text: NASA selected Hauck as an astronaut candidate in January 1978. He was pilot for STS-7, the seventh flight of the Space Shuttle, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on June 18, 1983. The crew included Robert Crippen (spacecraft commander), and three mission specialists, John Fabian, Sally Ride, and Norm Thagard. This was the second flight for the orbiter Challenger and the first mission with a 5-person crew. During the mission, the STS-7 crew deployed satellites for Canada (ANIK-C2) and Indonesia (Palapa B-1); operated the Canadian-built Remote Manipulator System (RMS) to perform the first deployment and retrieval exercise (with the Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS-01)); and with Crippen conducted the first piloting of the orbiter in close proximity to a free-flying satellite (SPAS-01). Mission duration was 147 hours before landing on a lakebed runway at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on June 24, 1983.

text: NASA selected Hauck as an astronaut candidate in January 1978. He was pilot for

text: , the seventh flight of the

entity_name: Space Shuttle

text: Space Shuttle

text: , which launched from

entity_name: Kennedy Space Center

text: Kennedy Space Center

entity_name: Florida

text: Florida

text: , on June 18, 1983. The crew included

entity_name: Robert Crippen

text: Robert Crippen

text: (spacecraft commander), and three mission specialists,

entity_name: John M. Fabian

text: John Fabian

entity_name: Sally Ride

text: Sally Ride

text: , and

entity_name: Norman Thagard

text: Norm Thagard

text: . This was the second flight for the orbiter

entity_name: Space Shuttle Challenger

text: Challenger

text: and the first mission with a 5-person crew. During the mission, the STS-7 crew deployed satellites for

entity_name: Canada

text: Canada

text: (ANIK-C2) and

entity_name: Indonesia

text: Indonesia

text: (Palapa B-1); operated the Canadian-built

entity_name: Canadarm

text: Remote Manipulator System

text: (RMS) to perform the first deployment and retrieval exercise (with the Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS-01)); and with Crippen conducted the first piloting of the orbiter in close proximity to a free-flying satellite (SPAS-01). Mission duration was 147 hours before landing on a lakebed runway at

entity_name: Edwards Air Force Base

text: Edwards Air Force Base

entity_name: California

text: California

text: , on June 24, 1983.

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text: The International Space Station (ISS) is the only permanently inhabited structure currently in space.  It is the size of an American football field and has a crew of six.  With a living volume of 358 m³, it has more interior room than the cargo beds of two American  18-wheeler trucks.  However, because of the microgravity environment of the space station, there are not always well-defined walls, floors, and ceilings and all pressurized areas can be utilized as living and working space.  The International Space Station is still under construction.  Modules were primarily launched using the Space Shuttle until its deactivation and were assembled by its crew with the help of the working crew on board the space station.  ISS modules were often designed and built to barely fit inside the shuttle's payload bay, which is cylindrical with a 4.6 meter diameter.

text: The International Space Station (ISS) is the only permanently inhabited structure currently in space.  It is the size of an American football field and has a crew of six.  With a living volume of 358 m³, it has more interior room than the cargo beds of two American  18-wheeler trucks.  However, because of the microgravity environment of the space station, there are not always well-defined walls, floors, and ceilings and all pressurized areas can be utilized as living and working space.  The International Space Station is still under construction.  Modules were primarily launched using the Space Shuttle until its deactivation and were assembled by its crew with the help of the working crew on board the space station.  ISS modules were often designed and built to barely fit inside the shuttle's payload bay, which is cylindrical with a 4.6 meter diameter.

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text: Fisher was a mission specialist on STS-51-I, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on August 27, 1985. STS-51-I was acknowledged as the most successful Space Shuttle mission yet flown. The crew aboard Space Shuttle Space Shuttle Discovery deployed three communications satellites, the Navy SYNCOM IV-4, the Australian AUSSAT, and American Satellite Company's ASC-1. They also performed a successful on-orbit rendezvous with the ailing 15,400 pound SYNCOM IV-3 satellite, and two EVAs (space walks) by Fisher and van Hoften to repair it, including the longest space walk in history (at that time). Discovery completed 112 orbits of the Earth before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on September 3, 1985. Fisher logged over 170 hours in space, including 11 hours and 52 minutes of Extravehicular Activity (EVA).

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entity_name: Space Shuttle Discovery

text: Space Shuttle Discovery

text: deployed three communications satellites, the Navy SYNCOM IV-4, the Australian AUSSAT, and American Satellite Company's ASC-1. They also performed a successful on-orbit rendezvous with the ailing 15,400 pound SYNCOM IV-3 satellite, and two EVAs (space walks) by Fisher and van Hoften to repair it, including the longest space walk in history (at that time). Discovery completed 112 orbits of the Earth before landing at

text: Edwards Air Force Base

text: California

text: , on September 3, 1985. Fisher logged over 170 hours in space, including 11 hours and 52 minutes of Extravehicular Activity (EVA).

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text: Crew members from space shuttle Discovery and the International Space Station closed their respective hatches at 17:59 UTC. The space shuttle undocked from the International Space Station at 19:53 UTC.

text: Crew members from space shuttle Discovery and the International Space Station closed their respective hatches at 17:59 UTC. The space shuttle undocked from the International Space Station at 19:53 UTC.

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text: Niwaka or FITSAT-1 is a 1U CubeSat satellite deployed from the International Space Station on October 4, 2012.

text: Niwaka or FITSAT-1 is a 1U

entity_name: CubeSat

text: CubeSat

text: satellite deployed from the

entity_name: International Space Station

text: International Space Station

text: on October 4, 2012.

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text: Both the Soviets and the United States developed anti-satellite weaponry designed to shoot down satellites. While early efforts paralleled other space-to-space warfare concepts, the United States was able in the 1980s to develop ground-to-space laser anti-satellite weapons. None of these systems are known to be active today; however, a less powerful civilian version of the ground-to-space laser system is commonly used in the astronomical technique of adaptive optics.

text: Both the Soviets and the United States developed

entity_name: Anti-satellite weapon

text: anti-satellite

text: weaponry designed to shoot down satellites. While early efforts paralleled other space-to-space warfare concepts, the United States was able in the 1980s to develop ground-to-space laser anti-satellite weapons. None of these systems are known to be active today; however, a less powerful civilian version of the ground-to-space laser system is commonly used in the astronomical technique of

entity_name: Adaptive optics

text: adaptive optics

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text: A contributing factor to the Sputnik Crisis was that the Soviets had not released a photograph of the satellite for five days after the launch. Until this point, its appearance remained a mystery to Americans. Another factor was Sputnik's weight of  which dwarfed the United States' plans to launch a satellite of . The Soviet claim was outrageous to many American officials who doubted its accuracy. US rockets at the time produced  of thrust and US officials presumed that the Soviet rocket that launched Sputnik into space had to have produced  of thrust. In fact, the R-7 rocket that launched Sputnik 1 into space produced almost  of thrust. All these factors contributed to the American people's perception that they were greatly behind the Soviets in the development of space technologies.

text: A contributing factor to the Sputnik Crisis was that the Soviets had not released a photograph of the satellite for five days after the launch. Until this point, its appearance remained a mystery to Americans. Another factor was Sputnik's weight of  which dwarfed the United States' plans to launch a satellite of . The Soviet claim was outrageous to many American officials who doubted its accuracy. US rockets at the time produced  of thrust and US officials presumed that the Soviet rocket that launched Sputnik into space had to have produced  of thrust. In fact, the R-7 rocket that launched Sputnik 1 into space produced almost  of thrust. All these factors contributed to the American people's perception that they were greatly behind the Soviets in the development of space technologies.

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text: Communication and tracking of rockets and satellites in orbit is achieved using stations such as Jodrell Bank. During the Space Race, Jodrell Bank and other stations were used to track several satellites and probes including Sputnik and Pioneer 5.

text: Communication and tracking of rockets and satellites in orbit is achieved using stations such as

text: Jodrell Bank

text: . During the

text: Space Race

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text: The previous mission for 7 SOPS was to augment space operation squadrons of the 50th Space Wing, specifically the 1st Space Operations Squadron. These activities included satellite emergencies, launch and early orbit, and satellite disposal for the Global Positioning System and Defense Support Program satellites. Up until 2007, 7 SOPS operated the Midcourse Space Experiment satellite, AFSPC's only space-based space surveillance asset and also performed booster launch operations mission, providing telemetry collection/data relay for Delta II launches.

text: The previous mission for 7 SOPS was to augment space operation squadrons of the

text: 50th Space Wing

text: , specifically the

text: 1st Space Operations Squadron

text: . These activities included satellite emergencies, launch and early orbit, and satellite disposal for the

text: Global Positioning System

text: and

text: Defense Support Program

text: satellites. Up until 2007, 7 SOPS operated the

text: Midcourse Space Experiment

text: satellite, AFSPC's only space-based space surveillance asset and also performed booster launch operations mission, providing telemetry collection/data relay for Delta II launches.

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text: The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project also used Apollo hardware for the first joint nation space flight, paving the way for future cooperation with other nations in the Space Shuttle and International Space Station programs.

text: The

text: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

text: also used Apollo hardware for the first joint nation space flight, paving the way for future cooperation with other nations in the

text: Space Shuttle

text: and

text: International Space Station

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text: The delivery of SPHERES satellites to the International Space Station were originally planned for 2003. However, due to the loss of Space Shuttle Columbia in February 2003, the delivery did not take place until 2006.

text: The delivery of SPHERES satellites to the International Space Station were originally planned for 2003. However, due to the

text: loss of Space Shuttle Columbia

text: in February 2003, the delivery did not take place until 2006.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: NASA retired the Space Shuttle in 2011, after 30 years of service. The Shuttle was originally conceived of and presented to the public as a "Space Truck", which would, among other things, be used to build a United States space station in low earth orbit in the early 1990s. When the US space station evolved into the International Space Station project, which suffered from long delays and design changes before it could be completed, the service life of the Space Shuttle was extended several times until 2011, serving at least 15 years longer than it was originally designed to do. Discovery was the first of NASA's three remaining operational Space Shuttles to be retired.

text: NASA retired the Space Shuttle in 2011, after 30 years of service. The Shuttle was originally conceived of and presented to the public as a "Space Truck", which would, among other things, be used to build a United States space station in

text: low earth orbit

text: in the early 1990s. When the US space station evolved into the International Space Station project, which suffered from long delays and design changes before it could be completed, the service life of the Space Shuttle was extended several times until 2011, serving at least 15 years longer than it was originally designed to do. Discovery was the first of NASA's three remaining operational Space Shuttles to be retired.

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answers: build a United States space station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The International Space Station (ISS) combines NASA's Space Station Freedom project with the Soviet/Russian Mir-2 station, the European Columbus station, and the Japanese Kibō laboratory module. NASA originally planned in the 1980s to develop Freedom alone, but US budget constraints led to the merger of these projects into a single multi-national program in 1993, managed by NASA, the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The station consists of pressurized modules, external trusses, solar arrays and other components, which have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and the US Space Shuttles. It is currently being assembled in Low Earth Orbit. The on-orbit assembly began in 1998, the completion of the US Orbital Segment occurred in 2011 and the completion of the Russian Orbital Segment is expected by 2016. The ownership and use of the space station is established in intergovernmental treaties and agreements which divide the station into two areas and allow Russia to retain full ownership of the Russian Orbital Segment (with the exception of Zarya), with the US Orbital Segment allocated between the other international partners.

text: The

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS) combines NASA's

text: Space Station Freedom

text: project with the Soviet/Russian

text: station, the European

text: Columbus

text: station, and the Japanese

text: Kibō

text: laboratory module. NASA originally planned in the 1980s to develop Freedom alone, but US budget constraints led to the merger of these projects into a single multi-national program in 1993, managed by NASA, the

text: Russian Federal Space Agency

text: (RKA), the

text: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

text: (JAXA), the

text: European Space Agency

text: (ESA), and the

text: Canadian Space Agency

text: (CSA). The station consists of pressurized modules, external

text: trusses

text: solar arrays

text: and other components, which have been launched by Russian

text: Proton

text: and

text: Soyuz

text: rockets, and the US Space Shuttles. It is

entity_name: Assembly of the International Space Station

text: currently being assembled

text: in

text: Low Earth Orbit

text: . The on-orbit assembly began in 1998, the completion of the

text: US Orbital Segment

text: occurred in 2011 and the completion of the

text: Russian Orbital Segment

text: is expected by 2016. The ownership and use of the space station is established in intergovernmental treaties and agreements which divide the station into two areas and allow

text: Russia

text: to retain full ownership of the Russian Orbital Segment (with the exception of Zarya), with the US Orbital Segment allocated between the other international partners.

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text: The shuttle closed the hatch connecting it to the space station at 19:49 UTC.

text: The shuttle closed the hatch connecting it to the space station at 19:49 UTC.

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text: Endeavour's commander, Dominic Gorie, guided the shuttle through a 360-degree backflip, known as the rendezvous pitch maneuver, to allow for full photographic surveillance of the thermal tiles on the space shuttle's belly before docking with the space station. Docking occurred at 03:49 UTC and the hatches between the two spacecraft were opened at 05:36 UTC on. After docking the pallet carrying Dextre was moved to the Payload ORU Accommodation (POA) of the Mobile Base Station (MSB) by Canadarm.

text: Endeavour's commander, Dominic Gorie, guided the shuttle through a 360-degree backflip, known as the

text: rendezvous pitch maneuver

text: , to allow for full photographic surveillance of the thermal tiles on the space shuttle's belly before docking with the space station. Docking occurred at 03:49 UTC and the hatches between the two spacecraft were opened at 05:36 UTC on. After docking the pallet carrying Dextre was moved to the Payload ORU Accommodation (POA) of the

text: Mobile Base Station

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text: Its main mission is to track space debris, intercontinental ballistic missiles, and submarine-launched ballistic missiles. It also tracked the spy satellite USA-193 before it was shot down. Its secondary mission is tracking Earth-orbiting objects such as the International Space Station, the Space Shuttle, any object that deviates from its known orbit, or any new orbiting objects.

text: Its main mission is to track

text: space debris

text: intercontinental ballistic missile

text: s, and

text: submarine-launched ballistic missile

text: s. It also tracked the spy satellite

text: before it was

text: shot down

text: . Its secondary mission is tracking Earth-orbiting objects such as the

text: International Space Station

text: , the

text: Space Shuttle

text: , any object that deviates from its known orbit, or any new orbiting objects.

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text: A rocket is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle that obtains thrust from a rocket engine. Rocket engine exhaust is formed entirely from propellants carried within the rocket before use. Rocket engines work by action and reaction. Rocket engines push rockets forward simply by throwing their exhaust backwards extremely fast.

text: A rocket is a

text: missile

text: spacecraft

text: aircraft

text: or other

text: vehicle

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text: thrust

text: from a

text: rocket engine

text: . Rocket engine exhaust is formed entirely from

text: propellant

text: s carried within the rocket before use. Rocket engines work by

text: action and reaction

text: . Rocket engines push rockets forward simply by throwing their exhaust backwards extremely fast.

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text: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Shuttle Rocket Booster "Skirt" car #NALX 171 (Renumbered GCOX 171)

text: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Shuttle Rocket Booster "Skirt" car #NALX 171 (Renumbered GCOX 171)

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text: Around the Earth, stationary satellites orbit at altitudes of approximately . Writing in 1945, the science-fiction author Arthur C. Clarke imagined communications satellites as travelling in stationary orbits, where those satellites would travel around the Earth at the same speed the globe is spinning, making them hover stationary over one spot on the Earth's surface.

text: Around the

text: Earth

text: , stationary satellites orbit at altitudes of approximately . Writing in 1945, the science-fiction author

text: Arthur C. Clarke

text: imagined

text: communications satellite

text: s as travelling in stationary orbits, where those satellites would travel around the Earth at the same speed the globe is spinning, making them hover stationary over one spot on the Earth's surface.

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answers: communications satellites

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicle, or simply Shuttle-Derived Vehicle (SDV), is a term describing one of a wide array of concepts that have been developed for creating space launch vehicles from the components, technology and infrastructure of the Space Shuttle program.  SDVs have also been part of NASA's plans several times in the past.  In the late 1980s and early 1990s, NASA formally studied a cargo-only vehicle, Shuttle-C, that would have supplemented the crewed Space Shuttle in orbiting payloads.

text: Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicle, or simply Shuttle-Derived Vehicle (SDV), is a term describing one of a wide array of concepts that have been developed for creating space

text: launch vehicle

text: s from the components, technology and infrastructure of the

text: Space Shuttle program

text: .  SDVs have also been part of NASA's plans several times in the past.  In the late 1980s and early 1990s, NASA formally studied a cargo-only vehicle,

text: Shuttle-C

text: , that would have supplemented the crewed Space Shuttle in orbiting payloads.

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answers: Newton's law of motion

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answers: crewed

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The 'International Space Station (ISS) is a space station in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest artificial body in orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets as well as American Space Shuttles.

text: The 'International Space Station (ISS) is a

text: space station

text: in

text: low Earth orbit

text: . Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest artificial body in orbit and can often be seen with the

text: naked eye

text: from Earth. The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses,

text: solar arrays

text: and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian

text: Proton

text: and

text: Soyuz

text: rockets as well as American

text: Space Shuttle

text: s.

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answers: can often be seen with the naked eye

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answers: Earth orbit

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answers: Proton and Soyuz rockets

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answers: space station in low Earth orbit

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Columbia brought with it two free floating satellites, both of which were on repeat visits to space. Also, a variety of equipment to be tested on two planned spacewalks was part of the payload. These would have been used to prepare for construction of the International Space Station. Included in the Shuttle's payload were

text: Columbia brought with it two free floating satellites, both of which were on repeat visits to space. Also, a variety of equipment to be tested on two planned spacewalks was part of the payload. These would have been used to prepare for construction of the

text: International Space Station

text: . Included in the Shuttle's payload were

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answers: free floating

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Large commercial dishes of 3.7 m to 13 m diameter can be used to achieve increased rain margins and also to reduce the cost per bit by allowing for more efficient modulation codes. Alternately, larger aperture antennae can require less power from the satellite to achieve acceptable performance.  Satellites typically use photovoltaic solar power, so there is no expense for the energy itself, but a more powerful satellite will require larger, more powerful solar panels and electronics, often including a larger transmitting antenna.  The larger satellite components not only increase materials costs but also increase the weight of the satellite, and in general, the cost to launch a satellite into an orbit is directly proportional to its weight.  (In addition, since satellite launch vehicles [i.e. rockets] have specific payload size limits, making parts of the satellite larger may require either more complex folding mechanisms for parts of the satellite like solar panels and high-gain antennas, or upgrading to a more expensive launch vehicle that can handle a larger payload.)

text: Large commercial dishes of 3.7 m to 13 m diameter can be used to achieve increased rain margins and also to reduce the cost per bit by allowing for more efficient modulation codes. Alternately, larger aperture antennae can require less power from the satellite to achieve acceptable performance.  Satellites typically use

text: photovoltaic

text: solar power, so there is no expense for the energy itself, but a more powerful satellite will require larger, more powerful solar panels and electronics, often including a larger transmitting antenna.  The larger satellite components not only increase materials costs but also increase the weight of the satellite, and in general, the cost to launch a satellite into an orbit is directly proportional to its weight.  (In addition, since satellite launch vehicles [i.e. rockets] have specific payload size limits, making parts of the satellite larger may require either more complex folding mechanisms for parts of the satellite like solar panels and high-gain antennas, or upgrading to a more expensive launch vehicle that can handle a larger payload.)

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text: The main purpose of Space Shuttle Mission 2007 is to allow the gamer to experience real historical NASA Space Shuttle missions from liftoff (T-00:01:50:00) to landing. Initially, Space Shuttle Mission 2007 was released with a set of 11 missions but as time passed, the development team has been releasing new missions as free add-ons. The missions include satellite deployment and servicing (including the Hubble Telescope), building and servicing the International Space Station, numerous extra-vehicular activities and landing at Kennedy Space Center and Edwards Air Force Base.

text: The main purpose of Space Shuttle Mission 2007 is to allow the gamer to experience real historical

text: NASA

text: Space Shuttle

text: missions from liftoff (T-00:01:50:00) to landing. Initially, Space Shuttle Mission 2007 was released with a set of 11 missions but as time passed, the development team has been releasing new missions as free add-ons. The missions include

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text: deployment and servicing (including the

text: Hubble Telescope

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text: The Space Shuttle was originally designed to utilize on-board turbofan engines for propulsion within the atmosphere, both upon re-entry and for ferry flights between landing sites, such as Edwards Air Force Base, the White Sands Missile Range, or contingency landing sites such as Easter Island, to the launch site at Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral. When the air-breathing engines were deleted from the Shuttle design due to cost and weight concerns, a requirement arose for a transport aircraft capable of carrying the Shuttle from landing sites back to the Kennedy Space Center. One early design for a shuttle carrier aircraft was proposed by John M. Conroy, developer of the Pregnant Guppy and Super Guppy oversized cargo aircraft, in cooperation with the NASA Langley Research Center; named Virtus, a contract was issued for design and development work in 1974.

text: The Space Shuttle was originally designed to utilize on-board

text: turbofan

text: engines for propulsion within the atmosphere, both upon

text: re-entry

text: and for ferry flights between landing sites, such as

text: Edwards Air Force Base

text: , the

text: White Sands Missile Range

text: , or contingency landing sites such as

text: Easter Island

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text: Kennedy Space Center

text: at

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text: . When the air-breathing engines were deleted from the Shuttle design due to cost and weight concerns, a requirement arose for a transport aircraft capable of carrying the Shuttle from landing sites back to the Kennedy Space Center. One early design for a shuttle carrier aircraft was proposed by

text: John M. Conroy

text: , developer of the

text: Pregnant Guppy

text: and

text: Super Guppy

text: oversized cargo aircraft, in cooperation with the

text: NASA Langley Research Center

text: ; named Virtus, a contract was issued for design and development work in 1974.

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text: Satellites are used for a large number of purposes. Common types include military (spy) and civilian Earth observation satellites, communication satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and research satellites. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites.

text: Satellites are used for a large number of purposes. Common types include military (spy) and civilian Earth observation satellites, communication satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and research satellites.

text: Space station

text: s and human

text: spacecraft

text: in orbit are also satellites.

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text: On 14 February, 2008 General James Cartwright, the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, made a public announcement that the U.S. intended to shoot down USA-193. In this announcement he laid out several criteria into when, how and why the satellite would be shot down. The major objective was to reduce the risk to space, air and terrestrial platforms. He explained that they would wait for the shuttle to land, so the potential harm to the shuttle would not be a factor. Next they wanted to wait until the satellite was close to re-entry, this would limit the amount of space debris created. Finally, they did not want to let the satellite enter the earth’s atmosphere because of its non-aerodynamic characteristics, which would make it extremely hard to intercept. He suggested that these criteria gave them an eight-day window.

text: On 14 February, 2008 General

text: James Cartwright

text: , the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, made a public announcement that the U.S. intended to shoot down USA-193. In this announcement he laid out several criteria into when, how and why the satellite would be shot down. The major objective was to reduce the risk to space, air and terrestrial platforms. He explained that they would

text: wait for the shuttle to land

text: , so the potential harm to the shuttle would not be a factor. Next they wanted to wait until the satellite was close to re-entry, this would limit the amount of space debris created. Finally, they did not want to let the satellite enter the earth’s atmosphere because of its non-aerodynamic characteristics, which would make it extremely hard to intercept. He suggested that these criteria gave them an eight-day window.

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text: The 5 SPSS (initially designated "Detachment 1, 73rd Space Surveillance Group", or "Det 1 SSURGP") was part of the USAF's Passive Space Surveillance Network which tracked the physical location of emitting satellites in orbit.  This data along with that from other systems was used to adjust the orbits of various satellites and manned vessels (for instance the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station) to reduce the risk of on-orbit collisions.

text: The 5 SPSS (initially designated "Detachment 1, 73rd Space Surveillance Group", or "Det 1 SSURGP") was part of the USAF's Passive Space Surveillance Network which tracked the physical location of emitting satellites in orbit.  This data along with that from other systems was used to adjust the orbits of various satellites and manned vessels (for instance the Space Shuttle and the

text: International Space Station

text: ) to reduce the risk of on-orbit collisions.

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text: In 1995, Russian-American interaction resumed with the Shuttle–Mir missions (1995–1998). Once more an American vehicle docked with a Russian craft, this time a full-fledged space station. This cooperation has continued with Russia and the United States as two of the biggest partners in the largest space station built: the International Space Station (ISS). The strength of their cooperation on this project was even more evident when NASA began relying on Russian launch vehicles to service the ISS during the two-year grounding of the shuttle fleet following the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.

text: In 1995, Russian-American interaction resumed with the

text: Shuttle–Mir

text: missions (1995–1998). Once more an American vehicle docked with a Russian craft, this time a full-fledged space station. This cooperation has continued with Russia and the United States as two of the biggest partners in the largest space station built: the

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS). The strength of their cooperation on this project was even more evident when NASA began relying on Russian launch vehicles to service the ISS during the two-year grounding of the shuttle fleet following the 2003

text: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster

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text: Upon receiving the contract to build the EMU in 1974, Hamilton United and ILC Dover delivered the first EMU units to NASA in 1982. During the research and development phase (1975–1980), a suit being tested caught fire, injuring a technician and forcing a redesign on the regulator and circulation fan. On STS-4 in July 1982, the astronauts practiced donning and doffing the suit in the Shuttle's airlock. The first Shuttle EVA was to occur on STS-5, but an electrical failure on the circulation fan forced the EVA to be cancelled. The first EVA of the new EMU finally occurred on STS-6 when Story Musgrave and Donald Peterson went out in the payload bay of the Space Shuttle Challenger and tested techniques to lower the launch cradle of a solid-fuel upper stage used to boost a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-A) into a geo-stationary orbit.

text: Upon receiving the contract to build the EMU in 1974, Hamilton United and ILC Dover delivered the first EMU units to NASA in 1982. During the research and development phase (1975–1980), a suit being tested caught fire, injuring a technician and forcing a redesign on the regulator and circulation fan. On

text: in July 1982, the astronauts practiced donning and doffing the suit in the Shuttle's airlock. The first Shuttle EVA was to occur on

text: , but an electrical failure on the circulation fan forced the EVA to be cancelled. The first EVA of the new EMU finally occurred on

text: when

text: Story Musgrave

text: and

text: Donald Peterson

text: went out in the payload bay of the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger

text: and tested techniques to lower the launch cradle of a solid-fuel upper stage used to boost a

text: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite

text: (TDRS-A) into a geo-stationary orbit.

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text: Finally the U.S. Air Force required a booster rocket that could launch heavier satellites than either the Titan IIIE or the Space Shuttle.  The Martin Company responded with its extremely large Titan IV series of rockets. When the Titan IV came into service, it could carry a heavier payload to orbit than any other rocket "except" for NASA's Saturn V rocket — which was no longer in production and thus was a machine from history. Besides its use by the Air Force to launch its sequence of very heavy reconnaissance satellites, one Titan IV, with a powerful Centaur rocket upper stage, was used to launch the heavy Cassini space probe to the planet Saturn in 1997. The Cassini probe has been in orbit around Saturn since 2004, successfully returning mountains of scientific data.

text: Finally the U.S. Air Force required a booster rocket that could launch heavier satellites than either the Titan IIIE or the

text: Space Shuttle

text: .  The Martin Company responded with its extremely large

text: Titan IV

text: series of rockets. When the Titan IV came into service, it could carry a heavier payload to orbit than any other rocket "except" for NASA's

text: Saturn V rocket

text: — which was no longer in production and thus was a machine from history. Besides its use by the Air Force to launch its sequence of very heavy

text: reconnaissance satellite

text: s, one Titan IV, with a powerful

text: Centaur rocket

text: upper stage, was used to launch the heavy

text: Cassini space probe

text: to the planet

text: Saturn

text: in 1997. The Cassini probe has been in orbit around Saturn since 2004, successfully returning mountains of scientific data.

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text: From the 2013 film Gravity, space shuttle Explorer is destroyed by an out of control satellite, in the early portion of the film.

text: From the 2013 film

text: Gravity

text: , space shuttle

text: Explorer

text: is destroyed by an out of control satellite, in the early portion of the film.

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text: The assembly of the International Space Station, a major endeavour in space architecture, began in November 1998. Russian modules launched and docked robotically, with the exception of Rassvet. All other modules were delivered by the Space Shuttle, which required installation by ISS and shuttle crewmembers using the Canadarm2 (SSRMS) and EVAs; , they had added 159 components during more than 1,000 hours of EVA. 127 of these spacewalks originated from the station, and the remaining 32 were launched from the airlocks of docked Space Shuttles. The beta angle of the station had to be considered at all times during construction, as the station's beta angle is directly related to the percentage of its orbit that the station (as well as any docked or docking spacecraft) is exposed to the sun; the Space Shuttle would not perform optimally above a limit called the "beta cutoff". Many of the modules that launched on the Space Shuttle were integrated and tested on the ground at the Space Station Processing Facility to find and correct issues prior to launch.

text: The assembly of the International Space Station, a major endeavour in

text: space architecture

text: , began in November 1998. Russian modules launched and docked robotically, with the exception of

text: Rassvet

text: . All other modules were delivered by the Space Shuttle, which required installation by ISS and shuttle crewmembers using the

text: (SSRMS) and

entity_name: List of International Space Station spacewalks

text: EVAs

text: ; , they had added 159 components during more than 1,000 hours of EVA. 127 of these spacewalks originated from the station, and the remaining 32 were launched from the airlocks of docked Space Shuttles. The

text: beta angle

text: of the station had to be considered at all times during construction, as the station's beta angle is directly related to the percentage of its orbit that the station (as well as any docked or docking spacecraft) is exposed to the sun; the Space Shuttle would not perform optimally above a limit called the "beta cutoff". Many of the modules that launched on the Space Shuttle were

text: integrated and tested on the ground

text: at the

text: Space Station Processing Facility

text: to find and correct issues prior to launch.

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text: There are two on board computers in LituanicaSAT-1 due to redundancy requirements: the flight computer based on ARM Cortex-M4F microcontroller and secondary (back-up) computer based on an Atmel ATMega2560 microcontroller. The flight computer is the central control unit of the satellite responsible for maintaining the normal operating mode of the satellite, monitoring and control of energy resources, control of attitude determination sub-system and performance of telecommands received from the satellite ground station in Vilnius University, Lithuania. Secondary flight computer is based on Arduino. It ensures limited but safe functionality of the satellite in case of the main CPU failure and will also take and record the first pictures made from space, as well as control the radio beacon of the satellite.

text: There are two on board computers in LituanicaSAT-1 due to redundancy requirements: the flight computer based on

text: ARM Cortex-M4F

text: microcontroller and secondary (back-up) computer based on an

text: Atmel

text: microcontroller. The flight computer is the central control unit of the satellite responsible for maintaining the normal operating mode of the satellite, monitoring and control of energy resources, control of attitude determination sub-system and performance of telecommands received from the satellite ground station in

text: Vilnius University

text: Lithuania

text: . Secondary flight computer is based on

text: Arduino

text: . It ensures limited but safe functionality of the satellite in case of the main CPU failure and will also take and record the first pictures made from space, as well as control the radio beacon of the satellite.

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text: In 2006, as part of the proposed Constellation Program, NASA unveiled plans to construct two Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicles, the Ares I and Ares V, which would use some existing Space Shuttle and Saturn V hardware and infrastructure. The two rockets were intended to increase safety by specializing each vehicle for different tasks, Ares I for crew launches and Ares V for cargo launches. The original design of the heavy-lift Ares V, named in homage to the Saturn V, was  in height and featured a core stage based on the Space Shuttle External Tank, with a diameter of . It was to be powered by five Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) and two five-segment Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs). As the design evolved, the SSMEs were replaced with five RS-68 engines, the same engines used on the Delta IV. The switch from the SSME to the RS-68 was intended to reduce cost, the RS-68 being cheaper, simpler to manufacture, and more powerful than the SSME, though the lower efficiency of the RS-68 required an increase in core stage diameter to , the same diameter as the Saturn V's S-IC and S-II stages.

text: In 2006, as part of the proposed

text: Constellation Program

text: , NASA unveiled plans to construct two

text: Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle

text: s, the

text: Ares I

text: and

text: Ares V

text: , which would use some existing Space Shuttle and Saturn V hardware and infrastructure. The two rockets were intended to increase safety by

text: specializing

text: each vehicle for different tasks, Ares I for crew launches and Ares V for cargo launches. The original design of the heavy-lift Ares V, named in homage to the Saturn V, was  in height and featured a core stage based on the Space Shuttle External Tank, with a diameter of . It was to be powered by five

text: Space Shuttle Main Engine

text: s (SSMEs) and two five-segment

text: Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster

text: s (SRBs). As the design evolved, the SSMEs were replaced with five

text: engines, the same engines used on the

text: Delta IV

text: . The switch from the SSME to the RS-68 was intended to reduce cost, the RS-68 being cheaper, simpler to manufacture, and more powerful than the SSME, though the lower

text: efficiency

text: of the RS-68 required an increase in core stage diameter to , the same diameter as the Saturn V's S-IC and S-II stages.

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text: The deployment and retrieval of a satellite designed to study Earth's middle atmosphere along with a test of potential International Space Station hardware highlighted NASA's sixth Shuttle mission of 1997. The prime payload for the flight, the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite-2 (CRISTA-SPAS-2) made its second flight on the Space Shuttle (previous flight STS-66 in 1994) and was the fourth mission in a cooperative venture between the German Space Agency (DARA) and NASA.

text: The deployment and retrieval of a satellite designed to study Earth's middle atmosphere along with a test of potential International Space Station hardware highlighted NASA's sixth Shuttle mission of 1997. The prime payload for the flight, the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite-2 (

text: ) made its second flight on the Space Shuttle (previous flight

text: in 1994) and was the fourth mission in a cooperative venture between the German Space Agency (DARA) and NASA.

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text: The birth of the National Security Space Enterprise was the Corona photo intelligence gathering satellite program. Recently declassified, this program convinced the Air Force a dedicated unit was needed to provide satellite tracking. In April 1959, the 6594th Test Wing was activated with temporary headquarters in Palo Alto, Calif. In 1960, land was purchased in Sunnyvale, Calif. and the 6594th Test Wing relocated to form the Air Force Satellite Test Center. Construction on the "Blue Cube" was completed in 1968, and on Jan. 1, 1971, the Sunnyvale facilities became Sunnyvale Air Force Station. The installation was renamed Onizuka Air Force Station on July 24, 1986, in honor of Col. Ellison Onizuka, who lost his life in the Space Shuttle Challenger accident.

text: The birth of the National Security Space Enterprise was the Corona photo intelligence gathering satellite program. Recently declassified, this program convinced the Air Force a dedicated unit was needed to provide satellite tracking. In April 1959, the 6594th Test Wing was activated with temporary headquarters in Palo Alto, Calif. In 1960, land was purchased in Sunnyvale, Calif. and the 6594th Test Wing relocated to form the Air Force Satellite Test Center. Construction on the "Blue Cube" was completed in 1968, and on Jan. 1, 1971, the Sunnyvale facilities became Sunnyvale Air Force Station. The installation was renamed Onizuka Air Force Station on July 24, 1986, in honor of Col. Ellison Onizuka, who lost his life in the Space Shuttle Challenger accident.

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text: The shuttle and space station crew also spoke with reporters during a space-to-ground news conference.

text: The shuttle and space station crew also spoke with reporters during a space-to-ground news conference.

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text: Brand was Commander of Space Shuttle Columbia for STS-5, the first fully operational flight of the Space Shuttle program, which launched on November 11, 1982. His crew comprised Colonel Robert Overmyer, pilot, and two mission specialists, Dr. Joseph P. Allen and Dr. William B. Lenoir. STS-5, the first mission with a four-man crew, demonstrated the Shuttle as operational by the successful first deployment of two commercial communications satellites from the Shuttle's payload bay. The mission marked the Shuttle's first use of an upper-stage rocket for payloads, the Payload Assist Module (PAM-D). The satellites were deployed for Satellite Business Systems Corporation of McLean, Virginia, and TELESAT of Ottawa, Canada. Two FAI records for mass to altitude were set on the mission. Numerous flight tests were performed to ascertain Shuttle performance. STS-5 was the last flight to carry the Development Flight Instrumentation package to support extensive flight testing. The STS-5 crew concluded the 5-day orbital flight of Columbia with the landing approach through a cloud deck to Runway 22 at Edwards Air Force Base, California on November 16, 1982. Mission duration was 122 hours.

text: Brand was Commander of

text: Space Shuttle Columbia

text: for

text: , the first fully operational flight of the

text: Space Shuttle program

text: , which launched on November 11, 1982. His crew comprised Colonel

text: Robert Overmyer

text: , pilot, and two mission specialists, Dr.

text: Joseph P. Allen

text: and Dr.

text: William B. Lenoir

text: . STS-5, the first mission with a four-man crew, demonstrated the Shuttle as operational by the successful first deployment of two commercial communications satellites from the Shuttle's payload bay. The mission marked the Shuttle's first use of an upper-stage rocket for payloads, the Payload Assist Module (PAM-D). The satellites were deployed for Satellite Business Systems Corporation of McLean, Virginia, and TELESAT of

text: Ottawa, Canada

text: . Two FAI records for mass to altitude were set on the mission. Numerous flight tests were performed to ascertain Shuttle performance. STS-5 was the last flight to carry the Development Flight Instrumentation package to support extensive flight testing. The STS-5 crew concluded the 5-day orbital flight of Columbia with the landing approach through a cloud deck to Runway 22 at

text: Edwards Air Force Base, California

text: on November 16, 1982. Mission duration was 122 hours.

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text: The ELV design differs from that of reusable launch systems, where the vehicle is launched and recovered more than once. Reuse might seem to make systems like the Space Shuttle more cost effective than ELVs,  but in practice launches using ELVs have been less expensive than Shuttle launches. (See Space Shuttle Program and Criticism of the Space Shuttle program for discussion of Space Shuttle economics.) Most satellites are currently launched using expendable launchers; they are perceived as having a low risk of mission failure, a short time to launch and a relatively low cost.

text: The ELV design differs from that of

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text: Space Shuttle

text: more cost effective than ELVs,  but in practice launches using ELVs have been less expensive than Shuttle launches. (See

text: Space Shuttle Program

text: and

text: Criticism of the Space Shuttle program

text: for discussion of Space Shuttle economics.) Most

text: satellite

text: s are currently launched using expendable launchers; they are perceived as having a low risk of mission failure, a short time to launch and a relatively low cost.

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text: Voyager arrives at a nearby space station to take on supplies and information about the Nekrit Expanse, and Neelix meets an old Talaxian friend called Wixiban, who was down on his luck and is stranded on the station. Neelix offers to help and is asked to retrieve medical supplies for a mission of mercy trade. He gladly complies and they take a shuttle to transport to an isolated area of the space station, but not before Wixiban takes a phaser, claiming that it's a precautionary measure. However, the trade actually involved illegal narcotics and the trader reneges on the deal and attempts to kill both Wixibian and Neelix once he receives the goods. Wixiban reacts by shooting and killing the trader and they both beam out to the shuttle and back to Voyager without getting caught, but Neelix is furious at Wixiban for placing him in this situation.

text: Voyager arrives at a nearby space station to take on supplies and information about the Nekrit Expanse, and Neelix meets an old Talaxian friend called

text: Wixiban

text: , who was down on his luck and is stranded on the station. Neelix offers to help and is asked to retrieve medical supplies for a mission of mercy trade. He gladly complies and they take a shuttle to transport to an isolated area of the space station, but not before Wixiban takes a phaser, claiming that it's a precautionary measure. However, the trade actually involved illegal

text: narcotics

text: and the trader reneges on the deal and attempts to kill both Wixibian and Neelix once he receives the goods. Wixiban reacts by shooting and killing the trader and they both beam out to the shuttle and back to Voyager without getting caught, but Neelix is furious at Wixiban for placing him in this situation.

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answers: take on supplies and information

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Almost twenty years later, on November 23, 2007, an on-line trade publication noted, "While NASA uses the (TDRSS) satellites to communicate with the space shuttle and international space station, most of their bandwidth is devoted to the Pentagon, which covers the lion's share of TDRSS operations costs and is driving many of the system's requirements, some of them classified."

text: Almost twenty years later, on November 23, 2007, an on-line trade publication noted, "While NASA uses the (TDRSS) satellites to communicate with the space shuttle and international space station, most of their bandwidth is devoted to the Pentagon, which covers the lion's share of TDRSS operations costs and is driving many of the system's requirements, some of them classified."

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: STS-133 (ISS assembly flight ULF5) was the 133rd mission in NASA's Space Shuttle program; during the mission, Space Shuttle Discovery docked with the International Space Station. It was Discovery

text: STS-133 (

text: ISS assembly

text: flight ULF5) was the 133rd mission in

text: NASA

text: 's

text: Space Shuttle program

text: ; during the mission,

text: Space Shuttle Discovery

text: docked with the

text: International Space Station

text: . It was Discovery

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answers: assembly

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: |-| ASSET || US || Rocket launch || Experimental || 1963 || Prototype || Unmanned reentry test vehicle.|-| Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar || US || Rocket launch || Experimental || 1963 || Project || Manned.|-| BOR-4 || USSR || Rocket launch || Experimental || 1982 || Prototype || Unmanned reentry test vehicle.|-| Buran Shuttle || USSR || Rocket launch || Utility || 1988 || Prototype || Manned orbiter, launched by the Energia rocket. Only one unmanned flight made.|- |HOTOL || UK || SSO || Utility || 1988 || Project || Proposed airbreathing rocket engine.|- | Interim HOTOL || UK || Air launch || Utility || 1991 || Project || Launched from the Antonov An-225 Mriya, the Buran air lift carrier aircraft.|-| Martin X-23 PRIME || US || Rocket launch || Experimental || 1966 || Prototype || Unmanned atmospheric re-entry test vehicle|-| North American X-15 || US || Air launch || Experimental || 1959 || Prototype || 5 built. Air-dropped from a Boeing B-52.|-| Sanger Silbervogel || Germany || Composite || Bomber || 1944 || Project || Sub-orbital. Mock up and wind tunnel models only.|-| Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne || US || Composite || Transport || 2004 || Prototype || first civilian-funded reusable spacecraft, lifted by White Knight to about 14 km|-| Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo || US || Composite || Transport || 2010 || Prototype || For Virgin Galactic commercial testing.|-| Space Shuttle || US || Rocket launch || Utility || 1981 || Operational || Manned orbiter.|-| XCOR Lynx (formerly Xerus) || US || SSO || Experimental || 2008 || Project || Suborbital. Horizontal takeoff and landing.|}

text: ASSET

text: || US ||

text: Rocket launch

text: || Experimental || 1963 || Prototype || Unmanned reentry test vehicle.|-|

text: Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar

text: || US ||

text: Rocket launch

text: || Experimental || 1963 || Project || Manned.|-|

text: || USSR ||

text: Rocket launch

text: || Experimental || 1982 || Prototype || Unmanned reentry test vehicle.|-|

text: Buran Shuttle

text: || USSR ||

text: Rocket launch

text: || Utility || 1988 || Prototype || Manned orbiter, launched by the

text: Energia

text: rocket. Only one unmanned flight made.|- |

text: HOTOL

text: || UK ||

text: SSO

text: || Utility || 1988 || Project || Proposed airbreathing rocket engine.|- | Interim

text: HOTOL

text: || UK ||

text: Air launch

text: || Utility || 1991 || Project || Launched from the

text: Antonov An-225 Mriya

text: , the Buran air lift carrier aircraft.|-|

text: Martin X-23 PRIME

text: || US ||

text: Rocket launch

text: || Experimental || 1966 || Prototype || Unmanned atmospheric re-entry test vehicle|-|

text: North American X-15

text: || US ||

text: Air launch

text: || Experimental || 1959 || Prototype || 5 built. Air-dropped from a

text: Boeing B-52

text: .|-| Sanger

text: Silbervogel

text: || Germany ||

text: Composite

text: || Bomber || 1944 || Project || Sub-orbital. Mock up and wind tunnel models only.|-|

text: Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne

text: || US ||

text: Composite

text: || Transport || 2004 || Prototype || first civilian-funded reusable spacecraft, lifted by

text: White Knight

text: to about 14 km|-|

text: Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo

text: || US ||

text: Composite

text: || Transport || 2010 || Prototype || For

text: Virgin Galactic

text: commercial testing.|-|

text: Space Shuttle

text: || US ||

text: Rocket launch

text: || Utility || 1981 || Operational || Manned orbiter.|-|

text: XCOR Lynx

text: (formerly Xerus) || US ||

text: SSO

text: || Experimental || 2008 || Project || Suborbital. Horizontal takeoff and landing.|}

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answers: 4: The answer is mostly relevant and complete, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: The X-15 was a prototype for the North American X-15. It was launched from a Boeing B-52.

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answers: Orbiter

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answers: XCOR || US || Prototype || Unmanned reentry test vehicle

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answers: Satellites used for television and phones

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answers: Prototype || Manned

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answers: Space station

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Space stations, first presented in crude form by The Brick Moon, were popularized in the 1960s by books agitating for further development. Those little resembled the Salyut 1 or later actual stations. 2001: A Space Odyssey (film) presented the "rotating wheel space station" of the 1960s but few others did. The long-running fictional Deep Space Nine (space station) and Babylon 5 (space station) little resembled any of the above.

text: Space station

text: s, first presented in crude form by

text: The Brick Moon

text: , were popularized in the 1960s by books agitating for further development. Those little resembled the

text: Salyut 1

text: or later actual stations.

text: 2001: A Space Odyssey (film)

text: presented the "

text: rotating wheel space station

text: " of the 1960s but few others did. The long-running fictional

entity_name: Deep Space Nine (fictional space station)

text: Deep Space Nine (space station)

text: and

text: Babylon 5 (space station)

text: little resembled any of the above.

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answer: Yes

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text: Satellite: Not really a propagation mode, but an active repeater system. Satellites have been highly successful in providing VHF/UHF/SHF users 'propagation' beyond the horizon. The ISS which has amateur radio repeaters and radio location services on board is a good example. Amateurs have also sponsored the launch of dozens of communications satellites since the 1970s. These satellites are usually known as OSCARs (Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio).

text: Satellite

text: : Not really a propagation mode, but an active repeater system. Satellites have been highly successful in providing VHF/UHF/SHF users 'propagation' beyond the horizon. The ISS which has amateur radio repeaters and radio location services on board is a good example. Amateurs have also sponsored the launch of dozens of communications satellites since the 1970s. These satellites are usually known as

text: OSCAR

text: s (Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio).

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text: STS-89 was a space shuttle mission to the Mir space station flown by Space Shuttle  Endeavour, and launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 22 January 1998.

text: STS-89 was a

text: space shuttle

text: mission to the

text: Mir

text: space station flown by Space Shuttle

text: Endeavour

text: , and launched from

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: , Florida on 22 January 1998.

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text: All Space Shuttle missions were launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC). The weather criteria used for launch included, but were not limited to: precipitation, temperatures, cloud cover, lightning forecast, wind, and humidity. The Shuttle was not launched under conditions where it could have been struck by lightning. Aircraft are often struck by lightning with no adverse effects because the electricity of the strike is dissipated through its conductive structure and the aircraft is not electrically grounded. Like most jet airliners, the Shuttle was mainly constructed of conductive aluminum, which would normally shield and protect the internal systems. However, upon liftoff the Shuttle sent out a long exhaust plume as it ascended, and this plume could have triggered lightning by providing a current path to ground. The NASA Anvil Rule for a Shuttle launch stated that an anvil cloud could not appear within a distance of 10 nautical miles. The Shuttle Launch Weather Officer monitored conditions until the final decision to scrub a launch was announced. In addition, the weather conditions had to be acceptable at one of the Transatlantic Abort Landing sites (one of several Space Shuttle abort modes) to launch as well as the solid rocket booster recovery area. While the Shuttle might have safely endured a lightning strike, a similar strike caused problems on Apollo 12, so for safety NASA chose not to launch the Shuttle if lightning was possible (NPR8715.5).

text: All Space Shuttle missions were launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC). The

text: weather criteria used for launch

text: included, but were not limited to: precipitation, temperatures, cloud cover, lightning forecast, wind, and humidity. The Shuttle was not launched under conditions where it could have been struck by

text: lightning

text: . Aircraft are often struck by lightning with no adverse effects because the electricity of the strike is dissipated through its conductive structure and the aircraft is not electrically

text: grounded

text: . Like most jet airliners, the Shuttle was mainly constructed of conductive aluminum, which would normally shield and protect the internal systems. However, upon liftoff the Shuttle sent out a long exhaust plume as it ascended, and this plume could have triggered lightning by providing a current path to ground. The NASA Anvil Rule for a Shuttle launch stated that an

text: anvil cloud

text: could not appear within a distance of 10

text: nautical miles

text: . The Shuttle Launch Weather Officer monitored conditions until the final decision to scrub a launch was announced. In addition, the weather conditions had to be acceptable at one of the Transatlantic Abort Landing sites (one of several

text: Space Shuttle abort modes

text: ) to launch as well as the solid rocket booster recovery area. While the Shuttle might have safely endured a lightning strike, a

text: similar strike caused problems on Apollo 12

text: , so for safety

text: NASA

text: chose not to launch the Shuttle if lightning was possible (NPR8715.5).

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text: The main mission of ATS-6 was to demonstrate the feasibility of direct-to-home (DTH) television broadcasting. To this end, in addition to the high-gain antenna, the spacecraft payload was able to receive in any of the VHF, C, S and L-bands, and to transmit in S-band (2 GHz) through a 20-W solid state transmitter, in L-band (1650 MHz) at 40W, in UHF (860 MHz) at 80W (which was used for the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE)), and with a TWTA-based transmitter of 20 W in C-band (4 GHz). The antenna produced two spots on earth of 400,000 km² each, in which the TV broadcast could be received with 3 meters diameter antennas. This payload was first used over the United States for tele-education and tele-medicine experiments, from August 1974 to May 1975 as part of the HET, or Health, Education, Telecommunications experiment developed jointly by NASA and the US Department of Health, Education, & Welfare (now DHHS). The spacecraft was then moved over the geo-stationary arc from 94 °W to 35 °E, in collaboration with the Indian Space Agency (ISRO), who had deployed in India more than 2500 receive ground stations. A tele-education programme was started – Satellite Instructional Television Experiment or SITE – and run for one year. During the experiment, a receive station was offered by the Indian Government to Arthur C. Clarke, who was living in Sri Lanka. This experiment was highly successful, and encouraged ISRO to start building an operational program, with the Indian spacecraft  INSAT IB (launched 1983). After the SITE experiment, the satellite was brought back over the United States, and served notably as a data-relay and tracking satellite for low-orbit spacecraft such as Nimbus 6, and for the Apollo-Soyuz flight.

text: The main mission of ATS-6 was to demonstrate the feasibility of direct-to-home (

text: DTH

text: ) television broadcasting. To this end, in addition to the high-gain antenna, the spacecraft payload was able to receive in any of the VHF, C, S and L-bands, and to transmit in S-band (2 GHz) through a 20-W solid state transmitter, in L-band (1650 MHz) at 40W, in UHF (860 MHz) at 80W (which was used for the

entity_name: Satellite Instructional Television Experiment

text: Satellite Instructional Television Experiment

text: (SITE)), and with a TWTA-based transmitter of 20 W in C-band (4 GHz). The antenna produced two spots on earth of 400,000 km² each, in which the TV broadcast could be received with 3 meters diameter antennas. This payload was first used over the United States for tele-education and tele-medicine experiments, from August 1974 to May 1975 as part of the HET, or Health, Education, Telecommunications experiment developed jointly by NASA and the US Department of Health, Education, & Welfare (now

entity_name: United States Department of Health and Human Services

text: DHHS

text: ). The spacecraft was then moved over the geo-stationary arc from 94 °W to 35 °E, in collaboration with the Indian Space Agency (

text: ISRO

text: ), who had deployed in India more than 2500 receive ground stations. A tele-education programme was started –

text: Satellite Instructional Television Experiment

text: or SITE – and run for one year. During the experiment, a receive station was offered by the Indian Government to

text: Arthur C. Clarke

text: , who was living in

text: Sri Lanka

text: . This experiment was highly successful, and encouraged ISRO to start building an operational program, with the Indian spacecraft

text: INSAT IB

text: (launched 1983). After the SITE experiment, the satellite was brought back over the

text: United States

text: , and served notably as a data-relay and tracking satellite for low-orbit spacecraft such as

text: Nimbus 6

text: , and for the

text: Apollo-Soyuz flight

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answers: The spacecraft was then moved over the geo-stationary arc from 94 °W to 35 °E

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answers: data-relay and tracking satellite

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: The HS-376 was a very successful satellite platform with 58 satellites ordered, built and launched. It was also the first satellite to launch from the Space Shuttle.

text: The HS-376 was a very successful satellite platform with 58 satellites ordered, built and launched. It was also the first satellite to launch from the

text: Space Shuttle

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text: There are a large number of constellations that may satisfy a particular mission. Usually constellations are designed so that the satellites have similar orbits, eccentricity and inclination so that any perturbations affect each satellite in approximately the same way. In this way, the geometry can be preserved without excessive station-keeping thereby reducing the fuel usage and hence increasing the life of the satellites. Another consideration is that the phasing of each satellite in an orbital plane maintains sufficient separation to avoid collisions or interference at orbit plane intersections. Circular orbits are popular, because then the satellite is at a constant altitude requiring a constant strength signal to communicate.

text: There are a large number of constellations that may satisfy a particular mission. Usually constellations are designed so that the satellites have similar orbits, eccentricity and inclination so that any perturbations affect each satellite in approximately the same way. In this way, the geometry can be preserved without excessive station-keeping thereby reducing the fuel usage and hence increasing the life of the satellites. Another consideration is that the phasing of each satellite in an orbital plane maintains sufficient separation to avoid collisions or interference at orbit plane intersections. Circular orbits are popular, because then the satellite is at a constant altitude requiring a constant strength signal to communicate.

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text: Flight day 3 began for the astronauts at 15:18 UTC. Following the rendezvous pitch maneuver, docking to the International Space Station occurred at 22:12 UTC. The hatch between the International Space Station and Discovery was opened at 23:54 UTC. The joint ISS/Shuttle crew then worked to undertake some further detailed inspection of the orbiter and unloaded the P5 truss segment from the payload bay, handing it off successfully from the shuttle robotic arm to the station arm. The astronauts scheduled for Day 4's EVA, Robert Curbeam and Christer Fuglesang, ended their day by entering the airlock for a "campout" sleep session to prepare for the EVA by purging their bodies of nitrogen in a lower-pressure environment. Such a practice is common in order for the astronauts to avoid getting decompression sickness.

text: Flight day 3 began for the astronauts at 15:18

text: UTC

text: . Following the

text: rendezvous pitch maneuver

text: , docking to the

text: International Space Station

text: occurred at 22:12 UTC. The hatch between the International Space Station and Discovery was opened at 23:54 UTC. The joint ISS/Shuttle crew then worked to undertake some further detailed inspection of the orbiter and unloaded the P5 truss segment from the payload bay, handing it off successfully from the

text: shuttle robotic arm

text: to the

text: station arm

text: . The astronauts scheduled for Day 4's

text: EVA

text: , Robert Curbeam and Christer Fuglesang, ended their day by entering the airlock for a "campout" sleep session to prepare for the EVA by purging their bodies of nitrogen in a lower-pressure environment. Such a practice is common in order for the astronauts to avoid getting

text: decompression sickness

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text: STS-36 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission, during which Space Shuttle Atlantis carried a classified payload for the U.S. Department of Defense (believed to have been a Misty reconnaissance satellite) into orbit. STS-36 was the 34th shuttle mission overall, the sixth flight for Atlantis, and the fourth night launch of the shuttle program. It launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on 28 February 1990, and landed on 4 March.

text: STS-36 was a

text: NASA

text: Space Shuttle

text: mission, during which

text: Space Shuttle Atlantis

text: carried a classified payload for the

text: U.S. Department of Defense

text: (believed to have been a

text: Misty

text: reconnaissance satellite

text: ) into orbit. STS-36 was the 34th shuttle mission overall, the sixth flight for Atlantis, and the fourth night launch of the shuttle program. It launched from

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: Florida

text: , on 28 February 1990, and landed on 4 March.

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answer: No

answer: No

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answer: No

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text: Rocket propellant is either a high oxygen containing fuel or a mixture of fuel plus oxidant, whose combustion takes place, in a definite and controlled manner with the evolution of a huge volume of gas. In the rocket engine, the propellant is burnt in the combustion chamber and the hot jet of gases (usually at a temperature of 3,000°C and a pressure of 300 kg/cm^2 ) escapes through the nozzle at very high velocity.  Rockets create thrust by expelling mass backwards in a high-speed jet (see Newton's Third Law).  Chemical rockets, the subject of this article, create thrust by reacting propellants within a combustion chamber into a very hot gas at high pressure, which is then expanded and accelerated by passage through a nozzle at the rear of the rocket.  The amount of the resulting forward force, known as thrust, that is produced is the mass flow rate of the propellants multiplied by their exhaust velocity (relative to the rocket), as specified by Newton's third law of motion.  Thrust is therefore the equal and opposite reaction that moves the rocket, and not by interaction of the exhaust stream with air around the rocket. Equivalently, one can think of a rocket being accelerated upwards by the pressure of the combusting gases against the combustion chamber and nozzle. This operational principle stands in contrast to the commonly-held assumption that a rocket "pushes" against the air behind or below it. Rockets in fact perform better in outer space (where there is nothing behind or beneath them to push against), because there is a reduction in air pressure on the outside of the engine, and because it is possible to fit a longer nozzle without suffering from flow separation, in addition to the lack of air drag.

text: Rocket propellant is either a high oxygen containing fuel or a mixture of fuel plus oxidant, whose combustion takes place, in a definite and controlled manner with the evolution of a huge volume of gas. In the rocket engine, the propellant is burnt in the combustion chamber and the hot jet of gases (usually at a temperature of 3,000°C and a pressure of 300 kg/cm^2 ) escapes through the nozzle at very high velocity.  Rockets create thrust by expelling

text: mass

text: backwards in a high-speed jet (see

text: Newton's Third Law

text: ).  Chemical rockets, the subject of this article, create thrust by reacting propellants within a combustion chamber into a very hot

text: gas

text: at high pressure, which is then expanded and accelerated by passage through a nozzle at the rear of the rocket.  The amount of the resulting forward force, known as thrust, that is produced is the

text: mass flow rate

text: of the propellants multiplied by their exhaust velocity (relative to the rocket), as specified by

text: Newton

text: 's

text: third law of motion

text: .  Thrust is therefore the equal and opposite reaction that moves the rocket, and not by interaction of the exhaust stream with air around the rocket. Equivalently, one can think of a rocket being accelerated upwards by the pressure of the combusting gases against the combustion chamber and nozzle. This operational principle stands in contrast to the commonly-held assumption that a rocket "pushes" against the air behind or below it. Rockets in fact perform better in

text: outer space

text: (where there is nothing behind or beneath them to push against), because there is a reduction in air pressure on the outside of the engine, and because it is possible to fit a longer nozzle without suffering from flow separation, in addition to the lack of air drag.

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answers: NDQ_005809

answers: to house astronauts

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: It's possible to equip your space shuttle with cargo, crew, and energy. Then you will launch, pilot, and land it on a carrier. While orbiting the Earth you will deploy and maintain satellites, or build and visit a space station.

text: It's possible to equip your space shuttle with cargo, crew, and energy. Then you will launch, pilot, and land it on a carrier. While orbiting the Earth you will deploy and maintain satellites, or build and visit a space station.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 2

text: The 11-day mission was the second flight of the Wake Shield Facility (WSF), a saucer-shaped satellite that was to fly free of the Shuttle for several days. The purpose of the WSF was to grow thin films in a near perfect vacuum created by the wake of the satellite as it moved through space. The crew also deployed and retrieved the Spartan 201 astronomy satellite, performed a six-hour spacewalk to test assembly techniques for the international Space Station and tested thermal improvements made to spacesuits used during space walks.

text: The 11-day mission was the second flight of the

text: Wake Shield Facility

text: (WSF), a saucer-shaped satellite that was to fly free of the Shuttle for several days. The purpose of the WSF was to

text: grow thin films

text: in a near perfect vacuum created by the wake of the satellite as it moved through space. The crew also deployed and retrieved the Spartan 201 astronomy satellite, performed a six-hour spacewalk to test assembly techniques for the

text: international Space Station

text: and tested thermal improvements made to

text: spacesuit

text: s used during space walks.

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text: Bobko was pilot for STS-6, which launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on April 4, 1983. During the maiden voyage of Challenger, the crew deployed a large communications satellite (TDRS-1) and the rocket stage (Inertial Upper Stage) required to boost it to geosynchronous orbit. The STS-6 crew also conducted the first Shuttle spacewalk (EVA) and additionally conducted numerous other experiments in materials processing and the recording of lightning activities from space. There were also three Getaway Specials activated on the flight. After 120 hours of orbital operations, Challenger landed on the concrete runway at Edwards Air Force Base in California, on April 9, 1983.

text: Bobko was pilot for STS-6, which launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on April 4, 1983. During the maiden voyage of

text: Challenger

text: , the crew deployed a large

text: communications

text: satellite

text: TDRS

text: -1) and the

text: rocket

text: stage (

text: Inertial Upper Stage

text: ) required to boost it to

text: geosynchronous orbit

text: . The STS-6 crew also conducted the first Shuttle

text: spacewalk

text: (EVA) and additionally conducted numerous other experiments in materials processing and the recording of

text: lightning

text: activities from space. There were also three

text: Getaway Special

text: s activated on the flight. After 120 hours of orbital operations, Challenger landed on the

text: concrete

text: runway

text: at Edwards Air Force Base in California, on April 9, 1983.

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text: In the 1990s, he updated the design of his docking mechanism for the meeting of the Mir space station and the Atlantis space shuttle. Syromyatnikov's designs are still used by spacecraft visiting the International Space Station.

text: In the 1990s, he updated the design of his docking mechanism for the meeting of the

text: Mir

text: space station

text: and the

text: Atlantis

text: space shuttle

text: . Syromyatnikov's designs are still used by spacecraft visiting the

text: International Space Station

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text: New Life Radio (NLR) began as Russia's first Christian FM radio station, transmitting on 102.5 MHz in the city of Magadan, Russia (1996). Sensing the need to make Christian programming available in every community throughout the former Soviet Union, the station's management entered into a partnership with the Evangelical Covenant Church denomination (based in Chicago, Illinois) and HCJB World Radio (noted for developing the world's first Christian shortwave radio station in the early 1930s from Quito, Ecuador).  The partnership goal was to develop a satellite broadcast operation in Moscow, as made possible by the launch of the LMI satellite, a cooperative satellite venture between Lockheed Martin (a US aerospace company) and Intersputnik, a Russian government controlled satellite organization that allowed for first time transmission of direct to home satellite broadcast signals throughout the territory of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. LMI was launched on September 27, 1999 from a Russian proton rocket from the Baikonour Space launch facility in Kazakhstan.

text: New Life Radio (NLR) began as Russia's first Christian

text: FM radio

text: station, transmitting on 102.5 MHz in the city of

text: Magadan

text: , Russia (1996). Sensing the need to make Christian programming available in every community throughout the former Soviet Union, the station's management entered into a partnership with the

text: Evangelical Covenant Church

text: denomination (based in

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: ) and

text: HCJB World Radio

text: (noted for developing the world's first Christian shortwave radio station in the early 1930s from

text: Quito, Ecuador

text: ).  The partnership goal was to develop a satellite broadcast operation in Moscow, as made possible by the launch of the LMI satellite, a cooperative satellite venture between Lockheed Martin (a US aerospace company) and

text: Intersputnik

text: , a Russian government controlled satellite organization that allowed for first time transmission of direct to home satellite broadcast signals throughout the territory of Russia,

text: Ukraine

text: , and

text: Belarus

text: . LMI was launched on September 27, 1999 from a Russian

text: proton rocket

text: from the Baikonour Space launch facility in

text: Kazakhstan

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the near future, a maintenance vehicle is orbiting the Earth on a mission to repair nuclear-armed satellites. Suddenly, the crew experiences a mysterious, inexplicable power failure that cannot be accounted for. As the ship grows colder, they find themselves drifting toward the dark side of the Moon. An old NASA shuttle, the Discovery, drifts toward them, despite the fact that NASA has not been operating for 30 years. Two of the crew members board the ship and find a dead body. The mission records of the crew's own ship indicate that the shuttle they have found disappeared in the Bermuda Triangle many years before. So what is it doing in space? As they attempt to solve this mystery, it quickly becomes apparent that a malevolent force has been waiting on the NASA shuttle, and it now begins to stalk the crew members one at a time.

text: In the near future, a maintenance vehicle is orbiting the Earth on a mission to repair nuclear-armed satellites. Suddenly, the crew experiences a mysterious, inexplicable power failure that cannot be accounted for. As the ship grows colder, they find themselves drifting toward the dark side of the Moon. An old NASA shuttle, the Discovery, drifts toward them, despite the fact that NASA has not been operating for 30 years. Two of the crew members board the ship and find a dead body. The mission records of the crew's own ship indicate that the shuttle they have found disappeared in the

text: Bermuda Triangle

text: many years before. So what is it doing in space? As they attempt to solve this mystery, it quickly becomes apparent that a malevolent force has been waiting on the NASA shuttle, and it now begins to stalk the crew members one at a time.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: The Earth Departure Stage (EDS) is the name given to the second stages of two Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicles, the Ares V and the Block II Space Launch System. The EDS is intended to boost the rocket's payload into a parking orbit around the Earth and from there send the payload out of low Earth orbit to its destination in a manner similar to that of the S-IVB rocket stage used on the Saturn V rockets that propelled the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon between 1968 and 1972.

text: The Earth Departure Stage (EDS) is the name given to the second

text: stages

text: of two

text: Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicle

text: s, the

text: Ares V

text: and the Block II

text: Space Launch System

text: . The EDS is intended to boost the rocket's payload into a

text: parking orbit

text: around the Earth and from there send the payload out of

text: low Earth orbit

text: to its destination in a manner similar to that of the

text: S-IVB

text: rocket stage used on the

text: Saturn V

text: rockets that propelled the

text: Apollo

text: spacecraft to the Moon between 1968 and 1972.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Following the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, Oceaneering teams recovered the Solid Rocket Booster that contained the faulty O-ring.

text: Following the 1986

text: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

text: , Oceaneering teams recovered the

text: Solid Rocket Booster

text: that contained the faulty

text: O-ring

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text: The outside Nomes have learned how to ride wild geese and have established contact with thousands of other Nome tribes across the world. Travelling by goose, they reach the launch pad and place The Thing close enough to the shuttle to copy itself to the satellite on board. The Nomes escape moments before the rocket engine ignites.

text: The outside Nomes have learned how to ride wild geese and have established contact with thousands of other Nome tribes across the world. Travelling by goose, they reach the launch pad and place The Thing close enough to the shuttle to copy itself to the satellite on board. The Nomes escape moments before the rocket engine ignites.

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text: After the accident, NASA's Space Shuttle fleet was grounded for almost three years while the investigation, hearings, engineering redesign of the SRBs, and other behind-the-scenes technical and management reviews, changes, and preparations were taking place. At 11:37 on September 29, 1988, Space Shuttle Discovery lifted off with a crew of five from Kennedy Space Center pad 39-B. It carried a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, TDRS-C (named TDRS-3 after deployment), which replaced TDRS-B, the satellite that was launched and lost on Challenger. The "Return to Flight" launch of Discovery also represented a test of the redesigned boosters, a shift to a more conservative stance on safety (e.g., it was the first time the crew had launched in pressure suits since STS-4, the last of the four initial Shuttle test flights), and a chance to restore national pride in the American space program, especially manned space flight. The mission, STS-26, was a success (with only two minor system failures, one of a cabin cooling system and one of a Ku-band antenna), and a regular schedule of STS flights followed, continuing without extended interruption until the 2003 Columbia disaster.

text: After the accident, NASA's Space Shuttle fleet was grounded for almost three years while the investigation, hearings, engineering redesign of the SRBs, and other behind-the-scenes technical and management reviews, changes, and preparations were taking place. At 11:37 on September 29, 1988,

text: Space Shuttle Discovery

text: lifted off with a crew of five from Kennedy Space Center pad 39-B. It carried a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, TDRS-C (named TDRS-3 after deployment), which replaced TDRS-B, the satellite that was launched and lost on Challenger. The "Return to Flight" launch of Discovery also represented a test of the redesigned boosters, a shift to a more conservative stance on safety (e.g., it was the first time the crew had launched in pressure suits since STS-4, the last of the four initial Shuttle test flights), and a chance to restore national pride in the American space program, especially manned space flight. The mission,

text: , was a success (with only two minor system failures, one of a cabin cooling system and one of a Ku-band antenna), and a regular schedule of STS flights followed, continuing without extended interruption until the 2003 Columbia disaster.

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text: The Space Shuttle became the major focus of NASA in the late 1970s and the 1980s. Planned as a frequently launchable and mostly reusable vehicle, four space shuttle orbiters were built by 1985. The first to launch, Columbia, did so on April 12, 1981, the 20th anniversary of the first known human space flight.

text: The

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text: Columbia

text: , did so on April 12, 1981, the 20th anniversary of the first known human space flight.

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text: Several GOES satellites are still in orbit, either inactive or re-purposed. GOES-3 is no longer used for weather operations, but is a critical part of the communication links between the United States and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. Geostationary satellites cannot ordinarily be seen at all from the poles, but they require station-keeping fuel to keep them stationary over the equator. When station-keeping fuel is depleted, solar and lunar perturbations increase the satellite's inclination so that its ground track begins to describe an analemma (a figure-8 in the north-south direction). This usually ends the satellite's primary mission. But when the inclination is high enough, the satellite may begin to rise above the polar horizons at the extremes of the figure-8, as is the case for GOES-3. A nine-meter dish was constructed at the station, and communication with the satellite is currently possible for about five hours per day. Data rates are around 2.048 Mbit/s bi-directional under optimum conditions.

text: Several GOES satellites are still in orbit, either inactive or re-purposed.

text: is no longer used for weather operations, but is a critical part of the communication links between the United States and

text: Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station

text: . Geostationary satellites cannot ordinarily be seen at all from the poles, but they require station-keeping fuel to keep them stationary over the equator. When station-keeping fuel is depleted, solar and lunar perturbations increase the satellite's inclination so that its

text: ground track

text: begins to describe an

text: analemma

text: (a figure-8 in the north-south direction). This usually ends the satellite's primary mission. But when the inclination is high enough, the satellite may begin to rise above the polar horizons at the extremes of the figure-8, as is the case for GOES-3. A nine-meter dish was constructed at the station, and communication with the satellite is currently possible for about five hours per day. Data rates are around 2.048 Mbit/s bi-directional under optimum conditions.

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text: The five satellites of the 1980s Leasat (Leased Satellite) program (Leasat F1 through Leasat F5) were alternatively named Syncom IV-1 to Syncom IV-5 and called HS 381 by the manufacturer. These satellites were considerably larger than Syncoms 1 to 3, weighing 1.3 tonnes each (over 7 tonnes with launch fuel). At , the satellites were the first to be designed for launch from the Space Shuttle payload bay, and were deployed like a Frisbee. The satellites are 30 rpm spin-stabilized with a despun communications and antenna section. They were made with a solid rocket motor for initial perigee burn and hydrazine propellant for station keeping and spin stabilization. The communications systems offers a wideband UHF channel (500 kHz bandwidth), six relay 25 kHz channels, and five narrowband 5 kHz channels. This is in addition to the fleet broadcast frequency, which is in the military's X-band. The system was used by military customers in the US and later in Australia. Most of the satellites were retired in the 1990s, but one would remain operational until 2015. During the First Gulf War, Leasat would be used for personal communications between Secretary of State James Baker and President George H. W. Bush, but was more typically used by "mobile air, surface, subsurface, and fixed earth stations of the Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Army."

text: The five satellites of the 1980s Leasat (Leased Satellite) program (Leasat F1 through Leasat F5) were alternatively named Syncom IV-1 to Syncom IV-5 and called HS 381 by the manufacturer. These satellites were considerably larger than Syncoms 1 to 3, weighing 1.3

text: tonne

text: s each (over 7 tonnes with launch fuel). At , the satellites were the first to be designed for launch from the

text: Space Shuttle

text: payload bay, and were deployed like a

text: Frisbee

text: . The satellites are 30 rpm

text: spin-stabilized

text: with a despun communications and antenna section. They were made with a solid rocket motor for initial perigee burn and

text: hydrazine

text: propellant for station keeping and spin stabilization. The communications systems offers a wideband UHF channel (500 kHz bandwidth), six relay 25 kHz channels, and five narrowband 5 kHz channels. This is in addition to the fleet broadcast frequency, which is in the military's X-band. The system was used by military customers in the US and later in Australia. Most of the satellites were retired in the 1990s, but one would remain operational until 2015. During the

text: First Gulf War

text: , Leasat would be used for personal communications between Secretary of State

text: James Baker

text: and President

text: George H. W. Bush

text: , but was more typically used by "mobile air, surface, subsurface, and fixed earth stations of the Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Army."

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text: Following this symposium Mueller continued to champion a "space shuttle". Although he did not invent the term, he did make it his own. He was also a keen proponent of space stations and was well aware that the space shuttle was to shuttle to and from such a station.

text: Following this symposium Mueller continued to champion a "space shuttle". Although he did not invent the term, he did make it his own. He was also a keen proponent of

text: space station

text: s and was well aware that the space shuttle was to shuttle to and from such a station.

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text: One of the first theories was that Space Shuttle Challenger and a satellite were monitoring the airliner's progress over Soviet territory. Defence Attaché, which printed this claim, was sued by Korean Air Lines and forced to pay damages and print an apology.

text: One of the first theories was that

text: Space Shuttle Challenger

text: and a

text: satellite

text: were monitoring the airliner's progress over Soviet territory. Defence Attaché, which printed this claim, was sued by

text: Korean Air Lines

text: and forced to pay damages and print an apology.

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text: Each NASA space shuttle designation was composed of a prefix and suffix separated by a dash.  The prefix for operational shuttles is OV, for Orbiter Vehicle.

text: Each

text: NASA

text: space shuttle

text: designation was composed of a prefix and suffix separated by a dash.  The prefix for operational shuttles is OV, for Orbiter Vehicle.

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answer: 1

text: The first module of the ISS, Zarya, was launched on 20 November 1998 on an autonomous Russian Proton rocket. It provided propulsion, attitude control, communications, electrical power, but lacked long-term life support functions. Two weeks later a passive NASA module Unity was launched aboard Space Shuttle flight STS-88 and attached to Zarya by astronauts during EVAs. This module has two Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMAs), one connects permanently to Zarya, the other allows the Space Shuttle to dock to the space station. At this time, the Russian station Mir was still inhabited. The ISS remained unmanned for two years, during which time Mir was de-orbited. On 12 July 2000 Zvezda was launched into orbit. Preprogrammed commands on board deployed its solar arrays and communications antenna. It then became the passive vehicle for a rendezvous with the Zarya and Unity. As a passive "target" vehicle, the Zvezda maintained a stationkeeping orbit as the Zarya-Unity vehicle performed the rendezvous and docking via ground control and the Russian automated rendezvous and docking system. Zarya's computer transferred control of the station to Zvezda's computer soon after docking. Zvezda added sleeping quarters, a toilet, kitchen, CO scrubbers, dehumidifier, oxygen generators, exercise equipment, plus data, voice and television communications with mission control. This enabled permanent habitation of the station.

text: The first module of the ISS,

text: Zarya

text: , was launched on 20 November 1998 on an autonomous Russian

text: Proton rocket

text: . It provided propulsion,

text: attitude control

text: , communications, electrical power, but lacked long-term life support functions. Two weeks later a passive NASA module

text: Unity

text: was launched aboard Space Shuttle flight

text: and attached to Zarya by astronauts during EVAs. This module has two

text: Pressurized Mating Adapter

text: s (PMAs), one connects permanently to Zarya, the other allows the Space Shuttle to dock to the space station. At this time, the Russian station Mir was still inhabited. The ISS remained unmanned for two years, during which time Mir was de-orbited. On 12 July 2000

text: Zvezda

text: was launched into orbit. Preprogrammed commands on board deployed its solar arrays and communications antenna. It then became the passive vehicle for a rendezvous with the Zarya and Unity. As a passive "target" vehicle, the Zvezda maintained a stationkeeping orbit as the Zarya-Unity vehicle performed the rendezvous and docking via ground control and the Russian automated rendezvous and docking system. Zarya's computer transferred control of the station to Zvezda's computer soon after docking. Zvezda added sleeping quarters, a toilet, kitchen, CO scrubbers, dehumidifier, oxygen generators, exercise equipment, plus data, voice and television communications with mission control. This enabled permanent habitation of the station.

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text: The main character Mohan Bharghav (Shahrukh Khan) in 2004 Indian film Swades: We, the People is a Project Manager in NASA's GPM project. Movie starts from NASA's GPM project analysis. Bharghav discuss the importance of GPM and its positive impact on Earth. In the movie the GPM satellite is launched by the Space Shuttle.

text: The main character Mohan Bharghav (

text: Shahrukh Khan

text: ) in 2004 Indian film

text: Swades: We, the People

text: is a Project Manager in NASA's GPM project. Movie starts from NASA's GPM project analysis. Bharghav discuss the importance of GPM and its positive impact on Earth. In the movie the GPM satellite is launched by the

text: Space Shuttle

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: |-id=823| 51823 Rickhusband ||  || Rick Husband, American astronaut, commander of the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) † |-id=824| 51824 Mikeanderson ||  || Michael P. Anderson, American astronaut, payload commander of the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) † |-id=825| 51825 Davidbrown ||  || David M. Brown, American astronaut, mission specialist on board the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) † |-id=826| 51826 Kalpanachawla ||  || Kalpana Chawla, American astronaut, mission specialist on board the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) † |-id=827| 51827 Laurelclark ||  || Laurel B. Clark, American astronaut, mission specialist on board the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) † |-id=828| 51828 Ilanramon ||  || Ilan Ramon, Israeli astronaut, payload specialist on board the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) † |-id=829| 51829 Williemccool ||  || William C. "Willie" McCool, American astronaut, pilot of the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) † |-id=895| 51895 Biblialexa ||  || Bibliotheca Alexandrina, a revival of the old library at Alexandria |}

text: 51823 Rickhusband

text: Rick Husband

text: , American astronaut, commander of the

text: space shuttle Columbia (STS-107)

text: † |-id=824|

text: 51824 Mikeanderson

text: Michael P. Anderson

text: , American astronaut, payload commander of the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) † |-id=825|

text: 51825 Davidbrown

text: David M. Brown

text: , American astronaut, mission specialist on board the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) † |-id=826|

text: 51826 Kalpanachawla

text: Kalpana Chawla

text: , American astronaut, mission specialist on board the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) † |-id=827|

text: 51827 Laurelclark

text: Laurel B. Clark

text: , American astronaut, mission specialist on board the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) † |-id=828|

text: 51828 Ilanramon

text: Ilan Ramon

text: , Israeli astronaut, payload specialist on board the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) † |-id=829|

text: 51829 Williemccool

text: William C. "Willie" McCool

text: , American astronaut, pilot of the space shuttle Columbia (STS-107) † |-id=895|

text: 51895 Biblialexa

text: Bibliotheca Alexandrina

text: , a revival of the old

text: library at Alexandria

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answers: Satellites used for televisions and phones are called transponders.

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answers: The International Space Station (ISS) is a multi-purpose space station located in the International Space Station (ISS) in the International Space Station (ISS) in the International Space Station (ISS) in the International Space Station (ISS) in the International Space Station (ISS).

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Also under contract are operators at Svalbard Satellite Station, Norway; Poker Flat Research Range and the Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF) in Fairbanks, Alaska; Santiago, Chile; South Point, Hawaii; North Pole, Alaska; and Dongara, Australia. Additionally, the MILA and Wallops stations provide pre-launch, launch, and landing communications support for the Space Shuttle program. The NEN and SN combined were previously referred to as the Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network (STDN).

text: Also under contract are operators at

text: Svalbard Satellite Station

text: , Norway;

text: Poker Flat Research Range

text: and the

text: Alaska Satellite Facility

text: (ASF) in

text: Fairbanks, Alaska

text: Santiago

text: , Chile;

text: South Point

text: , Hawaii;

text: North Pole, Alaska

text: ; and

text: Dongara

text: , Australia. Additionally, the MILA and Wallops stations provide pre-launch, launch, and landing communications support for the

text: Space Shuttle program

text: . The NEN and

text: SN

text: combined were previously referred to as the Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network (STDN).

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text: Needing the assassin bugs for his own work, Zin captures the entire space station using his cloaked asteroid base. He has Benton and Eve brought to him. The remaining scientists are kept imprisoned aboard Quest Station. After losing contact with his father, Jonny, accompanied by Race, Hadji, Jessie and Bandit, takes Quest Shuttle 2 into space to find them. The group remains in contact with Commander Harris and Intelligence 1 with a video link. Aboard the asteroid, Zin explains he plans to weaken Earth using his weather-changing satellites before unleashing his cyber insects upon it. Having no further use for 4-DAC, he has the robot dumped into a vat of ethynol before using Eve's research to begin growing a giant mutated assassin bug inside of a vat. When Quest Shuttle 2 appears on their radar, he orders 426 and 427 to shoot the ship down with an ion cannon despite Benton's pleas.

text: Needing the assassin bugs for his own work, Zin captures the entire space station using his cloaked asteroid base. He has Benton and Eve brought to him. The remaining scientists are kept imprisoned aboard Quest Station. After losing contact with his father, Jonny, accompanied by Race, Hadji, Jessie and Bandit, takes Quest Shuttle 2 into space to find them. The group remains in contact with Commander Harris and Intelligence 1 with a video link. Aboard the asteroid, Zin explains he plans to weaken Earth using his weather-changing satellites before unleashing his cyber insects upon it. Having no further use for 4-DAC, he has the robot dumped into a vat of ethynol before using Eve's research to begin growing a giant mutated assassin bug inside of a vat. When Quest Shuttle 2 appears on their radar, he orders 426 and 427 to shoot the ship down with an ion cannon despite Benton's pleas.

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text: A rocket or rocket vehicle is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust from a rocket engine. In all rockets, the exhaust is formed entirely from propellants carried within the rocket before use. Rocket engines work by action and reaction. Rocket engines push rockets forwards simply by throwing their exhaust backwards extremely fast.

text: A

text: rocket

text: or rocket vehicle is a

text: missile

text: , spacecraft,

text: aircraft

text: or other

text: vehicle

text: which obtains

text: thrust

text: from a

text: rocket engine

text: . In all rockets, the exhaust is formed entirely from

text: propellant

text: s carried within the rocket before use. Rocket engines work by

text: action and reaction

text: . Rocket engines push rockets forwards simply by throwing their exhaust backwards extremely fast.

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text: On Flight Day 11, Space Shuttle Endeavour undocked from the International Space Station. At 3:25 pm EST, Pilot Rick Sturckow backed Endeavour  away from the station and started a nose-forward fly-around of the station, so that Endeavour’s crew could take pictures of the space station. At 4:49 pm EST, Sturckow performed a final separation burn. Later, the crew deployed SAC-A, a small satellite for the Argentinean National Commission of Space Activities.

text: On Flight Day 11,

text: Space Shuttle

text: Endeavour undocked from the

text: International Space Station

text: . At 3:25 pm

text: EST

text: , Pilot

text: Rick Sturckow

text: backed Endeavour  away from the station and started a nose-forward fly-around of the station, so that Endeavour’s crew could take pictures of the space station. At 4:49 pm

text: EST

text: Sturckow

text: performed a final separation burn. Later, the crew deployed SAC-A, a small satellite for the Argentinean National Commission of Space Activities.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

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text: While Tank and Jerry tend to the other young astronaut Roger Hines (Courtney B. Vance), who suffered a concussion on the impact, Frank and Hawk make a space walk and reach the satellite in time to activate a booster rocket and slow down the orbit. As they see to Ethan, the two realize that there is no way to restablize the orbit of the satellite without power, and the only option is to have someone ride on the satellite as they fire the missiles' engines so that it falls into deep space. Hawk quickly volunteers to sacrifice himself, hoping that he will be able to land himself on the moon to fulfill his life's dream. After helping Hawk to rig the satellite for launch, Frank takes Ethan back to the shuttle to be tended to. Frank, Tank, and Jerry say their goodbyes to Hawk as he engages the rockets, successfully propelling the missiles away from earth.

text: While Tank and Jerry tend to the other young astronaut Roger Hines (

text: Courtney B. Vance

text: ), who suffered a concussion on the impact, Frank and Hawk make a space walk and reach the satellite in time to activate a booster rocket and slow down the orbit. As they see to Ethan, the two realize that there is no way to restablize the orbit of the satellite without power, and the only option is to have someone ride on the satellite as they fire the missiles' engines so that it falls into deep space. Hawk quickly volunteers to sacrifice himself, hoping that he will be able to land himself on the moon to fulfill his life's dream. After helping Hawk to rig the satellite for launch, Frank takes Ethan back to the shuttle to be tended to. Frank, Tank, and Jerry say their goodbyes to Hawk as he engages the rockets, successfully propelling the missiles away from earth.

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answer: Yes

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text: Use of night-glider mode had been proposed at NASA Lewis early in the space station's history, but was only implemented in 2003, after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, when the ability of the space shuttle to bring propellant to the station for orbital maintenance was removed while the space shuttle program went through a period of redesign.  The implementation of drag-reducing flight modes of the space station resulted in saving about 1,000 kg of orbital-maintenance propellant per year.

text: Use of night-glider mode had been proposed at NASA Lewis early in the space station's history, but was only implemented in 2003, after the

text: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster

text: , when the ability of the

text: space shuttle

text: to bring propellant to the station for orbital maintenance was removed while the space shuttle program went through a period of redesign.  The implementation of drag-reducing flight modes of the space station resulted in saving about 1,000 kg of orbital-maintenance propellant per year.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Since 1958, plant 1 was redesigned for the production of space rockets and artificial satellites. The airport also started a charter transportation service to Baikonur and Plesetsk, which continue today. In 1980, the airport was used to transport components of the Energia rocket carrier to Baikonur on the VM-T aircraft in preparation for the Buran Shuttle flight. The runway was extended to a length of .

text: Since 1958, plant 1 was redesigned for the production of

text: space rocket

text: s and

text: artificial satellite

text: s. The airport also started a charter transportation service to

text: Baikonur

text: and

text: Plesetsk

text: , which continue today. In 1980, the airport was used to transport components of the

text: Energia

text: rocket carrier to

text: Baikonur

text: on the

text: VM-T

text: aircraft in preparation for the

text: Buran Shuttle

text: flight. The runway was extended to a length of .

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The launch is scheduled, and the space shuttle Daedalus successfully launches into orbit. They find the satellite but all agree it looks nothing like a communication satellite. They secure the satellite with the shuttle's loading arm and begin repairs, but soon find it houses six nuclear missiles, relics from the Cold War and a violation of the Outer Space Treaty. The mission is quickly put under secrecy. Frank discovers that the control system for the satellite originated from Bob's own files and was stolen by the KGB, and that the satellite's computers will launch the missiles at predetermined targets if the satellite falls out of orbit. NASA and the crew devise a plan to use the payload-assist rockets to push the satellite out of orbit and into deep space. However, as they prepare for this maneuver, one of the younger astronauts, Ethan Glance (Loren Dean), acting under Bob's original orders, tries to put the satellite into stable orbit himself, which is mistimed and sets off a chain reaction: the satellite collides with the shuttle, damaging most of the shuttle's computer systems and engines, destroying the solar panels on the satellite, and sending it faster into a decay orbit, while Ethan is knocked out and dragged along with the satellite.

text: The launch is scheduled, and the

text: space shuttle

text: Daedalus successfully launches into orbit. They find the satellite but all agree it looks nothing like a communication satellite. They secure the satellite with the shuttle's loading arm and begin repairs, but soon find it houses six nuclear missiles, relics from the

text: Cold War

text: and a violation of the

text: Outer Space Treaty

text: . The mission is quickly put under secrecy. Frank discovers that the control system for the satellite originated from Bob's own files and was stolen by the

text: KGB

text: , and that the satellite's computers will launch the missiles at predetermined targets if the satellite falls out of orbit. NASA and the crew devise a plan to use the payload-assist rockets to push the satellite out of orbit and into deep space. However, as they prepare for this maneuver, one of the younger astronauts, Ethan Glance (

text: Loren Dean

text: ), acting under Bob's original orders, tries to put the satellite into stable orbit himself, which is mistimed and sets off a chain reaction: the satellite collides with the shuttle, damaging most of the shuttle's computer systems and engines, destroying the solar panels on the satellite, and sending it faster into a decay orbit, while Ethan is knocked out and dragged along with the satellite.

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answers: communication satellite

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: PSLV-C28 (a.k.a. DMC3 mission) was the 29th consecutive successful mission (overall 30th) of the PSLV program. The PSLV-C28 carried and successfully deployed 5 satellites in the Sun-synchronous orbit. With a launch mass of  and payload mass of payload mass , the C28 was the heaviest commercial mission undertaken by Indian Space Research Organisation and Antrix Corporation. The PSLV-C28 carried three identical optical earth observation satellites (DMC3-1, DMC3-2 & DMC3-3), an optical earth observation technology demonstrator micro satellite (CBNT-1) and an experimental nano satellite (De-orbitSail). All the satellites were built by Surrey Satellite Technology (SSTL). Although built by SSTL, the "De-orbitSail" belonged to the Surrey Space Centre.

text: PSLV-C28 (

text: a.k.a.

text: DMC3 mission) was the 29th consecutive successful mission (overall 30th) of the

text: PSLV

text: program. The PSLV-C28 carried and successfully deployed 5

text: satellite

text: s in the

text: Sun-synchronous orbit

text: . With a launch mass of  and payload mass of payload mass , the C28 was the heaviest commercial mission undertaken by

text: Indian Space Research Organisation

text: and

text: Antrix Corporation

text: . The PSLV-C28 carried three identical optical

text: earth observation satellite

text: s (

text: , DMC3-2 & DMC3-3), an optical

text: earth observation

text: technology demonstrator

text: micro satellite

text: (CBNT-1) and an experimental

text: nano satellite

text: (De-orbitSail). All the satellites were built by

text: Surrey Satellite Technology

text: (SSTL). Although built by SSTL, the "De-orbitSail" belonged to the Surrey Space Centre.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: of 0.7, a rocket flying at Mach 0.85 (which most aircraft cruise at) with an exhaust velocity of Mach 10, would have a predicted overall energy efficiency of 5.9%, whereas a conventional, modern, air-breathing jet engine achieves closer to 35% efficiency. Thus a rocket would need about 6x more energy; and allowing for the specific energy of rocket propellant being around one third that of conventional air fuel, roughly 18x more mass of propellant would need to be carried for the same journey. This is why rockets are rarely if ever used for general aviation.

text: of 0.7, a rocket flying at Mach 0.85 (which most aircraft cruise at) with an exhaust velocity of Mach 10, would have a predicted overall energy efficiency of 5.9%, whereas a conventional, modern, air-breathing jet engine achieves closer to 35% efficiency. Thus a rocket would need about 6x more energy; and allowing for the specific energy of rocket propellant being around one third that of conventional air fuel, roughly 18x more mass of propellant would need to be carried for the same journey. This is why rockets are rarely if ever used for general aviation.

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answers: rockets

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answers: Mach

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: space station

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Larger rockets are normally launched from a launch pad that provides stable support until a few seconds after ignition. Due to their high exhaust velocity——rockets are particularly useful when very high speeds are required, such as orbital speed at approximately . Spacecraft delivered into orbital trajectories become artificial satellites, which are used for many commercial purposes. Indeed, rockets remain the only way to launch spacecraft into orbit and beyond. They are also used to rapidly accelerate spacecraft when they change orbits or de-orbit for landing. Also, a rocket may be used to soften a hard parachute landing immediately before touchdown (see retrorocket).

text: Larger rockets are normally launched from a

text: launch pad

text: that provides stable support until a few seconds after ignition. Due to their high exhaust velocity——rockets are particularly useful when very high speeds are required, such as orbital speed at approximately . Spacecraft delivered into orbital trajectories become

text: artificial satellites

text: , which are used for many commercial purposes. Indeed, rockets remain the only way to launch

text: spacecraft

text: into orbit and beyond. They are also used to rapidly accelerate spacecraft when they change orbits or de-orbit for

text: landing

text: . Also, a rocket may be used to soften a hard parachute landing immediately before touchdown (see

text: retrorocket

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answers: NDQ_005803

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answers: NDQ_005804

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answers: NDQ_005805

answers: artificial

answers: NDQ_005806

answers: Larger rockets

answers: NDQ_005807

answers: artificial

answers: NDQ_005808

answers: They are also used to rapidly accelerate spacecraft

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: commercial purposes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A satellite system is a set of gravitationally bound objects in orbit around a planetary mass object or minor planet. Generally speaking, it is a set of natural satellites (moons), although such systems may also consist of bodies such as circumplanetary disks, ring systems, moonlets, minor-planet moons and artificial satellites any of which may themselves have satellite systems of their own. Some bodies also possess quasi-satellites that have orbits gravitationally influenced by their primary, but are generally not considered to be part of a satellite system. Satellite systems can have complex interactions including magnetic, tidal, atmospheric and orbital interactions such as orbital resonances and libration.  Individually major satellite objects are designated in Roman numerals.  Satellite systems are referred to either by the possessive adjectives of their primary (e.g. "Jovian system"), or less commonly by the name of their primary (e.g. "Jupiter system").  Where only one satellite is known, or it is a binary orbiting a common centre of gravity, it may be referred to using the hyphenated names of the primary and major satellite (e.g. the "Earth-Moon system").

text: A satellite system is a set of gravitationally bound objects in orbit around a

text: planetary mass object

text: or

text: minor planet

text: . Generally speaking, it is a set of

text: natural satellites

text: (moons), although such systems may also consist of bodies such as circumplanetary disks,

text: ring systems

text: moonlet

text: s,

text: minor-planet moon

text: s and

text: artificial satellites

text: any of which may themselves have satellite systems of their own. Some bodies also possess

text: quasi-satellite

text: s that have orbits gravitationally influenced by their primary, but are generally not considered to be part of a satellite system. Satellite systems can have complex interactions including magnetic, tidal, atmospheric and orbital interactions such as

text: orbital resonance

text: s and

text: libration

text: .  Individually major satellite objects are designated in Roman numerals.  Satellite systems are referred to either by the possessive adjectives of their primary (e.g. "Jovian system"), or less commonly by the name of their primary (e.g. "Jupiter system").  Where only one satellite is known, or it is a binary orbiting a common centre of gravity, it may be referred to using the hyphenated names of the primary and major satellite (e.g. the "Earth-Moon system").

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answers: Earth

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answers: artificial

answers: NDQ_005808

answers: gravitationally

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: artificial satellites

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Satellites are used for many purposes.  Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and space telescopes.  Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites.  Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways.  Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit.

text: Satellites are used for many purposes.  Common types include military and civilian

text: Earth observation satellite

text: s,

text: communications satellite

text: s,

text: navigation satellite

text: s,

text: weather satellite

text: s, and

text: space telescope

text: s.

text: Space station

text: s and human

text: spacecraft

text: in orbit are also satellites.  Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways.  Well-known (overlapping) classes include

text: low Earth orbit

text: polar orbit

text: , and

text: geostationary orbit

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answers: Rocket propulsion

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answers: Common types

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answers: Gravitational

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: Earth observation

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 2

text: As a reusable space-launch vehicle, the space shuttles carried a wide variety of payloads – from scientific research equipment to highly classified military satellites. The flights were assigned a Space Transportation System (STS) number, in general sequenced by the planned launch date. The Wikipedia list of space shuttle missions shows all flights, their missions, and other information.

text: As a reusable space-launch vehicle, the space shuttles carried a wide variety of payloads – from scientific research equipment to highly classified military satellites. The flights were assigned a Space Transportation System (STS) number, in general sequenced by the planned launch date. The Wikipedia

text: list of space shuttle missions

text: shows all flights, their missions, and other information.

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text: A rocket is a self-propelled, unguided weapon system powered by a rocket motor. Rockets are used primarily as medium and long-range artillery systems, although historically they have also seen considerable use as air-to-ground, some use as air-to-air weapons, and even a few examples of surface-to-air devices. Examples of modern surface-to-surface rocket systems include the BM-27 Uragan and M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System.

text: A rocket is a self-propelled, unguided

text: weapon

text: system powered by a

text: rocket

text: motor. Rockets are used primarily as medium and long-range

text: artillery

text: systems, although historically they have also seen considerable use as air-to-ground, some use as air-to-air weapons, and even a few examples of surface-to-air devices. Examples of modern surface-to-surface rocket systems include the

text: BM-27 Uragan

text: and

text: M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System

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answers: Rockets are used primarily as medium and long-range artillery systems

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answer: No

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text: The first tracking and data relay satellite was launched in 1983 on the Space Shuttle Challenger's first flight, STS-6. The Boeing-built Inertial Upper Stage that was to take the satellite from Challenger's orbit to its ultimate geosynchronous orbit suffered a failure that caused it not to deliver the TDRS to the correct orbit. As a result, it was necessary to command the satellite to use its onboard rocket thrusters to move it into its correct orbit. This expenditure of fuel reduced its capability to remain in a geostationary orbit; by late 1997 the orbit had changed to the point that the satellite was able to see the South Pole, and an uplink/downlink station was installed at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in January 1998; TDRS-1 was an important communication uplink for Antarctic research until 2009.

text: The first tracking and data relay satellite was launched in 1983 on the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger's

text: first flight,

text: . The Boeing-built

text: Inertial Upper Stage

text: that was to take the satellite from Challenger's orbit to its ultimate

text: geosynchronous orbit

text: suffered a failure that caused it not to deliver the TDRS to the correct orbit. As a result, it was necessary to command the satellite to use its onboard

text: rocket thrusters

text: to move it into its correct orbit. This expenditure of fuel reduced its capability to remain in a

text: geostationary

text: orbit; by late 1997 the orbit had changed to the point that the satellite was able to see the South Pole, and an uplink/downlink station was installed at

text: Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station

text: in January 1998; TDRS-1 was an important communication uplink for Antarctic research until 2009.

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answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: The United States Air Force (USAF) and the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) participated in the development of the Space Shuttle from its official inception in 1969. To save money, the shuttle was intended to serve as the United States' national launch system for all civilian, military, and classified payloads. The DoD influenced key aspects of the shuttle's design such as the size of its cargo bay, and Congress reportedly told DoD that it would not pay for satellites not designed to fit into the bay. The USAF in the 1970s hoped to buy up to three shuttles and fly them with all-military crews. As with the earlier X-20 Dyna-Soar and Manned Orbiting Laboratory, budget concerns ended the "Blue Shuttle" program, but the USAF gained the use of up to one third of all launches and the right to requisition the next available launch for high-priority payloads. It renovated an existing launch site at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California to send shuttles into polar orbits and established the Manned Spaceflight Control Squadron. Its personnel monitored military shuttle flights from a secret floor of NASA's Mission Control Center in Houston, ahead of a future DoD mission control center in Colorado that would monitor an expected 12 to 14 flights each year.

text: The

text: United States Air Force

text: (USAF) and the

text: National Reconnaissance Office

text: (NRO) of the

text: United States Department of Defense

text: (DoD) participated in the development of the Space Shuttle from

text: its official inception in 1969

text: . To save money, the shuttle was intended to serve as the United States' national launch system for all civilian, military, and classified payloads. The DoD influenced key aspects of the shuttle's design such as the size of its cargo bay, and Congress reportedly told DoD that it would not pay for satellites not designed to fit into the bay. The USAF in the 1970s hoped to buy up to three shuttles and fly them with all-military crews. As with the earlier

text: X-20 Dyna-Soar

text: and

text: Manned Orbiting Laboratory

text: , budget concerns ended the "Blue Shuttle" program, but the USAF gained the use of up to one third of all launches and the right to requisition the next available launch for high-priority payloads. It renovated

text: an existing launch site

text: at

text: Vandenberg Air Force Base

text: in California to send shuttles into

text: polar orbit

text: s and established the Manned Spaceflight Control Squadron. Its personnel monitored military shuttle flights from a secret floor of NASA's

entity_name: Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center

text: Mission Control Center

text: in Houston, ahead of a future DoD mission control center in Colorado that would monitor an expected 12 to 14 flights each year.

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text: In 2000, Chawla was selected for her second flight as part of the crew of STS-107. This mission was repeatedly delayed due to scheduling conflicts and technical problems such as the July 2002 discovery of cracks in the shuttle engine flow liners. On January 16, 2003, Chawla finally returned to space aboard Space Shuttle Columbia on the ill-fated STS-107 mission. Chawla's responsibilities included the microgravity experiments, for which the crew conducted nearly 80 experiments studying earth and space science, advanced technology development, and astronaut health and safety. During the launch of STS-107, Columbias 28th mission, a piece of foam insulation broke off from the Space Shuttle external tank and struck the left wing of the orbiter. A few previous shuttle launches had seen minor damage from foam shedding, but some engineers suspected that the damage to Columbia was more serious. NASA managers limited the investigation, reasoning that the crew could not have fixed the problem if it had been confirmed. When Columbia re-entered the atmosphere of Earth, the damage allowed hot atmospheric gases to penetrate and destroy the internal wing structure, which caused the spacecraft to become unstable and slowly break apart. After the disaster, Space Shuttle flight operations were suspended for more than two years, similar to the aftermath of the Challenger disaster. Construction of the International Space Station (ISS) was put on hold; the station relied entirely on the Russian Roscosmos State Corporation for resupply for 29 months until Shuttle flights resumed with STS-114 and 41 months for crew rotation until STS-121.

text: In 2000, Chawla was selected for her second flight as part of the crew of

text: . This mission was repeatedly delayed due to scheduling conflicts and technical problems such as the July 2002 discovery of cracks in the shuttle engine flow liners. On January 16, 2003, Chawla finally returned to space aboard

text: Space Shuttle Columbia

text: on the

text: ill-fated STS-107 mission

text: . Chawla's responsibilities included the

text: microgravity

text: experiments, for which the crew conducted nearly 80 experiments studying earth and

text: space science

text: , advanced technology development, and astronaut health and safety. During the launch of

text: , Columbias 28th mission, a piece of foam insulation broke off from the

text: Space Shuttle external tank

text: and struck the left wing of the

text: orbiter

text: . A few previous shuttle launches had seen minor damage from foam shedding, but some engineers suspected that the damage to Columbia was more serious.

text: NASA

text: managers limited the investigation, reasoning that the crew could not have fixed the problem if it had been confirmed. When Columbia re-entered the

text: atmosphere of Earth

text: , the damage allowed hot atmospheric gases to penetrate and destroy the internal wing structure, which caused the spacecraft to become unstable and slowly break apart. After the disaster, Space Shuttle flight operations were suspended for more than two years, similar to the aftermath of the

text: Challenger disaster

text: . Construction of the

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS) was put on hold; the station relied entirely on the Russian

text: Roscosmos State Corporation

text: for resupply for 29 months until Shuttle flights resumed with

text: and 41 months for crew rotation until

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text: A space station, also known as an orbital station or an orbital space station, is a spacecraft capable of supporting crewmembers, which is designed to remain in space (most commonly as an artificial satellite in low Earth orbit) for an extended period of time and for other spacecraft to dock. A space station is distinguished from other spacecraft used for human spaceflight by lack of major propulsion or landing systems. Instead, other vehicles transport people and cargo to and from the station.  three space stations are in orbit: the International Space Station, which is permanently manned, China's Tiangong-1 (defunct) and Tiangong-2 (launched 15 September 2016, not permanently manned). Previous stations include the Almaz and Salyut series, Skylab, and most recently Mir.

text: A space station, also known as an orbital station or an orbital space station, is a

text: spacecraft

text: capable of supporting crewmembers, which is designed to remain in

text: space

text: (most commonly as an

text: artificial satellite

text: in

text: low Earth orbit

text: ) for an extended period of time and for other spacecraft to dock. A space station is distinguished from other spacecraft used for

text: human spaceflight

text: by lack of major

text: propulsion

text: or

text: landing

text: systems. Instead, other vehicles transport people and cargo to and from the station.  three space stations are in orbit: the

text: International Space Station

text: , which is permanently manned, China's

text: (defunct) and

text: (launched 15 September 2016, not permanently manned). Previous stations include the

text: Almaz

text: and

text: Salyut series

text: Skylab

text: , and most recently

text: Mir

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answers: permanently manned

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: On flight day 12, space shuttle Discovery successfully undocked from the International Space Station at 19:26 UTC. After undocking, the shuttle backed out and performed a fly around of the ISS. The space shuttle then performed 2 separation burns using its thrusters. After the separation burns, astronauts Kevin Ford, José Hernández and Christer Fuglesang used the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) to inspect the shuttle's Thermal Protection System (TPS). When they completed that task the OBSS was berthed on the starboard sill of the payload bay and the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS) was powered down.

text: On flight day 12, space shuttle Discovery successfully undocked from the

text: International Space Station

text: at 19:26

text: UTC

text: . After undocking, the shuttle backed out and performed a fly around of the ISS. The space shuttle then performed 2 separation burns using its thrusters. After the separation burns, astronauts

text: Kevin Ford

text: José Hernández

text: and

text: Christer Fuglesang

text: used the

text: Orbiter Boom Sensor System

text: (OBSS) to inspect the shuttle's Thermal Protection System (TPS). When they completed that task the OBSS was berthed on the starboard sill of the payload bay and the

text: Shuttle Remote Manipulator System

text: (SRMS) was powered down.

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answers: The space shuttle then performed 2 separation burns using its thrusters

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The station was home to the Air Force Systems Command operational unit known as the Air Force Satellite Test Center, colloquially called the "stick," and other non-Air Force Systems Command operational organizations.  By 1979, the Air Force Satellite Test Center was renamed the Air Force Satellite Control Facility.  On January 26, 1994, Sunnyvale Air Force Station was renamed Onizuka Air Force Station in honor of Lt Col Ellison Onizuka, USAF, one of the astronauts who, on January 28, 1986, died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.  Ultimately, both Onizuka Air Force Station and the Air Force Satellite Control Facility were transferred from Air Force Systems Command to Air Force Space Command and was operated by the 21st Space Operations Squadron, a geographically separated unit (GSU) of the 50th Space Wing.  The non-Air Force System Command operational organizations remained under their respective commands.

text: The station was home to the Air Force Systems Command operational unit known as the Air Force Satellite Test Center, colloquially called the "stick," and other non-Air Force Systems Command operational organizations.  By 1979, the Air Force Satellite Test Center was renamed the Air Force Satellite Control Facility.  On January 26, 1994, Sunnyvale Air Force Station was renamed Onizuka Air Force Station in honor of

text: Lt Col

text: Ellison Onizuka

text: USAF

text: , one of the

text: astronaut

text: s who, on January 28, 1986, died in the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

text: .  Ultimately, both Onizuka Air Force Station and the Air Force Satellite Control Facility were transferred from Air Force Systems Command to Air Force Space Command and was operated by the

text: 21st Space Operations Squadron

text: , a geographically separated unit (GSU) of the

text: 50th Space Wing

text: .  The non-Air Force System Command operational organizations remained under their respective commands.

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text: The Martin Company moved forward into the aerospace manufacturing business, and it produced the Vanguard rocket, which was used by the American space program as one of its first satellite booster rockets as part of Project Vanguard. The Vanguard was the first American space exploration rocket designed from scratch to be an orbital launch vehicle — rather than being a modified sounding rocket (like the Juno I) or a ballistic missile (like the U.S. Army's Redstone missile). Martin also designed and manufactured the huge and heavily armed Titan I and LGM-25C Titan II Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). Martin Company of Orlando, Florida, was the prime contractor for the U.S. Army's Pershing missile.

text: The Martin Company moved forward into the

text: aerospace manufacturing

text: business, and it produced the

text: Vanguard rocket

text: , which was used by the American space program as one of its first

text: satellite

text: booster rocket

text: s as part of

text: Project Vanguard

text: . The Vanguard was the first American

text: space exploration

text: rocket designed from scratch to be an orbital launch vehicle — rather than being a modified

text: sounding rocket

text: (like the

text: Juno I

text: ) or a

text: ballistic missile

text: (like the U.S. Army's

text: Redstone missile

text: ). Martin also designed and manufactured the huge and heavily armed

text: Titan I

text: and

text: LGM-25C Titan II

text: Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

text: s (

text: ICBM

text: s). Martin Company of Orlando, Florida, was the prime contractor for the U.S. Army's Pershing missile.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: An amateur radio station that is located in a satellite, the Space Shuttle, or on the International Space Station is referred to as a space station. Some countries, including the United States, have additional or different regulations regarding the operation of space stations than other amateur radio stations. Most space stations are located on satellites that orbit the earth. These stations are frequently either transponders or repeaters that operate under automatic control and can be used by ground stations (any station that is not a space station) to relay their signal to other ground stations.

text: An amateur radio station that is located in a

text: satellite

text: , the

text: Space Shuttle

text: , or on the

text: International Space Station

text: is referred to as a space station. Some countries, including the

text: United States

text: , have additional or different regulations regarding the operation of space stations than other amateur radio stations. Most space stations are located on satellites that orbit the earth. These stations are frequently either

text: transponder

text: s or

text: repeater

text: s that operate under automatic control and can be used by ground stations (any station that is not a space station) to relay their signal to other ground stations.

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answers: Newton's Law of Motion

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answers: to relay their signal

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: PSSC-2 is the second PSSC satellite, following PSSC-1 which was deployed from  during STS-126 in 2008. It carries two technology demonstration experiments: Miniature Tracking Vehicle (MTV), and the Compact Total Electron Content Sensor (CTECS). MTV will test the satellite's ability to function as a reference body for tracking stations, whilst CTECS will observe the signals from occulting Global Positioning System satellites in order to study the density of the ionosphere. The satellite also carries cameras intended to capture the last images of a Space Shuttle in orbit, shortly after separation.

text: PSSC-2 is the second PSSC satellite, following

text: which was deployed from  during

text: in 2008. It carries two technology demonstration experiments: Miniature Tracking Vehicle (MTV), and the Compact Total Electron Content Sensor (CTECS). MTV will test the satellite's ability to function as a reference body for tracking stations, whilst CTECS will observe the signals from

text: occulting

text: Global Positioning System

text: satellites in order to study the density of the

text: ionosphere

text: . The satellite also carries cameras intended to capture the last images of a Space Shuttle in orbit, shortly after separation.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: The Space Detection and Tracking System or SPADATS was operated by North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) along with the U.S. Air Force Spacetrack system, The Navy Space Surveillance System and Canadian Forces Air Defense Command Satellite Tracking Unit plus the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory operated a dozen 3.5 ton Baker-Nunn Camera systems for satellite cataloging of man-made satellites. The U.S. Air Force had ten Baker-Nunn camera stations around the world mostly from 1960 to 1977 with a phase-out beginning in 1964. The Baker-Nunn space camera station was constructed on Sand Island and was functioning by 1965. USAF 18th Surveillance Squadron operated the Baker-Nunn camera at a station built along the causeway on Sand Island until 1975 when a contract to operate the four remaining Air Force stations was awarded to Bendix Field Engineering Corporation.  In about 1977, the camera at Sand Island was moved to South Korea. Baker-Nunn were rendered obsolete with the IOC of 3 GEODSS optical tracking sites at Taegu, Korea; Mt Haleakala, Maui, and White Sands missile Range. A fourth site was operational in 1985 at Diego Garcia, and a proposed 5th site in Portugal was cancelled. The Taegu, Korea site was closed due to encroaching city lights. GEODSS tracked satellites at night, though the MIT Lincoln lab test site, co-located with Site 1 at White sands did track asteroids in daytime as proof of concept in the early 1980s.

text: The

text: Space Detection and Tracking System

text: or SPADATS was operated by

entity_name: North American Aerospace Defense Command

text: North American Aerospace Defense Command

text: NORAD

text: ) along with the

text: U.S. Air Force Spacetrack system

text: , The

text: Navy Space Surveillance System

text: and

text: Canadian Forces Air Defense Command

text: Satellite Tracking Unit

text: plus the

text: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

text: operated a dozen 3.5 ton

text: Baker-Nunn Camera

text: systems for satellite cataloging of man-made satellites. The U.S. Air Force had ten Baker-Nunn camera stations around the world mostly from 1960 to 1977 with a phase-out beginning in 1964. The Baker-Nunn space camera station was constructed on Sand Island and was functioning by 1965.

text: USAF 18th Surveillance Squadron

text: operated the Baker-Nunn camera at a station built along the causeway on Sand Island until 1975 when a contract to operate the four remaining Air Force stations was awarded to

text: Bendix Field Engineering Corporation

text: .  In about 1977, the camera at Sand Island was moved to South Korea. Baker-Nunn were rendered obsolete with the IOC of 3 GEODSS optical tracking sites at Taegu, Korea; Mt Haleakala, Maui, and White Sands missile Range. A fourth site was operational in 1985 at Diego Garcia, and a proposed 5th site in Portugal was cancelled. The Taegu, Korea site was closed due to encroaching city lights. GEODSS tracked satellites at night, though the MIT Lincoln lab test site, co-located with Site 1 at White sands did track asteroids in daytime as proof of concept in the early 1980s.

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text: Some shuttle features initially presented as important to Space Station support have proved superfluous:

text: Some shuttle features initially presented as important to Space Station support have proved superfluous:

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text: Dempsey oversaw the jettisoning of the , refrigerator-sized Early Ammonia Servicer (EAS), along with an unused stanchion which had previously held a camera, from the International Space Station during Expedition 15. What is left of the refrigerator after re-entry impacted Earth in the summer of 2008. Dempsey stated that the decision to jettison the equipment in this required some planning, saying "It's not a decision that's made lightly. Besides the fact that it might have some use in the future, it provides space debris that could later impact the space station," and further adding that this was necessary largely due to space and timing constraints on available Space Shuttle payloads.

text: Dempsey oversaw the jettisoning of the , refrigerator-sized

text: Early Ammonia Servicer

text: (EAS), along with an unused stanchion which had previously held a camera, from the International Space Station during

text: Expedition 15

text: . What is left of the refrigerator after

text: re-entry

text: impacted Earth in the summer of 2008. Dempsey stated that the decision to jettison the equipment in this required some planning, saying "It's not a decision that's made lightly. Besides the fact that it might have some use in the future, it provides space debris that could later impact the space station," and further adding that this was necessary largely due to space and timing constraints on available

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text: The energy density of a typical rocket propellant is often around one-third that of conventional hydrocarbon fuels; the bulk of the mass is (often relatively inexpensive) oxidizer. Nevertheless, at take-off the rocket has a great deal of energy in the fuel and oxidizer stored within the vehicle. It is of course desirable that as much of the energy of the propellant end up as kinetic or potential energy of the body of the rocket as possible.

text: The energy density of a typical rocket propellant is often around one-third that of conventional hydrocarbon fuels; the bulk of the mass is (often relatively inexpensive) oxidizer. Nevertheless, at take-off the rocket has a great deal of energy in the fuel and oxidizer stored within the vehicle. It is of course desirable that as much of the energy of the propellant end up as

text: kinetic

text: or

text: potential energy

text: of the body of the rocket as possible.

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text: 2007 also saw the continued assembly of the International Space Station, by US Space Shuttle flights. On 8 June  made the first Shuttle launch of the year, STS-117, with seven astronauts, and the S3/4 truss segment of the ISS. It was the first Shuttle to launch from Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center since STS-107 in 2003. Launch had previously been delayed from February due to Hail damage to the External Tank, which required a rollback to repair in the Vehicle Assembly Building. In August,  launched on its first mission since 2002, STS-118. This carried the S5 truss segment, and marked the final flight of the Spacehab module, which was used to carry supplies. NASA's first Educator Astronaut, Barbara Morgan flew aboard STS-118. Morgan had previously been a backup for Christa McAuliffe, who was killed in the Challenger accident in 1986. STS-120, launched on 23 October using , carried the Harmony node, the first pressurised ISS component to be launched since Pirs in September 2001. Attempts to launch Atlantis in December on STS-122 were scrubbed, and the launch was delayed to 2008 after ECO sensors in the External Tank failed.

text: 2007 also saw the continued assembly of the International Space Station, by US

text: Space Shuttle

text: flights. On 8 June  made the first Shuttle launch of the year,

text: , with seven

text: astronaut

text: s, and the

text: S3/4 truss segment

text: of the ISS. It was the first Shuttle to launch from

text: Complex 39A

text: at the

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: since

text: in 2003. Launch had previously been delayed from February due to

text: Hail

text: damage to the

text: External Tank

text: , which required a

text: rollback

text: to repair in the

text: Vehicle Assembly Building

text: . In August,  launched on its first mission since 2002,

text: . This carried the S5 truss segment, and marked the final flight of the

text: Spacehab module

text: , which was used to carry supplies. NASA's first

text: Educator Astronaut

text: Barbara Morgan

text: flew aboard STS-118. Morgan had previously been a backup for

text: Christa McAuliffe

text: , who was killed in the

text: Challenger accident

text: in 1986.

text: , launched on 23 October using , carried the

text: Harmony

text: node, the first pressurised ISS component to be launched since

text: Pirs

text: in

text: September 2001

text: . Attempts to launch Atlantis in December on

text: were

text: scrubbed

text: , and the launch was delayed to 2008 after

text: ECO sensor

text: s in the External Tank failed.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Increasing the spectrum available for more services would be difficult, since unlike C-band and K band services, which allow over 200 locations for satellites, S-band satellites must be spaced too far apart for current technology. Existing vehicle antennas would not allow reception of two different stations on the same frequency, though new technology, requiring different receivers, might be possible.

text: Increasing the spectrum available for more services would be difficult, since unlike

text: C-band

text: and

text: K band

text: services, which allow over 200 locations for satellites, S-band satellites must be spaced too far apart for current technology. Existing vehicle antennas would not allow reception of two different stations on the same frequency, though new technology, requiring different receivers, might be possible.

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answers: S-band

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answers: S-band

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answers: C-band

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answers: Increasing the spectrum

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answers: services

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The combined space station and Air Force payload requirements weren't sufficient to reach desired shuttle launch rates. Therefore, the plan was for all future U.S. space launches—space station, Air Force, commercial satellites, and scientific research—to use only the space shuttle. Most other expendable boosters would be phased out.

text: The combined space station and Air Force payload requirements weren't sufficient to reach desired shuttle launch rates. Therefore, the plan was for all future U.S. space launches—space station, Air Force, commercial satellites, and scientific research—to use only the space shuttle. Most other expendable boosters would be phased out.

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answers: space shuttle

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Images from satellites provide a resource for forecasting weather for NASA Space Shuttle launches and landings. Meteorologists analyze images to predict regions of cloud formation and dissipation. Special attention is paid to low clouds and convective cloud particularly cumulonimbus incus clouds. Satellite imagery is used to ascertain cloud-top temperatures to analyze the potential for lightning. Certain types of imagery are valued for their ability to view fog and low clouds at night. Satellite imagery in the long term can help enhance the shuttle flight landing procedure.

text: Images from satellites provide a resource for forecasting weather for NASA

text: Space Shuttle

text: launches and landings. Meteorologists analyze images to predict regions of

entity_section: Formation: how the air becomes saturated

text: cloud formation

text: and dissipation. Special attention is paid to low clouds and

text: convective

text: cloud particularly

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text: clouds. Satellite imagery is used to ascertain cloud-top temperatures to analyze the potential for lightning. Certain types of imagery are valued for their ability to view fog and low clouds at night. Satellite imagery in the long term can help enhance the shuttle flight landing procedure.

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text: The satellites would be mass-produced, at much lower cost per unit of capability than existing satellites.  Musk said "We’re going to try and do for satellites what we’ve done for rockets.""In order to revolutionize space, we have to address both satellites and rockets.""Smaller satellites are crucial to lowering the cost of space-based Internet and communications."

text: The satellites would be

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text: , at much lower cost per unit of capability than existing satellites.  Musk said "We’re going to try and do for satellites what we’ve done for rockets.""In order to revolutionize space, we have to address both satellites and rockets.""Smaller satellites are crucial to lowering the cost of space-based Internet and communications."

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text: Criticism of the Space Shuttle program stemmed from claims that NASA's Shuttle program failed to achieve its promised cost and utility goals, as well as design, cost, management, and safety issues. More specifically, it failed in the goal of reducing the cost of space access. Space Shuttle incremental per-pound launch costs ultimately turned out to be considerably higher than those of expendable launchers: by 2011, the incremental cost per flight of the Space Shuttle was estimated at $450 million, or $18,000 per kilogram (approximately $8,000 per pound) to low Earth orbit (LEO). By comparison, Russian Proton expendable cargo launchers (Atlas V rocket counterpart), still largely based on the design that dates back to 1965, are said to cost as little as $110 million, or around $5,000/kg (approximately $2,300 per pound) to LEO. When all design and maintenance costs are taken into account, the final cost of the Space Shuttle program, averaged over all missions and adjusted for inflation, was estimated to come out to $1.5 billion per launch, or $60,000/kg (approximately $27,000 per pound) to LEO. This should be contrasted with the originally envisioned costs of $118 per pound of payload in 1972 dollars (approximately $657 per pound adjusting for inflation to 2013).

text: Criticism of the Space Shuttle program stemmed from claims that

text: NASA's

text: Shuttle program

text: failed to achieve its promised cost and utility goals, as well as design, cost, management, and safety issues. More specifically, it failed in the goal of reducing the cost of space access. Space Shuttle incremental per-pound launch costs ultimately turned out to be considerably higher than those of expendable launchers: by 2011, the incremental cost per flight of the Space Shuttle was estimated at $450 million, or $18,000 per kilogram (approximately $8,000 per pound) to

text: low Earth orbit

text: (LEO). By comparison, Russian

text: Proton

text: expendable cargo launchers (Atlas V rocket counterpart), still largely based on the design that dates back to 1965, are said to cost as little as $110 million, or around $5,000/kg (approximately $2,300 per pound) to LEO. When all design and maintenance costs are taken into account, the final cost of the Space Shuttle program, averaged over all missions and adjusted for inflation, was estimated to come out to $1.5 billion per launch, or $60,000/kg (approximately $27,000 per pound) to LEO. This should be contrasted with the originally envisioned costs of $118 per pound of payload in 1972 dollars (approximately $657 per pound adjusting for inflation to 2013).

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answers: The incremental cost per flight of the Space Shuttle was estimated at $450 million, or $18,000 per kilogram

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: Until the creation of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS), the Space Shuttle endured a 30-minute blackout. The TDRSS allowed the Shuttle to communicate by relay with a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite during re-entry, through a "hole" in the ionized air envelope at the tail end of the craft, created by the Shuttle's shape.

text: Until the creation of the

entity_name: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System

text: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System

text: (TDRSS), the

text: Space Shuttle

text: endured a 30-minute blackout. The TDRSS allowed the Shuttle to communicate by relay with a

text: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite

text: during re-entry, through a "hole" in the ionized air envelope at the tail end of the craft, created by the Shuttle's shape.

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text: Also at the museum is Space Shuttle Endeavour's Canadarm, the space shuttles' Canadian-built robotic arm. It was unveiled on 2 May 2013 with Chris Hadfield on hand from the International Space Station via video screen to aid with the unveiling. While Endeavour's Canadarm, officially known as Canadarm 201, was moved back to Canada, Atlantis' and Discovery's Canadarms went to the museums of their respective shuttles.

text: Also at the museum is

text: Space Shuttle

text: Endeavour's

text: Canadarm

text: , the space shuttles' Canadian-built robotic arm. It was unveiled on 2 May 2013 with

text: Chris Hadfield

text: on hand from the

text: International Space Station

text: via video screen to aid with the unveiling. While Endeavour's Canadarm, officially known as Canadarm 201, was moved back to Canada,

text: Atlantis'

text: and

text: Discovery's

text: Canadarms went to the museums of their respective shuttles.

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text: Several Space Shuttle missions in the 1980s and early 1990s included spacewalks to demonstrate and test space station construction techniques. After the establishment of the initial baseline design, the project evolved extensively, growing in scope and cost.

text: Several Space Shuttle missions in the 1980s and early 1990s included

text: spacewalks

text: to demonstrate and test space station construction techniques. After the establishment of the initial baseline design, the project evolved extensively, growing in scope and cost.

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text: Leasat F1's launch was cancelled just prior to lift-off, and F2 became the first into orbit on August 30, 1984 aboard Discovery on shuttle mission STS-41-D. F2 was largely successful, but its wideband receiver was out of commission after only 4 months. F1 was launched successfully on November 8, 1984 aboard STS-51-A. This was followed on April 12, 1985 by Leasat F3 on STS-51-D. F3's launch was declared a failure when the satellite failed to start its maneuver to geostationary orbit once released from Discovery. Attempts by Shuttle astronauts to activate F3 with a makeshift "flyswatter" were unsuccessful. The satellite was left in low earth orbit, and the Space Shuttle returned to Earth. This failure made front page news in the New York Times. Hughes had an insurance policy on the satellite, and so claimed a total loss for the spacecraft of about $200 million, an amount underwritten by numerous parties.

text: Leasat F1's launch was cancelled just prior to lift-off, and F2 became the first into orbit on August 30, 1984 aboard

text: Discovery

text: on shuttle mission

text: . F2 was largely successful, but its wideband receiver was out of commission after only 4 months. F1 was launched successfully on November 8, 1984 aboard

text: . This was followed on April 12, 1985 by Leasat F3 on

text: . F3's launch was declared a failure when the satellite failed to start its maneuver to geostationary orbit once released from Discovery. Attempts by Shuttle astronauts to activate F3 with a makeshift "flyswatter" were unsuccessful. The satellite was left in low earth orbit, and the Space Shuttle returned to Earth. This failure made front page news in the

text: New York Times

text: . Hughes had an insurance policy on the satellite, and so claimed a total loss for the spacecraft of about $200 million, an amount underwritten by numerous parties.

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text: Hilmers was selected a NASA astronaut in July 1980, and completed the initial training period in August 1981. In 1983 he was selected as a member of the launch-ready standby crew. His early NASA assignments have included work on rocket upper stages such as PAM, IUS, and Centaur, as well as Shuttle software verification at the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL). In addition, he was the Astronaut Office training coordinator, worked on various Department of Defense payloads, served as a spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) at Mission Control for STS-41-D, STS-41-G, STS-51-A, STS-51-C and STS-51-D, worked Space Station issues for the Astronaut Office, and served as head of the Mission Development Branch within the Astronaut Office. In May 1985 he was named to the crew of STS-61-F, which was to deploy the Ulysses spacecraft on an interplanetary trajectory using a Centaur upper stage. This mission was to have flown in May 1986, but the Shuttle Centaur project was terminated in July 1986, and Hilmers then worked in the areas of ascent abort development, payload safety, and Shuttle on-board software. During 1987 he was involved in training for STS-26 and in flight software development.  He later became head of the Mission Development branch in the astronaut office.

text: Hilmers was selected a NASA astronaut in July 1980, and completed the initial training period in August 1981. In 1983 he was selected as a member of the launch-ready standby crew. His early NASA assignments have included work on rocket upper stages such as

text: PAM

text: IUS

text: , and

text: Centaur

text: , as well as Shuttle software verification at the

text: Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory

text: (SAIL). In addition, he was the Astronaut Office training coordinator, worked on various Department of Defense payloads, served as a spacecraft communicator (

text: CAPCOM

text: ) at Mission Control for

text: and

text: , worked Space Station issues for the Astronaut Office, and served as head of the Mission Development Branch within the Astronaut Office. In May 1985 he was named to the crew of

text: , which was to deploy the

text: Ulysses

text: spacecraft on an interplanetary trajectory using a Centaur upper stage. This mission was to have flown in May 1986, but the Shuttle Centaur project was terminated in July 1986, and Hilmers then worked in the areas of ascent abort development, payload safety, and Shuttle on-board software. During 1987 he was involved in training for STS-26 and in flight software development.  He later became head of the Mission Development branch in the astronaut office.

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text: On 20 September 2009, the airport was again used as a refuelling stop for the Space Shuttle's return flight to the Kennedy Space Center, as has done numerous times before. This time it was the Space Shuttle Discovery that was being piggybacked from Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth. The Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and Space Shuttle Discovery remained at Barksdale over night.

text: On 20 September 2009, the airport was again used as a refuelling stop for the

text: Space Shuttle

text: 's return flight to the

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: , as has done numerous times before. This time it was the

text: Space Shuttle Discovery

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text: piggybacked

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entity_name: Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth

text: Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth

text: . The

text: Shuttle Carrier Aircraft

text: and

text: Space Shuttle Discovery

text: remained at Barksdale over night.

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text: STS-88 was the first Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS). It was flown by Space Shuttle Endeavour, and took the first American module, the Unity node, to the station.

text: STS-88 was the first

text: Space Shuttle

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text: International Space Station

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answers: space station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: STS-29 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission, during which Space Shuttle Discovery inserted a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) into Earth orbit. It was the third shuttle mission following the Challenger disaster of 1986, and launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on 13 March 1989. STS-29 was the eighth flight of Discovery and the 28th Space Shuttle mission overall; its planned predecessor, STS-28, was delayed until August 1989.

text: STS-29 was a

text: NASA

text: Space Shuttle

text: mission, during which

text: Space Shuttle Discovery

text: inserted a

text: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite

text: (TDRS) into Earth orbit. It was the third shuttle mission following the

text: Challenger disaster

text: of 1986, and launched from

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: Florida

text: , on 13 March 1989. STS-29 was the eighth flight of Discovery and the 28th Space Shuttle mission overall; its planned predecessor,

text: , was delayed until August 1989.

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The National Science Foundation took over operations of the ARPANET and Internet from the Department of Defense, and initiated NSFNet, a new backbone for the network. A part of the NSFNet AUP forbade commercial traffic. In 1988, Vint Cerf arranged for an interconnection of MCI Mail with NSFNET on an experimental basis. The following year Compuserve email interconnected with NSFNET. Within a few years the commercial traffic restriction was removed from NSFNETs AUP, and NSFNET was privatised. In the late 1990s, the Federal Trade Commission grew concerned with fraud transpiring in email, and initiated a series of procedures on spam, fraud, and phishing. In 2004, FTC jurisdiction over spam was codified into law in the form of the CAN SPAM Act. Several other U.S. federal agencies have also exercised jurisdiction including the Department of Justice and the Secret Service. NASA has provided email capabilities to astronauts aboard the Space Shuttle and International Space Station since 1991 when a Macintosh Portable was used aboard Space Shuttle mission STS-43 to send the first email via AppleLink. Today astronauts aboard the International Space Station have email capabilities via the wireless networking throughout the station and are connected to the ground at 10 Mbit/s Earth to station and 3 Mbit/s station to Earth, comparable to home DSL connection speeds.

text: The

text: National Science Foundation

text: took over operations of the ARPANET and Internet from the Department of Defense, and initiated

text: NSFNet

text: , a new

text: backbone

text: for the network. A part of the NSFNet AUP forbade commercial traffic. In 1988,

text: Vint Cerf

text: arranged for an interconnection of

text: MCI Mail

text: with NSFNET on an experimental basis. The following year

text: Compuserve

text: email interconnected with NSFNET. Within a few years the commercial traffic restriction was removed from NSFNETs AUP, and NSFNET was privatised. In the late 1990s, the

text: Federal Trade Commission

text: grew concerned with fraud transpiring in email, and initiated a series of procedures on spam, fraud, and phishing. In 2004, FTC jurisdiction over spam was codified into law in the form of the

text: CAN SPAM Act.

text: Several other U.S. federal agencies have also exercised jurisdiction including the

text: Department of Justice

text: and the

text: Secret Service

text: . NASA has provided email capabilities to astronauts aboard the Space Shuttle and International Space Station since 1991 when a

text: Macintosh Portable

text: was used aboard

text: Space Shuttle

text: mission

text: to send the first email via

text: AppleLink

text: . Today astronauts aboard the International Space Station have email capabilities via the

text: wireless networking

text: throughout the station and are connected to the ground at 10

text: Mbit/s

text: Earth to station and 3 Mbit/s station to Earth, comparable to home

text: DSL

text: connection speeds.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Rocket cars are capable of very high speeds, and at one time held the land speed record (now held by a jet car).  Rocket cars differ from jet-powered cars in that they carry both fuel and oxidizer on board, eliminating the need for an air inlet and compressor which add weight and increase drag.  Rocket cars run their engines for relatively short periods of time, usually less than 20 seconds, but the acceleration levels that rocket cars can reach due to their high thrust-to-weight ratio are very high and high speeds are fairly easily achieved.

text: Rocket cars are capable of very high speeds, and at one time held the land speed record (now held by a

text: jet car

text: ).  Rocket cars differ from jet-powered cars in that they carry both fuel and oxidizer on board, eliminating the need for an air inlet and compressor which add weight and increase drag.  Rocket cars run their engines for relatively short periods of time, usually less than 20 seconds, but the acceleration levels that rocket cars can reach due to their high

text: thrust-to-weight ratio

text: are very high and high speeds are fairly easily achieved.

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text: Davis became an astronaut in June 1987. Her first assignment was in the Astronaut Office Mission Development Branch, where she provided technical support for Space shuttle payloads. folling this, Davis was a CAPCOM in Mission Control, responsible for communicating with Shuttle crews for seven missions. After her first space flight, Davis served as the Astronaut Office representative for the Remote Manipulator System (RMS), with responsibility for RMS operations, training, and payloads. After her second space flight, she served as the Chairperson of the NASA Education Working Group and as Chief for the Payloads Branch, which provided Astronaut Office support for all Shuttle and International Space Station payloads. A veteran of three space flights, Davis has logged over 673 hours in space. She flew as a mission specialist on STS-47 in 1992 and STS-60 in 1994, and was the payload commander on STS-85 in 1997.

text: Davis became an astronaut in June 1987. Her first assignment was in the Astronaut Office Mission Development Branch, where she provided technical support for

text: Space shuttle

text: payloads. folling this, Davis was a CAPCOM in Mission Control, responsible for communicating with Shuttle crews for seven missions. After her first space flight, Davis served as the Astronaut Office representative for the

text: Remote Manipulator System

text: (RMS), with responsibility for RMS operations, training, and payloads. After her second space flight, she served as the Chairperson of the NASA Education Working Group and as Chief for the Payloads Branch, which provided Astronaut Office support for all Shuttle and

text: International Space Station

text: payloads. A veteran of three space flights, Davis has logged over 673 hours in space. She flew as a mission specialist on

text: in 1992 and

text: in 1994, and was the payload commander on

text: in 1997.

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text: Quantum Experiments at Space Scale (QUESS; ), is an international research project in the field of quantum physics. A satellite, nicknamed Micius or Mozi () after the ancient Chinese philosopher and scientist, is operated by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, as well as ground stations in China. The University of Vienna and the Austrian Academy of Sciences are running the satellite’s European receiving stations. QUESS is a proof-of-concept mission designed to facilitate quantum optics experiments over long distances to allow the development of quantum encryption and quantum teleportation technology. Quantum encryption uses the principle of entanglement to facilitate communication that is totally safe against eavesdropping, let alone decryption, by a third party. By producing pairs of entangled photons, QUESS will allow ground stations separated by many thousands of kilometres to establish secure quantum channels. QUESS itself has limited communication capabilities: it needs line-of-sight, and can only operate when not in sunlight. If QUESS is successful, further Micius satellites will follow, allowing a European–Asian quantum-encrypted network by 2020, and a global network by 2030.

text: Quantum Experiments at Space Scale (QUESS; ), is an international research project in the field of quantum physics. A satellite, nicknamed Micius or Mozi () after

text: the ancient Chinese philosopher and scientist

text: , is operated by the

text: Chinese Academy of Sciences

text: , as well as ground stations in China. The

text: University of Vienna

text: and the

text: Austrian Academy of Sciences

text: are running the satellite’s European receiving stations. QUESS is a proof-of-concept mission designed to facilitate

text: quantum optics

text: experiments over long distances to allow the development of

text: quantum encryption

text: and

text: quantum teleportation

text: technology. Quantum encryption uses the principle of

text: entanglement

text: to facilitate communication that is totally safe against

text: eavesdropping

text: , let alone

text: decryption

text: , by a third party. By producing pairs of entangled

text: photons

text: , QUESS will allow ground stations separated by many thousands of kilometres to establish secure

text: quantum channel

text: s. QUESS itself has limited communication capabilities: it needs

text: line-of-sight

text: , and can only operate when not in sunlight. If QUESS is successful, further Micius satellites will follow, allowing a European–Asian

text: quantum-encrypted network

text: by 2020, and a global network by 2030.

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answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: Realizing that the numerous storms will soon combine into a massive sharknado wall that will destroy the entire East Coast (now dubbed the "Feast Coast"), Fin calls in a favor from his estranged father, former NASA colonel Gil Shepard, for a risky plan to destroy the storm from space. Gil, Fin, April, and Nova reach Cape Canaveral where they plan to use a top-secret Space Shuttle to blow up tanks of rocket fuel in the storm. They head inside to prepare, while Claudia and Billy fend off incoming sharks by using guns. They share a kiss and begin to head back inside, but Billy is killed when a shark lands on him. While Nova clears a path, Gil, Fin, and April (who was there only to plead with Fin to not go, but then sharks began destroying the walkway, forcing her to board the shuttle as well) launch into space where they detonate the external tank, but it fails to stop the wall of sharknados. Gil deploys "Plan B", activating a Reagan-era Strategic Defense Initiative satellite laser weapon, leaving himself in space as there is not enough fuel to propel both of them back to Earth. This time, the sharknados are destroyed, but the beam causes the sharks to propel into space, attacking the shuttle. Fin fights them off using an energy-beam chainsaw; he and April are eaten by two separate sharks which fall back down to Earth. Though the sharks are charred from atmospheric entry, Fin emerges from his shark unharmed and discovers that April has done so too, and that she has given birth during the descent. As the family and Nova reunite, Fin names his newborn son after his father, who has landed on the moon. April is about to recover Fin's father's badge when a Shuttle fragment is about to hit her.

text: Realizing that the numerous storms will soon combine into a massive sharknado wall that will destroy the entire East Coast (now dubbed the "Feast Coast"), Fin calls in a favor from his estranged father, former NASA colonel Gil Shepard, for a risky plan to destroy the storm from space. Gil, Fin, April, and Nova reach

text: Cape Canaveral

text: where they plan to use a top-secret

text: Space Shuttle

text: to blow up tanks of rocket fuel in the storm. They head inside to prepare, while Claudia and Billy fend off incoming sharks by using guns. They share a kiss and begin to head back inside, but Billy is killed when a shark lands on him. While Nova clears a path, Gil, Fin, and April (who was there only to plead with Fin to not go, but then sharks began destroying the walkway, forcing her to board the shuttle as well) launch into space where they detonate the

text: external tank

text: , but it fails to stop the wall of sharknados. Gil deploys "Plan B", activating a Reagan-era

text: Strategic Defense Initiative

text: satellite laser weapon, leaving himself in space as there is not enough fuel to propel both of them back to Earth. This time, the sharknados are destroyed, but the beam causes the sharks to propel into space, attacking the shuttle. Fin fights them off using an energy-beam chainsaw; he and April are eaten by two separate sharks which fall back down to Earth. Though the sharks are charred from

text: atmospheric entry

text: , Fin emerges from his shark unharmed and discovers that April has done so too, and that she has given birth during the descent. As the family and Nova reunite, Fin names his newborn son after his father, who has landed on

text: the moon

text: . April is about to recover Fin's father's badge when a Shuttle fragment is about to hit her.

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text: Space Shuttle Atlantis carried a miniaturised satellite known as PSSC-2, or Picosatellite Solar Cell Testbed 2 into orbit. PSSC-2 was successfully deployed from the shuttle's cargo bay on flight day 13, becoming the 180th and last Space Shuttle payload to be placed into orbit.

text: Space Shuttle Atlantis carried a miniaturised satellite known as PSSC-2, or Picosatellite Solar Cell Testbed 2 into orbit. PSSC-2 was successfully deployed from the shuttle's cargo bay on flight day 13, becoming the 180th and last Space Shuttle payload to be placed into orbit.

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text: STS-97 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle  Endeavour. The crew installed the first set of solar arrays to the ISS, prepared a docking port for arrival of the Destiny Laboratory Module, and delivered supplies for the station's crew.

text: STS-97 was a

text: Space Shuttle

text: mission to the

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS) flown by

text: Space Shuttle  Endeavour

text: . The crew installed the first set of solar arrays to the ISS, prepared a docking port for arrival of the

text: Destiny Laboratory Module

text: , and delivered supplies for the station's crew.

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text: The OTRAG rocket was intended to be an inexpensive alternative to the European rocket Ariane and the NASA space shuttle. Kayser and a private consortium of six hundred European investors financed the development and production of the OTRAG satellite launch vehicle. Dr. Kurt H. Debus served as Chairman of the Board of OTRAG after his retirement as director of NASA's Kennedy Space Center, and Dr. Wernher von Braun served as scientific adviser to Kayser.

text: The OTRAG rocket was intended to be an inexpensive alternative to the European rocket

text: Ariane

text: and the

text: NASA

text: space shuttle

text: . Kayser and a private consortium of six hundred European investors financed the development and production of the OTRAG satellite launch vehicle. Dr.

text: Kurt H. Debus

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text: NASA

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text: Sriharikota is a barrier island off the Bay of Bengal coast located in the Indian  state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It houses the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, one of the two satellite launch centers in India with the other being the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station in Thiruvananthapuram.  Indian Space Research Organisation launch satellites using multistage rockets such as the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle from Sriharikota.

text: Sriharikota is a

text: barrier island

text: off the

text: Bay of Bengal

text: coast located in the Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Andhra Pradesh

text: India

text: . It houses the

text: Satish Dhawan Space Centre

text: , one of the two satellite launch centers in India with the other being the

entity_name: Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station

text: Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station

text: in

text: Thiruvananthapuram

text: Indian Space Research Organisation

text: launch satellites using multistage rockets such as the

text: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: and the

text: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: from Sriharikota.

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text: Sergey Afanasyev was also involved in creating spacecraft for Soviet cosmonauts, orbital space stations, including the Mir station, the first Soviet space shuttle Buran, the Energia rocket, and was a frequent visitor of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, attending the many launches. He worked together with the chief Soviet rocket engineer Sergey Korolyov.

text: Sergey Afanasyev was also involved in creating spacecraft for Soviet

text: cosmonaut

text: s, orbital

text: space station

text: s, including the

text: Mir

text: station, the first Soviet space shuttle

text: Buran

text: , the

text: Energia

text: rocket, and was a frequent visitor of the

text: Baikonur Cosmodrome

text: , attending the many launches. He worked together with the chief Soviet rocket engineer

text: Sergey Korolyov

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text: After a safety review following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, the MMU was judged too risky for further use and it was found many activities planned for the MMU could be done effectively with manipulator arms or traditional tethered EVAs. NASA also discontinued using the Shuttle for commercial satellite contracts, and the military discontinued the use of the Shuttle, eliminating the main potential uses. Although the MMU was envisioned as a natural aid for constructing the International Space Station, with its retirement, NASA developed different tethered spacewalk approaches.

text: After a safety review following the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

text: , the MMU was judged too risky for further use and it was found many activities planned for the MMU could be done effectively with manipulator arms or traditional tethered EVAs. NASA also discontinued using the Shuttle for commercial satellite contracts, and the military discontinued the use of the Shuttle, eliminating the main potential uses. Although the MMU was envisioned as a natural aid for constructing the

text: International Space Station

text: , with its retirement, NASA developed different tethered spacewalk approaches.

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text: The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, a winged non-capsule, the Space Shuttle, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. Enterprise was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 SCA and gliding to deadstick landings at Edwards AFB, California. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was Columbia, followed by Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. Endeavour was built to replace Challenger when it was lost in January 1986. Columbia broke up during reentry in February 2003.

text: The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, a winged non-capsule, the

text: Space Shuttle

text: , was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of

text: Yuri Gagarin

text: 's flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space.

text: Enterprise

text: was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a

text: Boeing 747 SCA

text: and gliding to deadstick landings at

text: Edwards AFB, California

text: . The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was

text: Columbia

text: , followed by

text: Challenger

text: Discovery

text: Atlantis

text: , and

text: Endeavour

text: . Endeavour was built to replace Challenger when it was

text: lost

text: in January 1986. Columbia

text: broke up

text: during reentry in February 2003.

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text: The Space Shuttle (and prior program) flight controllers worked relatively brief periods: The several minutes of ascent, the few days the vehicle was in orbit, and reentry. The duration of operations for Space Shuttle flight controllers was short and time-critical. A failure on the Shuttle could leave flight controllers little time for talking, putting pressure on them to respond quickly to potential failures. The Space Shuttle flight controllers generally had limited capability to send commands to the shuttle for system reconfigurations.

text: The Space Shuttle (and prior program) flight controllers worked relatively brief periods: The several minutes of ascent, the few days the vehicle was in orbit, and reentry. The duration of operations for Space Shuttle flight controllers was short and time-critical. A failure on the Shuttle could leave flight controllers little time for talking, putting pressure on them to respond quickly to potential failures. The Space Shuttle flight controllers generally had limited capability to send commands to the shuttle for system reconfigurations.

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text: STS-54 launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on January 13, 1993, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour. A crew of five successfully accomplished the primary objectives of this six-day mission, including deploying a $200 million NASA Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-F), which joined four other satellites to complete a national communications network supporting Space Shuttle and other low-Earth orbit scientific satellites. A Diffuse X-Ray Spectrometer (DXS) carried in the payload bay collected X-ray data to enable investigators to answer questions about the origin of X-rays in the Milky Way galaxy. A highly successful extravehicular activity (EVA) resulted in many lessons learned that benefited the International Space Station assembly. The flight was also the first to shut down and restart a fuel cell in flight, successfully demonstrating another Space Station application. Casper landed Endeavour at the Kennedy Space Center on January 19, 1993, after 96 Earth orbits covering over 2.5 million miles. Mission duration was 143 hours and 38 minutes.

text: launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on January 13, 1993, aboard

text: Space Shuttle Endeavour

text: . A crew of five successfully accomplished the primary objectives of this six-day mission, including deploying a $200 million NASA

text: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite

text: (TDRS-F), which joined four other satellites to complete a national communications network supporting Space Shuttle and other low-Earth orbit scientific satellites. A Diffuse X-Ray Spectrometer (DXS) carried in the payload bay collected X-ray data to enable investigators to answer questions about the origin of X-rays in the

text: Milky Way galaxy

text: . A highly successful extravehicular activity (EVA) resulted in many lessons learned that benefited the International Space Station assembly. The flight was also the first to shut down and restart a fuel cell in flight, successfully demonstrating another Space Station application. Casper landed Endeavour at the Kennedy Space Center on January 19, 1993, after 96 Earth orbits covering over 2.5 million miles. Mission duration was 143 hours and 38 minutes.

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text: Several National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) satellites that only the shuttle could launch were grounded because of the accident, a dilemma NRO had feared since the 1970s when the shuttle was designated as the United States' primary launch system for all government and commercial payloads. NASA had difficulties with its own Titan rocket and Delta rocket programs, due to other unexpected rocket failures occurring before and after the Challenger disaster. On August 28, 1985, a Titan 34D  carrying a KH-11 Kennan satellite exploded after liftoff over Vandenberg Air Force Base, when the first stage propellant feed system failed. It was the first failure of a Titan missile since 1978. On April 18, 1986, another Titan 34D-9 carrying a classified payload, said to be a Big Bird spy satellite, exploded at about 830 feet above the pad after liftoff over Vandenberg AFB, when a burnthrough occurred on one of the rocket boosters. On May 3, 1986, a Delta 3914 carrying the GOES-G weather satellite exploded 71 seconds after liftoff over Cape Canaveral Air Force Station due to an electrical malfunction on the Delta's first stage, which prompted the range safety officer on the ground to decide to destroy the rocket, just as a few of the rocket's boosters were jettisoned. As a result of these three failures, NASA decided to cancel all Titan and Delta launches from Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg for four months until the problem in the rockets' designs were solved.

text: Several

text: National Reconnaissance Office

text: (NRO) satellites that only the shuttle could launch were grounded because of the accident, a dilemma NRO had feared since the 1970s when the shuttle was designated as the United States' primary launch system for all government and commercial payloads. NASA had difficulties with its own Titan rocket and Delta rocket programs, due to other unexpected rocket failures occurring before and after the Challenger disaster. On August 28, 1985, a

text: Titan 34D

text: carrying a

text: KH-11 Kennan

text: satellite exploded after liftoff over

text: Vandenberg Air Force Base

text: , when the first stage propellant feed system failed. It was the first failure of a Titan missile since 1978. On April 18, 1986, another Titan 34D-9 carrying a classified payload, said to be a

text: Big Bird spy satellite

text: , exploded at about 830 feet above the pad after liftoff over Vandenberg AFB, when a burnthrough occurred on one of the rocket boosters. On May 3, 1986, a

text: Delta 3914

text: carrying the

text: GOES-G weather satellite

text: exploded 71 seconds after liftoff over

text: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station

text: due to an electrical malfunction on the Delta's first stage, which prompted the

text: range safety

text: officer on the ground to decide to destroy the rocket, just as a few of the rocket's boosters were jettisoned. As a result of these three failures, NASA decided to cancel all Titan and Delta launches from Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg for four months until the problem in the rockets' designs were solved.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: Space Shuttle Endeavour launched at 3:35:34 am EST from the Kennedy Space Center’s Launch Pad 39A. STS-88 was the first shuttle flight to the International Space Station. After launch, the crew opened the shuttle’s payload bay doors, deployed the Ku-Band antenna, and activated the shuttle’s Hitchhiker payload. The crew also started preparing for the multiple engine firings that will be performed to bring shuttle Endeavour within the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System’s reach of the Zarya FGB. At launch, Zarya was 240 statute miles above the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), and the module was on its 222nd orbit of the Earth since its launch.

text: Space Shuttle

text: Endeavour

text: launched at 3:35:34 am

text: EST

text: from the

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: ’s

text: Launch Pad 39A

text: . STS-88 was the first shuttle flight to the

text: International Space Station

text: . After launch, the crew opened the shuttle’s payload bay doors, deployed the

text: Ku-Band

text: antenna

text: , and activated the shuttle’s Hitchhiker payload. The crew also started preparing for the multiple engine firings that will be performed to bring shuttle Endeavour within the

text: Shuttle Remote Manipulator System

text: ’s reach of the

text: Zarya FGB

text: . At launch, Zarya was 240 statute miles above the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), and the module was on its 222nd orbit of the Earth since its launch.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: "Space Transportation System" (NASA's formal name for the overall Shuttle program) was created to transport crewmembers and payloads into low Earth orbits. It would afford the opportunity to conduct science experiments on board the shuttle to be used to study the effects of space flight on humans, animals and plants. Other experiments would study how things can be manufactured in space. The shuttle would also enable astronauts to launch satellites from the shuttle and even repair satellites already out in space. The Shuttle was also intended for research into the human response to zero-g.

text: "Space Transportation System" (NASA's formal name for the overall Shuttle program) was created to transport crewmembers and payloads into

text: low Earth orbit

text: s. It would afford the opportunity to conduct science experiments on board the shuttle to be used to study the effects of space flight on humans, animals and plants. Other experiments would study how things can be manufactured in space. The shuttle would also enable astronauts to launch satellites from the shuttle and even repair satellites already out in space. The Shuttle was also intended for research into the human response to

text: zero-g

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text: SmartSPHERES experiment equipped the three SPHERES satellite aboard the International Space Station with Nexus S smartphones that were delivered via the Space Shuttle mission STS-135. Each satellite was enhanced through the use of processing power, wireless networking, camera, sensors and the touch sensitive display of the connected smartphone. The availability Android operating system’s source code enabled the devices to be used as a compact, low-cost, low-power computers.

text: SmartSPHERES experiment equipped the three SPHERES satellite aboard the International Space Station with

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text: smartphone

text: s that were delivered via the Space Shuttle mission

text: . Each satellite was enhanced through the use of processing power, wireless networking, camera, sensors and the touch sensitive display of the connected smartphone. The availability

text: Android

text: operating system’s source code enabled the devices to be used as a compact, low-cost, low-power computers.

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text: STS-6 was the sixth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the maiden flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger. Launched from Kennedy Space Center on 4 April 1983, the mission deployed the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, TDRS-1, into orbit, before landing at Edwards Air Force Base on 9 April. STS-6 was the first Space Shuttle mission during which a spacewalk was conducted, and hence was the first in which the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) was used.

text: STS-6 was the sixth

text: NASA

text: Space Shuttle

text: mission and the maiden flight of the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger

text: . Launched from

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text: The Barbarian would have used three Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters attached to a cluster of seven main stages of the Delta II.

text: The Barbarian would have used three

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text: Delta II

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text: STS-123 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) which was flown by Space Shuttle Endeavour. STS-123 was the 1J/A ISS assembly mission. The original launch target date was 14 February 2008 but after the delay of STS-122, the shuttle was launched on 11 March 2008. It was the twenty-fifth shuttle mission to visit the ISS, and delivered the first module of the Japanese laboratory, Japanese Experiment Module (Kibō), and the Canadian Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator, (SPDM) Dextre robotics system to the station. The mission duration was 15 days and 18 hours, and it was the first mission to fully utilize the Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS), allowing space station power to augment the shuttle power systems. The mission set a record for a shuttle's longest stay at the ISS.

text: STS-123 was a

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text: Space Shuttle Endeavour

text: . STS-123 was the 1J/A

text: ISS assembly

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text: , the shuttle was launched on 11 March 2008. It was the twenty-fifth shuttle mission to visit the ISS, and delivered the first module of the Japanese laboratory,

text: Japanese Experiment Module

text: (Kibō), and the Canadian

text: Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator

text: , (SPDM) Dextre robotics system to the station. The mission duration was 15 days and 18 hours, and it was the first mission to fully utilize the

entity_name: Electrical system of the International Space Station

text: Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System

text: (SSPTS), allowing space station power to augment the shuttle power systems. The mission set a record for a shuttle's longest stay at the ISS.

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text: He became astronaut training manager for the IMAX Space Team in 1988.  He was responsible for training space shuttle crews, and later space station crews, on the use and operation of the IMAX film cameras. Neihouse has trained more than 130 NASA astronauts and 20 Russian cosmonauts on 20 space shuttle flights and 6 Space Station Expeditions to film in space aboard the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station.  He also oversees and assists in IMAX hardware integration into the NASA space flight system.

text: He became astronaut training manager for the IMAX Space Team in 1988.  He was responsible for training space shuttle crews, and later space station crews, on the use and operation of the IMAX film cameras. Neihouse has trained more than 130

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text: .  He also oversees and assists in IMAX hardware integration into the NASA space flight system.

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text: Jupiter was designed to be a high-commonality family of rockets, adapted closely from existing Space Shuttle systems. Each Jupiter launch vehicle would use a "common core stage" consisting of a tank structure based closely on the existing Space Shuttle External Tank with a pair of standard four-segment Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) mounted at the sides as on the Space Shuttle.  Up to four Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) from the Space Shuttle Orbiter would be attached to the bottom of the tank and would be deorbited to burn up in Earth atmosphere along with the expended tank.  For heavier payloads a proposed Jupiter Upper Stage (JUS) would be added atop the tank structure.  For extra-planetary expeditions, the JUS would serve in a role similar to the Earth Departure Stage planned for Ares V.  DIRECT have purposefully specified existing components for their launch vehicles, but contend that they could incorporate improvements such as the more powerful five-segment SRB or the J-2X upper stage engine, had the J-2X development not ended partly due to the cancelation of the Constellation program.

text: Jupiter was designed to be a high-commonality family of rockets, adapted closely from existing Space Shuttle systems. Each Jupiter launch vehicle would use a "common core stage" consisting of a tank structure based closely on the existing

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text: would be attached to the bottom of the tank and would be deorbited to burn up in Earth atmosphere along with the expended tank.  For heavier payloads a proposed Jupiter Upper Stage (JUS) would be added atop the tank structure.  For extra-planetary expeditions, the JUS would serve in a role similar to the

text: Earth Departure Stage

text: planned for Ares V.  DIRECT have purposefully specified existing components for their launch vehicles, but contend that they could incorporate improvements such as the more powerful five-segment SRB or the

text: upper stage engine, had the J-2X development not ended partly due to the cancelation of the Constellation program.

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text: The Space Shuttle program, officially called the Space Transportation System (STS), was the United States government's manned launch vehicle program from 1981 to 2011, administered by NASA and officially beginning in 1972. The Space Shuttle system—composed of an orbiter launched with two reusable solid rocket boosters and a disposable external fuel tank— carried up to eight astronauts and up to  of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). When its mission was complete, the orbiter would re-enter the Earth's atmosphere and land like a glider at either the Kennedy Space Center or  Edwards Air Force Base.

text: The Space Shuttle program, officially called the Space Transportation System (STS), was the

text: United States

text: government's

text: manned

text: launch vehicle

text: program from 1981 to 2011, administered by

text: NASA

text: and officially beginning in 1972. The

text: Space Shuttle

text: system—composed of an

text: orbiter

text: launched with two reusable

text: solid rocket boosters

text: and a disposable

text: external fuel tank

text: — carried up to eight

text: astronaut

text: s and up to  of

text: payload

text: into

text: low Earth orbit

text: (LEO). When its mission was complete, the orbiter would

text: re-enter

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's atmosphere and land like a

text: glider

text: at either the

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: or

text: Edwards Air Force Base

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text: The space shuttle program used the HAL/S programming language. The first microprocessor used was the 8088 and later the 80386. The space shuttle orbiter avionics computer was the IBM AP-101.

text: The space shuttle program used the

text: HAL/S

text: programming language. The first microprocessor used was the

text: and later the

text: . The space shuttle orbiter avionics computer was the

text: IBM AP-101

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text: He became lead astronaut at the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL); lead of the First Emergency Egress Team; and lead spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) in the Mission Control Center for seven missions (STS-27, STS-29, STS-30, STS-28, STS-34, STS-33, and STS-32 [note that Shuttle missions are not ordered chronologically]). Following his first flight, he served as the Deputy Chief of the Flight Crew Operations Space Station Support Office, as well as the lead astronaut for Space Station Safety. He was also a member of the team evaluating the hardware and procedures for the proposed mission to dock with the Russian Space Station Mir. Following STS-51, Culbertson was Chief of the Astronaut Office Mission Support Branch; then Chief of the Johnson Space Center Russian Projects Office. In 1994, Culbertson was named Deputy Program Manager, Phase 1 Shuttle-Mir, and in 1995 became Manager of the Shuttle-Mir Program. He was responsible for a multi-national team which executed nine Shuttle docking missions to the Russian Space Station Mir, with seven astronauts spending 30 months cumulatively on board the Mir Station, plus all the associated science and docking hardware to ensure the success of the joint program, a precursor to the building of the joint International Space Station. Just prior to his current flight assignment, Culbertson spent one year as Deputy Program Manager for Operations of the International Space Station Program.

text: He became lead astronaut at the

text: Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory

text: (SAIL); lead of the First Emergency Egress Team; and lead spacecraft communicator (

text: CAPCOM

text: ) in the

text: Mission Control Center

text: for seven missions (

text: , and

text: [note that Shuttle missions are not ordered chronologically]). Following his first flight, he served as the Deputy Chief of the Flight Crew Operations Space Station Support Office, as well as the lead astronaut for Space Station Safety. He was also a member of the team evaluating the hardware and procedures for the proposed mission to dock with the

text: Russia

text: n Space Station

text: Mir

text: . Following

text: , Culbertson was Chief of the Astronaut Office Mission Support Branch; then Chief of the

text: Johnson Space Center

text: Russian Projects Office. In 1994, Culbertson was named Deputy Program Manager, Phase 1 Shuttle-Mir, and in 1995 became Manager of the

text: Shuttle-Mir Program

text: . He was responsible for a multi-national team which executed nine Shuttle docking missions to the Russian Space Station Mir, with seven astronauts spending 30 months cumulatively on board the Mir Station, plus all the associated science and docking hardware to ensure the success of the joint program, a precursor to the building of the joint International Space Station. Just prior to his current flight assignment, Culbertson spent one year as Deputy Program Manager for Operations of the International Space Station Program.

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text: Artificial satellites can also pass in front of the Sun as seen from the Earth, but none is large enough to cause an eclipse. At the altitude of the International Space Station, for example, an object would need to be about  across to blot the Sun out entirely. These transits are difficult to watch because the zone of visibility is very small. The satellite passes over the face of the Sun in about a second, typically. As with a transit of a planet, it will not get dark.

text: Artificial satellites can also pass in front of the Sun as seen from the Earth, but none is large enough to cause an eclipse. At the altitude of the

text: International Space Station

text: , for example, an object would need to be about  across to blot the Sun out entirely. These transits are difficult to watch because the zone of visibility is very small. The satellite passes over the face of the Sun in about a second, typically. As with a transit of a planet, it will not get dark.

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text: Note: while a TDRSS satellite is in the manufacturing process it is given a letter designation, but once it has successfully achieved the correct geosynchronous orbit it is referred to with a number (for example, TDRS-A during development and before on-orbit acceptance, and TDRS-1 after acceptance on orbit and put into operational use). Thus, satellites that are lost in launch failures or have massive malfunctions are never numbered (for example, TDRS-B, which was never numbered due to its loss in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster).

text: Note: while a TDRSS satellite is in the manufacturing process it is given a letter designation, but once it has successfully achieved the correct geosynchronous orbit it is referred to with a number (for example, TDRS-A during development and before on-orbit acceptance, and TDRS-1 after acceptance on orbit and put into operational use). Thus, satellites that are lost in launch failures or have massive malfunctions are never numbered (for example,

text: TDRS-B

text: , which was never numbered due to its loss in the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

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text: Another Canadian woman astronaut is Julie Payette from Montreal, and she flew on Space Shuttle Discovery from May 27 to June 6, 1999, as part of the crew of STS-96. During the mission, the crew performed the first manual docking of the Shuttle to the International Space Station, and delivered four tons of logistics and supplies to the station. On Discovery, Payette served as a mission specialist. Her main responsibility was to operate the Canadarm robotic arm from the space station. The

text: Another Canadian woman astronaut is Julie Payette from Montreal, and she flew on

text: Space Shuttle

text: Discovery

text: from May 27 to June 6, 1999, as part of the crew of

text: . During the mission, the crew performed the first manual docking of the Shuttle to the

text: International Space Station

text: , and delivered four tons of logistics and supplies to the station. On Discovery, Payette served as a mission specialist. Her main responsibility was to operate the

text: Canadarm

text: robotic arm from the space station. The

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text: After the success of Mission One, the station was outfitted for an expanded mission during the following summer in what was known as the NASA Challenge Mission . The Challenge Mission ran concurrently with the Space Shuttle Mission STS-95, the mission which featured veteran astronaut John Glenn. At the launch of the Space Shuttle, the Scott Carpenter Station Mission Commander, Dennis Chamberland and his crew embarked for an unbroken 11-day stay on the seafloor for the same period the Space Shuttle was in space. Following the flight, visitors to the seafloor station included motion picture director James Cameron, who conferenced with students in Pond Inlet, Nunavut via satellite phone,  as well as producer Eugene Roddenberry II and Mount Everest Explorer–climber, Tom Whittaker. In 1997, the station logged more than 36 days of manned missions on the seafloor.

text: After the success of Mission One, the station was outfitted for an expanded mission during the following summer in what was known as the NASA Challenge Mission . The Challenge Mission ran concurrently with the

text: Space Shuttle

text: Mission

text: , the mission which featured veteran astronaut

text: John Glenn

text: . At the launch of the Space Shuttle, the Scott Carpenter Station Mission Commander, Dennis Chamberland and his crew embarked for an unbroken 11-day stay on the seafloor for the same period the Space Shuttle was in space. Following the flight, visitors to the seafloor station included motion picture director

text: James Cameron

text: , who conferenced with students in Pond Inlet, Nunavut via satellite phone,  as well as producer

text: Eugene Roddenberry II

text: and

text: Mount Everest

text: Explorer–climber,

text: Tom Whittaker

text: . In 1997, the station logged more than 36 days of manned missions on the seafloor.

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text: The United States has participated in the International Space Station beginning in the 1990s, the Space Shuttle program has continued, although the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster has led to the planned retirement of the Space Shuttle in mid-2011.  There is a current debate on the post-Space Shuttle future of the civilian space program: the Constellation program of the George W. Bush administration directed NASA to create a set of new spacecraft with the goal of sending astronauts to the Moon and Mars, but the Obama administration cancelled the Constellation program, opting instead to emphasize development of commercial rocket systems.

text: The United States has participated in the

text: International Space Station

text: beginning in the 1990s, the Space Shuttle program has continued, although the

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text: has led to the planned

text: retirement of the Space Shuttle

text: in mid-2011.  There is a current debate on the post-Space Shuttle future of the civilian space program: the

text: Constellation program

text: of the

text: George W. Bush administration

text: directed NASA to create a set of new spacecraft with the goal of sending astronauts to the Moon and Mars, but the

text: Obama administration

text: cancelled the Constellation program, opting instead to emphasize development of commercial rocket systems.

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text: The Soviet space stations came in two types, the civilian Durable Orbital Station (DOS), and the military Almaz stations. (dates refer to periods when stations were inhabited by crews)

text: The Soviet space stations came in two types, the civilian Durable Orbital Station (DOS), and the military

text: Almaz

text: stations. (dates refer to periods when stations were inhabited by crews)

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text: Although to the observer low Earth orbit satellites move at about the same apparent speed as aircraft, individual satellites can be faster or slower; they do not all move at the same speed. Individual satellites never deviate in their velocity (speed and direction). They can be distinguished from aircraft because satellites do not leave contrails.  They are lit solely by the reflection of sunlight from solar panels or other surfaces.  A satellite's brightness sometimes changes as it moves across the sky.  Occasionally a satellite will 'flare' as its orientation changes relative to the viewer, suddenly increasing in reflectivity. Satellites often grow dimmer and are more difficult to see toward the horizons. Because reflected sunlight is necessary to see satellites, the best viewing times are for a few hours immediately after nightfall and a few hours before dawn. Given the number of satellites now in orbit, a fifteen-minute session of sky watching will generally yield at least one satellite passing overhead.

text: Although to the observer

text: low Earth orbit

text: satellites move at about the same apparent speed as aircraft, individual satellites can be faster or slower; they do not all move at the same speed. Individual satellites never deviate in their velocity (speed and direction). They can be distinguished from aircraft because satellites do not leave contrails.  They are lit solely by the reflection of sunlight from solar panels or other surfaces.  A satellite's brightness sometimes changes as it moves across the sky.  Occasionally a satellite will '

text: flare

text: ' as its orientation changes relative to the viewer, suddenly increasing in reflectivity. Satellites often grow dimmer and are more difficult to see toward the horizons. Because reflected sunlight is necessary to see satellites, the best viewing times are for a few hours immediately after nightfall and a few hours before dawn. Given the number of satellites now in orbit, a fifteen-minute session of sky watching will generally yield at least one satellite passing overhead.

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text: The engine produced a specific impulse (I) of  in a vacuum (or  at sea level) and had a mass of approximately . Five J-2 engines were used on the Saturn V's S-II second stage, and one J-2 was used on the S-IVB upper stage used on both the Saturn IB and Saturn V. Proposals also existed to use various numbers of J-2 engines in the upper stages of an even larger rocket, the planned Nova. The J-2 was America's largest production LH2-fuelled rocket engine before the RS-25 Space Shuttle Main Engine. A modernized version of the engine, the J-2X, is intended for use on the Earth Departure Stage of NASA's Space Shuttle replacement, the Space Launch System.

text: The engine produced a

text: specific impulse

text: (I) of  in a vacuum (or  at sea level) and had a mass of approximately . Five J-2 engines were used on the Saturn V's

text: S-II

text: second stage, and one J-2 was used on the

text: S-IVB

text: upper stage used on both the Saturn IB and Saturn V. Proposals also existed to use various numbers of J-2 engines in the upper stages of an even larger rocket, the planned

text: Nova

text: . The J-2 was America's largest production LH2-fuelled rocket engine before the RS-25

text: Space Shuttle Main Engine

text: . A modernized version of the engine, the

text: , is intended for use on the

text: Earth Departure Stage

text: of NASA's

text: Space Shuttle

text: replacement, the

text: Space Launch System

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text: The Orbital Base Station (OBS) is a concept of a future, expandable space station to serve as an integral part of a future space transportation system and also in the maintenance and construction of future manned Moon and Mars spacecraft.

text: The Orbital Base Station (OBS) is a concept of a future, expandable

text: space station

text: to serve as an integral part of a future space transportation system and also in the maintenance and construction of future manned Moon and Mars spacecraft.

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text: Space Shuttle Challenger (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-099) was the second orbiter of NASA's space shuttle program to be put into service following Columbia. The shuttle was built by Rockwell International's Space Transportation Systems Division in Downey, California. Its maiden flight, STS-6, started on April 4, 1983. It launched and landed nine times before breaking apart 73 seconds into its tenth mission, STS-51-L, on January 28, 1986, resulting in the death of all seven crew members, including a civilian school teacher. It was the first of two shuttles to be destroyed in flight, the other being Columbia in 2003. The accident led to a two-and-a-half year grounding of the shuttle fleet; flights resumed in 1988 with STS-26 flown by Discovery. Challenger itself was replaced by Endeavour which was built using structural spares ordered by NASA as part of the construction contracts for Discovery and Atlantis.

text: Space Shuttle Challenger (

text: Orbiter Vehicle Designation

text: : OV-099) was the second

text: orbiter

text: of

text: NASA

text: 's space shuttle program to be put into service following

text: Columbia

text: . The shuttle was built by

text: Rockwell International

text: 's Space Transportation Systems Division in

text: Downey, California

text: . Its maiden flight,

text: , started on April 4, 1983. It launched and landed nine times before

text: breaking apart 73 seconds into its tenth mission

text: , on January 28, 1986, resulting in the death of all seven crew members, including a civilian school teacher. It was the first of two shuttles to be destroyed in flight, the other being

text: Columbia

text: in 2003. The accident led to a two-and-a-half year grounding of the shuttle fleet; flights resumed in 1988 with

text: flown by

text: Discovery

text: . Challenger itself was replaced by

text: Endeavour

text: which was built using structural spares ordered by NASA as part of the construction contracts for Discovery and

text: Atlantis

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text: Attached to the sides are two P241 (P238 for Ariane 5 G and G+) solid rocket boosters (SRBs or EAPs from the French Étages d’Accélération à Poudre), each weighing about 277 tonnes full and delivering a thrust of about . They are fueled by a mix of ammonium perchlorate (68%) and aluminum fuel (18%) and polybutadiene (14%). They each burn for 130 seconds before being dropped into the ocean. The SRBs are usually allowed to sink to the bottom of the ocean, but like the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters they can be recovered with parachutes, and this has occasionally been done for post-flight analysis. (Unlike Space Shuttle SRBs Ariane 5 boosters are not reused.) The most recent attempt was for the first Ariane 5 ECA mission. One of the two boosters was successfully recovered and returned to the Guiana Space Center for analysis. Prior to that mission, the last such recovery and testing was done in 2003.

text: Attached to the sides are two P241 (P238 for Ariane 5 G and G+)

text: solid rocket booster

text: s (SRBs or EAPs from the French Étages d’Accélération à Poudre), each weighing about 277 tonnes full and delivering a thrust of about . They are fueled by a mix of ammonium perchlorate (68%) and aluminum fuel (18%) and polybutadiene (14%). They each burn for 130 seconds before being dropped into the ocean. The SRBs are usually allowed to sink to the bottom of the ocean, but like the

text: Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster

text: s they can be recovered with parachutes, and this has occasionally been done for post-flight analysis. (Unlike Space Shuttle SRBs Ariane 5 boosters are not reused.) The most recent attempt was for the first Ariane 5 ECA mission. One of the two boosters was successfully recovered and returned to the Guiana Space Center for analysis. Prior to that mission, the last such recovery and testing was done in 2003.

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text: The primary mission was the launch and deployment of the 7th Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) by means of the two-stage Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) solid rocket. It was built by TRW and weighs about . The satellite was ejected from Discovery's cargo bay exactly on time at 2:55 p.m. CDT, approximately six hours into the flight.  The release of the satellite was overseen by Mission Specialists Don Thomas and Mary Ellen Weber.  About 15 minutes later, Discovery's Commander Tom Henricks fired the shuttle's engines to raise the orbit and move away from the vicinity of the satellite and the IUS.  At about 3:55 p.m., the IUS fired the first of two burns that would put TDRS-G into its proper, 22,000-mile-high geostationary orbit above the central Pacific Ocean at 178 degrees West longitude. The deployment operations utilized 3 separate control centers; the White Sands ground station controlled the TDRS, the JSC Mission Control Center (MCC) controlled the shuttle, and the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) control center at Onizuka Air Force Base in Sunnyvale California controlled the booster stage. Once it reached its destination, the fully deployed satellite had a wingspan of 57 ft. The TDRS was the sixth placed in operational use. The first TDRS was launched aboard STS-6 on 1983-04-04 with a scheduled lifetime of seven years. The second satellite, TDRS-B was lost aboard Challenger on mission STS-51-L. TDRS-3 was deployed from STS-26, TDRS-4 from STS-29, TDRS-5 from STS-43 and TDRS-6 was deployed by STS-54. The on-orbit TDRS network was rearranged and included two fully operational spacecraft occupying the TDRS East and West slots, one on-orbit fully functional spare, TDRS-1, which was nearly depleted having exceeded its planned lifetime, and the partially operational TDRS-3 spacecraft dedicated to supporting the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and providing coverage an area that can't be seen by the other satellites known as the Zone of Exclusion.

text: The primary mission was the launch and deployment of the 7th Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) by means of the two-stage

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text: (IUS)

text: solid rocket

text: first TDRS

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text: on 1983-04-04 with a scheduled lifetime of seven years. The second satellite,

text: TDRS-B

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text: . The on-orbit TDRS network was rearranged and included two fully operational spacecraft occupying the TDRS East and West slots, one on-orbit fully functional spare, TDRS-1, which was nearly depleted having exceeded its planned lifetime, and the partially operational TDRS-3 spacecraft dedicated to supporting the

text: Compton Gamma Ray Observatory

text: and providing coverage an area that can't be seen by the other satellites known as the Zone of Exclusion.

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text: Pablo heads to Antarctica, only to discover that Pedro has a secret base where he forcefully recruits ordinary penguins and turns them into zombies using TAGAP. Pablo frees the penguins and pursues a fleeing Pedro to a secret space shuttle hidden inside a volcano fortress. Pablo stows aboard the shuttle which is launched in orbit, where it docks with a massive space station, the base for Pedro's final strike on humanity. After a lengthy fight through the station, Pablo confronts Pedro for the last time and tries to make him see reason. Pedro responds by activating an enormous, heavily armed penguin shaped robot. Pablo destroys the robot and defeats Pedro, knocking him unconscious. Rocked by the robot's explosion, the station begins to destabilise. After a moment's hesitation, Pablo grabs Pedro and rushes to the hangar, where one small space fighter remains. The two penguins escape the station as it violently explodes. The shuttle crashes in Antarctica, and Pedro asks why Pablo saved him. Pablo replies, "That's what we video game heroes do." The penguins Pablo freed earlier arrive and the group throw a party, all differences forgotten.

text: Pablo heads to Antarctica, only to discover that Pedro has a secret base where he forcefully recruits ordinary penguins and turns them into zombies using TAGAP. Pablo frees the penguins and pursues a fleeing Pedro to a secret space shuttle hidden inside a

text: volcano

text: fortress

text: . Pablo stows aboard the shuttle which is launched in orbit, where it docks with a massive

text: space station

text: , the base for Pedro's final strike on humanity. After a lengthy fight through the station, Pablo confronts Pedro for the last time and tries to make him see reason. Pedro responds by activating an enormous, heavily armed penguin shaped robot. Pablo destroys the robot and defeats Pedro, knocking him unconscious. Rocked by the robot's explosion, the station begins to destabilise. After a moment's hesitation, Pablo grabs Pedro and rushes to the hangar, where one small space fighter remains. The two penguins escape the station as it violently explodes. The shuttle crashes in Antarctica, and Pedro asks why Pablo saved him. Pablo replies, "That's what we video game heroes do." The penguins Pablo freed earlier arrive and the group throw a party, all differences forgotten.

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text: The ISS is maintained in a nearly circular orbit with a minimum mean altitude of 330 km (205 mi) and a maximum of 410 km (255 mi), in the centre of the thermosphere, at an inclination of 51.6 degrees to Earth's equator, necessary to ensure that Russian Soyuz and Progress spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome may be safely launched to reach the station. Spent rocket stages must be dropped into uninhabited areas and this limits the directions rockets can be launched from the spaceport.It travels at an average speed of , and completes  orbits per day (93 minutes per orbit). The station's altitude was allowed to fall around the time of each NASA shuttle mission. Orbital boost burns would generally be delayed until after the shuttle's departure. This allowed shuttle payloads to be lifted with the station's engines during the routine firings, rather than have the shuttle lift itself and the payload together to a higher orbit. This trade-off allowed heavier loads to be transferred to the station. After the retirement of the NASA shuttle, the nominal orbit of the space station was raised in altitude. Other, more frequent supply ships do not require this adjustment as they are substantially lighter vehicles.

text: The ISS is maintained in a nearly circular orbit with a minimum mean altitude of 330 km (205 mi) and a maximum of 410 km (255 mi), in the centre of the

text: thermosphere

text: , at an

text: inclination

text: of 51.6 degrees to Earth's equator, necessary to ensure that Russian

text: Soyuz

text: and

text: Progress

text: spacecraft launched from the

text: Baikonur Cosmodrome

text: may be safely launched to reach the station. Spent rocket stages must be dropped into uninhabited areas and this limits the directions rockets can be launched from the spaceport.It travels at an average speed of , and completes  orbits per day (93 minutes per orbit). The station's altitude was allowed to fall around the time of each NASA shuttle mission. Orbital boost burns would generally be delayed until after the shuttle's departure. This allowed shuttle payloads to be lifted with the station's engines during the routine firings, rather than have the shuttle lift itself and the payload together to a higher orbit. This trade-off allowed heavier loads to be transferred to the station. After the retirement of the NASA shuttle, the nominal orbit of the space station was raised in altitude. Other, more frequent supply ships do not require this adjustment as they are substantially lighter vehicles.

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answers: Orbital boost burns would generally be delayed until after the shuttle's departure

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: Word of the new strike inbound reaches Gibson and the Space Ranger forces, with four modules in orbit to stop the warheads. While the satellites destroy many MIRV warheads, three are destroyed by the Soviets' killer satellite network and one warhead severely damages the fourth and the Space Voyager shuttle. Wataru decides to head to the last remaining satellite and repair it ahead of another wave of MIRVs before his oxygen ran out. The module is repaired and Wataru shoots down seven MIRVs, but is forced to maneuver the satellite to get close and shoot down the eighth bearing down on Los Angeles, but the blast shakes him loose from the module and out into space. Laura, who was evacuated to the US after being caught in the Soviet airstrikes on Japan, flies in another shuttle to save Wataru while Kutuzov orders the crew of a nearby Soviet space station to rescue him.

text: Word of the new strike inbound reaches Gibson and the Space Ranger forces, with four modules in orbit to stop the warheads. While the satellites destroy many MIRV warheads, three are destroyed by the Soviets' killer satellite network and one warhead severely damages the fourth and the Space Voyager shuttle. Wataru decides to head to the last remaining satellite and repair it ahead of another wave of MIRVs before his oxygen ran out. The module is repaired and Wataru shoots down seven MIRVs, but is forced to maneuver the satellite to get close and shoot down the eighth bearing down on Los Angeles, but the blast shakes him loose from the module and out into space. Laura, who was evacuated to the US after being caught in the Soviet airstrikes on Japan, flies in another shuttle to save Wataru while Kutuzov orders the crew of a nearby Soviet space station to rescue him.

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answers: rescue Wataru

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: After the failure of TV-3, the backup vehicle, Vanguard TV-3 BU (BU=Backup), was prepared for another attempt. Pad crews hastened to repair the damage done to LC-18A by TV-3's explosion and in the third week of January 1958, the job was completed. TV-3BU was erected on the pad, but continuous delays frustrated the launch attempt. Heavy rains shorted some electrical cables on the ground and necessitated their replacement. The second stage engine was found to have damage and had to be taken down and replaced by a different stage. Finally, the launch got under way on February 5. The Vanguard lifted smoothly into the night sky and performed well until around 50 seconds into launch, when the booster suddenly pitched down. The skinny second stage broke in half from aerodynamic stress, causing the Vanguard to tumble end-over-end before Range Safety sent the destruct command. Cause of the failure was attributed to a spurious guidance signal that caused the first stage to perform unintended pitch maneuvers. On March 17, TV-4 finally succeeded in orbiting the Vanguard 1 satellite. By that time, however, the Army's Juno (Jupiter-C) had already launched the United States' first satellite. The TV-4 rocket had put the satellite Vanguard 1, to a relatively high orbit of (3966 km (2465 miles) x ) and is currently the oldest human artifact in space. The following four flights, TV-5 and SLV (Satellite Launch Vehicle)-1, -2 and -3 all failed, but on February 17, 1959, SLV-4 launched Vanguard 2 (weighing 10.8 kg (23.7 lb)) into orbit. The SLVs were the "production" Vanguard rockets. SLV-5 and -6 also failed, but the final flight on September 18, 1959 successfully orbited the 23.6 kg (52 lb) Vanguard 3 satellite. That last mission was designated TV-4BU, because it used a remaining test vehicle, which had been upgraded with a new third stage, the Allegheny Ballistics Lab X-248A2 Altair. This more powerful motor enabled the launch of the heavier payload. The combination of the AJ10 liquid engine and X-248 solid motor was also used, under the name Able, as an upper stage combination for Thor and Atlas space launch vehicles.

text: After the failure of TV-3, the backup vehicle,

text: Vanguard TV-3 BU

text: (BU=Backup), was prepared for another attempt. Pad crews hastened to repair the damage done to LC-18A by TV-3's explosion and in the third week of January 1958, the job was completed. TV-3BU was erected on the pad, but continuous delays frustrated the launch attempt. Heavy rains shorted some electrical cables on the ground and necessitated their replacement. The second stage engine was found to have damage and had to be taken down and replaced by a different stage. Finally, the launch got under way on February 5. The Vanguard lifted smoothly into the night sky and performed well until around 50 seconds into launch, when the booster suddenly pitched down. The skinny second stage broke in half from aerodynamic stress, causing the Vanguard to tumble end-over-end before Range Safety sent the destruct command. Cause of the failure was attributed to a spurious guidance signal that caused the first stage to perform unintended pitch maneuvers. On March 17, TV-4 finally succeeded in orbiting the

text: Vanguard 1

text: satellite. By that time, however, the Army's

text: Juno

text: Jupiter-C

text: ) had already launched the

text: United States' first satellite

text: . The TV-4 rocket had put the satellite Vanguard 1, to a relatively high orbit of (3966 km (2465 miles) x ) and is currently the oldest human artifact in space. The following four flights,

text: and SLV (Satellite Launch Vehicle)

text: and

text: all failed, but on February 17, 1959,

text: launched

text: Vanguard 2

text: (weighing 10.8 kg (23.7 lb)) into orbit. The SLVs were the "production" Vanguard rockets.

text: and

text: also failed, but the final flight on September 18, 1959 successfully orbited the 23.6 kg (52 lb)

text: Vanguard 3

text: satellite. That last mission was designated TV-4BU, because it used a remaining test vehicle, which had been upgraded with a new third stage, the Allegheny Ballistics Lab X-248A2 Altair. This more powerful motor enabled the launch of the heavier payload. The combination of the AJ10 liquid engine and X-248 solid motor was also used, under the name

text: Able

text: , as an upper stage combination for Thor and Atlas space launch vehicles.

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answer: No

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text: STS-131 (ISS assembly flight 19A) was a NASA Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS).   launched on 5 April 2010 at 6:21 am from Kennedy Space Center's launch pad 39A, and landed at 9:08 am on 20 April 2010 on runway 33 at the Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility. The mission marked the longest flight for space shuttle Discovery.

text: STS-131 (

text: ISS assembly

text: flight 19A) was a

text: NASA

text: Space Shuttle

text: mission to the

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS).   launched on 5 April 2010 at 6:21 am from

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: 's

text: launch pad 39A

text: , and landed at 9:08 am on 20 April 2010 on runway 33 at the Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility. The mission marked the longest flight for space shuttle Discovery.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A manned space station had long been in the plans of visionaries. Wernhar von Braun, in his widely read Collier's Magazine 1953 article, envisioned this to be a huge wheel, rotating to produce gravity-like forces on the occupants. In Project Horizon, prepared by the U.S. Army in 1959, a space station would be built by assembling spent booster rockets. Following this same basic concept, in 1973 MSFC used a modified stage of Saturn V to put into orbit Skylab, but this was preceded by the Soviet Union's Salyut in 1971, then followed by their Mir in 1986. Even during Skylab, MSFC began plans for a much more complete space station. President Ronald Reagan announced plans to build Space Station Freedom in 1984. Luther B. Powell was MSFC's space station program manager.

text: A manned space station had long been in the plans of visionaries. Wernhar von Braun, in his widely read Collier's Magazine 1953 article, envisioned this to be a huge wheel, rotating to produce gravity-like forces on the occupants. In

text: Project Horizon

text: , prepared by the U.S. Army in 1959, a space station would be built by assembling spent booster rockets. Following this same basic concept, in 1973 MSFC used a modified stage of Saturn V to put into orbit

text: Skylab

text: , but this was preceded by the Soviet Union's

text: Salyut

text: in 1971, then followed by their

text: Mir

text: in 1986. Even during Skylab, MSFC began plans for a much more complete space station. President

text: Ronald Reagan

text: announced plans to build

text: Space Station Freedom

text: in 1984. Luther B. Powell was MSFC's space station program manager.

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text: The Shuttle was originally billed as a space vehicle that would be able to launch once a week and give low launch costs through amortization. Development costs were expected to be recouped through frequent access to space. These claims were made in an effort to obtain budgetary funding from the United States Congress. Beginning in 1981, the space shuttle began to be used for space travel. However, by the mid-1980s the concept of flying that many shuttle missions proved unrealistic and scheduled launch expectations were reduced 50%. Following the Challenger accident in 1986, missions were halted pending safety review. This hiatus became lengthy and ultimately lasted almost three years as arguments over funding and the safety of the program continued. Eventually the military resumed the use of expendable launch vehicles instead. Missions were put on hold again after the loss of Columbia in 2003. Overall, 135 missions were launched during the 30 years after the first orbital flight of Columbia, averaging approximately one every 3 months.

text: The Shuttle was originally billed as a space vehicle that would be able to launch once a week and give low launch costs through

text: amortization

text: . Development costs were expected to be recouped through frequent access to space. These claims were made in an effort to obtain budgetary funding from the

text: United States Congress

text: . Beginning in 1981, the space shuttle began to be used for space travel. However, by the mid-1980s the concept of flying that many shuttle missions proved unrealistic and scheduled launch expectations were reduced 50%. Following the Challenger accident in 1986, missions were halted pending safety review. This hiatus became lengthy and ultimately lasted almost three years as arguments over funding and the safety of the program continued. Eventually the military resumed the use of expendable launch vehicles instead. Missions were put on hold again after the loss of Columbia in 2003. Overall, 135 missions were launched during the 30 years after the first orbital flight of Columbia, averaging approximately one every 3 months.

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text: MAGNUM geosynchronous SIGINT satellites were first launched from the Space Shuttle in 1985. These were believed to be more sensitive and perhaps stealthier than RHYOLITE/AQUACADE.

text: MAGNUM geosynchronous SIGINT satellites were first launched from the Space Shuttle in 1985. These were believed to be more sensitive and perhaps stealthier than RHYOLITE/AQUACADE.

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text: Developed in the second-century BCE, by the ancient Chinese, fireworks are the oldest form of rockets and the most simplistic.  Originally fireworks had religious purposes but were later adapted for military purposes during the Middle Ages in the form of "flaming arrows."  During the tenth and thirteenth centuries the Mongols and the Arabs brought the major component of these early rockets to the West: gunpowder.  Although the cannon and gun became the major developments from the eastern introduction of gunpowder, a tickling of rockets also resulted.  These rockets were essentially enlarged fireworks which propelled, further than the long bow or cannon, packages of explosive gunpowder.  During the late eighteenth century imperialistic wars, Colonel Congreve, developed his famed rockets, which travel range distances of four miles.  The "rockets' red glare" in the American national anthem records the usage of rocket warfare, in its early form of military strategy, during the inspirational battle of Fort McHenry, where many soldiers were killed because of the rockets.

text: Developed in the second-century BCE, by the ancient Chinese, fireworks are the oldest form of rockets and the most simplistic.  Originally fireworks had religious purposes but were later adapted for military purposes during the Middle Ages in the form of "flaming arrows."  During the tenth and thirteenth centuries the Mongols and the Arabs brought the major component of these early rockets to the West:

text: gunpowder

text: .  Although the

text: cannon

text: and gun became the major developments from the eastern introduction of gunpowder, a tickling of rockets also resulted.  These rockets were essentially enlarged fireworks which propelled, further than the long bow or cannon, packages of explosive gunpowder.  During the late eighteenth century imperialistic wars, Colonel Congreve, developed his famed

text: rockets

text: , which travel range distances of four miles.  The "rockets' red glare" in the

text: American national anthem

text: records the usage of rocket warfare, in its early form of military strategy, during the inspirational battle of

text: Fort McHenry

text: , where many soldiers were killed because of the rockets.

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text: Westar 6, also an HS-376 based satellite, was launched from STS-41-B on February 3, 1984, to be put into service afterward, but the perigee kick motor (also known as the Payload Assist Module, or PAM) on the satellite failed during its approach to geosynchronous orbit, placing it at an improper and inoperable low Earth orbit.  It was retrieved on November 16, 1984, by the STS-51-A mission of NASA's Space Shuttle, where it was brought back to earth.  It was then resold to AsiaSat in Hong Kong, who refurbished it and relaunched it on April 7, 1990 as AsiaSat 1.  The Space Shuttle mission to retrieve Westar 6, as well as the Palapa B2 satellite which shared the launch payload with Westar 6, was funded by the insurance companies that insured the launch of those two satellites.

text: Westar 6

text: , also an HS-376 based satellite, was launched from

text: on February 3, 1984, to be put into service afterward, but the perigee kick motor (also known as the

text: Payload Assist Module

text: , or PAM) on the satellite failed during its approach to geosynchronous orbit, placing it at an improper and inoperable

text: low Earth orbit

text: .  It was retrieved on November 16, 1984, by the

text: mission of

text: NASA

text: 's

text: Space Shuttle

text: , where it was brought back to earth.  It was then resold to

text: AsiaSat

text: in

text: Hong Kong

text: , who refurbished it and relaunched it on April 7, 1990 as

text: AsiaSat 1

text: .  The Space Shuttle mission to retrieve Westar 6, as well as the

text: Palapa B2

text: satellite which shared the launch

text: payload

text: with Westar 6, was funded by the

text: insurance

text: companies that insured the launch of those two satellites.

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text: The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as part of the Space Shuttle program.  Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.  Five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, launched from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Operational missions launched numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST); conducted science experiments in orbit; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station.  The Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds.

text: The Space Shuttle was a partially

text: reusable

text: low Earth orbit

text: al

text: spacecraft

text: system operated by the U.S.

text: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

text: (NASA), as part of the

text: Space Shuttle program

text: .  Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for

text: a system of reusable spacecraft

text: of which it was the only item funded for development. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.  Five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, launched from the

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: (KSC) in Florida. Operational missions launched numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, and the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: (HST); conducted science experiments in orbit; and participated in construction and servicing of the

text: International Space Station

text: .  The Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds.

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answers: Operational missions launched numerous satellites

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text: The Shuttle is the only winged manned spacecraft to have achieved orbit and landing, and the only reusable manned space vehicle that has ever made multiple flights into orbit (the Russian shuttle Buran was very similar and was designed to have the same capabilities but made only one unmanned spaceflight before it was cancelled). Its missions involved carrying large payloads to various orbits (including segments to be added to the International Space Station (ISS)), providing crew rotation for the space station, and performing service missions. The orbiter also recovered satellites and other payloads (e.g., from the ISS) from orbit and returned them to Earth, though its use in this capacity was rare. Each vehicle was designed with a projected lifespan of 100 launches, or 10 years' operational life, though original selling points on the shuttles were over 150 launches and over a 15-year operational span with a 'launch per month' expected at the peak of the program, but extensive delays in the development of the International Space Station  never created such a peak demand for frequent flights.

text: The Shuttle is the only winged manned spacecraft to have achieved orbit and landing, and the only reusable manned space vehicle that has ever made multiple flights into orbit (the Russian shuttle

text: Buran

text: was very similar and was designed to have the same capabilities but made only one unmanned spaceflight before it was cancelled). Its

text: missions

text: involved carrying large payloads to various orbits (including segments to be added to the

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS)), providing crew rotation for the space station, and performing service missions. The orbiter also recovered

text: satellite

text: s and other payloads (e.g., from the ISS) from orbit and returned them to Earth, though its use in this capacity was rare. Each vehicle was designed with a projected lifespan of 100 launches, or 10 years' operational life, though original selling points on the shuttles were over 150 launches and over a 15-year operational span with a 'launch per month' expected at the peak of the program, but extensive delays in the development of the International Space Station  never created such a peak demand for frequent flights.

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answers: space station

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Due to later problems with Vanguard it was not the first rocket to into orbit an unmanned  satellite. The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergey Korolyov in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.The USA responded by launching the Vanguard rocket, that was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead, the Sputnik crisis caused by the surprise launch of Sputnik 1 led the U.S., after the failure of Vanguard TV3, to quickly orbit the Explorer 1 satellite using a Juno I rocket launched on January 31, 1958. Thus Vanguard I was the second successful U.S. orbital launch. Thus started the space race, that gave the drive to put men on the moon with the USA's Apollo program.

text: Due to later problems with Vanguard it was not the first rocket to into orbit an unmanned

text: satellite

text: . The first

text: small-lift launch vehicle

text: was the

text: Sputnik

text: rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned

text: orbit

text: al

text: carrier rocket

text: designed by

text: Sergey Korolyov

text: in the Soviet Union, derived from the

text: R-7 Semyorka

text: ICBM

text: . On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing

text: Sputnik 1

text: satellite into a

text: low Earth orbit

text: .The USA responded by launching the

text: Vanguard rocket

text: , that was intended to be the first launch vehicle the

text: United States

text: would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead, the

text: Sputnik crisis

text: caused by the surprise launch of

text: Sputnik 1

text: led the U.S., after the failure of

text: Vanguard TV3

text: , to quickly orbit the

text: Explorer 1

text: satellite using a

text: Juno I

text: rocket launched on January 31, 1958. Thus

text: Vanguard I

text: was the second successful U.S. orbital launch. Thus started the space race, that gave the drive to put men on the

text: moon

text: with the USA's

text: Apollo program

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answers: NDQ_005807

answers: unmanned

answers: NDQ_005808

answers: Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: manned

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A space station (or orbital station) is a spacecraft capable of supporting a crew, which is designed to remain in space (most commonly in low Earth orbit) for an extended period of time and for other spacecraft to dock. A space station is distinguished from other spacecraft used for human spaceflight by lack of major propulsion or landing systems. Instead, other vehicles transport people and cargo to and from the station.

text: A

text: space station

text: (or orbital station) is a

text: spacecraft

text: capable of supporting a crew, which is designed to remain in

text: space

text: (most commonly in

text: low Earth orbit

text: ) for an extended period of time and for other spacecraft to dock. A space station is distinguished from other spacecraft used for

text: human spaceflight

text: by lack of major

text: propulsion

text: or

text: landing

text: systems. Instead, other vehicles transport people and cargo to and from the station.

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answers: to remain in space

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The forward rockets of the Reaction Control System, located near the nose of the Space Shuttle orbiter, included 14 primary and two vernier RCS rockets. The aft RCS engines were located in the two Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) pods at the rear of the orbiter, and these included 12 primary (PRCS) and two vernier (VRCS) engines in each pod. The PRCS system provided the pointing control of the Orbiter, and the VRCS was used for fine maneuvering during the rendezvous, docking, and undocking maneuvers with the International Space Station, or formerly with the Russian Mir space station. The RCS also controlled the attitude of the orbiter during most of its re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere – until the air became dense enough that the rudder, elevons and body flap became effective.

text: The forward rockets of the Reaction Control System, located near the nose of the Space Shuttle orbiter, included 14 primary and two

text: vernier

text: RCS rockets. The aft RCS engines were located in the two

entity_name: Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System

text: Orbital Maneuvering System

text: (OMS) pods at the rear of the orbiter, and these included 12 primary (PRCS) and two vernier (VRCS) engines in each pod. The PRCS system provided the pointing control of the Orbiter, and the VRCS was used for fine maneuvering during the rendezvous, docking, and undocking maneuvers with the

text: International Space Station

text: , or formerly with the Russian

text: Mir space station

text: . The RCS also controlled the attitude of the orbiter during most of its re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere – until the air became dense enough that the rudder, elevons and body flap became effective.

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text: Hobbyists build and fly a wide variety of model rockets. Many companies produce model rocket kits and parts but due to their inherent simplicity some hobbyists have been known to make rockets out of almost anything. Rockets are also used in some types of consumer and professional fireworks. A Water Powered Rocket is a type of model rocket using water as its reaction mass. The pressure vessel (the engine of the rocket) is usually a used plastic soft drink bottle. The water is forced out by a pressurized gas, typically compressed air. It is an example of Newton's third law of motion.

text: Hobbyists build and fly a wide variety of

text: model rocket

text: s. Many companies produce model rocket kits and parts but due to their inherent simplicity some hobbyists have been known to make rockets out of almost anything. Rockets are also used in some types of consumer and professional

text: fireworks

text: A Water Powered Rocket

text: is a type of model rocket using water as its reaction mass. The pressure vessel (the engine of the rocket) is usually a used plastic soft drink bottle. The water is forced out by a pressurized gas, typically compressed air. It is an example of Newton's third law of motion.

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text: The initial seven Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS) were built by TRW to improve communication coverage for the Space Shuttle, International Space Station, and US military satellites.  When first launched in 1983, the TDRS satellites were the largest, most sophisticated communications satellites built at the time.  The seventh vehicle in the series was ordered as a replacement when TDRS-2 was lost in the Challenger accident.

text: The initial seven

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text: s (TDRS) were built by TRW to improve communication coverage for the

text: Space Shuttle

text: International Space Station

text: , and US military satellites.  When first launched in 1983, the TDRS satellites were the largest, most sophisticated

text: communications satellites

text: built at the time.  The seventh vehicle in the series was ordered as a replacement when TDRS-2 was lost in the

text: Challenger accident

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text: The first visitors to the station during Expedition 2 was the crew of STS-100, when they docked Space Shuttle Endeavour with the ISS on 21 April 2001. They spent eight days docked to the station. The primary objective of this mission was to deliver and install the Canadarm2 on the ISS, which is a robotic arm similar to the Canadarm which is used on some Space Shuttle flights. A later mission in 2002, STS-111, would deliver a movable base platform which would allow the Canadarm2 to have a larger range.

text: The first visitors to the station during Expedition 2 was the crew of

text: , when they docked Space Shuttle

text: Endeavour

text: with the ISS on 21 April 2001. They spent eight days docked to the station. The primary objective of this mission was to deliver and install the

text: on the ISS, which is a robotic arm similar to the

text: Canadarm

text: which is used on some Space Shuttle flights. A later mission in 2002,

text: , would deliver a movable base platform which would allow the Canadarm2 to have a larger range.

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text: In July, Space Shuttle Atlantis docked with the station for an eight-day visit as a part of STS-104. The main objective of this mission was to install the Quest Joint Airlock onto the station.

text: In July, Space Shuttle

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text: The Space Shuttle Atlantis goes down the Mariana Trench, transporting a military satellite used to orbit the South Pole. Jack recovers the satellite and destroys the unsalvageable shuttle.

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text: . Jack recovers the satellite and destroys the unsalvageable shuttle.

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text: STS-91 was the final Space Shuttle mission to the Mir space station. It was flown by Space Shuttle Discovery, and launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on 2 June 1998.

text: STS-91 was the final

text: Space Shuttle

text: mission to the

text: Mir

text: space station. It was flown by

text: Space Shuttle Discovery

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answer: Yes

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text: NASA's Space Shuttle, officially called "Space Transportation System" (STS), is the United States government's most recent manned launch vehicle and is retired from service . The winged Space Shuttle orbiter is launched vertically, usually carrying five to seven astronauts (although eight have been carried) and up to 50,000 lb  (22 700 kg) of payload into low earth orbit. When its mission is complete, the shuttle can independently move itself out of orbit (by means of making a 180-degree turn and firing its main engines, thus slowing it down) and  re-enter the Earth's atmosphere. During descent and landing, the orbiter acts as a glider and makes a completely unpowered landing.

text: NASA's Space Shuttle, officially called "Space Transportation System" (STS), is the United States government's most recent manned launch vehicle and is retired from service . The winged

text: Space Shuttle orbiter

text: is launched vertically, usually carrying five to seven

text: astronaut

text: s (although eight have been carried) and up to 50,000

text: lb

text: (22 700

text: kg

text: ) of payload into

text: low earth orbit

text: . When its mission is complete, the

text: shuttle

text: can independently move itself out of orbit (by means of making a 180-degree turn and firing its main engines, thus slowing it down) and

text: re-enter

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's atmosphere. During descent and landing, the orbiter acts as a glider and makes a completely unpowered landing.

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text: The ruggedized Grid Compass computer was used since the early days of the Space Shuttle program. The first commercial laptop used in space was a Macintosh portable in 1991 aboard Space Shuttle mission STS-43. Apple and other laptop computers continue to be flown aboard manned spaceflights, though the only long duration flight certified computer for the International Space Station is the ThinkPad. As of 2011, over 100 ThinkPads were aboard the ISS. Laptops used aboard the International Space Station and other spaceflights are generally the same ones that can be purchased by the general public but needed modifications are made to allow them to be used safely and effectively in a weightless environment such as updating the cooling systems to function without relying on hot air rising and accommodation for the lower cabin air pressure. Laptops operating in harsh usage environments and conditions, such as strong vibrations, extreme temperatures, and wet or dusty conditions differ from those used in space in that they are custom designed for the task and do not use commercial off-the-shelf hardware.

text: The ruggedized

text: Grid Compass

text: computer was used since the early days of the Space Shuttle program. The first

text: commercial

text: laptop used in space was a

text: Macintosh portable

text: in 1991 aboard Space Shuttle mission

text: . Apple and other laptop computers continue to be flown aboard manned spaceflights, though the only long duration flight certified computer for the International Space Station is the

text: ThinkPad

text: . As of 2011, over 100 ThinkPads were aboard the ISS. Laptops used aboard the International Space Station and other spaceflights are generally the same ones that

text: can be purchased

text: by the general public but needed modifications are made to allow them to be used safely and effectively in a weightless environment such as updating the cooling systems to function without relying on hot air rising and accommodation for the lower cabin air pressure. Laptops operating in harsh usage environments and conditions, such as strong vibrations, extreme temperatures, and wet or dusty conditions differ from those used in space in that they are

text: custom designed

text: for the task and do not use

text: commercial off-the-shelf

text: hardware.

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answer: 1

text: At the low altitudes at which Mir orbited there is a variety of space debris, consisting of everything from entire spent rocket stages and defunct satellites, to explosion fragments, paint flakes, slag from solid rocket motors, coolant released by RORSAT nuclear powered satellites, small needles, and many other objects. These objects, in addition to natural micrometeoroids, posed a threat to the station as they could puncture pressurised modules and cause damage to other parts of the station, such as the solar arrays. Micrometeoroids also posed a risk to spacewalking cosmonauts, as such objects could puncture their spacesuits, causing them to depressurise. Meteor showers in particular posed a risk, and, during such storms, the crews slept in their Soyuz ferries to facilitate an emergency evacuation should Mir be damaged.

text: At the low altitudes at which Mir orbited there is a variety of

text: space debris

text: , consisting of everything from entire spent

text: rocket stage

text: s and defunct

text: satellite

text: s, to explosion fragments, paint flakes, slag from solid rocket motors, coolant released by

text: RORSAT

text: nuclear powered satellites,

text: small needles

text: , and many other objects. These objects, in addition to natural

text: micrometeoroid

text: s, posed a threat to the station as they could puncture pressurised modules and cause damage to other parts of the station, such as the solar arrays. Micrometeoroids also posed a risk to

text: spacewalking

text: cosmonauts, as such objects could

text: puncture their spacesuits

text: , causing them to depressurise. Meteor showers in particular posed a risk, and, during such storms, the crews slept in their Soyuz ferries to facilitate an emergency evacuation should Mir be damaged.

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text: The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable human spaceflight vehicle capable of reaching low Earth orbit, commissioned and operated by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from 1981 to 2011. It resulted from shuttle design studies conducted by NASA and the US Air Force in the 1960s and was first proposed for development as part of an ambitious second-generation Space Transportation System (STS) of space vehicles to follow the Apollo program in a September 1969 report of a Space Task Group headed by Vice President Spiro Agnew to President Richard Nixon. Nixon's post-Apollo NASA budgeting withdrew support of all system components except the Shuttle, to which NASA applied the STS name.

text: The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable

text: human spaceflight

text: vehicle capable of reaching

text: low Earth orbit

text: , commissioned and operated by the US

text: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

text: (NASA) from 1981 to 2011. It resulted from shuttle design studies conducted by NASA and the US Air Force in the 1960s and was first proposed for development as part of an ambitious second-generation

text: Space Transportation System

text: (STS) of space vehicles to follow the

text: Apollo program

text: in a September 1969 report of a Space Task Group headed by Vice President

text: Spiro Agnew

text: to President

text: Richard Nixon

text: . Nixon's post-Apollo NASA budgeting withdrew support of all system components except the Shuttle, to which NASA applied the STS name.

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text: The Space Shuttle is likely the most complex spacecraft ever built. Although MSFC was not responsible for developing the centerpiece – the Orbiter Vehicle (OV) – it was responsible for all of the rocket propulsion elements: the OV's three main engines, the External Tank (ET), and the Solid-Rocket Boosters (SRBs). MSFC was also responsible for Spacelab, the research facility carried in the Shuttle's cargo bay on certain flights. From the start of the program in 1972, the management and development of Space Shuttle propulsion was a major activity at MSFC. Alex A. McCool, Jr. was manager of MSFC's Space Shuttle Projects Office.

text: The

text: Space Shuttle

text: is likely the most complex spacecraft ever built. Although MSFC was not responsible for developing the centerpiece – the

text: Orbiter Vehicle

text: (OV) – it was responsible for all of the rocket propulsion elements: the OV's three main engines, the

text: External Tank

text: (ET), and the

text: Solid-Rocket Boosters

text: (SRBs). MSFC was also responsible for

text: Spacelab

text: , the research facility carried in the Shuttle's cargo bay on certain flights. From the start of the program in 1972, the management and development of Space Shuttle propulsion was a major activity at MSFC.

text: Alex A. McCool, Jr.

text: was manager of MSFC's Space Shuttle Projects Office.

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text: On Friday, 23 March 2012, Pyongyang's foreign ministry spokesman said preparations for the rocket launch "have entered a full-fledged stage of action". On 26 March 2012 it was reported that the rocket was moved to a launch pad in the Sohae Launching Station using a train. The provider of high resolution satellite imagery DigitalGlobe took a photo on Wednesday, 28 March, showing what appears to be trucks near the North Korean launch pad, while a crane arm on the tower had been swung wide. A day later, on 29 March, it was reported North Korea had begun filling the rocket with liquid fuel. An analysis provided to the Associated Press by the US-Korea Institute at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies on 5 April asserted that evidence suggests the first stage might be in the launch stand's closed gantry ahead of the planned launch on 12–16 April: the evidence, contained in satellite photos taken on 4 April, suggested the completion of fuelling activity, with most of the empty fuel and oxidizer tanks removed from buildings supplying the first stage, a new barricade for vehicles on the road to the pad indicating higher security, and the removal of objects near the gantry and a clean-up of the launch pad. On 10 April North Ryu Kum Chol, deputy director of the Space Development Department of the Korean Committee for Space Technology told reporters at a news conference in Yanggakdo Hotel, Pyongyang, that the launch of the three-stage rocket was on target to take place between 12 and 16 April and that all the assembly and preparations of the satellite launch were done, including fueling of the rocket. On 11 April 2012, Paek Chang Ho, head of the General Satellite Control Center, briefed journalists inside the center on Pyongyang's outskirts about the coming launch.

text: On Friday, 23 March 2012, Pyongyang's foreign ministry spokesman said preparations for the rocket launch "have entered a full-fledged stage of action". On 26 March 2012 it was reported that the rocket was moved to a launch pad in the Sohae Launching Station using a train. The provider of high resolution satellite imagery DigitalGlobe took a photo on Wednesday, 28 March, showing what appears to be trucks near the North Korean launch pad, while a

text: crane

text: arm on the tower had been swung wide. A day later, on 29 March, it was reported North Korea had begun filling the rocket with

text: liquid fuel

text: . An analysis provided to the Associated Press by the US-Korea Institute at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies on 5 April asserted that evidence suggests the first stage might be in the launch stand's closed gantry ahead of the planned launch on 12–16 April: the evidence, contained in satellite photos taken on 4 April, suggested the completion of fuelling activity, with most of the empty fuel and oxidizer tanks removed from buildings supplying the first stage, a new barricade for vehicles on the road to the pad indicating higher security, and the removal of objects near the gantry and a clean-up of the launch pad. On 10 April North Ryu Kum Chol, deputy director of the Space Development Department of the Korean Committee for Space Technology told reporters at a

text: news conference

text: in

text: Yanggakdo Hotel

text: , Pyongyang, that the launch of the three-stage rocket was on target to take place between 12 and 16 April and that all the assembly and preparations of the satellite launch were done, including fueling of the rocket. On 11 April 2012, Paek Chang Ho, head of the

text: General Satellite Control Center

text: , briefed journalists inside the center on Pyongyang's outskirts about the coming launch.

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text: In the early 1980s it had been NASA policy to promote the use of the Space Shuttle for almost all launches, both civilian and military; only then, with Shuttle missions taking off almost every week, would the Space Shuttle program make economic sense. However, the Challenger disaster in 1986 forced a reconsideration, and in the following years many studies attempted to chart a way forward without reaching any consensus except for a growing feeling that "faster, better, cheaper" would be a good idea. There was also disagreement over the design (and indeed purpose) of the proposed Space Station Freedom.

text: In the early 1980s it had been NASA policy to promote the use of the Space Shuttle for almost all launches, both civilian and military; only then, with Shuttle missions taking off almost every week, would the

text: Space Shuttle program

text: make economic sense. However, the

text: Challenger disaster

text: in 1986 forced a reconsideration, and in the following years many studies attempted to chart a way forward without reaching any consensus except for a growing feeling that "faster, better, cheaper" would be a good idea. There was also disagreement over the design (and indeed purpose) of the proposed

text: Space Station Freedom

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text: Three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) were mounted on the orbiter's aft fuselage in the pattern of an equilateral triangle. These three liquid-fueled engines could be swiveled 10.5 degrees vertically and 8.5 degrees horizontally during the rocket-powered ascent of the orbiter in order to change the direction of their thrust. Hence, they steered the entire Space Shuttle, as well as providing rocket thrust towards orbit. The aft fuselage also housed three auxiliary power units (APU). The APUs chemically converted hydrazine fuel from a liquid state to a gas state, powering a hydraulic pump  which supplied pressure for all of the hydraulic system, including the hydraulic sub-system that pointed the three main liquid-fueled rocket engines, under computerized flight control. The hydraulic pressure generated was also used to control all of the orbiter's "flight control surfaces" (the elevons, rudder, speed brake, etc.), to deploy the landing gear of the orbiter, and to retract the umbilical hose connection doors located near the rear landing gear, which supplied the orbiter's SSMEs with liquid hydrogen and oxygen from the external tank.

text: Three

text: Space Shuttle Main Engine

text: s (SSMEs) were mounted on the orbiter's aft fuselage in the pattern of an

text: equilateral triangle

text: . These three liquid-fueled engines

text: could be swiveled

text: 10.5 degrees vertically and 8.5 degrees horizontally during the rocket-powered ascent of the orbiter in order to change the direction of their thrust. Hence, they steered the entire Space Shuttle, as well as providing rocket thrust towards orbit. The aft fuselage also housed three

text: auxiliary power unit

text: s (APU). The APUs chemically converted

text: hydrazine

text: fuel from a

text: liquid state

text: to a

text: gas state

text: , powering a

text: hydraulic pump

text: which supplied pressure for all of the hydraulic system, including the hydraulic sub-system that pointed the three main liquid-fueled rocket engines, under computerized

text: flight control

text: . The hydraulic pressure generated was also used to control all of the orbiter's "

text: flight control surfaces

text: " (the elevons, rudder, speed brake, etc.), to deploy the

text: landing gear

text: of the orbiter, and to retract the umbilical hose connection doors located near the rear landing gear, which supplied the orbiter's SSMEs with liquid hydrogen and oxygen from the external tank.

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text: Based on the advice of the Space Council, President Nixon made the decision to pursue the low earth orbital infrastructure option. This program mainly consisted of construction of a space station, along with the development of a Space Shuttle. Funding restrictions precluded pursuing the development of both programs simultaneously, however. NASA chose to develop the Space Shuttle program first, and then planned to use the shuttle in order to construct and service a space station.

text: Based on the advice of the Space Council,

text: President Nixon

text: made the decision to pursue the

text: low earth orbital

text: infrastructure option. This program mainly consisted of construction of a

text: space station

text: , along with the development of a

text: Space Shuttle

text: . Funding restrictions precluded pursuing the development of both programs simultaneously, however.

text: NASA

text: chose to develop the

text: Space Shuttle program

text: first, and then planned to use the shuttle in order to construct and service a space station.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: After the MOL program was cancelled, Crippen became a NASA astronaut in September 1969. He served on the astronaut support crew for the Skylab 2, Skylab 3, and Skylab 4 missions, and for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission. He was the Pilot of the first orbital test flight of the Space Shuttle program (STS-1, April 12–14, 1981) and was the Commander of three additional Shuttle flights: STS-7, June 18–24, 1983; STS-41-C, April 6–13, 1984; and STS-41-G, October 6–13, 1984.  In addition to participating in the first Shuttle flight, he also presided over the first five-person crew (STS-7, which included Sally Ride, the first American woman in space), the first satellite repair operation (STS-41-C, which repaired the Solar Maximum Mission satellite), and the first seven-person crew (STS-41-G). He was named Commander of the STS-62-A mission which would have launched from the new SLC-6 facility at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.  That mission was cancelled after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and SLC-6 was closed when the Air Force went back to launching satellites on the Titan III and Titan IV rockets.

text: After the MOL program was cancelled, Crippen became a NASA astronaut in September 1969. He served on the astronaut support crew for the

text: Skylab 2

text: Skylab 3

text: , and

text: Skylab 4

text: missions, and for the

text: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

text: mission. He was the Pilot of the first orbital test flight of the

text: Space Shuttle program

text: , April 12–14, 1981) and was the Commander of three additional Shuttle flights:

text: , June 18–24, 1983;

text: , April 6–13, 1984; and

text: , October 6–13, 1984.  In addition to participating in the first Shuttle flight, he also presided over the first five-person crew (STS-7, which included

text: Sally Ride

text: , the first American woman in space), the first satellite repair operation (STS-41-C, which repaired the

text: Solar Maximum Mission

text: satellite), and the first seven-person crew (STS-41-G). He was named Commander of the

text: mission which would have launched from the new

text: facility at

text: Vandenberg Air Force Base

text: , California.  That mission was cancelled after the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

text: and SLC-6 was closed when the Air Force went back to launching satellites on the

text: Titan III

text: and

text: Titan IV

text: rockets.

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text: The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).  Its official program name was Space Transportation System, taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. Operational missions launched numerous satellites (including the Hubble Space Telescope), conducted science experiments in orbit, and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station (ISS). The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.

text: The

text: Space Shuttle

text: was a partially reusable

text: low Earth orbit

text: al

text: spacecraft

text: system operated by the U.S.

text: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

text: (NASA).  Its official program name was Space Transportation System, taken from a 1969 plan for

text: a system of reusable spacecraft

text: of which it was the only item funded for development. Operational missions launched numerous

text: satellite

text: s (including the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: ), conducted science experiments in orbit, and participated in construction and servicing of the

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS). The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.

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text: Spring was selected as an astronaut in May 1980. His technical assignments have included software verification at the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory and Flight Simulation Laboratory; vehicle and satellite integration at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, for STS-5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; Astronaut Office EVA (Extra-vehicular activity) expert; and Space Station construction, EVA maintenance, and design. Spring served as a mission specialist on STS-61-B which flew November 26, 1985 through December 3, 1985. During that mission he was responsible for launching three communications satellites and performed two EVAs. During the EVAs, which totaled more than 12 hours, Spring investigated Space Station construction techniques, large structure manipulation while on the end of the remote arm, and a time and motion study for comparison between Earth training and Space performance, with the EASE/ACCESS experiment. With the completion of STS-61-B, he has logged a total of 165 hours in space. After the Space Shuttle Challenger accident, Spring participated in the Kennedy Space Center Tiger Team for accident investigation, then led the Astronaut Office EVA (Extra Vehicle Activity) program until 1988.

text: Spring was selected as an astronaut in May 1980. His technical assignments have included software verification at the

text: Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory

text: and

text: Flight Simulation Laboratory

text: ; vehicle and satellite integration at the

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: Florida

text: , for

text: , and

text: ; Astronaut Office EVA (

text: Extra-vehicular activity

text: ) expert; and Space Station construction, EVA maintenance, and design. Spring served as a mission specialist on

text: which flew November 26, 1985 through December 3, 1985. During that mission he was responsible for launching three communications satellites and performed two EVAs. During the EVAs, which totaled more than 12 hours, Spring investigated Space Station construction techniques, large structure manipulation while on the end of the remote arm, and a time and motion study for comparison between Earth training and Space performance, with the

text: EASE/ACCESS

text: experiment. With the completion of STS-61-B, he has logged a total of 165 hours in space. After the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger accident

text: , Spring participated in the Kennedy Space Center

text: Tiger Team

text: for accident investigation, then led the Astronaut Office EVA (Extra Vehicle Activity) program until 1988.

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text: More than 1,000 unmanned missions have been designed to explore the Earth and the solar system. Besides exploration, communication satellites have also been launched by NASA. The missions have been launched directly from Earth or from orbiting space shuttles, which could either deploy the satellite itself, or with a rocket stage to take it farther.

text: More than 1,000 unmanned missions have been designed to explore the Earth and the solar system. Besides exploration, communication satellites have also been launched by NASA. The missions have been launched directly from Earth or from orbiting space shuttles, which could either deploy the satellite itself, or with a rocket stage to take it farther.

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text: NASA began the plan to build a space station in 1984. The station was named Freedom in 1988, and changed to the International Space Station (ISS) in 1992. The ISS is composed in modules, and the assembly in orbit started with the delivery of Russian module Zarya in November 1998. This was followed in December by the first U.S. module, Unity also called Node 1, built by Boeing in facilities at MSFC.

text: NASA began the plan to build a space station in 1984. The station was named Freedom in 1988, and changed to the International Space Station (ISS) in 1992. The ISS is composed in modules, and the assembly in orbit started with the delivery of Russian module

text: Zarya

text: in November 1998. This was followed in December by the first U.S. module, Unity also called Node 1, built by Boeing in facilities at MSFC.

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text: A geosynchronous satellite is a satellite in geosynchronous orbit, with an orbital period the same as the Earth's rotation period. Such a satellite returns to the same position in the sky after each sidereal day, and over the course of a day traces out a path in the sky that is typically some form of analemma. A special case of geosynchronous satellite is the geostationary satellite, which has a geostationary orbit – a circular geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator. Another type of geosynchronous orbit used by satellites is the Tundra elliptical orbit.

text: A geosynchronous satellite is a

text: satellite

text: in

text: geosynchronous orbit

text: , with an orbital period the same as the Earth's rotation period. Such a satellite returns to the same position in the sky after each

text: sidereal day

text: , and over the course of a day traces out a path in the sky that is typically some form of

text: analemma

text: . A special case of geosynchronous satellite is the geostationary satellite, which has a

text: geostationary orbit

text: – a circular geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator. Another type of geosynchronous orbit used by satellites is the

text: Tundra elliptical orbit

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text: The museum is located adjacent to Tetsudō-Hakubutsukan Station on the New Shuttle people mover, one stop from Ōmiya Station, a hub station of the JR East system. The museum has a limited number of parking spaces.

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text: Byerly worked in the Office of Communications and Public Affairs as a NASA spokesperson and served as one of the "voices of NASA", providing commentary from inside Mission Control during space shuttle and International Space Station missions. He has served as commentator on several shuttle missions, including the final space shuttle servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope and several to the International Space Station. He was ascent commentator for STS-133, the final launch of Space Shuttle Discovery on February 24, 2011. Byerly's voice appears in the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum as part of the Space Shuttle Discovery exhibit.

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text: STS-111 was a space shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle  Endeavour. STS-111 resupplied the station and replaced the Expedition 4 crew with the Expedition 5 crew. It was launched on 5 June 2002, from Kennedy Space Center, Florida.

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text: The shuttle program experienced five main engine shutdowns at LC-39, all within four seconds before launch; and one abort to orbit, STS-51-F on July 29, 1985. Shuttle missions during nearly 30 years of operations included deploying satellites and interplanetary probes, conducting space science and technology experiments, visits to the Russian MIR space station, construction and servicing of the International Space Station, deployment and servicing of the Hubble Space Telescope and serving as a space laboratory. The shuttle was retired from service in July 2011 after 135 launches.

text: The shuttle program experienced five

text: main engine

text: shutdowns at LC-39, all within four seconds before launch; and one

text: abort to orbit

text: on July 29, 1985. Shuttle missions during nearly 30 years of operations included deploying satellites and interplanetary probes, conducting space science and technology experiments,

text: visits to the Russian MIR space station

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text: . The shuttle was retired from service in July 2011 after 135 launches.

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text: The largest artificial satellite currently orbiting the Earth is the International Space Station.

text: The largest artificial satellite currently orbiting the Earth is the

text: International Space Station

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text: Usachov next flew on STS-101, the third Shuttle mission devoted to International Space Station (ISS) construction. On 9 May 2000 at 6:11 a.m. EDT  lifted off from Kennedy Space Center. Usachov served as a Mission specialist and was seated down on Atlantis middeck for both entry and landing. The primary mission objectives for STS-101 was to deliver supplies to the International Space Station, with the supplies hauled up using a Spacehab double module and Spacehab Integrated Cargo Carrier pallet, perform a spacewalk and then reboost the station from 230 to 250 statute miles (370 to 402 km). Usachov and  NASA astronaut Susan Helms were the first crew members to enter the station. On Flight Days 5 and 6 of the mission, Usachov and Helms replaced two of six batteries in the Zarya module along with some associated battery-charging electronics.  Usachov and Helms also installed a new Radio Telemetry System in the Zarya module, a memory unit that can store data on board when the station is not in communications with the ground. The new memory unit replaced one that was nearing the end of its planned operational lifetime. On Flight Day 8, he and Helms began backing out of the ISS by closing five hatches behind them. On the day, Usachov also took some time to talk with Russian media gathered at the Russian Mission Control Center. On the next day Usachov with other shuttle crewmembers continued stowing away equipment used over their time in orbit.

text: Usachov next flew on

text: , the third Shuttle mission devoted to

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS) construction. On 9 May 2000 at 6:11 a.m. EDT  lifted off from

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: . Usachov served as a Mission specialist and was seated down on Atlantis middeck for both entry and landing. The primary mission objectives for STS-101 was to deliver supplies to the International Space Station, with the supplies hauled up using a

text: Spacehab

text: double module and Spacehab Integrated Cargo Carrier pallet, perform a spacewalk and then reboost the station from 230 to 250 statute miles (370 to 402 km). Usachov and  NASA astronaut

text: Susan Helms

text: were the first crew members to enter the station. On Flight Days 5 and 6 of the mission, Usachov and Helms replaced two of six batteries in the

text: Zarya

text: module along with some associated battery-charging electronics.  Usachov and Helms also installed a new Radio Telemetry System in the Zarya module, a memory unit that can store data on board when the station is not in communications with the ground. The new memory unit replaced one that was nearing the end of its planned operational lifetime. On Flight Day 8, he and Helms began backing out of the ISS by closing five hatches behind them. On the day, Usachov also took some time to talk with Russian media gathered at the Russian Mission Control Center. On the next day Usachov with other shuttle crewmembers continued stowing away equipment used over their time in orbit.

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text: Scafetta argues that the total solar irradiance (TSI) measurements gathered by satellites since 1978 are flawed because the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster prevented the timely launching of the ACRIM 2 satellite, which he worked on, to replace ACRIM 1. This results in a two-year data gap in the ACRIM time series, which scientists bridge with overlapping data from several other satellites. They conclude that  heating from the Sun did not increase between 1980 and 2002 and does not significantly contribute to the global surface warming over that period. Some ACRIM investigators, including principal investigator Richard Willson (Columbia) and Scafetta, disagree and argue for a significant upward trend in average solar luminosity during the same period. The Duke University student papers report that Scafetta and West's interpretation of Richard Willson's analysis is that "the sun may have minimally contributed about 10 to 30 percent of the 1980-2002 global surface warming."

text: Scafetta argues that the total solar irradiance (TSI) measurements gathered by satellites since 1978 are flawed because the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

text: prevented the timely launching of the

text: ACRIM

text: 2 satellite, which he worked on, to replace ACRIM 1. This results in a two-year data gap in the ACRIM time series, which scientists bridge with overlapping data from several other satellites. They conclude that  heating from the

text: Sun

text: did not increase between 1980 and 2002 and does not significantly contribute to the

text: global surface warming

text: over that period. Some ACRIM investigators, including principal investigator Richard Willson (Columbia) and Scafetta, disagree and argue for a significant upward trend in average solar luminosity during the same period. The Duke University student papers report that Scafetta and West's interpretation of Richard Willson's analysis is that "the sun may have minimally contributed about 10 to 30 percent of the 1980-2002 global surface warming."

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text: The 21st century saw rising costs and teething problems lead to the cancellation of both X-33 and X-34. Then the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster and another grounding of the fleet. The Shuttle design was now over 20 years old and in need of replacement. Meanwhile, the military EELV program churned out a new generation of better expendables. The commercial satellite market is depressed due to a glut of cheap expendable rockets and there is a dearth of satellite payloads.

text: The 21st century saw rising costs and teething problems lead to the cancellation of both X-33 and X-34. Then the

text: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster

text: and another grounding of the fleet. The Shuttle design was now over 20 years old and in need of replacement. Meanwhile, the military EELV program churned out a new generation of better expendables. The commercial satellite market is depressed due to a glut of cheap expendable rockets and there is a dearth of satellite payloads.

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text: Baker then served as an ascent, entry and orbit spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) for Shuttle missions STS-27, STS-29, STS-30, STS-28, STS-34, STS-33, STS-32, STS-36, STS-31, STS-38, and STS-35. His duties included communication with the Shuttle crew during simulations and actual missions, as well as working procedural problems and modifications between missions. He served as the leader of the Astronaut Support Personnel team at the Kennedy Space Center for Shuttle missions STS-44, STS-42 and STS-45. He was assigned as the Flight Crew Operations Directorate Representative to the Space Shuttle Program Office from December 1992 to January 1994.

text: Baker then served as an ascent, entry and orbit spacecraft communicator (

text: CAPCOM

text: ) for Shuttle missions

text: , and

text: . His duties included communication with the Shuttle crew during simulations and actual missions, as well as working procedural problems and modifications between missions. He served as the leader of the Astronaut Support Personnel team at the

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: for Shuttle missions

text: and

text: . He was assigned as the Flight Crew Operations Directorate Representative to the

text: Space Shuttle Program Office

text: from December 1992 to January 1994.

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answers: ascent

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answers: orbit spacecraft

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The second tracking and data relay satellite was destroyed along with Challenger shortly after launch during the STS-51-L mission in January 1986.  The next five TRW-built TDRSS satellites were successfully launched on other Space Shuttles. Three follow-up Boeing-built satellites were launched by Atlas rockets in 2000 and 2002. A NASA Press Release summarized the capabilities of the system as a whole:

text: The second tracking and data relay satellite was destroyed along with Challenger shortly after launch during the

text: mission in January 1986.  The next five TRW-built TDRSS satellites were successfully launched on other Space Shuttles. Three follow-up Boeing-built satellites were launched by

text: Atlas rocket

text: s in 2000 and 2002. A NASA Press Release summarized the capabilities of the system as a whole:

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answers: The next five TRW-built TDRSS satellites were successfully launched

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answers: Three follow-up Boeing-built satellites

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answers: after launch

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: data relay

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: This is a detailed listing of human spaceflights from 1991 to 2000, including the continuation of Russian space station Mir and the American Space Shuttle program, and the first flights to the International Space Station (ISS).

text: This is a detailed listing of human spaceflights from 1991 to 2000, including the continuation of Russian space station

text: Mir

text: and the American

text: Space Shuttle

text: program, and the first flights to the

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS).

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answers: International Space Station

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text: Typically, satellites have a roughly sinusoidal ground track.  A satellite with an orbital inclination between zero and ninety degrees is said to be in what is called a direct or prograde orbit, meaning that it orbits in the same direction as the Earth's rotation.  A satellite with an orbital inclination between 90° and 180° (or, equivalently, between -90° and 0°) is said to be in a retrograde orbit. (Direct orbits are by far the most common for artificial satellites, as the initial velocity imparted by the Earth's rotation at launch reduces the delta-v needed to achieve orbit.)

text: Typically, satellites have a roughly

text: sinusoidal

text: ground track.  A satellite with an orbital

text: inclination

text: between zero and ninety degrees is said to be in what is called a direct or

text: prograde orbit

text: , meaning that it orbits in the same direction as the Earth's rotation.  A satellite with an orbital inclination between 90° and 180° (or, equivalently, between -90° and 0°) is said to be in a

text: retrograde orbit

text: . (Direct orbits are by far the most common for artificial satellites, as the initial velocity imparted by the Earth's rotation at launch reduces the

text: delta-v

text: needed to achieve orbit.)

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text: Today's space stations are research platforms, used to study the effects of long-term space flight on the human body as well as to provide platforms for greater number and length of scientific studies than available on other space vehicles. Each crew member stays aboard the station for weeks or months, but rarely more than a year. Since the ill-fated flight of Soyuz 11 to Salyut 1, all manned spaceflight duration records have been set aboard space stations. The duration record for a single spaceflight is 437.7 days, set by Valeriy Polyakov aboard Mir from 1994 to 1995. , four cosmonauts have completed single missions of over a year, all aboard Mir.

text: Today's space stations are research platforms, used to study the effects of long-term space flight on the human body as well as to provide platforms for greater number and length of scientific studies than available on other space vehicles. Each crew member stays aboard the station for weeks or months, but rarely more than a year. Since the ill-fated flight of

text: Soyuz 11

text: to

text: Salyut 1

text: , all manned spaceflight duration records have been set aboard space stations. The

text: duration record for a single spaceflight

text: is 437.7 days, set by

text: Valeriy Polyakov

text: aboard Mir from 1994 to 1995. , four cosmonauts have completed single missions of over a year, all aboard Mir.

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text: Following the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, there were talks between NASA and Interkosmos in the 1970s about a "Shuttle-Salyut" program to fly Space Shuttle missions to a Salyut space station, with later talks in the 1980s even considering flights of the future Soviet shuttles from the Buran programme to a future US space station.Whilst the Shuttle-Salyut program never materialized during the existence of the Soviet Interkosmos program, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union the Shuttle–Mir Program would follow in these footsteps and pave the way to the International Space Station.

text: Following the

text: Apollo–Soyuz Test Project

text: , there were talks between

text: NASA

text: and Interkosmos in the 1970s about a "Shuttle-Salyut" program to fly

text: Space Shuttle

text: missions to a Salyut space station, with later talks in the 1980s even considering flights of the future Soviet shuttles from the

text: Buran programme

text: to a future US space station.Whilst the Shuttle-Salyut program never materialized during the existence of the Soviet Interkosmos program, after the

text: dissolution of the Soviet Union

text: the

text: Shuttle–Mir Program

text: would follow in these footsteps and pave the way to the

text: International Space Station

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text: The twin-stage solid-propellant Inertial Upper Stage made two burns. The first stage burn occurred shortly after deployment from Discovery, and placed the satellite into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. At 03:30 GMT on 14 March, it reached apogee, and the second stage fired, placing TDRS-D into geosynchronous orbit. At this point it received its operational designation, TDRS-4. It was placed at a longitude 41 degrees west of the Greenwich Meridian, from where it provided communications services to spacecraft in Earth orbit, including the Space Shuttle and International Space Station. In 2005, it was relocated to 46° West.

text: The twin-stage solid-propellant Inertial Upper Stage made two burns. The first stage burn occurred shortly after deployment from Discovery, and placed the satellite into a

text: geosynchronous transfer orbit

text: . At 03:30 GMT on 14 March, it reached

text: apogee

text: , and the second stage fired, placing TDRS-D into geosynchronous orbit. At this point it received its operational designation, TDRS-4. It was placed at a

text: longitude

text: 41 degrees west of the

text: Greenwich Meridian

text: , from where it provided communications services to spacecraft in Earth orbit, including the

text: Space Shuttle

text: and

text: International Space Station

text: . In 2005, it was relocated to 46° West.

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answers: The first stage burn occurred shortly after deployment from Discovery

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text: A space station is a manned satellite designed to remain in low Earth orbit for a long period of time. In general, space stations have the ability for other spacecraft to dock to them.  , the International Space Station and Tiangong 1 are the only operational space stations currently in orbit. Previous stations include the Salyut and Almaz series, Skylab, and, most recently, Mir.

text: A

text: space station

text: is a manned

text: satellite

text: designed to remain in

text: low Earth orbit

text: for a long period of time. In general, space stations have the ability for other

text: spacecraft

text: to dock to them.  , the

text: International Space Station

text: and

text: Tiangong 1

text: are the only operational space stations currently in orbit. Previous stations include the

text: Salyut

text: and

text: Almaz

text: series,

text: Skylab

text: , and, most recently,

text: Mir

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text: The Space Shuttle program has been criticized for failing to achieve its promised cost and utility goals, as well as design, cost, management, and safety issues. Others have argued that the Shuttle program was a step backwards from the Apollo Program, which, while extremely dangerous, accomplished far more scientific and space exploration endeavors than the Shuttle ever could.

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text: STS-110 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) on 8–19 April 2002 flown by Space Shuttle Atlantis. The main purpose was to install the S0 Truss segment, which forms the backbone of the truss structure on the station.

text: STS-110 was a

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text: (ISS) on 8–19 April 2002 flown by

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text: . The main purpose was to install the

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text: segment, which forms the backbone of the truss structure on the station.

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text: The station, unlike the four other stations along the shuttle route, is situated along three railways with three platforms. Its only similarity with the other stations on the shuttle route is that it also contains facilities normally reserved for medium-to-large stations along three or more lines. In addition to ticketing facilities and basic amenities, the station contains spaces for administrative occupants, as well as a kiosk and an additional foot bridge (fused with a foot bridge exclusively for Komuter users) for pedestrians that simply intend to cross the railway lines. The station also includes low-tech support for disabled passengers. The station exits northeast into a branch road that leads west into the town centre of Tanjung Malim.

text: The station, unlike the four other stations along the shuttle route, is situated along three railways with three

text: platforms

text: . Its only similarity with the other stations on the shuttle route is that it also contains facilities normally reserved for medium-to-large stations along three or more lines. In addition to ticketing facilities and basic amenities, the station contains spaces for administrative occupants, as well as a

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text: passengers. The station exits northeast into a branch road that leads west into the town centre of Tanjung Malim.

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text: Jointly proposed by Hughes and Boeing as a heavy-lift rocket, using propulsion systems and equipment built for the Saturn V rocket and placed in storage at the end of the Apollo program, as well as Space Shuttle components, Jarvis was intended to be capable of launching multiple GPS satellites, major components of the planned Space Station Freedom and commercial satellites. The rocket was named after Hughes employee and NASA mission specialist Gregory Jarvis, who died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in January 1986.

text: Jointly proposed by Hughes and Boeing as a

text: heavy-lift rocket

text: , using propulsion systems and equipment built for the

text: Saturn V

text: rocket and placed in storage at the end of the

text: Apollo program

text: , as well as

text: Space Shuttle

text: components, Jarvis was intended to be capable of launching multiple GPS satellites, major components of the planned

text: Space Station Freedom

text: and commercial satellites. The rocket was named after Hughes employee and

text: NASA

text: mission specialist

text: Gregory Jarvis

text: , who died in the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

text: in January 1986.

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text: Sullivan performed the first extra-vehicular activity (EVA) by an American woman during Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS-41-G on October 11, 1984. Sullivan and mission specialist David Leestma performed a 3.5-hour space walk in which they operated a system designed to show that a satellite could be refueled in orbit. During their eight-day mission, the crew deployed the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite, conducted scientific observations of the earth with the OSTA-3 pallet (including the SIR-B radar, FILE, and MAPS experiments) and large format camera (LFC), conducted a satellite refueling demonstration using hydrazine fuel with the Orbital Refueling System (ORS), and conducted numerous in-cabin experiments as well as activating eight "Getaway Special" canisters. STS-41G completed 132 orbits of the Earth in 197.5 hours, before landing at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on October 13, 1984.

text: Sullivan performed the first

text: extra-vehicular activity

text: (EVA) by an American woman during

text: Space Shuttle Challenger

text: mission

text: on October 11, 1984. Sullivan and mission specialist

text: David Leestma

text: performed a 3.5-hour space walk in which they operated a system designed to show that a

text: satellite

text: could be refueled in

text: orbit

text: . During their eight-day mission, the crew deployed the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite, conducted scientific observations of the earth with the OSTA-3 pallet (including the SIR-B radar, FILE, and MAPS experiments) and large format camera (LFC), conducted a

text: satellite

text: refueling demonstration using

text: hydrazine

text: fuel with the

text: Orbital Refueling System

text: (ORS), and conducted numerous in-cabin experiments as well as activating eight "Getaway Special" canisters.

text: completed 132 orbits of the Earth in 197.5 hours, before landing at

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: Florida

text: , on October 13, 1984.

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text: NASDA H-II we redesigned and simplified from a failed rocket launch H-IIA rocket was developed. Although this rocket failed shortly after launch integration, which will launch and many successful aircraft in 17 aircraft by September 18, 2010. Large payload to send equipment and supply to the international space station more H-IIB Rocket have been developed and is now in order to launch the satellite easier cheaper MV solid fuel new successor to the Rocket Rocket Epsilon rocket is also being developed. These developments in Japan are pursuing the possibility of re-launching business.

text: NASDA H-II we redesigned and simplified from a failed rocket launch

text: H-IIA rocket

text: was developed. Although this rocket failed shortly after launch integration, which will launch and many successful aircraft in 17 aircraft by September 18, 2010. Large payload to send equipment and supply to the international space station more

text: H-IIB Rocket

text: have been developed and is now in order to launch the satellite easier cheaper MV solid fuel new successor to the Rocket Rocket

text: Epsilon rocket

text: is also being developed. These developments in Japan are pursuing the possibility of re-launching business.

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text: A US space shuttle is launched into space to release a new satellite. An explosion occurs and the crew has to find a way to get back to Earth without atmospheric pressure (Max Q) crushing the damaged shuttle.

text: A US

text: space shuttle

text: is launched into space to release a new

text: satellite

text: . An explosion occurs and the crew has to find a way to get back to Earth without atmospheric pressure (

text: Max Q

text: ) crushing the damaged shuttle.

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text: Rockets consist of a propellant, a place to put propellant (such as a propellant tank), and a nozzle. They may also have one or more rocket engines, directional stabilization device(s) (such as fins, vernier engines or engine gimbals for thrust vectoring, gyroscopes) and a structure (typically monocoque) to hold these components together. Rockets intended for high speed atmospheric use also have an aerodynamic fairing such as a nose cone, which usually holds the payload.

text: Rockets consist of a

text: propellant

text: , a place to put propellant (such as a

text: propellant tank

text: ), and a

text: nozzle

text: . They may also have one or more

text: rocket engine

text: s,

text: directional stabilization device(s)

text: (such as

text: fins

text: vernier engine

text: s or engine

text: gimbal

text: s for

text: thrust vectoring

text: gyroscope

text: s) and a structure (typically

text: monocoque

text: ) to hold these components together. Rockets intended for high speed atmospheric use also have an

text: aerodynamic

text: fairing such as a

text: nose cone

text: , which usually holds the payload.

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text: Clifford next served on STS-76, the third docking mission to the Russian space station Mir, which launched on March 22, 1996 with a crew of six aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis. Following rendezvous and docking with Mir, the transfer of a NASA Astronaut to Mir for a five-month stay was accomplished to begin a continuous presence of U.S. astronauts aboard Mir for the next two-year period. The crew also transferred 4,800 pounds of science and mission hardware, food, water and air to Mir and returned over 1,100 pounds of U.S. and ESA science and Russian hardware. Clifford performed a 6-hour spacewalk, the first while docked to an orbiting space station, to mount experiment packages on the Mir docking module to detect and assess debris and contamination in a space station environment. The experiments will be retrieved by a future shuttle mission. This mission was also the first flight of Kidsat, an electronic camera controlled by classroom students via a Ku-band link between JSC Mission Control and the Shuttle, which uses digitized photography from the Shuttle for science and education purposes. Following 145 orbits of the Earth, Atlantis landed with a crew of five at Edwards Air Force Base in California on March 31, 1996. He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1994, but only his commander, Kevin Chilton, knew about it. After the STS-76 mission Clifford decided that he shouldn't fly, because he didn’t know how fast it was going to progress.

text: Clifford next served on

text: , the third docking mission to the Russian space station

text: Mir

text: , which launched on March 22, 1996 with a crew of six aboard

text: Space Shuttle Atlantis

text: . Following rendezvous and docking with Mir, the transfer of a NASA Astronaut to Mir for a five-month stay was accomplished to begin a continuous presence of U.S. astronauts aboard Mir for the next two-year period. The crew also transferred 4,800 pounds of science and mission hardware, food, water and air to Mir and returned over 1,100 pounds of U.S. and

text: ESA

text: science and Russian hardware. Clifford performed a 6-hour spacewalk, the first while docked to an orbiting space station, to mount experiment packages on the Mir docking module to detect and assess debris and contamination in a space station environment. The experiments will be retrieved by a future shuttle mission. This mission was also the first flight of

text: Kidsat

text: , an electronic camera controlled by classroom students via a

text: Ku-band

text: link between JSC Mission Control and the Shuttle, which uses digitized photography from the Shuttle for science and education purposes. Following 145 orbits of the Earth, Atlantis landed with a crew of five at Edwards Air Force Base in California on March 31, 1996. He was diagnosed with

text: Parkinson's disease

text: in 1994, but only his commander,

text: Kevin Chilton

text: , knew about it. After the STS-76 mission Clifford decided that he shouldn't fly, because he didn’t know how fast it was going to progress.

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text: The SUPARCO Satellite Ground Station is an earth observation and remote sensing satellite control center. The SUPARCO's SGS center is a major space research centre of the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), focusing on the earth observational and remote sensing technology.

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text: In February 1979, Ross was assigned to the Payload Operations Division at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center as a payload officer/flight controller, responsible for the flight operations integration of payloads into the Space Shuttle. Ross was selected as an astronaut in May 1980. His technical assignments since then have included: EVA, or "space walks", RMS (Remote Manipulator System, or "robotic arm"), and chase team; support crewman for STS 41-B, STS 41-C and STS 51-A; spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) during STS 41-B, STS 41-C, STS 41-D, STS 51-A and STS 51-D; Chief of the Mission Support Branch; member of the 1990 Astronaut Selection Board; Acting Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office, Chief of the Astronaut Office EVA and Robotics Branch, and Astronaut Office Branch Chief for Kennedy Space Center Operations Support. Ross was assigned to STS-62-A, the first Shuttle mission to launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, but the mission was canceled after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.

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text: Payload Operations Division

text: at the

text: Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center

text: as a payload officer/flight controller, responsible for the flight operations integration of payloads into the

text: Space Shuttle

text: . Ross was selected as an

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text: in May 1980. His technical assignments since then have included:

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text: Remote Manipulator System

text: , or "robotic arm"), and

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text: STS 41-D

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text: ; Chief of the

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text: ; member of the 1990

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text: ; Acting Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office, Chief of the Astronaut Office EVA and Robotics Branch, and Astronaut Office Branch Chief for

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: Operations Support. Ross was assigned to

text: , the first Shuttle mission to launch from

text: Vandenberg Air Force Base

text: , but the mission was canceled after the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

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text: Schlegel was a Mission Specialist on the STS-122 Space Shuttle mission. The mission was charged with the responsibility of putting the Columbus laboratory in orbit, in addition to its connection to the International Space Station.

text: Schlegel was a

text: Mission Specialist

text: on the

text: Space Shuttle mission. The mission was charged with the responsibility of putting the

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text: Shuttle is a  space flight simulator game developed by Vektor Grafix and published by Virgin Games. It has been praised as a reasonably accurate simulation game of piloting the NASA Space Shuttle.

text: Shuttle is a

text: space flight simulator game

text: developed by

text: Vektor Grafix

text: and published by

text: Virgin Games

text: . It has been praised as a reasonably accurate simulation game of piloting the

text: NASA

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text: The satellite also included private/public partnership in the form of Hello Kitty, a popular character of the Sanrio corporation, on the satellite Hosted Payload box.  Hello Kitty looks out a window of the craft to a view of Earth.  Electronic message display was installed which operators could change characters on the display by sending commands from the ground station. Users can take photos of their messages with Hello Kitty figure and the view of the earth from the window. The inclusion is an attempt to get more private Japanese companies working with satellites and it is hoped will boost enthusiasm for space among Hello Kitty's many fans.

text: The satellite also included private/public partnership in the form of

text: Hello Kitty

text: , a popular character of the

text: Sanrio

text: corporation, on the satellite Hosted Payload box.  Hello Kitty looks out a window of the craft to a view of Earth.  Electronic message display was installed which operators could change characters on the display by sending commands from the ground station. Users can take photos of their messages with Hello Kitty figure and the view of the earth from the window. The inclusion is an attempt to get more private Japanese companies working with satellites and it is hoped will boost enthusiasm for space among Hello Kitty's many fans.

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text: Endeavour undocked from the International Space Station at 14:47 UTC. The total docked time was 11 days, 16 hours, and 46 minutes, making it the second-longest docked shuttle mission to the station, after STS-123's 11 days, 20 hours and 36 minutes. Pilot Eric Boe maneuvered the shuttle through a flyaround inspection of the complex, but the final separation burn was delayed to avoid bringing the shuttle near the remains of a Russian Cosmos satellite that broke apart in March. While the burn would have only brought them about eleven kilometers from the debris, Flight Director Mike Sarafin noted during the Mission Status Briefing that "Per the flight rules, it was the safe course of action to not perform that burn." The burn was instead completed at 23:23 UTC. After separating from the station, the crew of Endeavour conducted an inspection of the shuttle's heat shield with the robotic arm.

text: Endeavour undocked from the International Space Station at 14:47 UTC. The total docked time was 11 days, 16 hours, and 46 minutes, making it the second-longest docked shuttle mission to the station, after

text: 's 11 days, 20 hours and 36 minutes. Pilot Eric Boe maneuvered the shuttle through a flyaround inspection of the complex, but the final separation burn was delayed to avoid bringing the shuttle near the remains of a Russian Cosmos satellite that broke apart in March. While the burn would have only brought them about eleven kilometers from the debris, Flight Director Mike Sarafin noted during the Mission Status Briefing that "Per the flight rules, it was the safe course of action to not perform that burn." The burn was instead completed at 23:23 UTC. After separating from the station, the crew of Endeavour conducted an inspection of the shuttle's heat shield with the robotic arm.

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text: Jamin Shah, a media tycoon, was the owner of two newspapers, a television station and had a virtual monopoly in the distribution of satellite television channel in Kathmandu through his large cable network. Jamin Shah worked for the first company in Nepal to uplink via satellite. Two days before the launch, the Ministry of Information and Communication told the Space and Time company it had an incomplete test of its equipment. Space and Time was trying to get the approval from the government to begin. They figured all paperwork was in order. However, the green light was yet to come. Space and Time was also beginning to have issues with India, China, and Pakistan. Space and Time suspended India's viewing for a week. The satellite license was important to Shah because with it, Channel Nepal would be beamed to 52 countries in Asia. Jamin received his license in 1993. However, his license was later revoked by the government on the grounds that the company had not paid its dues. The company was allowed to go ahead with transmission but wanted to expand further.

text: Jamin Shah, a media tycoon, was the owner of two newspapers, a television station and had a virtual monopoly in the distribution of satellite television channel in Kathmandu through his large cable network. Jamin Shah worked for the first company in Nepal to uplink via satellite. Two days before the launch, the Ministry of Information and Communication told the Space and Time company it had an incomplete test of its equipment. Space and Time was trying to get the approval from the government to begin. They figured all paperwork was in order. However, the green light was yet to come. Space and Time was also beginning to have issues with

text: India

text: China

text: , and

text: Pakistan

text: . Space and Time suspended India's viewing for a week. The satellite license was important to Shah because with it, Channel Nepal would be beamed to 52 countries in

text: Asia

text: . Jamin received his license in 1993. However, his license was later revoked by the government on the grounds that the company had not paid its dues. The company was allowed to go ahead with transmission but wanted to expand further.

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text: In part because of Star Trek, the term space shuttle has permanently entered Earth's vocabulary as a vehicle for traveling between a planetary surface and space. Wernher Von Braun in the 1950s conceived of a reusable winged spacecraft as a ferry rocket. Plans for such vehicles were referred to as "DC-3" by spacecraft designer Maxime Faget and Integrated Launch and Reentry Vehicle (ILRV) by NASA. During the late 1960s, while Star Trek: The Original Series was being broadcast, these concepts became known as Space Shuttle. In a speech given to the British Interplanetary Society in August 1968 George Mueller, head of the NASA Office of Manned Space Flight, mentioned the need for a Space Shuttle. This was the earliest known official use of the term.

text: In part because of Star Trek, the term space shuttle has permanently entered Earth's vocabulary as a vehicle for traveling between a planetary surface and space.

text: Wernher Von Braun

text: in the 1950s conceived of a reusable winged spacecraft as a

text: ferry rocket

text: . Plans for such vehicles were referred to as "DC-3" by spacecraft designer

text: Maxime Faget

text: and Integrated Launch and Reentry Vehicle (ILRV) by

text: NASA

text: . During the late 1960s, while

text: Star Trek: The Original Series

text: was being broadcast, these concepts became known as

text: Space Shuttle

text: . In a speech given to the

text: British Interplanetary Society

text: in August 1968

text: George Mueller

text: , head of the NASA Office of Manned Space Flight, mentioned the need for a Space Shuttle. This was the earliest known official use of the term.

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text: Moonwatch complemented the professional system of satellite tracking stations that Fred Whipple organized around the globe. These two networks – one composed of amateurs and the other of seasoned professionals – helped further Whipple’s personal goals of expanding his own astronomical empire. Operation Moonwatch was the most successful amateur activity of the IGY and it became the public face of a satellite tracking network that expanded the Smithsonian’s global reach. Whipple used satellite tracking as a gateway for his observatory to participate in new research opportunities that appeared in the early years of space exploration.

text: Moonwatch complemented the professional system of satellite tracking stations that Fred Whipple organized around the globe. These two networks – one composed of amateurs and the other of seasoned professionals – helped further Whipple’s personal goals of expanding his own astronomical empire. Operation Moonwatch was the most successful amateur activity of the IGY and it became the public face of a satellite tracking network that expanded the Smithsonian’s global reach. Whipple used satellite tracking as a gateway for his observatory to participate in new research opportunities that appeared in the early years of space exploration.

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text: An early plan for STS-8, released in April 1982, had scheduled it for July 1983. It was expected to be a three-day mission with four crew members, and would launch INSAT-1-B, an Indian satellite, and TDRS-B, a NASA communications relay satellite. However, following problems with the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) used to deploy TDRS-A on the STS-6 mission, it was announced in May 1983 that the TDRS was not going to be flown. It was replaced in the manifest by the Payload Flight Test Article. After re-development of the IUS, TDRS-B was eventually re-manifested for the STS-51-L mission, and was lost along with the Space Shuttle Challenger and its crew when the launch failed in January 1986.

text: An early plan for STS-8, released in April 1982, had scheduled it for July 1983. It was expected to be a three-day mission with four crew members, and would launch INSAT-1-B, an Indian satellite, and

text: TDRS-B

text: , a NASA communications relay satellite. However, following problems with the

text: Inertial Upper Stage

text: (IUS) used to deploy TDRS-A on the

text: mission, it was announced in May 1983 that the TDRS was not going to be flown. It was replaced in the manifest by the Payload Flight Test Article. After re-development of the IUS, TDRS-B was eventually re-manifested for the

text: mission, and was lost along with the Space Shuttle Challenger and its crew when the launch failed in January 1986.

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text: Space radio station (short: space station) is a radio station located on an object travelling beyond the major portion of the Earth's atmosphere. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily. However, most spacecraft communicate by this means.

text: Space radio station (short: space station) is a

text: radio station

text: located on an object travelling beyond the major portion of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: . Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily. However, most

text: spacecraft

text: communicate by this means.

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text: The Space Shuttle was the first operational orbital spacecraft designed for reuse. It carried different payloads to low Earth orbit, provided crew rotation and supplies for the International Space Station (ISS), and performed satellite servicing and repair. The orbiter could also recover satellites and other payloads from orbit and return them to Earth. Each Shuttle was designed for a projected lifespan of 100 launches or ten years of operational life, although this was later extended. The person in charge of designing the STS was Maxime Faget, who had also overseen the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecraft designs. The crucial factor in the size and shape of the Shuttle orbiter was the requirement that it be able to accommodate the largest planned commercial and military satellites, and have over 1,000 mile cross-range recovery range to meet the requirement for classified USAF missions for a once-around abort from a launch to a polar orbit. The militarily specified  cross range requirement was one of the primary reasons for the Shuttle's large wings, compared to modern commercial designs with very minimal control surfaces and glide capability. Factors involved in opting for solid rockets and an expendable fuel tank included the desire of the Pentagon to obtain a high-capacity payload vehicle for satellite deployment, and the desire of the Nixon administration to reduce the costs of space exploration by developing a spacecraft with reusable components.

text: The Space Shuttle was the first operational orbital spacecraft designed for

text: reuse

text: . It carried different payloads to low Earth orbit, provided crew rotation and supplies for the

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS), and performed satellite servicing and repair. The orbiter could also recover satellites and other payloads from orbit and return them to Earth. Each Shuttle was designed for a projected lifespan of 100 launches or ten years of operational life, although this was later extended. The person in charge of designing the STS was

text: Maxime Faget

text: , who had also overseen the

text: Mercury

text: Gemini

text: , and

text: Apollo

text: spacecraft designs. The crucial factor in the size and shape of the Shuttle orbiter was the requirement that it be able to accommodate the largest planned commercial and military satellites, and have over 1,000 mile cross-range recovery range to meet the requirement for classified USAF missions for a once-around abort from a launch to a

text: polar orbit

text: . The militarily specified  cross range requirement was one of the primary reasons for the Shuttle's large wings, compared to modern commercial designs with very minimal control surfaces and glide capability. Factors involved in opting for solid rockets and an expendable fuel tank included the desire of the Pentagon to obtain a high-capacity payload vehicle for satellite deployment, and the desire of the Nixon administration to reduce the costs of

text: space exploration

text: by developing a spacecraft with reusable components.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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text: High-speed debris from the Russian satellite strikes the Explorer and Hubble, detaching Stone from the shuttle and leaving her tumbling through space. Kowalski, using a Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU), recovers Stone and they return to the Explorer. They discover that it has suffered catastrophic damage and the rest of the crew is dead. They decide to use the MMU to reach the International Space Station (ISS), which is in orbit about  away. Kowalski estimates they have 90 minutes before the debris field completes an orbit and threatens them again.

text: High-speed debris from the Russian satellite strikes the Explorer and Hubble, detaching Stone from the shuttle and leaving her tumbling through space. Kowalski, using a

text: Manned Maneuvering Unit

text: (MMU), recovers Stone and they return to the Explorer. They discover that it has suffered catastrophic damage and the rest of the crew is dead. They decide to use the MMU to reach the

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS), which is in orbit about  away. Kowalski estimates they have 90 minutes before the debris field completes an orbit and threatens them again.

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answer: Yes

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text: The designation was later reused for a proposed rocket for the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services project. Sometime after 2005, PlanetSpace reused the Athena III designation for a 2.8-million-pound-thrust shuttle-derived space station resupply booster rocket, in a joint venture with Lockheed Martin and Alliant Techsystems (ATK). In March 2012, Lockheed Martin selected Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex (KLC) as its dedicated West Coast launch facility for Athena rockets, clearing the way for Alaska Aerospace Corporation to begin expanding the facilities. At the time, Lockheed Martin declared that they would decide whether to proceed with Athena III "in the next few months" but no such announcement was made in the following years. Athena III was to feature a 2 1/2 segment Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) derived reusable solid rocket booster (RSRB) first stage topped by a Castor 120, Castor 30 and OAMS orbit adjust module. Athena III would be capable of placing a  satellite in polar orbit from Kodiak or launch a  satellite into orbit with a due east launch from the East Coast. (An East Coast launch site has not been selected.) Kodiak was selected over heavily-booked Vandenberg to avoid delays in high-priority rapid-response launches for the U.S. military.

text: The designation was later reused for a proposed rocket for the

entity_name: Commercial Orbital Transportation Services

text: Commercial Orbital Transportation Services

text: project. Sometime after 2005,

text: PlanetSpace

text: reused the Athena III designation for a 2.8-million-pound-thrust

text: shuttle

text: -derived space station resupply booster rocket, in a joint venture with

text: Lockheed Martin

text: and

text: Alliant Techsystems

text: (ATK). In March 2012, Lockheed Martin selected Alaska's

text: Kodiak Launch Complex

text: (KLC) as its dedicated West Coast launch facility for Athena rockets, clearing the way for Alaska Aerospace Corporation to begin expanding the facilities. At the time, Lockheed Martin declared that they would decide whether to proceed with Athena III "in the next few months" but no such announcement was made in the following years. Athena III was to feature a 2 1/2 segment

text: Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster

text: (SRB) derived reusable solid rocket booster (RSRB) first stage topped by a Castor 120, Castor 30 and OAMS orbit adjust module. Athena III would be capable of placing a  satellite in polar orbit from Kodiak or launch a  satellite into orbit with a due east launch from the East Coast. (An East Coast launch site has not been selected.) Kodiak was selected over heavily-booked Vandenberg to avoid delays in high-priority rapid-response launches for the U.S. military.

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text: After the U.S. Space Shuttle program ended in 2011, Soyuz rockets became the only launch vehicle able to transport astronauts to the International Space Station.

text: After the U.S.

text: Space Shuttle

text: program ended in 2011, Soyuz rockets became the only launch vehicle able to transport astronauts to the

text: International Space Station

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text: Amateur-satellite serviceAmateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) - operating in the Amateur-satellite service -  is a project sponsored by various entities and carried out by astronauts and cosmonauts on the International Space Station who also have an amateur radio license. The program was previously called SAREX, the Space Amateur Radio Experiment, and before that the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment. In 2011, Kenwood Electronics launched an advertising campaign capitalizing on the fact that their TM-D700A transceiver is currently in use on the ISS.

text: Amateur-satellite service

text: Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) - operating in the

text: Amateur-satellite service

text: -  is a project sponsored by various entities and carried out by

text: astronaut

text: s and

text: cosmonaut

text: s on the

text: International Space Station

text: who also have an

text: amateur radio license

text: . The program was previously called SAREX, the

text: Space Amateur Radio Experiment

text: , and before that the

text: Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment

text: . In 2011,

text: Kenwood Electronics

text: launched an advertising campaign capitalizing on the fact that their

text: transceiver is currently in use on the ISS.

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text: Once flight-qualified, habitats (also referred to as "subrack payloads") would be carried to the Space Station aboard a Space Shuttle (housed in the Orbiter Middeck), and transferred to a specially designed Habitat Holding Rack, which would provide them with the cooling air, power, and data connections required.  On-station, the habitats could also be housed in a centrifuge module that could simulate gravity with a magnitude between zero and two times that experienced on earth.  When station crew needed to add or remove specimens, or perform certain other work, a habitat would be transferred to the Life Sciences Glovebox, an enclosed volume with glove inserts in the walls to allow a crew member to perform manual tasks.  Data generated by the habitats would be transmitted to ground stations for analysis.

text: Once flight-qualified, habitats (also referred to as "subrack payloads") would be carried to the Space Station aboard a

text: Space Shuttle

text: (housed in the

text: Orbiter Middeck

text: ), and transferred to a specially designed

text: Habitat Holding Rack

text: , which would provide them with the cooling air, power, and data connections required.  On-station, the habitats could also be housed in a centrifuge module that could simulate gravity with a magnitude between zero and two times that experienced on

text: earth

text: .  When

text: station crew

text: needed to add or remove specimens, or perform certain other work, a habitat would be transferred to the

text: Life Sciences Glovebox

text: , an enclosed volume with glove inserts in the walls to allow a crew member to perform manual tasks.  Data generated by the habitats would be transmitted to ground stations for analysis.

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text: The primary payload for the STS-116 mission was the P5 Truss segment of the International Space Station. The shuttle also carried a Spacehab Logistics Module to resupply the ISS, and an Integrated Cargo Carrier with four sub-satellites, which were deployed after undocking from the ISS: the ANDE technology demonstrator (OSCAR 61 and 62), developed by the Naval Research Laboratory, and three CubeSats (RAFT-1 (OSCAR 60) and MARScom for the United States Naval Academy, and MEPSI 2A/2B for DARPA). It was the first Shuttle mission to deploy satellites since STS-113 in 2002.

text: The primary payload for the STS-116 mission was the

text: P5 Truss

text: segment of the

text: International Space Station

text: . The shuttle also carried a

text: Spacehab

text: Logistics Module to resupply the ISS, and an

text: Integrated Cargo Carrier

text: with four sub-satellites, which were deployed after undocking from the ISS: the

text: ANDE

text: technology demonstrator (OSCAR 61 and 62), developed by the Naval Research Laboratory, and three

text: CubeSat

text: s (

text: (OSCAR 60) and

text: MARScom

text: for the

text: United States Naval Academy

text: , and

text: MEPSI 2A/2B

text: for

text: DARPA

text: ). It was the first Shuttle mission to deploy satellites since

text: in 2002.

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text: The VSE budget required termination the Space Shuttle by 2010 and of any US role in the International Space Station by 2017. This would have required, even in the most optimistic plans, in a period of years without human spaceflight capability from the US. Termination of the Space Shuttle program, without any planned alternatives, in 2011 ended virtually all US capability for reusable launch vehicles.  This severely limited any future of low earth orbit or deep space exploration.  Ultimately, the lack of proper funding caused the VSE to fall short of its original goals, leaving many projects behind schedule as President George W. Bush's term in office ended.

text: The VSE budget required termination the Space Shuttle by 2010 and of any US role in the International Space Station by 2017. This would have required, even in the most optimistic plans, in a period of years without human spaceflight capability from the US. Termination of the Space Shuttle program, without any planned alternatives, in 2011 ended virtually all US capability for reusable launch vehicles.  This severely limited any future of low earth orbit or deep space exploration.  Ultimately, the lack of proper funding caused the VSE to fall short of its original goals, leaving many projects behind schedule as President George W. Bush's term in office ended.

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text: TDRS-7 is based on a custom satellite bus which was used for all seven first generation TDRS satellites. Whilst similar to its predecessors, it differed from them slightly in that twelve G/H band (IEEE C band) transponders which had been included on the previous satellites were omitted. It was the last communications satellite, other than amateur radio spacecraft, to be deployed by a Space Shuttle.

text: TDRS-7 is based on a custom

text: satellite bus

text: which was used for all seven first generation TDRS satellites. Whilst similar to its predecessors, it differed from them slightly in that twelve G/H band (IEEE C band) transponders which had been included on the previous satellites were omitted. It was the last communications satellite, other than

text: amateur radio

text: spacecraft, to be deployed by a Space Shuttle.

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text: LTC Ellison Onizuka became the first Asian American (and third person of East Asian descent) when he made his first space flight aboard STS-51-C in 1985. Onizuka later died aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1986. Taylor Gun-Jin Wang became the first person of Chinese ethnicity and first Chinese American, in space in 1985; he has since been followed by Leroy Chiao in 1994, and Ed Lu in 1997. In 1986, Franklin Chang-Diaz became the first Asian Latin American in space. Eugene H. Trinh became the first Vietnamese American in space in 1992. In 2001, Mark L. Polansky, a Jewish Korean American, made his first of three flights into space. In 2003, Kalpana Chawla became the first Indian American in space, but died aboard the ill fated Space Shuttle Columbia. She has since been followed by CDR Sunita Williams in 2006.

text: LTC

text: Ellison Onizuka

text: became the first Asian American (and third person of East Asian descent) when he made his first space flight aboard

text: in 1985. Onizuka later died aboard the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger

text: in

text: Taylor Gun-Jin Wang

text: became the first person of

text: Chinese ethnicity

text: and first Chinese American, in space in

text: ; he has since been followed by

text: Leroy Chiao

text: in

text: , and

text: Ed Lu

text: in

text: . In

text: Franklin Chang-Diaz

text: became the first

text: Asian Latin American

text: in space.

text: Eugene H. Trinh

text: became the first Vietnamese American in space in

text: . In

text: Mark L. Polansky

text: , a

text: Jewish

text: Korean American, made his first of three flights into space. In

text: Kalpana Chawla

text: became the first

text: Indian American

text: in space, but died aboard the

text: ill fated

text: Space Shuttle Columbia

text: . She has since been followed by

text: CDR

text: Sunita Williams

text: in

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text: Tabasco appeared on the menu of NASA's space shuttle program and went into orbit on the shuttles.  It was on Skylab and on the International Space Station and is popular with astronauts as a means of countering the bland food they frequently are provided in space.

text: Tabasco appeared on the menu of

text: NASA

text: 's

text: space shuttle

text: program and went into orbit on the shuttles.  It was on

text: Skylab

text: and on the

text: International Space Station

text: and is popular with astronauts as a means of countering the bland food they frequently are provided in space.

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answers: food

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: STS-120 was a space shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) that launched on 23 October 2007 from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The mission is also referred to as ISS-10A by the ISS program. STS-120 delivered the Harmony module and reconfigured a portion of the station in preparation for future assembly missions. STS-120 was flown by Space Shuttle Discovery, and was the twenty-third space shuttle mission to the ISS.

text: STS-120 was a

text: space shuttle

text: mission to the

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS) that launched on 23 October 2007 from the

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: , Florida. The mission is also referred to as ISS-10A by the ISS program. STS-120 delivered the

text: Harmony

text: module and reconfigured a portion of the station in preparation for future assembly missions. STS-120 was flown by

text: Space Shuttle Discovery

text: , and was the twenty-third space shuttle mission to the ISS.

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text: When the Centaur was cleared for flight in August 1999, GOES-L was rescheduled to launch in November. This then slipped to December in order to allow a UFO to launch ahead of it, before slipping again when a DSCS launch was added to the manifest. In January 2000, a launch date of 3 May was announced. In late April a range conflict with  on mission STS-96 threatened to delay the launch, however the Shuttle was damaged by hail, necessitating a rollback to the Vehicle Assembly Building, so a delay to GOES-L was not necessary. The launch on 3 May occurred successfully, forty minutes into the launch window. At launch, the satellite had a mass of , and an expected operational lifespan of five years, although it carried fuel for longer. It was built by Space Systems/Loral, based on the LS-1300 satellite bus, and was the fourth of five GOES-I series satellites to be launched.

text: When the Centaur was cleared for flight in August 1999, GOES-L was rescheduled to launch in November. This then slipped to December in order to allow a

text: UFO

text: to launch ahead of it, before slipping again when a

text: DSCS

text: launch was added to the manifest. In January 2000, a launch date of 3 May was announced. In late April a

text: range conflict

text: with  on mission

text: threatened to delay the launch, however the Shuttle was damaged by

text: hail

text: , necessitating a

text: rollback

text: to the

text: Vehicle Assembly Building

text: , so a delay to GOES-L was not necessary. The launch on 3 May occurred successfully, forty minutes into the

text: launch window

text: . At launch, the satellite had a mass of , and an expected operational lifespan of five years, although it carried fuel for longer. It was built by

text: Space Systems/Loral

text: , based on the

text: satellite bus, and was the fourth of five GOES-I series satellites to be launched.

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answers: The launch on 3 May occurred successfully

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: space station

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On 28 January 1986, the John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, launched the space shuttle STS-51L Challenger at 1138. The shuttle’s payload included NASA Tracking and Data Relay Satellite 2 and the Spartan-203 satellite. Escaping propellant combustion products cut into the craft’s solid rocket booster, however, and 73 seconds after launch a massive explosion destroyed Challenger, killing all seven astronauts on board: naval aviator Cmdr. Michael J. Smith, and Francis R. Scobee, USAF, Ellison S. Onizuka, USAF, Judith A. Resnik, Ronald E. McNair, Gregory B. Jarvis, and S. Christa McAuliffe. Smith had graduated from the Naval Academy. Simpson took part in the ensuing search and rescue effort, and subsequently received the Coast Guard Unit Commendation with Operational “O” for her participation.

text: On 28 January 1986, the

text: John F. Kennedy Space Center

text: , Florida, launched the

text: space shuttle

text: Challenger

text: at 1138. The shuttle’s payload included

text: NASA

text: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite 2

text: and the Spartan-203 satellite. Escaping propellant combustion products cut into the craft’s

text: solid rocket booster

text: , however, and 73 seconds after launch a massive explosion

text: destroyed Challenger

text: , killing all seven astronauts on board: naval aviator Cmdr.

text: Michael J. Smith

text: , and

text: Francis R. Scobee

text: , USAF,

text: Ellison S. Onizuka

text: , USAF,

text: Judith A. Resnik

text: Ronald E. McNair

text: Gregory B. Jarvis

text: , and

text: S. Christa McAuliffe

text: . Smith had graduated from the

text: Naval Academy

text: . Simpson took part in the ensuing

text: search and rescue

text: effort, and subsequently received the

text: Coast Guard Unit Commendation

text: with

text: Operational

text: “O” for her participation.

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answers: rocket booster

answers: NDQ_005802

answers: solid rocket booster

answers: NDQ_005803

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_005804

answers: NASA Tracking

answers: NDQ_005805

answers: Spartan-203

answers: NDQ_005806

answers: Challenger

answers: NDQ_005807

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_005808

answers: 73 seconds after launch

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: astronauts

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Prior to the first flight of the Space Shuttle, he provided astronaut support in Orbiter engineering development and testing. He was a T-38 chase pilot for the second and third Shuttle flights and support crewman for the first operational Shuttle flight, STS-5. Covey also served as Mission Control spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) for Shuttle Missions STS-5, 6, 61-B, 61-C, and 51-L (it was his voice that said the now infamous words, "Challenger, go with throttle up" shortly before the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster). During 1989, he was Chairman of NASA's Space Flight Safety Panel. He has held additional technical assignments within the NASA Astronaut Office, and has also served as Acting Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office, and Acting Deputy Director of Flight Crew Operations.

text: Prior to the first flight of the

text: Space Shuttle

text: , he provided astronaut support in

text: Orbiter

text: engineering development and testing. He was a

text: chase pilot

text: for the second and third Shuttle flights and support crewman for the first operational Shuttle flight,

text: . Covey also served as Mission Control spacecraft communicator (

text: CAPCOM

text: ) for Shuttle Missions STS-5,

text: , and

text: (it was his voice that said the now infamous words, "

text: Challenger

text: , go with throttle up" shortly before the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

text: ). During 1989, he was Chairman of NASA's Space Flight Safety Panel. He has held additional technical assignments within the NASA

text: Astronaut Office

text: , and has also served as Acting Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office, and Acting Deputy Director of Flight Crew Operations.

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answers: Flight Crew Operations

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Shuttle components included the Orbiter Vehicle (OV), a pair of recoverable solid rocket boosters (SRBs), and the expendable external tank (ET) containing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.  The Shuttle was launched vertically, like a conventional rocket, with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV's three main engines, which were fueled from the ET. The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit, and the ET was jettisoned just before orbit insertion, which used the orbiter's two Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines. At the conclusion of the mission, the orbiter fired its OMS to de-orbit and re-enter the atmosphere.  The orbiter then glided as a spaceplane to a runway landing, usually at the Shuttle Landing Facility of KSC or Rogers Dry Lake in Edwards Air Force Base, California. After landing at Edwards, the orbiter was flown back to the KSC on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, a specially modified Boeing 747.

text: Shuttle components included the

text: Orbiter Vehicle

text: (OV), a pair of recoverable

text: solid rocket boosters

text: (SRBs), and the expendable

text: external tank

text: (ET) containing

text: liquid hydrogen

text: and

text: liquid oxygen

text: .  The Shuttle was

text: launched vertically

text: , like a conventional rocket, with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV's three

text: main engines

text: , which were fueled from the ET. The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit, and the ET was jettisoned just before

text: orbit insertion

text: , which used the orbiter's two

text: Orbital Maneuvering System

text: (OMS) engines. At the conclusion of the mission, the orbiter fired its OMS to de-orbit and

text: re-enter the atmosphere

text: .  The orbiter then

text: glided

text: as a

text: spaceplane

text: to a runway landing, usually at the

text: Shuttle Landing Facility

text: of KSC or

text: Rogers Dry Lake

text: in

text: Edwards Air Force Base

text: , California. After landing at Edwards, the orbiter was flown back to the KSC on the

text: Shuttle Carrier Aircraft

text: , a specially modified

text: Boeing 747

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text: Similar systems have been used by Space Shuttle astronauts, and are currently used by International Space Station crews.

text: Similar systems have been used by

text: Space Shuttle

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text: International Space Station

text: crews.

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text: In 1962 North American Aviation selected Marquardt to provide the reaction control system engines for the Apollo program spacecraft. By 1970 Marquardt was known primarily as "the" company for small rocket engines and thrusters. Practically all US space vehicles and satellites used their designs, eventually including a major win for the Space Shuttle program. The company developed and provided the 25 and 870 lb. thrusters for the space shuttle.

text: In 1962

text: North American Aviation

text: selected Marquardt to provide the

text: reaction control system

text: engines for the

text: Apollo program

text: spacecraft. By 1970 Marquardt was known primarily as "the" company for small rocket engines and thrusters. Practically all US space vehicles and satellites used their designs, eventually including a major win for the

text: Space Shuttle

text: program. The company developed and provided the 25 and 870 lb. thrusters for the space shuttle.

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text: STS-118, an assembly mission to the International Space Station, successfully launched from Florida's Kennedy Space Center at 6:36:42 p.m. EDT, 8 August 2007. Morgan served as robotic arm operator, and transfer coordinator, coordinating the transfer of over  of cargo to the International Space Station, and bringing home over . In addition to her other duties, Morgan participated in twenty-minute amateur radio question-and-answer sessions with young people at the Discovery Center of Idaho and other centers, and joined Mission Specialist Alvin Drew in an education event with young people at the Challenger Center for Space Science Education in Alexandria, Virginia. The event was hosted by Dr. June Scobee, widow of Space Shuttle Challenger

text: , an assembly mission to the

text: International Space Station

text: , successfully launched from Florida's

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: at 6:36:42 p.m. EDT, 8 August 2007. Morgan served as

text: robotic arm

text: operator, and transfer coordinator, coordinating the transfer of over  of cargo to the International Space Station, and bringing home over . In addition to her other duties, Morgan participated in twenty-minute amateur radio question-and-answer sessions with young people at the

text: Discovery Center of Idaho

text: and other centers, and joined Mission Specialist

text: Alvin Drew

text: in an education event with young people at the

entity_name: Challenger Center for Space Science Education

text: Challenger Center for Space Science Education

text: in

text: Alexandria, Virginia

text: . The event was hosted by Dr. June Scobee, widow of Space Shuttle Challenger

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text: In the early 1980s, with the Space Shuttle completed, NASA proposed the creation of a large, permanently manned space station, which then-NASA-Administrator James M. Beggs called "the next logical step" in space.  In some ways it was meant to be the U.S. answer to the Soviet Mir.  NASA plans called for the station, which was later dubbed Space Station Freedom, to function as an orbiting repair shop for satellites, an assembly point for spacecraft, an observation post for astronomers, a microgravity laboratory for scientists, and a microgravity factory for companies.

text: In the early 1980s, with the

text: Space Shuttle

text: completed,

text: NASA

text: proposed the creation of a large, permanently manned space station, which then-NASA-Administrator

text: James M. Beggs

text: called "the next logical step" in space.  In some ways it was meant to be the U.S. answer to the Soviet

text: Mir

text: .  NASA plans called for the station, which was later dubbed Space Station Freedom, to function as an orbiting repair shop for

text: satellite

text: s, an assembly point for

text: spacecraft

text: , an observation post for

text: astronomer

text: s, a

text: microgravity

text: laboratory

text: for scientists, and a microgravity factory for companies.

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text: During the Cold War, Britain's GCHQ often used America's National Security Agency (NSA) for communications interception from space. Concern heightened at the time of the 1982 Falklands War. GCHQ requested access to American signals intelligence satellites to assist in monitoring Argentine communications, but reportedly struggled with the NSA to gain appropriate tasking time, despite the special relationship between the two countries. The United States satellites were engaged in monitoring SIGINT traffic elsewhere in South America related to El Salvador. GCHQ therefore decided to produce a UK-designed-and-built signals intelligence satellite, to be called Zircon, a code-name derived from zirconium silicate, a diamond substitute. Its function was to intercept radio and other signals from the USSR, Europe and other areas. The satellite was to be built at Marconi Space and Defence Systems at Portsmouth Airport, at which a new high security building had been built. It was to be launched on a NASA Space Shuttle under the guise of Skynet IV. Launch on the Shuttle would have entitled a British National to fly as a Mission Specialist and a group of military pilots were presented to the press as candidates for 'Britain's first man in space'.

text: During the

text: Cold War

text: , Britain's

text: GCHQ

text: often used America's

text: National Security Agency

text: (NSA) for communications interception from space. Concern heightened at the time of the 1982

text: Falklands War

text: . GCHQ requested access to American

text: signals intelligence

text: satellites to assist in monitoring Argentine communications, but reportedly struggled with the NSA to gain appropriate tasking time, despite the

entity_name: Special relationship (international relations)

text: special relationship

text: between the two countries. The United States satellites were engaged in monitoring SIGINT traffic elsewhere in South America related to El Salvador. GCHQ therefore decided to produce a UK-designed-and-built signals intelligence satellite, to be called Zircon, a code-name derived from

text: zirconium silicate

text: , a diamond substitute. Its function was to intercept radio and other signals from the

text: USSR

text: Europe

text: and other areas. The satellite was to be built at

text: Marconi Space and Defence Systems

text: at

text: Portsmouth Airport

text: , at which a new high security building had been built. It was to be launched on a

text: NASA

text: Space Shuttle

text: under the guise of

text: Skynet IV

text: . Launch on the Shuttle would have entitled a British National to fly as a

text: Mission Specialist

text: and a group of military pilots were presented to the press as candidates for '

text: Britain's first man in space

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answer: Yes

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text: The main function of the Space Shuttle external tank was to supply the liquid oxygen and hydrogen fuel to the main engines. It was also the backbone of the launch vehicle, providing attachment points for the two solid rocket boosters and the orbiter. The external tank was the only part of the Shuttle system that was not reused. Although the external tanks were always discarded, it would have been possible to take them into orbit and re-use them (such as for incorporation into a space station).

text: The main function of the Space Shuttle external tank was to supply the liquid oxygen and hydrogen fuel to the main engines. It was also the backbone of the launch vehicle, providing attachment points for the two solid rocket boosters and the orbiter. The external tank was the only part of the Shuttle system that was not reused. Although the external tanks were always discarded, it would have been possible to take them into orbit and re-use them (such as for incorporation into a space station).

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text: Once in orbit, the Shuttle usually flew at an altitude of 320 kilometers (200 miles), and occasionally as high as 650 kilometers. In the 1980s and 1990s, many flights involved space science missions on the NASA/ESA Spacelab, or launching various types of satellites and science probes. By the 1990s and 2000s the focus shifted more to servicing the space station, with fewer satellite launches. Most missions involved staying in orbit several days to two weeks, although longer missions were possible with the Extended Duration Orbiter add-on or when attached to a space station.

text: Once in orbit, the Shuttle usually flew at an altitude of 320 kilometers (200 miles), and occasionally as high as 650 kilometers. In the 1980s and 1990s, many flights involved space science missions on the NASA/ESA Spacelab, or launching various types of satellites and science probes. By the 1990s and 2000s the focus shifted more to servicing the space station, with fewer satellite launches. Most missions involved staying in orbit several days to two weeks, although longer missions were possible with the

text: Extended Duration Orbiter

text: add-on or when attached to a space station.

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text: The Atlas rocket became a very reliable booster for launching of satellites and continued to evolve, remaining in use into the 21st century, when combined with the Centaur upper stage to form the Atlas-Centaur rocket for launching geosynchronous communication satellites and space probes. The Centaur rocket was also designed, developed, and produced by Convair, and it was the first widely used outer space rocket to use the all-cryogenic fuel-oxidizer combination of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. The use of this liquid hydrogen – liquid oxygen combination in the Centaur was an important direct precursor to the use of the same fuel-oxidizer combination in the Saturn S-II second stage and the Saturn S-IVB third stage of the gigantic Saturn V moon rocket of the Apollo project. The S-IVB had earlier also been used as the second stage of the smaller Saturn IB rocket, such as the one which was used to launch Apollo 7. The Centaur upper stage was first designed and developed for launching the Surveyor lunar landers, beginning in 1966, to augment the delta-V of the Atlas rockets and give them enough payload capability to deliver the required mass of the Surveyors to the Moon.

text: The

text: Atlas rocket

text: became a very reliable booster for launching of satellites and continued to evolve, remaining in use into the 21st century, when combined with the

text: Centaur

text: upper stage to form the

text: Atlas-Centaur

text: rocket for launching geosynchronous

text: communication satellite

text: s and space probes. The Centaur rocket was also designed, developed, and produced by Convair, and it was the first widely used outer space rocket to use the all-

text: cryogenic

text: fuel-oxidizer combination of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. The use of this liquid hydrogen – liquid oxygen combination in the Centaur was an important direct precursor to the use of the same fuel-oxidizer combination in the Saturn

text: S-II

text: second stage and the Saturn

text: S-IVB

text: third stage of the gigantic

text: Saturn V

text: moon rocket of the

text: Apollo project

text: . The S-IVB had earlier also been used as the second stage of the smaller

text: Saturn IB

text: rocket, such as the one which was used to launch

text: Apollo 7

text: . The Centaur upper stage was first designed and developed for launching the

text: Surveyor

text: lunar landers, beginning in 1966, to augment the delta-V of the Atlas rockets and give them enough payload capability to deliver the required mass of the Surveyors to the Moon.

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text: The penultimate episode focuses on the flights of the Space Shuttle, beginning with Columbia's maiden voyage on April 12, 1981 (the twentieth anniversary of the first human spaceflight, Vostok 1). The STS-1 crew, commander John Young, and pilot Bob Crippen, are interviewed. Bruce McCandless's untethered spacewalk on STS-41-B - the first in history - is shown digitally remastered in high-definition. The episode also documents the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster that occurred 73 seconds after lift-off on mission STS-51-L, on January 28, 1986, and the subsequent halt of the Space Shuttle program. The episode ends with the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope in 1990 on mission STS-31 and the subsequent discovery of its defective mirror.

text: The penultimate episode focuses on the flights of the

text: Space Shuttle

text: , beginning with

text: Columbia's

text: maiden voyage

text: on April 12, 1981 (the twentieth anniversary of the first human spaceflight,

text: Vostok 1

text: ). The

text: crew, commander

text: John Young

text: , and pilot

text: Bob Crippen

text: , are interviewed.

text: Bruce McCandless

text: 's untethered spacewalk on

text: - the first in history - is shown digitally remastered in high-definition. The episode also documents the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger

text: disaster

text: that occurred 73 seconds after lift-off on mission

text: , on January 28, 1986, and the subsequent halt of the

text: Space Shuttle program

text: . The episode ends with the launch of the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: in 1990 on mission

text: and the subsequent discovery of its defective mirror.

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answers: NDQ_005808

answers: lift-off

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: human spaceflight

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Nitrogen tetroxide is used as an oxidizer in one of the more important rocket propellants because it can be stored as a liquid at room temperature. In early 1944 research on the usability of dinitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizing agent for rocket fuel was conducted by German scientists, although the Nazis only used it to a very limited extent as an additive for S-Stoff (fuming nitric acid). It became the storable oxidizer of choice for many rockets in both the United States and USSR by the late 1950s. It is a hypergolic propellant in combination with a hydrazine-based rocket fuel. One of the earliest uses of this combination was on the Titan family of rockets used originally as ICBMs and then as launch vehicles for many spacecraft. Used on the U.S. Gemini and Apollo spacecraft and also on the Space Shuttle, it continues to be used as stationkeeping propellant on most geo-stationary satellites, and many deep-space probes.It now seems likely that NASA will continue to use this oxidizer in the next-generation 'crew-vehicles' which will replace the shuttle.It is also the primary oxidizer for Russia's Proton rocket.

text: Nitrogen tetroxide is used as an oxidizer in one of the more important rocket propellants because it can be stored as a liquid at room temperature. In early 1944 research on the usability of dinitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizing agent for rocket fuel was conducted by German scientists, although the Nazis only used it to a very limited extent as an additive for

text: S-Stoff

text: (fuming nitric acid). It became the storable oxidizer of choice for many rockets in both the United States and

text: USSR

text: by the late 1950s. It is a

text: hypergolic propellant

text: in combination with a

text: hydrazine

text: -based

text: rocket fuel

text: . One of the earliest uses of this combination was on the

text: Titan family of rockets

text: used originally as

text: ICBMs

text: and then as

text: launch vehicle

text: s for many spacecraft. Used on the U.S. Gemini and Apollo spacecraft and also on the Space Shuttle, it continues to be used as stationkeeping propellant on most geo-stationary satellites, and many deep-space probes.It now seems likely that NASA will continue to use this oxidizer in the next-generation 'crew-vehicles' which will replace the shuttle.It is also the primary oxidizer for Russia's

text: Proton rocket

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answers: NDQ_005801

answers: ICBM

answers: NDQ_005802

answers: hypergolic

answers: NDQ_005803

answers: spacecraft

answers: NDQ_005804

answers: deep-space probes

answers: NDQ_005805

answers: geo-stationary

answers: NDQ_005806

answers: Proton

answers: NDQ_005807

answers: geo-stationary

answers: NDQ_005808

answers: Nitrogen tetroxide

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: stationkeeping

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Since the lasing medium was fairly small, a single bomb could host a number of them and attack multiple ICBMs in a single burst. The Soviet ICBM fleet had tens of thousands of warheads, but only about 1,400 missiles. If each satellite had two dozen lasers, two dozen satellites on-station would significantly blunt any attack. In Molniya orbits, where the satellites would spend much of their time over the USSR, only a few dozen satellites would be needed, in total. An article in Aviation Week and Space Technology described how the devices "... are so small that a single payload bay on the space shuttle could carry to orbit a number sufficient to stop a Soviet nuclear weapons attack". Some time later Teller used similar language in a letter to Paul Nitze, who was preparing a new round of strategic limitations talks, stating that "A single X-ray laser module the size of an executive desk... could potentially shoot down the entire Soviet land-based missile force..."

text: Since the lasing medium was fairly small, a single bomb could host a number of them and attack multiple ICBMs in a single burst. The Soviet ICBM fleet had tens of thousands of warheads, but only about 1,400 missiles. If each satellite had two dozen lasers, two dozen satellites on-station would significantly blunt any attack. In

text: Molniya orbit

text: s, where the satellites would spend much of their time over the USSR, only a few dozen satellites would be needed, in total. An article in

text: Aviation Week and Space Technology

text: described how the devices "... are so small that a single payload bay on the space shuttle could carry to orbit a number sufficient to stop a Soviet nuclear weapons attack". Some time later Teller used similar language in a letter to Paul Nitze, who was preparing a new round of strategic limitations talks, stating that "A single X-ray laser module the size of an executive desk... could potentially shoot down the entire Soviet land-based missile force..."

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answers: NDQ_005802

answers: Newton's Law of Motion

answers: NDQ_005803

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answers: NDQ_005804

answers: X-ray

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answers: X-ray

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answers: small

answers: NDQ_005808

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answers: NDQ_005809

answers: stop a Soviet nuclear weapons attack

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In fact, rockets work more efficiently in space than in an atmosphere. Multi-stage rockets are capable of attaining escape velocity from Earth and therefore can achieve unlimited maximum altitude.  Compared with airbreathing engines, rockets are lightweight and powerful and capable of generating large accelerations. To control their flight, rockets rely on momentum, airfoils, auxiliary reaction engines, gimballed thrust, momentum wheels, deflection of the exhaust stream, propellant flow, spin, and/or gravity.

text: In fact, rockets work more efficiently in space than in an atmosphere.

text: Multi-stage rocket

text: s are capable of attaining

text: escape velocity

text: from Earth and therefore can achieve unlimited maximum altitude.  Compared with

text: airbreathing engines

text: , rockets are lightweight and powerful and capable of generating large accelerations. To control their flight, rockets rely on momentum, airfoils,

text: auxiliary reaction engines

text: gimballed thrust

text: momentum wheels

text: deflection of the exhaust stream

text: , propellant flow,

text: spin

text: , and/or gravity.

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answers: NDQ_005807

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answers: NDQ_005808

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: escape velocity from Earth

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The launch of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, an Explorer-class satellite designed to conduct the first infrared survey of the sky led to anticipation of an instrument using new infrared detector technology.  By September 1983 NASA was considering the "possibility of a long duration [free-flyer] SIRTF mission."  The 1985 Spacelab-2 flight aboard STS-51-F confirmed the Shuttle environment was not well suited to an onboard infrared telescope, and a free-flying design was better.  The first word of the name was changed from Shuttle so it would be called the Space Infrared Telescope Facility.

text: The launch of the

text: Infrared Astronomical Satellite

text: , an Explorer-class satellite designed to conduct the first infrared survey of the sky led to anticipation of an instrument using new infrared detector technology.  By September 1983 NASA was considering the "possibility of a long duration [free-flyer] SIRTF mission."  The 1985 Spacelab-2 flight aboard

text: confirmed the Shuttle environment was not well suited to an onboard infrared telescope, and a free-flying design was better.  The first word of the name was changed from Shuttle so it would be called the Space Infrared Telescope Facility.

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text: The Shuttle stack launched vertically like a conventional rocket. It lifted off under the power of its two SRBs and three main engines, which were fueled by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen from the ET. The Space Shuttle had a two-stage ascent. The SRBs provided additional thrust during liftoff and first-stage flight. About two minutes after liftoff, frangible nuts were fired, releasing the SRBs, which then parachuted into the ocean, to be retrieved by ships for refurbishment and reuse. The orbiter and ET continued to ascend on an increasingly horizontal flight path under power from its main engines. Upon reaching 17,500 mph (7.8 km/s), necessary for low Earth orbit, the main engines were shut down. The ET, attached by two frangible nuts was then jettisoned to burn up in the atmosphere. After jettisoning the external tank, the orbital maneuvering system (OMS) engines were used to adjust the orbit.The orbiter carried astronauts and payloads such as satellites or space station parts into low Earth orbit, the Earth's upper atmosphere or thermosphere. Usually, five to seven crew members rode in the orbiter. Two crew members, the commander and pilot, were sufficient for a minimal flight, as in the first four "test" flights, STS-1 through STS-4. The typical payload capacity was about  but could be increased depending on the choice of launch configuration. The orbiter carried its payload in a large cargo bay with doors that opened along the length of its top, a feature which made the Space Shuttle unique among spacecraft. This feature made possible the deployment of large satellites such as the Hubble Space Telescope and also the capture and return of large payloads back to Earth.

text: The Shuttle stack launched vertically like a conventional rocket. It lifted off under the power of its two SRBs and three

text: main engines

text: , which were fueled by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen from the ET. The Space Shuttle had a two-stage ascent. The SRBs provided additional thrust during liftoff and first-stage flight. About two minutes after liftoff, frangible nuts were fired, releasing the SRBs, which then parachuted into the ocean, to be retrieved by

text: ships

text: for refurbishment and reuse. The orbiter and ET continued to ascend on an increasingly horizontal flight path under power from its main engines. Upon reaching 17,500 mph (7.8 km/s), necessary for low Earth orbit, the main engines were shut down. The ET, attached by two frangible nuts was then jettisoned to burn up in the atmosphere. After jettisoning the external tank, the

text: orbital maneuvering system

text: (OMS) engines were used to adjust the orbit.The orbiter carried

text: astronaut

text: s and payloads such as satellites or space station parts into low Earth orbit, the Earth's upper atmosphere or

text: thermosphere

text: . Usually, five to seven crew members rode in the orbiter. Two crew members, the commander and pilot, were sufficient for a minimal flight, as in the first four "test" flights, STS-1 through STS-4. The typical payload capacity was about  but could be increased depending on the choice of launch configuration. The orbiter carried its payload in a large cargo bay with doors that opened along the length of its top, a feature which made the Space Shuttle unique among spacecraft. This feature made possible the deployment of large satellites such as the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: and also the capture and return of large payloads back to Earth.

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text: The CSS will be operated in Low Earth Orbit, 340 to 450 kilometers above the Earth at an orbital inclination of 42 to 43 degrees, in the centre of the Earth's thermosphere. At this altitude there is a variety of space debris, consisting of many different objects including entire spent rocket stages, dead satellites, explosion fragments—including materials from anti-satellite weapon tests (2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test), paint flakes, slag from solid rocket motors, coolant released by RORSAT nuclear powered satellites and some of the 750,000,000 small needles from the American military Project West Ford. These objects, in addition to natural micrometeoroids, are a significant threat. Large objects could destroy the station, but are less of a threat as their orbits can be predicted. Objects too small to be detected by optical and radar instruments, from approximately 1 cm down to microscopic size, number in the trillions. Despite their small size, some of these objects are still a threat because of their kinetic energy and direction in relation to the station. Spacesuits of spacewalking crew could puncture, causing exposure to vacuum.

text: The CSS will be operated in

text: Low Earth Orbit

text: , 340 to 450 kilometers above the Earth at an

text: orbital inclination

text: of 42 to 43 degrees, in the centre of the Earth's

text: thermosphere

text: . At this altitude there is a variety of space debris, consisting of many different objects including entire spent rocket stages, dead satellites, explosion fragments—including materials from

text: anti-satellite weapon

text: tests (

entity_name: 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test

text: 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test

text: ), paint flakes, slag from solid rocket motors, coolant released by

text: RORSAT

text: nuclear powered satellites and some of the 750,000,000 small needles from the American military

text: Project West Ford

text: . These objects, in addition to natural

text: micrometeoroid

text: s, are a significant threat. Large objects could destroy the station, but are less of a threat as their orbits can be predicted. Objects too small to be detected by optical and radar instruments, from approximately 1 cm down to microscopic size, number in the trillions. Despite their small size, some of these objects are still a threat because of their

text: kinetic energy

text: and direction in relation to the station. Spacesuits of spacewalking crew could puncture, causing

text: exposure to vacuum

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text: Goddard Space Flight Center remained involved in the manned space flight program, providing computer support and radar tracking of flights through a worldwide network of ground stations called the Spacecraft Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (STDN). However, the Center focused primarily on designing unmanned satellites and spacecraft for scientific research missions. Goddard pioneered several fields of spacecraft development, including modular spacecraft design, which reduced costs and made it possible to repair satellites in orbit. Goddard's Solar Max satellite, launched in 1980, was repaired by astronauts on the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984.

text: Goddard Space Flight Center remained involved in the manned space flight program, providing

text: computer

text: support and

text: radar

text: tracking of flights through a worldwide network of

text: ground station

text: s called the

entity_name: Spacecraft Tracking and Data Acquisition Network

text: Spacecraft Tracking and Data Acquisition Network

text: (STDN). However, the Center focused primarily on designing unmanned

text: satellite

text: s and

text: spacecraft

text: for scientific research missions. Goddard pioneered several fields of spacecraft development, including

text: modular

text: spacecraft design, which reduced costs and made it possible to

text: repair

text: satellites in orbit. Goddard's

text: Solar Max

text: satellite, launched in 1980, was repaired by astronauts on the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger

text: in 1984.

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text: The first orbiting, unmanned satellite to be repaired in space, SMM was notable in that its useful life compared with similar spacecraft was significantly increased by the direct intervention of a manned space mission. During STS-41-C in 1984, the Space Shuttle Challenger rendezvoused with the SMM, astronauts James van Hoften and George Nelson attempted to use the Manned Maneuvering Unit to capture the satellite and to bring it into the orbiter's payload bay for repairs and servicing. The plan was to use an astronaut-piloted Maneuvering Unit to grapple the satellite with the Trunion Pin Attachment Device (TPAD) mounted between the hand controllers of the Maneuvering Unit, null its rotation rates, and allow the Shuttle to bring it into the Shuttle's payload bay for stowage. Three attempts to grapple the satellite using the TPAD failed. The TPAD jaws could not lock onto Solar Max because of an obstructing grommet on the satellite not included in its blueprints.

text: The first orbiting, unmanned satellite to be repaired in space, SMM was notable in that its useful life compared with similar

text: spacecraft

text: was significantly increased by the direct intervention of a manned space mission. During

text: in 1984, the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger

text: rendezvoused with the SMM, astronauts

text: James van Hoften

text: and

text: George Nelson

text: attempted to use the

text: Manned Maneuvering Unit

text: to capture the satellite and to bring it into the orbiter's payload bay for repairs and servicing. The plan was to use an astronaut-piloted Maneuvering Unit to grapple the satellite with the Trunion Pin Attachment Device (TPAD) mounted between the hand controllers of the Maneuvering Unit, null its rotation rates, and allow the Shuttle to bring it into the Shuttle's payload bay for stowage. Three attempts to grapple the satellite using the TPAD failed. The TPAD jaws could not lock onto Solar Max because of an obstructing grommet on the satellite not included in its blueprints.

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text: Peterson was a Mission Specialist on STS-6, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on April 4, 1983. He was accompanied by Paul J. Weitz (spacecraft commander), Col. Karol J. Bobko (Pilot), and Dr. F. Story Musgrave (Mission Specialist). During this maiden voyage of the spacecraft Challenger, the STS-6 crew conducted numerous experiments in materials processing, recorded lightning activities, deployed the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-A), and activated three Getaway Specials. Peterson and Musgrave conducted an extravehicular activity (EVA), commonly called a "spacewalk," to test the new suit, the Shuttle airlock, and new tools and techniques for construction and repair outside a spacecraft. After 120 hours of orbital operations STS-6 landed on the concrete runway at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on April 9, 1983. With the completion of this flight Don Peterson has logged 4 hours 15 minutes in extravehicular activity, and a total of 120 hours in space.

text: Peterson was a

text: Mission Specialist

text: on

text: , which launched from

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: Florida

text: , on April 4, 1983. He was accompanied by

text: Paul J. Weitz

text: (spacecraft commander), Col.

text: Karol J. Bobko

text: (Pilot), and Dr.

text: F. Story Musgrave

text: (Mission Specialist). During this maiden voyage of the spacecraft

text: Challenger

text: , the STS-6 crew conducted numerous experiments in materials processing, recorded lightning activities, deployed the first

text: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite

text: (TDRS-A), and activated three Getaway Specials. Peterson and Musgrave conducted an extravehicular activity (EVA), commonly called a "

text: spacewalk

text: ," to test the new suit, the Shuttle

text: airlock

text: , and new tools and techniques for construction and repair outside a

text: spacecraft

text: . After 120 hours of orbital operations STS-6 landed on the concrete runway at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on April 9, 1983. With the completion of this flight Don Peterson has logged 4 hours 15 minutes in extravehicular activity, and a total of 120 hours in space.

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text: K band is primarily used for satellite communications, most notably for fixed and broadcast services, and for specific applications such as NASA's Tracking Data Relay Satellite used for both space shuttle and International Space Station (ISS) communications.  K band satellites are also used for backhauls and particularly for satellite from remote locations back to a television network's studio for editing and broadcasting.  The band is split into multiple segments that vary by geographical region by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). NBC was the first television network to uplink a majority of its affiliate feeds via K band in 1983.

text: K band is primarily used for

text: satellite communication

text: s, most notably for fixed and broadcast services, and for specific applications such as

text: NASA

text: 's

text: Tracking Data Relay Satellite

text: used for both

text: space shuttle

text: and

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS) communications.  K band satellites are also used for

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text: s and particularly for satellite from remote locations back to a

text: television

text: network's studio for editing and

text: broadcasting

text: .  The band is split into multiple segments that vary by geographical region by the

text: International Telecommunication Union

text: (ITU).

text: NBC

text: was the first television network to uplink a majority of its affiliate feeds via K band in 1983.

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text: The Space exhibition looks at space and discoveries relating to it. It includes a life size model space-shuttle cockpit. It has a feature on Australian satellites and joins the Transport exhibit through an underground temporary exhibit walkway and two side entrances.

text: The Space exhibition looks at space and discoveries relating to it. It includes a life size model space-shuttle cockpit. It has a feature on Australian satellites and joins the Transport exhibit through an underground temporary exhibit walkway and two side entrances.

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text: Yamal 101 (Russian: '''Ямал-101''') was a geostationary communications satellite operated by Gazkom and built by RSC Energia. It was, along with Yamal 102 the first communications satellite of the Yamal program and the first iteration of the USP Bus. It was a  satellite with 2200W of power (1300W available for the payload) on an unpressurized bus. It had eight SPT-70 electric thrusters by OKB Fakel for station keeping. Its payload was 12 C band equivalent transponders supplied by Space Systems Loral.

text: Yamal 101 (

text: Russian

text: : '''Ямал-101''') was a

text: geostationary

text: communications satellite

text: operated by

text: Gazkom

text: and built by

entity_name: S. P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia

text: RSC Energia

text: . It was, along with

text: Yamal 102

text: the first communications satellite of the

text: Yamal

text: program and the first iteration of the

text: USP Bus

text: . It was a  satellite with 2200W of power (1300W available for the payload) on an unpressurized bus. It had eight

entity_name: Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion

text: electric thrusters

text: by

text: OKB Fakel

text: for

text: station keeping

text: . Its payload was 12

text: C band

text: equivalent

text: transponders

text: supplied by

text: Space Systems Loral

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answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: Higginbotham began her career in 1987 at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida, as a Payload Electrical Engineer in the Electrical and Telecommunications Systems Division. Within six months she became the lead for the Orbiter Experiments (OEX) on OV-102, the Space Shuttle Columbia. She later worked on the Shuttle payload bay reconfiguration for all Shuttle missions and conducted electrical compatibility tests for all payloads flown aboard the Shuttle. She was also tasked by KSC management to undertake several special assignments where she served as the Executive Staff Assistant to the Director of Shuttle Operations and Management, led a team of engineers in performing critical analysis for the Space Shuttle flow in support of a simulation model tool, and worked on an interactive display detailing the Space Shuttle processing procedures at Spaceport USA (Kennedy Space Center’s Visitors Center). Higginbotham then served as backup orbiter project engineer for OV-104, Space Shuttle Atlantis, where she participated in the integration of the orbiter docking station (ODS) into the space shuttle used during Shuttle/Mir docking missions. Two years later, she was promoted to lead orbiter project engineer for OV-102, Space Shuttle Columbia. In this position, she held the technical lead government engineering position in the firing room where she supported and managed the integration of vehicle testing and troubleshooting. She actively participated in 53 space shuttle launches during her 9-year tenure at Kennedy Space Center.

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text: Shuttle for the PC was released on two 360k floppy disks, however it could be copied to a single 1.44MB floppy and installed or run from there. Gameplay consisted of flying through simulations of a number of different space shuttle missions, starting with the Approach and Landing Tests where the original space shuttle, Enterprise, was flown from the back of a modified Boeing 747 to a gliding landing at Edwards Air Force Base, through to launching the Hubble Space Telescope, building a space station, using the Manned Maneuvering Unit to capture satellites for repairs, and launching 'secret' military satellites. The level of detail went so far, that the External Tank (ET) painted in white color was only displayed in the earliest available scenarios while the later one displayed the brown it wore later on.

text: Shuttle for the PC was released on two 360k floppy disks, however it could be copied to a single 1.44MB floppy and installed or run from there. Gameplay consisted of flying through simulations of a number of different space shuttle missions, starting with the

text: Approach and Landing Tests

text: where the original space shuttle,

text: Enterprise

text: , was flown from the back of a modified Boeing 747 to a gliding landing at

text: Edwards Air Force Base

text: , through to launching the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: , building a space station, using the

text: Manned Maneuvering Unit

text: to capture satellites for repairs, and launching 'secret' military satellites. The level of detail went so far, that the External Tank (ET) painted in white color was only displayed in the earliest available scenarios while the later one displayed the brown it wore later on.

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text: The Saturn-Shuttle was a preliminary concept of launching the Space Shuttle orbiter using the Saturn V rocket.

text: The Saturn-Shuttle was a preliminary concept of launching the

text: Space Shuttle

text: orbiter using the

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answers: the Space Shuttle orbiter

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: Space Shuttle orbiter

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Two Space Shuttle missions – the ill-fated STS-51-L (ended by the Challenger disaster) and STS-61-E – were scheduled to observe Halley's Comet from low Earth orbit. STS-51-L carried the Shuttle-Pointed Tool for Astronomy (SPARTAN-203) satellite, also called the Halley's Comet Experiment Deployable (HCED). STS-61-E was a Columbia mission scheduled for March 1986, carrying the ASTRO-1 platform to study the comet. Due to the suspension of America's manned space program after the Challenger explosion, the mission was canceled, and ASTRO-1 would not fly until late 1990 on STS-35.

text: Two

text: Space Shuttle

text: missions – the ill-fated

text: (ended by the

text: Challenger disaster

text: ) and

text: – were scheduled to observe Halley's Comet from

text: low Earth orbit

text: . STS-51-L carried the Shuttle-Pointed Tool for Astronomy (SPARTAN-203) satellite, also called the Halley's Comet Experiment Deployable (HCED). STS-61-E was a Columbia mission scheduled for March 1986, carrying the ASTRO-1 platform to study the comet. Due to the suspension of America's manned space program after the Challenger explosion, the mission was canceled, and ASTRO-1 would not fly until late 1990 on

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answers: STS-61-E

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answers: SPARTAN-203) satellite

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answers: Challenger

answers: NDQ_005807

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_005808

answers: Challenger disaster

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: manned space program

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Canadian Space Agency operates a highly active space program, conducting deep-space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites. Canada was the third country to launch a satellite into space after the USSR and the United States, with the 1962 Alouette 1 launch. In 1984, Marc Garneau became Canada's first male astronaut. Canada is a participant in the International Space Station (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's Space Shuttle. Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including Radarsat-1 and 2, ISIS and MOST. Canada has also produced one of the world's most successful and widely used sounding rockets, the Black Brant; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.

text: The

text: Canadian Space Agency

text: operates a highly active

text: space program

text: , conducting deep-space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites. Canada was the third country to launch a satellite into space after the

text: USSR

text: and the United States, with the 1962

text: Alouette 1

text: launch. In 1984,

text: Marc Garneau

text: became Canada's first male astronaut. Canada is a participant in the

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS), and is a pioneer in space

text: robotics

text: , having constructed the

text: Canadarm

text: and

text: Dextre

text: robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's

text: Space Shuttle

text: . Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including

text: and

text: ISIS

text: and

text: MOST

text: . Canada has also produced one of the world's most successful and widely used

text: sounding rocket

text: s, the

text: Black Brant

text: ; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 2

text: Dommett worked at both the RAE and the rocket testing station of Saunders-Roe at High Down on the Isle of Wight, where the United Kingdom's first indigenous rocketry system Black Knight was developed. Dommett was designated 'Chief Missile Scientist' on the key projects Black Knight (nuclear rocket), Blue Streak (nuclear missile), and Black Arrow (satellite launcher). Despite the enormous success of all these projects, all were later abandoned on grounds of expense. To date the United Kingdom is the only country to have successfully developed and then abandoned a satellite launch capability. All other countries to have developed such capability have retained it either through their own space programme, or in the case of France through its involvement in the Ariane programme. The nuclear missile programme was abandoned in favour of buying in the American Polaris system; Dommett was the Chief Missile Scientist on the programme of developing Polaris for British use, known as the Chevaline project.

text: Dommett worked at both the RAE and the rocket testing station of

text: Saunders-Roe

text: at

text: High Down

text: on the

text: Isle of Wight

text: , where the United Kingdom's first indigenous rocketry system

text: Black Knight

text: was developed. Dommett was designated 'Chief Missile Scientist' on the key projects

text: Black Knight

text: (nuclear rocket),

text: Blue Streak

text: (nuclear missile), and

text: Black Arrow

text: (satellite launcher). Despite the enormous success of all these projects, all were later abandoned on grounds of expense. To date the United Kingdom is the only country to have successfully developed and then abandoned a satellite launch capability. All other countries to have developed such capability have retained it either through their own space programme, or in the case of France through its involvement in the

text: Ariane

text: programme. The nuclear missile programme was abandoned in favour of buying in the American

text: Polaris

text: system; Dommett was the Chief Missile Scientist on the programme of developing Polaris for British use, known as the Chevaline project.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Each Space Shuttle had three RS-25 engines, installed in the aft structure of the Space Shuttle orbiter in the Orbiter Processing Facility prior to the orbiter being transferred to the Vehicle Assembly Building. If necessary the engines could be changed on the pad. The engines, drawing propellant from the Space Shuttle external tank (ET) via the orbiter's main propulsion system (MPS), were ignited at T-6.6 seconds prior to liftoff (with each ignition staggered by 120 ms), which allowed their performance to be checked prior to ignition of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs), which committed the shuttle to the launch. At launch, the engines would be operating at 100% RPL, throttling up to 104.5% immediately following liftoff. The engines would maintain this power level until around T+40 seconds, where they would be throttled back to around 70% to reduce aerodynamic loads on the shuttle stack as it passed through the region of maximum dynamic pressure, or max Q. The engines would then be throttled back up until around T+8 minutes, at which point they would be gradually throttled back down to 67% to prevent the stack exceeding 3 g of acceleration as it became progressively lighter due to propellant consumption. The engines were then shut down, a procedure known as main engine cutoff (MECO), at around T+8.5 minutes.

text: Each Space Shuttle had three RS-25 engines, installed in the aft structure of the

text: Space Shuttle orbiter

text: in the

text: Orbiter Processing Facility

text: prior to the orbiter being transferred to the

text: Vehicle Assembly Building

text: . If necessary the engines could be changed on the pad. The engines, drawing propellant from the Space Shuttle external tank (ET) via the orbiter's main propulsion system (MPS), were ignited at T-6.6 seconds prior to liftoff (with each ignition staggered by 120

text: ms

text: ), which allowed their performance to be checked prior to ignition of the

text: Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster

text: s (SRBs), which committed the shuttle to the launch. At launch, the engines would be operating at 100% RPL, throttling up to 104.5% immediately following liftoff. The engines would maintain this power level until around T+40 seconds, where they would be throttled back to around 70% to reduce aerodynamic loads on the shuttle stack as it passed through the region of maximum dynamic pressure, or

text: max Q

text: . The engines would then be throttled back up until around T+8 minutes, at which point they would be gradually throttled back down to 67% to prevent the stack exceeding 3

text: g

text: of acceleration as it became progressively lighter due to propellant consumption. The engines were then shut down, a procedure known as main engine cutoff (MECO), at around T+8.5 minutes.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: The Space Shuttle was initially conceived as a cargo transport to be used in concert with the Saturn V, even to the point that a Saturn-Shuttle was proposed, using the winged shuttle orbiter and external tank, but with the tank mounted on a modified, fly-back version of the S-IC. The first S-IC stage would be used to power the Shuttle during the first two minutes of flight, after which the S-IC would be jettisoned (which would then fly back to KSC for refurbishment) and the Space Shuttle Main Engines would then fire and place the orbiter into orbit. The Shuttle would handle space station logistics, while Saturn V would launch components. Lack of a second Saturn V production run killed this plan and has left the United States without a heavy-lift launch vehicle. Some in the U.S. space community have come to lament this situation, as continued production would have allowed the International Space Station, using a Skylab or Mir configuration with both U.S. and Russian docking ports, to have been lifted with just a handful of launches. The Saturn-Shuttle concept also would have eliminated the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters that ultimately precipitated the Challenger accident in 1986.

text: The

text: Space Shuttle

text: was initially conceived as a cargo transport to be used in concert with the Saturn V, even to the point that a

text: Saturn-Shuttle

text: was proposed, using the winged shuttle orbiter and

text: external tank

text: , but with the tank mounted on a modified, fly-back version of the S-IC. The first S-IC stage would be used to power the Shuttle during the first two minutes of flight, after which the S-IC would be jettisoned (which would then fly back to KSC for refurbishment) and the

text: Space Shuttle Main Engine

text: s would then fire and place the orbiter into orbit. The Shuttle would handle

text: space station

text: logistics, while Saturn V would launch components. Lack of a second Saturn V production run killed this plan and has left the United States without a

text: heavy-lift launch vehicle

text: . Some in the U.S. space community have come to lament this situation, as continued production would have allowed the

text: International Space Station

text: , using a Skylab or

text: Mir

text: configuration with both U.S. and Russian docking ports, to have been lifted with just a handful of launches. The

text: Saturn-Shuttle

text: concept also would have eliminated the

text: Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster

text: s that ultimately precipitated the

text: Challenger accident

text: in 1986.

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answers: continued production would have allowed the International Space Station

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answers: Space Shuttle Main Engines would then fire and place the orbiter into orbit

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text: The final Space Shuttle mission, STS-135, began on 8 July with the launch of , carrying supplies for the ISS aboard the Raffaello Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM). After resupplying the space station, Atlantis returned to Earth, landing at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility at 09:57 UTC on 21 July, and concluding thirty years of Space Shuttle operations. Two days before landing, Atlantis deployed PSSC-2, the last satellite to be launched from a Space Shuttle.

text: The final Space Shuttle mission,

text: , began on 8 July with the launch of , carrying supplies for the ISS aboard the

text: Raffaello

text: Multi-Purpose Logistics Module

text: (MPLM). After resupplying the space station, Atlantis returned to Earth, landing at

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: 's

text: Shuttle Landing Facility

text: at 09:57 UTC on 21 July, and concluding thirty years of Space Shuttle operations. Two days before landing, Atlantis deployed

text: , the last satellite to be launched from a Space Shuttle.

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text: The year 2011 saw a number of significant events in spaceflight, including the retirement of NASA's Space Shuttle after its final flight in July 2011, and the launch of China's first space station module, Tiangong-1, in September. A total of 84 orbital launches were conducted over the course of the year, of which 78 were successful. Russia, China and the United States conducted the majority of the year's orbital launches, with 35, 19 and 18 launches respectively; 2011 marked the first year that China conducted more successful launches than the United States. Seven manned missions were launched into orbit during 2011, carrying a total of 28 astronauts to the International Space Station. Additionally, the Zenit-3F and Long March 2F/G carrier rockets made their maiden flights in 2011, while the Delta II Heavy made its last.

text: The year 2011 saw a number of significant events in spaceflight, including the

text: retirement

text: of

text: NASA

text: 's

text: Space Shuttle

text: after its final flight in July 2011, and the launch of

text: China

text: 's first

text: space station

text: module,

text: , in September. A total of 84 orbital launches were conducted over the course of the year, of which 78 were successful.

text: Russia

text: , China and the

text: United States

text: conducted the majority of the year's orbital launches, with 35, 19 and 18 launches respectively; 2011 marked the first year that China conducted more successful launches than the United States. Seven manned missions were launched into orbit during 2011, carrying a total of 28 astronauts to the

text: International Space Station

text: . Additionally, the

text: and

text: Long March 2F/G

text: carrier rocket

text: s made their maiden flights in 2011, while the

text: Delta II

text: Heavy made its last.

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text: Among latest TsAGI developments are the rocket Energia and the Space Shuttle Buran.

text: Among latest TsAGI developments are the rocket

text: Energia

text: and the

text: Space Shuttle Buran

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text: STS-79 was the 17th flight of Space Shuttle Atlantis, and the 79th mission of the Space Shuttle program. The flight saw Atlantis dock with the Russian space station Mir to deliver equipment, supplies and relief personnel. A variety of scientific experiments were also conducted aboard Atlantis by her crew. It was the first shuttle mission to rendezvous with a fully assembled Mir, and the fourth rendezvous of a shuttle to the space station.

text: STS-79 was the 17th flight of

text: Space Shuttle

text: Atlantis

text: , and the 79th mission of the Space Shuttle

text: program

text: . The flight saw Atlantis dock with the Russian space station

text: Mir

text: to deliver equipment, supplies and relief personnel. A variety of scientific experiments were also conducted aboard Atlantis by her crew. It was the first shuttle mission to rendezvous with a fully assembled Mir, and the fourth rendezvous of a shuttle to the space station.

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answers: to deliver equipment, supplies

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

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answer: 1

text: STS-5 was the fifth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the fifth flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia. It launched on 11 November 1982 and landed five days later on 16 November. STS-5 was the first shuttle mission to deploy communications satellites into orbit, and the first officially "operational" shuttle mission.

text: STS-5 was the fifth

text: NASA

text: Space Shuttle

text: mission and the fifth flight of the

text: Space Shuttle Columbia

text: . It launched on 11 November 1982 and landed five days later on 16 November. STS-5 was the first shuttle mission to deploy

text: communications satellite

text: s into orbit, and the first officially "operational" shuttle mission.

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answer: No

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text: On 1 October 1982, the Air Force Space Technology Center (AFSTC) was established at Kirtland to coordinate and manage research into Air Force space systems. It was to plan and execute “Air Force R&D programs in space technology, advanced nonconventional weapons and weapons effects, rocket propulsion and geophysics”. The AFSTC operated under the oversight of the Space Systems Division of Air Force Systems Command (AFSC), located at Los Angeles AFB. The AFSTC supervised the AFWL, the Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory at Edwards AFB, California, and the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory at Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts.  The announcement for the new center was made two days after Secretary of State Alexander Haig revealed that the Soviet Union had made practice runs with several space weapons, including one that could destroy U.S. satellites.  The new AFSTC was responsible for military satellites, the anti-satellite program, military payloads orbited by space shuttles, the tracking of Soviet satellites, and other related programs.

text: On 1 October 1982, the

text: Air Force Space Technology Center

text: (AFSTC) was established at Kirtland to coordinate and manage research into Air Force space systems. It was to plan and execute “Air Force R&D programs in space technology, advanced nonconventional weapons and weapons effects, rocket propulsion and geophysics”. The AFSTC operated under the oversight of the Space Systems Division of

text: Air Force Systems Command

text: (AFSC), located at Los Angeles AFB. The AFSTC supervised the AFWL, the Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory at

text: Edwards AFB

text: , California, and the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory at

text: Hanscom AFB

text: , Massachusetts.  The announcement for the new center was made two days after Secretary of State

text: Alexander Haig

text: revealed that the Soviet Union had made practice runs with several space weapons, including one that could destroy U.S. satellites.  The new AFSTC was responsible for military satellites, the anti-satellite program, military payloads orbited by

text: space shuttle

text: s, the tracking of Soviet satellites, and other related programs.

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text: In the movie, the shuttle takes off horizontally and the Pas-Com (Passenger Compartment) rises out of the cargo bay so you can do some orbital sightseeing. The shuttle passes Space Shuttle Destiny, which is doing some cleanup work around the atmosphere. Next the shuttle passes an HBO satellite and the fictional Space Station Freedom 3. The shuttle then makes its way away from Earth and enters LRVM warp and exits a short distance from the moon. The shuttle then flies over the Sea of Tranquility and over Armstrong City. Shortly before landing in the city an alert is sent to the shuttle crew ordering them to investigate a meteor danger in the area. The shuttle, not even getting a chance to land, takes off again towards an asteroid belt. America is then hit by an asteroid and is now fighting to survive in the asteroid field. America begins blasting asteroids with its 'particle beam' (laser). The shuttle then spots the meteor and is alerted it is heading on a direct course to Earth. Unable to destroy it from a distance, the shuttle flies through a canyon and a cave and destroys it from the inside. The shuttle, now crippled, heads immediately back towards the LRVM and warps back to Earth. The hydraulics for the Pas-Com then malfunction just as the shuttle begins Earth re-entry but they come down just before re-entry. The shuttle lands and the ride ends.

text: In the movie, the shuttle takes off horizontally and the Pas-Com (Passenger Compartment) rises out of the cargo bay so you can do some orbital sightseeing. The shuttle passes Space Shuttle Destiny, which is doing some cleanup work around the atmosphere. Next the shuttle passes an

text: HBO

text: satellite and the fictional Space Station Freedom 3. The shuttle then makes its way away from Earth and enters LRVM warp and exits a short distance from the moon. The shuttle then flies over the

text: Sea of Tranquility

text: and over Armstrong City. Shortly before landing in the city an alert is sent to the shuttle crew ordering them to investigate a meteor danger in the area. The shuttle, not even getting a chance to land, takes off again towards an

text: asteroid belt

text: . America is then hit by an asteroid and is now fighting to survive in the asteroid field. America begins blasting asteroids with its 'particle beam' (laser). The shuttle then spots the meteor and is alerted it is heading on a direct course to Earth. Unable to destroy it from a distance, the shuttle flies through a canyon and a cave and destroys it from the inside. The shuttle, now crippled, heads immediately back towards the LRVM and warps back to Earth. The hydraulics for the Pas-Com then malfunction just as the shuttle begins Earth re-entry but they come down just before re-entry. The shuttle lands and the ride ends.

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text: The SUPARCO negotiated with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the launch of the satellite and approval required from the United States Government for the launch of the Badr-I.  The Air Force Strategic Command decided to fly the satellite by using one of its C-130 aircraft in 1986 to Florida, United States. The Delta 3000 was selected by NASA's administration as its launch vehicle. Preparation was made and its crew and satellite was stored at the aircraft, however, it was delayed due to unknown reasons. The Badr-I was never shipped to United States and its launch was delayed for until next four years. As aftermath of the Challenger disaster in 1986, the United States Government and NASA had halt all the flights of the rockets carrying spacecraft and satellite payloads until the investigations were thoroughly completed. The satellite was stored at the Instrumentation Laboratories (IL) and SUPARCO began to negotiate with other space powers. In 1990, representatives of Chinese government offered Government of Pakistan to launch the satellite on one of its Long March Rockets and its facility. SUPARCO did not want to wait any longer, therefore, the Air Force Strategic Command flew the satellite, in sub-assembly form, to People's Republic of China. The satellite was re-assembled by Air Force Strategic Command and Suparco's official who visited the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. The satellite was load at the Launch Area 2 and final preparations were made. The Chinese Government used Long March 2E, a three-stage orbital carrier rocket designed to commercial communications satellites, to launch the Badr-I who also took its first maiden flight with the launch of Badr-I in 16 July 1990.

text: The

text: SUPARCO

text: negotiated with the

text: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

text: (NASA) for the launch of the satellite and approval required from the

text: United States Government

text: for the launch of the Badr-I.  The

text: Air Force Strategic Command

text: decided to fly the satellite by using one of its

text: aircraft in 1986 to Florida, United States. The

text: Delta 3000

text: was selected by NASA's administration as its launch vehicle. Preparation was made and its crew and satellite was stored at the aircraft, however, it was delayed due to unknown reasons. The Badr-I was never shipped to United States and its launch was delayed for until next four years. As aftermath of the

text: Challenger disaster

text: in 1986, the United States Government and NASA had halt all the flights of the rockets carrying spacecraft and satellite payloads until the investigations were thoroughly completed. The satellite was stored at the Instrumentation Laboratories (IL) and SUPARCO began to negotiate with other space powers. In 1990, representatives of

text: Chinese government

text: offered Government of Pakistan to launch the satellite on one of its

text: Long March Rockets

text: and its facility. SUPARCO did not want to wait any longer, therefore, the

text: Air Force Strategic Command

text: flew the satellite, in sub-assembly form, to People's Republic of China. The satellite was re-assembled by Air Force Strategic Command and Suparco's official who visited the

text: Xichang Satellite Launch Center

text: . The satellite was load at the

text: Launch Area 2

text: and final preparations were made. The Chinese Government used

text: Long March 2E

text: , a three-stage orbital carrier rocket designed to commercial communications satellites, to launch the Badr-I who also took its first maiden flight with the launch of Badr-I in 16 July 1990.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: No

answer: 1

text: When she first returned to the Astronaut Office, she was assigned to the Operations Planning Branch to work on the procedures and training issues in support of the International Space Station. She served as the Branch Chief of the Operations Planning Branch from June 1997-June 1998. Following a reorganization of the Astronaut office, she was assigned as the Deputy for Operations/Training of the Space Station Branch from June 1998-June 1999. In that capacity, she had oversight responsibility for Astronaut Office inputs to the Space Station Program on issues regarding operations, procedures, and training for the ISS. She next served as Chief of the Space Station Branch of the Astronaut Office with oversight responsibility for 40-50 astronauts and support engineers. In that capacity, she coordinated all astronaut inputs to the Space Station Program Office on issues regarding the design, development, and testing of space station hardware. Additionally, she coordinated all Astronaut Office inputs to Space Station operations, procedures, and training and worked with the International Partners to negotiate common design requirements and standards for displays and procedures. She also served as the Astronaut Office representative on numerous Space Station Program Boards and Multilateral Boards. Fisher was later assigned to the Shuttle Branch and worked technical assignments in that branch. In 2012, she briefly made news when, during the landing of the Space Shuttle Discovery at Washington's Dulles Airport, where it was being retired to the Smithsonian Institution, she advised an aspiring astronaut to "study Russian". At least one commentator suggested this was a veiled criticism of the US government's lack of funding for the space program.

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text: The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian-built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs Kristall module. During the three-day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several long-term experiments, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module.

text: The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian-built

text: Mir Docking Module

text: to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mirs

text: Kristall

text: module. During the three-day docking, the Russian, Canadian, and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir, moved several

text: long-term experiment

text: s, and upgraded the station with new equipment, particularly during the installation of the docking module.

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text: The Russian Space Programme has named a class of rocket after the Buran (see Shuttle Buran).

text: The Russian Space Programme has named a class of rocket after the Buran (see

text: Shuttle Buran

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text: The launch of Sputnik 1 in October 1957 started the Space Age, and on July 20, 1969 Apollo 11 achieved the first manned moon landing. In April 1981, the Space Shuttle Columbia launched, the start of regular manned access to orbital space. A sustained human presence in orbital space started with "Mir" in 1986 and is continued by the "International Space Station". Space commercialization and space tourism are more recent focuses in aerospace.

text: The launch of Sputnik 1 in October 1957 started the

text: Space Age

text: , and on July 20, 1969

text: Apollo 11

text: achieved the first manned moon landing. In April 1981, the

text: Space Shuttle Columbia

text: launched, the start of regular manned access to orbital space. A sustained human presence in orbital space started with "

text: Mir

text: " in 1986 and is continued by the "

text: International Space Station

text: Space commercialization

text: and

text: space tourism

text: are more recent focuses in aerospace.

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text: The Thiokol Chemical Company was founded in 1929. Its initial business was a range of synthetic rubber and polymer sealants, and Thiokol was a major supplier of liquid polymer sealants during World War II. When scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory discovered that Thiokol's polymers made ideal binders for solid rocket fuels, Thiokol moved into the new field,  opening laboratories at Elkton, Maryland, and later production facilities at Elkton and at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama. Huntsville produced the XM33 Pollux, TX-18 Falcon, and TX-135 Nike-Zeus systems. It closed in 1996. In the mid-1950s the company bought extensive lands in Utah for its rocket test range, and in 1986 was found at fault for the destruction of the Space Shuttle Challenger and the deaths of its astronauts. Thiokol continues to have major operations in the state, at Magna and Promontory (manufacture of the Space Shuttle's solid rocket motors), and its current headquarters at Brigham City.   the company employed over 15,000 people worldwide and records annual sales of around .

text: The Thiokol Chemical Company was founded in 1929. Its initial business was a range of synthetic rubber and polymer sealants, and Thiokol was a major supplier of liquid

text: polymer

text: sealants during

text: World War II

text: . When scientists at the

text: Jet Propulsion Laboratory

text: discovered that Thiokol's polymers made ideal binders for solid rocket fuels, Thiokol moved into the new field,  opening laboratories at

text: Elkton, Maryland

text: , and later production facilities at Elkton and at

text: Redstone Arsenal

text: in

text: Huntsville, Alabama

text: . Huntsville produced the XM33 Pollux, TX-18 Falcon, and

text: TX-135 Nike-Zeus

text: systems. It closed in 1996. In the mid-1950s the company bought extensive lands in

text: Utah

text: for its rocket test range, and in 1986 was found at fault for

text: the destruction of the Space Shuttle Challenger and the deaths of its astronauts

text: . Thiokol continues to have major operations in the state, at

text: Magna

text: and

text: Promontory

text: (manufacture of the Space Shuttle's

text: solid rocket motor

text: s), and its current headquarters at

text: Brigham City

text: .   the company employed over 15,000 people worldwide and records annual sales of around .

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answers: NDQ_005806

answers: TX-135

answers: NDQ_005807

answers: Space

answers: NDQ_005808

answers: destruction of the Space Shuttle Challenger

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: Astronauts

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Space Shuttle Endeavour (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-105) is a retired orbiter from NASA's Space Shuttle program and the fifth and final operational shuttle built. It embarked on its first mission, STS-49, in May 1992 and its 25th and final mission, STS-134, in May 2011. STS-134 was expected to be the final mission of the Space Shuttle program, but with the authorization of STS-135, Atlantis became the last shuttle to fly.

text: Space Shuttle Endeavour (

text: Orbiter Vehicle Designation

text: : OV-105) is a retired

text: orbiter

text: from

text: NASA

text: 's

text: Space Shuttle program

text: and the fifth and final operational

text: shuttle

text: built. It embarked on its first mission,

text: , in May 1992 and its 25th and final mission,

text: , in May 2011. STS-134 was expected to be the final mission of the Space Shuttle program, but with the authorization of

text: Atlantis

text: became the last shuttle to fly.

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answers: Space Shuttle

answers: NDQ_005802

answers: Newton's Law of Motion

answers: NDQ_005803

answers: orbiter

answers: NDQ_005804

answers: Space Shuttle Endeavour

answers: NDQ_005805

answers: Orbiter

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answers: Atlantis

answers: NDQ_005807

answers: orbiter

answers: NDQ_005808

answers: Space Shuttle Endeavour embarked on its first mission

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: space station

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: All rockets used some form of solid or powdered propellant up until the 20th century, when liquid-propellant rockets offered more efficient and controllable alternatives. Solid rockets are still used today in model rockets and on larger applications for their simplicity and reliability.

text: All rockets used some form of solid or powdered

text: propellant

text: up until the 20th century, when

text: liquid-propellant rocket

text: s offered more efficient and controllable alternatives. Solid rockets are still used today in

text: model rocket

text: s and on larger applications for their simplicity and reliability.

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answers: Rockets

answers: NDQ_005802

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answers: NDQ_005803

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answers: NDQ_005804

answers: solid rockets

answers: NDQ_005805

answers: solid rockets

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answers: larger applications

answers: NDQ_005807

answers: liquid-propellant

answers: NDQ_005808

answers: liquid-propellant

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: space station

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Payload Assist Module (PAM) is a modular upper stage designed and built by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing), using Thiokol Star-series solid propellant rocket motors. The PAM was used with the Space Shuttle, Delta, and Titan launchers and carried satellites from low Earth orbit to a geostationary transfer orbit or an interplanetary course. The payload was spin stabilized by being mounted on a rotating plate.  Originally developed for the Space Shuttle, different versions of the PAM were developed:

text: The Payload Assist Module (PAM) is a modular upper stage designed and built by

text: McDonnell Douglas

text: (now

text: Boeing

text: ), using

text: Thiokol

text: Star-series solid propellant rocket motors. The PAM was used with the

text: Space Shuttle

text: Delta

text: , and

text: Titan

text: launchers and carried

text: satellite

text: s from

text: low Earth orbit

text: to a geostationary transfer orbit or an interplanetary course. The payload was spin stabilized by being mounted on a rotating plate.  Originally developed for the Space Shuttle, different versions of the PAM were developed:

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answers: NDQ_005802

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answers: Delta, and Titan launchers

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answers: Earth-orbiting

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answers: Titan

answers: NDQ_005807

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_005808

answers: Delta, and Titan launchers

answers: NDQ_005809

answers: to a geostationary transfer orbit

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A rocket is propelled forward by a thrust force equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, to the time-rate of momentum change of the exhaust gas accelerated from the combustion chamber through the rocket engine nozzle. This is the exhaust velocity with respect to the rocket, times the time-rate at which the mass is expelled, or in mathematical terms:

text: A

text: rocket

text: is propelled forward by a thrust force equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, to the time-rate of momentum change of the exhaust gas accelerated from the combustion chamber through the rocket engine nozzle. This is the

text: exhaust velocity

text: with respect to the rocket, times the time-rate at which the mass is expelled, or in mathematical terms:

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answers: momentum change

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Meanwhile, Second Earth's military station's citizens revolt against Seno. The station's personnel abandon the station for Earth via shuttles. Eventually a firefight erupts over the last remaining overcrowded shuttle, and the station is destroyed by a massive explosion. All around the world from former Blue Nests, long strings of coalescing energy ascend into Earth's atmosphere and form a ring. Marlene and Yuji watch this, realizing Earth is now a safe place to be, and look forward to the rest of their lives together as the sun sets. A final view of the Earth from space is shown with a slightly garbled narration, presumably by the Earth, stating, "Welcome to your next journey".

text: Meanwhile, Second Earth's military station's citizens revolt against Seno. The station's personnel abandon the station for Earth via shuttles. Eventually a firefight erupts over the last remaining overcrowded shuttle, and the station is destroyed by a massive explosion. All around the world from former Blue Nests, long strings of coalescing energy ascend into Earth's atmosphere and form a ring. Marlene and Yuji watch this, realizing Earth is now a safe place to be, and look forward to the rest of their lives together as the sun sets. A final view of the Earth from space is shown with a slightly garbled narration, presumably by the Earth, stating, "Welcome to your next journey".

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text: NASA has been a customer of Kamag vehicles since 1979.  Kamag has provided vehicles to move rockets, boosters, and satellite payloads. The Solid Rocket Motor (SRM) Transporter moves the Space Shuttle SRM segments between refurbishment and storage facilities on the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station  the Vehicle Assembly Building.  It has a capacity of , is equipped with 48 tires and has a turning radius of .  Two Payload Canister Transporters are used to move payload canisters between space shuttle payload processing facilities, the vertical processing facility (where the canister is moved to a vertical position, and the launch pad.  The PCTs are capable of maneuvering at  between  and a more careful  when fully loaded and features a 340 horsepower turbocharged engine for outdoor operation and 45-kilowatt, 480 VAC electric motors for operation in indoor cleanrooms.

text: NASA has been a customer of Kamag vehicles since 1979.  Kamag has provided vehicles to move rockets, boosters, and satellite payloads. The

text: Solid Rocket Motor

text: (SRM) Transporter moves the

text: Space Shuttle SRM

text: segments between refurbishment and storage facilities on the

text: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station

text: the

text: Vehicle Assembly Building

text: .  It has a capacity of , is equipped with 48 tires and has a turning radius of .  Two Payload Canister Transporters are used to move

text: payload canister

text: s between space shuttle payload processing facilities, the vertical processing facility (where the canister is moved to a vertical position, and the

text: launch pad

text: .  The PCTs are capable of maneuvering at  between  and a more careful  when fully loaded and features a 340 horsepower turbocharged engine for outdoor operation and 45-kilowatt, 480 VAC electric motors for operation in indoor cleanrooms.

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text: Communications were handled via HF (shortwave) amateur radio between the skiers and support stations on and near the Arctic Ocean, and headquarters in Moscow and Ottawa. Special amateur radio call signs, CI8UA and EXOVE, were allocated for the expedition; and prefixes, CI8 and EX, for the support stations. The University of Surrey's orbiting space satellite UoSAT-OSCAR-11 was used to relay the position of the group, using the on-board Digitalker, (a computer speech synthesizer).  At this time, before the advent of GPS, the position of the group was obtained by celestial measurements made by skiers themselves, and by using a beacon or Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) to send signals to be picked up by one of the COSPAS and SARSAT 'Search and Rescue' satellites when it flies overhead. Like the UoSAT satellite, they are in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), flying over the poles every 95–98 minutes. The position is calculated by command and tracking stations in Moscow and Canada, using the on-board stored date and time of the signal, and the measured Doppler effect, (a shift in frequency due to the relative velocity between the beacon and the satellite). The skiers could not do the translation to degrees longitude and latitude, because this would require special receivers and computers. Once processed, the data was sent directly to the skiers via shortwave amateur radio, (radio propagation conditions permitting), and by telex or shortwave radio (digital packet radio or voice) to the UoSAT command station at the University of Surrey in Guildford, Surrey, UK. There the information was subsequently loaded into the UoSAT-OSCAR-11 Digitalker. To listen to the satellite, the skiers carried ICOM u2AT handhelds, which were donated by ICOM and tested at very low temperatures, (-50 °C).

text: Communications were handled via

text: HF (shortwave)

text: amateur radio

text: between the skiers and support stations on and near the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: , and headquarters in

text: Moscow

text: and

text: Ottawa

text: . Special amateur radio

text: call signs

text: , CI8UA and EXOVE, were allocated for the expedition; and prefixes, CI8 and EX, for the support stations. The University of Surrey's orbiting space satellite

text: was used to relay the position of the group, using the on-board

text: Digitalker

text: , (a computer speech synthesizer).  At this time, before the advent of GPS, the position of the group was obtained by

text: celestial

text: measurements made by skiers themselves, and by using a beacon or

entity_name: Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station

text: Emergency Locator Transmitter

text: (ELT) to send signals to be picked up by one of the

text: COSPAS and SARSAT

text: 'Search and Rescue' satellites when it flies overhead. Like the UoSAT satellite, they are in

text: Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

text: , flying over the poles every 95–98 minutes. The position is calculated by command and tracking stations in Moscow and Canada, using the on-board stored date and time of the signal, and the measured

text: Doppler effect

text: , (a shift in frequency due to the relative velocity between the beacon and the satellite). The skiers could not do the translation to

text: degrees longitude and latitude

text: , because this would require special receivers and computers. Once processed, the data was sent directly to the skiers via shortwave amateur radio, (

text: radio propagation

text: conditions permitting), and by

text: telex

text: or shortwave radio (digital

text: packet radio

text: or voice) to the UoSAT command station at the

text: University of Surrey

text: in Guildford, Surrey, UK. There the information was subsequently loaded into the

text: Digitalker. To listen to the satellite, the skiers carried ICOM u2AT handhelds, which were donated by ICOM and tested at very low temperatures, (-50 °C).

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text: The Israeli Space Agency coordinates all Israeli space research programs with scientific and commercial goals. In 2012 Israel was ranked ninth in the world by the Futron's Space Competitiveness Index. Israel is one of only seven countries that both build their own satellites and launch their own launchers. The Shavit is a space launch vehicle produced by Israel to launch small satellites into low earth orbit. It was first launched in 1988, making Israel the eighth nation to have a space launch capability. Shavit rockets are launched from the spaceport at the Palmachim Airbase by the Israeli Space Agency. Since 1988 Israel Aerospace Industries have indigenously designed and built at least 13 commercial, research and spy satellites. Some of Israel's satellites are ranked among the world's most advanced space systems. In 2003, Ilan Ramon became Israel's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist of STS-107, the fatal mission of the Space Shuttle Columbia.

text: The

text: Israeli Space Agency

text: coordinates all Israeli space research programs with scientific and commercial goals. In 2012 Israel was ranked ninth in the world by the Futron's

text: Space Competitiveness Index

text: . Israel is one of only seven countries that both build their own satellites and launch their own launchers. The

text: Shavit

text: is a

text: space

text: launch vehicle

text: produced by Israel to launch small

text: satellite

text: s into

text: low earth orbit

text: . It was first launched in 1988, making Israel the

entity_name: Timeline of first orbital launches by country

text: eighth nation

text: to have a space launch capability. Shavit rockets are launched from the

text: spaceport

text: at the

text: Palmachim Airbase

text: by the

text: Israeli Space Agency

text: . Since 1988

text: Israel Aerospace Industries

text: have indigenously designed and built at least 13 commercial, research and spy satellites. Some of Israel's satellites are ranked among the world's most advanced space systems. In 2003,

text: Ilan Ramon

text: became Israel's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist of

text: , the

text: fatal mission

text: of the

text: Space Shuttle Columbia

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text: For launches from the Eastern Range, which includes Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, the Mission Flight Control Officer (MFCO) is responsible for ensuring public safety from the vehicle during its flight up to orbital insertion, or, in the event that the launch is of a ballistic type, until all pieces have fallen safely to Earth.  Despite a common misconception, the MFCO is not part of the Safety Office but, rather is part of the Operations group of the Range Squadron of the 45th Space Wing of the Air Force, and who is considered a direct representative of the Wing Commander.  The MFCO is guided in making destruct decisions by as many as three different types of computer display graphics, generated by the Flight Analysis section of Range Safety. One of the primary displays for most vehicles is a vacuum impact point display in which drag, vehicle turns, wind, and explosion parameters are built into the corresponding graphics.  Another includes a vertical plane display with the vehicle’s trajectory projected onto two planes.  For the Space Shuttle, the primary display a MFCO used is a continuous real time footprint, a moving closed simple curve indicating where most of the debris would fall if the MFCO were to destroy the Shuttle at that moment. This real time footprint was developed in response to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986 when stray solid rocket boosters unexpectedly broke off from the destroyed core vehicle and began traveling uprange, toward land.

text: For launches from the

text: Eastern Range

text: , which includes

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: and

text: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station

text: , the

text: Mission Flight Control Officer

text: (MFCO) is responsible for ensuring public safety from the vehicle during its flight up to orbital insertion, or, in the event that the launch is of a ballistic type, until all pieces have fallen safely to Earth.  Despite a common misconception, the MFCO is not part of the Safety Office but, rather is part of the Operations group of the Range Squadron of the

text: 45th Space Wing

text: of the

text: Air Force

text: , and who is considered a direct representative of the Wing Commander.  The MFCO is guided in making destruct decisions by as many as three different types of computer display graphics, generated by the Flight Analysis section of Range Safety. One of the primary displays for most vehicles is a vacuum impact point display in which drag, vehicle turns, wind, and explosion parameters are built into the corresponding graphics.  Another includes a vertical plane display with the vehicle’s trajectory projected onto two planes.  For the Space Shuttle, the primary display a MFCO used is a continuous real time footprint, a moving closed simple curve indicating where most of the debris would fall if the MFCO were to destroy the Shuttle at that moment. This real time footprint was developed in response to the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

text: in 1986 when stray solid rocket boosters unexpectedly broke off from the destroyed core vehicle and began traveling uprange, toward land.

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text: The Expedition Four crew conducted three spacewalks during its stay on board the International Space Station. The crew spent a total of 17 hours and 51 minutes outside the station. These spacewalks brought the total up to 34—nine station-based and 25 shuttle-based—that have been conducted at the station for total of 208 hours and 5 minutes.

text: The Expedition Four crew conducted three spacewalks during its stay on board the

text: International Space Station

text: . The crew spent a total of 17 hours and 51 minutes outside the station. These spacewalks brought the total up to 34—nine station-based and 25 shuttle-based—that have been conducted at the station for total of 208 hours and 5 minutes.

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text: Some rocket designs have their propellants obtain their energy from non chemical or even external sources. For example, water rockets use the compressed gas, typically air, to force the water out of the rocket.

text: Some rocket designs have their propellants obtain their energy from non chemical or even external sources. For example,

text: water rocket

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text: PMA-2 is currently mounted on the forward port of the Harmony connecting node and was used when Space Shuttle orbiters docked at the station. It is the only PMA that has been outfitted with Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS) hardware, which allowed shuttles to stay docked longer to the space station.

text: PMA-2 is currently mounted on the forward port of the

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text: connecting node and was used when

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text: orbiters docked at the station. It is the only PMA that has been outfitted with

entity_section: Station to shuttle power transfer system

text: Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System

text: (SSPTS) hardware, which allowed shuttles to stay docked longer to the space station.

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text: Some studies also said, beyond the opportunity for space construction and maintenance experience, reactivating the station would free up shuttle flights for other uses, and reduce the need to modify the shuttle for long-duration missions. Even if the station were not manned again, went one argument, it would serve as a useful experimental platform.

text: Some studies also said, beyond the opportunity for space construction and maintenance experience, reactivating the station would free up shuttle flights for other uses, and reduce the need to

text: modify the shuttle for long-duration missions

text: . Even if the station were not manned again, went one argument, it would serve as a useful experimental platform.

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text: Responsible for all shuttle-based activities related to construction and operation of the Space Station, including logistics and transfer items stored in a Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) or Spacehab. Also responsible for all shuttle payloads, from Spacehab to the Hubble Space Telescope to deployable satellites. On Shuttle missions that did not dock with the ISS, this position was known as PAYLOADS.

text: Responsible for all shuttle-based activities related to construction and operation of the Space Station, including logistics and transfer items stored in a Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) or

text: Spacehab

text: . Also responsible for all shuttle payloads, from Spacehab to the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: to deployable satellites. On Shuttle missions that did not dock with the ISS, this position was known as PAYLOADS.

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answer: Yes

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text: A Micro-satellite is defined as any object orbiting the earth that has a mass greater than 10 kg and less than 500 kg. This includes man made satellites and natural satellites, like debris. While man made micro-satellites are primarily peaceful, they are easily weaponized. Because of a satellite’s high relative velocity to another satellite, any collision would destroy both satellites, and micro-satellites have the advantage of being cheaper, more maneuverable and harder to track.In 2001, a Chinese newspaper stated that the PRC was testing a parasitic micro-satellite that could latch onto another satellite and destroy it on command. While no evidence has been found to demonstrate  the development of such a parasite system, in 2008 the BX-1 micro-satellite released by the PRC passed dangerously close to the International Space Station  at a  relative speed which would have destroyed both objects had they collided. This close call raised awareness of the PRC's ability to use micro-satellites as a kinetic kill ASAT system.

text: A

text: Micro-satellite

text: is defined as any object

text: orbiting

text: the earth that has a mass greater than 10 kg and less than 500 kg. This includes man made satellites and natural satellites, like debris. While man made micro-satellites are primarily peaceful, they are easily weaponized. Because of a satellite’s high

text: relative velocity

text: to another satellite, any collision would destroy both satellites, and micro-satellites have the advantage of being cheaper, more maneuverable and harder to track.In 2001, a Chinese newspaper stated that the

text: PRC

text: was testing a

text: parasitic

text: micro-satellite that could latch onto another satellite and destroy it on command. While no evidence has been found to demonstrate  the development of such a parasite system, in 2008 the

text: micro-satellite released by the PRC passed dangerously close to the

text: International Space Station

text: at a  relative speed which would have destroyed both objects had they collided. This close call raised awareness of the PRC's ability to use micro-satellites as a

text: kinetic kill

text: ASAT system.

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answer: 1

text: The Space Launch System (SLS) is an American Space Shuttle-derived heavy expendable launch vehicle being designed by NASA. It follows the cancellation of the Constellation program, and is to replace the retired Space Shuttle. The NASA Authorization Act of 2010 envisions the transformation of the Constellation program's Ares I and Ares V vehicle designs into a single launch vehicle usable for both crew and cargo, similar to the Ares IV. The SLS will have similar total thrust as the Saturn V and a comparable payload capacity, putting the SLS into the super heavy-lift launch vehicle class of rockets.

text: The Space Launch System (SLS) is an American

text: Space Shuttle-derived

text: heavy

text: expendable launch vehicle

text: being designed by

text: NASA

text: . It follows the cancellation of the

text: Constellation program

text: , and is to replace the retired

text: Space Shuttle

text: . The

text: NASA Authorization Act of 2010

text: envisions the transformation of the Constellation program's

text: Ares I

text: and

text: Ares V

text: vehicle designs into a single launch vehicle usable for both crew and cargo, similar to the

text: Ares IV

text: . The SLS will have similar total thrust as the

text: Saturn V

text: and a comparable payload capacity, putting the SLS into the

text: super heavy-lift launch vehicle

text: class of rockets.

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text: After the collapse of the Soviet Union, some government-funded space exploration programs, including the Buran space shuttle program, were cancelled or delayed, while participation of the Russian space industry in commercial activities and international cooperation intensified.Nowadays Russia is the largest satellite launcher. After the United States Space Shuttle program ended in 2011, Soyuz rockets became the only provider of transport for astronauts at the International Space Station.

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text: space shuttle program, were cancelled or delayed, while participation of the Russian space industry in commercial activities and international cooperation intensified.Nowadays Russia is the largest satellite launcher. After the United States

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text: Glitch is found deactivated in a ruined city by Droid rebels. He is reactivated in Droid Town, the last stronghold for the rebellion, where it is discovered that Glitch's memory has been erased. When he is brought up to date on the rebellion, Droid Town is attacked by Milbots. Glitch aids in the defense of the city and  pursues a Mil, Vlax, that got away, so he could not report the location of Droid Town to General Corrosive. While almost everyone is safely in hiding, one of Glitch's friends, Zobby, was taken by Exavolt. Glitch finds Exavolt on a space shuttle ready to take off. Glitch attaches himself to the outside of the shuttle as it takes off. The shuttle docks with a space station in hiding behind a fake moon in orbit over Iron Star.

text: Glitch is found deactivated in a ruined city by Droid rebels. He is reactivated in Droid Town, the last stronghold for the rebellion, where it is discovered that Glitch's memory has been erased. When he is brought up to date on the rebellion, Droid Town is attacked by Milbots. Glitch aids in the defense of the city and  pursues a Mil, Vlax, that got away, so he could not report the location of Droid Town to General Corrosive. While almost everyone is safely in hiding, one of Glitch's friends, Zobby, was taken by Exavolt. Glitch finds Exavolt on a space shuttle ready to take off. Glitch attaches himself to the outside of the shuttle as it takes off. The shuttle docks with a space station in hiding behind a fake moon in orbit over Iron Star.

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text: He received B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1978 and 1980, respectively. He received a Ph.D. degree in computer, information, and control engineering from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, in 1984 under the supervision of Theodore Birdsall. From 1985 to 1989, he was with the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, as an assistant professor in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department. From 1989 to 1993, he was with the Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Company, Houston, TX, as a principal engineer, working for NASA Space Shuttle and Space Station satellite communication systems. Since 1993, he has been with the Electrical and Computer Engineering  Department of Wichita State University where he is now a full professor. In addition, he held several visiting and consulting positions at communication system industries, was a Visiting Associate Professor at Texas A&M University, College Station in 1997, and a Visiting Professor at KAIST, Daejeon, Korea in 2005.

text: He received

text: B.S.

text: and

text: M.S.

text: degrees in

text: electrical engineering

text: from

text: Seoul National University

text: Seoul

text: Korea

text: , in 1978 and 1980, respectively. He received a Ph.D. degree in computer, information, and control engineering from the

text: University of Michigan

text: at

text: Ann Arbor

text: , in 1984 under the supervision of Theodore Birdsall. From 1985 to 1989, he was with the

text: University of Wisconsin

text: Milwaukee

text: , as an assistant professor in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department. From 1989 to 1993, he was with the

text: Lockheed

text: Engineering and Sciences Company,

text: Houston

text: , TX, as a principal engineer, working for

text: NASA

text: Space Shuttle

text: and

text: Space Station

text: satellite communication systems. Since 1993, he has been with the Electrical and Computer Engineering  Department of Wichita State University where he is now a full professor. In addition, he held several visiting and consulting positions at communication system industries, was a Visiting Associate Professor at

text: Texas A&M University

text: College Station

text: in 1997, and a Visiting Professor at

text: KAIST

text: Daejeon

text: , Korea in 2005.

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text: The data/messages from the aircraft are transmitted by the aircraft's Satellite Data Unit (SDU) and relayed via satellite to a ground station, where they are routed to other communication networks to reach their destination. Messages may also be sent to the aircraft, in reverse order. When passing through the satellite, the signals are amplified and translated in frequency—mixed with the signal from an oscillator in the satellite, leaving the satellite at the combined frequency. Transmissions from the aircraft are made on one of several channels (frequencies) near 1.6 GHz, combined with frequency of the satellite's oscillator, and transmitted to the GES at the combined frequency (one of several channels near 3.6 GHz). The ground station then translates the received signal before it reaches equipment to be processed. The ground station keeps a log of transmissions and some data about them.

text: The data/messages from the aircraft are transmitted by the aircraft's

text: Satellite Data Unit

text: (SDU) and relayed via satellite to a

text: ground station

text: , where they are routed to other communication networks to reach their destination. Messages may also be sent to the aircraft, in reverse order. When passing through the satellite, the signals are amplified and

text: translated in frequency

text: —mixed with the signal from an

text: oscillator

text: in the satellite, leaving the satellite at the combined frequency. Transmissions from the aircraft are made on one of several

text: channels (frequencies)

text: near 1.6 GHz, combined with frequency of the satellite's oscillator, and transmitted to the GES at the combined frequency (one of several channels near 3.6 GHz). The ground station then translates the received signal before it reaches equipment to be processed. The ground station keeps a log of transmissions and some data about them.

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text: t/Space was working on designs for an air-launched passenger-carrying capsule termed the Crew Transfer Vehicle, or CXV. In contrast to the Space Shuttle and other companies' CEV proposals, this craft would be specialized for transferring astronauts to and from low Earth orbit along with modest amounts of cargo on the same flights. The capsule would be launched on an upscaled version of AirLaunch's QuickReach rocket under development for DARPA's FALCON program. This rocket would be dropped from the bottom of a custom-designed Scaled Composites aircraft, or a modified Boeing 747, with landing gear modifications to accommodate the rocket. The return capsule uses a design similar to that of the Corona spy satellites. The capsule structure would be built by Scaled Composites.

text: t/Space was working on designs for an

text: air-launched

text: passenger-carrying

text: capsule

text: termed the Crew Transfer Vehicle, or CXV. In contrast to the Space Shuttle and other companies'

text: CEV

text: proposals, this craft would be specialized for transferring astronauts to and from low Earth orbit along with modest amounts of cargo on the same flights. The capsule would be launched on an upscaled version of

text: AirLaunch's

text: QuickReach rocket under development for

text: DARPA

text: 's

text: FALCON

text: program. This rocket would be dropped from the bottom of a custom-designed

text: Scaled Composites

text: aircraft, or a modified

text: Boeing 747

text: , with landing gear modifications to accommodate the rocket. The return capsule uses a design similar to that of the

text: Corona

text: spy satellites. The capsule structure would be built by Scaled Composites.

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text: The Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS; pronounced spits) allowed a docked Space Shuttle to make use of power provided by the International Space Station's solar arrays. Use of this system reduced usage of a shuttle's on-board power-generating fuel cells, allowing it to stay docked to the space station for an additional four days.

text: The Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS; pronounced spits) allowed a docked

text: Space Shuttle

text: to make use of power provided by the

text: International Space Station's

text: solar arrays

text: . Use of this system reduced usage of a shuttle's on-board power-generating

text: fuel cell

text: s, allowing it to stay docked to the space station for an additional four days.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Science Power Platform (SPP) (, Sci-Energy Platform) was a planned Russian element of the International Space Station (ISS) that was intended to be delivered to the ISS by a Russian Proton rocket or Zenit rocket (it was originally designed to be part of Mir-2) but was shifted to launch by Space Shuttle as part as a tradeoff agreement on other parts of the ISS. It would have provided additional power for the ISS as well as roll axis control capability for the orbital facility.  The SPP would have had eight solar arrays and a robotic arm provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) dedicated to maintaining the SPP. The robotic arm (European Robotic Arm) is still going to be part of the station, now scheduled to fly alongside the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module by a Russian Proton rocket in early 2017. If the Science Power Platform had been delivered to the ISS, it would have been attached to the zenith port of Zvezda, a position already occupied by MRM-2.

text: The Science Power Platform (SPP) (, Sci-Energy Platform) was a planned

text: Russia

text: n element of the

text: International Space Station

text: (ISS) that was intended to be delivered to the ISS by a Russian

text: Proton rocket

text: or

text: Zenit rocket

text: (it was originally designed to be part of

text: ) but was shifted to launch by

text: Space Shuttle

text: as part as a tradeoff agreement on other parts of the ISS. It would have provided additional power for the ISS as well as roll axis control capability for the orbital facility.  The SPP would have had eight solar arrays and a robotic arm provided by the

text: European Space Agency

text: (ESA) dedicated to maintaining the SPP. The robotic arm (

text: European Robotic Arm

text: ) is still going to be part of the station, now scheduled to fly alongside the Russian

text: Multipurpose Laboratory Module

text: by a Russian Proton rocket in early 2017. If the Science Power Platform had been delivered to the ISS, it would have been attached to the zenith port of

text: Zvezda

text: , a position already occupied by

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Four Athena I launches have been conducted, with one failure. Its maiden flight was conducted from SLC-6 at Vandenberg, and lifted off at 22:30 GMT on 15 August 1995. It was intended to place GemStar-1 into orbit, however the rocket was destroyed by the range safety officer after the failure of its thrust vectoring system resulted in a loss of control. The launch was the first from SLC-6, which had originally been built for the Titan III rocket for launches of the Manned Orbital Laboratory, and was later rebuilt for polar orbit Space Shuttle launches. Both MOL and polar Shuttle flights were cancelled before any launches were made from SLC-6.The next Athena I launch was on 23 August 1997, and successfully placed the Lewis satellite into orbit for NASA. This launch also took place from SLC-6 at Vandenberg. The third Athena I launch was from LC-46 at Spaceport Florida, and took place on 27 January 1999. The payload, ROCSAT-1, was the first satellite to be operated by the Republic of China. The fourth launch, which was conducted on 30 September 2001, was the first orbital launch to be made from Kodiak Island. Known as the Kodiak Star mission, it successfully placed the Starshine 3, Picosat 9, PCSat and Sapphire satellites into orbit.

text: Four Athena I launches have been conducted, with one failure. Its maiden flight was conducted from SLC-6 at Vandenberg, and lifted off at 22:30 GMT on 15 August 1995. It was intended to place

text: into orbit, however the rocket was destroyed by the

text: range safety officer

text: after the failure of its

text: thrust vectoring

text: system resulted in a loss of control. The launch was the first from SLC-6, which had originally been built for the

text: Titan III

text: rocket for launches of the

text: Manned Orbital Laboratory

text: , and was later rebuilt for polar orbit

text: Space Shuttle

text: launches. Both MOL and polar Shuttle flights were cancelled before any launches were made from SLC-6.The next Athena I launch was on 23 August 1997, and successfully placed the

text: Lewis

text: satellite into orbit for

text: NASA

text: . This launch also took place from SLC-6 at Vandenberg. The third Athena I launch was from LC-46 at Spaceport Florida, and took place on 27 January 1999. The payload,

text: , was the first satellite to be operated by the

text: Republic of China

text: . The fourth launch, which was conducted on 30 September 2001, was the first orbital launch to be made from Kodiak Island. Known as the Kodiak Star mission, it successfully placed the

text: Starshine 3

text: Picosat 9

text: PCSat

text: and

text: Sapphire

text: satellites into orbit.

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answers: space station

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off on its maiden voyage on 3 October 1985, on mission STS-51-J, the second dedicated Department of Defense flight. It flew one other mission, STS-61-B, the second night launch in the shuttle program, before the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster temporarily grounded the shuttle fleet in 1986. Among the five Space Shuttles flown into space, Atlantis conducted a subsequent mission in the shortest time after the previous mission (turnaround time) when it launched in November 1985 on STS-61-B, only 50 days after its previous mission, STS-51-J in October 1985. Atlantis was then used for ten flights between 1988 and 1992. Two of these, both flown in 1989, deployed the planetary probes Magellan to Venus (on STS-30) and Galileo to Jupiter (on STS-34). With STS-30 Atlantis became the first shuttle to launch an interplanetary probe. During another mission, STS-37 flown in 1991, Atlantis deployed the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. Beginning in 1995 with STS-71, Atlantis made seven straight flights to the former Russian space station Mir as part of the Shuttle-Mir Program. STS-71 marked a number of firsts in human spaceflight: 100th U.S. manned space flight; first U.S. shuttle-Russian Space Station Mir docking and joint on-orbit operations; and first on-orbit changeout of shuttle crew. When linked, Atlantis and Mir together formed the largest spacecraft in orbit at the time.

text: Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off on its maiden voyage on 3 October 1985, on mission

text: , the second dedicated Department of Defense flight. It flew one other mission,

text: , the second night launch in the shuttle program, before the

text: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

text: temporarily grounded the shuttle fleet in 1986. Among the five Space Shuttles flown into space, Atlantis conducted a subsequent mission in the shortest time after the previous mission (turnaround time) when it launched in November 1985 on STS-61-B, only 50 days after its previous mission, STS-51-J in October 1985. Atlantis was then used for ten flights between 1988 and 1992. Two of these, both flown in 1989, deployed the planetary probes

text: Magellan

text: to

text: Venus

text: (on

text: ) and

text: Galileo

text: to

text: Jupiter

text: (on

text: ). With STS-30 Atlantis became the first shuttle to launch an interplanetary probe. During another mission,

text: flown in 1991, Atlantis deployed the

text: Compton Gamma Ray Observatory

text: . Beginning in 1995 with

text: , Atlantis made seven straight flights to the former

text: Russia

text: n

text: space station

text: Mir

text: as part of the

text: Shuttle-Mir Program

text: . STS-71 marked a number of firsts in human spaceflight: 100th U.S. manned space flight; first U.S. shuttle-Russian Space Station Mir docking and joint on-orbit operations; and first on-orbit changeout of shuttle crew. When linked, Atlantis and Mir together formed the largest spacecraft in orbit at the time.

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answers: Atlantis lifted off on its maiden voyage on 3 October 1985

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text: He first flew on STS-6, which launched from the Kennedy Space Center, on April 4, 1983, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California, on April 9, 1983. During this maiden voyage of Space Shuttle Challenger, the crew performed the first Shuttle deployment of an IUS/TDRS satellite, and Musgrave and Don Peterson conducted the first Space Shuttle extra-vehicular activity (EVA) to test the new space suits and construction and repair devices and procedures. Mission duration was 5 days, 23 minutes, 42 seconds.

text: He first flew on

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text: , on April 9, 1983. During this maiden voyage of

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text: , the crew performed the first Shuttle deployment of an IUS/TDRS satellite, and Musgrave and

text: Don Peterson

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text: extra-vehicular activity

text: (EVA) to test the new space suits and construction and repair devices and procedures. Mission duration was 5 days, 23 minutes, 42 seconds.

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text: Despite a warm greeting by the government of Aquaria, the Thing and Ms. Marvel rapidly uncovered some very suspicious behavior within the Aquarian regime. Meanwhile, Fasaud again attacked Dunbar in New York but was driven off by an electrical storm triggered by Crystal. Fasaud retreated to Aquaria where he incapacitated the Thing and Ms. Marvel with an electrical discharge, and chained them in a shuttle launch platform. The Thing and his companion escaped and commandeered the shuttle, doing battle with Fasaud in Earth orbit and destroying the telecommunications satellite with which Fasaud intended to distribute his image around the globe. The destruction of the Satellite trapped Fasaud within the shuttle itself, and the Thing then destroyed all the controls and electronics on the shuttle. With no ability to transmit his image anywhere safe, it was believed that Fasaud perished with the shuttle.

text: Despite a warm greeting by the government of Aquaria, the Thing and Ms. Marvel rapidly uncovered some very suspicious behavior within the Aquarian regime. Meanwhile, Fasaud again attacked Dunbar in New York but was driven off by an electrical storm triggered by

text: Crystal

text: . Fasaud retreated to Aquaria where he incapacitated the Thing and Ms. Marvel with an electrical discharge, and chained them in a shuttle launch platform. The Thing and his companion escaped and commandeered the shuttle, doing battle with Fasaud in Earth orbit and destroying the telecommunications satellite with which Fasaud intended to distribute his image around the globe. The destruction of the Satellite trapped Fasaud within the shuttle itself, and the Thing then destroyed all the controls and electronics on the shuttle. With no ability to transmit his image anywhere safe, it was believed that Fasaud perished with the shuttle.

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text: Both DRAGONSat are launched together in the Space Shuttle Payload Launcher (SSPL) from the side walls of the orbiter payload bay. They are ejected as a pair and once they are at a safe distance from the Space Shuttle, they will separate and begin the experiment. Data collection will be downlinked to ground stations for as long as the satellites are able to transmit.

text: Both DRAGONSat are launched together in the Space Shuttle Payload Launcher (SSPL) from the side walls of the orbiter payload bay. They are ejected as a pair and once they are at a safe distance from the Space Shuttle, they will separate and begin the experiment. Data collection will be downlinked to

text: ground station

text: s for as long as the satellites are able to transmit.

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text: In the 2000 film Space Cowboys, four retired astronauts launch into space aboard the shuttle Daedalus to repair a crippled Russian satellite.

text: In the 2000 film

text: Space Cowboys

text: , four retired astronauts launch into space aboard the shuttle Daedalus to repair a crippled Russian

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text: Many authors define "satellite" or "natural satellite" as orbiting some planet or minor planet, synonymous with "moon"—by such a definition all natural satellites are moons, but Earth and other planets are not satellites.A few recent authors define "moon" as "a satellite of a planet or minor planet", and "planet" as "a satellite of a star"—such authors consider Earth as a "natural satellite of the sun".

text: Many authors define "satellite" or "natural satellite" as orbiting some planet or minor planet, synonymous with "moon"—by such a definition all natural satellites are moons, but Earth and other planets are not satellites.A few recent authors define "moon" as "a satellite of a planet or minor planet", and "planet" as "a satellite of a star"—such authors consider Earth as a "natural satellite of the sun".

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text: Traditional rocket designs use this sweet spot to their advantage via staging. For instance the Saturn Vs used a lower stage powered by RP-1 (kerosene) and upper stages powered by LH2. Some of the early Space Shuttle design efforts used similar designs, with one stage using kerosene into the upper atmosphere, where an LH2 powered upper stage would light and go on from there. The later Shuttle design is somewhat similar, although it used solid rockets for its lower stages.

text: Traditional rocket designs use this sweet spot to their advantage via staging. For instance the

text: Saturn V

text: s used a lower stage powered by

text: (kerosene) and upper stages powered by LH2. Some of the early

text: Space Shuttle

text: design efforts used similar designs, with one stage using kerosene into the upper atmosphere, where an LH2 powered upper stage would light and go on from there. The later Shuttle design is somewhat similar, although it used solid rockets for its lower stages.

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text: There are several unique features of telemetry system design for spacecraft.  One of these is the approach to the fact that for any given satellite in LEO, because it is traveling so quickly, it may only be in contact with a particular station for ten to twenty minutes. This would require hundreds of ground stations to stay in constant communication, which is not at all practical. One solution to this is onboard data storage. Data storage can accumulate data slowly throughout the orbit and dump it quickly when over a ground station. In deep space missions, the recorder is often used the opposite way, to capture high-rate data and play it back slowly over data-rate-limited links. Another solution is data relay satellites. NASA has satellites in GEO called TDRS, Tracking and Data Relay Satellites, which relay commands and telemetry from LEO satellites. Prior to TDRS, astronauts could communicate with the Earth for only about 15% of the orbit, using 14 NASA ground stations around the world.  With TDRS, coverage of low-altitude satellites is global, from a single ground station at White Sands, New Mexico.

text: There are several unique features of telemetry system design for spacecraft.  One of these is the approach to the fact that for any given satellite in

text: LEO

text: , because it is traveling so quickly, it may only be in contact with a particular station for ten to twenty minutes. This would require hundreds of ground stations to stay in constant communication, which is not at all practical. One solution to this is onboard

text: data storage

text: . Data storage can accumulate data slowly throughout the orbit and dump it quickly when over a ground station. In deep space missions, the recorder is often used the opposite way, to capture high-rate data and play it back slowly over data-rate-limited links. Another solution is data relay satellites.

text: NASA

text: has satellites in

text: GEO

text: called TDRS,

text: Tracking and Data Relay Satellite

text: s, which relay commands and telemetry from LEO satellites. Prior to TDRS, astronauts could communicate with the Earth for only about 15% of the orbit, using 14 NASA ground stations around the world.  With TDRS, coverage of low-altitude satellites is global, from a single ground station at

text: White Sands, New Mexico

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text: The 3 February launch of , flying STS-63, opened operations on Mir for 1995. Referred to as the "near-Mir" mission, the mission saw the first rendezvous of a space shuttle with Mir as the orbiter approached within  of the station as a dress rehearsal for later docking missions and for equipment testing. Five weeks after Discovery departure, the EO-18 crew, including the first U.S. cosmonaut Norman Thagard, arrived in Soyuz TM-21. The EO-17 crew left a few days later, with Polyakov completing his record-breaking 437-day spaceflight. During EO-18, the Spektr science module (which served as living and working space for American astronauts) was launched aboard a Proton rocket and docked to the station, carrying research equipment from America and other nations. The expedition's crew returned to Earth aboard  following the first Shuttle–Mir docking mission, STS-71. Atlantis, launched on 27 June 1995, successfully docked with Mir on 29 June becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to dock with a Russian spacecraft since the ASTP in 1975. The orbiter delivered the EO-19 crew and returned the EO-18 crew to Earth. The EO-20 crew were launched on 3 September, followed in November by the arrival of the docking module during STS-74.

text: The 3 February launch of , flying

text: , opened operations on Mir for 1995. Referred to as the "near-Mir" mission, the mission saw the first rendezvous of a space shuttle with Mir as the orbiter approached within  of the station as a dress rehearsal for later docking missions and for equipment testing. Five weeks after Discovery departure, the

text: crew, including the first U.S. cosmonaut

text: Norman Thagard

text: , arrived in

text: Soyuz TM-21

text: . The EO-17 crew left a few days later, with Polyakov completing his record-breaking 437-day spaceflight. During EO-18, the

text: Spektr

text: science module (which served as living and working space for American astronauts) was launched aboard a

text: Proton rocket

text: and docked to the station, carrying research equipment from America and other nations. The expedition's crew returned to Earth aboard  following the first Shuttle–Mir docking mission,

text: . Atlantis, launched on 27 June 1995, successfully docked with Mir on 29 June becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to dock with a Russian spacecraft since the

text: ASTP

text: in 1975. The orbiter delivered the

text: crew and returned the EO-18 crew to Earth. The

text: crew were launched on 3 September, followed in November by the arrival of the docking module during

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text: Prior to her first space flight, she was subject to media attention due to her gender. During a press conference, she was asked questions like, "Will the flight affect your reproductive organs?" and "Do you weep when things go wrong on the job?" Despite this and the historical significance of the mission, Ride insisted that she saw herself in only one way—as an astronaut. On June 18, 1983, she became the first American woman in space as a crew member on space shuttle Challenger for STS-7. She was preceded by two Soviet women, Valentina Tereshkova in 1963 and Svetlana Savitskaya in 1982. The five-person crew of the STS-7 mission deployed two communications satellites and conducted pharmaceutical experiments. Ride was the first woman to use the robot arm in space and the first to use the arm to retrieve a satellite.

text: Prior to her first space flight, she was subject to media attention due to her gender. During a press conference, she was asked questions like, "Will the flight affect your reproductive organs?" and "Do you weep when things go wrong on the job?" Despite this and the historical significance of the mission, Ride insisted that she saw herself in only one way—as an astronaut. On June 18, 1983, she became the first American woman in space as a crew member on

text: space shuttle Challenger

text: for

text: . She was preceded by two Soviet women,

text: Valentina Tereshkova

text: in 1963 and

text: Svetlana Savitskaya

text: in 1982. The five-person crew of the STS-7 mission deployed two communications satellites and conducted pharmaceutical experiments. Ride was the first woman to use the robot arm in space and the first to use the arm to retrieve a

text: satellite

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text: Artificial satellites must be launched into orbit and once there they must be placed in their nominal orbit. Once in the desired orbit, they often need some form of attitude control so that they are correctly pointed with respect to Earth, the Sun, and possibly some astronomical object of interest. They are also subject to drag from the thin atmosphere,  so that to stay in orbit for a long period of time some form of propulsion is occasionally necessary to make small corrections (orbital stationkeeping). Many satellites need to be moved from one orbit to another from time to time, and this also requires propulsion. A satellite's useful life is usually over once it has exhausted its ability to adjust its orbit.

text: Artificial satellites must be

text: launched

text: into

text: orbit

text: and once there they must be placed in their nominal orbit. Once in the desired orbit, they often need some form of

text: attitude control

text: so that they are correctly pointed with respect to

text: Earth

text: , the

text: Sun

text: , and possibly some

text: astronomical

text: object of interest. They are also subject to

text: drag

text: from the thin

text: atmosphere

text: ,  so that to stay in orbit for a long period of time some form of propulsion is occasionally necessary to make small corrections (

text: orbital stationkeeping

text: ). Many satellites need to be moved from one orbit to another from time to time, and this also requires propulsion. A satellite's useful life is usually over once it has exhausted its ability to adjust its orbit.

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text: The Zephyr computer system monitors the progress of the United Kingdom's only spy satellite. When this system briefly goes offline, the book's main characters Hepton and Dreyfuss (the sole survivor of a space shuttle crash) have the only key to the enigma that must be solved if both men are to stay alive.

text: The Zephyr computer system monitors the progress of the United Kingdom's only spy satellite. When this system briefly goes offline, the book's main characters Hepton and Dreyfuss (the sole survivor of a space shuttle crash) have the only key to the enigma that must be solved if both men are to stay alive.

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answer: 1

text: MCTC ( Mysuru City Transport Corporation ) is located nearly 2 km from Sirsi Circle ( Mysuru Circle ) near Gopalan Mall on Mysuru Road. This bus stand has a separate area for out station buses, a depot and separate bays for BMTC buses. It is well connected to other places like Vijayanagar, Jayanagar, Bengaluru International Airport, Majestic, K.R Market, Shantinagar, Kengeri, Bidadi, Magadi Road, Nagarbhavi, and Peenya 2nd stage by bus. It also boasts of Shuttle buses to all Satellite Terminus bus stations like, Subashnagar Bus Stand ( Majestic Area ), Shanthinagar Bus Terminus- KH Road or more familiarly known as Double Road, Kengeri Satellite Bus Terminus, off Mysuru Road leading towards Mysuru to name a few and other locations as well..

text: MCTC ( Mysuru City Transport Corporation ) is located nearly 2 km from Sirsi Circle ( Mysuru Circle ) near Gopalan Mall on Mysuru Road. This bus stand has a separate area for out station buses, a depot and separate bays for

entity_name: Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation

text: BMTC

text: buses. It is well connected to other places like

text: Vijayanagar

text: Jayanagar

text: Bengaluru International Airport

text: , Majestic, K.R Market, Shantinagar,

text: Kengeri

text: Bidadi

text: Magadi Road

text: Nagarbhavi

text: , and

text: Peenya 2nd stage

text: by bus. It also boasts of Shuttle buses to all Satellite Terminus bus stations like, Subashnagar Bus Stand ( Majestic Area ), Shanthinagar Bus Terminus- KH Road or more familiarly known as Double Road, Kengeri Satellite Bus Terminus, off Mysuru Road leading towards Mysuru to name a few and other locations as well..

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text: Future versions of the Orbital Space Plane would have been launched on an existing EELV rocket to carry crews to the International Space Station. It was envisaged that the OSP would operate alongside the Space Shuttle with the OSP responsible for crew flights and the shuttle handling construction and cargo flights. At the time, the shuttle program was not yet set for retirement and was thought to be technically viable up until the 2030s. Thus it was expected that the two spacecraft would complement each other throughout the lifespan of the ISS. One advantage of this approach would have been assured manned access to space; the lack of this capability was to be highlighted starkly with the loss of Space Shuttle Columbia.

text: Future versions of the Orbital Space Plane would have been launched on an existing

text: EELV

text: rocket to carry crews to the

text: International Space Station

text: . It was envisaged that the OSP would operate alongside the

text: Space Shuttle

text: with the OSP responsible for crew flights and the shuttle handling construction and cargo flights. At the time, the shuttle program was not yet set for retirement and was thought to be technically viable up until the 2030s. Thus it was expected that the two spacecraft would complement each other throughout the lifespan of the ISS. One advantage of this approach would have been assured manned access to space; the lack of this capability was to be highlighted starkly with the loss of

text: Space Shuttle Columbia