text: Shot noise in electronic circuits consists of random fluctuations of the electric current in a DC current which originate due to fact that current actually consists of a flow of discrete charges (electrons). Because the electron has such a tiny charge, however, shot noise is of relative insignificance in many (but not all) cases of electrical conduction. For instance 1 ampere of current consists of about  electrons per second; even though this number will randomly vary by several billion in any given second, such a fluctuation is minuscule compared to the current itself. In addition, shot noise is often less significant as compared with two other noise sources in electronic circuits, flicker noise and Johnson–Nyquist noise. However, shot noise is temperature and frequency independent, in contrast to Johnson–Nyquist noise, which is proportional to temperature, and flicker noise, with the spectral density decreasing with the frequency. Therefore at high frequencies and low temperatures shot noise may become the dominant source of noise.

text: Shot noise in electronic circuits consists of random fluctuations of the

entity_name: Electric current

text: electric current

text: in a

entity_name: Direct current

text: DC

text: current which originate due to fact that current actually consists of a flow of discrete charges (

entity_name: Electron

text: electron

text: s). Because the electron has such a tiny charge, however, shot noise is of relative insignificance in many (but not all) cases of electrical conduction. For instance 1

entity_name: Ampere

text: ampere

text: of current consists of about  electrons per second; even though this number will randomly vary by several billion in any given second, such a fluctuation is minuscule compared to the current itself. In addition, shot noise is often less significant as compared with two other noise sources in electronic circuits,

entity_name: Flicker noise

text: flicker noise

text: and

entity_name: Johnson–Nyquist noise

text: Johnson–Nyquist noise

text: . However, shot noise is temperature and frequency independent, in contrast to Johnson–Nyquist noise, which is proportional to temperature, and flicker noise, with the spectral density decreasing with the frequency. Therefore at high frequencies and low temperatures shot noise may become the dominant source of noise.

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answer_match: lowercase, stemmed, fuzz > 0.8

prompt_style: Can the question be answered based on the available context? choose one:

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: current

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: conduction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical conduction

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: electrical conduction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrical conduction

prompt_style: provide a complete and concise answer to the question based on the context.

answer: Yes

prompt_class: FagB

prompt_style: Is this passage relevant?

answer: Yes

prompt_class: Sun

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

prompt_class: HELM

answer: Yes

answer: 1

prompt_class: Thomas

text: Around 1650, Otto von Guericke built a crude electrostatic generator: a sulphur ball that rotated on a shaft. When Guericke held his hand against the ball and turned the shaft quickly, a static electric charge built up. This experiment inspired the development of several forms of "friction machines", that greatly helped in the study of electricity.

text: Around 1650,

entity_name: Otto von Guericke

text: Otto von Guericke

text: built a crude

entity_name: Electrostatic generator

text: electrostatic generator

text: : a

entity_name: Sulfur

text: sulphur

text: ball that rotated on a shaft. When Guericke held his hand against the ball and turned the shaft quickly, a static

entity_name: Electric charge

text: electric charge

text: built up. This experiment inspired the development of several forms of "friction machines", that greatly helped in the study of electricity.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electric charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: static electric charge built up

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: turned the shaft quickly

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: When Guericke held his hand against

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: static electric charge

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Induced-charge electrokinetics in physics is the electrically driven fluid flow and particle motion in a liquid electrolyte. Consider a metal particle (which is neutrally charged but electrically conducting) in contact with an aqueous solution in a chamber/channel. If different voltages apply to the end of this chamber/channel, electric field will generate in this chamber/channel. This applied electric field passes through this metal particle and causes the free charges inside the particle migrate under the skin of particle. As a result of this migration, the negative charges moves to the side which is close to the positive (or higher) voltage while the positive charges moves to the opposite side of the particle. These charges under the skin of conducting particle attract the counter-ions of the aqueous solution; thus, the electric double layer (EDL) forms around the particle. The EDL sing on the surface of the conducting particle changes from positive to negative and the distribution of the charges varies along the particle geometry. Due to these variations, the EDL is non-uniform and has different sings. Thus, the induced zeta potential around the particle, and consequently slip velocity on the surface of the particle, vary as a function of local electric field. Differences in magnitude and direction of slip velocity on the surface of the conducting particle effects the flow pattern around this particle and causes micro vortices. Yasaman Daghighi and Dongqing Li, for the first time, experimentally illustrated these induced vortices around a 1.2mm diameter carbon-steel sphere under the 40V/cm Direct Current (DC) external electric filed.Chenhui Peng et al. also experimentally showed the patterns of electro-osmotic flow around an Au sphere when Alternative Current (AC) is involved (E=10mV/μm, f=1 kHz).Electrokinetics here refers to a branch of science related to the motion and reaction of charged particles to the applied electric filed and its effects on its environment. It is sometimes referred as non-linear electrokinetic phenomena as well.

text: Induced-charge electrokinetics in

entity_name: Physics

text: physics

text: is the

entity_name: Electricity

text: electrically

text: driven

entity_name: Fluid dynamics

text: fluid flow

text: and

text: particle motion

text: in a

text: liquid electrolyte

text: . Consider a metal particle (which is neutrally charged but electrically conducting) in contact with an aqueous solution in a chamber/channel. If different

entity_name: Voltage

text: voltage

text: s apply to the end of this chamber/channel,

entity_name: Electric field

text: electric field

text: will generate in this chamber/channel. This applied electric field passes through this metal particle and causes the free charges inside the particle migrate under the skin of particle. As a result of this migration, the negative charges moves to the side which is close to the positive (or higher) voltage while the positive charges moves to the opposite side of the particle. These charges under the skin of conducting particle attract the counter-ions of the aqueous solution; thus, the

entity_name: Double layer (surface science)

text: electric double layer

text: (EDL) forms around the particle. The EDL sing on the surface of the conducting particle changes from positive to negative and the distribution of the charges varies along the particle geometry. Due to these variations, the EDL is non-uniform and has different sings. Thus, the induced

entity_name: Zeta potential

text: zeta potential

text: around the particle, and consequently

text: slip velocity

text: on the surface of the particle, vary as a function of local electric field. Differences in magnitude and direction of slip velocity on the surface of the conducting particle effects the flow pattern around this particle and causes micro vortices. Yasaman Daghighi and Dongqing Li, for the first time, experimentally illustrated these induced vortices around a 1.2mm diameter carbon-steel sphere under the 40V/cm Direct Current (DC) external electric filed.Chenhui Peng et al. also experimentally showed the patterns of

entity_name: Electro-osmosis

text: electro-osmotic

text: flow around an Au sphere when Alternative Current (AC) is involved (E=10mV/μm, f=1 kHz).

entity_name: Electrokinetic phenomena

text: Electrokinetics

text: here refers to a branch of science related to the motion and reaction of charged particles to the applied electric filed and its effects on its environment. It is sometimes referred as non-linear electrokinetic phenomena as well.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: neutrally charged

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: This applied electric field passes through this metal particle

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: contact with an aqueous solution

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: contact with an aqueous solution

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It is sometimes referred as non-linear electrokinetic phenomena

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrokinetics

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Aside from releasing electrons to an exogenous final electron acceptor, external electron transfer may serve other purposes. First, cells may transfer electrons directly to each other without the need for an intermediary substance. Pelotomaculum thermopropioncum has been observed linked to Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus by a pilus (external cell structures used in conjugation and adhesion) that was determined to be electrically conductive. Second, extracellular electrons may serve a role in the communication as a quorum signal in biofilms.

text: Aside from releasing electrons to an exogenous final electron acceptor, external electron transfer may serve other purposes. First, cells may transfer electrons directly to each other without the need for an intermediary substance. Pelotomaculum thermopropioncum has been observed linked to

entity_name: Methanothermobacter

text: Methanothermobacter

text: thermautotrophicus by a

entity_name: Pilus

text: pilus

text: (external cell structures used in

entity_name: Biotransformation

entity_section: Phase II reaction

text: conjugation

text: and

entity_name: Adhesion

text: adhesion

text: ) that was determined to be electrically conductive. Second, extracellular electrons may serve a role in the communication as a

entity_name: Quorum sensing

text: quorum signal

text: in

entity_name: Biofilm

text: biofilm

text: s.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: external electron transfer may serve other purposes

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: exogenous final electron acceptor

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrically conductive

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: cell structures used in conjugation

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: An exogenous final electron acceptor

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: His "supercapacitor" stored electrical charge partially in the Helmholtz double-layer and partially as the result of faradaic reactions with "pseudocapacitance" charge transfer of electrons and protons between electrode and electrolyte. The working mechanisms of pseudocapacitors are redox reactions, intercalation and electrosorption.

text: His "supercapacitor" stored electrical charge partially in the Helmholtz double-layer and partially as the result of faradaic reactions with "pseudocapacitance" charge transfer of electrons and protons between electrode and electrolyte. The working mechanisms of pseudocapacitors are redox reactions, intercalation and electrosorption.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge transfer

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: faradaic reactions

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrode and electrolyte

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: electrosorption

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: faradaic reactions

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Charge-induced charge separationA charged object brought close to an electrically neutral object causes a separation of charge within the neutral object. Charges of the same polarity are repelled and charges of the opposite polarity are attracted. As the force due to the interaction of electric charges falls off rapidly with increasing distance, the effect of the closer (opposite polarity) charges is greater and the two objects feel a force of attraction. The effect is most pronounced when the neutral object is an electrical conductor as the charges are more free to move around. Careful grounding of part of an object with a charge-induced charge separation can permanently add or remove electrons, leaving the object with a global, permanent charge. This process is integral to the workings of the Van de Graaff generator, a device commonly used to demonstrate the effects of static electricity.

text: Charge-induced charge separationA charged object brought close to an electrically neutral object causes a separation of charge within the neutral object. Charges of the same polarity are repelled and charges of the opposite polarity are attracted. As the force due to the interaction of electric charges falls off rapidly with increasing distance, the effect of the closer (opposite polarity) charges is greater and the two objects feel a force of attraction. The effect is most pronounced when the neutral object is an

text: electrical conductor

text: as the charges are more free to move around. Careful grounding of part of an object with a charge-induced

text: charge separation

text: can permanently add or remove electrons, leaving the object with a global, permanent charge. This process is integral to the workings of the

text: Van de Graaff generator

text: , a device commonly used to demonstrate the effects of static electricity.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: neutral

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge-induced charge separation

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: charged object brought close to an electrically neutral object

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: charged object brought close to an electrically neutral object

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Charge-induced charge separation

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge-induced charge separation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century. A prominent early electrical scientist was William Gilbert who was the first to draw a clear distinction between magnetism and static electricity and is credited with establishing the term electricity. He also designed the versorium: a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. Then in 1762 Swedish professor Johan Carl Wilcke invented, and in 1775 Alessandro Volta improved, a device (for which Volta coined the name electrophorus) that produced a static electric charge, and by 1800 Volta had developed the voltaic pile, a forerunner of the electric battery.

text: Electricity

text: has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early

text: 17th century

text: . A prominent early electrical scientist was

text: William Gilbert

text: who was the first to draw a clear distinction between

text: magnetism

text: and

text: static electricity

text: and is credited with establishing the term electricity. He also designed the

text: versorium

text: : a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. Then in 1762 Swedish professor

text: Johan Carl Wilcke

text: invented, and in 1775

text: Alessandro Volta

text: improved, a device (for which Volta coined the name

text: electrophorus

text: ) that produced a static electric charge, and by 1800 Volta had developed the

text: voltaic pile

text: , a forerunner of the electric battery.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: static electric charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: static electricity

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: magnetism

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: static electricity

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: static electricity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are two recognized types of charge carriers in semiconductors. One is electrons, which carry a negative electric charge. In addition, it is convenient to treat the traveling vacancies in the valence band electron population (holes) as the second type of charge carrier, which carry a positive charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron.

text: There are two recognized types of charge carriers in

text: semiconductor

text: s. One is

text: electron

text: s, which carry a negative

text: electric charge

text: . In addition, it is convenient to treat the traveling vacancies in the

text: valence band

text: electron population (

text: holes

text: ) as the second type of charge carrier, which carry a positive charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Negative

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: holes

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Negative electric charge

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: holes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Generally, to reduce the concentration polarization, increased flow rates of the solutions between the membranes as well as spacers promoting turbulence are applied [5, 6]. This technique results in better mixing of the solution and in reducing the thickness of the diffusion boundary layer, which is defined as the region in the vicinity of an electrode or a membrane where the concentrations are different from their value in the bulk solution. In electrodialysis, additional mixing of the solution may be obtained by applying an elevated voltage where current-induced convection occurs as gravitational convection or electroconvection. Electroconvection is defined  as current-induced volume transport when an electric field is imposed through the charged solution. Several mechanisms of electroconvection are discussed. In dilute solutions, electroconvection allows increasing current density several times higher than the limiting current density. Electroconvection refers to electrokinetic phenomena, which are important in microfluidic devices. Thus, there is a bridge between membrane science and micro/nanofluidics. Fruitful ideas are transferred from microfluidics: novel conceptions of electro-membrane devices for water desalination in overlimiting current range have been proposed.

text: Generally, to reduce the concentration polarization, increased flow rates of the solutions between the membranes as well as spacers promoting turbulence are applied [5, 6]. This technique results in better mixing of the solution and in reducing the thickness of the diffusion boundary layer, which is defined as the region in the vicinity of an electrode or a membrane where the concentrations are different from their value in the bulk solution. In electrodialysis, additional mixing of the solution may be obtained by applying an elevated voltage where current-induced convection occurs as gravitational convection or electroconvection. Electroconvection is defined  as current-induced volume transport when an electric field is imposed through the charged solution. Several mechanisms of electroconvection are discussed. In dilute solutions, electroconvection allows increasing current density several times higher than the limiting current density. Electroconvection refers to

text: electrokinetic phenomena

text: , which are important in

text: microfluidic

text: devices. Thus, there is a bridge between membrane science and micro/nanofluidics. Fruitful ideas are transferred from

text: microfluidics

text: : novel conceptions of electro-membrane devices for water desalination in overlimiting current range have been proposed.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Electroconvection

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Electroconvection

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrodialysis

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: applying an elevated voltage

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Electroconvection

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Charge conservation is a physical law that states that the change in the amount of electric charge in any volume of space is exactly equal to the amount of charge flowing into the volume minus the amount of charge flowing out of the volume.  In essence, charge conservation is an accounting relationship between the amount of charge in a region and the flow of charge into and out of that region.

text: Charge conservation is a physical law that states that the change in the amount of electric charge in any volume of space is exactly equal to the amount of charge flowing into the volume minus the amount of charge flowing out of the volume.  In essence, charge conservation is an accounting relationship between the amount of charge in a region and the flow of charge into and out of that region.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Charge conservation

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Charge conservation is a physical law

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: flow of charge into and out of that region

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Charge conservation

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: flow of charge into and out of that region

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: If a piece of p-type silicon is placed in close contact with a piece of n-type silicon, then a diffusion of electrons occurs from the region of high electron concentration (the n-type side of the junction) into the region of low electron concentration (p-type side of the junction). When the electrons diffuse across the p-n junction, they recombine with holes on the p-type side. However (in the absence of an external circuit) this diffusion of carriers does not go on indefinitely because charges build up on either side of the junction and create an electric field. The electric field promotes charge flow, known as drift current, that opposes and eventually balances out the diffusion of electrons and holes. This region where electrons and holes have diffused across the junction is called the depletion region because it contains practically no mobile charge carriers. It is also known as the space charge region, although space charge extends a bit further in both directions than the depletion region.

text: If a piece of p-type silicon is placed in close contact with a piece of n-type silicon, then a

text: diffusion

text: of electrons occurs from the region of high electron concentration (the n-type side of the junction) into the region of low electron concentration (p-type side of the junction). When the electrons diffuse across the p-n junction, they recombine with holes on the p-type side. However (in the absence of an external circuit) this diffusion of carriers does not go on indefinitely because charges build up on either side of the junction and create an

text: electric field

text: . The electric field promotes charge flow, known as

text: drift current

text: , that opposes and eventually balances out the diffusion of electrons and holes. This region where electrons and holes have diffused across the junction is called the

text: depletion region

text: because it contains practically no mobile charge carriers. It is also known as the space charge region, although space charge extends a bit further in both directions than the depletion region.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: When the electrons diffuse across the p-n junction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: external circuit

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: placed in close contact with a piece of n-type silicon

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It is placed in close contact with a piece of n-type silicon

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: When the electrons diffuse across the p-n junction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In semiconductor physics, the photo–Dember effect (named after its discoverer Harry Dember) is the formation of a charge dipole in the vicinity of a semiconductor surface after ultra-fast photo-generation of charge carriers. The dipole forms owing to the difference of mobilities (or diffusion constants) for holes and electrons which combined with the break of symmetry provided by the surface lead to an effective charge separation in the direction perpendicular to the surface. In an isolated sample, where the macroscopic flow of an electric current is prohibited, the fast carriers (often the electrons) are slowed down and the slow carriers (often the holes) are accelerated by an electric field, called the Dember field.

text: In

text: semiconductor

text: physics

text: , the photo–Dember effect (named after its discoverer

text: Harry Dember

text: ) is the formation of a charge

text: dipole

text: in the vicinity of a

text: semiconductor

text: surface after ultra-fast photo-generation of

text: charge carriers

text: . The

text: dipole

text: forms owing to the difference of

text: mobilities

text: (or

text: diffusion

text: constants) for

text: holes

text: and

text: electrons

text: which combined with the

text: break of symmetry

text: provided by the surface lead to an effective charge separation in the direction perpendicular to the surface. In an isolated sample, where the macroscopic flow of an electric current is prohibited, the fast carriers (often the electrons) are slowed down and the slow carriers (often the holes) are accelerated by an electric field, called the Dember field.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The dipole forms

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: photo-generation of charge carriers

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: In an isolated sample

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: In an isolated sample

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: In an isolated sample

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The neutron's lack of total electric charge makes it difficult to steer or accelerate them. Charged particles can be accelerated, decelerated, or deflected by electric or magnetic fields. These methods have little effect on neutrons. However, some effects may be attained by use of inhomogeneous magnetic fields because of the neutron's magnetic moment. Neutrons can be controlled by methods that include moderation, reflection, and velocity selection. Thermal neutrons can be polarized by transmission through magnetic materials in a method analogous to the Faraday effect for photons. Cold neutrons of wavelengths of 6–7 angstroms can be produced in beams of a high degree of polarization, by use of magnetic mirrors and magnetized interference filters.

text: The neutron's lack of total electric charge makes it difficult to steer or accelerate them. Charged particles can be accelerated, decelerated, or deflected by

text: electric

text: or

text: magnetic field

text: s. These methods have little effect on neutrons. However, some effects may be attained by use of inhomogeneous magnetic fields because of the

text: neutron's magnetic moment

text: . Neutrons can be controlled by methods that include

text: moderation

text: reflection

text: , and

text: velocity selection

text: Thermal neutron

text: s can be polarized by transmission through

text: magnet

text: ic materials in a method analogous to the

text: Faraday effect

text: for

text: photon

text: s. Cold neutrons of wavelengths of 6–7 angstroms can be produced in beams of a high degree of polarization, by use of

text: magnetic mirror

text: s and magnetized interference filters.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The neutron

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Neutrons can be controlled by methods that include moderation, reflection, and velocity selection

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electric or magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Magnetic materials

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Neutrons can be controlled by methods that include moderation, reflection, and velocity selection

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A piezo (or piezo-electric) tweeter contains a piezoelectric crystal coupled to a mechanical diaphragm. An audio signal is applied to the crystal, which responds by flexing in proportion to the voltage applied across the crystal's surfaces, thus converting electrical energy into mechanical. The conversion of electrical pulses to mechanical vibrations and the conversion of returned mechanical vibrations back into electrical energy is the basis for ultrasonic testing. The active element is the heart of the transducer as it converts the electrical energy to acoustic energy, and vice versa. The active element is basically a piece of polarized material (i.e. some parts of the molecule are positively charged, while other parts of the molecule are negatively charged) with electrodes attached to two of its opposite faces. When an electric field is applied across the material, the polarized molecules will align themselves with the electric field, resulting in induced dipoles within the molecular or crystal structure of the material. This alignment of molecules will cause the material to change dimensions. This phenomenon is known as electrostriction. In addition, a permanently polarized material such as quartz (SiO) or barium titanate (BaTiO) will produce an electric field when the material changes dimensions as a result of an imposed mechanical force. This phenomenon is known as the piezoelectric effect.

text: A

text: piezo

text: electrostriction

text: . In addition, a permanently polarized material such as

text: quartz

text: (SiO) or

text: barium titanate

text: (BaTiO) will produce an electric field when the material changes dimensions as a result of an imposed mechanical force. This phenomenon is known as the

text: piezoelectric effect

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Some parts of the molecule are positively charged, while other parts of the molecule are negatively charged

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrostriction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical energy into mechanical

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrostriction

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: PHEVs and fully electric cars may allow for more efficient use of existing electric production capacity, much of which sits idle as operating reserve most of the time. This assumes that vehicles are charged primarily during off peak periods (i.e., at night), or equipped with technology known as charge control to shut off charging during periods of peak demand. Another advantage of a plug-in vehicle is their potential ability to load balance or help the grid during peak loads. This is accomplished with vehicle-to-grid technology. By using excess battery capacity to send power back into the grid and then recharge during off peak times using cheaper power, such vehicles are actually advantageous to utilities as well as their owners. Even if such vehicles just led to an increase in the use of nighttime electricity they would even out electricity demand which is typically higher in the daytime, and provide a greater return on capital for electricity infrastructure.

text: PHEVs and fully electric cars may allow for more efficient use of existing electric production capacity, much of which sits idle as

text: operating reserve

text: most of the time. This assumes that vehicles are charged primarily during

text: off peak

text: periods (i.e., at night), or equipped with technology known as

text: charge control

text: to shut off charging during periods of peak demand. Another advantage of a plug-in vehicle is their potential ability to load balance or help the grid during peak loads. This is accomplished with

text: vehicle-to-grid

text: technology. By using excess battery capacity to send power back into the grid and then recharge during off peak times using cheaper power, such vehicles are actually advantageous to utilities as well as their owners. Even if such vehicles just led to an increase in the use of nighttime electricity they would even out electricity demand which is typically higher in the daytime, and provide a greater return on capital for electricity infrastructure.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: PHEVs

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge control

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: PHEVs

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: at night

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: PHEVs

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: PHEV

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Franklin's electrostatic machine is a high-voltage static electricity generating device used by Benjamin Franklin in the mid-eighteenth century for research into electrical phenomena. Its key components are a glass globe which turned on an axis via a crank; a cloth pad in contact with the spinning globe; a set of metal needles to conduct away the charge developed on the globe by its friction with the pad; and a Leyden jara high-voltage capacitorto accumulate the charge. Experiments using it eventually led to invention of the lightning rod and new theories by Franklin about electricity.

text: Franklin's electrostatic machine is a high-voltage

text: static electricity generating device

text: used by

text: Benjamin Franklin

text: in the mid-eighteenth century for research into electrical phenomena. Its key components are a glass globe which turned on an axis via a crank; a cloth pad in contact with the spinning globe; a set of metal needles to conduct away the charge developed on the globe by its friction with the pad; and a

text: Leyden jar

text: a high-voltage capacitorto accumulate the charge. Experiments using it eventually led to invention of the

text: lightning rod

text: and new theories by Franklin about electricity.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: metal needles

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: metal needles to conduct away the charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: friction with the pad

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: contact with the spinning globe

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: metal needles

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: metal needles

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The era of galvanic or voltaic electricity represented a revolutionary break from the historical focus on frictional electricity. Alessandro Volta discovered that chemical reactions could be used to create positively charged anodes and negatively charged cathodes. When a conductor was attached between these, the difference in the electrical potential (also known as voltage) drove a current between them through the conductor. The potential difference between two points is measured in units of volts in recognition of Volta's work.

text: The era of

text: galvanic

text: or

text: voltaic electricity

text: represented a revolutionary break from the historical focus on frictional electricity.

text: Alessandro Volta

text: discovered that

text: chemical reaction

text: s could be used to create positively charged

text: anode

text: s and negatively charged

text: cathode

text: s. When a conductor was attached between these, the

text: difference in the electrical potential

text: (also known as voltage) drove a

text: current

text: between them through the conductor. The

text: potential difference

text: between two points is measured in units of

text: volt

text: s in recognition of Volta's work.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrical potential (also known as voltage)

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: chemical reactions

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: When a conductor was attached between these

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: conductor was attached between

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: frictional electricity

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The correct thermodynamic treatment of quark matter depends on the physical context. For large quantities that exist for long periods of time (the "thermodynamic limit"), we must take into account the fact that the only conserved charges in the standard model are quark number (equivalent to baryon number), electric charge, the eight color charges, and lepton number. Each of these can have an associated chemical potential.  However, large volumes of matter must be electrically and color-neutral, which determines the electric and color charge chemical potentials. This leaves a three-dimensional phase space, parameterized by quark chemical potential, lepton chemical potential, and temperature.

text: The correct thermodynamic treatment of quark matter depends on the physical context. For large quantities that exist for long periods of time (the "thermodynamic limit"), we must take into account the fact that the only conserved charges in the standard model are quark number (equivalent to

text: baryon

text: number), electric charge, the eight color charges, and lepton number. Each of these can have an associated chemical potential.  However, large volumes of matter must be electrically and color-neutral, which determines the electric and color charge chemical potentials. This leaves a three-dimensional

text: phase space

text: , parameterized by quark chemical potential, lepton chemical potential, and temperature.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: It depends on the physical context

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: quark number

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrically

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It depends on the physical context

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrically and color-neutral

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: This method can be demonstrated using a gold-leaf electroscope, which is an instrument for detecting electric charge.  The electroscope is first discharged, and a charged object is then brought close to the instrument's top terminal.  Induction causes a separation of the charges inside the electroscope's metal rod, so that the top terminal gains a net charge of opposite polarity to that of the object, while the gold leaves gain a charge of the same polarity.  Since both leaves have the same charge, they repel each other and spread apart.  The electroscope has not acquired a net charge: the charge within it has merely been redistributed, so if the charged object were to be moved away from the electroscope the leaves will come together again.

text: This method can be demonstrated using a

text: gold-leaf electroscope

text: , which is an instrument for detecting electric charge.  The electroscope is first discharged, and a charged object is then brought close to the instrument's top terminal.  Induction causes a separation of the charges inside the

text: electroscope

text: 's metal rod, so that the top terminal gains a net charge of opposite polarity to that of the object, while the gold leaves gain a charge of the same polarity.  Since both leaves have the same charge, they repel each other and spread apart.  The electroscope has not acquired a net charge: the charge within it has merely been redistributed, so if the charged object were to be moved away from the electroscope the leaves will come together again.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It has merely been redistributed

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Induction causes a separation of the charges inside the electroscope's metal rod

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: discharged

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: charged object is then brought close to the instrument's top terminal

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Induction causes a separation

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: repel each other and spread apart

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The triboelectric effect (also known as triboelectric charging) is a type of contact electrification in which certain materials become electrically charged after they come into frictional contact with a different material. Rubbing glass with fur, or a comb through the hair, can build up triboelectricity. Most everyday static electricity is triboelectric. The polarity and strength of the charges produced differ according to the materials, surface roughness, temperature, strain, and other properties.

text: The triboelectric effect (also known as triboelectric charging) is a type of

text: contact electrification

text: in which certain materials become

text: electrically charged

text: after they come into

text: frictional

text: contact with a different material. Rubbing glass with fur, or a comb through the hair, can build up triboelectricity. Most everyday

text: static electricity

text: is triboelectric. The

text: polarity

text: and strength of the charges produced differ according to the materials, surface roughness, temperature, strain, and other properties.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: triboelectric

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Rubbing glass with fur

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: frictional contact with a different material

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: Rubbing glass with fur

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Frictional contact

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: contact electrification

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A surface DC voltmeter is an instrument that measures voltage with no electric charge transfer.

text: A surface DC voltmeter is an instrument that measures voltage with no

text: electric charge

text: transfer.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no electric charge

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge transfer

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electric charge transfer

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: charge transfer

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no electric charge transfer

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: surface DC voltmeter

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Another way to see that the enclosed charge induces an equal charge in the container is to use the visualization device of electric field lines.  Electric field lines terminate on equal charges; that is each line begins on a specific quantity of positive charge, and ends on an equal quantity of negative charge.  An additional fact needed is that electric field lines cannot penetrate conductors; if an electric field line penetrated into a volume of metal, the electrons in the metal would flow along the field line, redistributing the charge in the conductor until no electric field was left.  Only when the electric field in the conductor is zero can the charges in the conductor be at electrostatic equilibrium.

text: Another way to see that the enclosed charge induces an equal charge in the container is to use the visualization device of

text: electric field line

text: s.  Electric field lines terminate on equal charges; that is each line begins on a specific quantity of positive charge, and ends on an equal quantity of negative charge.  An additional fact needed is that electric field lines cannot penetrate conductors; if an electric field line penetrated into a volume of metal, the electrons in the metal would flow along the field line, redistributing the charge in the conductor until no electric field was left.  Only when the electric field in the conductor is zero can the charges in the conductor be at electrostatic equilibrium.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The enclosed charge induces an equal charge in the container

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: enclosed charge

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conductor

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: electric field lines cannot penetrate conductors

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: conductors

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Space charge is a concept in which excess electric charge is treated as a continuum of charge distributed over a region of space (either a volume or an area) rather than distinct point-like charges. This model typically applies when charge carriers have been emitted from some region of a solid—the cloud of emitted carriers can form a space charge region if they are sufficiently spread out, or the charged atoms or molecules left behind in the solid can form a space charge region. Space charge usually only occurs in dielectric media (including vacuum) because in a conductive medium the charge tends to be rapidly neutralized or screened. The sign of the space charge can be either negative or positive. This situation is perhaps most familiar in the area near a metal object when it is heated to incandescence in a vacuum. This effect was first observed by Thomas Edison in light bulb filaments, where it is sometimes called the Edison effect, but space charge is a significant phenomenon in many vacuum and solid-state electronic devices.

text: Space charge is a concept in which excess

text: electric charge

text: is treated as a

text: continuum

text: of charge distributed over a region of space (either a volume or an area) rather than distinct point-like charges. This model typically applies when

text: charge carriers

text: have been emitted from some region of a solid—the cloud of emitted carriers can form a space charge region if they are sufficiently spread out, or the charged atoms or molecules left behind in the solid can form a space charge region. Space charge usually only occurs in

text: dielectric

text: media (including

text: vacuum

text: ) because in a conductive medium the charge tends to be rapidly neutralized or

text: screened

text: . The sign of the space charge can be either negative or positive. This situation is perhaps most familiar in the area near a

text: metal

text: object when it is heated to

text: incandescence

text: in a

text: vacuum

text: . This effect was first observed by

text: Thomas Edison

text: in light bulb

text: filament

text: s, where it is sometimes called the

text: Edison effect

text: , but space charge is a significant phenomenon in many vacuum and

text: solid-state electronic

text: devices.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The sign of the space charge can be either negative or positive

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The sign of the space charge can be either negative or positive

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: charged atoms or molecules left behind

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: a conductive medium

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Space charge usually only occurs in dielectric media

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charged atoms or molecules left behind

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: where the coefficients χ are the n-th-order susceptibilities of the medium, and the presence of such a term is generally referred to as an n-th-order nonlinearity.  Note that the polarization density P(t) and electrical field E(t) are considered as scalar for simplicity. In general, χ is an (n + 1)-th-order tensor representing both the polarization-dependent nature of the parametric interaction and the symmetries (or lack of) of the nonlinear material.

text: where the coefficients χ are the n-th-order

text: susceptibilities

text: of the medium, and the presence of such a term is generally referred to as an n-th-order nonlinearity.  Note that the polarization density P(t) and electrical field E(t) are considered as scalar for simplicity. In general, χ is an (n + 1)-th-order

text: tensor

text: representing both the

text: polarization

text: -dependent nature of the parametric interaction and the

text: symmetries

text: (or lack of) of the nonlinear material.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: scalar

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: polarization

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: polarization

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: polarization

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Study has shown that the origin of charge is from certain types of subatomic particles which have the property of electric charge. Electric charge gives rise to and interacts with the electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature. The most familiar carriers of electrical charge are the electron and proton. Experiment has shown charge to be a conserved quantity, that is, the net charge within an isolated system will always remain constant regardless of any changes taking place within that system. Within the system, charge may be transferred between bodies, either by direct contact, or by passing along a conducting material, such as a wire. The informal term static electricity refers to the net presence (or 'imbalance') of charge on a body, usually caused when dissimilar materials are rubbed together, transferring charge from one to the other.

text: Study has shown that the origin of charge is from certain types of

text: subatomic particle

text: s which have the property of electric charge. Electric charge gives rise to and interacts with the

text: electromagnetic force

text: , one of the four

text: fundamental force

text: s of nature. The most familiar carriers of electrical charge are the

text: electron

text: and

text: proton

text: . Experiment has shown charge to be a

text: conserved quantity

text: , that is, the net charge within an

text: isolated system

text: will always remain constant regardless of any changes taking place within that system. Within the system, charge may be transferred between bodies, either by direct contact, or by passing along a conducting material, such as a wire. The informal term

text: static electricity

text: refers to the net presence (or 'imbalance') of charge on a body, usually caused when dissimilar materials are rubbed together, transferring charge from one to the other.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Charge gives rise to and interacts with the electromagnetic force

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: dissimilar materials are rubbed together

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: by direct contact

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: dissimilar materials are rubbed together

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: dissimilar materials are rubbed together

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: He discovered the existence of two types of electricity and named them "vitreous" and "resinous" (later known as positive and negative charge respectively).  He noted the difference between conductors and insulators, calling them 'electrics' and 'non-electrics' for their ability to produce contact electrification.   He also discovered that alike-charged objects would repel each other and that unlike-charged objects attract.  He also disproved certain misconceptions regarding electric charge, such as that of Dr. Stephen Gray who believed that electric properties of a body depended on its colour. Du Fay's  observations on electricity were reported in a paper written in December 1733 and printed in Volume 38 of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1734.  He became a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1723.

text: He discovered the existence of two types of

text: electricity

text: and named them "

text: vitreous

text: " and "

text: resinous

text: " (later known as positive and negative

text: charge

text: respectively).  He noted the difference between

text: conductors

text: and

text: insulators

text: , calling them 'electrics' and 'non-electrics' for their ability to produce

text: contact electrification

text: .   He also discovered that alike-charged objects would repel each other and that unlike-charged objects attract.  He also disproved certain misconceptions regarding electric charge, such as that of Dr.

text: Stephen Gray

text: who believed that electric properties of a body depended on its colour. Du Fay's  observations on electricity were reported in a paper written in December 1733 and printed in Volume 38 of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1734.  He became a member of the

text: French Academy of Sciences

text: in 1723.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Likely-charged objects would repel each other and that unlike-charged objects attract

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: contact electrification

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conductors

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Likely-charged objects would repel each other and that unlike-charged objects attract

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: alike-charged objects would repel

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Intelligent Whale submerged by filling water compartments, and expelled the water by pumps and compressed air. It was estimated that it could stay submerged for about ten hours. Thirteen crewmen could be accommodated, but only six were needed to make her operational. The only known trial, reported by submarine pioneer John Philip Holland, was made by a certain General Sweeney and two others. They submerged the boat in 16 feet of water and Sweeney, clad in a diver's suit, emerged through a hole in the bottom, placed a charge under a scow, and reentered the submarine. The charge was exploded by a lanyard and a friction primer attached to the charge, sinking the scow.

text: Intelligent Whale submerged by filling water compartments, and expelled the water by pumps and compressed air. It was estimated that it could stay submerged for about ten hours. Thirteen crewmen could be accommodated, but only six were needed to make her operational. The only known trial, reported by submarine pioneer

text: John Philip Holland

text: , was made by a certain General Sweeney and two others. They submerged the boat in 16 feet of water and Sweeney, clad in a diver's suit, emerged through a hole in the bottom, placed a charge under a scow, and reentered the submarine. The charge was exploded by a lanyard and a friction primer attached to the charge, sinking the scow.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: charge

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: a charge under a scow

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: submerged

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The charge was exploded

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Friction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: It can be seen that in some conductors, such as ionic solutions and plasmas, there are both positive and negative charge carriers, so an electric current in them consists of the two polarities of carrier moving in opposite directions.  In other conductors, such as metals, there are only charge carriers of one polarity, so an electric current in them just consists of charge carriers moving in one direction.

text: It can be seen that in some conductors, such as ionic solutions and plasmas, there are both positive and negative charge carriers, so an electric current in them consists of the two polarities of carrier moving in opposite directions.  In other conductors, such as metals, there are only charge carriers of one polarity, so an electric current in them just consists of charge carriers moving in one direction.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: ionic solutions and plasmas

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: positive and negative charge carriers

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conductors

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: plasmas

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: conductors

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A useful concept used in heat transfer applications once the condition of steady state heat conduction has been reached, is the representation of thermal transfer by what is known as thermal circuits. A thermal circuit is the representation of the resistance to heat flow in each element of a circuit, as though it were an electrical resistor. The heat transferred is analogous to the electric current and the thermal resistance is analogous to the electrical resistor. The values of the thermal resistance for the different modes of heat transfer are then calculated as the denominators of the developed equations. The thermal resistances of the different modes of heat transfer are used in analyzing combined modes of heat transfer. The lack of "capacitative" elements in the following purely resistive example, means that no section of the circuit is absorbing energy or changing in distribution of temperature. This is equivalent to demanding that a state of steady state heat conduction (or transfer, as in radiation) has already been established.

text: A useful concept used in heat transfer applications once the condition of steady state heat conduction has been reached, is the representation of thermal transfer by what is known as thermal circuits. A thermal circuit is the representation of the resistance to heat flow in each element of a circuit, as though it were an

text: electrical resistor

text: . The heat transferred is analogous to the

text: electric current

text: and the thermal resistance is analogous to the electrical resistor. The values of the thermal resistance for the different modes of heat transfer are then calculated as the denominators of the developed equations. The thermal resistances of the different modes of heat transfer are used in analyzing combined modes of heat transfer. The lack of "capacitative" elements in the following purely resistive example, means that no section of the circuit is absorbing energy or changing in distribution of temperature. This is equivalent to demanding that a state of steady state heat conduction (or transfer, as in radiation) has already been established.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It does not say.

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The lack of "capacitative" elements

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrical resistor

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: thermal circuits

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It is analogous to the electric current

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: thermal resistance

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The transfer of energy from one chemical substance to another depends on the size of energy quanta emitted from one substance. However, heat energy is often transferred more easily from almost any substance to another because the phonons responsible for vibrational and rotational energy levels in a substance have much less energy than photons invoked for the electronic energy transfer. Thus, because vibrational and rotational energy levels are more closely spaced than electronic energy levels, heat is more easily transferred between substances relative to light or other forms of electronic energy. For example, ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation is not transferred with as much efficacy from one substance to another as thermal or electrical energy.

text: The transfer of energy from one chemical substance to another depends on the size of energy

text: quanta

text: emitted from one substance. However, heat energy is often transferred more easily from almost any substance to another because the

text: phonons

text: responsible for vibrational and rotational energy levels in a substance have much less energy than

text: photons

text: invoked for the electronic energy transfer. Thus, because vibrational and rotational energy levels are more closely spaced than electronic energy levels, heat is more easily transferred between substances relative to light or other forms of electronic energy. For example, ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation is not transferred with as much efficacy from one substance to another as thermal or electrical energy.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The transfer of energy from one chemical substance to another

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: photons

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A remaining question is how large the induced charges are.   The movement of charges is caused by the force exerted on them by the electric field of the external charged object, by Coulomb's law.  As the charges in the metal object continue to separate, the resulting positive and negative regions create their own electric field, which opposes the field of the external charge.   This process continues until very quickly (within a fraction of a second) an equilibrium is reached in which the induced charges are exactly the right size to cancel the external electric field throughout the interior of the metal object.  Then the remaining mobile charges (electrons) in the interior of the metal no longer feel a force and the net motion of the charges stops.

text: A remaining question is how large the induced charges are.   The movement of charges is caused by the

text: force

text: exerted on them by the

text: electric field

text: of the external charged object, by

text: Coulomb's law

text: .  As the charges in the metal object continue to separate, the resulting positive and negative regions create their own electric field, which opposes the field of the external charge.   This process continues until very quickly (within a fraction of a second) an

text: equilibrium

text: is reached in which the induced charges are exactly the right size to cancel the external electric field throughout the interior of the metal object.  Then the remaining mobile charges (electrons) in the interior of the metal no longer feel a force and the net motion of the charges stops.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The movement of charges is caused by the force exerted on them by the electric field

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: external charged object

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: create their own electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Coulomb's law

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Coulomb's law

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Charging a capacitor (due to a voltage between the capacitor plates) causes an electric field to be applied to the dielectric between the electrodes. This field exerts a torque on the molecular dipoles, causing the directions of the dipole moments to align with the field direction. This change in the molecular dipoles is called oriented polarization and also causes heat to be generated, resulting in dielectric losses (see dissipation factor). The orientation of the dipoles does not follow the electric field synchronously, but is delayed by a time constant that depends on the material. This delay corresponds to a hysteresis response of the polarization to the external field.

text: Charging a capacitor (due to a voltage between the capacitor plates) causes an

text: electric field

text: to be applied to the

text: dielectric

text: between the electrodes. This field exerts a

text: torque

text: on the molecular

text: dipole

text: s, causing the directions of the dipole moments to align with the field direction. This change in the molecular dipoles is called

text: oriented polarization

text: and also causes heat to be generated, resulting in

text: dielectric losses

text: (see

text: dissipation factor

text: ). The orientation of the dipoles does not follow the electric field synchronously, but is delayed by a

text: time constant

text: that depends on the material. This delay corresponds to a

text: hysteresis

text: response of the polarization to the external field.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It depends on the material

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The direction of the dipole moments to align with the field direction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Charging

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: Charging a capacitor

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: This field exerts a torque

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Recharging a large battery pack presents a high load on the electrical grid, but this can be scheduled for periods of reduced load or reduced electricity costs. In order to schedule the recharging, either the charging station or the vehicle can communicate with the smart grid. Some plug-in vehicles allow the vehicle operator to control recharging through a web interface or smartphone app. Furthermore, in a Vehicle-to-grid scenario the vehicle battery can supply energy to the grid at periods of peak demand. This requires additional communication between the grid, charging station, and vehicle electronics. SAE International is developing a range of standards for energy transfer to and from the grid including SAE J2847/1 "Communication between Plug-in Vehicles and the Utility Grid". ISO and IEC are also developing a similar series of standards known as ISO/IEC 15118: "Road vehicles -- Vehicle to grid communication interface".

text: Recharging a large battery pack presents a high load on the electrical grid, but this can be scheduled for periods of reduced load or reduced electricity costs. In order to schedule the recharging, either the charging station or the vehicle can communicate with the

text: smart grid

text: . Some plug-in vehicles allow the vehicle operator to control recharging through a web interface or smartphone app. Furthermore, in a

text: Vehicle-to-grid

text: scenario the vehicle battery can supply energy to the grid at periods of peak demand. This requires additional communication between the grid, charging station, and vehicle electronics.

text: SAE International

text: is developing a range of standards for energy transfer to and from the grid including SAE J2847/1 "Communication between Plug-in Vehicles and the Utility Grid". ISO and IEC are also developing a similar series of standards known as ISO/IEC 15118: "Road vehicles -- Vehicle to grid communication interface".

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The electrical grid

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Energy transfer

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: plug-in vehicles

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical grid

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: This requires additional communication

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The electrical grid

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Charge conservation requires that the net current into a volume must necessarily equal the net change in charge within the volume.

text: Charge conservation requires that the net current into a volume must necessarily equal the net change in charge within the volume.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The formation of charged matter always depends on the transfer of electrons

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: net current

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: current

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Charge conservation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The charge to be multiplied was applied to the first of these (plate A), which stood on an insulating post. A moveable insulated metal plate (B) was brought close to A (though not permitted to touch it), and then grounded. The charge on A caused charge separation on B due to electrostatic induction. Plate B was then moved away, breaking its earth connection. Since B was insulated, it acquired and retained a small charge opposite in sign to the charge on A. Plate B was transferred by means of an insulating rod to be brought into electrical contact with the third metal plate C which was insulated. Since both B and C were conducting, B would transfer a portion of its charge to C. To maximise the transferred charge, C was placed in close proximity to a final metal plate D, which was earthed.

text: The charge to be multiplied was applied to the first of these (plate A), which stood on an insulating post. A moveable insulated metal plate (B) was brought close to A (though not permitted to touch it), and then

text: grounded

text: . The charge on A caused charge separation on B due to

text: electrostatic induction

text: . Plate B was then moved away, breaking its earth connection. Since B was insulated, it acquired and retained a small charge opposite in sign to the charge on A. Plate B was transferred by means of an insulating rod to be brought into electrical contact with the third metal plate C which was insulated. Since both B and C were

text: conducting

text: , B would transfer a portion of its charge to C. To maximise the transferred charge, C was placed in close proximity to a final metal plate D, which was earthed.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Electrostatic induction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrostatic induction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical contact

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Electrostatic induction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrostatic induction

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: which expresses the idea that the amount of a conserved quantity within a sphere cannot change unless some of it flows out of the sphere. For example, electric charge is conserved; the amount of charge within a sphere cannot change unless some of the charge leaves the sphere.

text: which expresses the idea that the amount of a conserved quantity within a sphere cannot change unless some of it flows out of the sphere. For example,

text: electric charge

text: is conserved; the amount of charge within a sphere cannot change unless some of the charge leaves the sphere.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Leaves the sphere

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: leaves the sphere

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: leaves the sphere

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: leaves the sphere

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Leaves the sphere

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: , remains constant in the region being considered.  In practical cases this is always so when KCL is applied at a geometric point.  When investigating a finite region, however, it is possible that the charge density within the region may change.  Since charge is conserved, this can only come about by a flow of charge across the region boundary.  This flow represents a net current, and KCL is violated.

text: , remains constant in the region being considered.  In practical cases this is always so when KCL is applied at a geometric point.  When investigating a finite region, however, it is possible that the

text: charge density

text: within the region may change.  Since charge is conserved, this can only come about by a flow of charge across the region boundary.  This flow represents a net current, and KCL is violated.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It is possible that the charge density within the region may change

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: This flow represents a net current

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: flow of charge

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: KCL is violated

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: This flow represents a net current

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: flow of charge across the region boundary

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The presence of surface charge imbalance means that the objects will exhibit attractive or repulsive forces.  This surface charge imbalance, which leads to static electricity, can be generated by touching two differing surfaces together and then separating them due to the phenomena of contact electrification and the triboelectric effect.  Rubbing two non-conductive objects generates a great amount of static electricity.  This is not the result of friction;  two non-conductive surfaces can become charged by just being placed one on top of the other.  Since most surfaces have a rough texture, it takes longer to achieve charging through contact than through rubbing.  Rubbing objects together increases amount of adhesive contact between the two surfaces.  Usually insulators, e.g., substances that do not conduct electricity, are good at both generating, and holding, a surface charge.  Some examples of these substances are rubber, plastic, glass, and pith.  Conductive objects in contact generate charge imbalance too, but retain the charges only if insulated.  The charge that is transferred during contact electrification is stored on the surface of each object. Note that the presence of electric current does not detract from the electrostatic forces nor from the sparking, from the corona discharge, or other phenomena. Both phenomena can exist simultaneously in the same system.

text: The presence of

text: surface charge

text: imbalance means that the objects will exhibit attractive or repulsive forces.  This surface charge imbalance, which leads to static electricity, can be generated by touching two differing surfaces together and then separating them due to the phenomena of

text: contact electrification

text: and the

text: triboelectric effect

text: .  Rubbing two non-conductive objects generates a great amount of static electricity.  This is not the result of friction;  two non-conductive surfaces can become charged by just being placed one on top of the other.  Since most surfaces have a rough texture, it takes longer to achieve charging through contact than through rubbing.  Rubbing objects together increases amount of adhesive contact between the two surfaces.  Usually

text: insulators

text: , e.g., substances that do not conduct electricity, are good at both generating, and holding, a surface charge.  Some examples of these substances are

text: rubber

text: plastic

text: glass

text: , and

text: pith

text: Conductive

text: objects in contact generate charge imbalance too, but retain the charges only if insulated.  The charge that is transferred during contact electrification is stored on the surface of each object. Note that the presence of

text: electric current

text: does not detract from the electrostatic forces nor from the sparking, from the

text: corona discharge

text: , or other phenomena. Both phenomena can exist simultaneously in the same system.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It takes longer to achieve charging through contact than through rubbing

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Rubbing two non-conductive objects generates a great amount of static electricity

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Rubbing two non-conductive surfaces

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: touching two differing surfaces together

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Rubbing objects together increases amount of adhesive contact between the two surfaces

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: contact electrification

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: These multiple definitions are probably the reason that Quantity of Electricity has fallen into disfavor among scientists.  Physics textbooks no longer define Quantity of Electricity or Flow of Electricity.  Quantity of electricity is now regarded as an archaic usage, and it has slowly been replaced by the terms charge of electricity, then quantity of electric charge,  and today simply charge.   Since the term electricity has increasingly become corrupted by contradictions and unscientific definitions, today's experts instead use the term charge to remove any possible confusion.

text: These multiple definitions are probably the reason that Quantity of Electricity has fallen into disfavor among scientists.  Physics textbooks no longer define Quantity of Electricity or Flow of Electricity.  Quantity of electricity is now regarded as an archaic usage, and it has slowly been replaced by the terms charge of electricity, then quantity of

text: electric charge

text: ,  and today simply charge.   Since the term electricity has increasingly become corrupted by contradictions and unscientific definitions, today's experts instead use the term charge to remove any possible confusion.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Quantity of electricity

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Quantity of electricity

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Flow

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: Electricity

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Quantity of electricity is now regarded as an archaic usage

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Quantity of electricity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Assuming that the ion is accelerated during a very short interval, the ion can be assumed to be travelling at constant velocity. As the ion will travel from the tip at voltage V to some nominal ground potential, the speed at which the ion is travelling can be estimated by the energy transferred into the ion during (or near) ionisation. Therefore the ion speed can be computed with the following equation, which relates kinetic energy to energy gain due to the electric field, the negative arising from the loss of electrons forming a net positive charge.

text: Assuming that the ion is accelerated during a very short interval, the ion can be assumed to be travelling at constant velocity. As the ion will travel from the tip at voltage V to some nominal ground potential, the speed at which the ion is travelling can be estimated by the energy transferred into the ion during (or near) ionisation. Therefore the ion speed can be computed with the following equation, which relates kinetic energy to energy gain due to the electric field, the negative arising from the loss of electrons forming a net positive charge.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: negative arising from the loss of electrons

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: loss of electrons

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: loss of electrons

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: ground potential

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: loss of electrons

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: At locations inside the charge array, to connect an array of paired charges to an approximation involving only a dipole moment density p(r) requires additional considerations. The simplest approximation is to replace the charge array with a model of ideal (infinitesimally spaced) dipoles. In particular, as in the example above that uses a constant dipole moment density confined to a finite region, a surface charge and depolarization field results. A more general version of this model (which allows the polarization to vary with position) is the customary approach using electric susceptibility or electrical permittivity.

text: At locations inside the charge array, to connect an array of paired charges to an approximation involving only a dipole moment density p(r) requires additional considerations. The simplest approximation is to replace the charge array with a model of ideal (infinitesimally spaced) dipoles. In particular, as in the example above that uses a constant dipole moment density confined to a finite region, a surface charge and depolarization field results. A more general version of this model (which allows the polarization to vary with position) is the customary approach using

text: electric susceptibility

text: or

text: electrical permittivity

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: It does not.

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: surface charge

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: surface charge and depolarization field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: surface charge

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrical permittivity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: "In summer of 1950, E Mallinckrodt noted that a certain shiny brass electric light socket did not feel as smooth when the light was burning as it did with the light off". Then Mallinckrodt created a setup to investigate the effect scientifically. He connected an aluminum plate through a variable current limiting resistor to a 60 Hz, 110v power supply. Half of the aluminum plate was coated with an insulating varnish while the rest was left uncoated. As a result of the test he identified that the feeling of friction only appears when there is an insulating barrier between the conductive surface and the sliding finger. He concluded that the finger gets electrically polarized and this induced charge creates a force between that finger and the surface. He named this phenomena "Electrically Induced Vibrations".

text: "In summer of 1950, E Mallinckrodt noted that a certain shiny brass electric light socket did not feel as smooth when the light was burning as it did with the light off". Then Mallinckrodt created a setup to investigate the effect scientifically. He connected an aluminum plate through a variable current limiting resistor to a 60 Hz, 110v power supply. Half of the aluminum plate was coated with an

text: insulating

text: varnish

text: while the rest was left uncoated. As a result of the test he identified that the feeling of friction only appears when there is an insulating barrier between the conductive surface and the sliding finger. He concluded that the finger gets electrically polarized and this induced charge creates a force between that finger and the surface. He named this phenomena "Electrically Induced Vibrations".

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: This induced charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrically polarized

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: sliding finger

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Electrically Induced Vibrations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1600, the English scientist William Gilbert returned to the subject in De Magnete, and coined the New Latin word electricus from ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), the Greek word for amber, which soon gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity." He was followed in 1660 by Otto von Guericke, who invented what was probably the first electrostatic generator. Other European pioneers were Robert Boyle, who in 1675 stated that electric attraction and repulsion can act across a vacuum; Stephen Gray, who in 1729 classified materials as conductors and insulators; and C. F. du Fay, who proposed in 1733 that electricity comes in two varieties that cancel each other, and expressed this in terms of a two-fluid theory. When glass was rubbed with silk, du Fay said that the glass was charged with vitreous electricity, and, when amber was rubbed with fur, the amber was charged with resinous electricity. In 1839, Michael Faraday showed that the apparent division between static electricity, current electricity, and bioelectricity was incorrect, and all were a consequence of the behavior of a single kind of electricity appearing in opposite polarities. It is arbitrary which polarity is called positive and which is called negative. Positive charge can be defined as the charge left on a glass rod after being rubbed with silk.

text: In 1600, the English scientist

text: William Gilbert

text: returned to the subject in De Magnete, and coined the

text: New Latin

text: word electricus from ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), the

text: Greek

text: word for amber, which soon gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity." He was followed in 1660 by

text: Otto von Guericke

text: , who invented what was probably the first

text: electrostatic generator

text: . Other European pioneers were

text: Robert Boyle

text: , who in 1675 stated that electric attraction and repulsion can act across a

text: vacuum

text: Stephen Gray

text: , who in 1729 classified materials as

text: conductors

text: and

text: insulators

text: ; and

text: C. F. du Fay

text: , who proposed in 1733 that electricity comes in two varieties that cancel each other, and expressed this in terms of a two-fluid theory. When

text: glass

text: was rubbed with

text: silk

text: , du Fay said that the glass was charged with

text: vitreous

text: electricity, and, when amber was rubbed with fur, the amber was charged with resinous electricity. In 1839,

text: Michael Faraday

text: showed that the apparent division between

text: static electricity

text: current electricity

text: , and

text: bioelectricity

text: was incorrect, and all were a consequence of the behavior of a single kind of

text: electricity

text: appearing in opposite

text: polarities

text: . It is arbitrary which polarity is called positive and which is called negative. Positive charge can be defined as the charge left on a glass rod after being rubbed with silk.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: It is arbitrary which polarity is called positive and which is called negative

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: When glass was rubbed with silk

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: When glass was rubbed with silk

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It is arbitrary which polarity is called positive and which is called negative

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: When glass was rubbed with silk

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: HEMTs' exceptional carrier mobility and switching speed come from the following conditions.  The wide band element is doped with donor atoms; thus it has excess electrons in its conduction band.  These electrons will diffuse to the adjacent narrow band material’s conduction band due to the availability of states with lower energy.  The movement of electrons will cause a change in potential and thus an electric field between the materials.  The electric field will push electrons back to the wide band element’s conduction band.  The diffusion process continues until electron diffusion and electron drift balance each other, creating a junction at equilibrium similar to a p-n junction.  Note that the undoped narrow band gap material now has excess majority charge carriers.  The fact that the charge carriers are majority carriers yields high switching speeds, and the fact that the low band gap semiconductor is undoped means that there are no donor atoms to cause scattering and thus yields high mobility.

text: HEMTs' exceptional

text: carrier mobility

text: and switching speed come from the following conditions.  The wide band element is doped with donor atoms; thus it has excess

text: electron

text: s in its conduction band.  These electrons will diffuse to the adjacent narrow band material’s conduction band due to the availability of states with lower energy.  The movement of electrons will cause a change in potential and thus an electric field between the materials.  The electric field will push electrons back to the wide band element’s conduction band.  The diffusion process continues until electron diffusion and electron drift balance each other, creating a junction at equilibrium similar to a

text: p-n junction

text: .  Note that the undoped narrow band gap material now has excess majority charge carriers.  The fact that the charge carriers are majority carriers yields high switching speeds, and the fact that the low band gap semiconductor is undoped means that there are no donor atoms to cause scattering and thus yields high mobility.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The movement of electrons will cause a change in potential

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: doped with donor atoms

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: The wide band element is doped with donor atoms

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: electric field between the materials

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: an electric field

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: It was Van Marum's dream to create a larger version, and he applied to the Teylers Stichting in 1783 for funding to create such a large instrument in the hope that it would add a valuable contribution to the science of electricity. On April 11 of that year his request was granted, and on May 7 Cuthbertson was employed who finished the device a year later and it was proudly installed on Christmas Eve. The machine performed above expectations and was only modified a few times to prevent leaks of the static charge. The study of electricity leakage led to many insights in the study of electricity. The machine was last modified in 1791. For the friction, cushions were used as an improvement over the mercury bath used in the earlier model. For a complete description of the electrostatic generator, an explanation was produced in 1868 by the Parisian author Adolphe Ganot (1804-1887).

text: It was Van Marum's dream to create a larger version, and he applied to the

text: Teylers Stichting

text: in 1783 for funding to create such a large instrument in the hope that it would add a valuable contribution to the science of electricity. On April 11 of that year his request was granted, and on May 7 Cuthbertson was employed who finished the device a year later and it was proudly installed on Christmas Eve. The machine performed above expectations and was only modified a few times to prevent leaks of the static charge. The study of electricity leakage led to many insights in the study of electricity. The machine was last modified in 1791. For the friction, cushions were used as an improvement over the mercury bath used in the earlier model. For a complete description of the electrostatic generator, an explanation was produced in 1868 by the Parisian author

text: Adolphe Ganot

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The electrostatic generator

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: static charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: static charge

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conduct electricity

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The study of electricity leakage

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: static charge

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Carl was born in Rudolstadt, Germany, where he was apprenticed as a sewing machine mechanic, and when he was 14 years old he ran away to New York, where he found employment with the Singer Sewing Machine Company, travelled over a much of the United   States on their behalf. He met Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, and became deeply interested in the invention. The Franco-Prussian War had just began and Carl Albert Unbehaun, with every other young German man, was called to enlist, which as someone opposed to all war, held no attractions and he notified the German authorities of his refused to return to the Fatherland. For this, all his legal and civil rights were forfeit, and he worked his passage to Sydney, where his knowledge of the telephone system made him a useful employee. He entered the New South Wales Telegraph Department as instrument fitter to assist in the equipment of the operating room in the Sydney Post-Office, which was under construction.In 1876 he was head-hunted by Charles Todd for the position of electrical fitter in charge of the Postal Telegraph workshop in Adelaide, and Unbehaun left New South Wales for South Australia in 1877.He built and installed the instruments for the first telephonic communication in South Australia, conducted for the Post-office Department on Christmas Day, 1877.On 14 May 1883 Adelaide's first telephone exchange, with 48 subscribers, was officially established in a corner of the telegraph operating-room of the General Post Office, Adelaide.In 1884 he took charge of the Electrical Department. He became Inspector of Telephones, later styled "Electrical Engineer and Inspector of Telephones" in 1891. He was in charge of installation of electric lighting in Parliament House, North Terrace. With Federation and the unification of Telegraph departments in 1904, he was given the title of Electrical Engineer.

text: Carl was born in

text: Rudolstadt

text: , Germany, where he was apprenticed as a sewing machine mechanic, and when he was 14 years old he ran away to New York, where he found employment with the

text: Singer Sewing Machine Company

text: , travelled over a much of the United   States on their behalf. He met

text: Alexander Graham Bell

text: , the inventor of the telephone, and became deeply interested in the invention. The

text: Franco-Prussian War

text: had just began and Carl Albert Unbehaun, with every other young German man, was called to enlist, which as someone opposed to all war, held no attractions and he notified the German authorities of his refused to return to the Fatherland. For this, all his legal and civil rights were forfeit, and he worked his passage to Sydney, where his knowledge of the telephone system made him a useful employee. He entered the

text: New South Wales

text: Telegraph Department as instrument fitter to assist in the equipment of the operating room in the Sydney Post-Office, which was under construction.In 1876 he was head-hunted by

text: Charles Todd

text: for the position of electrical fitter in charge of the Postal Telegraph workshop in Adelaide, and Unbehaun left New South Wales for South Australia in 1877.He built and installed the instruments for the first telephonic communication in South Australia, conducted for the Post-office Department on Christmas Day, 1877.On 14 May 1883 Adelaide's first telephone exchange, with 48 subscribers, was officially established in a corner of the telegraph operating-room of the

text: General Post Office, Adelaide

text: .In 1884 he took charge of the Electrical Department. He became Inspector of Telephones, later styled "Electrical Engineer and Inspector of Telephones" in 1891. He was in charge of installation of electric lighting in Parliament House,

text: North Terrace

text: . With Federation and the unification of Telegraph departments in 1904, he was given the title of Electrical Engineer.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracy.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrical

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electric lighting

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conduct

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The Franco-Prussian War had just begun

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrical fitter

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The transfer case was a New Venture 271 and had a 2.72:1 low range gear ratio.  A transfer case skid plate was and is standard equipment.  A manual shift-on-the-fly transfer case is the only available, the electronic shift on-the-fly has never been an option.  As of the 2012 model year, the transfer case has changed to a Borg-Warner 44-47 manual shift-on-the fly.  Low range is now 2.64:1.

text: The

text: transfer case

text: was a

text: New Venture 271

text: and had a 2.72:1 low range gear ratio.  A transfer case skid plate was and is standard equipment.  A

text: manual shift-on-the-fly

text: transfer case is the only available, the

text: electronic shift on-the-fly

text: has never been an option.  As of the 2012 model year, the transfer case has changed to a Borg-Warner 44-47 manual shift-on-the fly.  Low range is now 2.64:1.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The formation of charged matter

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electronic

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: skid plate

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Polarization occurs only when there is direct contact

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The transfer case skid plate

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a technology to deionize water by applying an electrical potential difference over two porous carbon electrodes. Anions, ions with a negative charge, are removed from the water and are stored in the positively polarized electrode. Likewise, cations (positive charge) are stored in the cathode, which is the negatively polarized electrode.

text: Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a technology to deionize water by applying an electrical potential difference over two porous carbon electrodes. Anions, ions with a negative charge, are removed from the water and are stored in the positively polarized electrode. Likewise, cations (positive charge) are stored in the cathode, which is the negatively polarized electrode.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Negative

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Anions

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: applying an electrical potential difference

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: applying an electrical potential difference

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: an electrical potential difference

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The degree of polarization is easily understood when mapped onto an altitude-azimuth grid as shown below.  As the sun sets due West, the maximum degree of polarization can be seen in the North-Zenith-South plane.  Along the horizon, at an altitude of 0° it is highest in the North and South, and lowest in the East and West. Then as altitude increases approaching the zenith (or the plane of maximum polarization) the polarization remains high in the North and South and increases until it is again maximum at 90° in the East and West, where it is then at the zenith and within the plane of polarization.

text: The degree of polarization is easily understood when mapped onto an altitude-azimuth grid as shown below.  As the sun sets due West, the maximum degree of polarization can be seen in the North-Zenith-South plane.  Along the horizon, at an altitude of 0° it is highest in the North and South, and lowest in the East and West. Then as altitude increases approaching the zenith (or the plane of maximum polarization) the polarization remains high in the North and South and increases until it is again maximum at 90° in the East and West, where it is then at the zenith and within the plane of polarization.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It is easily understood

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: polarization

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: polarization

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: altitude increases

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: polarization

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: One of the most prominent properties of leptons is their electric charge, Q. The electric charge determines the strength of their electromagnetic interactions. It determines the strength of the electric field generated by the particle (see Coulomb's law) and how strongly the particle reacts to an external electric or magnetic field (see Lorentz force). Each generation contains one lepton with Q = −e (conventionally the charge of a particle is expressed in units of the elementary charge) and one lepton with zero electric charge. The lepton with electric charge is commonly simply referred to as a 'charged lepton' while the neutral lepton is called a neutrino. For example, the first generation consists of the electron  with a negative electric charge and the electrically neutral electron neutrino .

text: One of the most prominent properties of leptons is their

text: electric charge

text: , Q. The electric charge determines the strength of their electromagnetic interactions. It determines the strength of the

text: electric field

text: generated by the particle (see

text: Coulomb's law

text: ) and how strongly the particle reacts to an external electric or magnetic field (see

text: Lorentz force

text: ). Each generation contains one lepton with Q = −e (conventionally the charge of a particle is expressed in units of the

text: elementary charge

text: ) and one lepton with zero electric charge. The lepton with electric charge is commonly simply referred to as a 'charged lepton' while the neutral lepton is called a neutrino. For example, the first generation consists of the electron  with a negative electric charge and the electrically neutral electron neutrino .

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Neutron

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Coulomb's law

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electromagnetic interactions

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: external electric or magnetic field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It determines the strength of their electromagnetic interactions

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Coulomb's law

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ("free") to do work.  Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous.

text: The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of

text: redox reaction

text: s in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the

text: Gibbs free energy

text: of the reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ("free") to do work.  Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Gibbs free energy

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Gibbs free energy

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: donor molecule to an acceptor molecule

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrons are transferred

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Gibbs free energy

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: redox reactions

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: For the analysis of the functioning of proteins in a cell, the knowledge of their cooperation is essential. Most often proteins act together in complexes to be fully functional. The analysis of this sub organelle organisation of the cell requires techniques conserving the native state of the protein complexes. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native PAGE), proteins remain in their native state and are separated in the electric field following their mass and the mass of their complexes respectively. To obtain a separation by size and not by net charge, as in IEF, an additional charge is transferred to the proteins by the use of Coomassie Brilliant Blue or lithium dodecyl sulfate. After completion of the first dimension the complexes are destroyed by applying the denaturing SDS-PAGE in the second dimension, where the proteins of which the complexes are composed of are separated by their mass.

text: For the analysis of the functioning of proteins in a

text: cell

text: , the knowledge of their cooperation is essential. Most often proteins act together in complexes to be fully functional. The analysis of this sub

text: organelle

text: organisation of the cell requires techniques conserving the native state of the

text: protein complex

text: es. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (

text: native PAGE

text: ), proteins remain in their native state and are separated in the electric field following their mass and the mass of their complexes respectively. To obtain a separation by size and not by net charge, as in IEF, an additional charge is transferred to the proteins by the use of

text: Coomassie Brilliant Blue

text: or lithium dodecyl sulfate. After completion of the first dimension the complexes are destroyed by applying the denaturing SDS-PAGE in the second dimension, where the proteins of which the complexes are composed of are separated by their mass.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: lithium dodecyl sulfate

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: electrophoresis

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: IEF

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Maxwell's equations established that some charges and currents ("sources") produce a local type of electromagnetic field near them that does not have the behaviour of EMR. Currents directly produce a magnetic field, but it is of a magnetic dipole type that dies out with distance from the current. In a similar manner, moving charges pushed apart in a conductor by a changing electrical potential (such as in an antenna) produce an electric dipole type electrical field, but this also declines with distance. These fields make up the near-field near the EMR source. Neither of these behaviours are responsible for EM radiation. Instead, they cause electromagnetic field behaviour that only efficiently transfers power to a receiver very close to the source, such as the magnetic induction inside a transformer, or the feedback behaviour that happens close to the coil of a metal detector. Typically, near-fields have a powerful effect on their own sources, causing an increased “load” (decreased electrical reactance) in the source or transmitter, whenever energy is withdrawn from the EM field by a receiver. Otherwise, these fields do not “propagate” freely out into space, carrying their energy away without distance-limit, but rather oscillate, returning their energy to the transmitter if it is not received by a receiver.

text: Maxwell's equations established that some charges and currents ("sources") produce a local type of

text: electromagnetic field

text: near them that does not have the behaviour of EMR. Currents directly produce a magnetic field, but it is of a

text: magnetic dipole

text: type that dies out with distance from the current. In a similar manner, moving charges pushed apart in a conductor by a changing electrical potential (such as in an antenna) produce an

text: electric dipole

text: type electrical field, but this also declines with distance. These fields make up the

text: near-field

text: near the EMR source. Neither of these behaviours are responsible for EM radiation. Instead, they cause electromagnetic field behaviour that only efficiently transfers power to a receiver very close to the source, such as the

text: magnetic induction

text: inside a

text: transformer

text: , or the feedback behaviour that happens close to the coil of a

text: metal detector

text: . Typically, near-fields have a powerful effect on their own sources, causing an increased “load” (decreased

text: electrical reactance

text: ) in the source or transmitter, whenever energy is withdrawn from the EM field by a receiver. Otherwise, these fields do not “propagate” freely out into space, carrying their energy away without distance-limit, but rather oscillate, returning their energy to the transmitter if it is not received by a receiver.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Maxwell's equations

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: changing electrical potential

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: close to the source

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: This also declines with distance

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: EM radiation

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Between 1975 and 1980 Brian Evans Conway conducted extensive fundamental and development work on ruthenium oxide electrochemical capacitors. In 1991 he described the difference between "Supercapacitor" and "Battery" behavior in electrochemical energy storage. In 1999 he coined the term supercapacitor to explain the increased capacitance by surface redox reactions with faradaic charge transfer between electrodes and ions. His "supercapacitor" stored electrical charge partially in the Helmholtz double-layer and partially as result of faradaic reactions with "pseudocapacitance" charge transfer of electrons and protons between electrode and electrolyte. The working mechanisms of pseudocapacitors are redox reactions, intercalation and electrosorption (adsorption onto a surface). With his research, Conway greatly expanded the knowledge of electrochemical capacitors.

text: Between 1975 and 1980

text: Brian Evans Conway

text: conducted extensive fundamental and development work on

text: ruthenium oxide

text: electrochemical capacitors. In 1991 he described the difference between "Supercapacitor" and "Battery" behavior in electrochemical energy storage. In 1999 he coined the term supercapacitor to explain the increased capacitance by surface redox reactions with faradaic charge transfer between electrodes and ions. His "supercapacitor" stored electrical charge partially in the Helmholtz double-layer and partially as result of faradaic reactions with "pseudocapacitance" charge transfer of electrons and protons between electrode and electrolyte. The working mechanisms of pseudocapacitors are redox reactions,

text: intercalation

text: and electrosorption (adsorption onto a surface). With his research, Conway greatly expanded the knowledge of electrochemical capacitors.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: faradaic

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge transfer

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrodes and ions

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrodes and ions

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Adsorption onto a surface

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge transfer

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Following transfer, the diffused electrons come into contact with holes on the P-side and are eliminated by recombination. Likewise for the diffused holes on the N-side. The net result is the diffused electrons and holes are gone, leaving behind the charged ions adjacent to the interface in a region with no mobile carriers (That's why it is called the depletion region; carriers are being depleted). The uncompensated ions are positive on the N side and negative on the P side. This creates an electric field that provides a force opposing the continued exchange of charge carriers. When the electric field is sufficient to arrest further transfer of holes and electrons, the depletion region has reached its equilibrium dimensions. Integrating the electric field across the depletion region determines what is called the built-in voltage (also called the junction voltage or barrier voltage or contact potential).

text: Following transfer, the diffused electrons come into contact with holes on the P-side and are eliminated by

text: recombination

text: . Likewise for the diffused holes on the N-side. The net result is the diffused electrons and holes are gone, leaving behind the

text: charge

text: d

text: ion

text: s adjacent to the interface in a region with no mobile carriers (That's why it is called the depletion region; carriers are being depleted). The uncompensated ions are positive on the N side and negative on the P side. This creates an

text: electric field

text: that provides a force opposing the continued exchange of charge carriers. When the electric field is sufficient to arrest further transfer of holes and electrons, the depletion region has reached its equilibrium dimensions. Integrating the electric field across the depletion region determines what is called the built-in voltage (also called the junction voltage or barrier voltage or

text: contact potential

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 5

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: This creates an electric field

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: This creates an electric field that provides a force opposing the continued exchange of charge carriers

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: transfer

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: contact potential

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: This creates an electric field

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Diffused electrons come into contact with holes on the P-side and are eliminated by recombination

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The efficiency of converting a unit of fuel to rotation of the driving wheels includes many points of friction loss and heat loss through the exhaust or cooling system. Friction inside the engine happens along the cylinder walls, crankshaft rod bearings and main bearings, camshaft bearings, drive chains or gears, plus other miscellaneous and minor bearing surfaces. An electric motor has internal friction only at the main axle bearings. Friction outside the motor/engine includes loads from the generator / alternator, power steering pump, A/C compressor, transmission, transfer case (if four-wheel-drive), differential(s) and universal joints, plus rolling resistance of the pneumatic tires.

text: The

text: efficiency

text: of converting a unit of fuel to rotation of the driving wheels includes many points of

text: friction

text: loss and heat loss through the exhaust or cooling system. Friction inside the engine happens along the cylinder walls, crankshaft rod bearings and main bearings, camshaft bearings, drive chains or gears, plus other miscellaneous and minor bearing surfaces. An electric motor has internal friction only at the main axle bearings. Friction outside the motor/engine includes loads from the generator / alternator, power steering pump, A/C compressor, transmission, transfer case (if four-wheel-drive), differential(s) and universal joints, plus rolling resistance of the pneumatic tires.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: alternator

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: the exhaust or cooling system

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: internal friction only at the main axle bearings

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Electron transfer (ET) occurs when an electron relocates from an atom or molecule) to another such chemical entity. ET is a mechanistic description of a redox reaction, wherein the oxidation state of reactant and product changes.

text: Electron transfer (ET) occurs when an

text: electron

text: relocates from an

text: atom

text: or

text: molecule

text: ) to another such chemical entity. ET is a mechanistic description of a

text: redox

text: reaction, wherein the oxidation state of reactant and product changes.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electron relocates from an atom or molecule

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: redox reaction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: Electron transfer

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: ET

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: but there are theoretical arguments that such single-photon decays will never occur even if charge is not conserved. Charge disappearance tests are sensitive to decays without energetic photons, other unusual charge violating processes such as an electron spontaneously changing into a positron, and to electric charge moving into other dimensions.The best experimental bounds on charge disappearance are:

text: but there are theoretical arguments that such single-photon decays will never occur even if charge is not conserved. Charge disappearance tests are sensitive to decays without energetic photons, other unusual charge violating processes such as an electron spontaneously changing into a

text: positron

text: , and to electric charge moving into other dimensions.The best experimental bounds on charge disappearance are:

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: charge is not conserved

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Charge disappearance

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: spontaneously changing into a positron

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: charge moving into other dimensions

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Charge disappearance

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Charge disappearance

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The advantages of jewel bearings include high accuracy, very small size and weight, low and predictable friction, good temperature stability, and the ability to operate without lubrication and in corrosive environments.  They are known for their low kinetic friction and highly consistent static friction. The static coefficient of friction of brass-on-steel is 0.35, while that of sapphire-on-steel is 0.10–0.15.  Sapphire surfaces are very hard and durable, with Mohs hardness of 9 and Knoop hardness of 1800, and can maintain smoothness over decades of use, thus reducing friction variability. Disadvantages include brittleness and fragility, limited availability/applicability in medium and large bearing sizes and capacities, and friction variations if the load is not axial.

text: The advantages of jewel bearings include high accuracy, very small size and weight, low and predictable friction, good temperature stability, and the ability to operate without lubrication and in corrosive environments.  They are known for their low

text: kinetic friction

text: and highly consistent

text: static friction

text: . The

text: static coefficient of friction

text: of brass-on-steel is 0.35, while that of sapphire-on-steel is 0.10–0.15.  Sapphire surfaces are very hard and durable, with

text: Mohs hardness

text: of 9 and

text: Knoop hardness

text: of 1800, and can maintain smoothness over decades of use, thus reducing friction variability. Disadvantages include brittleness and fragility, limited availability/applicability in medium and large bearing sizes and capacities, and friction variations if the load is not axial.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Mohs hardness

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: static friction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: static friction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: static coefficient of friction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: static friction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: On a microscopic scale, conduction occurs within a body considered as being stationary; this means that the kinetic and potential energies of the bulk motion of the body are separately accounted for. Internal energy diffuses as rapidly moving or vibrating atoms and molecules interact with neighboring particles, transferring some of their microscopic kinetic and potential energies, these quantities being defined relative to the bulk of the body considered as being stationary. Heat is transferred by conduction when adjacent atoms or molecules collide, or as several electrons move backwards and forwards from atom to atom in a disorganized way so as not to form a macroscopic electric current, or as phonons collide and scatter. Conduction is the most significant means of heat transfer within a solid or between solid objects in thermal contact. Conduction is greater in solids because the network of relatively close fixed spatial relationships between atoms helps to transfer energy between them by vibration.

text: On a microscopic scale, conduction occurs within a body considered as being stationary; this means that the kinetic and potential energies of the bulk motion of the body are separately accounted for.

text: Internal energy

text: diffuses as rapidly moving or vibrating atoms and

text: molecule

text: s interact with neighboring particles, transferring some of their microscopic kinetic and potential energies, these quantities being defined relative to the bulk of the body considered as being stationary. Heat is transferred by conduction when adjacent atoms or molecules collide, or as several

text: electron

text: s move backwards and forwards from atom to atom in a disorganized way so as not to form a macroscopic electric current, or as phonons collide and scatter. Conduction is the most significant means of heat transfer within a solid or between solid objects in

text: thermal contact

text: . Conduction is greater in solids because the network of relatively close fixed spatial relationships between atoms helps to transfer energy between them by vibration.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: phonons collide and scatter

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: phonons collide and scatter

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: stationary

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: conduction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Conduction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Operations were transferred to the New York City Transit Authority on June 15, 1953. Passenger service on McDonald Avenue ended on October 31, 1958, and thereafter the South Brooklyn Railway started using the surface trackage solely for freight. In 1960, two more diesel electric locomotives were bought. On December 27, 1961, the line was de-electrified, due to the high cost of refurbishing the overhead trolley wire. Electric locomotives #4, 5, 6, and 7, which had third rail conduction shoes, were given to the NYCTA for subway and elevated operation.

text: Operations were transferred to the

text: New York City Transit Authority

text: on June 15, 1953. Passenger service on McDonald Avenue ended on October 31, 1958, and thereafter the South Brooklyn Railway started using the surface trackage solely for freight. In 1960, two more diesel electric locomotives were bought. On December 27, 1961, the line was de-electrified, due to the high cost of refurbishing the

text: overhead trolley wire

text: . Electric locomotives #4, 5, 6, and 7, which had

text: third rail

text: conduction shoes, were given to the NYCTA for subway and elevated operation.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Electric locomotives

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Electric locomotives #4, 5, 6, and 7

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: overhead trolley wire

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: third rail

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: third rail

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: third rail

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through that conductor. The inverse quantity is electrical conductance, and is the ease with which an electric current passes.  Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the notion of mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S).

text: The electrical resistance of an

text: electrical conductor

text: is a measure of the difficulty to pass an

text: electric current

text: through that conductor. The inverse quantity is electrical conductance, and is the ease with which an electric current passes.  Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the notion of mechanical

text: friction

text: . The

text: SI

text: unit of electrical resistance is the

text: ohm

text: Ω

text: ), while electrical conductance is measured in

text: siemens

text: (S).

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: None

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrical conductance

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrical conductor

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conductor

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: conductor

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrical resistance

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: An ampere hour or amp hour (symbol Ah; also denoted A·h or A h) is a unit of electric charge, having dimensions of electric current times time, equal to the charge transferred by a steady current of one ampere flowing for one hour, or 3600 coulombs. The commonly seen milliampere hour (mAh or mA·h) is one-thousandth of an ampere hour (3.6 coulombs).

text: An ampere hour or amp hour (symbol Ah; also denoted A·h or A h) is a unit of

text: electric charge

text: , having

text: dimensions

text: of

text: electric current

text: times time, equal to the charge transferred by a steady current of one

text: ampere

text: flowing for one hour, or 3600

text: coulomb

text: s. The commonly seen milliampere hour (mAh or mA·h) is one-thousandth of an ampere hour (3.6 coulombs).

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge transferred

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: a steady current

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric current

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Ampere hour or amp hour

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge transferred

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: This attraction and repulsion is an electrical phenomena, and the bodies that exhibit them are said to be electrified, or electrically charged. Bodies may be electrified in many other ways, as well as by friction. The electrical properties of the two pieces of glass are similar to each other but opposite to those of the two pieces of resin: The glass attracts what the resin repels and repels what the resin attracts.

text: This attraction and repulsion is an electrical phenomena, and the bodies that exhibit them are said to be electrified, or electrically charged. Bodies may be electrified in many other ways, as well as by friction. The electrical properties of the two pieces of glass are similar to each other but opposite to those of the two pieces of resin: The glass attracts what the resin repels and repels what the resin attracts.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: None

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrical phenomena

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: friction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrically charged

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Saturation velocity is the maximum velocity a charge carrier in a semiconductor, generally an electron, attains in the presence of very high electric fields.  Charge carriers normally move at an average drift speed proportional to the electric field strength they experience temporally.  The proportionality constant is known as mobility of the carrier, which is a material property.  A good conductor would have a high mobility value for its charge carrier, which means higher velocity, and consequently higher current values for a given electric field strength.  There is a limit though to this process and at some high field value, a charge carrier can not move any faster, having reached its saturation velocity, due to mechanisms that eventually limit the movement of the carriers in the material.

text: Saturation velocity is the maximum velocity a charge carrier in a

text: semiconductor

text: , generally an

text: electron

text: , attains in the presence of very high

text: electric field

text: s.

text: Charge carrier

text: s normally move at an average

text: drift speed

text: proportional to the electric

text: field strength

text: they experience temporally.  The proportionality constant is known as

text: mobility

text: of the carrier, which is a material property.  A good

text: conductor

text: would have a high mobility value for its charge carrier, which means higher velocity, and consequently higher current values for a given electric field strength.  There is a limit though to this process and at some high field value, a charge carrier can not move any faster, having reached its saturation velocity, due to mechanisms that eventually limit the movement of the carriers in the material.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Saturation velocity

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: very high electric fields

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: high electric fields

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Saturation velocity

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Saturation velocity is the maximum velocity a charge carrier in a semiconductor

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: After the discovery of the electron in 1897, the Drude model, which describes electrical conduction in metals, was developed very quickly. By associating the somewhat abstract concept of moving charge with the rather more concrete motion of the charged electrons, the Drude model effectively deals with the traditional "charge current" and the Heaviside "energy current" views simultaneously. With this achievement of "unification", the energy current approach has largely lost favour, because in omitting the concepts related to conduction it has no direct model for (for example) Ohm's Law. In consequence it is less convenient to use than the "traditional" charge current approach, which defines the concepts of current, voltage, resistance, etc., as commonly used for electrical work.

text: After the discovery of the

text: electron

text: in 1897, the

text: Drude model

text: , which describes electrical conduction in metals, was developed very quickly. By associating the somewhat abstract concept of moving charge with the rather more concrete motion of the charged electrons, the Drude model effectively deals with the traditional "charge current" and the Heaviside "energy current" views simultaneously. With this achievement of "unification", the energy current approach has largely lost favour, because in omitting the concepts related to conduction it has no direct model for (for example)

text: Ohm's Law

text: . In consequence it is less convenient to use than the "traditional" charge current approach, which defines the concepts of current, voltage, resistance, etc., as commonly used for electrical work.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The Drude model describes electrical conduction in metals

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The discovery of the electron in 1897

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: metals

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no direct model

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: metals

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Elementary steps like proton coupled electron transfer and the movement of electrons between an electrode and substrate are special to electrochemical processes.  Electrochemical mechanisms are important to all redox chemistry including corrosion, redox active photochemistry including photosynthesis, other biological systems often involving electron transport chains and other forms of homogeneous and heterogeneous electron transfer.  Such reactions are most often studied with standard three electrode techniques such as cyclic voltammetry(CV), chronoamperometry, and bulk electrolysis as well as more complex experiments involving rotating disk electrodes and rotating ring-disk electrodes.  In the case of photoinduced electron transfer the use of time-resolved spectroscopy is common.

text: Elementary steps like

text: proton coupled electron transfer

text: and the movement of electrons between an electrode and substrate are special to electrochemical processes.  Electrochemical mechanisms are important to all

text: redox chemistry

text: including

text: corrosion

text: , redox active

text: photochemistry

text: including

text: photosynthesis

text: , other biological systems often involving

text: electron transport chain

text: s and other forms of homogeneous and heterogeneous electron transfer.  Such reactions are most often studied with standard three electrode techniques such as

text: cyclic voltammetry

text: (CV),

text: chronoamperometry

text: , and bulk electrolysis as well as more complex experiments involving

text: rotating disk electrode

text: s and

text: rotating ring-disk electrode

text: s.  In the case of

text: photoinduced electron transfer

text: the use of

text: time-resolved spectroscopy

text: is common.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: proton

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Electrochemical mechanisms

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: an electrode and substrate

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Electrochemical mechanisms

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: heterogeneous

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On 26 November 2011 against Stoke City, N'Zonzi was hit with a violent conduct charge for intentionally elbowing Ryan Shawcross in the face. N'Zonzi served a three-match ban after admitting an FA charge of violent conduct. Reports speculates that N'Zonzi could head a number of high-profile departures which Kean need to sell in order to finance some of their planned arrivals . However, N'Zonzi never moved during the winter transfer window. On 11 February 2012, N'Zonzi scored his first goal of the season and set up a goal for the club top scorer Yakubu Aiyegbeni in a 3–2 win over Queens Park Rangers. On 24 March 2012, N'Zonzi scored his second goal of the season in a 2–1 loss against Bolton Wanderers. At the end of the season, Blackburn were relegated for the first time in 11 seasons and N'Zonzi told manager Steve Kean he wanted to leave.

text: On 26 November 2011 against

text: Stoke City

text: , N'Zonzi was hit with a violent conduct charge for intentionally elbowing

text: Ryan Shawcross

text: in the face. N'Zonzi served a three-match ban after admitting an FA charge of violent conduct. Reports speculates that N'Zonzi could head a number of high-profile departures which Kean need to sell in order to finance some of their planned arrivals . However, N'Zonzi never moved during the winter transfer window. On 11 February 2012, N'Zonzi scored his first goal of the season and set up a goal for the club top scorer

text: Yakubu Aiyegbeni

text: in a 3–2 win over

text: Queens Park Rangers

text: . On 24 March 2012, N'Zonzi scored his second goal of the season in a 2–1 loss against Bolton Wanderers. At the end of the season, Blackburn were relegated for the first time in 11 seasons and N'Zonzi told manager

text: Steve Kean

text: he wanted to leave.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Neutral

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: N'Zonzi was hit with a violent conduct charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: intentionally elbowing

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: intentionally elbowing

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: intentionally elbowing Ryan Shawcross

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: intentionally elbowing Ryan Shawcross in the face

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Charge carrier densities involve equations concerning the electrical conductivity and related phenomena like the thermal conductivity.

text: Charge carrier densities involve equations concerning the

text: electrical conductivity

text: and related phenomena like the

text: thermal conductivity

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Charge carrier densities

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: thermal conductivity

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: electrical conductivity

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: thermal conductivity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Marcus theory is a theory originally developed by Rudolph A. Marcus, starting in 1956, to explain the rates of electron transfer reactions – the rate at which an electron can move or jump from one chemical species (called the electron donor) to another (called the electron acceptor). It was originally formulated to address outer sphere electron transfer reactions, in which the two chemical species only change in their charge with an electron jumping (e.g. the oxidation of an ion like Fe/Fe), but do not undergo large structural changes. It was extended to include inner sphere electron transfer contributions, in which a change of distances or geometry in the solvation or coordination shells of the two chemical species is taken into account (the Fe-O distances in Fe(HO) and Fe(HO) are different).

text: Marcus theory is a theory originally developed by

text: Rudolph A. Marcus

text: , starting in 1956, to explain the

text: rates

text: of

text: electron transfer

text: reactions – the rate at which an

text: electron

text: can move or jump from one

text: chemical species

text: (called the

text: electron donor

text: ) to another (called the

text: electron acceptor

text: ). It was originally formulated to address

text: outer sphere electron transfer

text: reactions, in which the two chemical species only change in their

text: charge

text: with an electron jumping (e.g. the oxidation of an ion like Fe/Fe), but do not undergo large structural changes. It was extended to include

text: inner sphere electron transfer

text: contributions, in which a change of distances or geometry in the

text: solvation

text: or

text: coordination shells

text: of the two chemical species is taken into account (the Fe-O distances in Fe(HO) and Fe(HO) are different).

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The rate at which an electron can move

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: oxidation of an ion

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: oxidation of an ion

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: inner sphere electron transfer contributions

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In Pakistan, law enforcement authorities interrogated Rashid Rauf, a Briton of Pakistani descent, over his alleged key role in the plot. Pakistani Interior Minister Aftab Khan Sherpao said British police were conducting inquiries in Pakistan but were not involved in questioning Rauf. The UK Foreign Office sought Rauf's extradition from Pakistan, and it was reported that Pakistan planned to accept the request. However, in mid-December 2006, terrorism charges against Rauf were dropped by a Pakistani judge, who ruled there was a lack of evidence. Rauf's case was transferred from a terrorism court to a regular court where he faced lesser charges including forgery. The charges were later dropped, and Rauf was reported killed in a US drone attack in Pakistan in November 2008.

text: In Pakistan, law enforcement authorities interrogated Rashid Rauf, a Briton of Pakistani descent, over his alleged key role in the plot. Pakistani Interior Minister Aftab Khan Sherpao said British police were conducting inquiries in Pakistan but were not involved in questioning Rauf. The UK Foreign Office sought Rauf's extradition from Pakistan, and it was reported that Pakistan planned to accept the request. However, in mid-December 2006, terrorism charges against Rauf were dropped by a Pakistani judge, who ruled there was a lack of evidence. Rauf's case was transferred from a terrorism court to a regular court where he faced lesser charges including forgery. The charges were later dropped, and Rauf was reported killed in a US

text: drone attack in Pakistan

text: in November 2008.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The charges were later dropped

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The formation of charged matter always depends on the transfer of electrons.

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: drone attack

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: interrogate

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: polarization occurs only when there is direct contact between two objects

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The charges were later dropped, and Rauf was reported killed in a US drone attack in Pakistan

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Since there can be no electric field inside a conductive object to exert force on charges

text: Since there can be no electric field inside a conductive object to exert force on charges

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: neutral atoms

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The transfer of electrons

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: conductive objects

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: a conductive object

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no electric field exists

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Electrons are transferred whenever there is friction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Photochemical reduction follows from chemical reduction (redox). But, it differs in that the electrons used for reduction are generated from the photoexcitation of another molecule, called a photosensitizer. To harness the sun's energy, the photosensitizer must be able to absorb light within the visible and ultraviolet spectrum. Molecular sensitizers that meet this criterion often include a metal center, as the d-orbital splitting in organometallic species often falls within the energy range of far-UV and visible light. The reduction process begins with excitation of the photosensitizer, as mentioned. This causes the movement of an electron from the metal center into the functional ligands. This movement is termed a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT). Back-electron transfer from the ligands to the metal after the charge transfer, which yields no net result, is prevented by including an electron-donating species in solution. Successful photosensitizers have a long-lived excited state, usually due to the interconversion from singlet to triplet states, that allow time for electron donors to interact with the metal center.Common donors in photochemical reduction include triethylamine (TEA), triethanolamine (TEOA), and 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH).

text: Photochemical reduction follows from

text: chemical reduction

text: (redox). But, it differs in that the electrons used for reduction are generated from the photoexcitation of another molecule, called a

text: photosensitizer

text: . To harness the sun's energy, the photosensitizer must be able to absorb light within the visible and ultraviolet spectrum. Molecular sensitizers that meet this criterion often include a metal center, as the

text: d-orbital

text: splitting in organometallic species often falls within the energy range of far-UV and visible light. The reduction process begins with excitation of the photosensitizer, as mentioned. This causes the movement of an

text: electron

text: from the metal center into the functional

text: ligands

text: . This movement is termed a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT). Back-electron transfer from the ligands to the metal after the charge transfer, which yields no net result, is prevented by including an electron-donating species in solution. Successful photosensitizers have a long-lived excited state, usually due to the interconversion from singlet to triplet states, that allow time for electron donors to interact with the metal center.Common donors in photochemical reduction include

text: triethylamine

text: (TEA),

text: triethanolamine

text: (TEOA), and

text: (BNAH).

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: No

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: This movement is termed

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: photoexcitation

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: The reduction process begins with excitation

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: This movement is termed a metal-to-ligand charge transfer

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As of 2014, time-of-day power rates are only available for customers using approved electric thermal storage heating systems, who pay between 14 and 19 cents/kW·h on-peak and 7.3 cents/kW·h off-peak. The rates and necessary metering equipment have not been offered to other customers who requested them.   Dalhousie Professor Dr. Larry Hughes  argues that they should be more widely deployed to encourage conserving power on peak, ensuring that electric vehicles and other discretionary devices charge off-peak, and otherwise levelling usage.

text: As of 2014, time-of-day power rates are only available for customers using approved electric thermal storage heating systems, who pay between 14 and 19 cents/kW·h on-peak and 7.3 cents/kW·h off-peak. The rates and necessary metering equipment have not been offered to other customers who requested them.   Dalhousie Professor Dr.

text: Larry Hughes

text: argues that they should be more widely deployed to encourage conserving power on peak, ensuring that

text: electric vehicle

text: s and other discretionary devices charge off-peak, and otherwise levelling usage.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It does not say.

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electric vehicles

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: heating

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: electric thermal storage heating systems

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: heating systems

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Voltage, electric potential difference, electric pressure  or electric tension (formally denoted  or , but more often simply as V or U, for instance in the context of Ohm's or Kirchhoff's laws) is the difference in electric potential energy between two points per unit electric charge. The voltage between two points is equal to the work done per unit of charge against a static electric field to move the test charge between two points and is measured in units of volts (a joule per coulomb).

text: Voltage, electric potential difference, electric pressure  or electric tension (formally denoted  or , but more often simply as V or U, for instance in the context of

text: Ohm's

text: or

text: Kirchhoff's

text: laws) is the difference in

text: electric potential energy

text: between two points per unit

text: electric charge

text: . The voltage between two points is equal to the

text: work

text: done per

text: unit of charge

text: against a static

text: electric field

text: to move the

text: test charge

text: between two points and is measured in units of

text: volt

text: s (a

text: joule

text: per

text: coulomb

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: work done per unit of charge against a static electric field

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: static electric field

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: a static electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The voltage between two points

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electric potential difference, electric pressure or electric tension

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Residential consumers outside the PRA areas and thus likely not to be among the poorest, are charged below-cost electricity prices for consumption below 700 kWh/month, a very high threshold by international standards. About 80% of residential users outside the PRA areas fall into this category. This subsidy is drawn from the Tariff Stabilization Fund (FET), which was designed to reduce the impact of high oil prices. The financial burden in this case is transferred to the distribution companies, which have found themselves unable to cover their costs in a scenario of rising oil prices, low efficiency and a limited customer base that could be charged to finance the cross-subsidy. This situation has forced the government to provide much higher than expected subsidies to the sector, which in turn translates into reduced ability to finance investments in other key sectors such as health and education. The government has started to reduce cross-subsidies gradually, with the final objective of limiting them to households with monthly consumption below 200 kWh, which is closer to thresholds for subsidized residential electricity encountered in other countries.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Electricity

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: kWh

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conduction

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Direct contact

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Electricity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Properties like friction coefficient, coefficient of thermal expansion, electrical conductivity or thermal conductivity can be adjusted by using compounds with functional fillers.

text: Properties like

text: friction

text: coefficient, coefficient of

text: thermal expansion

text: electrical conductivity

text: or

text: thermal conductivity

text: can be adjusted by using compounds with functional fillers.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: electrical conductivity

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrical conductivity

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: using compounds with functional fillers

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical conductivity

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrical conductivity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A major difference between Gaussian and SI units is in the definition of the unit of charge. In SI, a separate base unit (the ampere) is associated with electromagnetic phenomena, with the consequence that something like electrical charge (1 coulomb = 1 ampere × 1 second) is a unique dimension of physical quantity and is not expressed purely in terms of the mechanical units (kilogram, metre, second). On the other hand, in Gaussian units, the unit of electrical charge (the statcoulomb, statC) can be written entirely as a dimensional combination of the mechanical units (gram, centimetre, second), as:

text: A major difference between Gaussian and SI units is in the definition of the unit of charge. In SI, a separate base unit (the

text: ampere

text: ) is associated with electromagnetic phenomena, with the consequence that something like electrical charge (1

text: coulomb

text: = 1 ampere × 1 second) is a unique dimension of physical quantity and is not expressed purely in terms of the mechanical units (kilogram, metre, second). On the other hand, in Gaussian units, the unit of electrical charge (the

text: statcoulomb

text: , statC) can be written entirely as a dimensional combination of the mechanical units (gram, centimetre, second), as:

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Gaussian

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Gaussian

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electromagnetic phenomena

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Gaussian units

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Gaussian

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are two pathways of electron transfer.  In cyclic electron transfer, electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule, passed through an electron transport chain to a proton pump, and then returned to the chlorophyll.  The mobile electron carriers are, as usual, a lipid-soluble quinone and a water-soluble cytochrome.  The resulting proton gradient is used to make ATP.

text: There are two pathways of electron transfer.  In cyclic electron transfer, electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule, passed through an electron transport chain to a proton pump, and then returned to the chlorophyll.  The mobile electron carriers are, as usual, a lipid-soluble quinone and a water-soluble cytochrome.  The resulting proton gradient is used to make ATP.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: proton

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: ATP

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: an excited chlorophyll molecule

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: an excited chlorophyll molecule

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: cyclic electron transfer

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Oare Works is now an attractive country park, open to the public free of charge all year round. Remains of process houses have been conserved. From an informative visitor centre, signed trails radiate in various directions. An early 20th century electric-powered gunpowder mill, which was transferred to Ardeer in 1934, has been repatriated and is on display. The 18th-century works bell has also been re-deployed and is on display at Faversham's Fleur de Lis Heritage Centre.

text: The Oare Works is now an attractive country park, open to the public free of charge all year round. Remains of process houses have been conserved. From an informative visitor centre, signed trails radiate in various directions. An early 20th century electric-powered gunpowder mill, which was transferred to Ardeer in 1934, has been repatriated and is on display. The 18th-century works bell has also been re-deployed and is on display at Faversham's Fleur de Lis Heritage Centre.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The Oare Works

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The Oare Works

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: gunpowder mill

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: process houses

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The Oare Works

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electric-powered gunpowder mill

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: the reaction enthalpy change.  With the electrophilic sulfur radical the charge transfer is largest with electron-rich alkenes such as acrylonitrile but the resulting reduction in activation energy (β is negative) is offset by a reduced enthalpy. With the nucleophilic carbon radical on the other hand both enthalpy and polar effects have the same direction thus extending the activation energy range.

text: the reaction

text: enthalpy

text: change.  With the

text: electrophilic

text: sulfur radical the charge transfer is largest with electron-rich alkenes such as acrylonitrile but the resulting reduction in activation energy (β is negative) is offset by a reduced enthalpy. With the

text: nucleophilic

text: carbon radical on the other hand both enthalpy and polar effects have the same direction thus extending the activation energy range.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: No

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: With the electrophilic sulfur radical

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: nucleophilic carbon radical

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: charge transfer

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge transfer

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The concept of electric potential is closely linked to that of the electric field. A small charge placed within an electric field experiences a force, and to have brought that charge to that point against the force requires work. The electric potential at any point is defined as the energy required to bring a unit test charge from an infinite distance slowly to that point. It is usually measured in volts, and one volt is the potential for which one joule of work must be expended to bring a charge of one coulomb from infinity. This definition of potential, while formal, has little practical application, and a more useful concept is that of electric potential difference, and is the energy required to move a unit charge between two specified points. An electric field has the special property that it is conservative, which means that the path taken by the test charge is irrelevant: all paths between two specified points expend the same energy, and thus a unique value for potential difference may be stated. The volt is so strongly identified as the unit of choice for measurement and description of electric potential difference that the term voltage sees greater everyday usage.

text: The concept of electric potential is closely linked to that of the electric field. A small charge placed within an electric field experiences a force, and to have brought that charge to that point against the force requires

text: work

text: . The electric potential at any point is defined as the energy required to bring a unit test charge from an

text: infinite distance

text: slowly to that point. It is usually measured in

text: volt

text: s, and one volt is the potential for which one

text: joule

text: of work must be expended to bring a charge of one

text: coulomb

text: from infinity. This definition of potential, while formal, has little practical application, and a more useful concept is that of

text: electric potential difference

text: , and is the energy required to move a unit charge between two specified points. An electric field has the special property that it is

text: conservative

text: , which means that the path taken by the test charge is irrelevant: all paths between two specified points expend the same energy, and thus a unique value for potential difference may be stated. The volt is so strongly identified as the unit of choice for measurement and description of electric potential difference that the term

text: voltage

text: sees greater everyday usage.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: All atoms are neutral in electric charge

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: A small charge placed within an electric field experiences a force

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: small charge placed within an electric field

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: placed within an electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: All paths between two specified points expend the same energy

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electric potential difference

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The ability of a fluid to retain an electrostatic charge depends on its electrical conductivity. When low conductivity fluids flow through pipelines or are mechanically agitated, contact-induced charge separation called flow electrification occurs.Fluids that have low electrical conductivity (below 50 picosiemens per meter), are called accumulators. Fluids having conductivities above 50 pS/m are called non-accumulators. In non-accumulators, charges recombine as fast as they are separated and hence electrostatic charge accumulation is not significant. In the petrochemical industry, 50 pS/m is the recommended minimum value of electrical conductivity for adequate removal of charge from a fluid.

text: The ability of a fluid to retain an electrostatic charge depends on its electrical conductivity. When low conductivity fluids flow through pipelines or are mechanically agitated, contact-induced charge separation called flow electrification occurs.Fluids that have low electrical conductivity (below 50

text: picosiemens

text: per meter), are called accumulators. Fluids having conductivities above 50 pS/m are called non-accumulators. In non-accumulators, charges recombine as fast as they are separated and hence electrostatic charge accumulation is not significant. In the petrochemical industry, 50 pS/m is the recommended minimum value of electrical conductivity for adequate removal of charge from a fluid.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: flow electrification

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: contact-induced charge separation

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: contact

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: contact-induced charge separation

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: contact-induced charge separation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In general, polarization is elliptical and is traced in a clockwise or counterclockwise sense, as viewed in the direction of propagation. If, however, the major and minor axes of the ellipse are equal, then the polarization is said to be circular  . If the minor axis of the ellipse is zero, the polarization is said to be linear . Rotation of the electric vector in a clockwise sense is designated right-hand polarization, and rotation in a counterclockwise sense is designated left-hand polarization

text: In general, polarization is

text: elliptical

text: and is traced in a clockwise or counterclockwise sense, as viewed in the direction of propagation. If, however, the major and

text: minor axes

text: of the

text: ellipse

text: are equal, then the polarization is said to be

text: circular

text: . If the minor axis of the ellipse is zero, the polarization is said to be linear . Rotation of the electric vector in a clockwise sense is designated right-hand polarization, and rotation in a counterclockwise sense is designated left-hand polarization

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Rotation of the electric vector in a clockwise sense

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Rotation of the electric vector

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Rotation

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: Rotation

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: polarization

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The term is typically applied in contexts wherein a chemical reaction is to take place, such as one involving the transfer of an electron at a battery electrode. In a battery, an electrochemical potential arising from the movement of ions balances the reaction energy of the electrodes. The maximum voltage that a battery reaction can produce is sometimes called the standard electrochemical potential of that reaction (see also Electrode potential and Table of standard electrode potentials). In instances pertaining specifically to the movement of electrically charged solutes, the potential is often expressed in units of volts. See: Concentration cell.

text: The term is typically applied in contexts wherein a

text: chemical reaction

text: is to take place, such as one involving the transfer of an electron at a

text: battery

text: electrode. In a battery, an electrochemical potential arising from the movement of ions balances the reaction energy of the electrodes. The maximum voltage that a battery reaction can produce is sometimes called the standard electrochemical potential of that reaction (see also

text: Electrode potential

text: and

entity_name: Standard electrode potential (data page)

text: Table of standard electrode potentials

text: ). In instances pertaining specifically to the movement of electrically charged solutes, the potential is often expressed in units of

text: volt

text: s. See:

text: Concentration cell

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrochemical potential arising from the movement of ions

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: chemical reaction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrically charged solutes

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: In a battery

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrochemical potential

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Mixed mode describes a trip in which a combination of the above modes are utilized. For example, a PHEV-20 Prius conversion may begin a trip with  of low speed charge-depleting, then get onto a freeway and operate in blended mode for , using  worth of all-electric range at twice the fuel economy. Finally the driver might exit the freeway and drive for another  without the internal combustion engine until the full  of all-electric range are exhausted. At this point the vehicle can revert to a charge sustaining-mode for another  until the final destination is reached. Such a trip would be considered a mixed mode, as multiple modes are employed in one trip. This contrasts with a charge-depleting trip which would be driven within the limits of a PHEV's all-electric range. Conversely, the portion of a trip which extends beyond the all-electric range of a PHEV would be driven primarily in charge-sustaining mode, as used by a conventional hybrid.

text: Mixed mode describes a trip in which a combination of the above modes are utilized. For example, a PHEV-20 Prius conversion may begin a trip with  of low speed charge-depleting, then get onto a freeway and operate in blended mode for , using  worth of all-electric range at twice the fuel economy. Finally the driver might exit the freeway and drive for another  without the internal combustion engine until the full  of all-electric range are exhausted. At this point the vehicle can revert to a charge sustaining-mode for another  until the final destination is reached. Such a trip would be considered a mixed mode, as multiple modes are employed in one trip. This contrasts with a charge-depleting trip which would be driven within the limits of a PHEV's all-electric range. Conversely, the portion of a trip which extends beyond the all-electric range of a PHEV would be driven primarily in charge-sustaining mode, as used by a conventional hybrid.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Charge-sustaining mode

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: internal combustion engine

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: the internal combustion engine

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not.

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Charge-depleting

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As the secondary coil's energy (and output voltage) continue to increase, larger pulses of displacement current further ionize and heat the air at the point of initial breakdown. This forms a very electrically conductive "root" of hotter plasma, called a leader, that projects outward from the toroid. The plasma within the leader is considerably hotter than a corona discharge, and is considerably more conductive. In fact, its properties are similar to an electric arc. The leader tapers and branches into thousands of thinner, cooler, hair-like discharges (called streamers). The streamers look like a bluish 'haze' at the ends of the more luminous leaders. The streamers transfer charge between the leaders and toroid to nearby space charge regions. The displacement currents from countless streamers all feed into the leader, helping to keep it hot and electrically conductive.

text: As the secondary coil's energy (and output voltage) continue to increase, larger pulses of displacement current further ionize and heat the air at the point of initial breakdown. This forms a very electrically conductive "root" of hotter

text: plasma

text: , called a

text: leader

text: , that projects outward from the toroid. The plasma within the leader is considerably hotter than a corona discharge, and is considerably more conductive. In fact, its properties are similar to an

text: electric arc

text: . The leader tapers and branches into thousands of thinner, cooler, hair-like discharges (called streamers). The streamers look like a bluish 'haze' at the ends of the more luminous leaders. The streamers transfer charge between the leaders and toroid to nearby space charge regions. The displacement currents from countless streamers all feed into the leader, helping to keep it hot and electrically conductive.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The streamers transfer charge

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The streamers transfer charge between the leaders and toroid to nearby space charge regions

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: ionize

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: hotter plasma

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The streamers

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In a verdict that polarized public opinion both in Yugoslavia and beyond, the Yugoslav authorities found him guilty on the charge of high treason (for collaboration with the fascist Ustaše regime), as well as complicity in the forced conversions of Orthodox Serbs to Catholicism. He was sentenced to 16 years in prison, but served only five at Lepoglava before being transferred to house arrest with his movements confined to his home parish of Krašić.

text: In a verdict that polarized public opinion both in Yugoslavia and beyond, the Yugoslav authorities found him guilty on the charge of

text: high treason

text: (for collaboration with the

text: fascist

text: Ustaše regime), as well as complicity in the forced conversions of

text: Orthodox

text: Serbs

text: to

text: Catholicism

text: . He was sentenced to 16 years in prison, but served only five at

text: Lepoglava

text: before being transferred to

text: house arrest

text: with his movements confined to his home

text: parish

text: of Krašić.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Neutral

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Electrons are charged particles

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: forced conversions

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: forced

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The verdict that polarized public opinion

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Forced conversions of Orthodox Serbs to Catholicism

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In the 1950s, a second class of electric conductors were discovered based on charge-transfer salts.  An early examples were derivatives of polycyclic aromatic compounds.  For example, pyrene was shown to form semiconducting charge-transfer complex salts with halogens. In 1972, researchers found metallic conductivity(conductivity comparable to a metal) in the charge-transfer complex TTF-TCNQ.

text: In the 1950s, a second class of electric conductors were discovered based on charge-transfer salts.  An early examples were derivatives of

text: polycyclic

text: aromatic

text: compounds.  For example,

text: pyrene

text: was shown to form semiconducting charge-transfer complex

text: salts

text: with

text: halogens

text: . In 1972, researchers found metallic conductivity(conductivity comparable to a metal) in the charge-transfer complex TTF-TCNQ.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: halogens

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge-transfer

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: charge-transfer salts

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: semiconducting

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: charge-transfer salts

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge-transfer complex

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Chung was indicted in June 2003 for his role in the Cash-for-summit scandal on charges of doctoring company books to hide the secret money transfers of hundreds of millions of dollars by the Kim Dae Jung administration to North Korea to set up the historic North-South presidential summit in 2000. Facing up to three years in prison and apparently shamed after he was forced to testify in court about the secret money transfer days earlier, he committed suicide on August 4, 2003 by leaping from his 12th floor office. Police claimed he left several suicide notes. He was reported to have apologized for his suicide, and claimed "everything is my fault". He had been accused of secretly transferring millions of dollars to the North Korean government. Buddhist monks presided over the last rites conducted during his funeral.

text: Chung was indicted in June 2003 for his role in the

text: Cash-for-summit scandal

text: on charges of doctoring company books to hide the secret money transfers of hundreds of millions of dollars by the

text: Kim Dae Jung

text: administration to

text: North Korea

text: to set up the historic North-South presidential summit in 2000. Facing up to three years in prison and apparently shamed after he was forced to testify in court about the secret money transfer days earlier, he committed suicide on August 4, 2003 by leaping from his 12th floor office. Police claimed he left several suicide notes. He was reported to have apologized for his suicide, and claimed "everything is my fault". He had been accused of secretly transferring millions of dollars to the

text: North Korea

text: n government. Buddhist monks presided over the last rites conducted during his funeral.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Chung was indicted

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: suicide

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conducted

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Chung

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: To classify semiconductors and semimetals, the energies of their filled and empty bands must be plotted against the crystal momentum of conduction electrons. According to the Bloch theorem the conduction of electrons depends on the periodicity of the crystal lattice in different directions.

text: To classify semiconductors and semimetals, the energies of their filled and empty bands must be plotted against the

text: crystal momentum

text: of conduction electrons. According to the

text: Bloch theorem

text: the conduction of electrons depends on the periodicity of the crystal lattice in different directions.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Bloch theorem

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Bloch theorem

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: semiconductors

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: semiconductors and semimetals

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: semiconductors and semimetals

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The term 'polarization' derives from the early 19th-century discovery that electrolysis causes the elements in an electrolyte to be attracted towards one or the other pole i.e. the gasses were polarized towards the electrodes. Thus, initially 'polarization' was essentially a description of electrolysis itself, and in the context of electrochemical cells used to describe the effects on the electrolyte (which was then called "polarization liquid"). In time, as more electrochemical processes were invented, the term 'polarization' evolved to denote any (potentially undesirable) mechanical side-effects that occur at the interface between electrolyte and electrodes.

text: The term 'polarization' derives from the early 19th-century discovery that

text: electrolysis

text: causes the elements in an electrolyte to be attracted towards one or the other

text: pole

text: i.e. the gasses were

text: polarized

text: towards the electrodes. Thus, initially 'polarization' was essentially a description of electrolysis itself, and in the context of

text: electrochemical cells

text: used to describe the effects on the electrolyte (which was then called "polarization liquid"). In time, as more electrochemical processes were invented, the term 'polarization' evolved to denote any (potentially undesirable) mechanical side-effects that occur at the interface between electrolyte and electrodes.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 1

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrolyte to be attracted towards one or the other pole

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrolyte and electrodes

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It was originally a description of electrolysis itself

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrolyte and electrodes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Ferroelectrics are materials which possess an electric polarization in the absence of an externally applied electric field such that the polarization can be reversed if the electric field is reversed.  Normally materials are very nearly electrically neutral on the macroscopic level.  However, the positive and negative charges which make up the material are not necessarily distributed in a symmetric manner. If the sum of charge times distance for all elements of the basic cell does not equal zero the cell will have an electric dipole moment which is a vector quantity.  The dipole moment per unit volume is defined as the dielectric polarization.  Since all ferroelectric materials exhibit a spontaneous polarization, all ferroelectric materials are also pyroelectric (but not all pyroelectric materials are ferroelectric).

text: Ferroelectrics

text: are materials which possess an electric polarization in the absence of an externally applied electric field such that the polarization can be reversed if the electric field is reversed.  Normally materials are very nearly electrically neutral on the macroscopic level.  However, the positive and negative charges which make up the material are not necessarily distributed in a symmetric manner. If the sum of charge times distance for all elements of the basic cell does not equal zero the cell will have an electric dipole moment which is a vector quantity.  The dipole moment per unit volume is defined as the dielectric polarization.  Since all ferroelectric materials exhibit a spontaneous polarization, all ferroelectric materials are also pyroelectric (but not all pyroelectric materials are ferroelectric).

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Normally materials are very nearly electrically neutral

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The dipole moment per unit volume is defined as the dielectric polarization

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: externally applied electric field

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: applied electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: externally applied electric field

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The dipole moment per unit volume

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The electrical conductivity of a bulk layer of particles depends on both surface and volume factors.  Volume conduction, or the motions of electrical charges through the interiors of particles, depends mainly on the composition and temperature of the particles.  In the higher temperature regions, above , volume conduction controls the conduction mechanism.  Volume conduction also involves ancillary factors, such as compression of the particle layer, particle size and shape, and surface properties.

text: The electrical conductivity of a bulk layer of particles depends on both surface and volume factors.  Volume conduction, or the motions of electrical charges through the interiors of particles, depends mainly on the composition and temperature of the particles.  In the higher temperature regions, above , volume conduction controls the conduction mechanism.  Volume conduction also involves ancillary factors, such as compression of the particle layer, particle size and shape, and surface properties.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Volume conduction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Volume conduction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical charges through the interiors of particles

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Surface

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Volume conduction

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A polar molecule has a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges (i.e. having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically. Water (HO) is an example of a polar molecule since it has a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other. The dipoles do not cancel out resulting in a net dipole. Due to the polar nature of the water molecule itself, polar molecules are generally able to dissolve in water. Other examples include sugars (like sucrose), which have many polar oxygen–hydrogen (−OH) groups and are overall highly polar.

text: A polar molecule has a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges (i.e. having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically.

text: Water

text: (HO) is an example of a polar molecule since it has a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other. The dipoles do not cancel out resulting in a net dipole. Due to the polar nature of the water molecule itself, polar molecules are generally able to dissolve in water. Other examples include sugars (like

text: sucrose

text: ), which have many polar

text: oxygen–hydrogen

text: (−OH) groups and are overall highly polar.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: polar bonds arranged asymmetrically

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: polar bonds

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: polar bonds

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: polar bonds arranged asymmetrically

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Recent research regarding the electrical charges of the various glycol-protein components of the extracellular matrix shows that because of the high density of negative charges on glycosaminoglycans (provided by sulfate and carboxylate groups of the uronic acid residues) the matrix is an extensive redox system capable of absorbing and donating electrons at any point. This electron transfer function reaches into the interiors of cells as the cytoplasmic matrix is also strongly negatively charged. The entire extracellular and cellular matrix functions as a biophysical storage system or accumulator for electrical charge.

text: Recent research regarding the electrical charges of the various glycol-protein components of the extracellular matrix shows that because of the high density of negative charges on glycosaminoglycans (provided by sulfate and carboxylate groups of the uronic acid residues) the matrix is an extensive redox system capable of absorbing and donating electrons at any point. This electron transfer function reaches into the interiors of cells as the cytoplasmic matrix is also strongly negatively charged. The entire extracellular and cellular matrix functions as a biophysical storage system or accumulator for electrical charge.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Negative

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Because of the high density of negative charges

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: absorbing and donating electrons at any point

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not.

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: redox system

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Before separating the proteins by mass, they are treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) along with other reagents (SDS-PAGE in 1-D).  This denatures the proteins (that is, it unfolds them into long, straight molecules) and binds a number of SDS molecules roughly proportional to the protein's length.  Because a protein's length (when unfolded) is roughly proportional to its mass, this is equivalent to saying that it attaches a number of SDS molecules roughly proportional to the protein's mass.  Since the SDS molecules are negatively charged, the result of this is that all of the proteins will have approximately the same mass-to-charge ratio as each other.  In addition, proteins will not migrate when they have no charge (a result of the isoelectric focusing step) therefore the coating of the protein in SDS (negatively charged) allows migration of the proteins in the second dimension (SDS-PAGE, it  is not compatible for use in the first dimension as it is charged and a nonionic or zwitterionic detergent needs to be used).In the second dimension, an electric potential is again applied, but at a 90 degree angle from the first field.  The proteins will be attracted to the more positive side of the gel (because SDS is negatively charged) proportionally to their mass-to-charge ratio.  As previously explained, this ratio will be nearly the same for all proteins.  The proteins' progress will be slowed by frictional forces.  The gel therefore acts like a molecular sieve when the current is applied, separating the proteins on the basis of their molecular weight with larger proteins being retained higher in the gel and smaller proteins being able to pass through the sieve and reach lower regions of the gel.

text: Before separating the proteins by mass, they are treated with

text: sodium dodecyl sulfate

text: (SDS) along with other reagents (

text: SDS-PAGE

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: SDS is negatively charged

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The proteins will be attracted to the more positive side of the gel

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: zwitterionic

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrostatic

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The proteins' progress will be slowed by frictional forces

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Since the electric charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the charge on an electron, the net electric charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons.

text: Since the electric charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the charge on an electron, the net electric charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: It always depends on the transfer of electrons.

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: proton

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: Electrons

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrons are transferred whenever there is friction between materials that differ in their ability to give up or accept electrons

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In fact, the quantity called voltage as measured in an electronic circuit has a simple relationship to the chemical potential for electrons (Fermi level).When the leads of a voltmeter are attached to two points in a circuit, the displayed voltage is a measure of the total work transferred when a unit charge is allowed to move from one point to the other.If a simple wire is connected between two points of differing voltage (forming a short circuit), current will flow from positive to negative voltage, converting the available work into heat.

text: In fact, the quantity called voltage as measured in an electronic circuit has a simple relationship to the chemical potential for electrons (Fermi level).When the leads of a

text: voltmeter

text: are attached to two points in a circuit, the displayed voltage is a measure of the total work transferred when a unit charge is allowed to move from one point to the other.If a simple wire is connected between two points of differing voltage (forming a

text: short circuit

text: ), current will flow from positive to negative voltage, converting the available work into heat.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Fermi level

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: unit charge is allowed to move from one point to the other

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: chemical potential for electrons

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: a unit charge is allowed to move from one point to the other

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: (forming a short circuit)

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: short circuit

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The triboelectric effect is not very predictable, and only broad generalizations can be made. Amber, for example, can acquire an electric charge by contact and separation (or friction) with a material like wool. This property was first recorded by Thales of Miletus. The word "electricity" is derived from William Gilbert's initial coinage, "electra", which originates in the Greek word for amber, . The prefix  (Greek for ‘rub’) refers to ‘friction’, as in tribology. Other examples of materials that can acquire a significant charge when rubbed together include glass rubbed with silk, and hard rubber rubbed with fur.

text: The triboelectric effect is not very predictable, and only broad generalizations can be made.

text: Amber

text: , for example, can acquire an electric charge by contact and separation (or

text: friction

text: ) with a material like

text: wool

text: . This property was first recorded by

text: Thales of Miletus

text: . The word "

text: electricity

text: " is derived from

text: William Gilbert

text: 's initial coinage, "electra", which originates in the

text: Greek

text: word for amber, . The prefix  (Greek for ‘rub’) refers to ‘friction’, as in

text: tribology

text: . Other examples of materials that can acquire a significant charge when rubbed together include

text: glass

text: rubbed with

text: silk

text: , and hard

text: rubber

text: rubbed with

text: fur

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: contact and separation (or friction) with a material like wool

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: when rubbed together

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: contact and separation

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: triboelectric effect

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: contact and separation (or friction) with a material like wool

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1874 he demonstrated that an electrolyte has a definite and constant amount of electrical resistance. By observing the dependence of conductivity upon dilution, he could determine the transfer velocities of the ions (charged atoms or molecules) in solution. He used alternating current to prevent the deposition of electrolysis products; this enabled him to obtain very precise results.

text: In 1874 he demonstrated that an

text: electrolyte

text: has a definite and constant amount of electrical resistance. By observing the dependence of conductivity upon

text: dilution

text: , he could determine the transfer velocities of the

text: ions

text: (charged atoms or molecules) in solution. He used

text: alternating current

text: to prevent the deposition of electrolysis products; this enabled him to obtain very precise results.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: alternating current

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: alternating current

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: conductivity

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Transactions through mobile banking may include obtaining account balances and lists of latest transactions, electronic bill payments, and funds transfers between a customer's or another's accounts.  Some apps also enable copies of statements to be downloaded and sometimes printed at the customer's premises; and some banks charge a fee for mailing hardcopies of bank statements.

text: Transactions through mobile banking may include obtaining account balances and lists of latest transactions,

text: electronic bill payment

text: s, and

text: funds transfer

text: s between a customer's or another's

text: account

text: s.  Some apps also enable copies of statements to be downloaded and sometimes printed at the customer's premises; and some banks charge a fee for mailing hardcopies of bank statements.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Neutral

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Transfer of electrons

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electronic bill payments

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: Transactions through mobile banking

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Transactions

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: When President Barack Obama took office he instituted a new review procedure the Guantanamo Joint Review Task Force, which was to report back to him, within a year, after conducting new assessments of the captives' status.The review classified the captives into three groups, those who should face charges, those who could safely be released or transferred to other countries, and a third group, too innocent to face charges, but too dangerous for the USA to release.  Idris was classified as safe to release.

text: When

text: President

text: Barack Obama

text: took office he instituted a new review procedure the

text: Guantanamo Joint Review Task Force

text: , which was to report back to him, within a year, after conducting new assessments of the captives' status.The review classified the captives into three groups, those who should face charges, those who could safely be released or transferred to other countries, and a third group, too innocent to face charges, but too dangerous for the USA to release.  Idris was classified as safe to release.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Idris

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Idris

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conducting

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It's impossible to tell

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Idris

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Like a gas, plasma does not have definite shape or volume. Unlike gases, plasmas are electrically conductive, produce magnetic fields and electric currents, and respond strongly to electromagnetic forces. Positively charged nuclei swim in a "sea" of freely-moving disassociated electrons, similar to the way such charges exist in conductive metal. In fact it is this electron "sea" that allows matter in the plasma state to conduct electricity.

text: Like a gas, plasma does not have definite shape or volume. Unlike gases, plasmas are electrically conductive, produce magnetic fields and electric currents, and respond strongly to electromagnetic forces. Positively charged nuclei swim in a "sea" of freely-moving disassociated electrons, similar to the way such charges exist in conductive metal. In fact it is this electron "sea" that allows matter in the plasma state to conduct electricity.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: No

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: "sea" of freely-moving disassociated electrons

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: freely-moving disassociated electrons

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: matter in the plasma state

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Magnetic fields and electric currents

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: conductive metal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Dielectrophoresis occurs when a polarizable particle is suspended in a non-uniform electric field.  The electric field polarizes the particle, and the poles then experience a force along the field lines, which can be either attractive or repulsive according to the orientation on the dipole.  Since the field is non-uniform, the pole experiencing the greatest electric field will dominate over the other, and the particle will move.  The orientation of the dipole is dependent on the relative polarizability of the particle and medium, in accordance with Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization.  Since the direction of the force is dependent on field gradient rather than field direction, DEP will occur in AC as well as DC electric fields; polarization (and hence the direction of the force) will depend on the relative polarizabilities of particle and medium.  If the particle moves in the direction of increasing electric field, the behavior is referred to as positive DEP (sometime pDEP), if acting to move the particle away from high field regions, it is known as negative DEP (or nDEP). As the relative polarizabilities of the particle and medium are frequency-dependent, varying the energizing signal and measuring the way in which the force changes can be used to determine the electrical properties of particles; this also allows the elimination of electrophoretic motion of particles due to inherent particle charge.

text: Dielectrophoresis occurs when a polarizable particle is suspended in a non-uniform electric field.  The electric field polarizes the particle, and the poles then experience a

text: force

text: along the field lines, which can be either attractive or repulsive according to the orientation on the dipole.  Since the field is non-uniform, the pole experiencing the greatest electric field will dominate over the other, and the particle will move.  The orientation of the dipole is dependent on the relative polarizability of the particle and medium, in accordance with

text: Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization

text: .  Since the direction of the force is dependent on field gradient rather than field direction, DEP will occur in AC as well as DC electric fields; polarization (and hence the direction of the force) will depend on the relative polarizabilities of particle and medium.  If the particle moves in the direction of increasing electric field, the behavior is referred to as positive DEP (sometime pDEP), if acting to move the particle away from high field regions, it is known as negative DEP (or nDEP). As the relative polarizabilities of the particle and medium are frequency-dependent, varying the energizing signal and measuring the way in which the force changes can be used to determine the electrical properties of particles; this also allows the elimination of

text: electrophoretic

text: motion of particles due to inherent particle charge.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The electric field polarizes the particle

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: non-uniform electric field

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: non-uniform electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Dielectrophoresis

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Estonia is the first country in the EU and in the world to introduce a nationwide, publicly serviced charging system for charging the batteries of electric vehicles. The 165 fast charging stations are equipped with connectors of the CHAdeMO standard. They are located throughout the entire country, including the islands, and have a maximum distance of 40–60 km in between. The charging stations can also be navigated via a smartphone app (currently only for Android). The relatively dense network and 30 minute quick charges are built to enable a country-wide electric vehicle network. The system offers a unitary booking service and several different tariffs, some of which appear attractively low priced. The charging station network puts Estonia at the forefront in Europe even though Norway actually has a higher penetration of electric vehicles. Estonia has a rate of 1 electric vehicle per 1000 capita, whereas Norway has 4 EVs per 1000 capita.

text: Estonia is the first country in the

text: EU

text: and in the world to introduce a nationwide, publicly serviced charging system for charging the

text: batteries

text: of

text: electric vehicle

text: s. The 165 fast charging stations are equipped with connectors of the

text: CHAdeMO

text: standard. They are located throughout the entire country, including the

text: island

text: s, and have a maximum distance of 40–60 km in between. The charging stations can also be navigated via a

text: smartphone

text: app

text: (currently only for

text: Android

text: ). The relatively dense network and 30 minute quick charges are built to enable a country-wide

text: electric vehicle network

text: . The system offers a unitary booking service and several different tariffs, some of which appear attractively low priced. The charging station network puts Estonia at the forefront in

text: Europe

text: even though

text: Norway

text: actually has a higher penetration of

text: electric vehicle

text: s. Estonia has a rate of 1 electric vehicle per 1000 capita, whereas

text: Norway

text: has 4 EVs per 1000 capita.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The CHAdeMO standard

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The 165 fast charging stations are equipped with connectors

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electric vehicles

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: fast charging stations

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: They are located throughout the entire country

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: CHAdeMO standard

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.

text: During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from

text: electron donors

text: to

text: electron acceptors

text: such as

text: oxygen

text: , in

text: redox reaction

text: s. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In

text: eukaryote

text: s, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of

text: protein complex

text: es within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in

text: prokaryote

text: s, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called

text: electron transport chain

text: s. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: redox reactions

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: redox reactions

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: redox reactions

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The channel of a R stroke can be considered as a thin isolated wire of length L and diameter d in which negative electric charge has been stored. In terms of electric circuit theory, one can adopt a simple transmission line model with a capacitor, where the charge is stored, a resistance of the channel, and an inductance simulating the electric properties of the channel. At the moment of contact with the perfectly conducting Earth surface, the charge is lowered to the ground. In order to fulfill the boundary conditions at the top of the wire (zero electric current) and at the ground (zero electric voltage), only standing resonant waves modes can exit. The fundamental mode which transports electric charge to the ground most effectively, has thus a wavelength λ four times the channel length L. In the case of the K stroke, the lower boundary is the same as the upper boundary. Of course, this picture is valid only for wave mode 1 (λ/4 antenna)and perhaps for mode 2 (λ/2 antenna), because these modes do not yet "feel" the contorted configuration of the real lightning channel. The higher order modes contribute to the incoherent noisy signals in the higher frequency range (> 100 kHz).

text: The channel of a R stroke can be considered as a thin isolated wire of length L and diameter d in which negative electric charge has been stored. In terms of

text: electric circuit

text: theory, one can adopt a simple

text: transmission line

text: model with a

text: capacitor

text: , where the charge is stored, a

text: resistance

text: of the channel, and an

text: inductance

text: simulating the electric properties of the channel. At the moment of contact with the perfectly conducting Earth surface, the charge is lowered to the ground. In order to fulfill the boundary conditions at the top of the wire (zero electric current) and at the ground (zero electric voltage), only standing resonant waves modes can exit. The fundamental mode which transports electric charge to the ground most effectively, has thus a wavelength λ four times the channel length L. In the case of the K stroke, the lower boundary is the same as the upper boundary. Of course, this picture is valid only for wave mode 1 (λ/4 antenna)and perhaps for mode 2 (λ/2 antenna), because these modes do not yet "feel" the contorted configuration of the real lightning channel. The higher order modes contribute to the incoherent noisy signals in the higher frequency range (> 100 kHz).

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The fundamental mode which transports electric charge to the ground most effectively

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: contact with the perfectly conducting Earth surface

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: contact with the perfectly conducting Earth surface

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: At the moment of contact with the perfectly conducting Earth surface

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: At the moment of contact with the perfectly conducting Earth surface

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Here ε is the electric permittivity of empty space.  In this equation, P is the (negative of the) field induced in the material when the "fixed" charges, the dipoles, shift in response to the total underlying field E, whereas D is the field due to the remaining charges, known as "free" charges. In general, P varies as a function of E depending on the medium, as described later in the article. In many problems, it is more convenient to work with D and the free charges than with E and the total charge.

text: Here ε is the

text: electric permittivity

text: of empty space.  In this equation, P is the (negative of the) field induced in the material when the "fixed" charges, the dipoles, shift in response to the total underlying field E, whereas D is the field due to the remaining charges, known as "free" charges. In general, P varies as a function of E depending on the medium, as described later in the article. In many problems, it is more convenient to work with D and the free charges than with E and the total charge.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: "Free" charges

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The formation of charged matter always depends on the transfer of electrons

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: the "fixed" charges, the dipoles

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: is the electric permittivity of empty space

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: In general, P varies as a function of E depending on the medium

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: P varies as a function of E depending on the medium

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The potential difference and subsequent electric field pull the bound electrons (negative) toward the anode (positive electrode) while the cathode (negative electrode) pulls the nucleus. As the voltage increases, the current stresses the material (by electric polarization) beyond its dielectric limit (termed strength) into a stage of electrical breakdown, marked by an electric spark, where the material transforms from being an insulator into a conductor (as it becomes increasingly ionized). The underlying process is the Townsend avalanche, where collisions between electrons and neutral gas atoms create more ions and electrons (as can be seen in the figure on the right). The first impact of an electron on an atom results in one ion and two electrons. Therefore, the number of charged particles increases rapidly (in the millions) only "after about 20 successive sets of collisions", mainly due to a small mean free path (average distance travelled between collisions).

text: The

text: potential difference

text: and subsequent

text: electric field

text: pull the bound electrons (negative) toward the

text: anode

text: (positive electrode) while the

text: cathode

text: (negative electrode) pulls the nucleus. As the

text: voltage

text: increases, the current stresses the material (by

text: electric polarization

text: ) beyond its

text: dielectric limit

text: (termed strength) into a stage of

text: electrical breakdown

text: , marked by an

text: electric spark

text: , where the material transforms from being an

text: insulator

text: into a

text: conductor

text: (as it becomes increasingly

text: ionized

text: ). The underlying process is the

text: Townsend avalanche

text: , where collisions between electrons and neutral gas atoms create more ions and electrons (as can be seen in the figure on the right). The first impact of an electron on an atom results in one ion and two electrons. Therefore, the number of charged particles increases rapidly (in the millions) only "after about 20 successive sets of collisions", mainly due to a small mean free path (average distance travelled between collisions).

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: neutral gas atoms

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: collisions between electrons and neutral gas atoms create more ions and electrons

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: collisions between electrons and neutral gas atoms

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: as it becomes increasingly ionized

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The potential difference and subsequent electric field

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: As the voltage increases, the current stresses the material

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Particles have corresponding antiparticles. A particle with red, green, or blue charge has a corresponding antiparticle in which the color charge must be the anticolor of red, green, and blue, respectively, for the color charge to be conserved in particle-antiparticle creation and annihilation. Particle physicists call these antired, antigreen, and antiblue. All three colors mixed together, or any one of these colors and its complement (or negative), is "colorless" or "white" and has a net color charge of zero. Free particles have a color charge of zero: baryons are composed of three quarks, but the individual quarks can have red, green, or blue charges, or negatives; mesons are made from a quark and antiquark, the quark can be any color, and the antiquark will have the negative of that color. This color charge differs from electromagnetic charges since electromagnetic charges have only one kind of value. Positive and negative electrical charges are the same kind of charge as they only differ by the sign.

text: Particles have corresponding

text: antiparticle

text: s. A particle with red, green, or blue charge has a corresponding

text: antiparticle

text: in which the color charge must be the anticolor of red, green, and blue, respectively, for the color charge to be conserved in particle-antiparticle

text: creation

text: and

text: annihilation

text: . Particle physicists call these antired, antigreen, and antiblue. All three colors mixed together, or any one of these colors and its

text: complement (or negative)

text: , is "colorless" or "white" and has a net color charge of zero.

text: Free particle

text: s have a color charge of zero:

text: baryon

text: s are composed of three quarks, but the individual quarks can have red, green, or blue charges, or negatives;

text: meson

text: s are made from a quark and antiquark, the quark can be any color, and the antiquark will have the negative of that color. This color charge differs from electromagnetic charges since electromagnetic charges have only one kind of value. Positive and negative electrical charges are the same kind of charge as they only differ by the sign.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Positive and negative electrical charges

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Positive and negative electrical charges are the same kind of charge as they only differ by the sign

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: positive and negative

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical charges

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: All three colors mixed together

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Positive and negative electrical charges are the same kind of charge as they only differ by the sign

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Crutchley's first marriage showed strains by the time he graduated from college, and it had all but ended by the time he moved to Kokomo, Indiana to work at Delco Electronics Corporation. Crutchley had been working at General Motors' Central Foundry Division in Defiance, Ohio where he was responsible for the installation of a new plant security system. He applied for a transfer to Delco Electronics, Kokomo, where the systems were designed and built, and worked there for several years as an electrical systems engineer.

text: Crutchley's first marriage showed strains by the time he graduated from college, and it had all but ended by the time he moved to

text: Kokomo

text: Indiana

text: to work at

text: Delco Electronics

text: Corporation. Crutchley had been working at

text: General Motors

text: ' Central Foundry Division in Defiance, Ohio where he was responsible for the installation of a new plant security system. He applied for a transfer to Delco Electronics, Kokomo, where the systems were designed and built, and worked there for several years as an electrical systems engineer.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: None

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrical systems

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: foundry

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: foundry

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Kokomo

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Kokomo

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1946, the production restarted with a larger two-cylinder 654 cc Lloyd-made engine with a bore of 70 mm and stroke of 85 mm producing 25 bhp at 2450 rpm. The twin-cylinder alloy unit was mounted transversely at the front and drove the front wheels through a four-speed gearbox with synchromesh on all speeds including reverse. It was still a two-stroke but the bearings were pressure lubricated. A third cylinder and piston which had a reciprocating and slightly rotating motion was connected to the carburettor with ports in the cylinder walls connecting to the engine's two cylinders. This was used to draw the fuel mixture from the carburettor and transfer the mixture to each engine cylinder. This double-acting fuel charging cylinder piston was hollow with ports located in the piston walls and ports located in the charging cylinder walls connecting to each of the engine's main cylinders. One engine cylinder was charged by the charging cylinder piston's down and slightly rotating stroke which allowed the piston and charging cylinder side wall port to uncover and allow the mixture transfer to the engine cylinder. The other engine cylinder was charged with mixture by the upwards stroke of the charging cylinder piston. The engine cylinders and the fuel charging cylinders were set in a triangular configuration with the fuel charging cylinder being located centrally and receiving gravity fed fuel from the bulkhead mounted fuel tank. This method of mixture input to the engine cylinders allowed for the engine wet oil sump.

text: In 1946, the production restarted with a larger two-cylinder 654 cc Lloyd-made engine with a bore of 70 mm and stroke of 85 mm producing 25 bhp at 2450 rpm. The twin-cylinder alloy unit was mounted transversely at the front and drove the front wheels through a four-speed gearbox with

text: synchromesh

text: on all speeds including reverse. It was still a two-stroke but the bearings were pressure lubricated. A third cylinder and piston which had a reciprocating and slightly rotating motion was connected to the carburettor with ports in the cylinder walls connecting to the engine's two cylinders. This was used to draw the fuel mixture from the carburettor and transfer the mixture to each engine cylinder. This

text: double-acting

text: fuel charging cylinder piston was hollow with ports located in the piston walls and ports located in the charging cylinder walls connecting to each of the engine's main cylinders. One engine cylinder was charged by the charging cylinder piston's down and slightly rotating stroke which allowed the piston and charging cylinder side wall port to uncover and allow the mixture transfer to the engine cylinder. The other engine cylinder was charged with mixture by the upwards stroke of the charging cylinder piston. The engine cylinders and the fuel charging cylinders were set in a triangular configuration with the fuel charging cylinder being located centrally and receiving gravity fed fuel from the bulkhead mounted fuel tank. This method of mixture input to the engine cylinders allowed for the engine wet oil sump.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It was still a two-stroke

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The formation of charged matter always depends on the transfer of electrons

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: by the upwards stroke of the charging cylinder piston

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: mounted transversely at the front

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: This was used to draw the fuel mixture from the carburettor and transfer the mixture to each engine cylinder

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: bearings were pressure lubricated

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: When the electron pair moves towards the attacking reagent, it is termed as the +E effect. The addition of acids to alkenes is an example of the +E effect. After the transfer takes place, the reagent gets attached to the atom where the electrons have been transferred to.

text: When the electron pair moves towards the attacking reagent, it is termed as the +E effect. The addition of

text: acids

text: to

text: alkenes

text: is an example of the +E effect. After the transfer takes place, the reagent gets attached to the atom where the electrons have been transferred to.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The addition of acids to alkenes

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: attacking reagent

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: attack the attacking reagent

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It is termed as the +E effect

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: the attacking reagent

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In typical mechanical systems, some type of bearing and/or lubricant must be used to reduce friction at the interface between two components. Reducing friction is vital for minimizing wear on components and preventing overheating. As the relative speed of the components rises, and as the contact force between them increases, the importance of friction mitigation increases as well. In biological joints such as the human knee, friction is reduced by means of cartilage with a very low friction coefficient, as well as lubricating synovial fluid, which has very low viscosity. Gerhard Scholtz, professor at the ''Institut für Biologie Vergleichende Zoologie'' ("Institute for Biology and Comparative Zoology") at Humboldt University of Berlin, asserts that a similar secreted lubricant or dead cellular material could allow a biological wheel to rotate freely.

text: In typical mechanical systems, some type of

text: bearing

text: and/or

text: lubricant

text: must be used to reduce friction at the interface between two components. Reducing friction is vital for minimizing

text: wear

text: on components and preventing overheating. As the relative speed of the components rises, and as the contact force between them increases, the importance of friction mitigation increases as well. In biological joints such as the human

text: knee

text: , friction is reduced by means of

text: cartilage

text: with a very low

text: friction coefficient

text: , as well as lubricating

text: synovial fluid

text: , which has very low

text: viscosity

text: . Gerhard Scholtz, professor at the ''Institut für Biologie Vergleichende Zoologie'' ("Institute for Biology and Comparative Zoology") at

text: Humboldt University of Berlin

text: , asserts that a similar

text: secreted

text: lubricant or dead cellular material could allow a biological wheel to rotate freely.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Neutral

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Reducing friction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: dead

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: contact force

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Reducing friction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In an electrodialysis stack, the dilute (D) feed stream, brine or concentrate (C) stream, and electrode (E) stream are allowed to flow through the appropriate cell compartments formed by the ion exchange membranes. Under the influence of an electrical potential difference, the negatively charged ions (e.g., chloride) in the dilute stream migrate toward the positively charged anode. These ions pass through the positively charged anion exchange membrane, but are prevented from further migration toward the anode by the negatively charged cation exchange membrane and therefore stay in the C stream, which becomes concentrated with the anions. The positively charged species (e.g., sodium) in the D stream migrate toward the negatively charged cathode and pass through the negatively charged cation exchange membrane. These cations also stay in the C stream, prevented from further migration toward the cathode by the positively charged anion exchange membrane. As a result of the anion and cation migration, electric current flows between the cathode and anode. Only an equal number of anion and cation charge equivalents are transferred from the D stream into the C stream and so the charge balance is maintained in each stream. The overall result of the electrodialysis process is an ion concentration increase in the concentrate stream with a depletion of ions in the dilute solution feed stream see video.

text: In an electrodialysis stack, the dilute (D) feed stream, brine or concentrate (C) stream, and electrode (E) stream are allowed to flow through the appropriate cell compartments formed by the

text: ion exchange membranes

text: . Under the influence of an electrical potential difference, the negatively charged ions (e.g.,

text: chloride

text: ) in the dilute stream migrate toward the positively charged

text: anode

text: . These ions pass through the positively charged anion exchange membrane, but are prevented from further migration toward the anode by the negatively charged cation exchange membrane and therefore stay in the C stream, which becomes concentrated with the anions. The positively charged species (e.g.,

text: sodium

text: ) in the D stream migrate toward the negatively charged

text: cathode

text: and pass through the negatively charged cation exchange membrane. These cations also stay in the C stream, prevented from further migration toward the cathode by the positively charged anion exchange membrane. As a result of the anion and cation migration,

text: electric current

text: flows between the cathode and anode. Only an equal number of anion and cation charge equivalents are transferred from the D stream into the C stream and so the charge balance is maintained in each stream. The overall result of the electrodialysis process is an ion concentration increase in the concentrate stream with a depletion of ions in the dilute solution feed stream see video.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Anion

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Under the influence of an electrical potential difference

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrical potential difference

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrodialysis

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrodialysis

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Jefimenko's equations are the solution of Maxwell's equations for an assigned distribution of electric charges and currents, under the assumption that there is no electromagnetic field other than the one produced by those charges and currents.

text: Jefimenko's equations are the solution of

text: Maxwell's equations

text: for an assigned distribution of electric charges and currents, under the assumption that there is no electromagnetic field other than the one produced by those charges and currents.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Jefimenko's equations

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: currents

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: charged and currents

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no electromagnetic field

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electric charges and currents

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: , at which point the current in the line is zero (by the definition of an open circuit). Since charge continues to arrive at the end of the line through the incident current, but no current is leaving the line, then conservation of electric charge requires that there must be an equal and opposite current into the end of the line. Essentially, this is Kirchhoff's current law in operation. This equal and opposite current is the reflected current,

text: , at which point the current in the line is zero (by the definition of an open circuit). Since charge continues to arrive at the end of the line through the incident current, but no current is leaving the line, then conservation of electric charge requires that there must be an equal and opposite current into the end of the line. Essentially, this is

text: Kirchhoff's current law

text: in operation. This equal and opposite current is the reflected current,

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Kirchhoff's current law

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: This equal and opposite current is the reflected current

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: incident current

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: open circuit

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Kirchhoff's current law in operation

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Kirchhoff's current law in operation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: There are several classes of electron transfer, defined by the state of the two redox centers and their connectivity

text: There are several classes of electron transfer, defined by the state of the two redox centers and their connectivity

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electron transfer

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electron transfer

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electron transfer

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Electron transfer

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electron transfer

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In a simplified view of an ionic bond, the bonding electron is not shared at all, but transferred. In this type of bond, the outer atomic orbital of one atom has a vacancy which allows the addition of one or more electrons. These newly added electrons potentially occupy a lower energy-state (effectively closer to more nuclear charge) than they experience in a different atom. Thus, one nucleus offers a more tightly bound position to an electron than does another nucleus, with the result that one atom may transfer an electron to the other. This transfer causes one atom to assume a net positive charge, and the other to assume a net negative charge. The bond then results from electrostatic attraction between atoms and the atoms become positive or negatively charged ions. Ionic bonds may be seen as extreme examples of polarization in covalent bonds. Often, such bonds have no particular orientation in space, since they result from equal electrostatic attraction of each ion to all ions around them. Ionic bonds are strong (and thus ionic substances require high temperatures to melt) but also brittle, since the forces between ions are short-range and do not easily bridge cracks and fractures. This type of bond gives rise to the physical characteristics of crystals of classic mineral salts, such as table salt.

text: In a simplified view of an

text: ionic bond

text: , the bonding electron is not shared at all, but transferred. In this type of bond, the outer

text: atomic orbital

text: of one atom has a vacancy which allows the addition of one or more electrons. These newly added electrons potentially occupy a lower energy-state (effectively closer to more nuclear charge) than they experience in a different atom. Thus, one nucleus offers a more tightly bound position to an electron than does another nucleus, with the result that one atom may transfer an electron to the other. This transfer causes one atom to assume a net positive charge, and the other to assume a net negative charge. The bond then results from electrostatic attraction between atoms and the atoms become positive or negatively charged

text: ion

text: s. Ionic bonds may be seen as extreme examples of polarization in covalent bonds. Often, such bonds have no particular orientation in space, since they result from equal electrostatic attraction of each ion to all ions around them. Ionic bonds are strong (and thus ionic substances require high temperatures to melt) but also brittle, since the forces between ions are short-range and do not easily bridge cracks and fractures. This type of bond gives rise to the physical characteristics of crystals of classic mineral salts, such as table salt.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 1

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 1

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Ionic bonds

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: This transfer causes one atom to assume a net positive charge, and the other to assume a net negative charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: one atom may transfer an electron

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: one nucleus offers a more tightly bound position to an electron than does another nucleus, with the result that one atom may transfer an electron to the other

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: (A continuous transfer of charge from one node to another is equivalent to a current, so I (the symbol for electric current) is used.)

text: (A continuous transfer of charge from one node to another is equivalent to a current, so I (the symbol for electric current) is used.)

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: nodes

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: A continuous transfer

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: continuous transfer of charge

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: one node to another

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: node to another

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The work done by friction can translate into deformation, wear, and heat that can affect the contact surface properties (even the coefficient of friction between the surfaces). This can be beneficial as in polishing. The work of friction is used to mix and join materials such as in the process of friction welding. Excessive erosion or wear of mating sliding surfaces occurs when work due to frictional forces rise to unacceptable levels. Harder corrosion particles caught between mating surfaces in relative motion (fretting) exacerbates wear of frictional forces. Bearing seizure or failure may result from excessive wear due to work of friction. As surfaces are worn by work due to friction, fit and surface finish of an object may degrade until it no longer functions properly.

text: The work done by friction can translate into deformation, wear, and heat that can affect the contact surface properties (even the coefficient of friction between the surfaces). This can be beneficial as in

text: polishing

text: . The work of friction is used to mix and join materials such as in the process of

text: friction welding

text: . Excessive erosion or wear of mating sliding surfaces occurs when work due to frictional forces rise to unacceptable levels.

text: Harder

text: corrosion particles caught between mating surfaces in relative motion (

text: fretting

text: ) exacerbates wear of frictional forces. Bearing seizure or failure may result from excessive wear due to work of friction. As surfaces are worn by work due to friction,

text: fit

text: and

text: surface finish

text: of an object may degrade until it no longer functions properly.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: This can be beneficial as in polishing

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: friction welding

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The work of friction is used to mix and join materials

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: It is believed that the old deities, Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl transferred tonalli to human fetuses by “simultaneously breath[ing] the tonalli into the child and ignit[ing] a fire in its chest”. This Fire Drilling process involves an upright wooden piece being twirled rapidly on a flat base. It produces heat through friction, although this seemingly simple instrument requires considerable skill to make anything but smoke. The fire maker blows on an ignited spark to fan it into a vigorous flame, and the breathing (or blowing air) and friction in the chest animate an infant. The Franciscan friars connected this idea of Fire Drilling, namely, the conception of tonalli as breath, to Christianity as the infusion of breath into the body recalls the beginning of Genesis, where God the Father breathes life into Adam.

text: It is believed that the old deities, Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl transferred tonalli to human fetuses by “simultaneously breath[ing] the tonalli into the child and ignit[ing] a fire in its chest”. This Fire Drilling process involves an upright wooden piece being twirled rapidly on a flat base. It produces heat through friction, although this seemingly simple instrument requires considerable skill to make anything but smoke. The fire maker blows on an ignited spark to fan it into a vigorous flame, and the breathing (or blowing air) and friction in the chest animate an infant. The Franciscan friars connected this idea of Fire Drilling, namely, the conception of tonalli as breath, to

text: Christianity

text: as the infusion of breath into the body recalls the beginning of

text: Genesis

text: , where God the Father breathes life into Adam.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Spark

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: It produces heat through friction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: spark

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: breathe

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It produces heat through friction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: It produces heat

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: It is now known that electrical charges are transferred to the insulator's surface through small spark discharges that occur along the boundary between the gas and insulator surface. Once transferred to the insulator, these excess charges become temporarily stranded. The shapes of the resulting charge distributions reflect the shape of the spark discharges which, in turn, depend on the high voltage polarity and pressure of the gas. Using a higher applied voltage will generate larger diameter and more branched figures. It is now known that positive Lichtenberg figures have longer, branching structures because long sparks within air can more easily form and propagate from positively charged high voltage terminals. This property has been used to measure the transient voltage polarity and magnitude of lightning surges on electrical power lines.

text: It is now known that electrical charges are transferred to the insulator's surface through small spark discharges that occur along the boundary between the gas and insulator surface. Once transferred to the insulator, these excess charges become temporarily stranded. The shapes of the resulting charge distributions reflect the shape of the spark discharges which, in turn, depend on the high voltage polarity and pressure of the gas. Using a higher applied voltage will generate larger diameter and more branched figures. It is now known that positive Lichtenberg figures have longer, branching structures because long sparks within air can more easily form and propagate from positively charged high voltage terminals. This property has been used to measure the transient voltage polarity and magnitude of lightning surges on electrical power lines.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrical charges are transferred to the insulator's surface

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: small spark discharges

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: insulator's surface

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: spark discharges that occur along the boundary between the gas and insulator surface

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: spark discharges

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: where P is the electric polarization – the volume density of electric dipole moments, and D is the electric displacement field. Since E and P are defined separately, this equation can be used to define D. The physical interpretation of D is not as clear as E (effectively the field applied to the material) or P (induced field due to the dipoles in the material), but still serves as a convenient mathematical simplification, since Maxwell's equations can be simplified in terms of free charges and currents.

text: where P is the

text: electric polarization

text: – the volume density of

text: electric dipole moment

text: s, and D is the

text: electric displacement field

text: . Since E and P are defined separately, this equation can be used to define D. The physical interpretation of D is not as clear as E (effectively the field applied to the material) or P (induced field due to the dipoles in the material), but still serves as a convenient mathematical simplification, since Maxwell's equations can be simplified in terms of

text: free charges and currents

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: free charges and currents

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Maxwell's equations

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: dipoles in the material

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: the field applied to the material

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: electric displacement field

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electric displacement field

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1737 Du Fay and Hauksbee independently discovered what they believed to be two kinds of frictional electricity; one generated from rubbing glass, the other from rubbing resin. From this, Du Fay theorized that electricity consists of two electrical fluids, "vitreous" and "resinous", that are separated by friction and that neutralize each other when combined. This two-fluid theory would later give rise to the concept of positive and negative electrical charges devised by Benjamin Franklin.

text: In 1737 Du Fay and Hauksbee independently discovered what they believed to be two kinds of frictional electricity; one generated from rubbing glass, the other from rubbing resin. From this, Du Fay theorized that electricity consists of two electrical fluids, "vitreous" and "resinous", that are separated by friction and that neutralize each other when combined. This two-fluid theory would later give rise to the concept of positive and negative electrical charges devised by Benjamin Franklin.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Negative

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Negative electrical charges

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: rubbing glass

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: rubbing

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Neutralize

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: frictional electricity

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In order for current to flow, it is not necessary for one charged particle to travel from the machine producing the current to that consuming it. Instead, the charged particle simply needs to nudge its neighbor a finite amount who’ll nudge its neighbor and on and on until a particle is nudged into the consumer, thus powering the machine. Essentially what is occurring here is a long chain of momentum transfer between mobile charge carriers; the Drude model of conduction describes this process more rigorously. This momentum transfer model makes metal an ideal choice for a conductor as metals, characteristically, possess a delocalized sea of electrons which gifts the electrons enough mobility to collide and thus effect a momentum transfer.

text: In order for current to flow, it is not necessary for one charged particle to travel from the machine producing the current to that consuming it. Instead, the charged particle simply needs to nudge its neighbor a finite amount who’ll nudge its neighbor and on and on until a particle is nudged into the consumer, thus powering the machine. Essentially what is occurring here is a long chain of momentum transfer between mobile charge carriers; the

text: Drude model

text: of conduction describes this process more rigorously. This momentum transfer model makes metal an ideal choice for a conductor as metals, characteristically, possess a delocalized

text: sea of electrons

text: which gifts the electrons enough mobility to collide and thus effect a momentum transfer.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: None

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: current to flow

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: metal

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: current to flow

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: momentum transfer

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In chemistry, intervalence charge transfer, often abbreviated IVCT or even IT, is an electron transfer (thermal or photoinduced) between two metal sites differing only in oxidation state. Quite often such electron transfer reverses the oxidation states of the sites. The term is frequently extended to the case of metal-to-metal charge transfer between non-equivalent metal centres.

text: In chemistry, intervalence charge transfer, often abbreviated IVCT or even IT, is an electron transfer (thermal or photoinduced) between two metal sites differing only in oxidation state. Quite often such electron transfer reverses the oxidation states of the sites. The term is frequently extended to the case of metal-to-metal charge transfer between non-equivalent metal centres.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: electron transfer

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge transfer

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: photoinduced

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: photoinduced

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: photoinduced

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: metal-to-metal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: This does not mean that individual positive and negative charges cannot be created or destroyed.  Electric charge is carried by subatomic particles such as electrons and protons, which can be created and destroyed.  In particle physics, charge conservation means that in elementary particle reactions that create charged particles, equal numbers of positive and negative particles are always created, keeping the net amount of charge unchanged.  Similarly, when particles are destroyed, equal numbers of positive and negative charges are destroyed.

text: This does not mean that individual positive and negative charges cannot be created or destroyed.  Electric charge is carried by

text: subatomic particle

text: s such as

text: electron

text: s and

text: proton

text: s, which can be created and destroyed.  In

text: particle physics

text: , charge conservation means that in elementary particle reactions that create charged particles, equal numbers of positive and negative particles are always created, keeping the net amount of charge unchanged.  Similarly, when particles are destroyed, equal numbers of positive and negative charges are destroyed.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Negative charges cannot be created

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Negative charges cannot be created

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: created and destroyed

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: create charged particles

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: When particles are destroyed

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charged particles

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A federal grand jury charged the electrical engineer with failure to pay taxes for three years on more than $221,000 in income and with attempting to conceal his earnings by transferring assets to fraudulent trusts and overseas bank accounts.

text: A federal

text: grand jury

text: charged the electrical engineer with failure to pay taxes for three years on more than $221,000 in income and with attempting to conceal his earnings by transferring assets to fraudulent trusts and overseas bank accounts.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: electrical

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrical engineer

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: transferring assets to fraudulent trusts

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: attempting to conceal

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrical engineer

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Up to the time of Franklin's historic kite experiment, the identity of the electricity developed by rubbing and by electrostatic machines (frictional electricity) with lightning had not been generally established. Dr. Wall, Abbot Nollet, Hauksbee, Stephen Gray and John Henry Winkler had indeed suggested the resemblance between the phenomena of "electricity" and "lightning", Gray having intimated that they only differed in degree. It was doubtless Franklin, however, who first proposed tests to determine the sameness of the phenomena. In a letter to Peter Comlinson of London, on 19 October 1752, Franklin, referring to his kite experiment, wrote,On 10 May 1742 Thomas-François Dalibard, at Marley (near Paris), using a vertical iron rod 40 feet long, obtained results corresponding to those recorded by Franklin and somewhat prior to the date of Franklin's experiment. Franklin's important demonstration of the sameness of frictional electricity and lightning doubtless added zest to the efforts of the many experimenters in this field in the last half of the 18th century, to advance the progress of the science.

text: Up to the time of Franklin's historic kite experiment, the identity of the electricity developed by rubbing and by

text: electrostatic machine

text: s (

text: frictional electricity

text: ) with lightning had not been generally established. Dr. Wall,

text: Abbot Nollet

text: Hauksbee

text: Stephen Gray

text: and John Henry Winkler had indeed suggested the resemblance between the phenomena of "electricity" and "lightning", Gray having intimated that they only differed in degree. It was doubtless Franklin, however, who first proposed tests to determine the sameness of the phenomena. In a letter to Peter Comlinson of London, on 19 October 1752, Franklin, referring to his kite experiment, wrote,On 10 May 1742

text: Thomas-François Dalibard

text: , at Marley (near Paris), using a vertical iron rod 40 feet long, obtained results corresponding to those recorded by Franklin and somewhat prior to the date of Franklin's experiment. Franklin's important demonstration of the sameness of frictional electricity and lightning doubtless added zest to the efforts of the many experimenters in this field in the last half of the 18th century, to advance the

text: progress of the science

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Lightning

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: by electrostatic machines

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: rubbing

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Franklin's historic kite experiment

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrical energy

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In special relativity, the statement of charge conservation is that the Lorentz invariant divergence of J is zero:

text: In special relativity, the statement of

text: charge conservation

text: is that the

text: Lorentz invariant

text: divergence of J is zero:

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: charge conservation

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The Lorentz invariant divergence

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: charge conservation

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The Lorentz invariant divergence

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Lorentz invariant divergence

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In the early 1700s, Francis Hauksbee and French chemist Charles François de Fay independently discovered what they believed were two kinds of frictional electricity—one generated from rubbing glass, the other from rubbing resin. From this, Du Fay theorized that electricity consists of two electrical fluids, vitreous and resinous, that are separated by friction, and that neutralize each other when combined. American scientist Ebenezer Kinnersley later also independently reached the same conclusion. A decade later Benjamin Franklin proposed that electricity was not from different types of electrical fluid, but a single electrical fluid showing an excess (+) or deficit (-). He gave them the modern charge nomenclature of positive and negative respectively. Franklin thought of the charge carrier as being positive, but he did not correctly identify which situation was a surplus of the charge carrier, and which situation was a deficit.

text: In the early 1700s,

text: Francis Hauksbee

text: and French chemist

text: Charles François de Fay

text: independently discovered what they believed were two kinds of frictional electricity—one generated from rubbing glass, the other from rubbing resin. From this, Du Fay theorized that electricity consists of two

text: electrical fluids

text: , vitreous and resinous, that are separated by friction, and that neutralize each other when combined. American scientist

text: Ebenezer Kinnersley

text: later also independently reached the same conclusion. A decade later

text: Benjamin Franklin

text: proposed that electricity was not from different types of electrical fluid, but a single electrical fluid showing an excess (+) or deficit (-). He gave them the modern

text: charge

text: nomenclature of positive and negative respectively. Franklin thought of the charge carrier as being positive, but he did not correctly identify which situation was a surplus of the charge carrier, and which situation was a deficit.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: It does not.

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: rubbing glass

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: rubbing

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: neutralize each other

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: frictional electricity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On November 6, 1994, twin polar bear cubs Klondike and Snow were born to a first-time mother named Ulu, who rejected the cubs. They were successfully raised by zoo staff and became a popular attraction. The bears were transferred to SeaWorld Orlando. In 2012 Snow was transferred from Sea World in Orlando, Florida to the Reid Park Zoo in Tucson, Arizona, where she died unexpectedly on September 2, 2012. Klondike died at SeaWorld Orlando on September 13, 2013.  Their story is commemorated at the Denver Zoo by a bronze sculpture located across from the main polar bear viewing area.

text: On November 6, 1994, twin

text: polar bear

text: cubs Klondike and Snow were born to a first-time mother named Ulu, who rejected the cubs. They were successfully raised by zoo staff and became a popular attraction. The bears were transferred to

text: SeaWorld Orlando

text: . In 2012 Snow was transferred from Sea World in Orlando, Florida to the

text: Reid Park Zoo

text: in Tucson, Arizona, where she died unexpectedly on September 2, 2012. Klondike died at SeaWorld Orlando on September 13, 2013.  Their story is commemorated at the Denver Zoo by a

text: bronze

text: sculpture located across from the main polar bear viewing area.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Neutral

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Klondike and Snow

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: zoo

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: die unexpectedly

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Klondike

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In 1954, researchers at Bell Laboratories and elsewhere reported charge-transfer complexes with resistivities as low as 8 ohm·cm in combinations of perylene with iodine or bromine. In 1962, the well-known acceptor tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) was reported. Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) was synthesized in 1970 and found to be a strong electron donor.  In 1973, it was discovered that a combination of these components form a strong charge-transfer complex, henceforth referred to as TTF-TCNQ.  The complex is formed in solution and may be crystallized into a well-formed crystalline solid. The solid shows almost metallic electrical conductance and was the first discovered purely organic conductor. In a TTF-TCNQ crystal, TTF and TCNQ molecules are arranged independently in separate parallel-aligned stacks, and an electron transfer occurs from donor (TTF) to acceptor (TCNQ) stacks. Hence, electrons and electron holes are separated and concentrated in the stacks and can traverse in a one-dimensional direction along the TCNQ and TTF columns, respectively, when an electric potential is applied to the ends of a crystal in the stack direction.

text: In 1954, researchers at

text: Bell Laboratories

text: and elsewhere reported charge-transfer complexes with resistivities as low as 8 ohm·cm in combinations of

text: perylene

text: with

text: iodine

text: or

text: bromine

text: . In 1962, the well-known acceptor

text: tetracyanoquinodimethane

text: (TCNQ) was reported.

text: Tetrathiafulvalene

text: (TTF) was synthesized in 1970 and found to be a strong electron donor.  In 1973, it was discovered that a combination of these components form a strong charge-transfer complex, henceforth referred to as TTF-TCNQ.  The complex is formed in solution and may be crystallized into a well-formed crystalline solid. The solid shows almost metallic electrical conductance and was the first discovered purely organic

text: conductor

text: . In a TTF-TCNQ crystal, TTF and TCNQ molecules are arranged independently in separate parallel-aligned stacks, and an electron transfer occurs from donor (TTF) to acceptor (TCNQ) stacks. Hence, electrons and

text: electron hole

text: s are separated and concentrated in the stacks and can traverse in a one-dimensional direction along the TCNQ and TTF columns, respectively, when an electric potential is applied to the ends of a crystal in the stack direction.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: TCNQ and TTF columns

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: When an electric potential is applied to the ends of a crystal in the stack direction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electric potential

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: an electric potential is applied

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: when an electric potential is applied

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: when an electric potential is applied to the ends of a crystal in the stack direction

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Electrical & Electronics engineering deals with the generation, transfer and conversion of electric power with the aid of mechanical, electronic circuits and computer systems.

text: Electrical & Electronics engineering deals with the generation, transfer and conversion of electric power with the aid of mechanical, electronic circuits and computer systems.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrical circuits

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electronic circuits

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: transfer

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: electrical circuits

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: mechanical

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The standard is based on IEC 61851 Electric vehicle conductive charging system which establishes general characteristics, including charging modes and connection configurations, and requirements for specific implementations (including safety requirements) of both electric vehicle (EV) and electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) in a charging system. For example, it specifies mechanisms such that, first, power is not supplied unless a vehicle is connected and, second, the vehicle is immobilized while still connected.

text: The standard is based on IEC 61851 Electric vehicle conductive charging system which establishes general characteristics, including charging modes and connection configurations, and requirements for specific implementations (including safety requirements) of both electric vehicle (EV) and electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) in a charging system. For example, it specifies mechanisms such that, first, power is not supplied unless a vehicle is connected and, second, the vehicle is immobilized while still connected.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: IEC 61851

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: IEC 61851

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: conductive

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conductive

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: IEC 61851 Electric vehicle conductive charging system

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: conductive

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The best experimental tests of electric charge conservation are searches for particle decays that would be allowed if electric charge is not always conserved.  No such decays have ever been seen.The best experimental test comes from searches for the energetic photon from an electron decaying into a neutrino and a single photon:

text: The best experimental tests of electric charge conservation are searches for

text: particle decay

text: s that would be allowed if electric charge is not always conserved.  No such decays have ever been seen.The best experimental test comes from searches for the energetic photon from an

text: electron

text: decaying into a

text: neutrino

text: and a single

text: photon

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Neutron

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electric charge is always conserved

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electron decaying

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no such decays have ever been seen

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrons are transferred

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: This assumes that the state in question approaches the vacuum asymptotically at spatial infinity. The first integral is the surface integral at spatial infinity and the second integral is zero by the Gauss law. Also assume that α(r,θ,φ) approaches α(θ,φ) as r approaches infinity (in polar coordinates). Then, the Noether charge only depends upon the value of α at spatial infinity but not upon the value of α at finite values. This is consistent with the idea that symmetry transformations not affecting the boundaries are gauge symmetries whereas those that do are global symmetries. If α(θ,φ) = 1 all over the S, we get the electric charge. But for other functions, we also get conserved charges (which are not so well known).

text: This assumes that the state in question approaches the vacuum asymptotically at spatial infinity. The first integral is the surface integral at spatial infinity and the second integral is zero by the

text: Gauss law

text: . Also assume that α(r,θ,φ) approaches α(θ,φ) as r approaches infinity (in

text: polar coordinates

text: ). Then, the Noether charge only depends upon the value of α at spatial infinity but not upon the value of α at finite values. This is consistent with the idea that symmetry transformations not affecting the boundaries are gauge symmetries whereas those that do are global symmetries. If α(θ,φ) = 1 all over the S, we get the electric charge. But for other functions, we also get conserved charges (which are not so well known).

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Noether charge only depends upon the value of  at spatial infinity

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Noether charge only depends upon the value of  at spatial infinity

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: If  ( , ) = 1 all over the S

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: the state in question approaches the vacuum asymptotically at spatial infinity

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The first integral is the surface integral at spatial infinity

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: If  ( , ) = 1 all over the S, we get the electric charge

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the first step the energy W of the transfer of a specific amount of charge is calculated, e.g. for the system in a state when both spheres carry half of the amount of charge which is to be transferred. This state of the system can be reached by transferring the respective charge from the donor sphere to the vacuum and then back to the acceptor sphere.  Then the spheres in this state of charge give rise to a defined electric field in the solvent which creates the total solvent polarization P + P.  By the same token this polarization of the solvent interacts with the charges.

text: In the first step the energy W of the transfer of a specific amount of charge is calculated, e.g. for the system in a state when both spheres carry half of the amount of charge which is to be transferred. This state of the system can be reached by transferring the respective charge from the donor sphere to the vacuum and then back to the acceptor sphere.  Then the spheres in this state of charge give rise to a defined electric field in the solvent which creates the total solvent polarization P + P.  By the same token this polarization of the solvent interacts with the charges.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: polarization of the solvent interacts with the charges

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: vacuum and then back to the acceptor sphere

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: polarization of the solvent interacts with the charges

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: polarization of the solvent interacts with the charges

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: If a positive charge is brought near a nonconductive object, the electrons in each molecule are attracted toward it, and move to the side of the molecule facing the charge, while the positive nuclei are repelled and move slightly to the opposite side of the molecule.  Since the negative charges are now closer to the external charge than the positive charges, their attraction is greater than the repulsion of the positive charges, resulting in a small net attraction of the molecule toward the charge.   This is called polarization, and the polarized molecules are called dipoles.  This effect is microscopic, but since there are so many molecules, it adds up to enough force to move a light object like Styrofoam.  This is the principle of operation of a pith-ball electroscope.

text: If a positive charge is brought near a nonconductive object, the electrons in each molecule are attracted toward it, and move to the side of the molecule facing the charge, while the positive

text: nuclei

text: are repelled and move slightly to the opposite side of the molecule.  Since the negative charges are now closer to the external charge than the positive charges, their attraction is greater than the repulsion of the positive charges, resulting in a small net attraction of the molecule toward the charge.   This is called

text: polarization

text: , and the polarized molecules are called

text: dipole

text: s.  This effect is microscopic, but since there are so many molecules, it adds up to enough force to move a light object like Styrofoam.  This is the principle of operation of a

text: pith-ball electroscope

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: positive charge is brought near a nonconductive object

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: positive charge is brought near

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: a positive charge is brought near a nonconductive object

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: nonconductive object

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Around 1900, Paul Drude developed the foundation for classical conduction. He reasoned that since metals conduct electricity so well, they must contain free electrons that move through a lattice of positive ions. This motion of electrons led to the formation of Ohm's laws, as well as related the motion in a conductor to two types of conduction: heat and electrical.  The free-moving electrons act just as a gas would; moving in every direction throughout the lattice. These electrons collide with the lattice ions as they move about, which is key in understanding thermal equilibrium. The average velocity due to the thermal energy is zero since the electrons are going in every direction, leading to velocity vectors that are randomly oriented. What is not zero, and is in fact a high value, is the speed of these electrons, which can be calculated using the equation

text: Around 1900,

text: Paul Drude

text: developed the foundation for classical conduction. He reasoned that since metals conduct

text: electricity

text: so well, they must contain free electrons that move through a lattice of positive ions. This motion of electrons led to the formation of

text: Ohm's law

text: s, as well as related the motion in a

text: conductor

text: to two types of conduction:

text: heat

text: and

text: electrical

text: .  The free-moving electrons act just as a gas would; moving in every direction throughout the lattice. These electrons collide with the lattice ions as they move about, which is key in understanding

text: thermal equilibrium

text: . The average velocity due to the thermal energy is zero since the electrons are going in every direction, leading to velocity vectors that are randomly oriented. What is not zero, and is in fact a high value, is the speed of these electrons, which can be calculated using the equation

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: No

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Ohm's laws

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: metals

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: metals conduct electricity

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Ohm's laws

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: collide

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Although Green Deal assessments could be conducted from 1 October 2012, none were done in the first month and only five had been completed nationwide by 28 January 2013. The scheme requires an assessment of £150 or more to determine what if any work can be done. The cost of this is likely to deter many people. The Government believes Green Deal loans will be repaid at a rate no more than 6.92% - this is significantly higher than average household loans. On a loan of £5,000, the overall rate that is repayable is just under 8% over 10 years, or 7.7% over 25 years. Further to these charges there will be an initial set up charge followed by a £20 annual fee. Failure to repay a Green Deal will lead to disconnection of gas and electricity supplies. Recent surveys have found little awareness among the general public for the Green Deal. The high interest rates and charges of the scheme have been heavily criticized.

text: Although Green Deal assessments could be conducted from 1 October 2012, none were done in the first month and only five had been completed nationwide by 28 January 2013. The scheme requires an assessment of £150 or more to determine what if any work can be done. The cost of this is likely to deter many people. The Government believes Green Deal loans will be repaid at a rate no more than 6.92% - this is significantly higher than average household loans. On a loan of £5,000, the overall rate that is repayable is just under 8% over 10 years, or 7.7% over 25 years. Further to these charges there will be an initial set up charge followed by a £20 annual fee. Failure to repay a Green Deal will lead to disconnection of gas and electricity supplies. Recent surveys have found little awareness among the general public for the Green Deal. The high interest rates and charges of the scheme have been heavily criticized.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Green Deal

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Green Deal assessments could be conducted from 1 October 2012

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conduct

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Green Deal assessments could be conducted

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Disconnection of gas and electricity supplies

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: that would appear to be required for charge conservation is omitted, because S is a macroscopic surface and the loss of one electron has a negligible effect.

text: that would appear to be required for charge conservation is omitted, because S is a macroscopic surface and the loss of one electron has a negligible effect.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: charge conservation

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge conservation

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: loss of one electron

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: loss of one electron

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: charge conservation is omitted

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge conservation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The terms elastance and elastivity were coined by Oliver Heaviside in 1886.  Heaviside coined a great many of the terms used in circuit analysis today, such as impedance, inductance, admittance, conductance and so on.  Heaviside's terminology followed the model of resistance and resistivity with the -ance ending used for extensive properties and the -ivity ending used for intensive properties.  The extensive properties are used in circuit analysis (they are the "values" of components) and the intensive properties are used in field analysis.  Heaviside's nomenclature was designed to highlight the connection between corresponding quantities in field and circuit.  Elastivity is the intensive property of a material corresponding to the bulk property of a component, elastance.  It is the reciprocal of permittivity.  As Heaviside put it,Here, permittance is Heaviside's term for capacitance.  He did not like any term that suggested that a capacitor was a container for holding charge.  The terms current in his time for a capacitor were condenser (suggesting that the "electric fluid" could be condensed out) and leyden after the Leyden jar, an early form of capacitor, also suggesting some sort of storage.  Heaviside preferred the analogy of a mechanical spring under compression, hence his preference for terms that suggested a property of a spring.  This preference was a result of Heaviside following James Clerk Maxwell's view of electric current, or at least, Heaviside's interpretation of it.  In this view, electric current is a flow caused by the electromotive force and is the analogue of velocity caused by a mechanical force.  At the capacitor, this current causes a "displacement" whose rate of change is equal to the current.  The displacement is viewed as an electric strain, like a mechanical strain in a compressed spring.  The existence of a flow of physical charge is denied, as is the build up of charge on the capacitor plates.  This is replaced with the concept of divergence of the displacement field at the plates, which is numerically equal to the charge collected on the plates in the charge flow view.

text: The terms elastance and elastivity were coined by

text: Oliver Heaviside

text: in 1886.  Heaviside coined a great many of the terms used in

text: circuit analysis

text: today, such as

text: impedance

text: inductance

text: admittance

text: conductance

text: and so on.  Heaviside's terminology followed the model of

text: resistance

text: and

text: resistivity

text: with the -ance ending used for

text: extensive properties

text: and the -ivity ending used for

text: intensive properties

text: .  The extensive properties are used in circuit analysis (they are the "values" of components) and the intensive properties are used in

text: field analysis

text: .  Heaviside's nomenclature was designed to highlight the connection between corresponding quantities in field and circuit.  Elastivity is the intensive property of a material corresponding to the bulk property of a component, elastance.  It is the reciprocal of

text: permittivity

text: .  As Heaviside put it,Here, permittance is Heaviside's term for capacitance.  He did not like any term that suggested that a

text: capacitor

text: was a container for holding charge.  The terms current in his time for a capacitor were condenser (suggesting that the "electric fluid" could be condensed out) and leyden after the

text: Leyden jar

text: , an early form of capacitor, also suggesting some sort of storage.  Heaviside preferred the analogy of a mechanical spring under compression, hence his preference for terms that suggested a property of a spring.  This preference was a result of Heaviside following

text: James Clerk Maxwell

text: 's view of electric current, or at least, Heaviside's interpretation of it.  In this view, electric current is a flow caused by the

text: electromotive force

text: and is the analogue of

text: velocity

text: caused by a mechanical

text: force

text: .  At the capacitor, this current causes a "

text: displacement

text: " whose rate of change is equal to the current.  The displacement is viewed as an electric

text: strain

text: , like a mechanical strain in a compressed spring.  The existence of a flow of physical charge is denied, as is the build up of charge on the capacitor plates.  This is replaced with the concept of

text: divergence

text: of the displacement field at the plates, which is numerically equal to the charge collected on the plates in the charge flow view.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: capacitor

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: current

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electromotive force

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conductance

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: impedance

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Elastivity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A third method is Doriano Brogioli's capacitive method, which is relatively new and has so far only been tested on lab scale. With this method energy can be extracted out of the mixing of saline water and freshwater by cyclically charging up electrodes in contact with saline water, followed by a discharge in freshwater. Since the amount of electrical energy which is needed during the charging step is less than one gets out during the discharge step, each completed cycle effectively produces energy. An intuitive explanation of this effect is that the great number of ions in the saline water efficiently neutralizes the charge on each electrode by forming a thin layer of opposite charge very close to the electrode surface, known as an electric double layer. Therefore, the voltage over the electrodes remains low during the charge step and charging is relatively easy. In between the charge and discharge step, the electrodes are brought in contact with freshwater. After this, there are less ions available to neutralize the charge on each electrode such that the voltage over the electrodes increases. The discharge step which follows is therefore able to deliver a relatively high amount of energy. A physical explanation is that on an electrically charged capacitor, there is a mutually attractive electric force between the electric charge on the electrode, and the ionic charge in the liquid. In order to pull ions away from the charged electrode, osmotic pressure must do work. This work done increases the electrical potential energy in the capacitor. An electronic explanation is that capacitance is a function of ion density. By introducing a salinity gradient and allowing some of the ions to diffuse out of the capacitor, this reduces the capacitance, and so the voltage must increase, since the voltage equals the ratio of charge to capacitance.

text: A third method is

text: Doriano Brogioli

text: 's capacitive method, which is relatively new and has so far only been tested on lab scale. With this method energy can be extracted out of the mixing of saline water and freshwater by cyclically charging up

text: electrode

text: s in contact with saline water, followed by a discharge in freshwater. Since the amount of electrical energy which is needed during the charging step is less than one gets out during the discharge step, each completed cycle effectively produces energy. An intuitive explanation of this effect is that the great number of

text: ion

text: s in the saline water efficiently neutralizes the charge on each electrode by forming a thin layer of opposite charge very close to the electrode surface, known as an

text: electric double layer

text: . Therefore, the

text: voltage

text: over the electrodes remains low during the charge step and charging is relatively easy. In between the charge and discharge step, the electrodes are brought in contact with freshwater. After this, there are less ions available to neutralize the charge on each electrode such that the voltage over the electrodes increases. The discharge step which follows is therefore able to deliver a relatively high amount of energy. A physical explanation is that on an electrically charged capacitor, there is a mutually attractive

text: electric force

text: between the

text: electric charge

text: on the electrode, and the ionic charge in the liquid. In order to pull ions away from the charged electrode, osmotic pressure must do

text: work

text: . This work done increases the electrical potential energy in the capacitor. An electronic explanation is that

text: capacitance

text: is a function of ion density. By introducing a salinity gradient and allowing some of the ions to diffuse out of the capacitor, this reduces the capacitance, and so the voltage must increase, since the voltage equals the ratio of charge to capacitance.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: ions to neutralize the charge

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: This work done increases the electrical potential energy

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: saline water

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: contact with saline water

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: neutralizes the charge

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrolytes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The sabot of a large calibre APDS consists of a light high strength alloy full diameter pot and base unit, which is screwed together. The front part of the pot has 3-4 petals (sabots) which are covered with a centering band (often a nylon derivative). The rear half has a rubber obturator and driving band (again nylon) held in place by the screw-in base unit. The base unit, if a tracer element is attached to the sub-projectile, has a hole located at the centre. Before firing, the sub-projectile and sabot are locked together. Due to the high setback forces, friction between the pot and sub-projectile allows spin to be transferred, so stabilising the sub-projectile. Small/medium calibre APDS use a lightweight high strength alloy base pot and three or more plastic petals. To transfer the spin to the core in small/medium calibre weapons, the core tends to have a notch at its base. Under bore acceleration, which can be higher than 100,000 g, the uneven base is forced into the softer pot material, locking the sub-projectile to the pot and imparting spin. Not all small/medium calibre APDS rely on this technique, another method for spin coupling is by using the forward plastic petals. The petals are of a slightly larger diameter than the lands in the rifled bore. This forces the petals tightly against the core, increasing the friction between them and allowing the spin to be transferred.

text: The sabot of a large calibre APDS consists of a light high strength alloy full diameter pot and base unit, which is screwed together. The front part of the pot has 3-4 petals (sabots) which are covered with a centering band (often a

text: nylon

text: derivative). The rear half has a rubber

text: obturator

text: and driving band (again nylon) held in place by the screw-in base unit. The base unit, if a tracer element is attached to the sub-projectile, has a hole located at the centre. Before firing, the sub-projectile and sabot are locked together. Due to the high

text: setback force

text: s, friction between the pot and sub-projectile allows spin to be transferred, so stabilising the sub-projectile. Small/medium calibre APDS use a lightweight high strength alloy base pot and three or more plastic petals. To transfer the spin to the core in small/medium calibre weapons, the core tends to have a notch at its base. Under bore acceleration, which can be higher than 100,000 g, the uneven base is forced into the softer pot material, locking the sub-projectile to the pot and imparting spin. Not all small/medium calibre APDS rely on this technique, another method for spin coupling is by using the forward plastic petals. The petals are of a slightly larger diameter than the

text: lands

text: in the rifled bore. This forces the petals tightly against the core, increasing the friction between them and allowing the spin to be transferred.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Spin

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: tracer element

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: increase the friction between them

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Spin

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: If a piece of metal is touched against an electrolytic material, the metal will spontaneously become charged, while the electrolyte will acquire an equal and opposite charge.  Upon first contact, a chemical reaction called a 'half-cell reaction' occurs on the metal surface.  As metal ions are transferred to or from the electrolyte, and as the metal and electrolyte become oppositely charged, the increasing voltage at the thin insulating layer between metal and electrolyte will oppose the motion of the flowing ions, causing the chemical reaction to come to a stop.  If a second piece of a different type of metal is placed in the same electrolyte bath, it will charge up and rise to a different voltage.  If the first metal piece is touched against the second, the voltage on the two metal pieces will be forced closer together, and the chemical reactions will run constantly.  In this way the 'contact electrification' becomes continuous.  At the same time, an electric current will appear, with the path forming a closed loop which leads from one metal part to the other, through the chemical reactions on the first metal surface, through the electrolyte, then back through the chemical reactions on the second metal surface.  In this way, contact electrification leads to the invention of the Galvanic cell or battery. See also: Dry pile

text: If a piece of metal is touched against an

text: electrolytic

text: material, the metal will spontaneously become charged, while the electrolyte will acquire an equal and opposite charge.  Upon first contact, a chemical reaction called a '

text: half-cell reaction

text: ' occurs on the metal surface.  As metal ions are transferred to or from the electrolyte, and as the metal and electrolyte become oppositely charged, the increasing voltage at the thin insulating

text: layer

text: between metal and electrolyte will oppose the motion of the flowing ions, causing the chemical reaction to come to a stop.  If a second piece of a different type of metal is placed in the same electrolyte bath, it will charge up and rise to a different voltage.  If the first metal piece is touched against the second, the voltage on the two metal pieces will be forced closer together, and the chemical reactions will run constantly.  In this way the 'contact electrification' becomes continuous.  At the same time, an electric current will appear, with the path forming a closed loop which leads from one metal part to the other, through the chemical reactions on the first metal surface, through the electrolyte, then back through the chemical reactions on the second metal surface.  In this way, contact electrification leads to the invention of the

text: Galvanic cell

text: or

text: battery

text: . See also:

text: Dry pile

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: electrolyte

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrolyte

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrolytic material

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: touch against an electrolytic material

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: If a piece of metal is touched against an electrolytic material

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: contact electrification

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: High salt concentrations cause conditions similar to the interactions experienced by a polymer in a favorable solvent. Polyelectrolytes, while charged, are still mainly non-polar with carbon backbones. While the charges on the polymer backbone exert an electrostatic force that drives the polymer into a more open and loose conformation, if the surrounding solution has a high concentration of salt, then the charge repulsion will be screened. Once this charge is screened the polyelectrolyte will act as any other non-polar polymer would in a high ionic strength solution and begin to minimize interactions with the solvent. This leads to a much more clumped and dense polymer deposited onto the surface.

text: High salt concentrations cause conditions similar to the interactions experienced by a polymer in a favorable solvent. Polyelectrolytes, while charged, are still mainly non-polar with carbon backbones. While the charges on the polymer backbone exert an electrostatic force that drives the polymer into a more open and loose conformation, if the surrounding solution has a high concentration of salt, then the charge repulsion will be screened. Once this charge is screened the polyelectrolyte will act as any other non-polar polymer would in a high ionic strength solution and begin to minimize interactions with the solvent. This leads to a much more clumped and dense polymer deposited onto the surface.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: None

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Polyelectrolytes

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: ionic strength solution

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: High salt concentrations

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not.

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: polymer

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: When President Barack Obama took office in January 2009, he made a number of promises about the future of Guantanamo.He promised the use of torture would cease at the camp.  He promised to institute a new review system, convening a task force to review material on detainees that was made up of officials from six agencies, whereas the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense.  Reporting back a year later, the Joint Review Task Force recommended release and repatriation of 53 detainees. It classified other individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, although there was insufficient evidence to charge them with crimes. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a Freedom of Information Act request. Some 71 detainees were determined to be eligible for a Periodic Review Board assessment, similar to a parole board, to determine if they could be released.Mohammed al Qahtani was one of the 71 individuals deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release.Obama promised that those deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release would start to receive reviews from a Periodic Review Board. Qahtani was denied approval for transfer on July 18, 2016.

text: When

text: President

text: Barack Obama

text: took office in January 2009, he made a number of promises about the future of Guantanamo.He promised the use of torture would cease at the camp.  He promised to institute a new review system, convening a task force to review material on detainees that was made up of officials from six agencies, whereas the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense.  Reporting back a year later, the

text: Joint Review Task Force

text: recommended release and repatriation of 53 detainees. It classified other individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, although there was insufficient evidence to charge them with crimes. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a

entity_name: Freedom of Information Act (United States)

text: Freedom of Information Act

text: request. Some 71 detainees were determined to be eligible for a Periodic Review Board assessment, similar to a parole board, to determine if they could be released.Mohammed al Qahtani was one of the 71 individuals deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release.Obama promised that those deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release would start to receive reviews from a

text: Periodic Review Board

text: . Qahtani was denied approval for transfer on July 18, 2016.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Qahtani was denied approval for transfer

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Qahtani was denied approval for transfer on July 18, 2016.

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: torture

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: convening

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Qahtani was denied approval for transfer on July 18, 2016.

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Qahtani was denied approval for transfer

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: On January 21, 2009, the day he was inaugurated, United States President Barack Obama issued three Executive orders related to the detention of individuals in Guantanamo.That new review system was composed of officials from six departments, where the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense.  When it reported back, a year later, the Joint Review Task Force classified some individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, even though there was no evidence to justify laying charges against them. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a Freedom of Information Act request.Saifullah Paracha was one of the 71 individuals deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release.Obama said those deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release would start to receive reviews from a Periodic Review Board.

text: On January 21, 2009, the day he was inaugurated,

text: United States President

text: Barack Obama

text: issued three

text: Executive orders

text: related to the detention of individuals in Guantanamo.That new review system was composed of officials from six departments, where the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense.  When it reported back, a year later, the

text: Joint Review Task Force

text: classified some individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, even though there was no evidence to justify laying charges against them. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a

text: Freedom of Information Act

text: request.Saifullah Paracha was one of the 71 individuals deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release.Obama said those deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release would start to receive reviews from a

text: Periodic Review Board

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Guantanamo

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conducted

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Guantanamo

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The SI unit of quantity of electric charge is the coulomb, which is equivalent to about  (e is the charge of a proton). Hence, the charge of an electron is approximately . The coulomb is defined as the quantity of charge that has passed through the cross section of an electrical conductor carrying one ampere within one second. The symbol Q is often used to denote a quantity of electricity or charge. The quantity of electric charge can be directly measured with an electrometer, or indirectly measured with a ballistic galvanometer.

text: The

text: SI

text: unit of

text: quantity of electric charge

text: is the coulomb, which is equivalent to about  (e is the charge of a proton). Hence, the charge of an electron is approximately . The coulomb is defined as the quantity of charge that has passed through the

text: cross section

text: of an

text: electrical conductor

text: carrying one

text: ampere

text: within one

text: second

text: . The symbol Q is often used to denote a quantity of electricity or charge. The quantity of electric charge can be directly measured with an

text: electrometer

text: , or indirectly measured with a

text: ballistic galvanometer

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The charge of an electron is approximately

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The SI unit of quantity of electric charge is the coulomb

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrical conductor

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical conductor

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: directly measured with an electrometer

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrical conductor carrying one ampere within one second

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In real two-phase (debris) mass flows there exists a strong coupling between the solid and the fluid momentum transfer, where the solid's normal stress is reduced by buoyancy, which in turn diminishes the frictional resistance, enhances the pressure gradient, and reduces the drag on the solid component. Buoyancy is an important aspect of two-phase debris flow, because it enhances flow mobility (longer travel distances) by reducing the frictional resistance in the mixture. Buoyancy is present as long as there is fluid in the mixture. It reduces the solid normal stress, solid lateral normal stresses, and the basal shear stress (thus, frictional resistance) by a factor (

text: In real two-phase (debris) mass flows there exists a strong coupling between the

text: solid

text: and the

text: fluid

text: momentum transfer

text: , where the solid's normal

text: stress

text: is reduced by

text: buoyancy

text: , which in turn diminishes the

text: friction

text: al resistance, enhances the

text: pressure gradient

text: , and reduces the

text: drag

text: on the solid component. Buoyancy is an important aspect of two-phase debris flow, because it enhances flow mobility (longer travel distances) by reducing the frictional resistance in the

text: mixture

text: . Buoyancy is present as long as there is fluid in the mixture. It reduces the solid normal stress, solid lateral normal stresses, and the basal

text: shear stress

text: (thus, frictional resistance) by a factor (

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: neutral

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Buoyancy

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: buoyancy

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Buoyancy

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Frictional resistance

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The conservation of charge, for example, in the notation of Maxwell's equations,

text: The conservation of charge, for example, in the notation of

text: Maxwell's equations

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracy.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: all atoms are neutral

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: does not depend on the transfer of electrons.

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conduction

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: polarization occurs only when there is direct contact

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: can be used to describe the transfer of electrons.

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1729, Stephen Gray conducted a series of experiments that demonstrated the difference between conductors and non-conductors (insulators), showing amongst other things that a metal wire and even pack thread conducted electricity, whereas silk did not. In one of his experiments he sent an electric current through 800 feet of hempen thread which was suspended at intervals by loops of silk thread. When he tried to conduct the same experiment substituting the silk for finely spun brass wire, he found that the electric current was no longer carried throughout the hemp cord, but instead seemed to vanish into the brass wire. From this experiment he classified substances into two categories: "electrics" like glass, resin and silk and "non-electrics" like metal and water. "Non-electrics" conducted charges while "electrics" held the charge.

text: In 1729,

text: Stephen Gray

text: conducted a series of experiments that demonstrated the difference between conductors and non-conductors (insulators), showing amongst other things that a metal wire and even pack thread conducted electricity, whereas silk did not. In one of his experiments he sent an

text: electric current

text: through 800 feet of hempen thread which was suspended at intervals by loops of silk thread. When he tried to conduct the same experiment substituting the silk for finely spun brass wire, he found that the electric current was no longer carried throughout the hemp cord, but instead seemed to vanish into the brass wire. From this experiment he classified substances into two categories: "electrics" like glass, resin and silk and "non-electrics" like metal and water. "Non-electrics" conducted charges while "electrics" held the charge.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Non-electrics

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Non-electrics

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: metal

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: metal wire and even pack thread

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: metal wire and even pack thread

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: "Non-electrics"

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment.

text: In

text: chemistry

text: , polarity is a separation of

text: electric charge

text: leading to a molecule or its

text: chemical group

text: s having an electric

text: dipole

text: or

text: multipole

text: moment.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: polarity

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: chemical groups

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: polarity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On December 22, 1885 the Ministry of Communications was established, combining the Bureau of Posts and Post Station Maintenance and Shipping Bureau formerly under the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce with the Telegraph Bureau and Lighthouse Management Bureau formerly under the Ministry of Industry. On August 16, 1891, the ministry was also placed in charge of the nascent Japanese electric power industry. On July 21, 1892, the Railway Bureau was transferred to the Ministry of Communications from the Home Ministry and from November 10, 1893, the ministry was charged with the supervision of all land and water transportation businesses.

text: On December 22, 1885 the Ministry of Communications was established, combining the Bureau of Posts and

text: Post Station

text: Maintenance and Shipping Bureau formerly under the

text: Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce

text: with the Telegraph Bureau and Lighthouse Management Bureau formerly under the

text: Ministry of Industry

text: . On August 16, 1891, the ministry was also placed in charge of the nascent Japanese electric power industry. On July 21, 1892, the Railway Bureau was transferred to the Ministry of Communications from the

text: Home Ministry

text: and from November 10, 1893, the ministry was charged with the supervision of all land and water transportation businesses.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The Ministry of Communications

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electric power industry

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Lighthouse

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: lighthouse

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Lighthouse

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electric power industry

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Gauss's law describes the relationship between a static electric field and the electric charges that cause it: The static electric field points away from positive charges and towards negative charges. In the field line description, electric field lines begin only at positive electric charges and end only at negative electric charges.  'Counting' the number of field lines passing through a closed surface, therefore, yields the total charge (including bound charge due to polarization of material) enclosed by that surface divided by dielectricity of free space (the vacuum permittivity). More technically, it relates the electric flux through any hypothetical closed "Gaussian surface" to the enclosed electric charge.

text: Gauss's law

text: describes the relationship between a static

text: electric field

text: and the

text: electric charge

text: s that cause it: The static electric field points away from positive charges and towards negative charges. In the field line description, electric field lines begin only at positive electric charges and end only at negative electric charges.  'Counting' the number of field lines passing through a

text: closed surface

text: , therefore, yields the total charge (including bound charge due to polarization of material) enclosed by that surface divided by dielectricity of free space (the

text: vacuum permittivity

text: ). More technically, it relates the

text: electric flux

text: through any hypothetical

text: closed

text: Gaussian surface

text: " to the enclosed electric charge.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The static electric field points away from positive charges and towards negative charges

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: polarization

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: a closed surface

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Closed surface

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: polarization of material

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In inorganic chemistry, most charge-transfer complexes involve electron transfer between metal atoms and ligands. The charge-transfer bands of transition metal complexes result from shift of charge density between molecular orbitals (MO) that are predominantly metal in character and those that are predominantly ligand in character. If the transfer occurs from the MO with ligand-like character to the metal-like one, the complex is called a ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) complex. If the electronic charge shifts from the MO with metal-like character to the ligand-like one, the complex is called a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) complex. Thus, a MLCT results in oxidation of the metal center, whereas a LMCT results in the reduction of the metal center. Resonance Raman spectroscopy is also a powerful technique to assign and characterize charge-transfer bands in these complexes.

text: In

text: inorganic chemistry

text: , most charge-transfer complexes involve electron transfer between metal atoms and

text: ligand

text: s. The charge-transfer bands of transition metal complexes result from shift of charge density between

text: molecular orbitals

text: (MO) that are predominantly metal in character and those that are predominantly ligand in character. If the transfer occurs from the MO with ligand-like character to the metal-like one, the complex is called a ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) complex. If the electronic charge shifts from the MO with metal-like character to the ligand-like one, the complex is called a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) complex. Thus, a MLCT results in oxidation of the metal center, whereas a LMCT results in the reduction of the metal center.

text: Resonance Raman spectroscopy

text: is also a powerful technique to assign and characterize charge-transfer bands in these complexes.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: metal atoms

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge-transfer complexes

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electron transfer

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: metal atoms

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge-transfer complexes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Applying a voltage at the capacitor terminals moves the polarized ions or charged atoms in the electrolyte to the opposite polarized electrode. Between the surfaces of the electrodes and the adjacent electrolyte an electric double-layer forms. One layer of ions on the electrode surface and the second layer of adjacent polarized and solvated ions in the electrolyte move to the opposite polarized electrode. The two ion layers are separated by a single layer of electrolyte molecules. Between the two layers, a static electric field forms that results in double-layer capacitance. Accompanied by the electric double-layer, some de-solvated electrolyte ions pervade the separating solvent layer and are adsorbed by the electrode's surface atoms. They are specifically adsorbed and deliver their charge to the electrode. In other words, the ions in the electrolyte within the Helmholtz double-layer also act as electron donors and transfer electrons to the electrode atoms, resulting in a faradaic current. This faradaic charge transfer, originated by a fast sequence of reversible redox reactions, electrosorptions or intercalation processes between electrolyte and the electrode surface is called pseudocapacitance.

text: Applying a voltage at the capacitor terminals moves the polarized

text: ion

text: s or charged atoms in the electrolyte to the opposite polarized electrode. Between the surfaces of the electrodes and the adjacent electrolyte an electric

text: double-layer

text: forms. One layer of ions on the electrode surface and the second layer of adjacent polarized and solvated ions in the electrolyte move to the opposite polarized electrode. The two ion layers are separated by a single layer of electrolyte molecules. Between the two layers, a

text: static

text: electric field

text: forms that results in

text: double-layer capacitance

text: . Accompanied by the electric double-layer, some

text: de-solvated

text: electrolyte ions pervade the separating solvent layer and are

text: adsorbed

text: by the electrode's surface atoms. They are specifically adsorbed and deliver their charge to the electrode. In other words, the ions in the electrolyte within the Helmholtz double-layer also act as

text: electron donor

text: s and transfer electrons to the electrode atoms, resulting in a

text: faradaic current

text: . This faradaic

text: charge transfer

text: , originated by a fast sequence of reversible

text: redox

text: reactions,

text: electrosorptions

text: or

text: intercalation

text: processes between electrolyte and the electrode surface is called pseudocapacitance.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: ions in the electrolyte

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Applying a voltage

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: Applying a voltage

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrolyte molecules

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As sunlight shines on the solar array, it transfers energy to the electrons within the photovoltaic cells, thus allowing them to conduct electricity and causing a current to flow. This current then travels to the MPPTs which alter the load across the solar array in order to ensure that it is generating electricity as efficiently as possible. The MPPTs have to constantly monitor the output of the photovoltaic cells because that output depends on the light intensity which can change rapidly if some cells become shaded. The electricity then flows into the battery where it can be stored for later use such as to drive the car while there is no sunlight. Although the battery is primarily charged by the solar panels, it can also be externally charged by the conventionally generated electricity at your home or workplace. The battery then discharges the current into the motor controllers which converts it into a form that can be used to power the electric motor. Motor controllers are also used to manage things like speed regulation, cruise control and regenerative braking. Regenerative braking is using the existing motors as generators by converting the rotational energy of the wheels back into electrical energy, slowing the car down and recharging the battery at the same time, instead of just using conventional mechanical breaks. Lastly, the energy that was once in the sunlight shining on the car, reaches the electric motors which operate on the principles of electromagnetism to turn that electrical energy into rotational energy that spins the wheels and drives the car forward.

text: cruise control

text: and

text: regenerative braking

text: . Regenerative braking is using the existing motors as generators by converting the rotational energy of the wheels back into electrical energy, slowing the car down and recharging the battery at the same time, instead of just using conventional mechanical breaks. Lastly, the energy that was once in the sunlight shining on the car, reaches the electric motors which operate on the principles of electromagnetism to turn that electrical energy into rotational energy that spins the wheels and drives the car forward.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: current to flow

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: sunlight shining on the solar array

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Regenerative braking

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Charge Transfer theory states that a lightning strike to a protected structure can be prevented by reducing the electrical potential between the protected structure and the thundercloud. This is done by transferring electric charge (such as from the nearby Earth to the sky or vice versa). Transferring electric charge from the Earth to the sky is done by installing engineered products composed of many points above the structure. It is noted that pointed objects will indeed transfer charge to the surrounding atmosphere and that a considerable electric current can be measured through the conductors as ionization occurs at the point when an electric field is present, such as happens when thunderclouds are overhead.

text: The Charge Transfer theory states that a lightning strike to a protected structure can be prevented by reducing the electrical potential between the protected structure and the thundercloud. This is done by transferring electric charge (such as from the nearby Earth to the sky or vice versa). Transferring electric charge from the Earth to the sky is done by installing engineered products composed of many points above the structure. It is noted that pointed objects will indeed transfer charge to the surrounding atmosphere and that a considerable electric current can be measured through the conductors as ionization occurs at the point when an electric field is present, such as happens when thunderclouds are overhead.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: a considerable electric current can be measured

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The Charge Transfer theory

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Pointed objects will indeed transfer charge to the surrounding atmosphere

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: thunderclouds

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: an electric field is present

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: at the point when an electric field is present

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrical potential

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: When an object falls into a black hole, any information about the shape of the object or distribution of charge on it is evenly distributed along the horizon of the black hole, and is lost to outside observers. The behavior of the horizon in this situation is a dissipative system that is closely analogous to that of a conductive stretchy membrane with friction and electrical resistance—the membrane paradigm. This is different from other field theories such as electromagnetism, which do not have any friction or resistivity at the microscopic level, because they are time-reversible. Because a black hole eventually achieves a stable state with only three parameters, there is no way to avoid losing information about the initial conditions: the gravitational and electric fields of a black hole give very little information about what went in. The information that is lost includes every quantity that cannot be measured far away from the black hole horizon, including approximately conserved quantum numbers such as the total baryon number and lepton number. This behavior is so puzzling that it has been called the black hole information loss paradox.

text: When an object falls into a black hole, any

text: information

text: about the shape of the object or distribution of charge on it is evenly distributed along the horizon of the black hole, and is lost to outside observers. The behavior of the horizon in this situation is a

text: dissipative system

text: that is closely analogous to that of a conductive stretchy membrane with friction and

text: electrical resistance

text: —the

text: membrane paradigm

text: . This is different from other

text: field theories

text: such as electromagnetism, which do not have any friction or resistivity at the microscopic level, because they are

text: time-reversible

text: . Because a black hole eventually achieves a stable state with only three parameters, there is no way to avoid losing information about the initial conditions: the gravitational and electric fields of a black hole give very little information about what went in. The information that is lost includes every quantity that cannot be measured far away from the black hole horizon, including

text: approximately conserved

text: quantum number

text: s such as the total

text: baryon number

text: and

text: lepton number

text: . This behavior is so puzzling that it has been called the

text: black hole information loss paradox

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The behavior of the horizon

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: falls into a black hole

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical resistance

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: When an object falls into a black hole

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: conductive stretchy membrane

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In electromagnetic theory, the continuity equation is an empirical law expressing (local) charge conservation. Mathematically it is an automatic consequence of Maxwell's equations, although charge conservation is more fundamental than Maxwell's equations.  It states that the divergence of the current density J (in amperes per square meter) is equal to the negative rate of change of the charge density ρ (in coulombs per cubic metre),

text: In

text: electromagnetic theory

text: , the continuity equation is an empirical law expressing (local)

text: charge conservation

text: . Mathematically it is an automatic consequence of

text: Maxwell's equations

text: , although charge conservation is more fundamental than Maxwell's equations.  It states that the

text: divergence

text: of the

text: current density

text: J (in

text: amperes

text: per square meter) is equal to the negative rate of change of the

text: charge density

text: ρ (in

text: coulomb

text: s per cubic metre),

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Charge conservation is more fundamental than Maxwell's equations

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The divergence of the current density J

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: current

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: charge conservation

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The continuity equation is an empirical law

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Very close to the antenna, in the reactive region, energy of a certain amount, if not absorbed by a receiver, is held back and is stored very near the antenna surface. This energy is carried back and forth from the antenna to the reactive near field by electromagnetic radiation of the type that slowly changes electrostatic and magnetostatic effects. For example, current flowing in the antenna creates a purely magnetic component in the near field, which then collapses as the antenna current begins to reverse, causing transfer of the field's magnetic energy back to electrons in the antenna as the changing magnetic field causes a self-inductive effect on the antenna that generated it. This returns energy to the antenna in a regenerative way, so that it is not lost. A similar process happens as electric charge builds up in one section of the antenna under the pressure of the signal voltage, and causes a local electric field around that section of antenna, due to the antenna's self-capacitance. When the signal reverses so that charge is allowed to flow away from this region again, the built-up electric field assists in pushing electrons back in the new direction of their flow, as with the discharge of any unipolar capacitor. This again transfers energy back to the antenna current.

text: Very close to the antenna, in the reactive region,

text: energy

text: of a certain amount, if not absorbed by a receiver, is held back and is stored very near the antenna surface. This energy is carried back and forth from the antenna to the reactive near field by electromagnetic radiation of the type that slowly changes

text: electrostatic

text: and magnetostatic effects. For example, current flowing in the antenna creates a purely magnetic component in the near field, which then collapses as the antenna current begins to reverse, causing transfer of the field's magnetic energy back to electrons in the antenna as the changing magnetic field causes a self-inductive effect on the antenna that generated it. This returns energy to the antenna in a regenerative way, so that it is not lost. A similar process happens as electric charge builds up in one section of the antenna under the pressure of the signal voltage, and causes a local electric field around that section of antenna, due to the antenna's

text: self-capacitance

text: . When the signal reverses so that charge is allowed to flow away from this region again, the built-up electric field assists in pushing electrons back in the new direction of their flow, as with the discharge of any unipolar capacitor. This again transfers energy back to the antenna current.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: When the signal reverses

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: under the pressure of the signal voltage

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: creates a purely magnetic component in the near field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: unipolar capacitor

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrostatic and magnetostatic effects

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The oxidative pathway relies, just like the isomerization pathway, on a protein relay. The first member of this protein relay is a small periplasmic protein (21 kDa) called DsbA, which has two cysteine residues that must be oxidized for it to be active. When in its oxidized state, the protein is able to form disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in newly synthesized, and yet unfolded proteins by the transfer of its own disulfide bond onto the folding protein. After the transfer of this disulfide bond, DsbA is in a reduced state. For it to act catalytically again, it must be reoxidized. This is made possible by a 21 kDa inner membrane protein, called DsbB, which has two pairs of cysteine residues. A mixed disulfide is formed between a cysteine residue of DsbB and one of DsbA. Eventually, this cross-link between the two proteins is broken by a nucleophilic attack of the second cystein residue in the DsbA active site. On his turn, DsbB is reoxidized by transferring electrons to oxidized ubiquinone, which passes them to cytochrome oxidases, which finally reduce oxygen; this is in aerobic conditions. As molecular oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic conditions, oxidative folding is conveniently coupled to it through the respiratory chain. In anaerobic conditions however, DsbB passes its electrons to menaquinone, followed by a transfer of electrons to fumarate reductase or nitrate reductase.

text: The oxidative pathway relies, just like the isomerization pathway, on a protein relay. The first member of this protein relay is a small periplasmic protein (21 kDa) called

text: DsbA

text: , which has two cysteine residues that must be oxidized for it to be active. When in its oxidized state, the protein is able to form disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in newly synthesized, and yet unfolded proteins by the transfer of its own disulfide bond onto the folding protein. After the transfer of this disulfide bond, DsbA is in a reduced state. For it to act catalytically again, it must be reoxidized. This is made possible by a 21 kDa

text: inner membrane

text: protein, called

text: DsbB

text: , which has two pairs of cysteine residues. A mixed disulfide is formed between a cysteine residue of DsbB and one of DsbA. Eventually, this cross-link between the two proteins is broken by a

text: nucleophilic attack

text: of the second cystein residue in the DsbA

text: active site

text: . On his turn, DsbB is reoxidized by transferring

text: electron

text: s to oxidized

text: ubiquinone

text: , which passes them to

text: cytochrome

text: oxidases, which finally reduce

text: oxygen

text: ; this is in

text: aerobic

text: conditions. As molecular oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic conditions, oxidative folding is conveniently coupled to it through the

text: respiratory chain

text: . In anaerobic conditions however, DsbB passes its electrons to

text: menaquinone

text: , followed by a transfer of electrons to

text: fumarate reductase

text: or

text: nitrate reductase

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: oxidation

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: in aerobic conditions

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The oxidative pathway

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The other pathway, non-cyclic photophosphorylation, is a two-stage process involving two different chlorophyll photosystems. Being a light reaction, non-cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in the frets or stroma lamellae. First, a water molecule is broken down into 2H + 1/2 O + 2e by a process called photolysis (or water-splitting). The two electrons from the water molecule are kept in photosystem II, while the 2H and 1/2O are left out for further use. Then a photon is absorbed by chlorophyll pigments surrounding the reaction core center of the photosystem. The light excites the electrons of each pigment, causing a chain reaction that eventually transfers energy to the core of photosystem II, exciting the two electrons that are transferred to the primary electron acceptor, pheophytin. The deficit of electrons is replenished by taking electrons from another molecule of water. The electrons transfer from pheophytin to plastoquinone, which takes the 2e from Pheophytin, and two H atoms from the stroma and forms PQH, which later is broken into PQ, the 2e is released to Cytochrome bf complex and the two H ions are released into thylakoid lumen. The electrons then pass through the Cyt b and Cyt f. Then they are passed to plastocyanin,  providing the energy for hydrogen ions (H) to be pumped into the thylakoid space. This creates a gradient, making H ions flow back into the stroma of the chloroplast, providing the energy for the regeneration of ATP.

text: The other pathway, non-cyclic photophosphorylation, is a two-stage process involving two different chlorophyll photosystems. Being a light reaction, non-cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in the

text: frets

text: or

text: stroma lamellae

text: . First, a water molecule is broken down into 2H + 1/2 O + 2e by a process called

text: photolysis

text: (or water-splitting). The two electrons from the water molecule are kept in photosystem II, while the 2H and 1/2O are left out for further use. Then a photon is absorbed by chlorophyll pigments surrounding the reaction core center of the photosystem. The light excites the electrons of each pigment, causing a chain reaction that eventually transfers energy to the core of photosystem II, exciting the two electrons that are transferred to the primary electron acceptor,

text: pheophytin

text: . The deficit of electrons is replenished by taking electrons from another molecule of water. The electrons transfer from pheophytin to

text: plastoquinone

text: , which takes the 2e from Pheophytin, and two H atoms from the

text: stroma

text: and forms PQH, which later is broken into PQ, the 2e is released to

text: Cytochrome bf complex

text: and the two H ions are released into thylakoid

text: lumen

text: . The electrons then pass through the Cyt b and Cyt f. Then they are passed to

text: plastocyanin

text: ,  providing the energy for hydrogen ions (H) to be pumped into the thylakoid space. This creates a gradient, making H ions flow back into the stroma of the chloroplast, providing the energy for the regeneration of ATP.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Hydrogen ions

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The deficit of electrons

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: a photon

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: thylakoid lumen

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not.

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: non-cyclic photophosphorylation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Even when an object's net charge is zero, charge can be distributed non-uniformly in the object (e.g., due to an external electromagnetic field, or bound polar molecules). In such cases the object is said to be polarized. The charge due to polarization is known as bound charge, while charge on an object produced by electrons gained or lost from outside the object is called free charge. The motion of electrons in conductive metals in a specific direction is known as electric current.

text: Even when an object's net charge is zero, charge can be distributed non-uniformly in the object (e.g., due to an external

text: electromagnetic field

text: , or bound polar molecules). In such cases the object is said to be

text: polarized

text: . The charge due to polarization is known as

text: bound charge

text: , while charge on an object produced by electrons gained or lost from outside the object is called free charge. The motion of electrons in conductive

text: metal

text: s in a specific direction is known as

text: electric current

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: None

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrons gained or lost from outside the object

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: external electromagnetic field, or bound polar molecules

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrons gained or lost from outside the object

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: An external electromagnetic field

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrons gained or lost from outside the object

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Most electric cars have used conductive coupling to supply electricity for recharging after the California Air Resources Board settled on the SAE J1772-2001 standard as the charging interface for electric vehicles in California in June 2001. In Europe, the ACEA has decided to use the Type 2 connector from the range of IEC_62196 plug types for conductive charging of electric vehicles in the European Union as the Type 1 connector (SAE J1772-2009) does not provide for three-phase charging.

text: Most electric cars have used

text: conductive coupling

text: to supply electricity for recharging after the

text: California Air Resources Board

text: settled on the

text: SAE J1772

text: -2001 standard as the charging interface for electric vehicles in California in June 2001. In Europe, the

entity_name: European Automobile Manufacturers Association

text: ACEA

text: has decided to use the Type 2 connector from the range of

text: IEC_62196 plug types

text: for conductive charging of electric vehicles in the European Union as the Type 1 connector (SAE J1772-2009) does not provide for three-phase charging.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The California Air Resources Board

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: conductive coupling

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: conductive coupling

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: conductive coupling

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: conductive coupling

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Share registries are connected to FASTER via electronic links. Stock may be transferred for the benefit of a non-participant, by means of Client transfer. A transfer message is sent by a broker to FASTER, to transfer between the client and the broker's FTA. The transfer message is passed to the registry, who then updates the stock register. The shareholders are identified by a Common Shareholder Number (CSN). Outward transfers are protected by means of a FASTER identification number (FIN). This number is like a PIN, known only to the shareholder, and passed to the broker during a sale.

text: Share registries

text: are connected to FASTER via electronic links. Stock may be transferred for the benefit of a non-participant, by means of Client transfer. A transfer message is sent by a broker to FASTER, to transfer between the client and the broker's FTA. The transfer message is passed to the registry, who then updates the stock register. The shareholders are identified by a Common Shareholder Number (CSN). Outward transfers are protected by means of a FASTER identification number (FIN). This number is like a

text: PIN

text: , known only to the shareholder, and passed to the broker during a sale.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: (CSN)

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electronic links

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: FTA

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: FTA

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In the upper regions of the atmosphere the air is highly rarefied, and conducts like the rarefied gases in fluorescent tubes. The lower air is, when dry, a non-conductor. The upper stratum is positively charged, while the Earth's surface is itself negatively charged; the stratum of denser air between acting like the dielectric of a capacitor in keeping the opposite charges separate. The theory of atmospheric electricity equally explains many phenomena: free electricity causes thunderstorms, and electricity of a lower voltage is manifested during a display of the aurora borealis.

text: In the upper regions of the atmosphere the air is highly

text: rarefied

text: , and conducts like the rarefied gases in

text: fluorescent tube

text: s. The lower air is, when dry, a non-conductor. The

text: upper stratum

text: is positively charged, while the Earth's surface is itself negatively charged; the stratum of denser air between acting like the dielectric of a

text: capacitor

text: in keeping the opposite charges separate. The theory of atmospheric electricity equally explains many phenomena: free electricity causes thunderstorms, and electricity of a lower voltage is manifested during a display of the

text: aurora borealis

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Negative

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The theory of atmospheric electricity

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: thunderstorms

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: In the upper regions of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The stratum of denser air

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: non-conductor

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Friction has collaborated several times with British singer-songwriter and rapper Example. Since Friction's 2011 remix of his #1 hit single "Changed the Way You Kiss Me", Example has co-written songs for Friction ("Led Astray" and "Long Gone Memory") and Friction has co-produced an album track for Example ("Snakeskin"). Friction also collaborated with English electronic musician Skream in the 2013 song "Kingpin" (featuring UK grime MCs Scrufizzer, P Money and Riko Dan from Roll Deep).On 10 January 2012, BBC Radio 1's Zane Lowe made Friction's song "Led Astray" his Hottest Record in the World.

text: Friction has collaborated several times with

text: British

text: singer-songwriter and rapper

text: Example

text: . Since Friction's 2011 remix of his #1 hit single "

text: Changed the Way You Kiss Me

text: ", Example has co-written songs for Friction ("Led Astray" and "Long Gone Memory") and Friction has co-produced an album track for Example ("Snakeskin"). Friction also collaborated with English electronic musician

text: Skream

text: in the 2013 song "Kingpin" (featuring UK

text: grime

text: MCs

text: Scrufizzer

text: P Money

text: and Riko Dan from

text: Roll Deep

text: ).On 10 January 2012,

text: BBC Radio 1

text: 's

text: Zane Lowe

text: made Friction's song "Led Astray" his Hottest Record in the World.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Snakeskin

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Snakeskin

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: co-produced

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Snakeskin

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Friction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Normally, in a conductor, increasing electric field causes higher charge carrier (usually electron) speeds and results in higher current consistent with Ohm's Law. In a multi-valley semiconductor, though, higher energy may push the carriers into a higher energy state where they actually have higher effective mass and thus slow down. In effect, carrier velocities and current drop as the voltage is increased. While this transfer occurs, the material exhibits a decrease in current – that is, a negative differential resistance.  At higher voltages, the normal increase of current with voltage relation resumes once the bulk of the carriers are kicked into the higher energy-mass valley.  Therefore the negative resistance only occurs over a limited range of voltages.

text: Normally, in a conductor, increasing

text: electric field

text: causes higher charge

text: carrier

text: (usually electron) speeds and results in higher current consistent with

text: Ohm's Law

text: . In a multi-valley semiconductor, though, higher energy may push the carriers into a higher energy state where they actually have higher

text: effective mass

text: and thus slow down. In effect, carrier velocities and current drop as the voltage is increased. While this transfer occurs, the material exhibits a decrease in current – that is, a negative differential resistance.  At higher voltages, the normal increase of current with voltage relation resumes once the bulk of the carriers are kicked into the higher energy-mass valley.  Therefore the negative resistance only occurs over a limited range of voltages.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: No

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Ohm's Law

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: conductor

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: increasing electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: negative differential resistance

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (; 14 June  1736 – 23 August 1806) was a French physicist. He was best known for developing Coulomb's law, the definition of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion, but also did important work on friction. The SI unit of electric charge, the coulomb, was named after him.

text: Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (; 14 June  1736 – 23 August 1806) was a

text: French

text: physicist

text: . He was best known for developing

text: Coulomb's law

text: , the definition of the

text: electrostatic force

text: of attraction and repulsion, but also did important work on

text: friction

text: . The

text: SI unit

text: of

text: electric charge

text: , the

text: coulomb

text: , was named after him.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Coulomb's law

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrostatic force

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: friction

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: electrostatic force

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Coulomb's law

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Polarization is the sum of the E-plane orientations over time projected onto an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the radio wave. In the most general case, polarization is elliptical, meaning that the polarization of the radio waves varies over time. Two special cases are linear polarization (the ellipse collapses into a line) as we have discussed above, and circular polarization (in which the two axes of the ellipse are equal). In linear polarization the electric field of the radio wave oscillates back and forth along one direction; this can be affected by the mounting of the antenna but usually the desired direction is either horizontal or vertical polarization. In circular polarization, the electric field (and magnetic field) of the radio wave rotates at the radio frequency circularly around the axis of propagation. Circular or elliptically polarized radio waves are designated as right-handed or left-handed using the "thumb in the direction of the propagation" rule. Note that for circular polarization, optical researchers use the opposite right hand rule from the one used by radio engineers.

text: Polarization is the sum of the E-plane orientations over time projected onto an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the radio wave. In the most general case, polarization is

text: elliptical

text: , meaning that the polarization of the radio waves varies over time. Two special cases are

text: linear polarization

text: (the ellipse collapses into a line) as we have discussed above, and

text: circular polarization

text: (in which the two axes of the ellipse are equal). In linear polarization the electric field of the radio wave oscillates back and forth along one direction; this can be affected by the mounting of the antenna but usually the desired direction is either horizontal or vertical polarization. In circular polarization, the electric field (and magnetic field) of the radio wave rotates at the radio frequency circularly around the axis of propagation. Circular or elliptically polarized radio waves are

text: designated as right-handed or left-handed

text: using the "thumb in the direction of the propagation" rule. Note that for circular polarization, optical researchers use the opposite

text: right hand rule

text: from the one used by radio engineers.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The electric field of the radio wave oscillates back and forth along one direction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: mounting of the antenna

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It can be affected by the mounting of the antenna

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The electric field of the radio wave oscillates back and forth along one direction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) is an excited state electron transfer process by which excited electron is transferred from donor to acceptor. Due to PET a charge separation is generated, i.e., redox reaction takes place in excited state (this phenomenon is not observed in Dexter electron transfer).

text: Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) is an excited state

text: electron transfer

text: process by which excited electron is transferred from donor to acceptor. Due to PET a charge separation is generated, i.e.,

text: redox

text: reaction takes place in excited state (this phenomenon is not observed in

text: Dexter electron transfer

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: charge separation

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge separation

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Photoinduced

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: Photoinduced electron transfer

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: PET

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Photoinduced

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Act begins on 1 July 2012, and operates on a financial year basis. It is administered by the Clean Energy Regulator and the responsible Minister.  A carbon pollution cap limits the sum of: (a)     the total number of auctioned carbon units; and (b)     the total number of free carbon units issued in accordance with the Jobs and Competitiveness Program; and (c)  the total number of free carbon units issued to coal-fired electricity generators.If a person (including a corporation) is responsible for covered emissions of greenhouse gas from the operation of a facility, the facility's annual emissions are above a threshold, and the person does not surrender one eligible emissions unit for each tonne of carbon dioxide equivalence of the gas, the person is liable to pay unit shortfall charge. The financial years beginning on 1 July 2012, 1 July 2013 and 1 July 2014 are fixed charge years (otherwise known in popular terms as the 'carbon tax').  In a fixed charge year, carbon units will be issued under the Act for a fixed charge. Later financial years are flexible charge years which involve emissions trading. In a flexible charge year, carbon units will be issued under the Act as the result of an auction plus by means of free allocation to coal fired generators and emissions-intensive trade-exposed (EITE) industries. However, in the flexible charge years beginning on 1 July 2015, 1 July 2016 and 1 July 2017, some carbon units may be issued for a fixed charge (to act as a cap). Furthermore, free carbon units will be issued under the Jobs and Competitiveness Program (which deals with emissions-intensive trade-exposed (EITE) activities).  Free carbon units will be issued to coal-fired electricity generators. If a carbon unit was not issued for a fixed charge, the unit is transferable. The Climate Change Authority will conduct periodic reviews of the Act.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Free carbon units

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Free carbon units will be issued to coal-fired electricity generators

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: coal-fired

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It is administered by the Clean Energy Regulator and the responsible Minister

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: If a carbon unit was not issued for a fixed charge, the unit is transferable

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: For heat conduction from one fluid to another through a barrier, it is sometimes important to consider the conductance of the thin film of fluid that remains stationary next to the barrier. This thin film of fluid is difficult to quantify because its characteristics depend upon complex conditions of turbulence and viscosity—but when dealing with thin high-conductance barriers it can sometimes be quite significant.

text: For heat conduction from one fluid to another through a barrier, it is sometimes important to consider the conductance of the

text: thin film

text: of fluid that remains stationary next to the barrier. This thin film of fluid is difficult to quantify because its characteristics depend upon complex conditions of

text: turbulence

text: and

text: viscosity

text: —but when dealing with thin high-conductance barriers it can sometimes be quite significant.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: conductance

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: This thin film of fluid

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: turbulence

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It can sometimes be quite significant

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: conductance

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The main payment system of Transantiago is a Contactless smart card called Tarjeta Bip! similar to the Multivia card, which was previously operated by the metro. This card is used both in buses and metro as a prepaid card. The access to the reduced or free transfer fares is only possible when using this card, as the electronic system associated to the card automatically recognizes if users are starting their trip or just making a transfer. In this way, the system can determine whether the basic fare is to be charged or if a transfer or free fare applies. Passengers who do not have the card may pay in cash (only in feeder buses), but at a higher fare and without possibility of reduced transfers.

text: The main payment system of Transantiago is a

text: Contactless smart card

text: called Tarjeta Bip! similar to the

text: Multivia

text: card, which was previously operated by the metro. This card is used both in buses and metro as a prepaid card. The access to the reduced or free transfer fares is only possible when using this card, as the electronic system associated to the card automatically recognizes if users are starting their trip or just making a transfer. In this way, the system can determine whether the basic fare is to be charged or if a transfer or free fare applies. Passengers who do not have the card may pay in cash (only in feeder buses), but at a higher fare and without possibility of reduced transfers.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Contactless smart card

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Contactless

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Contactless

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: contactless

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Contactless

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Contactless

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The presence of surface charge imbalance means that the objects will exhibit attractive or repulsive forces. This surface charge imbalance, which yields static electricity, can be generated by touching two differing surfaces together and then separating them due to the phenomena of contact electrification and the triboelectric effect. Rubbing two nonconductive objects generates a great amount of static electricity. This is not just the result of friction; two nonconductive surfaces can become charged by just being placed one on top of the other. Since most surfaces have a rough texture, it takes longer to achieve charging through contact than through rubbing. Rubbing objects together increases amount of adhesive contact between the two surfaces. Usually insulators, e.g., substances that do not conduct electricity, are good at both generating, and holding, a surface charge.  Some examples of these substances are rubber, plastic, glass, and pith. Conductive objects only rarely generate charge imbalance except, for example, when a metal surface is impacted by solid or liquid nonconductors. The charge that is transferred during contact electrification is stored on the surface of each object. Static electric generators, devices which produce very high voltage at very low current and used for classroom physics demonstrations, rely on this effect.

text: The presence of

text: surface charge

text: imbalance means that the objects will exhibit attractive or repulsive forces. This surface charge imbalance, which yields static electricity, can be generated by touching two differing surfaces together and then separating them due to the phenomena of

text: contact electrification

text: and the

text: triboelectric effect

text: . Rubbing two nonconductive objects generates a great amount of static electricity. This is not just the result of friction; two nonconductive surfaces can become charged by just being placed one on top of the other. Since most surfaces have a rough texture, it takes longer to achieve charging through contact than through rubbing. Rubbing objects together increases amount of adhesive contact between the two surfaces. Usually

text: insulators

text: , e.g., substances that do not conduct electricity, are good at both generating, and holding, a surface charge.  Some examples of these substances are

text: rubber

text: plastic

text: glass

text: , and

text: pith

text: Conductive

text: objects only rarely generate charge imbalance except, for example, when a metal surface is impacted by solid or liquid nonconductors. The charge that is transferred during contact electrification is stored on the surface of each object.

text: Static electric generators

text: , devices which produce very high voltage at very low current and used for classroom physics demonstrations, rely on this effect.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Rubbing two nonconductive objects

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: This surface charge imbalance, which yields static electricity

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: touching two differing surfaces together

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: touching two differing surfaces together

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Rubbing two nonconductive objects generates a great amount of static electricity

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: contact electrification

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: determines the degree of polarity of the array, but for a neutral array it is simply a vector property of the array with no information about the array's absolute location. The dipole moment density of the array p(r) contains both the location of the array and its dipole moment. When it comes time to calculate the electric field in some region containing the array, Maxwell's equations are solved, and the information about the charge array is contained in the polarization density P(r) of Maxwell's equations. Depending upon how fine-grained an assessment of the electric field is required, more or less information about the charge array will have to be expressed by P(r). As explained below, sometimes it is sufficiently accurate to take P(r) = p(r). Sometimes a more detailed description is needed (for example, supplementing the dipole moment density with an additional quadrupole density) and sometimes even more elaborate versions of P(r) are necessary.

text: determines the degree of polarity of the array, but for a neutral array it is simply a vector property of the array with no information about the array's absolute location. The dipole moment density of the array p(r) contains both the location of the array and its dipole moment. When it comes time to calculate the electric field in some region containing the array, Maxwell's equations are solved, and the information about the charge array is contained in the polarization density P(r) of Maxwell's equations. Depending upon how fine-grained an assessment of the electric field is required, more or less information about the charge array will have to be expressed by P(r). As explained below, sometimes it is sufficiently accurate to take P(r) = p(r). Sometimes a more detailed description is needed (for example, supplementing the dipole moment density with an additional quadrupole density) and sometimes even more elaborate versions of P(r) are necessary.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Maxwell's equations

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Maxwell's equations are solved

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: a neutral array

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no information about the array's absolute location

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: When it comes time to calculate the electric field in some region containing the array, Maxwell's equations are solved

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In physics, a field is a physical quantity, typically a number or tensor, that has a value for each point in space and time. For example, on a weather map, the surface wind velocity is described by assigning a vector to each point on a map. Each vector represents the speed and direction of the movement of air at that point. As another example, an electric field can be thought of as a "condition in space" emanating from an electric charge and extending throughout the whole of space. When a test electric charge is placed in this electric field, the particle accelerates due to a force. Physicists have found the notion of a field to be of such practical utility for the analysis of forces that they have come to think of a force as due to a field.

text: In physics, a field is a

text: physical quantity

text: , typically a number or

text: tensor

text: , that has a value for each

text: point

text: in space and time. For example, on a weather map, the surface wind

text: velocity

text: is described by assigning a vector to each point on a map. Each vector represents the speed and direction of the movement of air at that point. As another example, an

text: electric field

text: can be thought of as a "condition in space" emanating from an

text: electric charge

text: and extending throughout the whole of space. When a

text: test electric charge

text: is placed in this electric field, the particle accelerates due to a force. Physicists have found the notion of a field to be of such practical utility for the analysis of forces that they have come to think of a force as due to a field.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: An electric charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: placed in this electric field

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: place a test electric charge in this electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: electric charge and extending throughout the whole of space

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electric field

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The non-radiative dielectric (NRD) waveguide  has been introduced by Yoneyama in 1981. In Fig. 1 the cross section of NRD guide is shown: it consists of a dielectric rectangular slab of height a  and width b, which is placed between two metallic parallel plates of suitable width. The structure is practically the same as the H waveguide, proposed by Tischer in 1953. Due to the dielectric slab, the electromagnetic field is confined in the vicinity of the dielectric region, whereas in the outside region, for suitable frequencies, the electromagnetic field decays exponentially. Therefore, if the metallic plates are sufficiently extended, the field is practically negligible at the end of the plates and therefore the situation does not greatly differ from the ideal case in which the plates are infinitely extended. The polarization of the electric field in the required mode is mainly parallel to the conductive walls. As it is known, if the electric field is parallel to the walls, the conduction losses decrease in the metallic walls at the increasing frequency, whereas, if the field is perpendicular to the walls, losses increase at the increasing frequency. Since the NRD waveguide has been deviced for its implementation at millimeter waves, the selected polarization minimizes the ohmic losses in the metallic walls.

text: The non-radiative dielectric (NRD) waveguide  has been introduced by Yoneyama in 1981. In Fig. 1 the cross section of NRD guide is shown: it consists of a

text: dielectric

text: rectangular slab of height a  and width b, which is placed between two metallic parallel plates of suitable width. The structure is practically the same as the H waveguide, proposed by Tischer in 1953. Due to the dielectric slab, the

text: electromagnetic field

text: is confined in the vicinity of the dielectric region, whereas in the outside region, for suitable frequencies, the electromagnetic field decays exponentially. Therefore, if the metallic plates are sufficiently extended, the field is practically negligible at the end of the plates and therefore the situation does not greatly differ from the ideal case in which the plates are infinitely extended. The

text: polarization

text: of the

text: electric field

text: in the required mode is mainly parallel to the conductive walls. As it is known, if the electric field is parallel to the walls, the conduction losses decrease in the metallic walls at the increasing frequency, whereas, if the field is perpendicular to the walls, losses increase at the increasing frequency. Since the NRD waveguide has been deviced for its implementation at

text: millimeter wave

text: s, the selected polarization minimizes the ohmic losses in the metallic walls.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The polarization of the electric field in the required mode

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The polarization of the electric field in the required mode is mainly parallel to the conductive walls

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electromagnetic field

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: parallel to the walls

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: parallel to the conductive walls

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: ohmic losses

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Charge carriers (such as electrons) have a property known as spin which is a small quantity of angular momentum intrinsic to the carrier. An electric current is generally unpolarized (consisting of 50% spin-up and 50% spin-down electrons); a spin polarized current is one with more electrons of either spin. By passing a current through a thick magnetic layer (usually called the “fixed layer”), one can produce a spin-polarized current.  If this spin-polarized current is directed into a second, thinner magnetic layer (the “free layer”), angular momentum can be transferred to this layer, changing its orientation.  This can be used to excite oscillations or even flip the orientation of the magnet.  The effects are usually only seen in nanometer scale devices.

text: Charge carriers (such as electrons) have a property known as

text: spin

text: which is a small quantity of

text: angular momentum

text: intrinsic to the carrier. An electric current is generally unpolarized (consisting of 50% spin-up and 50% spin-down electrons); a spin polarized current is one with more electrons of either spin. By passing a current through a thick magnetic layer (usually called the “fixed layer”), one can produce a spin-polarized current.  If this spin-polarized current is directed into a second, thinner magnetic layer (the “free layer”), angular momentum can be transferred to this layer, changing its orientation.  This can be used to excite

text: oscillations

text: or even flip the orientation of the magnet.  The effects are usually only seen in nanometer scale devices.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Spin-polarized current

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: spin-polarized current

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: passing a current through a thick magnetic layer

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: pass a current through a thick magnetic layer

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: By passing a current through

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: angular momentum can be transferred

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An electrolytic cell has three component parts: an electrolyte and two electrodes (a cathode and an anode). The electrolyte is usually a solution of water or other solvents in which ions are dissolved. Molten salts such as sodium chloride are also electrolytes. When driven by an external voltage applied to the electrodes, the ions in the electrolyte are attracted to an electrode with the opposite charge, charge-transferring (also called faradaic or redox) reactions can take place. Only with an external electrical potential (i.e. voltage) of correct polarity and sufficient magnitude can an electrolytic cell decompose a normally stable, or inert chemical compound in the solution. The electrical energy provided can produce a chemical reaction which would not occur spontaneously otherwise.

text: An electrolytic cell has three component parts: an

text: electrolyte

text: and two electrodes (a

text: cathode

text: and an

text: anode

text: ). The

text: electrolyte

text: is usually a

text: solution

text: of

text: water

text: or other

text: solvent

text: s in which ions are dissolved. Molten salts such as

text: sodium chloride

text: are also electrolytes. When driven by an external

text: voltage

text: applied to the electrodes, the ions in the electrolyte are attracted to an electrode with the opposite charge, charge-transferring (also called faradaic or redox) reactions can take place. Only with an external

text: electrical potential

text: (i.e. voltage) of correct polarity and sufficient magnitude can an electrolytic cell decompose a normally stable, or

text: inert

text: chemical compound in the solution. The electrical energy provided can produce a chemical reaction which would not occur spontaneously otherwise.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 5

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The electrolyte

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: When driven by an external voltage applied to the electrodes

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: external voltage applied to the electrodes

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: external voltage applied to the electrodes

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: When driven by an external voltage applied to the electrodes

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: faradaic or redox

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: . Similarly, the intensity of electromagnetic forces depends upon the strength (electric charge) of the electromagnetic field.

text: . Similarly, the intensity of electromagnetic forces depends upon the strength (

text: electric charge

text: ) of the electromagnetic field.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The intensity of electromagnetic forces depends upon the strength

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The intensity of electromagnetic forces

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electromagnetic fields

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The intensity of electromagnetic forces

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electromagnetic forces

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A charge-transfer complex (CT complex) or electron-donor-acceptor complex is an association of two or more molecules, or of different parts of one large molecule, in which a fraction of electronic charge is transferred between the molecular entities. The resulting electrostatic attraction provides a stabilizing force for the molecular complex. The source molecule from which the charge is transferred is called the electron donor and the receiving species is called the electron acceptor.

text: A charge-transfer complex (CT complex) or electron-donor-acceptor complex is an association of two or more

text: molecule

text: s, or of different parts of one large molecule, in which a fraction of electronic charge is transferred between the molecular entities. The resulting

text: electrostatic

text: attraction provides a stabilizing force for the molecular complex. The source molecule from which the charge is transferred is called the

text: electron donor

text: and the receiving species is called the

text: electron acceptor

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge-transfer complex

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electron donor and the receiving species

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electron donor and the receiving species

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge-transfer complex

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On January 21, 2009, the day he was inaugurated, United States President Barack Obama issued three Executive orders related to the detention of individuals in Guantanamo.That new review system was composed of officials from six departments, where the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense.  When it reported back, a year later, the Joint Review Task Force classified some individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, even though there was no evidence to justify laying charges against them. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a Freedom of Information Act request.Mohamad Farik bin Amin was one of the 71 individuals deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release.Obama said those deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release would start to receive reviews from a Periodic Review Board.

text: On January 21, 2009, the day he was inaugurated,

text: United States President

text: Barack Obama

text: issued three

text: Executive orders

text: related to the detention of individuals in Guantanamo.That new review system was composed of officials from six departments, where the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense.  When it reported back, a year later, the

text: Joint Review Task Force

text: classified some individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, even though there was no evidence to justify laying charges against them. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a

text: Freedom of Information Act

text: request.Mohamad Farik bin Amin was one of the 71 individuals deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release.Obama said those deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release would start to receive reviews from a

text: Periodic Review Board

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Guantanamo

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Guantanamo

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conducted

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It reported back, a year later

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Guantanamo

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Although the part 'tribo-' comes from the Greek for "rubbing", τρίβω (τριβή: friction), the two materials only need to come into contact for electrons to be exchanged.  After coming into contact, a chemical bond is formed between parts of the two surfaces, called adhesion, and charges move from one material to the other to equalize their electrochemical potential.  This is what creates the net charge imbalance between the objects.  When separated, some of the bonded atoms have a tendency to keep extra electrons, and some a tendency to give them away, though the imbalance will be partially destroyed by tunneling or electrical breakdown (usually corona discharge).  In addition, some materials may exchange ions of differing mobility, or exchange charged fragments of larger molecules.

text: Although the part 'tribo-' comes from the Greek for "rubbing", τρίβω (τριβή: friction), the two materials only need to come into contact for electrons to be exchanged.  After coming into contact, a chemical bond is formed between parts of the two surfaces, called

text: adhesion

text: , and charges move from one material to the other to equalize their

text: electrochemical potential

text: .  This is what creates the net charge imbalance between the objects.  When separated, some of the bonded atoms have a tendency to keep extra electrons, and some a tendency to give them away, though the imbalance will be partially destroyed by

text: tunneling

text: or

text: electrical breakdown

text: (usually

text: corona discharge

text: ).  In addition, some materials may exchange ions of differing mobility, or exchange charged fragments of larger molecules.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Some of the bonded atoms have a tendency to keep extra electrons

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: After coming into contact, a chemical bond is formed between parts of the two surfaces

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: tunneling or electrical breakdown

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: come into contact

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: electrons to be exchanged

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: tribo-

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The force of friction is always exerted in a direction that opposes movement (for kinetic friction) or potential movement (for static friction) between the two surfaces. For example, a curling stone sliding along the ice experiences a kinetic force slowing it down. For an example of potential movement, the drive wheels of an accelerating car experience a frictional force pointing forward; if they did not, the wheels would spin, and the rubber would slide backwards along the pavement. Note that it is not the direction of movement of the vehicle they oppose, it is the direction of (potential) sliding between tire and road.

text: The force of friction is always exerted in a direction that opposes movement (for kinetic friction) or potential movement (for static friction) between the two surfaces. For example, a

text: curling

text: stone sliding along the ice experiences a kinetic force slowing it down. For an example of potential movement, the drive wheels of an accelerating car experience a frictional force pointing forward; if they did not, the wheels would spin, and the rubber would slide backwards along the pavement. Note that it is not the direction of movement of the vehicle they oppose, it is the direction of (potential) sliding between tire and road.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The force of friction

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: static friction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: static friction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: sliding along the pavement

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: static friction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: static friction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Fundamentally, all electrical measurements of bilayers involve the placement of an electrode on either side of the membrane. By applying a bias across these electrodes and measuring the resulting current, it is possible to determine the resistance of the bilayer. This resistance is typically quite high for intact bilayers, often exceeding 100 GΩ since the hydrophobic core is impermeable to charged hydrated species. Because this resistance is so large, the presence of even a few nanometer-scale holes results in a dramatic increase in current and can be easily determined. The sensitivity of this system is such that even the activity of single ion channels can be resolved. In such DC measurements, it is necessary to use electrochemically active electrodes to provide the necessary positive charges on one side and negative charges on the other. The most common system is the silver/silver chloride electrode since this reaction is stable, reversible, involves a single electron transfer and can produce large currents. In addition to simple DC current measurements it is also possible to perform AC electrical characterization to extract information about the capacitance and complex impedance of a bilayer. Because capacitance is inversely proportional to thickness and bilayers are very thin they typically have a very large capacitance, on the order of 2µF/cm. Capacitance measurements are particularly useful when dealing with black lipid membranes, as they can be used to determine when the solvent/lipid plug thins down to a single bilayer.

text: Fundamentally, all electrical measurements of bilayers involve the placement of an electrode on either side of the membrane. By applying a bias across these electrodes and measuring the resulting current, it is possible to determine the

text: resistance

text: of the bilayer. This resistance is typically quite high for intact bilayers, often exceeding 100 GΩ since the hydrophobic core is impermeable to charged hydrated species. Because this resistance is so large, the presence of even a few nanometer-scale holes results in a dramatic increase in current and can be easily determined. The sensitivity of this system is such that even the activity of single

text: ion channels

text: can be resolved. In such DC measurements, it is necessary to use electrochemically active electrodes to provide the necessary positive charges on one side and negative charges on the other. The most common system is the

text: silver/silver chloride

text: electrode since this reaction is stable, reversible, involves a single electron transfer and can produce large currents. In addition to simple DC current measurements it is also possible to perform AC electrical characterization to extract information about the capacitance and complex

text: impedance

text: of a bilayer. Because capacitance is inversely proportional to thickness and bilayers are very thin they typically have a very large capacitance, on the order of 2µF/cm. Capacitance measurements are particularly useful when dealing with black lipid membranes, as they can be used to determine when the solvent/lipid plug thins down to a single bilayer.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It is necessary to use electrochemically active electrodes

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: It is necessary to use electrochemically active electrodes to provide the necessary positive charges on one side and negative charges on the other

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electrochemically active

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: applying a bias across these electrodes

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: DC measurements

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrochemically active electrodes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: CG lightning can occur with both positive and negative polarity. The polarity is that of the charge in the region that originated the lightning leaders. An average bolt of negative lightning carries an electric current of 30,000 amperes (30 kA), and transfers 15 coulombs of electric charge and 500 megajoules of energy. Large bolts of lightning can carry up to 120 kA and 350 coulombs.

text: CG lightning can occur with both positive and negative polarity. The polarity is that of the charge in the region that originated the lightning leaders. An average bolt of

text: negative

text: lightning carries an

text: electric current

text: of 30,000

text: ampere

text: s (30 kA), and transfers 15

text: coulomb

text: s of

text: electric charge

text: and 500

text: megajoules

text: of

text: energy

text: . Large bolts of lightning can carry up to 120 kA and 350 coulombs.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The polarity is that of the charge in the region that originated the lightning leaders

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: lightning

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric current

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The polarity is that of the charge

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: An average bolt of negative lightning

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Charging through conduction is based on the age-old technology of metal to metal connection. The technology involves contact between a charged object and a neutral object. In contrast to induction, where the charged object is brought near but never contacted to the object being charged, conduction charging involves making the physical connection of the charged object to the neutral object. Because charging by conduction involves contact, it is often called charging by contact and has the least transfer loss.

text: Charging through conduction is based on the age-old technology of metal to metal connection. The technology involves contact between a charged object and a neutral object. In contrast to induction, where the charged object is brought near but never contacted to the object being charged, conduction charging involves making the physical connection of the charged object to the neutral object. Because charging by conduction involves contact, it is often called charging by contact and has the least transfer loss.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: neutral object

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Charging through conduction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: conduction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: contact between a charged object and a neutral object

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Charging by contact

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Conduction

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Telcordia maintains its headquarters in Piscataway, New Jersey, and operates a software development facility in Chennai, India. Telcordia pioneered the prepaid charging system, the Intelligent Network. Most of the development work in intelligent networks is conducted in the laboratories in India and the United States. The headquarters campus in Piscataway and its offices and laboratories in Red Bank, New Jersey, are former Bell Labs locations that were transferred to Telcordia.

text: Telcordia maintains its headquarters in

text: Piscataway

text: , New Jersey, and operates a software development facility in

text: Chennai

text: India

text: . Telcordia pioneered the prepaid charging system, the

text: Intelligent Network

text: . Most of the development work in intelligent networks is conducted in the laboratories in India and the United States. The headquarters campus in Piscataway and its offices and laboratories in

text: Red Bank

text: , New Jersey, are former

text: Bell Labs

text: locations that were transferred to Telcordia.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Bell Labs locations

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Bell Labs locations that were transferred

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: prepaid charging

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conduct

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Bell Labs locations

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The headquarters campus in Piscataway

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A double layer is a structure in a plasma which consists of two parallel layers of opposite electrical charge. The sheets of charge, which are not necessarily planar, produce localised excursions of electric potential, resulting in a relatively strong electric field between the layers and weaker but more extensive compensating fields outside, which restore the global potential. Ions and electrons within the double layer are accelerated, decelerated, or deflected by the electric field, depending on their direction of motion.

text: A double layer is a

text: structure

text: in a

text: plasma

text: which consists of two parallel layers of opposite electrical charge. The sheets of charge, which are not necessarily planar, produce localised excursions of

text: electric potential

text: , resulting in a relatively strong electric field between the layers and weaker but more extensive compensating fields outside, which restore the global potential. Ions and electrons within the double layer are accelerated, decelerated, or deflected by the electric field, depending on their direction of motion.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: deflected

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The sheets of charge

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The sheets of charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric potential

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: a relatively strong electric field

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Ions and electrons

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The person-in-charge on the dock is called a Loading master-PIC and the person-in charge on the barge will be the Tankerman-PIC who possesses a merchant mariner's document. Additionally, the person-in-charge on a tanker ship will be the deck officer who monitors the transfer of product in the cargo control room. Transfer operations and commencement of a transfer is highly regulated throughout the world with consideration of the environment with potential of water pollution occurring if petroleum product is released into the water during the transfer. Federal, state, and local laws must be observed during marine transfer operations. Additionally, all persons-in-charge must have special training in order to obtain the proper credentials such as licensing and endorsement on their merchant mariner documents.

text: The person-in-charge on the dock is called a

text: Loading master

text: -PIC and the person-in charge on the barge will be the Tankerman-PIC who possesses a

text: merchant mariner's document

text: . Additionally, the person-in-charge on a tanker ship will be the

text: deck officer

text: who monitors the transfer of product in the cargo control room. Transfer operations and commencement of a transfer is highly regulated throughout the world with consideration of the environment with potential of

text: water pollution

text: occurring if petroleum product is released into the water during the transfer. Federal, state, and local laws must be observed during marine transfer operations. Additionally, all persons-in-charge must have special training in order to obtain the proper credentials such as licensing and endorsement on their merchant mariner documents.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: transfer of product

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: petroleum product

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: transfer

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A dielectric material (dielectric for short) is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. When a dielectric is placed in an electric field, electric charges do not flow through the material as they do in a conductor, but only slightly shift from their average equilibrium positions causing dielectric polarization. Because of dielectric polarization, positive charges are displaced toward the field and negative charges shift in the opposite direction. This creates an internal electric field that reduces the overall field within the dielectric itself. If a dielectric is composed of weakly bonded molecules, those molecules not only become polarized, but also reorient so that their symmetry axes align to the field.

text: A dielectric material (dielectric for short) is an electrical

text: insulator

text: that can be

text: polarized

text: by an applied

text: electric field

text: . When a dielectric is placed in an electric field, electric charges do not flow through the material as they do in a

text: conductor

text: , but only slightly shift from their average equilibrium positions causing dielectric polarization. Because of dielectric polarization, positive charges are displaced toward the field and negative charges shift in the opposite direction. This creates an internal electric field that reduces the overall field within the dielectric itself. If a dielectric is composed of weakly bonded molecules, those molecules not only become polarized, but also reorient so that their symmetry axes align to the field.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Negative charges

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: positive charges are displaced toward the field and negative charges shift in the opposite direction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: applied electric field

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: placed in an electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: applied electric field

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: dielectric polarization

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: A famous method for measuring e is Millikan's oil-drop experiment. A small drop of oil in an electric field would move at a rate that balanced the forces of gravity, viscosity (of traveling through the air), and electric force. The forces due to gravity and viscosity could be calculated based on the size and velocity of the oil drop, so electric force could be deduced. Since electric force, in turn, is the product of the electric charge and the known electric field, the electric charge of the oil drop could be accurately computed. By measuring the charges of many different oil drops, it can be seen that the charges are all integer multiples of a single small charge, namely e.

text: A famous method for measuring e is Millikan's oil-drop experiment. A small drop of oil in an electric field would move at a rate that balanced the forces of

text: gravity

text: viscosity

text: (of traveling through the air), and

text: electric force

text: . The forces due to gravity and viscosity could be calculated based on the size and velocity of the oil drop, so electric force could be deduced. Since electric force, in turn, is the product of the electric charge and the known electric field, the electric charge of the oil drop could be accurately computed. By measuring the charges of many different oil drops, it can be seen that the charges are all integer multiples of a single small charge, namely e.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: A small drop of oil in an electric field would move

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: in an electric field

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Millikan's oil-drop experiment

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Viscosity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An electret is a stable dielectric material with a permanently embedded static electric charge (which, due to the high resistance and chemical stability of the material, will not decay for hundreds of years). The name comes from electrostatic and magnet; drawing analogy to the formation of a magnet by alignment of magnetic domains in a piece of iron. Electrets are commonly made by first melting a suitable dielectric material such as a plastic or wax that contains polar molecules, and then allowing it to re-solidify in a powerful electrostatic field. The polar molecules of the dielectric align themselves to the direction of the electrostatic field, producing a permanent electrostatic "bias". Modern electret microphones use PTFE plastic, either in film or solute form, to form the electret.

text: An

text: electret

text: is a stable

text: dielectric

text: material with a permanently embedded static

text: electric charge

text: (which, due to the high

text: resistance

text: and chemical stability of the material, will not decay for hundreds of years). The name comes from electrostatic and magnet; drawing analogy to the formation of a

text: magnet

text: by alignment of magnetic domains in a piece of iron. Electrets are commonly made by first melting a suitable

text: dielectric

text: material such as a plastic or wax that contains

text: polar

text: molecules

text: , and then allowing it to re-solidify in a powerful electrostatic field. The polar molecules of the dielectric align themselves to the direction of the electrostatic field, producing a permanent electrostatic "bias". Modern electret microphones use

text: PTFE

text: plastic, either in film or solute form, to form the electret.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: polar molecules

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: polar molecules

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: a powerful electrostatic field

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: a powerful electrostatic field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: a powerful electrostatic field

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: polar molecules

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The triboelectric effect is a type of contact electrification in which certain materials become electrically charged when they are brought into contact with a different material and then separated.  One of the materials acquires a positive charge, and the other acquires an equal negative charge.  The polarity and strength of the charges produced differ according to the materials, surface roughness, temperature, strain, and other properties.  Amber, for example, can acquire an electric charge by friction with a material like wool. This property, first recorded by Thales of Miletus, was the first electrical phenomenon investigated by humans. Other examples of materials that can acquire a significant charge when rubbed together include glass rubbed with silk, and hard rubber rubbed with fur.

text: The

text: triboelectric effect

text: is a type of contact electrification in which certain materials become electrically charged when they are brought into contact with a different material and then separated.  One of the materials acquires a positive charge, and the other acquires an equal negative charge.  The polarity and strength of the charges produced differ according to the materials, surface roughness, temperature, strain, and other properties.  Amber, for example, can acquire an electric charge by friction with a material like wool. This property, first recorded by

text: Thales of Miletus

text: , was the first electrical phenomenon investigated by humans. Other examples of materials that can acquire a significant charge when rubbed together include glass rubbed with silk, and hard rubber rubbed with fur.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Negative charge

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The triboelectric effect

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: The triboelectric effect

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: contact with a different material

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The triboelectric effect

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Around June 1752, Ben Franklin reportedly performed his famous kite experiment. L. G. Lemonnier (1752) reproduced Franklin's experiment with an aerial, but substituted the ground wire with some dust particles (testing attraction). He went on to document the fair weather condition, the clear-day electrification of the atmosphere, and the diurnal variation of the atmosphere's electricity. G. Beccaria (1775) confirmed Lemonnier's diurnal variation data and determined that the atmosphere's charge polarity was positive in fair weather. H. B. Saussure (1779) recorded data relating to a conductor's induced charge in the atmosphere. Saussure's instrument (which contained two small spheres suspended in parallel with two thin wires) was a precursor to the electrometer. Saussure found that the fair weather condition had an annual variation. Saussure found that there was a variation with height, as well. In 1785, C. A. Coulomb discovered the conductivity of air. His discovery was contrary to the prevailing thought at the time that the atmospheric gases were insulators (which they are to some extent, or at least not very good conductors when not ionized). His research was unfortunately completely ignored. P. Erman (1804) theorized that the Earth was negatively charged. J. C. A. Peltier (1842) tested and confirmed Erman's idea. Lord Kelvin (1860s) proposed that atmospheric positive charges explained the fair weather condition and, later, recognized the existence of atmospheric electric fields.

text: Around June 1752,

text: Ben Franklin

text: reportedly performed his famous kite experiment.

text: L. G. Lemonnier

text: (1752) reproduced Franklin's experiment with an aerial, but substituted the ground wire with some dust particles (testing attraction). He went on to document the fair weather condition, the clear-day electrification of the atmosphere, and the

text: diurnal

text: variation of the atmosphere's electricity.

text: G. Beccaria

text: (1775) confirmed Lemonnier's diurnal variation data and determined that the atmosphere's charge polarity was positive in fair weather.

text: H. B. Saussure

text: (1779) recorded data relating to a conductor's induced charge in the atmosphere. Saussure's instrument (which contained two small spheres suspended in parallel with two thin wires) was a precursor to the

text: electrometer

text: . Saussure found that the fair weather condition had an annual variation. Saussure found that there was a variation with height, as well. In 1785,

text: C. A. Coulomb

text: discovered the conductivity of air. His discovery was contrary to the prevailing thought at the time that the atmospheric gases were insulators (which they are to some extent, or at least not very good conductors when not

text: ionized

text: ). His research was unfortunately completely ignored.

text: P. Erman

text: (1804) theorized that the Earth was negatively charged.

text: J. C. A. Peltier

text: (1842) tested and confirmed Erman's idea.

text: Lord Kelvin

text: (1860s) proposed that atmospheric positive charges explained the fair weather condition and, later, recognized the existence of atmospheric electric fields.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and complete, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Negative

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: G. Beccaria

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: ionized

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: ground wire

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: insulators

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The studies of crystalline ionic conductors where excess ions were provided by point defect continued though 1950s, and the specific mechanism of conduction was established for each compound depending on its ionic structure. The emergence of glassy and polymeric electrolytes in the late 1970s provided new ionic conduction mechanisms. A relatively wide range of conductivites was attained in glasses, wherein mobile ions were dynamically decoupled from the matrix. It was found that the conductivity could be increased by doping a glass with certain salts, or by using a glass mixture. The conductivity values could be as high as 0.03 S/cm at room temperature, with activation energies as low as 20 kJ/mol. Compared to crystals, glasses have isotropic properties, continuously tunable composition and good workability; they lack the detrimental grain boundaries and can be molded into any shape, but understanding their ionic transport was complicated by the lack of long-range order.

text: The studies of crystalline ionic conductors where excess ions were provided by point defect continued though 1950s, and the specific mechanism of conduction was established for each compound depending on its ionic structure. The emergence of glassy and polymeric electrolytes in the late 1970s provided new ionic conduction mechanisms. A relatively wide range of conductivites was attained in glasses, wherein mobile ions were dynamically decoupled from the matrix. It was found that the conductivity could be increased by doping a glass with certain salts, or by using a glass mixture. The conductivity values could be as high as 0.03 S/cm at room temperature, with activation energies as low as 20 kJ/mol. Compared to crystals, glasses have

text: isotropic

text: properties, continuously tunable composition and good workability; they lack the detrimental

text: grain boundaries

text: and can be molded into any shape, but understanding their ionic transport was complicated by the lack of long-range order.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: ionic transport

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: point defect

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: doping a glass

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: crystalline ionic conductors

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: point defect

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Typical oxidizing agents undergo permanent chemical alteration through covalent or ionic reaction chemistry, resulting in the complete and irreversible transfer of one or more electrons. In many chemical circumstances, however, the transfer of electronic charge from an electron donor may be only fractional, meaning an electron is not completely transferred, but results in an electron resonance between the donor and acceptor. This leads to the formation of charge transfer complexes in which the components largely retain their chemical identities.

text: Typical oxidizing agents undergo permanent chemical alteration through covalent or ionic reaction chemistry, resulting in the complete and irreversible transfer of one or more electrons. In many chemical circumstances, however, the transfer of electronic charge from an

text: electron donor

text: may be only fractional, meaning an electron is not completely transferred, but results in an electron resonance between the donor and acceptor. This leads to the formation of

text: charge transfer complex

text: es in which the components largely retain their chemical identities.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The formation of charge transfer complexes in which the components largely retain their chemical identities

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: covalent or ionic reaction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: the donor and acceptor

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: In many chemical circumstances

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: covalent or ionic reaction

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Other forms of electronic transfers include, for example, electronic funds transfer system (EFTS). This is the system one uses when one gives one's bank account number and routing information to someone owed money and that party transfers the money from one's account. It is also the system used in some payments made via a bank's online bill payment service.  EFTS transfers differ from wire transfers in important legal ways. An EFTS payment is essentially an electronic personal check, whereas a wire transfer is more like an electronic cashier's check.

text: Other forms of electronic transfers include, for example,

text: electronic funds transfer

text: system (EFTS). This is the system one uses when one gives one's bank account number and routing information to someone owed money and that party transfers the money from one's account. It is also the system used in some payments made via a bank's online bill payment service.  EFTS transfers differ from wire transfers in important legal ways. An EFTS payment is essentially an electronic personal check, whereas a wire transfer is more like an electronic cashier's check.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: (EFTS)

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electronic transfers

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: wire

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Wire transfer

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: wire transfer

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV) is an electric vehicle that charges wirelessly while moving using electromagnetic induction (the wireless transfer of power through magnetic fields). It functions by using a segmented "recharging" road that induces a current in "pick-up" modules on the vehicle.

text: The Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV) is an electric vehicle that charges wirelessly while moving using

text: electromagnetic induction

text: (the wireless transfer of power through

text: magnetic field

text: s). It functions by using a segmented "recharging" road that induces a current in "pick-up" modules on the vehicle.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: electromagnetic induction

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electromagnetic induction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electromagnetic induction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: moving

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electromagnetic induction

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: When surfaces in contact move relative to each other, the friction between the two surfaces converts kinetic energy into thermal energy (that is, it converts work to heat). This property can have dramatic consequences, as illustrated by the use of friction created by rubbing pieces of wood together to start a fire. Kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy whenever motion with friction occurs, for example when a viscous fluid is stirred. Another important consequence of many types of friction can be wear, which may lead to performance degradation and/or damage to components. Friction is a component of the science of tribology.

text: When surfaces in contact move relative to each other, the friction between the two surfaces converts

text: kinetic energy

text: into

text: thermal energy

text: (that is, it converts

text: work

text: to

text: heat

text: ). This property can have dramatic consequences, as illustrated by the use of friction created by rubbing pieces of wood together to start a fire. Kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy whenever motion with friction occurs, for example when a

text: viscous

text: fluid is stirred. Another important consequence of many types of friction can be

text: wear

text: , which may lead to performance degradation and/or damage to components. Friction is a component of the science of

text: tribology

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Kinetic energy

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: when a viscous fluid is stirred

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: When surfaces in contact move relative to each other

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: And yet Quantity of Electricity still persists in its original definition in many major contemporary references.  For example, in the modern SI units of physics, the SI definition of coulombis given as both the unit quantity of electric charge and also the unit quantity of electricity.  Encyclopædia Britannica defines the coulomb as the unit quantity of electricity. The Merriam-Webster dictionary, in definition 1a, defines electricity as charge.   And until the late 1980s, the glossary in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics used the term "quantity of electricity" in place of "electric charge" in most of its definitions.  Chemistry students will be familiar with Faraday's discovery that a unit quantity of electricity, when passed through an electrolysis cell, liberates a certain number of atoms of metal or gas.  Under these definitions, electricity is not a form of energy.

text: And yet Quantity of Electricity still persists in its original definition in many major contemporary references.  For example, in the modern

text: SI

text: units of physics, the SI definition of coulombis given as both the unit quantity of electric charge and also the unit quantity of electricity.

text: Encyclopædia Britannica

text: defines the coulomb as the unit quantity of electricity. The Merriam-Webster dictionary, in definition 1a, defines electricity as charge.   And until the late 1980s, the glossary in the

text: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

text: used the term "quantity of electricity" in place of "electric charge" in most of its definitions.  Chemistry students will be familiar with Faraday's discovery that a unit quantity of electricity, when

text: passed through an electrolysis cell

text: , liberates a certain number of atoms of metal or gas.  Under these definitions, electricity is not a form of energy.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The Merriam-Webster dictionary

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The Merriam-Webster dictionary, in definition 1a

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: when passed through an electrolysis cell

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: pass through an electrolysis cell

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: When passed through an electrolysis cell

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrolysis cell

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Processes transferring energy from a non-thermal carrier to heat as a carrier do produce entropy (Example: mechanical/electrical friction, established by Count Rumford).Either the produced entropy or heat are measured (calorimetry) or the transferred energy of the non-thermal carrier may be measured.

text: Processes transferring energy from a non-thermal carrier to heat as a carrier do produce entropy (Example: mechanical/electrical friction, established by

text: Count Rumford

text: ).Either the produced entropy or heat are measured (calorimetry) or the transferred energy of the non-thermal carrier may be measured.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: entropy

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: mechanical/electrical friction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical friction

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not.

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: mechanical/electrical friction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Additionally, the presence of electrical action in Earth's atmosphere, due to the accumulation of static charges, generated by friction of the air upon itself, released to ground in an instant, in a massive down-rush of current (moving electronic charges) the moment the accumulated charge exceeds the breakdown voltage of air, accounts for the phenomenon of lightning.

text: Additionally, the presence of electrical action in Earth's atmosphere, due to the accumulation of

text: static charge

text: s, generated by friction of the air upon itself, released to ground in an instant, in a massive down-rush of current (moving electronic charges) the moment the accumulated charge exceeds the breakdown voltage of air, accounts for the phenomenon of lightning.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The presence of electrical action

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: moving electronic charges

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: friction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: friction

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: static charges

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: static charges

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Bashir was a closed friend of Nadeem Ahmed Advocate, he started his education with Nadeem Ahmed Advocate, and later Bashir was commissioned in the army in 1984 and is a graduate of Military College of Signals, Rawalpindi where he gained his B.Eng. in Electronics and Communication Engineering with a specialization in electronic signals technology from the College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering. After his degree, he was inducted in Corps of Engineers as a 2nd Lieutenant in 1986. In 1990, Shahid was transferred to Army Aviation Corps where he did a one-year-long aviation course, was inducted into the Army Aviation Corps as an Aviation Pilot of PA-AH-1 Cobra.In 1996, he was transferred to the Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering where he started his engineering career from Air Weapons Complex. At AWC, he met with  Awais Ali Khan, a U.S. educated-mechanical engineer who expertise in drs given a charge of one regiment of the Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, and was posted as a commanding officer at the Shamsi Air Force Base. The Shamsi Air Force Base is a Pakistan Air Force's secret air base allegedly use by the Central Intelligence Agency for Predator drone attacks on militants in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas.

text: Bashir was a closed friend of Nadeem Ahmed Advocate, he started his education with Nadeem Ahmed Advocate, and later Bashir was commissioned in the army in 1984 and is a graduate of

text: Military College of Signals

text: Rawalpindi

text: where he gained his

text: B.Eng.

text: in

text: Electronics and Communication Engineering

text: with a specialization in

text: electronic signals technology

text: from the

entity_name: College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

text: College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

text: . After his degree, he was inducted in

text: Corps of Engineers

text: as a

text: 2nd Lieutenant

text: in 1986. In 1990, Shahid was transferred to

text: Army Aviation Corps

text: where he did a one-year-long aviation course, was inducted into the Army Aviation Corps as an Aviation Pilot of

text: PA-AH-1 Cobra

text: .In 1996, he was transferred to the

text: Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

text: where he started his engineering career from

text: Air Weapons Complex

text: . At AWC, he met with  Awais Ali Khan, a U.S. educated-mechanical engineer who expertise in drs given a charge of one

text: regiment

text: of the Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, and was posted as a commanding officer at the

text: Shamsi Air Force Base

text: . The

text: Shamsi Air Force Base

text: is a Pakistan Air Force's secret air base allegedly use by the

text: Central Intelligence Agency

text: for Predator drone attacks on militants in Pakistan's

text: Federally Administered Tribal Areas

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electronic signals

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: inducted

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Direct contact

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: mechanical engineering

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The maximum of the ET rate is expected at ΔG = 0. Here Δe = 0  and q = 0 (Fig. 2) which means that the electron may jump in the precursor complex at its equilibrium polarization. No thermal activation is necessary: the reaction is barrierless. In the inverted region the polarization corresponds to the difficult to imagine notion of a charge distribution where the donor has received and the acceptor given off charge. Of course, in real world this does not happen, it is not a real charge distribution which creates this critical polarization, but the thermal fluctuation in the solvent. This polarization necessary for transfer in the inverted region can be created – with some probability – as well as any other one. The electron is just waiting for it for jumping.

text: The maximum of the ET rate is expected at ΔG = 0. Here Δe = 0  and q = 0 (Fig. 2) which means that the electron may jump in the precursor complex at its equilibrium polarization. No thermal activation is necessary: the reaction is barrierless. In the inverted region the polarization corresponds to the difficult to imagine notion of a charge distribution where the donor has received and the acceptor given off charge. Of course, in real world this does not happen, it is not a real charge distribution which creates this critical polarization, but the thermal fluctuation in the solvent. This polarization necessary for transfer in the inverted region can be created – with some probability – as well as any other one. The electron is just waiting for it for jumping.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The electron is just waiting for it

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The electron is just waiting for it for jumping

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: thermal fluctuation in the solvent

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: The electron is just waiting for it for jumping

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The electron is waiting for it for jumping

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: This section covers money transfers. The bill states "[n]o person engaged in the business of betting or wagering may knowingly accept" any money transfers in any way from a person participating in unlawful Internet gambling. This includes credit cards, electronic fund transfers, and even paper checks. But the restriction on transfers is limited to Internet gambling businesses, not mere players. It also would not cover payment processors or ISPs, even under a theory of aiding and abetting. The Act clearly does not make it a crime to knowingly transmit funds for illegal gambling. Neither the player nor the intermediary can be charged with this crime. The language of the Act even eliminates the possibility of charging financial institutions and computer hosts under a theory of aiding and abetting, since it explicitly states, in the definitions section, that being in the business of gambling does not include a "financial transaction provider," or an ISP.

text: This section covers money transfers. The bill states "[n]o person engaged in the business of betting or wagering may knowingly accept" any money transfers in any way from a person participating in unlawful Internet gambling. This includes credit cards, electronic fund transfers, and even paper checks. But the restriction on transfers is limited to Internet gambling businesses, not mere players. It also would not cover payment processors or ISPs, even under a theory of aiding and abetting. The Act clearly does not make it a crime to knowingly transmit funds for illegal gambling. Neither the player nor the intermediary can be charged with this crime. The language of the Act even eliminates the possibility of charging financial institutions and computer hosts under a theory of aiding and abetting, since it explicitly states, in the definitions section, that being in the business of gambling does not include a "financial transaction provider," or an ISP.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It also would not cover payment processors

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: It also would not cover payment processors or ISPs, even under a theory of aiding and abetting

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electronic fund transfers

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: knowingly accept

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It also would not cover payment processors or ISPs

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electronic fund transfers

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: These machines belong to a class of electrostatic generators called influence machines, which separate electric charges through electrostatic induction, or influence, not depending on friction for their operation. Earlier machines in this class were developed by Wilhelm Holtz (1865 and 1867), August Toepler (1865), J. Robert Voss (1880), and others. The older machines are less efficient and exhibit an unpredictable tendency to switch their polarity. The Wimshurst does not have this defect.

text: These machines belong to a class of electrostatic generators called

text: influence machine

text: s, which separate

text: electric charge

text: s through

text: electrostatic induction

text: , or influence, not depending on friction for their operation. Earlier machines in this class were developed by

text: Wilhelm Holtz

text: (1865 and 1867),

text: August Toepler

text: (1865), J. Robert Voss (1880), and others. The older machines are less efficient and exhibit an unpredictable tendency to switch their polarity. The Wimshurst does not have this defect.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: separate electric charges

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrostatic induction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: induction

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: separate electric charges

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: electrostatic induction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electrostatic induction

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: As part of the Monetary Control Act of 1980 the Federal Reserve System charged banks for float, which improved check processing efficiency. To reduce 'transportation float', banks have been able to scan their checks since the 1990s, and present them electronically at the Federal Reserve. With increasing electronic funds transfer, float averaged only $774 million per day in 2000. Electronic cheques and particularly the Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act in the United States, or Check 21 as it is more commonly called, have been designed to target cheque kiting.

text: As part of the

entity_name: Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act

text: Monetary Control Act of 1980

text: the Federal Reserve System charged banks for float, which improved check processing efficiency. To reduce 'transportation float', banks have been able to scan their checks since the 1990s, and present them electronically at the Federal Reserve. With increasing

text: electronic funds transfer

text: , float averaged only $774 million per day in 2000. Electronic cheques and particularly the

text: Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act

text: in the United States, or Check 21 as it is more commonly called, have been designed to target cheque kiting.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: float

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: scan their checks

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: float

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Check 21

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: float

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Paraelectricity is the ability of many materials (specifically ceramics) to become polarized under an applied electric field. Unlike ferroelectricity, this can happen even if there is no permanent electric dipole that exists in the material, and removal of the fields results in the polarization in the material returning to zero. The mechanisms that cause paraelectric behaviour are the distortion of individual ions (displacement of the electron cloud from the nucleus) and polarization of molecules or combinations of ions or defects.

text: Paraelectricity

text: is the ability of many materials (specifically

text: ceramic

text: s) to become polarized under an applied

text: electric field

text: . Unlike

text: ferroelectricity

text: , this can happen even if there is no permanent

text: electric dipole

text: that exists in the material, and removal of the fields results in the

text: polarization

text: in the material returning to zero. The mechanisms that cause paraelectric behaviour are the distortion of individual

text: ions

text: (displacement of the electron cloud from the nucleus) and polarization of molecules or combinations of ions or defects.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Displacement of the electron cloud

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: applied electric field

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: applied electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: applied electric field

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: ferroelectricity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Alternatively, introductory treatments of magnetism introduce the Biot–Savart law, which describes the magnetic field associated with an electric current. An observer at rest with respect to a system of static, free charges will see no magnetic field. However, a moving observer looking at the same set of charges does perceive a current, and thus a magnetic field.  That is, the magnetic field is simply the electric field, as seen in a moving coordinate system.

text: Alternatively, introductory treatments of

text: magnetism

text: introduce the

text: Biot–Savart law

text: , which describes the magnetic field associated with an

text: electric current

text: . An observer at rest with respect to a system of static, free charges will see no magnetic field. However, a moving observer looking at the same set of charges does perceive a current, and thus a magnetic field.  That is, the magnetic field is simply the electric field, as seen in a moving coordinate system.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Free charges

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The formation of charged matter always depends on the transfer of electrons

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: static

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: moving

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The Biot–Savart law

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Biot–Savart law

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Reentry heating differs from the normal atmospheric heating associated with jet aircraft, and this governed TPS design and characteristics. The skin of high-speed jet aircraft can also become hot, but this is from frictional heating due to atmospheric friction, similar to warming one's hands by rubbing them together. The orbiter reentered the atmosphere as a blunt body by having a very high (40-degree) angle of attack, with its broad lower surface facing the direction of flight. Over 80% of the heating the orbiter experiences during reentry is caused by compression of the air ahead of the hypersonic vehicle, in accordance with the basic thermodynamic relation between pressure and temperature.  A hot shock wave was created in front of the vehicle, which deflected most of the heat and prevented the orbiter's surface from directly contacting the peak heat.  Therefore reentry heating was largely convective heat transfer between the shock wave and the orbiter's skin through superheated plasma. The key to a reusable shield against this type of heating is very low-density material, similar to how a thermos bottle inhibits convective heat transfer.

text: Reentry heating differs from the normal atmospheric heating associated with jet aircraft, and this governed TPS design and characteristics. The skin of high-speed jet aircraft can also become hot, but this is from frictional heating due to atmospheric

text: friction

text: , similar to warming one's hands by rubbing them together. The orbiter reentered the atmosphere as a

text: blunt body

text: by having a very high (40-degree)

text: angle of attack

text: , with its broad lower surface facing the direction of flight. Over 80% of the heating the orbiter experiences during reentry is caused by compression of the air ahead of the hypersonic vehicle, in accordance with the basic

text: thermodynamic relation between pressure and temperature

text: .  A hot

text: shock wave

text: was created in front of the vehicle, which deflected most of the heat and prevented the orbiter's surface from directly contacting the peak heat.  Therefore reentry heating was largely

text: convective heat transfer

text: between the shock wave and the orbiter's skin through superheated

text: plasma

text: . The key to a reusable shield against this type of heating is very low-density material, similar to how a

text: thermos bottle

text: inhibits convective heat transfer.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: rubbing them together

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: A hot shock wave

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: frictional heating

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Rudolph A. Marcus of the California Institute of Technology found that when the driving force increases beyond a certain level, electron transfer will begin to slow down instead of speed up (Marcus, 1992)  and he received a Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1992 for this contribution to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems. The implication of the work is that a vectoral electron transport process may be greater the smaller the potential, as in living systems.

text: Rudolph A. Marcus of the California Institute of Technology found that when the driving force increases beyond a certain level, electron transfer will begin to slow down instead of speed up (Marcus, 1992)  and he received a Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1992 for this contribution to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems. The implication of the work is that a vectoral electron transport process may be greater the smaller the potential, as in living systems.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: when the driving force increases

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: chemical systems

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: the driving force increases

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: when the driving force increases beyond a certain level

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Very high electrical and thermal conductivity is common to the elements in group 11, because their single s electron is free and does not interact with the filled d subshell, as such interactions (which occur in the preceding transition metals) lower electron mobility. The electrical conductivity of silver is the greatest of all metals, greater even than copper, but it is not widely used for this property because of the higher cost. An exception is in radio-frequency engineering, particularly at VHF and higher frequencies where silver plating improves electrical conductivity because those currents tend to flow on the surface of conductors rather than through the interior. During World War II in the US,  tons of silver were used in electromagnets for enriching uranium, mainly because of the wartime shortage of copper. Pure silver has the highest thermal conductivity of any metal, although the conductivity of carbon (in the diamond allotrope) and superfluid helium-4 are even higher. Silver also has the lowest contact resistance of any metal.

text: Very high electrical and thermal conductivity is common to the elements in group 11, because their single s electron is free and does not interact with the filled d subshell, as such interactions (which occur in the preceding transition metals) lower electron mobility. The

text: electrical conductivity

text: of silver is the greatest of all metals, greater even than copper, but it is not widely used for this property because of the higher cost. An exception is in

text: radio-frequency engineering

text: , particularly at

text: VHF

text: and higher frequencies where silver plating improves electrical conductivity because those

text: currents tend to flow on the surface of conductors

text: rather than through the interior. During

text: World War II

text: in the US,  tons of silver were used in

text: electromagnets

text: for enriching

text: uranium

text: , mainly because of the wartime shortage of copper. Pure silver has the highest

text: thermal conductivity

text: of any metal, although the conductivity of

text: carbon

text: (in the

text: diamond

text: allotrope

text: ) and

text: superfluid helium-4

text: are even higher. Silver also has the lowest

text: contact resistance

text: of any metal.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: None

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electromagnets

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: interactions

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical conductivity

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Silver plating

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: contact resistance

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The other electron, which was transferred to the b heme, is used to reduce the b heme, which in turn transfers the electron to the ubiquinone bound at the Q site. The movement of this electron is energetically unfavourable, as the electron is moving towards the negatively charged side of the membrane. This is offset by a favourable change in E from −100 mV in B to +50mV in the B heme.  The attached ubiquinone is thus reduced to a semiquinone radical. The proton taken up by Glu272 is subsequently transferred to a hydrogen-bonded water chain as Glu272 rotates 170° to hydrogen bond a water molecule, in turn hydrogen-bonded to a propionate of the b heme.

text: The other electron, which was transferred to the b heme, is used to reduce the b heme, which in turn transfers the electron to the ubiquinone bound at the Q site. The movement of this electron is energetically unfavourable, as the electron is moving towards the negatively charged side of the membrane. This is offset by a favourable change in E from −100 mV in B to +50mV in the B heme.  The attached ubiquinone is thus reduced to a

text: semiquinone

text: radical. The proton taken up by Glu272 is subsequently transferred to a hydrogen-bonded water chain as Glu272 rotates 170° to hydrogen bond a water molecule, in turn hydrogen-bonded to a

text: propionate

text: of the b heme.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The other electron

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: This is offset by a favourable change in E

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: proton

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electron is moving towards the negatively charged side of the membrane

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The attached ubiquinone is thus reduced to a semiquinone radical

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Capacitance is an electrical property which is created by applying an electrical charge to two conductive objects with a gap between them. A simple demonstration is two parallel conductive plates of the same profile with a gap between them and a charge applied to them. In this situation, the Capacitance can be expressed by the equation:

text: Capacitance

text: is an electrical property which is created by applying an

text: electrical charge

text: to two conductive objects with a gap between them. A simple demonstration is two parallel conductive plates of the same profile with a gap between them and a charge applied to them. In this situation, the Capacitance can be expressed by the

text: equation

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no charge

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Electrons

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: applying an electrical charge

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: applying an electrical charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not.

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Gap

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Applying a voltage at the electrochemical capacitor terminals moves electrolyte ions to the opposite polarized electrode and forms a double-layer in which a single layer of solvent molecules acts as separator. Pseudocapacitance can originate when specifically adsorbed ions out of the electrolyte pervade the double-layer. This pseudocapacitance stores electrical energy by means of reversible faradaic redox reactions on the surface of suitable electrodes in an electrochemical capacitor with a electric double-layer. Pseudocapacitance is accompanied with an electron charge-transfer between electrolyte and electrode coming from a de-solvated and adsorbed ion whereby only one electron per charge unit is participating. This faradaic charge transfer originates by a very fast sequence of reversible redox, intercalation or electrosorption processes. The adsorbed ion has no chemical reaction with the atoms of the electrode (no chemical bonds arise) since only a charge-transfer take place.

text: Applying a voltage at the electrochemical capacitor terminals moves electrolyte ions to the opposite polarized electrode and forms a double-layer in which a single layer of

text: solvent

text: molecules acts as separator. Pseudocapacitance can originate when specifically adsorbed ions out of the electrolyte pervade the double-layer. This pseudocapacitance stores

text: electrical energy

text: by means of reversible

text: faradaic

text: redox reactions

text: on the surface of suitable electrodes in an electrochemical capacitor with a

text: electric double-layer

text: . Pseudocapacitance is accompanied with an

text: electron

text: charge-transfer

text: between

text: electrolyte

text: and electrode coming from a

text: de-solvated

text: and

text: adsorbed

text: ion whereby only one electron per charge unit is participating. This faradaic charge transfer originates by a very fast sequence of reversible redox,

text: intercalation

text: or

text: electrosorption

text: processes. The adsorbed ion has no

text: chemical reaction

text: with the atoms of the electrode (no chemical bonds arise) since only a charge-transfer take place.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: None

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge-transfer

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: applying a voltage

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: Applying a voltage

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no chemical bond

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge-transfer

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: If a body has more or fewer electrons than are required to balance the positive charge of the nuclei, then that object has a net electric charge. When there is an excess of electrons, the object is said to be negatively charged. When there are fewer electrons than the number of protons in nuclei, the object is said to be positively charged. When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, their charges cancel each other and the object is said to be electrically neutral. A macroscopic body can develop an electric charge through rubbing, by the triboelectric effect.

text: If a body has more or fewer electrons than are required to balance the positive charge of the nuclei, then that object has a net electric charge. When there is an excess of electrons, the object is said to be negatively charged. When there are fewer electrons than the number of protons in nuclei, the object is said to be positively charged. When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, their charges cancel each other and the object is said to be electrically neutral. A macroscopic body can develop an electric charge through rubbing, by the

text: triboelectric effect

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, their charges cancel each other and the object is said to be electrically neutral

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: When there is an excess of electrons, the object is said to be negatively charged

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: rubbing

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: rubbing

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: triboelectric

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: triboelectric effect

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As a result of these reactions, six Arsenal players, two Manchester United players and Arsenal Football Club itself were charged with improper conduct by The Football Association. As a club, Arsenal were charged with "failing to ensure the proper behaviour of their players", while their players' charges ranged from one charge of improper conduct for Ashley Cole's "involvement in a confrontation with Cristiano Ronaldo after the final whistle" to Lauren's two counts of violent behaviour for "kicking out at Quinton Fortune following the penalty award and for forcibly pushing Ruud van Nistelrooy in the back following the final whistle", and two counts of improper conduct for "confronting Van Nistelrooy after Patrick Vieira's sending-off, and for confronting Ryan Giggs after the final whistle". Manchester United as a club were not charged, but Ryan Giggs was charged with improper conduct for "his involvement in a confrontation with Lauren after the match had ended" and Cristiano Ronaldo was charged with improper conduct for "confronting Martin Keown at the conclusion of the match". Phil Neville was also warned about his future behaviour.

text: As a result of these reactions, six Arsenal players, two Manchester United players and Arsenal Football Club itself were charged with improper conduct by

text: The Football Association

text: . As a club, Arsenal were charged with "failing to ensure the proper behaviour of their players", while their players' charges ranged from one charge of improper conduct for Ashley Cole's "involvement in a confrontation with Cristiano Ronaldo after the final whistle" to Lauren's two counts of violent behaviour for "kicking out at Quinton Fortune following the penalty award and for forcibly pushing Ruud van Nistelrooy in the back following the final whistle", and two counts of improper conduct for "confronting Van Nistelrooy after Patrick Vieira's sending-off, and for confronting Ryan Giggs after the final whistle". Manchester United as a club were not charged, but Ryan Giggs was charged with improper conduct for "his involvement in a confrontation with Lauren after the match had ended" and Cristiano Ronaldo was charged with improper conduct for "confronting Martin Keown at the conclusion of the match".

text: Phil Neville

text: was also warned about his future behaviour.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: neutral

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The Football Association

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: confrontation

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: forcibly pushing

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The Football Association

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Arsenal Football Club itself

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Since the electron and the tau have equal charges, the electric charge of S clearly must vanish to respect the conservation of electric charge. A Feynman diagram with S as the intermediate particle is able to convert a tau into an electron (plus some neutral decay products of the S). The MEG experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute near Zurich will search for a similar process, in which an antimuon decays to a photon and an antielectron. In the Standard Model, such a process proceeds only by emission and re-absorption of a charged W boson, which changes the tau into a neutrino and then an electron, emitting a photon to conserve energy and momentum.

text: Since the electron and the tau have equal charges, the electric charge of S clearly must vanish to respect the conservation of electric charge. A

text: Feynman diagram

text: with S as the intermediate particle is able to convert a tau into an electron (plus some neutral decay products of the S). The

text: MEG experiment

text: at the

text: Paul Scherrer Institute

text: near

text: Zurich

text: will search for a similar process, in which an

text: antimuon

text: decays to a

text: photon

text: and an

text: antielectron

text: . In the Standard Model, such a process proceeds only by emission and re-absorption of a charged

text: W boson

text: , which changes the tau into a

text: neutrino

text: and then an electron, emitting a

text: photon

text: to

text: conserve energy

text: and

text: momentum

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Neutron

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Neutrino

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: neutrino

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Neutron

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Neutron

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons. Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. More than 99.94% of an atom's mass is in the nucleus. The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electric charge, and the neutrons have no electric charge. If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is electrically neutral. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative or positive charge, respectively, and it is called an ion.

text: Every atom is composed of a

text: nucleus

text: and one or more

text: electron

text: s bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or more

text: proton

text: s and typically a similar number of

text: neutron

text: s. Protons and neutrons are called

text: nucleon

text: s. More than 99.94% of an atom's mass is in the nucleus. The protons have a positive

text: electric charge

text: , the electrons have a negative electric charge, and the neutrons have no electric charge. If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is electrically neutral. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative or positive charge, respectively, and it is called an

text: ion

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: If the number of protons and electrons are equal

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is electrically neutral

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: more or fewer electrons than protons

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: The protons have a positive electric charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Neutrons have no electric charge

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is electrically neutral

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Spin valves work because of a quantum property of electrons (and other particles) called spin.  Due to a split in the density of states of electrons at the Fermi energy in ferromagnets, there is a net spin polarisation. An electric current passing through a ferromagnet therefore carries both charge and a spin component. In comparison, a normal metal has an equal number of electrons with up and down spins so, in equilibrium situations, such materials can sustain a charge current with a zero net spin component. However, by passing a current from a ferromagnet into a normal metal it is possible for spin to be transferred. A normal metal can thus transfer spin between separate ferromagnets, subject to a long enough spin diffusion length.

text: Spin valves work because of a quantum property of electrons (and other particles) called

text: spin

text: .  Due to a split in the

text: density of states

text: of electrons at the

text: Fermi energy

text: in ferromagnets, there is a net spin polarisation. An electric current passing through a ferromagnet therefore carries both

text: charge

text: and a spin component. In comparison, a normal metal has an equal number of electrons with up and down spins so, in equilibrium situations, such materials can sustain a charge current with a zero net spin component. However, by passing a current from a ferromagnet into a normal metal it is possible for spin to be transferred. A normal metal can thus transfer spin between separate ferromagnets, subject to a long enough

text: spin diffusion

text: length.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: zero net spin component

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: ferromagnets

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: passing through a ferromagnet

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: An electric current passing through a ferromagnet

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It is possible for spin to be transferred

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: ferromagnets

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Water-soluble diazonium salts react with carbon nanotubes via charge transfer in which they extract electrons from SWNT and form a stable covalent aryl bond. This covalent aryl bond forms with extremely high affinity for electrons with energies near the Fermi level, E of the nanotube. Metallic SWNT have a greater electron density near E resulting in their higher reactivity over semiconducting nanotubes. The reactant forms a charge-transfer complex at the nanotube surface, where electron donation from the latter stabilizes the transition state and accelerates the forward rate. Once the bond symmetry of the nanotube is disrupted by the formation of this defect, adjacent carbons increase in reactivity and initial selectivity for metallic SWNT is amplified. Under carefully controlled conditions this behavior can be exploited to obtain highly selective functionalization of metallic nanotubes to the near exclusion of the semiconductors.

text: Water-soluble diazonium salts react with carbon nanotubes via charge transfer in which they extract electrons from SWNT and form a stable covalent

text: aryl

text: bond. This covalent aryl bond forms with extremely high affinity for electrons with energies near the

text: Fermi level

text: , E of the nanotube. Metallic SWNT have a greater electron density near E resulting in their higher reactivity over semiconducting nanotubes. The reactant forms a

text: charge-transfer complex

text: at the nanotube surface, where electron donation from the latter stabilizes the

text: transition state

text: and accelerates the

text: forward rate

text: . Once the bond symmetry of the nanotube is disrupted by the formation of this defect, adjacent carbons increase in reactivity and initial selectivity for metallic SWNT is amplified. Under carefully controlled conditions this behavior can be exploited to obtain highly selective functionalization of metallic nanotubes to the near exclusion of the semiconductors.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: diazonium

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge transfer

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: charge transfer

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: Semiconducting

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge transfer

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: (where e is the elementary charge). Therefore, the electrical conductivity σ satisfies:

text: (where e is the

text: elementary charge

text: ). Therefore, the electrical conductivity σ satisfies:

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: e

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: elementary charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: elementary charge

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical conductivity

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: e

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: e

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The total electric charge of an isolated system remains constant regardless of changes within the system itself. This law is inherent to all processes known to physics and can be derived in a local form from gauge invariance of the wave function. The conservation of charge results in the charge-current continuity equation. More generally, the net change in charge density ρ within a volume of integration V is equal to the area integral over the current density J through the closed surface S = ∂V, which is in turn equal to the net current I:

text: The total electric charge of an

text: isolated system

text: remains constant regardless of changes within the system itself. This law is inherent to all processes known to physics and can be derived in a local form from

text: gauge invariance

text: of the

text: wave function

text: . The conservation of charge results in the charge-current

text: continuity equation

text: . More generally, the net change in

text: charge density

text: ρ within a volume of integration V is equal to the area integral over the

text: current density

text: J through the closed surface S = ∂V, which is in turn equal to the net

text: current

text: I:

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 5

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It remains constant regardless of changes

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Charge-current continuity equation

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: isolated system

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: closed surface

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It is inherent to all processes known to physics

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Charge-current continuity equation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A similar charging mechanism can occur within low conductivity fluids flowing through pipelines—a process called flow electrification. Fluids which have low electrical conductivity (below 50 picosiemens per meter), are called accumulators. Fluids having conductivities above 50 pS/m are called non-accumulators. In non-accumulators, charges recombine as fast as they are separated and hence electrostatic charge generation is not significant. In the petrochemical industry, 50 pS/m is the recommended minimum value of electrical conductivity for adequate removal of charge from a fluid.

text: A similar charging mechanism can occur within low conductivity fluids flowing through pipelines—a process called flow electrification. Fluids which have low electrical conductivity (below 50 picosiemens per meter), are called accumulators. Fluids having conductivities above 50 pS/m are called non-accumulators. In non-accumulators, charges recombine as fast as they are separated and hence electrostatic charge generation is not significant. In the petrochemical industry, 50 pS/m is the recommended minimum value of electrical conductivity for adequate removal of charge from a fluid.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: charge generation is not significant

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrostatic charge generation

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: fluids flowing through pipelines

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: flowing through pipelines

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: In non-accumulators

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: fluids flowing through pipelines

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Materials that lack electron conduction are insulators if they lack other mobile charges as well. For example, if a liquid or gas contains ions, then the ions can be made to flow as an electric current, and the material is a conductor. Electrolytes and plasmas contain ions and act as conductors whether or not electron flow is involved.

text: Materials that lack electron conduction are insulators if they lack other mobile charges as well. For example, if a liquid or gas contains ions, then the ions can be made to flow as an electric current, and the material is a conductor.

text: Electrolyte

text: s and

text: plasmas

text: contain ions and act as conductors whether or not electron flow is involved.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: It does not.

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: liquid or gas contains ions

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: if a liquid or gas contains ions

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: conductors

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: if a liquid or gas contains ions

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The interim report of the NPE partnership classifies electric vehicles in 3 categories, all-electric city cars, family cars and light trucks with an electric range for city transport. Development is sketched in phases 2010-2013, 2014–2017, 2018–2020 and post-2020 with the government goal to get 1 million electric cars up to 2020 and 6 million electric cars up to 2030 (for comparison there are 44 million cars in Germany in 2010). Batteries are not expected to show great advancements in terms of capacity but the safety will increase and the prices will fall to 250-300 €/kWh in the 2018-2020 time frame. In the post-2020 time frame new battery types are expected – instead of lithium-ion the fourth generation batteries will be introduced to the mobility market including lithium-air, lithium-sulfur and zinc-air batteries. As for charging stations a wide network of fast-charging points is considered possible with 22 kW (400 V 32 A) stations to be introduced in 2010-2013 and 44 kW (400 V 63 A) stations to be introduced in 2014-2017. For the time beyond 2020 there is an expectation of charging stations at 60 kW (400 V DC 150 A) allowing to charge the standard 20kWh battery pack to 80% in less than 10 minutes whereas this station type requires integration with smart grid technology and a strict world-wide standard (including SAE procedures). The "early adoptors" of electric vehicles are identified to be from the middle class owning multiple cars as well as owning a garage – the existence of a public network of charging stations is considered to be not (sic!) a prerequisite for market introduction in the first phases. Instead government funds should back the investments in privately owned charging stations for example with faster tax write off and cheap credits from the government KfW bank.

text: The interim report of the NPE partnership classifies electric vehicles in 3 categories, all-electric city cars, family cars and light trucks with an electric range for city transport. Development is sketched in phases 2010-2013, 2014–2017, 2018–2020 and post-2020 with the government goal to get 1 million electric cars up to 2020 and 6 million electric cars up to 2030 (for comparison there are 44 million cars in Germany in 2010). Batteries are not expected to show great advancements in terms of capacity but the safety will increase and the prices will fall to 250-300 €/kWh in the 2018-2020 time frame. In the post-2020 time frame new battery types are expected – instead of

text: lithium-ion

text: the fourth generation batteries will be introduced to the mobility market including

text: lithium-air

text: lithium-sulfur

text: and

text: zinc-air

text: KfW

text: bank.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charging stations at 60 kW

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: charging stations

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: polarization

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charging stations

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Park & Charge is a European infrastructure for charging  electric vehicles.

text: Park & Charge is a European infrastructure for charging

text: electric vehicles

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: the formation of charged matter

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: charging

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Direct contact

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Park and Charge

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In 1898, Jagadish Chandra Bose conducted the first microwave experiment on twisted structures. These twisted structures match the geometries that are known as artificial chiral media in today's terminology. By this time, he had also researched double refraction (birefringence) in crystals. Other research included polarization of electric field "waves" that crystals produce. He discovered this type of polarization in other materials including a class of dielectrics.

text: In 1898, Jagadish Chandra Bose conducted the first

text: microwave

text: experiment on twisted structures. These twisted structures match the geometries that are known as artificial

text: chiral media

text: in today's terminology. By this time, he had also researched

text: double refraction

text: (birefringence) in crystals. Other research included

text: polarization

text: of

text: electric field "waves"

text: that crystals produce. He discovered this type of polarization in other materials including a class of

text: dielectric

text: s.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electric field "waves"

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: dielectrics

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conduct the first microwave experiment

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: dielectrics

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: polarization

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The nature of the attraction in a charge-transfer complex is not a stable chemical bond, and is thus much weaker than covalent forces. Many such complexes can undergo an electronic transition into an excited electronic state. The excitation energy of this transition occurs very frequently in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, which produces the characteristic intense color for these complexes. These optical absorption bands are often referred to as charge-transfer bands (CT bands). Optical spectroscopy is a powerful technique to characterize charge-transfer bands.

text: The nature of the attraction in a charge-transfer complex is not a stable chemical bond, and is thus much weaker than

text: covalent forces

text: . Many such complexes can undergo an

text: electronic transition

text: into an

text: excited electronic state

text: . The excitation energy of this transition occurs very frequently in the visible region of the

text: electromagnetic spectrum

text: , which produces the characteristic intense color for these complexes. These

text: optical absorption bands

text: are often referred to as charge-transfer bands (CT bands). Optical spectroscopy is a powerful technique to characterize charge-transfer bands.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: charge-transfer complex

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge-transfer

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electronic transition

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical transition

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Optical absorption

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge-transfer complex

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Charge control is a technology that lets an electric utility control, in real time, the charging of a gridable (plug-in) vehicle, such as a plug-in hybrid (PHEV) or a battery electric vehicle (BEV). Through charge control, the utility is able to postpone charging of the vehicle during time of peak demand. Additionally, this technology may enable the owner and the power company to track the vehicle's usage and performance, while on the road and while charging.

text: Charge control is a technology that lets an

text: electric utility

text: control, in real time, the charging of a gridable (plug-in) vehicle, such as a

text: plug-in hybrid

text: (PHEV) or a

text: battery electric vehicle

text: (BEV). Through charge control, the utility is able to postpone charging of the vehicle during time of

text: peak demand

text: . Additionally, this technology may enable the owner and the power company to track the vehicle's usage and performance, while on the road and while

text: charging

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Charge control

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge control

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: plug-in

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: on the road

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge control

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Bound charges set up electric dipoles in response to an applied electric field E, and polarize other nearby dipoles tending to line them up, the net accumulation of charge from the orientation of the dipoles is the bound charge. They are called bound because they cannot be removed: in the dielectric material the charges are the electrons bound to the nuclei.

text: Bound charges set up electric dipoles in response to an applied

text: electric field

text: E, and polarize other nearby dipoles tending to line them up, the net accumulation of charge from the orientation of the dipoles is the bound charge. They are called bound because they cannot be removed: in the dielectric material the charges are the

text: electron

text: s bound to the

text: nuclei

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrons bound to the nuclei

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: applied electric field

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: applied electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: applied electric field

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: applied electric field

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Friction is not itself a fundamental force. Dry friction arises from a combination of inter-surface adhesion, surface roughness, surface deformation, and surface contamination. The complexity of these interactions makes the calculation of friction from first principles  impractical and necessitates the use of empirical methods for analysis and the development of theory.

text: Friction is not itself a

text: fundamental force

text: . Dry friction arises from a combination of inter-surface adhesion, surface roughness, surface deformation, and surface contamination. The complexity of these interactions makes the calculation of friction from

text: first principle

text: s  impractical and necessitates the use of

text: empirical method

text: s for analysis and the development of theory.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Dry friction

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: surface contamination

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: inter-surface adhesion

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Dry friction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: , this equation is exactly the continuity equation, appearing in many situations in physics where we need to describe the local conservation of quantities. The best example is in classical electrodynamics, where  corresponds to current density corresponding to electric charge, and the density is the charge-density. The corresponding continuity equation describes the local conservation of charges.

text: , this equation is exactly the

text: continuity equation

text: , appearing in many situations in physics where we need to describe the local conservation of quantities. The best example is in classical electrodynamics, where  corresponds to current density corresponding to electric charge, and the density is the charge-density. The corresponding continuity equation describes the local conservation of charges.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 5

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The local conservation of charges

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The corresponding continuity equation describes the local conservation of charges

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: current

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: local conservation of quantities

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The corresponding continuity equation describes the local conservation of charges

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: To date, the only such system to enter widespread production is ferroelectric RAM, or F-RAM (sometimes referred to as FeRAM). F-RAM is a random-access memory similar in construction to DRAM but (instead of a dielectric layer like in DRAM) contains a thin ferroelectric film of lead zirconate titanate [Pb(Zr,Ti)O], commonly referred to as PZT. The Zr/Ti atoms in the PZT change polarity in an electric field, thereby producing a binary switch. Unlike RAM devices, F-RAM retains its data memory when power is shut off or interrupted, due to the PZT crystal maintaining polarity.  Due to this crystal structure and how it is influenced, F-RAM offers distinct properties from other nonvolatile memory options, including extremely high endurance (exceeding 10 for 3.3 V devices), ultra low power consumption (since F-RAM does not require a charge pump like other non-volatile memories), single-cycle write speeds, and gamma radiation tolerance. Ramtron International has developed, produced, and licensed ferroelectric RAM (F-RAM), and other companies that have licensed and produced F-RAM technology include Texas Instruments, Rohm, and Fujitsu.

text: To date, the only such system to enter widespread production is

text: ferroelectric RAM

text: , or F-RAM (sometimes referred to as FeRAM). F-RAM is a

text: random-access memory

text: similar in construction to

text: DRAM

text: but (instead of a

text: dielectric

text: layer like in DRAM) contains a thin ferroelectric film of lead zirconate titanate [Pb(Zr,Ti)O], commonly referred to as PZT. The Zr/Ti atoms in the PZT change polarity in an electric field, thereby producing a binary switch. Unlike RAM devices, F-RAM retains its data memory when power is shut off or interrupted, due to the PZT crystal maintaining polarity.  Due to this crystal structure and how it is influenced, F-RAM offers distinct properties from other nonvolatile memory options, including extremely high endurance (exceeding 10 for 3.3 V devices), ultra low power consumption (since F-RAM does not require a charge pump like other non-volatile memories), single-cycle write speeds, and gamma radiation tolerance.

text: Ramtron International

text: has developed, produced, and licensed

text: ferroelectric RAM

text: (F-RAM), and other companies that have licensed and produced F-RAM technology include

text: Texas Instruments

text: Rohm

text: , and

text: Fujitsu

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Zr/Ti

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Zr/Ti atoms

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: lead zirconate titanate

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: an electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: gamma radiation

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: F-RAM

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: To conduct such an experiment one requires at least two electrodes.  The working electrode, which makes contact with the analyte, must apply the desired potential in a controlled way and facilitate the transfer of charge to and from the analyte.  A second electrode acts as the other half of the cell.  This second electrode must have a known potential with which to gauge the potential of the working electrode, furthermore it must balance the charge added or removed by the working electrode.  While this is a viable setup, it has a number of shortcomings.  Most significantly, it is extremely difficult for an electrode to maintain a constant potential while passing current to counter redox events at the working electrode.

text: To conduct such an experiment one requires at least two electrodes.  The

text: working electrode

text: , which makes contact with the analyte, must apply the desired potential in a controlled way and facilitate the transfer of charge to and from the analyte.  A second electrode acts as the other half of the cell.  This second electrode must have a known potential with which to gauge the potential of the working electrode, furthermore it must balance the charge added or removed by the working electrode.  While this is a viable setup, it has a number of shortcomings.  Most significantly, it is extremely difficult for an electrode to maintain a constant potential while passing current to counter redox events at the working electrode.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It is extremely difficult for an electrode to maintain a constant potential

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: To conduct such an experiment one requires at least two electrodes

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: analyte

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: contact with the analyte

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: The working electrode

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Redox events

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In order for an ion to pass through a pore it must dissociate itself from the water molecules that cover it in successive layers of solvation. The tendency to dehydrate, or the facility to do this, is related to the size of the ion: larger ions can do it more easily that the smaller ions, so that a pore with weak polar centres will preferentially allow passage of larger ions over the smaller ones.When the interior of the channel is composed of polar groups from the side chains of the component amino acids, the interaction of a dehydrated ion with these centres can be more important than the facility for dehydration in conferring the specificity of the channel. For example, a channel made up of histidines and arginines, with positively charged groups, will selectively repel ions of the same polarity, but will facilitate the passage of negatively charged ions.  Also, in this case, the smallest ions will be able to interact more closely due to the spatial arrangement of the molecule (stericity), which greatly increases the charge-charge interactions and therefore exaggerates the effect.

text: In order for an ion to pass through a pore it must dissociate itself from the water molecules that cover it in successive layers of

text: solvation

text: . The tendency to dehydrate, or the facility to do this, is related to the size of the ion: larger ions can do it more easily that the smaller ions, so that a pore with weak polar centres will preferentially allow passage of larger ions over the smaller ones.When the interior of the channel is composed of polar groups from the side chains of the component amino acids, the interaction of a dehydrated ion with these centres can be more important than the facility for dehydration in conferring the specificity of the channel. For example, a channel made up of histidines and arginines, with positively charged groups, will selectively repel ions of the same polarity, but will facilitate the passage of negatively charged ions.  Also, in this case, the smallest ions will be able to interact more closely due to the spatial arrangement of the molecule (stericity), which greatly increases the charge-charge interactions and therefore exaggerates the effect.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge-charge interactions

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: positively charged groups

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge-charge interactions

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Another way of looking at muon-catalyzed fusion is to try to visualize the ground state orbit of a muon around either a deuteron or a triton.  Suppose the muon happens to have fallen into an orbit around a deuteron initially, which it has about a 50% chance of doing if there are approximately equal numbers of deuterons and tritons present, forming an electrically neutral muonic deuterium atom (d-μ) that acts somewhat like a "fat, heavy neutron" due both to its relatively small size (again, about 207 times smaller than an electrically neutral electronic deuterium atom (d-e)) and to the very effective "shielding" by the muon of the positive charge of the proton in the deuteron.  Even so, the muon still has a much greater chance of being transferred to any triton that comes near enough to the muonic deuterium than it does of forming a muonic molecular ion.  The electrically neutral muonic tritium atom (t-μ) thus formed will act somewhat like an even "fatter, heavier neutron," but it will most likely hang on to its muon, eventually forming a muonic molecular ion, most likely due to the resonant formation of a hyperfine molecular state within an entire deuterium molecule D (d=e=d), with the muonic molecular ion acting as a "fatter, heavier nucleus" of the "fatter, heavier" neutral "muonic/electronic" deuterium molecule ([d-μ-t]=e=d), as predicted by Vesman, an Estonian graduate student, in 1967.

text: hyperfine

text: molecular state within an entire deuterium

text: molecule

text: D (d=e=d), with the muonic molecular ion acting as a "fatter, heavier nucleus" of the "fatter, heavier" neutral "muonic/electronic" deuterium molecule ([d-μ-t]=e=d), as predicted by Vesman, an Estonian graduate student, in 1967.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Neutron

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The electrically neutral muonic tritium atom

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electronic deuterium atom

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrically neutral

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Muon-catalyzed fusion

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In an eddy current brake the magnetic field may be created by a permanent magnet, or an electromagnet so the braking force can be turned on and off or varied by varying the electric current in the electromagnet's windings.  Another advantage is that since the brake does not work by friction, there are no brake shoe surfaces to wear out, necessitating replacement, as with friction brakes.  A disadvantage is that since the braking force is proportional to velocity the brake has no holding force when the moving object is stationary, as is provided by static friction in a friction brake, so in vehicles it must be supplemented by a friction brake.

text: In an eddy current brake the magnetic field may be created by a

text: permanent magnet

text: , or an

text: electromagnet

text: so the braking force can be turned on and off or varied by varying the

text: electric current

text: in the electromagnet's windings.  Another advantage is that since the brake does not work by

text: friction

text: , there are no

text: brake shoe

text: surfaces to

text: wear

text: out, necessitating replacement, as with friction brakes.  A disadvantage is that since the braking force is proportional to velocity the brake has no holding force when the moving object is stationary, as is provided by

text: static friction

text: in a friction brake, so in vehicles it must be supplemented by a friction brake.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electric current

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: by a permanent magnet

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric current

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electromagnet

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: TCNQ achieved great attention because it forms charge-transfer salts with high electrical conductivity. These discoveries were influential in the development of organic electronics.  Illustrative is the product from treatment of TCNQ with the electron donor tetrathiafulvene (TTF), TCNQ forms an ion pair, the TTF-TCNQ complex, in which TCNQ is the acceptor. This salt crystallizes in a one-dimensionally stacked polymer, consisting of segregated stacks of cations and anions of the donors and the acceptors, respectively. The complex crystal is an organic semiconductor that exhibits metallic electric conductivity.

text: TCNQ achieved great attention because it forms

text: charge-transfer salt

text: s with high electrical conductivity. These discoveries were influential in the development of

text: organic electronics

text: .  Illustrative is the product from treatment of TCNQ with the

text: electron donor

text: tetrathiafulvene

text: (TTF), TCNQ forms an ion pair, the TTF-TCNQ complex, in which TCNQ is the acceptor. This salt crystallizes in a one-dimensionally stacked polymer, consisting of segregated stacks of cations and anions of the donors and the acceptors, respectively. The complex crystal is an

text: organic semiconductor

text: that exhibits metallic

text: electric conductivity

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: TCNQ

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge-transfer

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: charge-transfer salts

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical conductivity

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: TTF-TCNQ complex

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: charge-transfer salts

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It is the force exerted by a surface as an object moves across it or makes an effortto move across it. The friction force opposes the motion of the object. Friction resultswhen two surfaces are pressed together closely, causing attractive intermolecular forcesbetween the molecules of the two different surface. As such, friction depends uponthe nature of the two surfaces and upon the degree to which they are pressed together.Friction always acts parallel to the surface in contact and opposite the direction ofmotion. The friction force can be calculated using the equation.

text: It is the force exerted by a surface as an object moves across it or makes an effortto move across it. The friction force opposes the motion of the object. Friction resultswhen two surfaces are pressed together closely, causing attractive intermolecular forcesbetween the molecules of the two different surface. As such, friction depends uponthe nature of the two surfaces and upon the degree to which they are pressed together.Friction always acts parallel to the surface in contact and opposite the direction ofmotion. The friction force can be calculated using the equation.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Friction always acts parallel to the surface in contact

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Friction resultswhen two surfaces are pressed together closely

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: two surfaces are pressed together

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: two surfaces are pressed together

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Friction resultswhen two surfaces are pressed together closely

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier.  For example, electrons from inorganic electron donors (nitrite, ferrous iron, etc.) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level. When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH, the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary, higher-energy molecule.

text: Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier.  For example, electrons from inorganic electron donors (nitrite, ferrous iron, etc.) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level. When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH, the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary, higher-energy molecule.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: electrons from inorganic electron donors

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: nitrite, ferrous iron

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: ferrous iron

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: On January 21, 2009, the day he was inaugurated, United States President Barack Obama issued three Executive orders related to the detention of individuals in Guantanamo.That new review system was composed of officials from six departments, where the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense.  When it reported back, a year later, the Joint Review Task Force classified some individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, even though there was no evidence to justify laying charges against them. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a Freedom of Information Act request.Faiz Mohammed Ahmed Al Kandari was one of the 71 individuals deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release.Obama said those deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release would start to receive reviews from a Periodic Review Board.

text: On January 21, 2009, the day he was inaugurated,

text: United States President

text: Barack Obama

text: issued three

text: Executive orders

text: related to the detention of individuals in Guantanamo.That new review system was composed of officials from six departments, where the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense.  When it reported back, a year later, the

text: Joint Review Task Force

text: classified some individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, even though there was no evidence to justify laying charges against them. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a

text: Freedom of Information Act

text: request.Faiz Mohammed Ahmed Al Kandari was one of the 71 individuals deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release.Obama said those deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release would start to receive reviews from a

text: Periodic Review Board

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Guantanamo

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Guantanamo

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conducted

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It reported back, a year later

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: OARDEC

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Shrinking the two-sphere model to the molecular level creates the problem that in the self-exchange reaction the charge can no longer be transferred in arbitrary amounts, but only as a single electron. However, the polarization still is determined by the total ensemble of the solvent molecules and therefore can still be treated classically, i.e. the polarization energy is not subject to quantum limitations. Therefore, the energy of solvent reorganization can be calculated as being due to a hypothetical transfer and back transfer of a partial elementary charge according to the Marcus formula. Thus the reorganization energy for chemical redox reactions, which is a Gibbs free energy, is also a parabolic function of Δe of this hypothetical transfer, For the self exchange reaction, where for symmetry reasons Δe = 0.5, the Gibbs free energy of activation is ΔG(0) = λ/4 (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 intersection of the parabolas I and f, f(0), respectively).

text: Shrinking the two-sphere model to the molecular level creates the problem that in the self-exchange reaction the charge can no longer be transferred in arbitrary amounts, but only as a single electron. However, the polarization still is determined by the total ensemble of the solvent molecules and therefore can still be treated classically, i.e. the polarization energy is not subject to quantum limitations. Therefore, the energy of solvent reorganization can be calculated as being due to a hypothetical transfer and back transfer of a partial elementary charge according to the Marcus formula. Thus the reorganization energy for chemical redox reactions, which is a Gibbs free energy, is also a parabolic function of Δe of this hypothetical transfer, For the self exchange reaction, where for symmetry reasons Δe = 0.5, the Gibbs free energy of activation is ΔG(0) = λ/4 (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 intersection of the parabolas I and f, f(0), respectively).

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The energy of solvent reorganization

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The charge can no longer be transferred in arbitrary amounts, but only as a single electron

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: chemical redox reactions

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: the charge can no longer be transferred in arbitrary amounts

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: polarization energy is not subject to quantum limitations

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: chemical redox reactions

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Biological membranes are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They surround cells and organelles with a semi-permeable barrier that prevents free flow of substances. The membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer structure and often embedded or otherwise associated proteins, along with cholesterol and glycolipids. The phospholipid bilayer is a two-layer structure mainly composed of phospholipids, which are amphiphilic molecules that have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. The hydrophilic region contains the polar head group. This region is exposed to aqueous substances located mainly in the exterior portion of the biomembrane. The hydrophilic region consists of the non-polar acyl chains or fatty acids groups facing the interior of the biomembrane. Phospholipids consist of two non-polar hydrocarbon chains with ester or ether bonds to the phosphate group which is also linked by ester or ether bonds to the polar hydrophilic region. The phospholipid carries a negative charge due to the presence of the phosphate group. Its overall polarity depends on the charges of the hydroxyl groups or alcohols such as choline, ethanolamine, inositol, serine, etc. attached to the phosphate group.  There are six basic functions that are associated with biomembranes:

text: Biological membranes

text: are found in both

text: prokaryotic

text: and

text: eukaryotic

text: cells. They surround cells and

text: organelle

text: s with a semi-permeable barrier that prevents free flow of substances. The membrane consists of a

text: phospholipid bilayer

text: structure and often embedded or otherwise associated proteins, along with

text: cholesterol

text: and

text: glycolipid

text: s. The

text: phospholipid

text: bilayer is a two-layer structure mainly composed of phospholipids, which are

text: amphiphilic

text: molecules that have

text: hydrophilic

text: and

text: hydrophobic

text: regions. The hydrophilic region contains the polar head group. This region is exposed to aqueous substances located mainly in the exterior portion of the biomembrane. The hydrophilic region consists of the non-polar acyl chains or fatty acids groups facing the interior of the biomembrane. Phospholipids consist of two non-polar hydrocarbon chains with ester or ether bonds to the phosphate group which is also linked by ester or ether bonds to the polar hydrophilic region. The phospholipid carries a negative charge due to the presence of the phosphate group. Its overall polarity depends on the charges of the hydroxyl groups or alcohols such as choline, ethanolamine, inositol, serine, etc. attached to the phosphate group.  There are six basic functions that are associated with biomembranes:

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: The phospholipid carries a negative charge

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Its overall polarity depends on the charges of the hydroxyl groups or alcohols

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: hydroxyl groups or alcohols

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrical conduction

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Its overall polarity depends on the charges of the hydroxyl groups or alcohols

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The hydrophilic region contains the polar head group. This region is exposed to aqueous substances located mainly in the exterior portion of the biomembrane

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In semiconductor detectors, ionizing radiation is measured by the number of charge carriers set free in the detector material which is arranged between two electrodes, by the radiation. Ionizing radiation produces free electrons and holes. The number of electron-hole pairs is proportional to the energy of the radiation to the semiconductor.  As a result, a number of electrons are transferred from the valence band to the conduction band, and an equal number of holes are created in the valence band.  Under the influence of an electric field, electrons and holes travel to the electrodes, where they result in a pulse that can be measured in an outer circuit, as described by the Shockley-Ramo theorem. The holes travel in the opposite direction and can also be measured. As the amount of energy required to create an electron-hole pair is known, and is independent of the energy of the incident radiation, measuring the number of electron-hole pairs allows the intensity of the incident radiation to be determined.

text: In semiconductor detectors, ionizing radiation is measured by the number of

text: charge carrier

text: s set free in the detector material which is arranged between two

text: electrode

text: s, by the radiation. Ionizing radiation produces free

text: electron

text: s and

text: holes

text: . The number of electron-hole pairs is proportional to the energy of the radiation to the semiconductor.  As a result, a number of electrons are transferred from the

text: valence band

text: to the

text: conduction band

text: , and an equal number of holes are created in the valence band.  Under the influence of an

text: electric field

text: , electrons and holes travel to the electrodes, where they result in a pulse that can be measured in an outer

text: circuit

text: , as described by the

text: Shockley-Ramo theorem

text: . The holes travel in the opposite direction and can also be measured. As the amount of energy required to create an electron-hole pair is known, and is independent of the energy of the incident radiation, measuring the number of electron-hole pairs allows the intensity of the incident radiation to be determined.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Ionizing radiation produces free electrons and holes

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: two electrodes

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Ionizing radiation produces free electrons and holes

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: holes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Electrostatic generators generate electricity by building up electric charge.  Early types were friction machines, later ones were influence machines that worked by electrostatic induction.  The Van de Graaff generator is an electrostatic generator still used in research today.

text: Electrostatic generator

text: s generate electricity by building up electric charge.  Early types were

text: friction

text: machines, later ones were influence machines that worked by

text: electrostatic induction

text: .  The

text: Van de Graaff generator

text: is an electrostatic generator still used in research today.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 2

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: building up electric charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: building up electric charge

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: build up electric charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Electrostatic induction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Friction machines

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Goldman became the attorney of Leon Trotsky, cloistered in exile in Mexico City, and defended him there in April 1937 against the charges leveled against him by the regime of Joseph Stalin in hearings conducted before a high-profile commission headed by liberal educator John Dewey. Goldman also served as an intermediary for Trotsky in the transfer of his personal and political archive to the library at Harvard University.

text: Goldman became the attorney of

text: Leon Trotsky

text: , cloistered in exile in

text: Mexico City

text: , and defended him there in April 1937 against the charges leveled against him by the regime of

text: Joseph Stalin

text: in hearings conducted before a high-profile

text: commission

text: headed by liberal educator

text: John Dewey

text: . Goldman also served as an intermediary for Trotsky in the transfer of his personal and political archive to the library at

text: Harvard University

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The transfer of electrons

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Electrons

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: conducted

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Goldman

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: An example illustrating the foregoing involves the transfer of “profit” fees and charges by a local government in connection with the provision of electric service.  This occurs when the local government intentionally overcharges ratepayers for electric service and then subsequently transfers a percentage of the utility fee and charge proceeds (known as “profit”) to the general fund of the local agency to be spent at the discretion of local politicians.  If the local agency also levies a utility users tax on electric service, which tax proceeds are also typically placed in the general fund of the local agency to be spent at the discretion of local politicians, then it may be a better option to pursue a compensatory initiative under Proposition 218 providing for the repeal or reduction of the utility users tax as it pertains to electric service.  In this instance, a successfully constructed compensatory initiative would at least offset any resulting increase in general fund revenues from the utility fund transfer with a corresponding reduction (or elimination) of utility tax revenues.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It may be a better option

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The formation of charged matter

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: electric service

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric service

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: electric

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The equation would apply equally to masses (or other conserved quantities), where the word mass is substituted for the words electric charge above.

text: The equation would apply equally to masses (or other conserved quantities), where the word mass is substituted for the words electric charge above.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The equation would apply equally to masses

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: mass

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: The equation would apply equally to masses

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: While the term insulator implies low electrical conduction, dielectric typically means materials with a high polarizability. The latter is expressed by a number called the relative permittivity (also known in older texts as dielectric constant). The term insulator is generally used to indicate electrical obstruction while the term dielectric is used to indicate the energy storing capacity of the material (by means of polarization). A common example of a dielectric is the electrically insulating material between the metallic plates of a capacitor. The polarization of the dielectric by the applied electric field increases the capacitor's surface charge for the given electric field strength.

text: While the term insulator implies low

text: electrical conduction

text: , dielectric typically means materials with a high

text: polarizability

text: . The latter is expressed by a number called the

text: relative permittivity

text: (also known in older texts as dielectric constant). The term insulator is generally used to indicate electrical obstruction while the term dielectric is used to indicate the energy storing capacity of the material (by means of polarization). A common example of a dielectric is the electrically insulating material between the metallic plates of a

text: capacitor

text: . The polarization of the dielectric by the applied electric field increases the capacitor's surface charge for the given electric field strength.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It implies low electrical conduction

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: The polarization of the dielectric

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: applied electric field

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: metallic plates

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: applied electric field increases the capacitor's surface charge for the given electric field strength

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: polarizability

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Substances that have the ability to reduce other substances (cause them to gain electrons) are said to be reductive or reducing and are known as reducing agents, reductants, or reducers. The reductant (reducing agent) transfers electrons to another substance, and is thus itself oxidized. And, because it "donates" electrons, the reducing agent is also called an electron donor. Electron donors can also form charge transfer complexes with electron acceptors.

text: Substances that have the ability to reduce other substances (cause them to gain electrons) are said to be reductive or reducing and are known as

text: reducing agent

text: s, reductants, or reducers. The reductant (reducing agent) transfers electrons to another substance, and is thus itself oxidized. And, because it "donates" electrons, the reducing agent is also called an

text: electron donor

text: . Electron donors can also form

text: charge transfer complex

text: es with electron acceptors.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: charge transfer complexes with electron acceptors

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: oxidized

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: oxidized

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Substances that have the ability to reduce other substances

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A fine mist of oil droplets was sprayed into a chamber above the plates.  The oil was of a type usually used in vacuum apparatus and was chosen because it had an extremely low vapour pressure. Ordinary oil would evaporate under the heat of the light source causing the mass of the oil drop to change over the course of the experiment. Some oil drops became electrically charged through friction with the nozzle as they were sprayed. Alternatively, charging could be brought about by including an ionising radiation source (such as an X-ray tube). The droplets entered the space between the plates and, because they were charged, could be made to rise and fall by changing the voltage across the plates.

text: A fine mist of oil droplets was sprayed into a chamber above the plates.  The oil was of a type usually used in

text: vacuum

text: apparatus and was chosen because it had an extremely low

text: vapour pressure

text: . Ordinary oil would evaporate under the heat of the light source causing the mass of the oil drop to change over the course of the experiment. Some oil drops became electrically charged through friction with the nozzle as they were sprayed. Alternatively, charging could be brought about by including an ionising radiation source (such as an

text: X-ray tube

text: ). The droplets entered the space between the plates and, because they were charged, could be made to rise and fall by changing the voltage across the plates.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 3

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Some oil drops became electrically charged

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: by including an ionising radiation source

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrically charged

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Some oil drops became electrically charged

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In PCET, the proton and the electron (i) start from different orbitals and (ii) are transferred to different orbitals.  They transfer in a concerted elementary step.  PCET contrast to step-wise mechanisms in which the electron and proton are transferred sequentially.

text: In PCET, the proton and the electron (i) start from different orbitals and (ii) are transferred to different orbitals.  They transfer in a concerted elementary step.  PCET contrast to step-wise mechanisms in which the electron and proton are transferred sequentially.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: (ii) are transferred to different orbitals

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: (ii) are transferred to different orbitals

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: start from different orbitals

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: PCET

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: PCET

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: By convention, the flavor quantum numbers (strangeness, charm, bottomness, and topness) carry the same sign as the electric charge of the particle. So, since the strange and bottom quarks have a negative charge, they have flavor quantum numbers equal to −1. And since the charm and top quarks have positive electric charge, their flavor quantum numbers are +1.

text: By convention, the flavor quantum numbers (strangeness, charm, bottomness, and topness) carry the same sign as the electric charge of the particle. So, since the strange and bottom quarks have a negative charge, they have flavor quantum numbers equal to −1. And since the charm and top quarks have positive electric charge, their flavor quantum numbers are +1.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: No

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: positive electric charge

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: negative charge

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: have positive electric charge

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: It does not

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: negative charge

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The law of superposition allows Coulomb's law to be extended to include any number of point charges. The force acting on a point charge due to a system of point charges is simply the vector addition of the individual forces acting alone on that point charge due to each one of the charges. The resulting force vector is parallel to the electric field vector at that point, with that point charge removed.

text: The

text: law of superposition

text: allows Coulomb's law to be extended to include any number of point charges. The force acting on a point charge due to a system of point charges is simply the

text: vector addition

text: of the individual forces acting alone on that point charge due to each one of the charges. The resulting force vector is parallel to the

text: electric field

text: vector at that point, with that point charge removed.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: Coulomb's law

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: Coulomb

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: Coulomb's law

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electric field

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: Coulomb's law

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: Coulomb's law

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In solid-state physics, a band gap, also called an energy gap or bandgap, is an energy range in a solid where no electron states can exist. In graphs of the electronic band structure of solids, the band gap generally refers to the energy difference (in electron volts) between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band in insulators and semiconductors.  It is the energy required to promote a valence electron bound to an atom to become a conduction electron, which is free to move within the crystal lattice and serve as a charge carrier to conduct electric current.  It is closely related to the HOMO/LUMO gap in chemistry. If the valence band is completely full and the conduction band is completely empty, then electrons cannot move in the solid; however, if some electrons transfer from the valence to the conduction band, then current can flow (see carrier generation and recombination). Therefore, the band gap is a major factor determining the electrical conductivity of a solid. Substances with large band gaps are generally insulators, those with smaller band gaps are semiconductors, while conductors either have very small band gaps or none, because the valence and conduction bands overlap.

text: In

text: solid-state physics

text: , a band gap, also called an energy gap or bandgap, is an energy range in a

text: solid

text: where no

text: electron

text: states can exist. In graphs of the

text: electronic band structure

text: of solids, the band gap generally refers to the energy difference (in

text: electron volt

text: s) between the top of the

text: valence band

text: and the bottom of the

text: conduction band

text: in

text: insulators

text: and

text: semiconductor

text: s.  It is the energy required to promote a

text: valence electron

text: bound to an atom to become a

text: conduction electron

text: , which is free to move within the crystal lattice and serve as a charge carrier to conduct

text: electric current

text: .  It is closely related to the

text: HOMO/LUMO gap

text: in chemistry. If the valence band is completely full and the conduction band is completely empty, then electrons cannot move in the solid; however, if some electrons transfer from the valence to the conduction band, then current can flow (see

text: carrier generation and recombination

text: ). Therefore, the band gap is a major factor determining the

text: electrical conductivity

text: of a solid. Substances with large band gaps are generally

text: insulators

text: , those with smaller band gaps are

text: semiconductor

text: s, while

text: conductors

text: either have very small band gaps or none, because the valence and conduction bands overlap.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018699

answers: no

answers: NDQ_018701

answers: if some electrons transfer from the valence to the conduction band

answers: NDQ_018702

answers: a valence electron bound to an atom

answers: NDQ_018704

answers: electrons transfer from the valence to the conduction band

answers: NDQ_018706

answers: insulators and semiconductors

answers: NDQ_018707

answers: band gap

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A point charge is an idealized model of a particle which has an electric charge. A point charge is an electric charge at a mathematical point with no dimensions.

text: A point charge is an idealized model of a particle which has an

text: electric charge

text: . A point charge is an electric charge at a

text: mathematical point

text: with no dimensions.

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/32c96a90fa3a58ed4c933f0a81d39e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4a8ea562af74e81065f80f2bbbb818bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/2e31ab50024c7fc0ffde73ff79b77f18

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/082a4cd7d82f37191943de8f368a2a4d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/ca4f0be4f057cb4dc7633ed62483772f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/e30fb1f034a88d013bad48a01933e0f2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/deb721e12fcf415c8a66ee9e4059a4c8

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/0985257ed5278ed52abc45d0e5c4ca66

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/c521392ee9dde8e76a20d7d1e4484478

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/67ceb7d724f6b9910d17c9b3aefbfb82

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/3c5379112fef18b111228e986161e776

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/85e2325d5e7a7ac302cd0cbfae699674

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fee25bd5df7b1ec8dea5dba1d8491009

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/f2cfe621c47cc88f49cac299f79bf098

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/33f64948ca979690ee1047bca361c474

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/fd0fa0917a01ebfdba5c6264c325f0b7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/4dd68d28a46e122756f4ebaff9c14079

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/b094c5c531f700fc907d25dc25dcf89e

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/bc545d69b5e81dd13f7fea2007ec1e3f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4929/9867fa4cccfafec787de76f671025f5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73ea97ebd5c5b6d9ae8f76101624628b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/73d29a5f83e761b623d8bbfc0baa1f7c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/64aadbde2c1f59d342e9d96874de42bf

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/698f8085d73f8f3a0d7c133685a47421

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/f77181833b7244cec0fa7b00811bfec4

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b0b12510dca94d1bf3552bc80cb1bd08

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/c4fc05c7ef8f8fc24264cc4072792239

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/9bf5a4b52386d0c1da7814320d7aeade

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/b706fb4473963f537f06842f0fe28271

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4930/910a8f2af1cc4ebc2ec40d5e8f018393

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/5c9e2709d689bb33a30281d2907452ac

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d4e7813992848df22dea8362caef4f75

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/3b4406217a7d5f1aa44859f680ad7197

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/6962b456950bcda42162aa8ea999fb5a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/fe3a0dd2d303843e704e83a52d82fdb7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/50ecaae5fdc5dcbf2b193094da920cdc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/2bee09c04b47b37dab231009859e7fed

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/b299bddd5b864476097b324ff4bd7d2c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f5a7592827838c48984d74b796b470dc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/bea85c0f4576318dfcae8f19adb74e5c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/1598a7ca36e4a476beb43a3c8121b217

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/f74641c2f7a7980b2e6334c817201b2b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/e6d45adf3dd09d1c4bdd8b1e849aa8e1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d147a222c048c7d29bc021f433d568ff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4931/d8bdd586296b5ec3dbae3915f57e5e8c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/e4b7b11dff7674287df77dd08601edcb

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/4006b1ef9207e52bfc25c08f87079c89

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/1af7aa2472f9b6ba515e690a5b9c21c2

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/2bed251a173e448e53c147bbf3500aa7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/8475392feb06082886abd9caba1d5482

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/7edeec70f0034a2312d082a8dd85965f

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/ece6cf3da3a9a59c108ecd3097fcd3bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/c9a7d4e7d680d908cbbd0b3305d653ae

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68aedc79033743975b175da0155c1b42

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4932/68210982c1f28a1ebb2c3e7ce3f05d6b

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/54ec4b3a0d2488ea307a143a72559dff

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/44b1af413ea1546371a2ca4c03b55021

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/9eb1bfe72444609b3177f89033a584a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/03604d364954317a33c9b54f4dfd62bc

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/371497228caef23328738be595d56ce9

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d88bd4035e2dc0c5afd24b6836a0204a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/4a38b446f2e7f2b02574c8d6c4383cee

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/a25a65ff78cade9c73def7dbc0d0c8c7

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/692288972e465e0e3532bf6045b454a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/0cf7c701f944d763847086a9c22fb373

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/1527f11e5ca73019f94085dd7aa662a1

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/45399b333de35625fb7775bde3a15a99

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/d7e4ebe63f1319dfc0594cb04060db62

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/c5bad79f65e52b988185d0d09894294d

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1052/T_4933/30e92cf9cfd68e455a8f08f929764a88

answers: 0