (1981). The second is a 2-dimensional wave-field transform (f-k transformation) performed by Yilmaz (1987). The third is a wave-field transform base on phase shift, performed by Park et al. (1998). The fourth is a modified wave-field transform base on frequency decomposition and slant stacking, performed by Xia et al. (2007). The fifth is a high-resolution Linear Radon transformation performed by Luo et al. (2008). In performing a wave-field transformation, a slant stack is done, followed by a

text: Fourier transform

text: .  The way in which a Fourier transform changes x-t data into x-ω (ω is angular frequency) data shows why phase velocity dominates surface wave inversion theory.  Phase velocity is the velocity of each wave with a given frequency.  The modified wavefield transform is executed by doing a Fourier transform first before a slant stack.  Slant stacking is a process by which x-t (where x is the offset distance, and t is the time) data is transformed into

text: slowness

text: versus time space.  A linear move (similar to

text: normal move out (NMO)

text: ) out is applied to the raw data.  For each line on a seismic plot, there will be a move out that can be applied that will make that line horizontal.  Distances are integrated for each slowness and time composition.  This is known as a slant stack because each value for slowness represents a slant in x-t space and the integration stacks these values for each slowness.

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answers: 0 The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 4: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: phase velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: slant

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Slant stacking

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: x

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: x-t

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: phase velocity dominates surface wave inversion theory

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: angular frequency

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a slant stack is done, followed by a Fourier transform

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Slant stacking

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a slant stack is done, followed by a Fourier transform

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On 8 October 1909 there was an earthquake with its epicentre in the Pokuplje region, 39 km southeast of Zagreb. A number of existing seismographs were installed before and provided invaluable data upon which he made new discoveries. He concluded that when seismic waves strike the boundary between different types of material, they are reflected and refracted, just as light is when striking a prism, and that when earthquakes occur, two waves—longitudinal and transverse—propagate through the soil with different velocities. By analyzing data from more observation posts, Mohorovičić concluded that the Earth has several layers above a core. He was the first to establish, based on the evidence from seismic waves, the discontinuity that separates the Earth's crust from its mantle. This is now called the Mohorovičić discontinuity or (because of the complexity of that name) Moho.  According to Mohorovičić, a layered structure would explain the observation of depths where seismic waves change speed and the difference in chemical composition between rocks from the crust and those from the mantle. From the data, he estimated the thickness of the upper layer (crust) to be 54 km. We know today that the crust is 5–9 km  below the ocean floor and 25–60 km below the continents, which are carried on tectonic plates.Subsequent study of the Earth's interior confirmed the existence of the discontinuity under all continents and oceans.

text: On 8 October 1909 there was an earthquake with its

text: epicentre

text: in the Pokuplje region, 39 km southeast of Zagreb. A number of existing

text: seismograph

text: s were installed before and provided invaluable data upon which he made new discoveries. He concluded that when

text: seismic

text: waves strike the boundary between different types of material, they are reflected and refracted, just as light is when striking a prism, and that when earthquakes occur, two waves—

text: longitudinal

text: and

text: transverse

text: —propagate through the soil with different velocities. By analyzing data from more observation posts, Mohorovičić concluded that the

text: Earth

text: has several layers above a core. He was the first to establish, based on the evidence from seismic waves, the

text: discontinuity

text: that separates the Earth's

text: crust

text: from its

text: mantle

text: . This is now called the

text: Mohorovičić discontinuity

text: or (because of the complexity of that name) Moho.  According to Mohorovičić, a layered structure would explain the observation of depths where seismic waves change speed and the difference in chemical composition between rocks from the crust and those from the mantle. From the data, he estimated the thickness of the upper layer (crust) to be 54 km. We know today that the crust is 5–9 km  below the ocean floor and 25–60 km below the continents, which are carried on

text: tectonic plate

text: s.Subsequent study of the

text: Earth's interior

text: confirmed the existence of the discontinuity under all continents and oceans.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicentre

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: epicentre

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: By analyzing data from more observation posts

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the Earth has several layers above a core

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the Earth has several layers above a core

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the Earth has several layers above a core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Mohorovi i discontinuity

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves strike the boundary between different types of material, they are reflected and refracted

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Wind waves are mechanical waves that propagate. along the interface between water and air; the restoring force is provided by gravity, and so they are often referred to as surface gravity waves. As the wind blows, pressure and friction perturb the equilibrium of the water surface and transfer energy from the air to the water, forming waves. The initial formation of waves by the wind is described in the theory of Phillips from 1957, and the subsequent growth of the small waves has been modeled by Miles, also in 1957.

text: Wind waves are mechanical

text: wave

text: s that propagate. along the interface between

text: water

text: and

text: air

text: ; the restoring force is provided by gravity, and so they are often referred to as

text: surface gravity waves

text: . As the

text: wind

text: blows, pressure and friction perturb the equilibrium of the water surface and transfer energy from the air to the water, forming waves. The initial formation of waves by the wind is described in the theory of Phillips from 1957, and the subsequent growth of the small waves has been modeled by

text: Miles

text: , also in 1957.

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface gravity

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Wind waves are mechanical waves that propagate

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagate

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: pressure and friction

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: as the wind blows, pressure and friction perturb the equilibrium of the water surface

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A synthetic seismogram is the result of forward modelling the seismic response of an input earth model, which is defined in terms of 1D, 2D or 3D variations in physical properties. In hydrocarbon exploration this is used to provide a 'tie' between changes in rock properties in a borehole and seismic reflection data at the same location. It can also be used either to test possible interpretation models for 2D and 3D seismic data or to model the response of the predicted geology as an aid to planning a seismic reflection survey. In the processing of wide-angle reflection and refraction (WARR) data, synthetic seismograms are used to further constrain the results of seismic tomography. In earthquake seismology, synthetic seismograms are used either to match the predicted effects of a particular earthquake source fault model with observed seismometer records or to help constrain the Earth's velocity structure. Synthetic seismograms are generated using specialized geophysical software.

text: A synthetic seismogram is the result of forward modelling the

text: seismic

text: response of an input earth model, which is defined in terms of 1D, 2D or 3D variations in physical properties. In

text: hydrocarbon exploration

text: this is used to provide a 'tie' between changes in rock properties in a borehole and seismic reflection data at the same location. It can also be used either to test possible interpretation models for 2D and 3D seismic data or to model the response of the predicted geology as an aid to planning a seismic reflection survey. In the processing of wide-angle reflection and refraction (WARR) data, synthetic seismograms are used to further constrain the results of

text: seismic tomography

text: . In

text: earthquake

text: seismology

text: , synthetic seismograms are used either to match the predicted effects of a particular earthquake

text: source fault model

text: with observed

text: seismometer

text: records or to help constrain the Earth's velocity structure. Synthetic seismograms are generated using specialized

text: geophysical software

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1680/e69dd8bde7c62c832466dbc776519f31

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: refraction

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 3D

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: specialized geophysical software

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: angle

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: to further constrain the results of seismic tomography

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: synthetic seismograms

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: hydrocarbon exploration

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 1D, 2D or 3D variations in physical properties

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: to help constrain the Earth's velocity structure

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Precursors are characteristic wave patterns caused by dispersion of an impulse's frequency components as it propagates through a medium. Classically, precursors precede the main signal, although in certain situations they may also follow it. Precursor phenomena exist for all types of waves, as their appearance is only predicated on the prominence of dispersion effects in a given mode of wave propagation. This non-specificity has been confirmed by the observation of precursor patterns in different types of electromagnetic radiation (microwaves, visible light, and terahertz radiation) as well as in fluid surface waves and seismic waves.

text: Precursors are characteristic wave patterns caused by

text: dispersion

text: of an impulse's frequency components as it propagates through a medium. Classically, precursors precede the main signal, although in certain situations they may also follow it. Precursor phenomena exist for all types of waves, as their appearance is only predicated on the prominence of dispersion effects in a given mode of wave propagation. This non-specificity has been confirmed by the observation of precursor patterns in different types of

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: microwaves

text: visible light

text: , and

text: terahertz radiation

text: ) as well as in

text: fluid surface waves

text: and

text: seismic waves

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: frequency components

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fluid surface waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: precursors precede the main signal

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: terahertz radiation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid surface waves and seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Precursors

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Reflections and refractions of seismic waves at geologic interfaces within the Earth were first observed on recordings of earthquake-generated seismic waves. The basic model of the Earth's deep interior is based on observations of earthquake-generated seismic waves transmitted through the Earth’s interior (e.g., Mohorovičić, 1910). The use of human-generated seismic waves to map in detail the geology of the upper few kilometers of the Earth's crust followed shortly thereafter and has developed mainly due to commercial enterprise, particularly the petroleum industry.

text: Reflections and refractions of seismic waves at geologic interfaces within the Earth were first observed on recordings of earthquake-generated seismic waves. The basic model of the Earth's deep interior is based on observations of earthquake-generated seismic waves transmitted through the Earth’s interior (e.g., Mohorovičić, 1910). The use of human-generated seismic waves to map in detail the geology of the upper few kilometers of the Earth's crust followed shortly thereafter and has developed mainly due to commercial enterprise, particularly the petroleum industry.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Reflections

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The basic model of the Earth's deep interior

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: kilometers

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth’s interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: human-generated

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: deep interior

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The use of human-generated seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The use of human-generated seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The basic model of the Earth's deep interior

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: When a seismic wave encounters a boundary between two materials with different acoustic impedances, some of the energy in the wave will be reflected at the boundary, while some of the energy will be transmitted through the boundary.  The amplitude of the reflected wave is predicted by multiplying the amplitude of the incident wave by the seismic reflection coefficient

text: When a seismic wave encounters a boundary between two materials with different acoustic impedances, some of the energy in the wave will be reflected at the boundary, while some of the energy will be transmitted through the boundary.  The

text: amplitude

text: of the reflected wave is predicted by multiplying the amplitude of the incident wave by the seismic

text: reflection coefficient

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answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic wave encounters a boundary between two materials with different acoustic impedances

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a boundary

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: transmitted through the boundary

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: transmitted through the boundary

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a seismic wave encounters a boundary

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The amplitude of the reflected wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: different acoustic impedances

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Like in seismology, ground vibrations are associated with different types of elastic waves propagating through the ground. These are surface waves, mostly Rayleigh waves, and bulk longitudinal waves and transverse waves (or shear waves) propagating into the ground depth. Typical frequency range for environmental ground vibrations is 1 – 200 Hz. Waves of lower frequencies (below 1 Hz) are usually called microseisms, and they are normally associated with natural phenomenae, e.g. water waves in the oceans. Environmental ground vibrations generated by rail and road traffic may cause annoyance to residents of nearby buildings both directly and via generated structure-borne interior noise. Very strong ground vibrations, e.g. generated by heavy lorries on bumped roads, may even cause structural damage to very close buildings. Magnitudes of ground vibrations are usually described in terms of particle vibration velocity (in mm/s or m/s). Sometimes they are also described in decibels (relative to the reference particle velocity of 10 m/s). Typical values of ground vibration particle velocity associated with vehicles passing over traffic calming road humps are in the range of 0.1 – 2 mm/s. Magnitudes of ground vibrations that are considered to be able to cause structural damage to buildings are above 10–20 mm/s.

text: Like in seismology, ground vibrations are associated with different types of

text: elastic waves

text: propagating through the ground. These are

text: surface waves

text: , mostly

text: Rayleigh waves

text: , and bulk

text: longitudinal waves

text: and

text: transverse waves

text: (or shear waves) propagating into the ground depth. Typical frequency range for environmental ground vibrations is 1 – 200 Hz. Waves of lower frequencies (below 1 Hz) are usually called

text: microseism

text: s, and they are normally associated with natural phenomenae, e.g.

text: water waves

text: in the oceans. Environmental ground vibrations generated by rail and road traffic may cause annoyance to residents of nearby buildings both directly and via generated structure-borne interior noise. Very strong ground vibrations, e.g. generated by heavy lorries on bumped roads, may even cause structural damage to very close buildings. Magnitudes of ground vibrations are usually described in terms of particle vibration velocity (in mm/s or m/s). Sometimes they are also described in

text: decibel

text: s (relative to the reference particle velocity of 10 m/s). Typical values of ground vibration particle velocity associated with vehicles passing over traffic calming road humps are in the range of 0.1 – 2 mm/s. Magnitudes of ground vibrations that are considered to be able to cause structural damage to buildings are above 10–20 mm/s.

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answers: Hz

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Magnitudes

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Typical frequency range for environmental ground vibrations is 1 – 200 Hz

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: ground depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Typical frequencies (below 1 Hz) are usually called microseisms

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear waves propagating into the ground depth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the oceans

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: transverse waves and shear waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: environmental ground vibrations generated by rail and road traffic may cause annoyance to residents of nearby buildings

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ocean waves can be classified based on: the disturbing force(s) that create(s) them; the extent to which the disturbing force(s) continue(s) to influence them after formation; the extent to which the restoring force(s) weaken(s) (or flatten) them; and their wavelength or period. Seismic Sea waves have a period of ~20 minutes, and speeds of . Wind waves (deep-water waves) have a period of about 20 seconds.

text: Ocean waves can be classified based on: the disturbing force(s) that create(s) them; the extent to which the disturbing force(s) continue(s) to influence them after formation; the extent to which the restoring force(s) weaken(s) (or flatten) them; and their wavelength or period. Seismic Sea waves have a period of ~20 minutes, and speeds of . Wind waves (deep-water waves) have a period of about 20 seconds.

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answers: wavelength

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answers: wavelength

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answers: Seismic Sea waves have a period of  20 minutes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Sea

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 20 seconds

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: their wavelength or period

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: ocean waves can be classified

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Sea waves have a period of  20 minutes, and speeds of

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the extent to which the disturbing force(s) continue(s) to influence them after formation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: When a seismic wave encounters an interface, it creates a charge separation at the interface forming an electric dipole.  This dipole radiates an electromagnetic wave that can be detected by antennae on the ground surface.

text: When a seismic wave encounters an interface, it creates a charge separation at the interface forming an

text: electric dipole

text: .  This dipole radiates an electromagnetic wave that can be detected by antennae on the ground surface.

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answers: dipole

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic wave encounters an interface

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: electromagnetic wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: interface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: electric dipole

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave encounters an interface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: this dipole radiates an electromagnetic wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: This dipole radiates an electromagnetic wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it creates a charge separation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The seismic properties of salt poses an additional problem for marine seismic surveys, it attenuates seismic waves and its structure contains overhangs that are difficult to image.  This led to another variation on the NATS survey type, the wide-azimuth towed streamer (or WAZ or WATS) and was first tested on the Mad Dog field in 2004.  This type of survey involved 1 vessel solely towing a set of 8 streamers and 2 separate vessels towing seismic sources that were located at the start and end of the last receiver line (see diagram).  This configuration was "tiled" 4 times, with the receiver vessel moving further away from the source vessels each time and eventually creating the effect of a survey with 4 times the number of streamers.  The end result was a seismic dataset with a larger range of wider azimuths, delivering a breakthrough in seismic imaging.  These are now the three common types of marine towed streamer seismic surveys.

text: The seismic properties of salt poses an additional problem for marine seismic surveys, it attenuates seismic waves and its structure contains overhangs that are difficult to image.  This led to another variation on the NATS survey type, the wide-azimuth towed streamer (or WAZ or WATS) and was first tested on the

text: Mad Dog field

text: in 2004.  This type of survey involved 1 vessel solely towing a set of 8 streamers and 2 separate vessels towing seismic sources that were located at the start and end of the last receiver line (see diagram).  This configuration was "tiled" 4 times, with the receiver vessel moving further away from the source vessels each time and eventually creating the effect of a survey with 4 times the number of streamers.  The end result was a seismic dataset with a larger range of wider azimuths, delivering a breakthrough in seismic imaging.  These are now the three common types of marine towed streamer seismic surveys.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: azimuth

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: azimuth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: azimuths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The seismic properties of salt poses an additional problem for marine seismic surveys

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: wide-azimuth towed streamer

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The seismic properties of salt

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The seismic properties of salt poses an additional problem for marine seismic surveys

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic imaging

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It was the first time that an earthquake in Japan was officially measured at a seismic intensity (shindo in Japanese) of the highest Level 7 on the scale of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). After the earthquake, seismic intensity observation in Japan was fully mechanized (from April 1996) and JMA seismic intensity Levels 5 and 6 were each divided into 2 levels (from October 1996).

text: It was the first time that an earthquake in Japan was officially measured at a seismic intensity (shindo in Japanese) of the highest Level 7 on the

text: scale

text: of

text: Japan Meteorological Agency

text: (JMA). After the earthquake, seismic intensity observation in Japan was fully mechanized (from April 1996) and JMA seismic intensity Levels 5 and 6 were each divided into 2 levels (from October 1996).

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answers: Level 7

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Shindo

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismograph

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic intensity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquake

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Level 7 on the scale

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Level 7 on the scale

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquake in Japan was officially measured

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Level 7

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes cause earthquakes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Surface wave inversion is becoming a valuable tool in evaluating the near subsurface.  Surface waves found on seismograms can now be a useful by product of seismic exploration surveys instead of a waste product.  Furthermore, it is more budget friendly because the use of an active energy source is not needed. Also, it is useful in detecting low velocity zones in the subsurface that are undetectable by refraction methods.  It is most effective in estimating shear velocity, density, and thickness of subsurface profiles.

text: Surface wave inversion is becoming a valuable tool in evaluating the near subsurface.  Surface waves found on seismograms can now be a useful by product of seismic exploration surveys instead of a waste product.  Furthermore, it is more budget friendly because the use of an active energy source is not needed. Also, it is useful in detecting low velocity zones in the subsurface that are undetectable by refraction methods.  It is most effective in estimating shear velocity, density, and thickness of subsurface profiles.

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answers: refraction

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Surface waves found on seismograms

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the use of an active energy source

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: refraction methods

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface waves found on seismograms

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: low velocity zones in the subsurface that are undetectable by refraction methods

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: It may appear that the description of waves is closely related to their physical origin for each specific instance of a wave process.  For example, acoustics is distinguished from optics in that sound waves are related to a mechanical rather than an electromagnetic wave transfer caused by vibration.  Concepts such as mass, momentum, inertia, or elasticity, become therefore crucial in describing acoustic (as distinct from optic) wave processes. This difference in origin introduces certain wave characteristics particular to the properties of the medium involved. For example, in the case of air: vortices, radiation pressure, shock waves etc.; in the case of solids: Rayleigh waves, dispersion; and so on....

text: It may appear that the description of waves is closely related to their physical origin for each specific instance of a wave process.  For example,

text: acoustics

text: is distinguished from

text: optics

text: in that sound waves are related to a mechanical rather than an electromagnetic wave transfer caused by

text: vibration

text: .  Concepts such as

text: mass

text: momentum

text: inertia

text: , or

text: elasticity

text: , become therefore crucial in describing acoustic (as distinct from optic) wave processes. This difference in origin introduces certain wave characteristics particular to the properties of the medium involved. For example, in the case of air:

text: vortices

text: radiation pressure

text: shock waves

text: etc.; in the case of solids:

text: Rayleigh waves

text: dispersion

text: ; and so on....

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: origin

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The description of waves is closely related to their physical origin

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: origin

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: electromagnetic

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: electromagnetic wave transfer

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: solids

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh waves, dispersion

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the description of waves is closely related to their physical origin

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the situation of complex geology, e.g. faulting, folding, fracturing, salt bodies, and unconformities, pre-stack migration (PreSM) is used due to better resolution under such complex geology. In PreSM, all traces are migrated before being moved to zero-offset. As a result, much more information is used, which results in a much better image, along with the fact that PreSM honours velocity changes more accurately than post-stack migration. The PreSM is extremely sensitive to the accuracy of the velocity field. Thus the inadequacy of isotropic velocity models is not suitable for the pre stack depth migration. P-wave anisotropic prestack depth migration (APSDM) can produce a seismic image that is very accurate in depth and space. As a result, unlike isotropic PSDM, it is consistent with well data and provides an ideal input for reservoir characterization studies. However, this accuracy can only be achieved if correct anisotropy parameters are used. These parameters cannot be estimated from seismic data alone. They can only be determined with confidence through analysis of a variety of geoscientific material – borehole data and geological history.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: zero-offset

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: This accuracy can only be achieved if correct anisotropy parameters are used

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: complex geology

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: isotropic PSDM

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: isotropic PSDM

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: salt bodies

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: anisotropic prestack depth migration

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: borehole data and geological history

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Standing surface waves on the Earth are observed as free oscillations of the Earth.

text: Standing surface waves on the Earth are observed as

text: free oscillations of the Earth

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

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answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/5081caa0d42c702fc0d292065f554229

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Standing

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Standing surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Standing surface waves on the Earth

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: free oscillations of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: free oscillations of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: oscillations of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Standing surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: free oscillations of the Earth

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Dispersive body waves is an important aspect of seismic theory. When a wave propagates through subsurface materials both energy dissipation and velocity dispersion takes place. Energy dissipation is frequency dependent and causes decreased resolution of the seismic images when recorded in seismic prospecting. The attendant dispersion is a necessary consequence of the energy dissipation and causes the high frequency waves to travel faster than the low-frequency waves. The consequence for the seismic image is a frequency dependent time-shift of the data, and so correct timings for lithological identification cannot be obtained.

text: Dispersive body waves is an important aspect of

text: seismic theory

text: . When a wave propagates through subsurface materials both energy

text: dissipation

text: and velocity dispersion takes place. Energy dissipation is

text: frequency dependent

text: and causes decreased resolution of the seismic images when recorded in seismic prospecting. The attendant dispersion is a necessary consequence of the energy dissipation and causes the high frequency waves to travel faster than the low-frequency waves. The consequence for the seismic image is a frequency dependent time-shift of the data, and so correct timings for lithological identification cannot be obtained.

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answers: NDQ_005923

answers: low-frequency waves

answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: NDQ_005926

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answers: NDQ_005927

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answers: NDQ_005928

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Notonecta glauca can discriminate between prey and non-prey, like other backswimmers, by surface waves. Lang (1979), completed an experiment that showed that waves that were created by other backswimmers swimming, emerging, turning and paddling were of a lower frequency (below 40 Hz) compared to waves created by their prey items, who had a frequency between 70–140 Hz. Larval backswimmers were found to create different waves that differed from adult backswimmers, but their frequency were similar to that of adult swimming produced waves (up to 70 Hz).

text: Notonecta glauca can discriminate between

text: prey

text: and non-prey, like other backswimmers, by

text: surface wave

text: s. Lang (1979), completed an experiment that showed that

text: wave

text: s that were created by other backswimmers

text: swimming

text: , emerging, turning and

text: paddling

text: were of a lower

text: frequency

text: (below 40 Hz) compared to

text: wave

text: s created by their

text: prey

text: items, who had a

text: frequency

text: between 70–140 Hz.

text: Larva

text: l backswimmers were found to create different

text: wave

text: s that differed from adult backswimmers, but their

text: frequency

text: were similar to that of adult swimming produced waves (up to 70 Hz).

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: frequency

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 140 Hz

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Notonecta glauca

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Larval backswimmers

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: other backswimmers swimming

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Lang (1979)

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Notonecta glauca can discriminate between prey and non-prey

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Seismic tomography is a technique that uses seismic waves produced by earthquakes to gather information on the composition of the crust and mantle below a volcanic system. Different layers and structures in the Earth have different propagation speeds of seismic waves and attenuate them differently, resulting in different arrival times and strengths of waves travelling in a certain direction. From various measurements 3D models of the geological structures can be inferred. Results of such research indicate that a highly hydrated slab derived from the Nazca Plate – a major source of melts in a collisional volcanism system – underlies the Western Cordillera. Below the Altiplano, low-velocity zones indicate the presence of large amounts of partial melts that correlate with volcanic zones south of 21° S, whereas north of 21° S thicker lithospheric layers may prevent the formation of melts. Next to the Eastern Cordillera, low-velocity zones extend farther north to 18.5° S. A thermally weakened zone, evidenced by strong attenuation, in the crust is associated with the APVC. This indicates the presence of melts in the crust. A layer of low velocity (shear speed of )  thick is assumed to host the APVC magma body. This body has a volume of about . Other seismological data indicate a partial delamination of the crust under the Puna, resulting in increased volcanic activity and terrain height.

text: Seismic tomography

text: is a technique that uses

text: seismic wave

text: s produced by earthquakes to gather information on the composition of the

text: crust

text: and

text: mantle

text: below a volcanic system. Different layers and structures in the Earth have different propagation speeds of seismic waves and

text: attenuate

text: them differently, resulting in different arrival times and strengths of waves travelling in a certain direction. From various measurements

text: models of the geological structures can be inferred. Results of such research indicate that a highly hydrated

text: slab

text: derived from the

text: Nazca Plate

text: – a major source of melts in a collisional volcanism system – underlies the Western Cordillera. Below the Altiplano, low-velocity zones indicate the presence of large amounts of partial melts that correlate with volcanic zones south of 21° S, whereas north of 21° S thicker lithospheric layers may prevent the formation of melts. Next to the Eastern Cordillera, low-velocity zones extend farther north to 18.5° S. A thermally weakened zone, evidenced by strong attenuation, in the crust is associated with the APVC. This indicates the presence of melts in the crust. A layer of low velocity (shear speed of )  thick is assumed to host the APVC magma body. This body has a volume of about . Other seismological data indicate a partial

text: delamination

text: of the crust under the Puna, resulting in increased volcanic activity and terrain height.

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answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: arrival times

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: terrain height

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic waves produced by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation speeds

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: different arrival times and strengths of waves travelling in a certain direction

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: different arrival times and strengths

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a highly hydrated slab derived from the Nazca Plate

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Shear speed of

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 3D models of the geological structures can be inferred

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Wingspan is about 20-26mm. Body rufous, suffused and with black irrorations. Fore wings with traces of sub-basal and antemedial waved lines angled below costa. The medial area with an indistinct waved line found at its middle and defined by black lines, where the inner highly angled in cell. The outer oblique from costa to vein 4, where it is angled. The outer area with a pale patch from the postmedial line to apex and a less prominent patch at middle. A submarginal waved dark line found with blackish mark at costa and crossed by two black streaks below apex. Hind wings with indistinct waved subbasal, antemedial, postmedial, and submarginal lines. The postmedial double, angled at vein 6 and with ochreous beyond it, especially on inner area. A large pale spot found at middle of outer area. Ventral side fuscous with pale patches. A postmedial line angled at vein 4 of fore wing and vein 6 of hind wing. A curved submarginal line present.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0305/T_1683/5081caa0d42c702fc0d292065f554229

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: costa

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: apex

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The outer oblique from costa to vein 4, where it is angled

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: angled

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: curved submarginal line present

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: curved submarginal line present

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is a liquid

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: submarginal

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: curved submarginal line present

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The seismic noise includes a small amount of body waves (P- and S-waves), but  surface waves (Love and Rayleigh waves) predominate. Theses waves are dispersive, meaning that their phase velocity varies with frequency (generally, it decreases with increasing frequency). Since the dispersion curve (phase velocity or slowness as a function of frequency) is tightly related to the variations of the shear-wave velocity with depth in the different ground layers, it can be used as a non-invasive tool to investigate the underground structure.

text: The seismic noise includes a small amount of

text: body waves

text: (P- and S-waves), but

text: surface wave

text: s (

text: Love

text: and

text: Rayleigh wave

text: s) predominate. Theses waves are

text: dispersive

text: , meaning that their

text: phase velocity

text: varies with frequency (generally, it decreases with increasing frequency). Since the

text: dispersion curve

text: (phase velocity or slowness as a function of frequency) is tightly related to the variations of the shear-wave velocity with depth in the different ground layers, it can be used as a non-invasive tool to investigate the underground structure.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: phase velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: It can be used as a non-invasive tool to investigate the underground structure

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground layers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Love and Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: theses waves are dispersive

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The seismic noise includes a small amount of body waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the variations of the shear-wave velocity with depth in the different ground layers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Jacky dragons are very swift lizards and like many other dragons (Agamidae), will sometimes run in an almost upright position on their hind legs when pursued. In cool, wet weather, they bury themselves in the sand or shelter under a bush. They rarely enter the water, but do have the ability to swim. In a fight, opponents circle each other in an upright position with their bodies laterally compressed so as to enlarge their appearance. They tend to direct their attacks towards the tails of their opponents. Various territorial displays include tail-waving, raising or lowering their bodies, head-bobbing, arm-waving, and darkening their color.

text: Jacky dragons are very swift lizards and like many other dragons (Agamidae), will sometimes run in an almost upright position on their hind legs when pursued. In cool, wet weather, they bury themselves in the sand or shelter under a bush. They rarely enter the water, but do have the ability to swim. In a fight, opponents circle each other in an upright position with their bodies laterally compressed so as to enlarge their appearance. They tend to direct their attacks towards the tails of their opponents. Various territorial displays include tail-waving, raising or lowering their bodies, head-bobbing, arm-waving, and darkening their color.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: upright position

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: upright position

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: In a fight, opponents circle each other

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: arm-waving, and darkening their color

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: They rarely enter the water, but do have the ability to swim

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are produced by earthquakes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Seismic waves are elastic waves that propagate through the Earth with a finite velocity, governed by the acoustic properties of the rock in which they are travelling.  At an interface between two rock types, with different acoustic impedances, the seismic energy is either refracted, reflected back towards the surface or attenuated by the medium.The reflected energy arrives at the surface and is recorded by geophones that are placed at a known distance away from the source of the waves.  When a geophysicist views the recorded energy from the geophone, they know both the travel time and the distance between the source and the receiver, but not the distance down to the reflector.In the simplest geological setting, with a single horizontal reflector, a constant velocity and a source and receiver at the same location (referred to as zero-offset, where offset is the distance between the source and receiver), the geophysicist can determine the location of the reflection event by using the relationship:

text: Seismic waves are

text: elastic waves

text: that propagate through the

text: Earth

text: with a finite velocity, governed by the acoustic properties of the rock in which they are travelling.  At an interface between two rock types, with different

text: acoustic impedance

text: s, the seismic energy is either

text: refracted

text: reflected

text: back towards the surface or

text: attenuated

text: by the medium.The reflected energy arrives at the surface and is recorded by

text: geophone

text: s that are placed at a known distance away from the source of the waves.  When a

text: geophysicist

text: views the recorded energy from the geophone, they know both the travel time and the distance between the source and the receiver, but not the distance down to the reflector.In the simplest geological setting, with a single horizontal reflector, a constant velocity and a source and receiver at the same location (referred to as zero-offset, where offset is the distance between the source and receiver), the geophysicist can determine the location of the reflection event by using the relationship:

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: source

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: offset

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The reflected energy arrives at the surface and is recorded by geophones

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: offset

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: source and receiver at the same location

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: source and receiver at the same location

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic waves propagate through the Earth with a finite velocity

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: At an interface between two rock types, with different acoustic impedances, the seismic energy is either refracted

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are elastic waves that propagate through the Earth with a finite velocity

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: Ocean surface waves are oscillations caused by the friction from air moving across the surface of the water. This friction transfers energy and forms surface waves in the water perpendicular to the direction of the wind. The top of a wave is known as its crest and its foot as its trough; the distance between two crests is the wavelength. These waves are mechanical: as they approach, the water molecules at a given point rise up and, as they pass, the water molecules go down, tracing a roughly circular path. The energy is passed across the surface and does not represent a horizontal motion of the water itself. The sea state of the ocean is determined by the size of these waves, which—on the open ocean—depends upon the wind speed and the fetch, the distance over which the wind blows upon the water. The smallest waves are called ripples. As strong and prolonged winds push against ripples' raised crests, larger and more irregular waves form, which known as seas. These waves reach their maximum height when the rate at which they are traveling nearly matches the speed of the wind and, over time, they naturally separate into long, powerful waves with a common direction and wavelength. These swells are particularly common in the Roaring Forties of the Southern Hemisphere where the wind blows continuously. When the wind dies down, ripples easily disappear owing to water's surface tension, but seas and swells are only slowly reduced by gravity and destructive interference from other waves. Constructive interference, however, can also cause individual rogue waves much higher than normal. Most waves are less than  high and it is not unusual for strong storms to double or triple that height; offshore construction such as wind farms and oil platforms use these measurements in computing the hundred-year wave they are designed against. Rogue waves, however, have been documented at heights above .

text: Ocean surface waves

text: are oscillations caused by the

text: friction

text: from

text: air

text: moving across the surface of the water. This friction transfers

text: energy

text: and forms

text: surface wave

text: s in the water perpendicular to the direction of the wind. The top of a wave is known as its

text: crest

text: and its foot as its

text: trough

text: ; the distance between two crests is the

text: wavelength

text: . These waves are

text: mechanical

text: : as they approach, the water molecules at a given point rise up and, as they pass, the water molecules go down, tracing a roughly circular path. The energy is passed across the surface and does not represent a horizontal motion of the water itself. The

text: sea state

text: of the ocean is determined by the size of these waves, which—on the

text: open ocean

text: —depends upon the

text: wind speed

text: and the

text: fetch

text: , the distance over which the wind blows upon the water. The smallest waves are called

text: ripples

text: . As strong and prolonged winds push against ripples' raised crests, larger and more irregular waves form, which known as

text: seas

text: . These waves reach their maximum height when the rate at which they are traveling nearly matches the speed of the wind and, over time, they naturally separate into long, powerful waves with a common direction and wavelength. These

text: swells

text: are particularly common in the

text: Roaring Forties

text: of the Southern Hemisphere where the wind blows continuously. When the wind dies down, ripples easily disappear owing to water's

text: surface tension

text: , but seas and swells are only slowly

text: reduced by gravity

text: and

text: destructive interference

text: from other waves.

text: Constructive interference

text: , however, can also cause individual

text: rogue wave

text: s much higher than normal. Most waves are less than  high and it is not unusual for strong storms to double or triple that height;

text: offshore construction

text: such as

text: wind farms

text: and

text: oil platform

text: s use these measurements in computing the

text: hundred-year wave

text: they are designed against. Rogue waves, however, have been documented at heights above .

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Rogue waves have been documented at heights above

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Rogue waves, however, have been documented at heights above

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: horizontal motion of the water itself

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface waves are oscillations caused by the friction from air moving across the surface of the water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rogue waves have been documented at heights above

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: offshore construction such as wind farms and oil platforms

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers, and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large man-made explosions that give out low-frequency acoustic energy. Many other natural and anthropogenic sources create low-amplitude waves commonly referred to as ambient vibrations. Seismic waves are studied by geophysicists called seismologists. Seismic wave fields are recorded by a seismometer, hydrophone (in water), or accelerometer.

text: Seismic waves are waves of

text: energy

text: that travel through the

text: Earth

text: 's layers, and are a result of

text: earthquake

text: s,

text: volcanic eruptions

text: , magma movement, large

text: landslide

text: s and large man-made

text: explosion

text: s that give out low-frequency acoustic energy. Many other natural and anthropogenic sources create low-amplitude waves commonly referred to as

text: ambient vibrations

text: . Seismic waves are studied by

text: geophysicists

text: called

text: seismologists

text: . Seismic wave fields are recorded by a

text: seismometer

text: hydrophone

text: (in water), or

text: accelerometer

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's layers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: man-made explosions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: low-amplitude waves commonly referred to as ambient vibrations

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: magma movement

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: The surface plasmons are evanescent waves that have their maximum intensity at the interface and decay exponentially away from the phase boundary to a penetration depth.The propagation of the surface plasmons is intensely affected by a thin film coating on the conducting layer. The resonance angle (θ) shifts, when the metal surface is coated with a dielectric material, due to the change of the propagation vector (k) of the surface plasmon.This sensitivity is due to the shallow penetration depth of the evanescent wave. Materials with a high amount of free electrons are used. Metal films of roughly 50 nm made of copper, titanium, chromium and gold are used. However, Au is the most common metal used in SPR as well as in SPRM.

text: The surface plasmons are evanescent waves that have their maximum intensity at the interface and decay exponentially away from the phase boundary to a penetration depth.The propagation of the surface plasmons is intensely affected by a thin film coating on the conducting layer. The resonance angle (θ) shifts, when the metal surface is coated with a dielectric material, due to the change of the propagation vector (k) of the surface plasmon.This sensitivity is due to the shallow penetration depth of the evanescent wave. Materials with a high amount of free electrons are used. Metal films of roughly 50 nm made of copper, titanium, chromium and gold are used. However, Au is the most common metal used in SPR as well as in SPRM.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: interface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: penetration depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface plasmons

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: penetration depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: thin film coating

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Au is the most common metal used in SPRM

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Au is the most common metal used in SPR as well as in SPRM

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface plasmons have their maximum intensity at the interface and decay exponentially away from the phase boundary to a penetration depth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: This sensitivity is due to the shallow penetration depth of the evanescent wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface plasmons are evanescent waves

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The convolutional 1D modelling produces seismograms containing approximations of primary reflections only. For more accurate modelling involving multiple reflections, head waves, guided waves and surface waves, as well as transmission effects and geometrical spreading, full waveform modelling is required. For 1D elastic models the most accurate approach to full waveform modelling is known as the reflectivity method. This method is based on the integral transform approach, whereby the wave field (cylinidrical or spherical wave) is represented by a sum (integral) of time-harmonic plane waves. The reflection and transmission coefficients for individual plane waves propagating in a stack of layers can be computed analytically using a variety of methods, such as matrix propagator, global matrix or invariant embedding. This group of methods is called 1.5D because the earth is represented by a 1D model (flat layers), while wave propagation is considered either in 2D (cylindrical waves) or 3D (spherical waves).

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answers: head

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: head waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The convolutional 1D modelling produces seismograms containing approximations of primary reflections only

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: stack of layers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the earth is represented by a 1D model

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: full waveform modelling

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: this group of methods is called 1.5D because the earth is represented by a 1D model

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: This method is based on the integral transform approach

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The convolutional 1D modelling produces seismograms

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The ad architecture of earth houses usually leads to non-righted, round-shaped walls, which can cause problems concerning the interior decoration, especially regarding furniture and large paintings. However, these problems can be anticipated during the conceptual design of an earth house.

text: The ad architecture of earth houses usually leads to non-righted, round-shaped walls, which can cause problems concerning the interior decoration, especially regarding furniture and large paintings. However, these problems can be anticipated during the conceptual design of an earth house.

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answers: righted

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: righted

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismograph

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: righted

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth houses

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: can cause problems concerning the interior decoration

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: can cause problems concerning the interior decoration

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is a liquid

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The ad architecture of earth houses

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: problems concerning the interior decoration

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In seismology, an isoseismal map is used to show lines of equal felt seismic intensity, generally measured on the Modified Mercalli scale. Such maps help to identify earthquake epicenters, particularly where no instrumental records exist, such as for historical earthquakes. They also contain important information on ground conditions at particular locations, the underlying geology, radiation pattern of the seismic waves and the response of different types of buildings. They form an important part of the macroseismic approach, i.e. that part of seismology dealing with non-instrumental data. The shape and size of the isoseismal regions can be used to help determine the magnitude, focal depth and focal mechanism of an earthquake.

text: In

text: seismology

text: , an isoseismal map is used to show lines of equal felt seismic intensity, generally measured on the

text: Modified Mercalli scale

text: . Such maps help to identify

text: earthquake

text: epicenter

text: s, particularly where no

text: instrumental

text: records exist, such as for

text: historical earthquakes

text: . They also contain important information on ground conditions at particular locations, the underlying

text: geology

text: , radiation pattern of the

text: seismic wave

text: s and the response of different types of buildings. They form an important part of the macroseismic approach, i.e. that part of seismology dealing with non-instrumental data. The shape and size of the isoseismal regions can be used to help determine the

text: magnitude

text: focal

text: depth and

text: focal mechanism

text: of an earthquake.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: focal depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: They also contain important information on ground conditions at particular locations, the underlying geology

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: focal depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: radiation pattern of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: radiation pattern of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: isoseismal map

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: radiation pattern of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: They also contain important information on ground conditions at particular locations, the underlying geology

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: If water body is large and very deep, a strong wave action is at work, therefore in these bodies a noticeable change cannot easily be observed. However, in smaller water body such as a pond the succession is easily recognizable. Different plant communities occupy different zones in a water body and exhibit concentric zonation. The edges of the water body are occupied by rooted species, submerged species are found in the littoral zone and plankton and floating species occupy the open water zone.

text: If water body is large and very deep, a strong wave action is at work, therefore in these bodies a noticeable change cannot easily be observed. However, in smaller water body such as a pond the succession is easily recognizable. Different plant communities occupy different zones in a water body and exhibit concentric zonation. The edges of the water body are occupied by rooted species, submerged species are found in the littoral zone and plankton and floating species occupy the open water zone.

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answers: If water body is large

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text: , respectively. The associated waves are called longitudinal and shear elastic waves. In the seismological literature, the corresponding plane waves are called P-waves and S-waves (see Seismic wave).

text: , respectively. The associated waves are called longitudinal and shear elastic waves. In the seismological literature, the corresponding plane waves are called P-waves and S-waves (see

text: Seismic wave

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text: Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere on top, the mantle below (separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers), and the outer core and inner core below that. More recently, seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a CT scan. These images have led to a much more detailed view of the interior of the Earth, and have replaced the simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model.

text: Seismologists can use the arrival times of

text: seismic wave

text: s in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid

text: outer core

text: (where

text: shear waves

text: were not able to propagate) and a dense solid

text: inner core

text: . These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a

text: crust

text: and

text: lithosphere

text: on top, the

text: mantle

text: below (separated within itself by

text: seismic discontinuities

text: at 410 and 660 kilometers), and the outer core and inner core below that. More recently, seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a CT scan. These images have led to a much more detailed view of the interior of the Earth, and have replaced the simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: arrival times

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave speeds

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 660 kilometers

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: shear waves were not able to propagate

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear waves were not able to propagate

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: shear waves were not able to propagate

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: An earthquake  is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.  At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by vibration, shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. Earthquakes are caused by slippage within geological faults. The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the seismic focus. The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the epicenter. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife. It is usually the secondary events that they trigger, such as building collapse, fires, tsunamis (seismic sea waves) and volcanoes, which are actually the human disaster. Many of these could possibly be avoided by better construction, safety systems, early warning and planning.

text: An

text: earthquake

text: is the result of a sudden release of energy in the

text: Earth's

text: crust

text: that creates

text: seismic wave

text: s.  At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by vibration, shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. Earthquakes are caused by slippage within geological

text: faults

text: . The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the seismic focus. The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the epicenter. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife. It is usually the secondary events that they trigger, such as building collapse, fires,

text: tsunami

text: s (seismic sea waves) and volcanoes, which are actually the human disaster. Many of these could possibly be avoided by better construction, safety systems, early warning and planning.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: tsunamis

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: earthquakes are caused by slippage within geological faults

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: tsunamis

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's crust

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes are caused by slippage within geological faults

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: , also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.  Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves which are generated by wind, or tides which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water.

text: , also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a

text: large lake

text: Earthquake

text: s,

text: volcanic eruption

text: s and other

text: underwater explosion

text: s (including detonations of underwater

text: nuclear device

text: s), landslides,

text: glacier calvings

text: meteorite impacts

text: and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal

text: ocean waves which are generated by wind

text: , or

text: tide

text: s which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: displacement

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: displacement

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a water body

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the mathematical modeling of seismic waves,the Cagniard–De Hoop method is a sophisticated mathematical tool for solving a large class of wave and diffusive problems in horizontally layered media. The method is based on the combination of a unilateral Laplace transformation with real and positive transform parameter and the slowness field representation. It is named after Louis Cagniard and Adrianus de Hoop; Cagniard published his method in 1939, and de Hoop published an improvement on it in 1960.

text: In the

text: mathematical modeling

text: of

text: seismic wave

text: s,the Cagniard–De Hoop method is a sophisticated mathematical tool for solving a large class of wave and

text: diffusive

text: problems in horizontally layered media. The method is based on the combination of a unilateral

text: Laplace transform

text: ation with real and positive transform parameter and the slowness field representation. It is named after Louis Cagniard and

text: Adrianus de Hoop

text: ; Cagniard published his method in 1939, and de Hoop published an improvement on it in 1960.

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005924

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answers: NDQ_005925

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answers: NDQ_005926

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: slowness field

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Laplace transformation

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: It is named after Louis Cagniard and Adrianus de Hoop

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: horizontally

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: horizontally layered media

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the Cagniard–De Hoop method

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: slowness field representation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the Cagniard–De Hoop method

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Cagniard–De Hoop method

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: horizontally layered media

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: The peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) is the most commonly used type of ground acceleration in engineering applications. It is often used within earthquake engineering (including seismic building codes) and it is commonly plotted on seismic hazard maps. In an earthquake, damage to buildings and infrastructure is related more closely to ground motion, of which PGA is a measure, rather than the magnitude of the earthquake itself.  For moderate earthquakes, PGA is a reasonably good determinant of damage; in severe earthquakes, damage is more often correlated with peak ground velocity.

text: The peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) is the most commonly used type of ground acceleration in engineering applications. It is often used within

text: earthquake engineering

text: (including seismic

text: building code

text: s) and it is commonly plotted on

text: seismic hazard

text: maps. In an earthquake, damage to buildings and infrastructure is related more closely to ground motion, of which PGA is a measure, rather than the magnitude of the earthquake itself.  For moderate earthquakes, PGA is a reasonably good determinant of damage; in severe earthquakes, damage is more often correlated with

text: peak ground velocity

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answers: NDQ_005920

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answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: peak

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: PGA

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: It is often used within earthquake engineering

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: ground motion

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: magnitude of the earthquake itself

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: magnitude of the earthquake itself

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: PGA is a reasonably good determinant

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: ground motion

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic hazard maps

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The data for an earthquake is plotted using a lower-hemisphere stereographic projection. The azimuth and take-off angle are used to plot the position of an individual seismic record. The take-off angle is the angle from the vertical of a seismic ray as it emerges from the earthquake focus. These angles are calculated from a standard set of tables that describe the relationship between the take-off angle and the distance between the focus and the observing station. By convention, filled symbols are used to plot data from stations where the P-wave first motion recorded was up (a compressive wave), hollow symbols for down (a tensional wave), with dots for stations with arrivals too weak to get a sense of motion. If there are sufficient observations, one may draw two well-constrained orthogonal great circles that divide the compressive from the tensional observations and these are the nodal planes. Observations from stations with no clear first motion normally lie close to these planes. By convention the compressional quadrants are colour-filled and the tensional left white. The two nodal planes intersect at the N (neutral)-axis. The P and T axes are also often plotted; with the N axis these three directions respectively match the directions of the maximum, minimum and intermediate principal compressive stresses associated with the earthquake. The P-axis is plotted in the centre of the white segment, the T-axis in the centre of the colour-filled segment.

text: The data for an earthquake is plotted using a lower-hemisphere

text: stereographic projection

text: . The

text: azimuth

text: and take-off angle are used to plot the position of an individual seismic record. The take-off angle is the angle from the vertical of a seismic ray as it emerges from the earthquake focus. These angles are calculated from a standard set of tables that describe the relationship between the take-off angle and the distance between the focus and the observing station. By convention, filled symbols are used to plot data from stations where the P-wave first motion recorded was up (a compressive wave), hollow symbols for down (a tensional wave), with dots for stations with arrivals too weak to get a sense of motion. If there are sufficient observations, one may draw two well-constrained orthogonal

text: great circle

text: s that divide the compressive from the tensional observations and these are the nodal planes. Observations from stations with no clear first motion normally lie close to these planes. By convention the compressional quadrants are colour-filled and the tensional left white. The two nodal planes intersect at the N (neutral)-axis. The P and T axes are also often plotted; with the N axis these three directions respectively match the directions of the maximum, minimum and intermediate principal compressive stresses associated with the earthquake. The P-axis is plotted in the centre of the white segment, the T-axis in the centre of the colour-filled segment.

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answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0