text: The basement of the core mountains is formed by the Tatric Unit, which is composed of dominantly hercynian metamorphic and igneous rocks and locally also a sedimentary cover of various thickness. In the Paleozoic clastic and volcanoclastic sediments deposited in the area, but later during Hercynian orogeny, sediments were metamorphosed in the greenschist and amphibolite facies (forming large amount of paragneisses and amphibolites, only locally orthogneisses, phyllites and mica schists). Regional and contact metamorphism was induced also by intrusions of granites, which accompanied the Hercynian collision (generally in the Carboniferous). Basement rocks were later exposed due to erosion and at the end of the Paleozoic affected by marine transgression that lasted till the end of Mesozoic. During this period sedimentary rocks, known as Tatric cover units, deposited. They generally consists of clastic and carbonate rocks.

text: The basement of the core mountains is formed by the

text: Tatric

text: Unit, which is composed of dominantly

entity_name: Variscan orogeny

text: hercynian

entity_name: Metamorphic rock

text: metamorphic

text: and

entity_name: Igneous rock

text: igneous rocks

text: and locally also a sedimentary cover of various thickness. In the

entity_name: Paleozoic

text: Paleozoic

text: clastic and volcanoclastic

entity_name: Sediment

text: sediments

text: deposited in the area, but later during

text: Hercynian orogeny

text: , sediments were metamorphosed in the

entity_name: Greenschist

text: greenschist

text: and

entity_name: Amphibolite

entity_section: Amphibolite facies

text: amphibolite facies

text: (forming large amount of

entity_name: Gneiss

text: paragneiss

text: es and

text: amphibolite

text: s, only locally

text: orthogneiss

text: es,

entity_name: Phyllite

text: phyllite

text: s and

entity_name: Schist

text: mica schist

text: s). Regional and contact metamorphism was induced also by

entity_name: Intrusive rock

text: intrusion

text: s of

entity_name: Granite

text: granite

text: s, which accompanied the Hercynian collision (generally in the

entity_name: Carboniferous

text: Carboniferous

text: ). Basement rocks were later exposed due to

entity_name: Erosion

text: erosion

text: and at the end of the Paleozoic affected by marine

entity_name: Marine transgression

text: transgression

text: that lasted till the end of

entity_name: Mesozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: . During this period

entity_name: Sedimentary rock

text: sedimentary rocks

text: , known as

text: Tatric cover units

text: , deposited. They generally consists of

entity_name: Clastic rock

text: clastic

text: and

entity_name: Carbonate rock

text: carbonate rock

text: s.

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text: Desert View Watchtower, also known as the Indian Watchtower at Desert View, is a -high stone building located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon within Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona, United States. The tower is located at Desert View, more than  to the east of the main developed area at Grand Canyon Village, toward the east entrance to the park. The four-story structure, completed in 1932, was designed by American architect Mary Colter, an employee of the Fred Harvey Company who also created and designed many other buildings in the Grand Canyon vicinity including Hermit's Rest and the Lookout Studio. The interior contains murals by Fred Kabotie.

text: Desert View Watchtower, also known as the Indian Watchtower at Desert View, is a -high stone building located on the South Rim of the

entity_name: Grand Canyon

text: Grand Canyon

text: within

entity_name: Grand Canyon National Park

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: in

entity_name: Arizona

text: Arizona

entity_name: United States

text: United States

text: . The tower is located at Desert View, more than  to the east of the main developed area at

entity_name: Grand Canyon Village, Arizona

text: Grand Canyon Village

text: , toward the east entrance to the park. The four-story structure, completed in 1932, was designed by American

entity_name: Architect

text: architect

entity_name: Mary Colter

text: Mary Colter

text: , an employee of the

entity_name: Fred Harvey Company

text: Fred Harvey Company

text: who also created and designed many other buildings in the Grand Canyon vicinity including

entity_name: Hermits Rest

text: Hermit's Rest

text: and the

entity_name: Lookout Studio

text: Lookout Studio

text: . The interior contains murals by

entity_name: Fred Kabotie

text: Fred Kabotie

method: UNH-ecn

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The terrain of Korea is rumpled, covered with low mountains. Most rocks are of Precambrian origin, although isolated pockets of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic rock can also be found.

text: The terrain of Korea is rumpled, covered with low mountains. Most rocks are of

entity_name: Precambrian

text: Precambrian

text: origin, although isolated pockets of

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

entity_name: Cenozoic

text: Cenozoic

text: rock can also be found.

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text: Most of the Gouffre de la Pierre-Saint-Martin is formed by dissolution in Cretaceous limestones, and the main river reaches a base level where it flows over insoluble schists of the Paleozoic basement rocks. The Salle de la Verna has formed where the river flows off the schist onto Devonian limestone. Over time, the river found a route through the soluble limestones, leaving the original downstream river passage (the Gallerie Aranzadi) high and dry. The chamber was formed by a process of solution and collapse, beginning about 200,000 years ago. The unconformity between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks is clearly exposed in the walls of the chamber.

text: Most of the Gouffre de la Pierre-Saint-Martin is formed by dissolution in

entity_name: Cretaceous

text: Cretaceous

entity_name: Limestone

text: limestone

text: s, and the main river reaches a

entity_name: Base level

text: base level

text: where it flows over insoluble

text: schist

text: s of the

text: Paleozoic

entity_name: Basement (geology)

text: basement rock

text: s. The Salle de la Verna has formed where the river flows off the schist onto

entity_name: Devonian

text: Devonian

text: limestone. Over time, the river found a route through the soluble limestones, leaving the original downstream river passage (the Gallerie Aranzadi) high and dry. The chamber was formed by a process of solution and collapse, beginning about 200,000 years ago. The unconformity between the Paleozoic and

text: Mesozoic

text: rocks is clearly exposed in the walls of the chamber.

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answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: river found a route through the soluble limestones

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Cretaceous limestones

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Cretaceous limestones

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: schists

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Devonian limestone

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: unconformity between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: No Precambrian fossils are known from Massachusetts, so the state's fossil record does not begin until the Paleozoic era. During the early part of the era the state was covered by a warm shallow sea. The local brachiopods and trilobites left behind their fossils. The state's Carboniferous rocks are metamorphosed and therefore don't have any fossils. The Permian occupies a gap in the state's rock record because at that time local sediments were being eroded away rather than deposited. During the Cretaceous period the area now occupied by the Elizabeth Islands and Martha's Vineyard were a coastal plain near a shallow sea. Flowering plants and pine trees grew on this plain. The ensuing Tertiary period of the Cenozoic era is another gap in the state's rock record. Nevertheless, during the Pleistocene epoch glaciers intruded into the state. The sediments they deposited preserved mastodons and molluscs at Cape Cod.

text: No

text: Precambrian

text: fossils are known from Massachusetts, so the state's

text: fossil record

text: does not begin until the

text: Paleozoic

text: era. During the early part of the era the state was covered by a warm shallow

text: sea

text: . The local

text: brachiopods

text: and

text: trilobites

text: left behind their fossils. The state's

text: Carboniferous

text: rocks are

text: metamorphosed

text: and therefore don't have any fossils. The

text: Permian

text: occupies a gap in the state's rock record because at that time local sediments were being eroded away rather than deposited. During the

text: Cretaceous

text: period the area now occupied by the

text: Elizabeth Islands

text: and

text: Martha's Vineyard

text: were a

text: coastal plain

text: near a shallow sea.

text: Flowering plants

text: and

text: pine trees

text: grew on this plain. The ensuing

text: Tertiary

text: period of the

text: Cenozoic

text: era is another gap in the state's

text: rock record

text: . Nevertheless, during the

text: Pleistocene

text: epoch

text: glaciers

text: intruded into the state. The sediments they deposited preserved

text: mastodons

text: and

text: molluscs

text: at

text: Cape Cod

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: glaciers intruded into the state

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: warm shallow sea

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Massachusetts

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers intruded

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Carboniferous rocks

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Permian

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The depositional environment was a nearshore one where the seashore alternated between advance (transgression) and retreat (regression). At Zion, the limestones and fossils of the Timpoweap, Virgin Limestone, and Shnabkaib members of the Moenkopi Formation document transgressive episodes. Unlike the Timpoweap and Virgin Limestone members, the Shnabkaib contains abundant gypsum and interbedded mudstone resulting from deposition in a restricted marine environment with complex watertable fluctuations. Regressive, red bed layers separate the transgressive strata. Ripple marks, mud cracks, and thinly laminated bedding suggest that these intervening red shale and siltstone units were deposited in tidal flat and coastalplain environments.

text: The depositional environment was a nearshore one where the seashore alternated between advance (transgression) and retreat (regression). At Zion, the limestones and fossils of the Timpoweap, Virgin Limestone, and Shnabkaib members of the Moenkopi Formation document transgressive episodes. Unlike the Timpoweap and Virgin Limestone members, the Shnabkaib contains abundant gypsum and interbedded mudstone resulting from deposition in a restricted marine environment with complex watertable fluctuations. Regressive,

text: red bed

text: layers separate the transgressive strata.

text: Ripple marks

text: mud cracks

text: , and thinly laminated bedding suggest that these intervening red shale and siltstone units were deposited in tidal flat and coastalplain environments.

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: advance

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: seashore alternated

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: watertable fluctuations

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: the Moenkopi Formation

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: mudstone

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: red bed layers separate the transgressive strata

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: limestones and fossils

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Tibetan Plateau was formed from a number of continental terranes that rifted from northern Gondwana in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, moved northward and accreted to southern Asia. The Lhasa terrane is the farthest south of these terranes. The Lhasa terrane moved northward and collided with the Qiangtang terrane along the Banggongco-Nujiang Suture.The collision began towards the end of the late Jurassic ( Ma), and collision activity continued until the early Late Cretaceous () Ma . During this period the terrane may have been shortened by at least .Strata from the Lower Jurassic in the Bangong suture between the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes differ from the rocks in the Lhasa terrane and appear to have a unique source.

text: The

text: Tibetan Plateau

text: was formed from a number of continental terranes that rifted from northern

text: Gondwana

text: in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, moved northward and accreted to southern Asia. The Lhasa terrane is the farthest south of these terranes. The Lhasa terrane moved northward and collided with the Qiangtang terrane along the Banggongco-Nujiang Suture.The collision began towards the end of the late

text: Jurassic

text: ( Ma), and collision activity continued until the early

text: Late Cretaceous

text: () Ma . During this period the terrane may have been shortened by at least .Strata from the Lower Jurassic in the Bangong suture between the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes differ from the rocks in the Lhasa terrane and appear to have a unique source.

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answers: Late Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: the Tibetan Plateau

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Lower Jurassic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The Tibetan Plateau

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Tibetan Plateau

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Paleozoic and Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Strata from the Lower Jurassic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Most of the sediments was deposited in the near-coastal semiarid setting with shallow, wide, muddy, prograding shore, affected by tides, frequent storms and fluctuating sea level of tectonic or, possibly, eustatic origin (Andean-Saharan glaciation). Prior to lithification, the mud deposits had been frequently exposed subaerially and desiccated, as evidenced by the numerous mudcracks, while evaporites (mostly, gypsum) were deposited in isolated pools. The formation is composed of 14 facies, grouped into 4 facies associations, named A through D, corresponding to the specific depositional environments.

text: Most of the sediments was deposited in the near-coastal

text: semiarid

text: setting

text: with shallow, wide, muddy,

text: prograding

text: shore, affected by

text: tide

text: s, frequent storms and fluctuating

text: sea level

text: of

text: tectonic

text: or, possibly,

text: eustatic

text: origin (

text: Andean-Saharan glaciation

text: ). Prior to

text: lithification

text: , the mud deposits had been frequently exposed

text: subaerial

text: ly and

text: desiccated

text: , as evidenced by the numerous

text: mudcrack

text: s, while

text: evaporite

text: s (mostly, gypsum) were deposited in isolated pools. The formation is composed of 14

text: facies

text: , grouped into 4 facies associations, named A through D, corresponding to the specific depositional environments.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Grand Canyon University  (commonly referred to as GCU or Grand Canyon) is a for-profit Christian research university in Phoenix, Arizona, in the United States.

text: Grand Canyon University  (commonly referred to as GCU or Grand Canyon) is a

entity_name: For-profit higher education in the United States

text: for-profit

text: Christian

text: research university

text: in

text: Phoenix, Arizona

text: , in the

text: United States

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text: The lithology and sedimentary structures observed in the Bass Limestoneindicate that, except for the Hotauta Member, it accumulated beneath a sea that transgressed from the west. The Hotauta Member consists of fluvial sands and gravels that accumulated within valleys on an eroded surface of the Vishnu Basement Rocks. The quartzite gravel indicates that the conglomerates of the Hotauta Member were deposited by river systems that extended some unknown distance outside of the Grand Canyon region. Marine sediments buried the fluvial deposits of the Hotauta Member as a smooth surface, with a local relief of probably no more than  of the Vishnu Basement Rocks, being submerged by a marine transgression from the west. The dolomite of the Bass Formation likely was originally deposited as limestone and subsequently altered to dolomite by later diagenesis. This limestone largely accumulated in clear, relatively warm, shallow marine waters by both biological and abiological processes. During the maximum, deepest, incursion of marine waters, limestone and deep-water mud accumulated in the western Grand Canyon, while stromatolites and shallow-water mud accumulated in the eastern Grand Canyon. Following the maximum incursion of marine waters, the sea slowly regressed and it accumulated in nearshore and coastal environments as indicated by ripple marks, mudcracks, oxidized shales, and other evidence of periodic subaerial exposure found in the upper part of the Bass Formation. Evaporite-forming conditions probably occurred, also during this regressive phase. Eventually, a shallow, near-shore marine environment, coastal plain mudflats, and deltas that marked the beginning of Hakatai Shale deposition – dominated the Grand Canyon area.

text: The lithology and sedimentary structures observed in the Bass Limestoneindicate that, except for the Hotauta Member, it accumulated beneath a sea that

text: transgressed

text: from the west. The Hotauta Member consists of

text: fluvial

text: sand

text: s and gravels that accumulated within valleys on an eroded surface of the Vishnu Basement Rocks. The quartzite gravel indicates that the conglomerates of the Hotauta Member were deposited by river systems that extended some unknown distance outside of the Grand Canyon region.

text: Marine

text: sediments buried the fluvial deposits of the Hotauta Member as a smooth surface, with a local relief of probably no more than  of the Vishnu Basement Rocks, being submerged by a

text: marine transgression

text: from the west. The dolomite of the Bass Formation likely was originally deposited as limestone and subsequently altered to dolomite by later

text: diagenesis

text: . This limestone largely accumulated in clear, relatively warm, shallow marine waters by both biological and abiological processes. During the maximum, deepest, incursion of marine waters, limestone and deep-water

text: mud

text: accumulated in the western Grand Canyon, while stromatolites and shallow-water mud accumulated in the eastern Grand Canyon. Following the maximum incursion of marine waters, the sea slowly regressed and it accumulated in nearshore and coastal environments as indicated by ripple marks, mudcracks, oxidized shales, and other evidence of periodic

text: subaerial

text: exposure found in the upper part of the Bass Formation.

text: Evaporite

text: -forming conditions probably occurred, also during this regressive phase. Eventually, a shallow, near-shore marine environment, coastal plain

text: mudflat

text: s, and

text: deltas

text: that marked the beginning of Hakatai Shale deposition – dominated the Grand Canyon area.

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text: Lyell's most important specific work was in the field of stratigraphy. From May 1828, until February 1829, he travelled with Roderick Impey Murchison (1792–1871) to the south of France (Auvergne volcanic district) and to Italy. In these areas he concluded that the recent strata (rock layers) could be categorised according to the number and proportion of marine shells encased within. Based on this he proposed dividing the Tertiary period into three parts, which he named the Pliocene, Miocene, and Eocene. He also renamed the traditional Primary, Secondary and Tertiary periods (now called eras) to Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, which nomenclature was gradually accepted worldwide.

text: Lyell's most important specific work was in the field of

text: stratigraphy

text: . From May 1828, until February 1829, he travelled with

text: Roderick Impey Murchison

text: (1792–1871) to the south of France (Auvergne volcanic district) and to Italy. In these areas he concluded that the recent strata (rock layers) could be categorised according to the number and proportion of marine shells encased within. Based on this he proposed dividing the

text: Tertiary

text: period into three parts, which he named the

text: Pliocene

text: Miocene

text: , and

text: Eocene

text: . He also renamed the traditional Primary, Secondary and Tertiary periods (now called

text: eras

text: ) to

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: , which nomenclature was gradually accepted worldwide.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 2014, a developer announced plans to build a multimedia complex on the canyon's rim called the Grand Canyon Escalade. On 420 acres there would be shops, an IMAX theater, hotels and an RV park. A gondola would enable easy visits to the canyon floor where a "riverwalk" of "connected walkways, an eatery, a tramway station, a seating area and a wastewater package plant" would be situated. Navajo Nation President Ben Shelly has indicated agreement; the tribe would have to invest $65 million for road, water and communication facilities for the $1 billion complex. One of the developers is Navajo and has cited an 8 to 18 percent share of the gross revenue for the tribe as an incentive.

text: In 2014, a developer announced plans to build a multimedia complex on the canyon's rim called the Grand Canyon Escalade. On 420 acres there would be shops, an IMAX theater, hotels and an RV park. A gondola would enable easy visits to the canyon floor where a "riverwalk" of "connected walkways, an eatery, a tramway station, a seating area and a wastewater package plant" would be situated.

text: Navajo Nation

text: President Ben Shelly has indicated agreement; the tribe would have to invest $65 million for road, water and communication facilities for the $1 billion complex. One of the developers is Navajo and has cited an 8 to 18 percent share of the gross revenue for the tribe as an incentive.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Panthalassa (Greek πᾶν "all" and θάλασσα "sea"), also known as the Panthalassic Ocean, was the vast global ancestral Pacific ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea, during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. It included the Pacific Ocean to the west and north and the Tethys Ocean to the southeast. It became the Pacific Ocean, following the closing of the Tethys basin and the breakup of Pangaea, which created the Atlantic, Arctic, and Indian Ocean basins. The Panthalassic is often called the Paleo-Pacific ("old Pacific") because the Pacific Ocean developed from it in the Mesozoic to the present.

text: Panthalassa (

text: Greek

text: πᾶν

text: "all" and

text: θάλασσα

text: "sea"), also known as the Panthalassic Ocean, was the vast global ancestral Pacific

text: ocean

text: that surrounded the

text: supercontinent

text: Pangaea

text: , during the late

text: Paleozoic

text: and the early

text: Mesozoic

text: eras. It included the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: to the west and north and the

text: Tethys Ocean

text: to the southeast. It became the Pacific Ocean, following the closing of the Tethys basin and the breakup of Pangaea, which created the

text: Atlantic

text: Arctic

text: , and

text: Indian Ocean

text: basins. The Panthalassic is often called the Paleo-Pacific ("old Pacific") because the Pacific Ocean developed from it in the

text: Mesozoic

text: to the present.

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Texas contains a great variety of geologic settings.  The state's stratigraphy has been largely influenced by marine transgressive-regressive cycles during the Phanerozoic, with a lesser but still significant contribution from late Cenozoic tectonic activity, as well as the remnants of a Paleozoic mountain range.

text: Texas

text: contains a great variety of geologic settings.  The state's

text: stratigraphy

text: has been largely influenced by marine

text: transgressive-regressive

text: cycles during the

text: Phanerozoic

text: , with a lesser but still significant contribution from late

text: Cenozoic

text: tectonic activity

text: , as well as the remnants of a

text: Paleozoic

text: mountain range.

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answers: Paleozoic

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answers: Paleozoic mountain range

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Faultline is the second album of the American Avant-rock band Birdsongs of the Mesozoic, released in 1989 by Cuneiform Records.

text: Faultline is the second album of the American

text: Avant-rock

text: band

text: Birdsongs of the Mesozoic

text: , released in 1989 by

text: Cuneiform Records

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answer: No

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text: The Boite and Piave drainage system belongs to the complex Dolomite Alps geology sequence made up of sedimentary rocks intruded with pyroclastic. These are found to overlay the thrust zones of igneous and meta sedimentary late Paleozoic rocks. Local intrusion of many types of shallow Mesozoic and tertiary rocks are also noted. The high rise domes of the mountains, primarily belong to the Mesozoic age and basically consist of dolostone with exposures of limestone, marlstone, claystone, siltstone, sandstone, tuff and conglomerates.

text: The Boite and Piave drainage system belongs to the complex Dolomite Alps geology sequence made up of sedimentary rocks intruded with pyroclastic. These are found to overlay the thrust zones of igneous and meta sedimentary late Paleozoic rocks. Local intrusion of many types of shallow Mesozoic and tertiary rocks are also noted. The high rise domes of the mountains, primarily belong to the Mesozoic age and basically consist of

text: dolostone

text: with exposures of

text: limestone

text: marlstone

text: claystone

text: siltstone

text: sandstone

text: tuff

text: and

text: conglomerate

text: s.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: shallow

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: high rise domes of the mountains

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Late Paleozoic rocks

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Mesozoic age

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The high rise domes of the mountains

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The subsurface, however, has a far more complicated structure due to Triassic salt diapirs and north-vergent thrusts. Hidden below a more than 6000 metre thick Mesozoic cover are probably more than 6000 m of Paleozoic basement rocks. The Mesozoic cover consists of up to 1500 m of Triassic, well over 500 m of Jurassic and more than 3000 m of Cretaceous sediments.

text: The subsurface, however, has a far more complicated structure due to

text: Triassic

text: salt

text: diapir

text: s and north-vergent thrusts. Hidden below a more than 6000 metre thick Mesozoic cover are probably more than 6000 m of

text: Paleozoic

text: basement rocks. The Mesozoic cover consists of up to 1500 m of Triassic, well over 500 m of Jurassic and more than 3000 m of Cretaceous sediments.

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answers: 2

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: north-vergent thrusts

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Cretaceous

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answers: north-vergent thrusts

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answers: north-vergent thrusts

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answers: salt

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answers: north-vergent thrusts

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Triassic salt diapirs

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Grand Canyon Supergroup is a Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic sequence of sedimentary strata, mostly exposed in the eastern Grand Canyon of Arizona.  This group is composed of the Unkar Group, Nankoweap Formation, Chuar Group and the Sixtymile Formation, which overlie Vishnu Basement Rocks.  Several notable landmarks of the Grand Canyon, such as the "Isis Temple and Cheops Pyramid" and the "Apollo Temple," are surface manifestations of the Grand Canyon Supergroup.

text: The Grand Canyon Supergroup is a Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic sequence of sedimentary strata, mostly exposed in the eastern

text: Grand Canyon

text: of

text: Arizona

text: .  This group is composed of the

text: Unkar Group

text: Nankoweap Formation

text: Chuar Group

text: and the

text: Sixtymile Formation

text: , which overlie

text: Vishnu Basement Rocks

text: .  Several notable landmarks of the Grand Canyon, such as the "Isis Temple and Cheops Pyramid" and the "Apollo Temple," are surface manifestations of the Grand Canyon Supergroup.

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answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Vishnu Basement Rocks

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: sedimentary strata

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Unkar Group

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The Grand Canyon Supergroup

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Grand Canyon Supergroup

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Mesoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: surface manifestations of the Grand Canyon Supergroup

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: There are many ways to test if transgressive segregation occurred within a population. One common way to test for transgressive segregation is to use a Dunnett's test. This test looks at whether the hybrid species' performance was different from the control group by looking whether or not the mean of the control group (parent species) differs significantly from mean of the other groups. If there is a difference, that is an indication of transgressive segregation. Another commonly used test is the use of quantitative trait loci (QTL) to assess transgressive segregation. Alleles with QTL that were opposed (either by overdomiance or underdominance) of the parental parent QTL indicate that transgressive segregation occurred. Alleles with QTL that was the same as the predicted parent QTL showed that there was no transgressive segregation.

text: There are many ways to test if transgressive segregation occurred within a population. One common way to test for transgressive segregation is to use a

text: Dunnett's test

text: . This test looks at whether the hybrid species' performance was different from the control group by looking whether or not the mean of the control group (parent species) differs significantly from mean of the other groups. If there is a difference, that is an indication of transgressive segregation. Another commonly used test is the use of

text: quantitative trait loci (QTL)

text: to assess transgressive segregation. Alleles with QTL that were opposed (either by overdomiance or underdominance) of the parental parent QTL indicate that transgressive segregation occurred. Alleles with QTL that was the same as the predicted parent QTL showed that there was no transgressive segregation.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: segregation occurred within a population

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: many ways

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: QTL

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: transgressive segregation

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Grand Canyon

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: After a maximum of the global sea level during the early Turonian, the Coniacian was characterized by a gradual fall of the sea level. This cycle is in sequence stratigraphy seen as a first order cycle. During the middle Coniacian a shorter, second order cycle, caused a temporary rise of the sea level (and global transgressions) on top of the longer first order trend. The following regression (Co1, at 87,0 Ma) separates the Middle from the Upper Coniacian substage. An even shorter third order cycle caused a new transgression during the Late Coniacian.

text: After a maximum of the global sea level during the early Turonian, the Coniacian was characterized by a gradual fall of the sea level. This cycle is in

text: sequence stratigraphy

text: seen as a first order cycle. During the middle Coniacian a shorter, second order cycle, caused a temporary rise of the sea level (and global

text: transgressions

text: ) on top of the longer first order trend. The following

text: regression

text: (Co1, at 87,0 Ma) separates the Middle from the Upper Coniacian substage. An even shorter third order cycle caused a new transgression during the Late Coniacian.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 2

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: global transgressions

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: third order cycle

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: second order cycle

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Late Coniacian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Coniacian

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Co1

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: first order cycle

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Co1, at 87,0 Ma

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Grand Canyon is part of the Colorado River basin which has developed over the past 40 million years. A recent study places the origins of the canyon beginning about 17 million years ago. Previous estimates had placed the age of the canyon at 5–6 million years.  The study, which was published in the journal Science in 2008, used uranium-lead dating to analyze calcite deposits found on the walls of nine caves throughout the canyon. There is a substantial amount of controversy because this research suggests such a substantial departure from prior widely supported scientific consensus. In December 2012, a study published in the journal Science claimed new tests had suggested the Grand Canyon could be as old as 70 million years. However, this study has been criticized by those who support the "young canyon" age of around six million years as "[an] attempt to push the interpretation of their new data to their limits without consideration of the whole range of other geologic data sets."

text: The Grand Canyon is part of the Colorado River basin which has developed over the past 40 million years. A recent study places the origins of the canyon beginning about 17 million years ago. Previous estimates had placed the age of the canyon at 5–6 million years.  The study, which was published in the journal

text: Science

text: in 2008, used

text: uranium-lead dating

text: to analyze

text: calcite

text: deposits found on the walls of nine caves throughout the canyon. There is a substantial amount of controversy because this research suggests such a substantial departure from prior widely supported scientific consensus. In December 2012, a study published in the journal

text: Science

text: claimed new tests had suggested the Grand Canyon could be as old as 70 million years. However, this study has been criticized by those who support the "young canyon" age of around six million years as "[an] attempt to push the interpretation of their new data to their limits without consideration of the whole range of other geologic data sets."

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answers: attempt to push the interpretation of their new data to their limits

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 40 million years

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Colorado River basin

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: calcite

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Grand Canyon is part of the Colorado River basin

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: calcite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Colorado River basin

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: calcite deposits

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: To correlate lithostratigraphic units, geologists define facies, and look for key beds or key sequences that can be used as a datum.

text: To correlate lithostratigraphic units, geologists define facies, and look for key beds or key sequences that can be used as a datum.

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answers: facies

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: facies

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: facies

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Sedimentary facies changes may indicate transgressions and regressions and are often easily identified, because of the unique conditions required to deposit each type of sediment.  For instance, coarse-grained clastics like sand are usually deposited in nearshore, high-energy environments; fine-grained sediments however, such as silt and carbonate muds, are deposited farther offshore, in deep, low-energy waters.

text: Sedimentary

text: facies

text: changes may indicate transgressions and regressions and are often easily identified, because of the unique conditions required to deposit each type of

text: sediment

text: .  For instance, coarse-grained

text: clastic

text: s like sand are usually deposited in nearshore, high-energy environments; fine-grained sediments however, such as

text: silt

text: and

text: carbonate

text: muds, are deposited farther offshore, in deep, low-energy waters.

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answers: sedimentary facies changes

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: low-energy waters

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: transgressions and regressions

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: clastics

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: clastics

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: transgressions and regressions

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Sedimentary facies

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Encrinites form in areas where disaggregated crinoid skeletal debris becomes concentrated, typically shallow warm euhaline seas. They are therefore very common in the Paleozoic rock record of North America and Eurasia, particularly during the Silurian through Early Devonian and the Early Mississippian age, when high sea levels created widespread epeiric seas. Some encrinites are also known from the Jurassic of North America and Western Europe.

text: Encrinites form in areas where disaggregated crinoid skeletal debris becomes concentrated, typically shallow warm euhaline seas. They are therefore very common in the

text: Paleozoic

text: rock record of North America and Eurasia, particularly during the

text: Silurian

text: through Early

text: Devonian

text: and the Early

text: Mississippian age

text: , when high sea levels created widespread

text: epeiric seas

text: . Some encrinites are also known from the

text: Jurassic

text: of North America and Western Europe.

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answers: high sea levels

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: high sea levels

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: high sea levels

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Haline

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: high sea levels

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Encrinites

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: high sea levels

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Rupel Group can be 250 meters thick at maximum. During the Rupelian age Belgium was covered by a shallow sea. The formations of the Rupel Group therefore have a shallow marine to near coastal facies.

text: The Rupel Group can be 250 meters thick at maximum. During the Rupelian age Belgium was covered by a shallow sea. The formations of the Rupel Group therefore have a shallow marine to near coastal facies.

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answers: Rupelian

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answers: shallow marine to near coastal facies

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: shallow marine to near coastal facies

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Paleozoic rocks of the dome consist of a 2.6 km thick section of intensely folded Cambrian through Early Pennsylvanian sediments. The Paleozoic rocks were deformed and thrust into the area from the southeast during the Ouachita orogeny. Following the Permian uplift and erosion during most of the Mesozoic was followed by deposition of Cretaceous carbonate rocks which correlate with the Cretaceous of the Gulf Coast. The area was uplifted by the Laramide orogeny during latest Cretaceous. Following the Eocene intrusive and volcanic events of the Solitario, the area was partially covered by volcanic rocks from the adjacent Bofecillos volcanic center to the west of the area during the Oligocene and early Miocene. Erosion and downcutting following the Pleistocene deepening of the Rio Grande to the southwest and south have produced the current topographic expression of the area.

text: The Paleozoic rocks of the dome consist of a 2.6 km thick section of intensely folded

text: Cambrian

text: through Early

text: Pennsylvanian

text: sediments. The Paleozoic rocks were deformed and

text: thrust

text: into the area from the southeast during the

text: Ouachita orogeny

text: . Following the

text: Permian

text: uplift and erosion during most of the

text: Mesozoic

text: was followed by deposition of

text: Cretaceous

text: carbonate rocks which correlate with the Cretaceous of the Gulf Coast. The area was uplifted by the

text: Laramide orogeny

text: during latest Cretaceous. Following the Eocene intrusive and volcanic events of the Solitario, the area was partially covered by volcanic rocks from the adjacent

text: Bofecillos

text: volcanic center to the west of the area during the

text: Oligocene

text: and early

text: Miocene

text: Erosion

text: and downcutting following the

text: Pleistocene

text: deepening of the

text: Rio Grande

text: to the southwest and south have produced the current topographic expression of the area.

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answers: Permian

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answers: volcanic events

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answers: Pennsylvanian

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answers: Deepening of the Rio Grande

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic rocks

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Paleozoic rocks of the dome

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Grand Canyon Inn and Campground, also known as the North Rim Inn, were built by the William W. Wylie and  the Utah Parks Company as inexpensive tourist accommodations on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, in Grand Canyon National Park. Intended to complement the more expensive Grand Canyon Lodge, the cabins and Inn were located near Bright Angel Point, but father back than their more expensive counterparts, near the Grand Canyon North Rim Headquarters. The design of the cabins and the redesign of the Inn building were undertaken by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood.

text: The Grand Canyon Inn and Campground, also known as the North Rim Inn, were built by the William W. Wylie and  the

text: Utah Parks Company

text: as inexpensive tourist accommodations on the

text: North Rim

text: of the

text: Grand Canyon

text: , in

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: . Intended to complement the more expensive

text: Grand Canyon Lodge

text: , the cabins and Inn were located near

text: Bright Angel Point

text: , but father back than their more expensive counterparts, near the

text: Grand Canyon North Rim Headquarters

text: . The design of the cabins and the redesign of the Inn building were undertaken by architect

text: Gilbert Stanley Underwood

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answers: four

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answers: Bright Angel Point

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answers: Halite

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Grand Canyon National Park

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Bright Angel Point

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: It is also thought that the break-up of Pangaea throughout the Mesozoic brought together previously isolated communities, forcing them to adapt. The increased shelf space caused by sea-level rise and a hyper-greenhouse climate provided more iterations and chances to evolve, resulting in increasing diversity.

text: It is also thought that the break-up of

text: Pangaea

text: throughout the Mesozoic brought together previously isolated communities, forcing them to adapt. The increased shelf space caused by sea-level rise and a hyper-greenhouse climate provided more iterations and chances to evolve, resulting in increasing diversity.

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answers: NDQ_005492

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answers: NDQ_005494

answers: hyper-greenhouse climate

answers: NDQ_005495

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answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shelf

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The increase shelf space caused by sea-level rise and a hyper-greenhouse climate

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: shelf

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Pangaea

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: break-up of Pangaea

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Truttman Sink is associated with the Franciscan Formation (or Complex/Assemblage), which is made up of rock types such as: sedimentary sandstone and shale, oceanic basalt, greenstone, chert, serpentinite, limestone, and several metamorphic rock types (blueschist, amphibolite, and eclogite). Franciscan rock is considered a part of a Mesozoic subduction complex and ranges all along the Californian coast.

text: Truttman Sink is associated with the

text: Franciscan Formation

text: (or Complex/Assemblage), which is made up of rock types such as: sedimentary

text: sandstone

text: and

text: shale

text: , oceanic

text: basalt

text: , greenstone,

text: chert

text: serpentinite

text: limestone

text: , and several metamorphic rock types (

text: blueschist

text: amphibolite

text: , and

text: eclogite

text: ). Franciscan rock is considered a part of a

text: Mesozoic

text: subduction

text: complex and ranges all along the Californian coast.

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answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Subduction

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Franciscan Formation

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answers: Franciscan Formation

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answers: Mesozoic subduction complex

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answers: limestone

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answers: Franciscan Formation

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Franciscan rock

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The mountains are faulted anticlines formed as part of the Sawatch Uplift during the Laramide orogeny approximately 65 MYA. The mountains were originally contiguous with the higher Sawatch Range to the west but were separated during the formation of the rift valley at the headwaters of the Arkansas River approximately 35 MYA.  The range is primarily of granite. The eastern flank of the range along the rim of South Park overlain by Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. The northern end of the range was glaciated during Pleistocene time, forming u-shaped valleys in the canyons.

text: The mountains are

text: faulted

text: anticline

text: s formed as part of the

text: Sawatch Uplift

text: during the

text: Laramide orogeny

text: approximately 65

text: MYA

text: . The mountains were originally contiguous with the higher

text: Sawatch Range

text: to the west but were separated during the formation of the rift valley at the headwaters of the Arkansas River approximately 35 MYA.  The range is primarily of

text: granite

text: . The eastern flank of the range along the rim of South Park overlain by

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: sedimentary rock

text: s. The northern end of the range was

text: glaciated

text: during

text: Pleistocene

text: time, forming u-shaped valleys in the canyons.

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answers: glaciated

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answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: u-shaped valleys

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The  2.5 billion year old metamorphic rocks that make up the east face of the Tetons are marine in origin and include some volcanic deposits. These same rocks are today buried deep inside Jackson Hole. Paleozoic rocks were deposited in warm shallow seas while Mesozoic deposition transitioned back and forth from marine to non-marine sediments with the Cretaceous Seaway periodically covering the area late in that era.

text: The  2.5 billion year old

text: metamorphic rock

text: s that make up the east face of the Tetons are marine in origin and include some

text: volcanic

text: deposits. These same rocks are today buried deep inside Jackson Hole.

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks were deposited in warm shallow

text: sea

text: s while

text: Mesozoic

text: deposition transitioned back and forth from marine to non-marine sediments with the

text: Cretaceous Seaway

text: periodically covering the area late in that era.

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: sediments

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answers: the Cretaceous Seaway

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The 2.5 billion year old metamorphic rocks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Birdsongs of the Mesozoic is the eponymous first EP by the American Avant-rock band Birdsongs of the Mesozoic, released in 1983 by Ace of Hearts Records.

text: Birdsongs of the Mesozoic is the eponymous first

text: EP

text: by the American

text: Avant-rock

text: band

text: Birdsongs of the Mesozoic

text: , released in 1983 by

text: Ace of Hearts Records

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: The Mesozoic

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answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Mesozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Lias started with a transgression that is more important than the advances of the Muschelkalk and Keuper seas. Its total thickness varies between 150 and 400 m. The sea level kept rising during the Hettangian and fossiliferous limestones were deposited; this trend reversed later on into a regression leaving evaporites (rock salt and anhydrite with some calcareous interlayers). At the edge of the basin and in the eastern Pyrenees, argillaceous limestones and banded dolomites with layers of anhydrite settled out; the dolomites transformed upon dissolution of the anhydrite into monogenic breccias. The regression continued during the Lower Sinemurian, sedimenting intra– and supra–tidal banded limestones and dolomites. In the Upper Sinemurian (Lotharingian), more open-marine conditions established themselves due to a renewed sea-level rise; in deeper parts of the basin, fossiliferous limestones developed, whereas, on high ground, oolithic limestones accumulated. The Middle Lias (Pliensbachian) started off transgressive as well with fine-grained detrital, limey to marly sediments (ferruginous oolites, fossiliferous limestones and marls) that change over to marls. In the eastern Pyrenees, pyrite-bearing claystones formed due to a badly oxygenated environment; they contain a very diverse fauna of ammonites belonging to the French southeastern domain, whereas the ammonite population on the Atlantic side is rather monotonous. During the Upper Lias (Toarcian), the sea reached a high stand, continuing with the fine-grained detrital sedimentation and depositing black pelagic marls (marnes noires and schistes esquilleux). Towards the end of the Lias, regressive tendencies again became noticeable.

text: The

text: Lias

text: started with a transgression that is more important than the advances of the Muschelkalk and Keuper seas. Its total thickness varies between 150 and 400 m. The sea level kept rising during the

text: Hettangian

text: and fossiliferous limestones were deposited; this trend reversed later on into a regression leaving evaporites (rock salt and anhydrite with some calcareous interlayers). At the edge of the basin and in the eastern Pyrenees, argillaceous limestones and banded dolomites with layers of anhydrite settled out; the dolomites transformed upon dissolution of the anhydrite into monogenic breccias. The regression continued during the

text: Lower Sinemurian

text: , sedimenting intra– and supra–tidal banded limestones and dolomites. In the Upper Sinemurian (Lotharingian), more open-marine conditions established themselves due to a renewed sea-level rise; in deeper parts of the basin, fossiliferous limestones developed, whereas, on high ground, oolithic limestones accumulated. The Middle Lias (

text: Pliensbachian

text: ) started off transgressive as well with fine-grained detrital, limey to marly sediments (ferruginous oolites, fossiliferous limestones and marls) that change over to marls. In the eastern Pyrenees,

text: pyrite

text: -bearing claystones formed due to a badly oxygenated environment; they contain a very diverse fauna of ammonites belonging to the French southeastern domain, whereas the ammonite population on the Atlantic side is rather monotonous. During the Upper Lias (

text: Toarcian

text: ), the sea reached a high stand, continuing with the fine-grained detrital sedimentation and depositing black pelagic marls (marnes noires and schistes esquilleux). Towards the end of the Lias, regressive tendencies again became noticeable.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0262/T_1538/8e936777eff7b174c562d6f84487c4b3

answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_0262/T_1538/de1692ba7155bbf5710aaf4ed6e09ca4

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005495

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: open-marine conditions established themselves due to a renewed sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Hettangian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: more open-marine conditions

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Pliensbachian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Lias started with a transgression that is more important than the advances of the Muschelkalk and Keuper seas.

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: marls

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: argillaceous limestones and banded dolomites

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Lias (Pliensbachian), the sea reached a high stand, continuing with the fine-grained detrital sedimentation and depositing black pelagic marls

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: No Precambrian fossils are known from South Carolina. As such, the state's fossil record does not begin until the Paleozoic. During the Cambrian, at least the Batesburg area in the southwestern part of the state was submerged under seawater. This sea was home to trilobites. The rest of the Paleozoic is absent from the state's rock record, so the state has no sediments from the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, or Permian in which fossils could have been preserved. The Triassic and Jurassic periods of the Mesozoic era are also missing from the state's rock record. During the Cretaceous, however, South Carolina was covered in sea water. Local marine life included oysters and tube-forming worms. Sometimes dinosaur carcasses everything jfodsaiofejn vmfewoi toastand teeth from such remains have been preserved in the eastern part of the state. Late Cretaceous invertebrates included a bryozoan, coelenterats, gastropods, pelecypods, and scaphopods. The Late Cretaceous Peedee beds are known for their belemnites and other mollusks. During the Late Cretaceous, the flora of South Carolina included trees like eucalyptuses, laurel, magnolias, oak, sequoiah, walnut, and willows. Similar fossil trees have been found in Alabama, New Jersey, and Maryland. Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossils have been found at several Donoho Creek Formation sites in northeastern South Carolina.

text: No

text: Precambrian

text: fossils are known from South Carolina. As such, the state's fossil record does not begin until the

text: Paleozoic

text: . During the

text: Cambrian

text: , at least the

text: Batesburg

text: area in the southwestern part of the state was submerged under seawater. This sea was home to

text: trilobite

text: s. The rest of the Paleozoic is absent from the state's

text: rock record

text: , so the state has no sediments from the

text: Ordovician

text: Silurian

text: Devonian

text: Carboniferous

text: , or

text: Permian

text: in which fossils could have been preserved. The

text: Triassic

text: and

text: Jurassic

text: periods of the

text: Mesozoic

text: era are also missing from the state's

text: rock record

text: . During the

text: Cretaceous

text: , however, South Carolina was covered in sea water. Local marine life included

text: oyster

text: s and tube-forming

text: worm

text: s. Sometimes

text: dinosaur

text: carcasses everything jfodsaiofejn vmfewoi toastand teeth from such remains have been preserved in the eastern part of the state.

text: Late Cretaceous

text: invertebrates

text: included a

text: bryozoan

text: coelenterat

text: s,

text: gastropod

text: s,

text: pelecypod

text: s, and

text: scaphopod

text: s. The Late Cretaceous Peedee beds are known for their

text: belemnites

text: and other

text: mollusk

text: s. During the Late Cretaceous, the

text: flora

text: of South Carolina included trees like

text: eucalyptus

text: es,

text: laurel

text: magnolias

text: oak

text: sequoiah

text: walnut

text: , and

text: willows

text: . Similar fossil trees have been found in

text: Alabama

text: New Jersey

text: , and

text: Maryland

text: . Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossils have been found at several

text: Donoho Creek Formation

text: sites in northeastern South Carolina.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: During the Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Peedee beds

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Peedee beds

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: No Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Peedee beds

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Donoho Creek Formation

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The rest of the Paleozoic is absent from the state's rock record

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Phanerozoic is divided into three eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.  The Paleozoic era spanned from roughly  (ICS, 2004), and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian.

text: The

text: Phanerozoic

text: is divided into three

text: eras

text: : the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Cenozoic

text: .  The

text: Paleozoic era

text: spanned from roughly  (ICS, 2004), and is subdivided into six

text: geologic periods

text: ; from oldest to youngest they are: the

text: Cambrian

text: Ordovician

text: Silurian

text: Devonian

text: Carboniferous

text: , and

text: Permian

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005491

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Paleozoic era

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Paleozoic era

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: These facies are interpreted as the next deposit environments:

text: These facies are interpreted as the next deposit environments:

answers: tqa2:L_0262/T_1536/c805daf6765d9867610868bcefcbc79b

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005492

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: transgressions

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: deposit environments

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: next deposit environments

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: facies

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the next deposit environments

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Grand Canyon

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The rifting, migrating northwards and accretion to form Sundaland took place during the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic in three stages.   The stages were controlled by the opening and closing of the Tethys Ocean separating Gondwana from Eurasia. Gondwana was in the south and Eurasia migrated north to its current location where it is relatively fixed today. These stages were during the Devonian, Late Permian and Late Triassic.

text: The rifting, migrating northwards and

text: accretion

text: to form Sundaland took place during the Late

text: Paleozoic

text: and Early

text: Mesozoic

text: in three stages.   The stages were controlled by the opening and closing of the

text: Tethys Ocean

text: separating Gondwana from Eurasia. Gondwana was in the south and

text: Eurasia

text: migrated north to its current location where it is relatively fixed today. These stages were during the

text: Devonian

text: , Late

text: Permian

text: and Late

text: Triassic

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 5

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answers: the opening and closing of the Tethys Ocean

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answers: Sundaland

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Sundaland

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Tethys Ocean

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The headland was created in the Cenozoic Era as part of one of the lava flows from the Tweed Volcano, a Shield Volcano, centred on what is now Mt Warning. The basaltic lava spread south and east from the volcano in a succession of flows which covered to varying depths an older landform uplifted from the ocean bed in the Mesozoic Era.

text: The headland was created in the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era as part of one of the

text: lava

text: flows from the

text: Tweed Volcano

text: , a

text: Shield Volcano

text: , centred on what is now

text: Mt Warning

text: . The

text: basalt

text: ic lava spread south and east from the volcano in a succession of flows which covered to varying depths an older landform uplifted from the ocean bed in the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era.

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answers: Mesozoic Era

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answers: Volcano

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answers: Basaltic

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answers: Shield

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answers: basaltic

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answers: a succession of flows

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Mesozoic Era

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The lower course of the Sava River is located in the Pannonian Basin—first reached by the Sava River in the Krško Basin on the western rim of the Pannonian Basin. The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 17–12 Mya (million years ago) and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts about 7.5 Mya. Contemporary uplift of the Carpathian Mountains prevented water flowing to the Black Sea, and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the Pleistocene during the uplift of the Transdanubian Mountains. Ultimately, up to  of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the Pannonian sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge. In the southern Pannonian Basin, the Neogene to Quaternary sediment depth is normally lower, averaging , except in central parts of depressions formed by subduction. A subduction zone formed in the present-day Sava River valley, and approximately  deep sediments were deposited in the Slavonia-Syrmia depression and  in the Sava depression. The results of those processes are large plains in the Sava River valley and the Kupa River valley. The plains are interspersed by the horst and graben structures, believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea surface as islands, which became watershed between Drava and Sava River basins extending along Ivanščica–Kalnik–Bilogora–Papuk mountain chain. The Papuk Mountain is flanked by the Krndija and the Dilj Hills on the eastern rim of the Požega Valley. The Bilogora, Papuk and Krndija Mountains consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks which are 300–350 million years old, while the Dilj consists of much more recent Neogene rocks, 2–18 million years old. Further east of the chain, the watershed runs through the Đakovo–Vinkovci and Vukovar Plateau. The loess plateau, extending eastward from Dilj and representing the watershed between the Vuka and Bosut rivers, gradually rises to the Fruška Gora south of Ilok.

text: The lower course of the Sava River is located in the Pannonian Basin—first reached by the Sava River in the Krško Basin on the western rim of the Pannonian Basin. The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and

text: subsidence

text: of crust structures formed during Late Paleozoic

text: Variscan orogeny

text: . The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in

text: Papuk

text: and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a

text: stratovolcanic

text: chain in the basin 17–12

text: Mya

text: (million years ago) and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as

text: flood basalt

text: s about 7.5 Mya. Contemporary uplift of the

text: Carpathian Mountains

text: prevented water flowing to the Black Sea, and the

text: Pannonian Sea

text: formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the

text: Pleistocene

text: during the uplift of the

text: Transdanubian Mountains

text: . Ultimately, up to  of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the Pannonian sea eventually drained through the

text: Iron Gate

text: gorge. In the southern Pannonian Basin, the

text: Neogene

text: to Quaternary sediment depth is normally lower, averaging , except in central parts of depressions formed by

text: subduction

text: . A subduction zone formed in the present-day Sava River valley, and approximately  deep sediments were deposited in the Slavonia-Syrmia depression and  in the Sava depression. The results of those processes are large

text: plain

text: s in the Sava River valley and the Kupa River valley. The plains are interspersed by the

text: horst

text: and

text: graben

text: structures, believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea surface as

text: islands

text: , which became watershed between

text: Drava

text: and Sava River basins extending along

text: Ivanščica

text: Kalnik

text: Bilogora

text: –Papuk mountain chain. The Papuk Mountain is flanked by the

text: Krndija

text: and the

text: Dilj

text: Hills on the eastern rim of the

text: Požega Valley

text: . The Bilogora, Papuk and Krndija Mountains consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks which are 300–350 million years old, while the Dilj consists of much more recent Neogene rocks, 2–18 million years old. Further east of the chain, the watershed runs through the

text: Đakovo

text: Vinkovci

text: and

text: Vukovar

text: Plateau. The

text: loess

text: plateau, extending eastward from Dilj and representing the watershed between the

text: Vuka

text: and Bosut rivers, gradually rises to the

text: Fruška Gora

text: south of Ilok.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Pannonian Basin

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: flood basalts

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Basalts

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Pannonian Basin

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Pannonian Sea

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: From San Saba north to Childress, and from Wichita Falls in the east to Big Spring in the west, the surface consists of late Paleozoic (Pennsylvanian) to early Mesozoic (Triassic) marine sediments.  These strata grow younger from east to west, until they are overlain unconformably by terrigenous Ogallala sediments of Miocene and Pliocene age.  These late Cenozoic deposits dominate the Texas Panhandle.

text: From

text: San Saba

text: north to

text: Childress

text: , and from

text: Wichita Falls

text: in the east to

text: Big Spring

text: in the west, the surface consists of late Paleozoic (

text: Pennsylvanian

text: ) to early Mesozoic (

text: Triassic

text: ) marine sediments.  These strata grow younger from east to west, until they are overlain

text: unconformably

text: by

text: terrigenous

text: Ogallala

text: sediments of

text: Miocene

text: and

text: Pliocene

text: age.  These late Cenozoic deposits dominate the

text: Texas Panhandle

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answers: unconformably by terrigenous Ogallala sediments

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Triassic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: terrigenous Ogallala sediments

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Triassic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Ogallala

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answers: The Texas Panhandle

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Ogallala

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: these strata grow younger from east to west

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Triassic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Sierra Ancha features significant exposures of the Apache Group, a complex consisting of Proterozoic conglomerate, shale, dolomitic limestone, and quartzite, with large-scale intrusions of diabase. The purplish Dripping Spring Quartzite and white-pinkish Troy Quartzite are much more resistant to weathering than the surrounding strata and form the Sierra Ancha's spectacular cliffs. In lower Parker Canyon, on the range's south face, the Dripping Springs Quartzite forms precipices with a  vertical drop. The light-colored cliffs topping upper Parker Canyon have been formed from the Troy Quartzite. The basement (lowest) rock throughout the range consists of the Proterozoic Ruin Granite. The top of Aztec Peak is capped with a coarse-grained, brown, Cambrian sandstone analogous to the Tapeats Sandstone of the Grand Canyon. The Tapeats Sandstone lies on an unconformity at  in the Grand Canyon, whereas at Aztec Peak it appears at about , a vertical displacement from which can be inferred about  of ancient uplift, implying that the Sierra Ancha once stood at least 1500 m higher than the range does today, and that the Paleozoic strata which overlie the Tapeats in the Grand Canyon have been removed in the Sierra Ancha through erosion. Gravels consistent with erosional removal and deposition can be found on top of the Colorado Plateau to the north of the Sierra Ancha.

text: The Sierra Ancha features significant exposures of the

text: Apache Group

text: , a complex consisting of

text: Proterozoic

text: conglomerate

text: shale

text: , dolomitic

text: limestone

text: , and

text: quartzite

text: , with large-scale

text: intrusion

text: s of

text: diabase

text: . The purplish

text: Dripping Spring Quartzite

text: and white-pinkish Troy Quartzite are much more resistant to

text: weathering

text: than the surrounding

text: strata

text: and form the Sierra Ancha's spectacular cliffs. In lower Parker Canyon, on the range's south face, the Dripping Springs Quartzite forms precipices with a  vertical drop. The light-colored cliffs topping upper Parker Canyon have been formed from the Troy Quartzite. The

text: basement

text: (lowest) rock throughout the range consists of the Proterozoic Ruin

text: Granite

text: . The top of Aztec Peak is capped with a coarse-grained, brown,

text: Cambrian

text: sandstone

text: analogous to the

text: Tapeats Sandstone

text: of the

text: Grand Canyon

text: . The Tapeats Sandstone lies on an

text: unconformity

text: at  in the Grand Canyon, whereas at Aztec Peak it appears at about , a vertical displacement from which can be inferred about  of ancient

text: uplift

text: , implying that the Sierra Ancha once stood at least 1500 m higher than the range does today, and that the

text: Paleozoic

text: strata which overlie the Tapeats in the Grand Canyon have been removed in the Sierra Ancha through

text: erosion

text: . Gravels consistent with erosional removal and deposition can be found on top of the

text: Colorado Plateau

text: to the north of the Sierra Ancha.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: diabase

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Colorado Plateau

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Dripping Springs Quartzite

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Tapeats Sandstone

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: quartzite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Sierra Ancha

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Tapeats Sandstone

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Stromatoporoidea is a class of aquatic invertebrates common in the fossil record from the Ordovician through the Devonian. They were especially abundant in the Silurian and Devonian. These invertebrates were important reef-formers throughout the Paleozoic and the Late Mesozoic. The group was previously thought to be related to the corals and placed in the Phylum Cnidaria. They are now classified in the sponges (Phylum Porifera), specifically the sclerosponges. There are numerous fossil forms with spherical, branching or encrusting skeletons of laminated calcite with vertical pillars between the laminae.

text: Stromatoporoidea is a class of aquatic

text: invertebrate

text: s common in the fossil record from the

text: Ordovician

text: through the

text: Devonian

text: . They were especially abundant in the

text: Silurian

text: and

text: Devonian

text: . These invertebrates were important

text: reef-formers

text: throughout the

text: Paleozoic

text: and the Late

text: Mesozoic

text: . The group was previously thought to be related to the

text: coral

text: s and placed in the Phylum

text: Cnidaria

text: . They are now classified in the

text: sponges

text: (Phylum Porifera), specifically the

text: sclerosponges

text: . There are numerous

text: fossil

text: forms with spherical, branching or encrusting skeletons of laminated

text: calcite

text: with vertical pillars between the laminae.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: the Late Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: calcite

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Stromatoporoidea

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: calcite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: fossil record from the Ordovician through the Devonian

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During the early Paleozoic, New Hampshire was covered by a warm, shallow sea that would come to be inhabited by creatures like brachiopods, bryozoans, corals, crinoids, and trilobites. Geologic forces raised the local elevation during the Devonian, and local sediments were eroded away from the state rather than deposited, leading to a gap in the local rock record. Erosion continued through the Mesozoic and the early to mid Cenozoic, leaving few rocks of that age, and no fossils. By the Ice Age, the state was being worked over by glaciers and had similar wildlife to the modern Canadian Arctic.

text: During the early

text: Paleozoic

text: , New Hampshire was covered by a warm, shallow sea that would come to be inhabited by creatures like

text: brachiopod

text: s,

text: bryozoan

text: s,

text: coral

text: s,

text: crinoid

text: s, and

text: trilobite

text: s. Geologic forces raised the local elevation during the Devonian, and local sediments were

text: eroded

text: away from the state rather than deposited, leading to a gap in the local

text: rock record

text: . Erosion continued through the

text: Mesozoic

text: and the early to mid

text: Cenozoic

text: , leaving few rocks of that age, and no fossils. By the

text: Ice Age

text: , the state was being worked over by

text: glacier

text: s and had similar wildlife to the modern

text: Canadian Arctic

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: raised the local elevation

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Geologic forces

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: By the Ice Age

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: a gap in the local rock record

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: fossils

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Precambrian and Paleozoic history of the Colorado Plateau is best revealed near its southern end where the Grand Canyon has exposed rocks with ages that span almost 2 billion years. The oldest rocks at river level are igneous and metamorphic and have been lumped together as "Vishnu Basement Rocks"; the oldest ages recorded by these rocks fall in the range 1950 to 1680 million years. An erosion surface on the "Vishnu Basement Rocks" is covered by sedimentary rocks and basalt flows, and these rocks formed in the interval from about 1250 to 750 million years ago: in turn, they were uplifted and split into a range of fault-block mountains. Erosion greatly reduced this mountain range prior to the encroachment of a seaway along the passive western edge of the continent in the early Paleozoic. At the canyon rim is the Kaibab Formation, limestone deposited in the late Paleozoic (Permian) about 270 million years ago.

text: The

text: Precambrian

text: and

text: Paleozoic

text: history of the Colorado Plateau is best revealed near its southern end where the

text: Grand Canyon

text: has exposed rocks with ages that span almost 2 billion years. The oldest rocks at river level are igneous and metamorphic and have been lumped together as "Vishnu Basement Rocks"; the oldest ages recorded by these rocks fall in the range 1950 to 1680 million years. An

text: erosion surface

text: on the "Vishnu Basement Rocks" is covered by sedimentary rocks and basalt flows, and these rocks formed in the interval from about 1250 to 750 million years ago: in turn, they were uplifted and split into a range of

text: fault-block mountain

text: s. Erosion greatly reduced this mountain range prior to the encroachment of a seaway along the passive western edge of the continent in the early Paleozoic. At the canyon rim is the Kaibab Formation, limestone deposited in the late Paleozoic (Permian) about 270 million years ago.

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answer: No

answer: 1

text: Early residents soon realized that tourism was destined to be more profitable than mining, and by the turn of the 20th century the Grand Canyon was a well-known tourist destination. Most visitors made the gruelling trip from nearby towns to the South Rim by stagecoach. In 1901 the Grand Canyon Railway was opened from Williams, Arizona, to the South Rim, and the development of formal tourist facilities, especially at Grand Canyon Village, increased dramatically. The Fred Harvey Company developed many facilities at the Grand Canyon, including the luxury El Tovar Hotel on the South Rim in 1905 and Phantom Ranch in the Inner Gorge in 1922. Although first afforded federal protection in 1893 as a forest reserve and later as a U.S. National Monument, the Grand Canyon did not achieve U.S. National Park status until 1919, three years after the creation of the National Park Service. Today, Grand Canyon National Park receives about five million visitors each year, a far cry from the annual visitation of 44,173 in 1919.

text: Early residents soon realized that tourism was destined to be more profitable than mining, and by the turn of the 20th century the Grand Canyon was a well-known tourist destination. Most visitors made the gruelling trip from nearby towns to the South Rim by

text: stagecoach

text: . In 1901 the

text: Grand Canyon Railway

text: was opened from

text: Williams, Arizona

text: , to the South Rim, and the development of formal tourist facilities, especially at

text: Grand Canyon Village

text: , increased dramatically. The

text: Fred Harvey Company

text: developed many facilities at the Grand Canyon, including the luxury

text: El Tovar Hotel

text: on the South Rim in 1905 and Phantom Ranch in the Inner Gorge in 1922. Although first afforded federal protection in 1893 as a forest reserve and later as a

text: U.S. National Monument

text: , the Grand Canyon did not achieve

entity_name: List of national parks of the United States

text: U.S. National Park

text: status until 1919, three years after the creation of the

text: National Park Service

text: . Today, Grand Canyon National Park receives about five million visitors each year, a far cry from the annual visitation of 44,173 in 1919.

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answers: Grand Canyon National Park

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answers: Grand Canyon was a well-known tourist destination

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answers: Grand Canyon National Park

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Cretaceous ended with another mass extinction. This one was the second most devastating in geologic history. Roughly half of all animal families became extinct. Ammonoids and belemnoids were among the marine invertebrates extinguished. Planktonic foraminiferans barely survived. Two thirds of coral species became extinct. About half of sponge families became extinct. Bivalves, bryozoans, and gastropods also sustained heavy losses. The major Mesozoic marine reptile groups became extinct. On land, the non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs became extinct. The most popular explanation for the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is that it resulted from a meteorite impact. This impact would explain the presence of high levels of the heavy element iridium in sediments from the time. Iridium is very rare in earth's crust but much more common in meteors. Dinosaurs were widespread within the regions now composing the modern United States. Dinosaur fossils are known to have been preserved in Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, D.C., and Wyoming, but not in Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, or Wisconsin.

text: The Cretaceous ended with another mass extinction. This one was the second most devastating in geologic history. Roughly half of all animal families became extinct. Ammonoids and belemnoids were among the marine invertebrates extinguished. Planktonic foraminiferans barely survived. Two thirds of coral species became extinct. About half of sponge families became extinct. Bivalves, bryozoans, and gastropods also sustained heavy losses. The major Mesozoic marine reptile groups became extinct. On land, the non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs became extinct. The most popular explanation for the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is that it resulted from a meteorite impact. This impact would explain the presence of high levels of the heavy element iridium in sediments from the time. Iridium is very rare in earth's crust but much more common in meteors. Dinosaurs were widespread within the regions now composing the modern United States. Dinosaur fossils are known to have been preserved in

text: Alabama

text: Alaska

text: Arizona

text: Arkansas

text: California

text: Colorado

text: Connecticut

text: Delaware

text: Georgia

text: Idaho

text: Iowa

text: Kansas

text: Louisiana

text: Maryland

text: Massachusetts

text: Minnesota

text: Mississippi

text: Missouri

text: Montana

text: Nebraska

text: Nevada

text: New Jersey

text: New Mexico

text: New York

text: North Carolina

text: North Dakota

text: Oklahoma

text: Pennsylvania

text: South Carolina

text: South Dakota

text: Tennessee

text: Texas

text: Utah

text: Virginia

text: Washington, D.C.

text: , and

text: Wyoming

text: , but not in

text: Florida

text: Hawaii

text: Illinois

text: Indiana

text: Kentucky

text: Maine

text: Michigan

text: New Hampshire

text: Ohio

text: Oregon

text: Rhode Island

text: Vermont

text: Washington

text: West Virginia

text: , or

text: Wisconsin

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answers: Dinosaur fossils

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A special unit is the greywacke zone, a band of Paleozoic metamorphosed sedimentary rocks that forms an east-west band through the Austrian Alps. The greywacke zone crops out between the Mesozoic rocks of the Northern Calcareous Alps and the Austroalpine and Penninic basement rocks of the Central Eastern Alps. Stratigraphically, the greywacke zone can be up to  thick.

text: A special unit is the

text: greywacke zone

text: , a band of

text: Paleozoic

text: metamorphosed

text: sedimentary rock

text: s that forms an east-west band through the

text: Austria

text: n

text: Alps

text: . The greywacke zone crops out between the Mesozoic rocks of the Northern Calcareous Alps and the Austroalpine and Penninic basement rocks of the

text: Central Eastern Alps

text: Stratigraphically

text: , the greywacke zone can be up to  thick.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: The opposite of transgression is regression, in which the sea level falls relative to the land and exposes former sea bottom.  During the Pleistocene Ice Ages, so much water was removed from the oceans and stored on land as year-round glaciers that the ocean regressed 120 m, exposing the Bering land bridge between Alaska and Asia.

text: The opposite of transgression is

text: regression

text: , in which the sea level falls relative to the land and exposes former sea bottom.  During the

text: Pleistocene

text: Ice Age

text: s, so much water was removed from the oceans and stored on land as year-round

text: glacier

text: s that the ocean regressed 120 m, exposing the

text: Bering land bridge

text: between

text: Alaska

text: and

text: Asia

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answers: The opposite of transgression is regression

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Since its inception, the facies concept has been extended to related geological concepts. For example, characteristic associations of organic microfossils, and particulate organic material, in rocks or sediments, are called palynofacies. Discrete seismic units are similarly referred to as seismic facies.

text: Since its inception, the facies concept has been extended to related geological concepts. For example, characteristic associations of organic microfossils, and particulate organic material, in rocks or sediments, are called

text: palynofacies

text: . Discrete

text: seismic

text: units are similarly referred to as seismic facies.

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: The 2013–14 Grand Canyon Antelopes men's basketball team represented Grand Canyon University during the 2013–14 college basketball season. This was head coach Dan Majerle's first season at Grand Canyon. The Antelopes competed in the Western Athletic Conference and played their home games at GCU Arena, with one postseason game at Antelope Gymnasium. This season was year 1 of a 4-year transition period from Division II to Division I. As a result, the Antelopes were not eligible to make the NCAA Tournament and did not participate WAC Basketball Tournament. However the Antelopes could compete in the NIT, CIT, or CBI tournaments should they be invited. They finished the season 15–15, 10–6 in WAC play to finish in third place. They were invited to the CollegeInsider.com Tournament where they lost in the first round to Pacific.

text: The 2013–14

text: Grand Canyon Antelopes men's basketball

text: team represented

text: Grand Canyon University

text: during the

entity_name: 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season

text: college basketball

text: season. This was head coach

text: Dan Majerle

text: 's first season at Grand Canyon. The Antelopes competed in the

text: Western Athletic Conference

text: and played their home games at

text: GCU Arena

text: , with one postseason game at Antelope Gymnasium. This season was year 1 of a 4-year transition period from Division II to Division I. As a result, the Antelopes were not eligible to make the NCAA Tournament and did not participate WAC Basketball Tournament. However the Antelopes could compete in the NIT, CIT, or CBI tournaments should they be invited. They finished the season 15–15, 10–6 in WAC play to finish in third place. They were invited to the

entity_name: 2014 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament

text: CollegeInsider.com Tournament

text: where they lost in the first round to Pacific.

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answers: This was year 1 of a 4-year transition period from Division II to Division I

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The hallmarks of this phase were successive shoreline transgression and regression cycles. Deposition of older marine and non-marine sediments began to fill the basin. Towards the end of this phase, the shoreline began to retreat and deposition continued.

text: The hallmarks of this phase were successive shoreline transgression and regression cycles. Deposition of older marine and non-marine sediments began to fill the basin. Towards the end of this phase, the shoreline began to retreat and deposition continued.

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answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The National Park Service in 2003 approved for sale in the Grand Canyon National Park bookstore Grand Canyon: A Different View: a book that presents the formation of the Grand Canyon as a result of Biblical events. PEER exposed the selling of this book as preferential treatment of a religion that toes the line of constitutional legality. On January 4, 2007 the National Park Service Chief of Public Affairs, David Barna released a response stating that the National Park Service neither uses the text in their teaching nor do they endorse its content. The release further states that the book is sold in the inspirational section of the bookstore which includes anthropological works on Native American culture. As PEER contests, the inspirational section was only created after PEER had exposed the book’s sale as a natural history. The controversial book remains on sale.

text: The National Park Service in 2003 approved for sale in the

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: bookstore

text: Grand Canyon: A Different View

text: : a book that presents the formation of the Grand Canyon as a result of Biblical events. PEER exposed the selling of this book as preferential treatment of a religion that toes the line of constitutional legality. On January 4, 2007 the National Park Service Chief of Public Affairs, David Barna released a response stating that the National Park Service neither uses the text in their teaching nor do they endorse its content. The release further states that the book is sold in the inspirational section of the bookstore which includes anthropological works on Native American culture. As PEER contests, the inspirational section was only created after PEER had exposed the book’s sale as a natural history. The controversial book remains on sale.

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answers: formation of the Grand Canyon

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answers: formation of the Grand Canyon as a result of Biblical events

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Dalradian Supergroup consists of metasedimentary rocks which underwent polyphase deformation and metamorphism during the Precambrian and early Paleozoic. They were the earliest Grampian Group rocks and were deformed and metamorphosed around 750 Ma. The deposition of younger Dalradian sediments continued until 590 Ma, where the sediments underwent transformation to the green schist facies during the Proterozoic and Ordovician.

text: The Dalradian Supergroup consists of

text: metasediment

text: ary rocks which underwent polyphase deformation and metamorphism during the Precambrian and early Paleozoic. They were the earliest Grampian Group rocks and were deformed and metamorphosed around 750 Ma. The deposition of younger Dalradian sediments continued until 590 Ma, where the sediments underwent transformation to the green schist facies during the Proterozoic and Ordovician.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The Grand Canyon National Park is a U.S. National Park located in the state of Arizona.  The Park encompasses the Grand Canyon and the surrounding rim areas.  The Park maintains an intricate trail system both above and below the rims of the canyon.  To properly maintain and supervise the many trails and campgrounds in the backcountry of the Grand Canyon, Park implemented a system of zoning the different areas of the canyon and the surrounding rim area into backcountry "use areas," designated by a two-letter, one-number code system.

text: The

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: is a

text: U.S.

text: National Park

text: located in the state of

text: Arizona

text: .  The

text: Park

text: encompasses the

text: Grand Canyon

text: and the surrounding rim areas.  The

text: Park

text: maintains an intricate trail system both above and below the rims of the canyon.  To properly maintain and supervise the many trails and campgrounds in the backcountry of the

text: Grand Canyon

text: Park

text: implemented a system of zoning the different areas of the canyon and the surrounding rim area into backcountry "use areas," designated by a two-letter, one-number code system.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The Cambrian Tonto Group is the three-member sequence of geologic formations that represent the basal section of Paleozoic rocks in the Grand Canyon. The group is about  thick.  The base unit, the Cambrian Tapeats Sandstone was deposited upon the erosion surface of the Vishnu Basement Rocks, which is found in Granite Gorge (the Inner Gorge). The erosion resistant Tapeats Sandstone forms the platform, called Tonto Platform, that the two less erosion resistant upper layers, the Bright Angel Shale and Muav Limestone, rest on.

text: The

text: Cambrian

text: Tonto Group is the three-member sequence of

text: geologic formations

text: that represent the basal section of

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks in the

text: Grand Canyon

text: . The group is about  thick.  The base unit, the

text: Cambrian

text: Tapeats Sandstone

text: was deposited upon the

text: erosion surface

text: of the

text: Vishnu Basement Rocks

text: , which is found in Granite Gorge (the Inner Gorge). The erosion resistant Tapeats Sandstone forms the platform, called

text: Tonto Platform

text: , that the two less erosion resistant upper layers, the

text: Bright Angel Shale

text: and

text: Muav Limestone

text: , rest on.

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answers: The Cambrian Tonto Group

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Geologically the Ivrea zone is considered a part of the Southern Alps. Most rocks in the zone are sedimentary, for example limestones that have been turned into marble by metamorphism. Most of the zone has been through granulite facies metamorphism and was intruded by mafic plutons. This is the type of rock common in the lower regions of the crust. When the terrane was uplifted during the formation of the Alps, the upper crust was eroded off so that these rocks are now at the surface.

text: Geologically the Ivrea zone is considered a part of the

text: Southern Alps

text: . Most rocks in the zone are

text: sedimentary

text: , for example

text: limestone

text: s that have been turned into

text: marble

text: by

text: metamorphism

text: . Most of the zone has been through

text: granulite facies

text: metamorphism and was intruded by

text: mafic

text: pluton

text: s. This is the type of rock common in the lower regions of the crust. When the terrane was

text: uplifted

text: during the formation of the Alps, the upper crust was eroded off so that these rocks are now at the surface.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: intruded by mafic plutons

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: terrane was uplifted

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: mafic plutons

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: granulite

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Ivrea zone

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: limestones

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: most rocks in the zone are sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: mafic plutons

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: With the Pan-African orogeny and following this orogenic episode, shallow marine sediments formed in Late Vendian. The influence of the orogenic episode is evident at the base of the Vendian sediments. Deposition of shallow marine sediments covered large areas in Iran during Paleozoic (e.g., Alborz, East of Iran, Zagros). There is strong stratigraphic evidence that transition from Vendian to Lower Cambrian was a progressive one, without hiatuses; there is no evidence for any orogenic or epeirogenic movements in Iran at this time (e.g., south of Zanjan, Valiabad Chalus, Shahin Dezh). Early Cambrian started with an alternation of shale, phosphate-bearing limestone, and dolomite sitting conformably and transitionally over Vendian dolomites. Transition from Soltanieh Formation to Barut, Zaigoon, and Laloon Formations is very difficult to recognize in the field. Middle Cambrian is characterized by uplift and regression; however, a renewed progression at this time led to the deposition of Mila and Kuhbonan Formations, consisting of limestone, dolomite, and shale, over older units. These formations bear trilobites and brachiopods of Middle and Late Cambrian. In some areas, the Late Cambrian carbonate facies turns transitionally into Ordovician graptolite shales, known as Lashkarak Formation in Alborz, Shirgasht Formation in Central Iran and Ilbeyk and Zardkuh Formations in Zagros. In Kalmard area, Ordovician sediments are sitting on the Vendian sediments through an angular unconformity. In Late Ordovician, most parts of Iran were affected by epeirogenic movements; this coincides with Caledonian orogeny in Europe and some other parts of the earth. The epeirogeny caused a distinct hiatus at the Ordovician–Silurian boundary. Where present, the Silurian rocks in Iran consist mainly of limestone, sandstone, shale and volcanic materials, known as Niur Formation in Central Iran. The Lower Devonian rocks have been reported from several localities in Central Iran (e.g., Tabas, Sourian, Kerman, Zagros); however, they seem to be missing in Alborz and parts of Zagros. Upper Devonian is characterized by marine transgression, particularly in Alborz, that extends into Lower Carboniferous. With exception of Tabas area, no record of Middle Carboniferous marine deposits has yet been discovered in Iran. Upper Carboniferous deposits are not significantly present in Iran and have only been identified in several localities from index goniatites. After a general regression and a distinct hiatus in Upper Carboniferous, Permian marine transgression deposits cover most parts of Iran (e.g., Alborz, Zagros, Central Iran); The Permian sediments are represented by Dorood sandstones, Ruteh and Nesen limestones in Alborz.

text: With the

text: Pan-African orogeny

text: and following this orogenic episode, shallow marine sediments formed in Late Vendian. The influence of the orogenic episode is evident at the base of the Vendian sediments. Deposition of shallow marine sediments covered large areas in Iran during

text: Paleozoic

text: (e.g., Alborz, East of Iran, Zagros). There is strong stratigraphic evidence that transition from Vendian to Lower Cambrian was a progressive one, without hiatuses; there is no evidence for any orogenic or epeirogenic movements in Iran at this time (e.g., south of Zanjan, Valiabad Chalus, Shahin Dezh). Early Cambrian started with an alternation of shale, phosphate-bearing limestone, and dolomite sitting conformably and transitionally over Vendian dolomites. Transition from Soltanieh Formation to Barut, Zaigoon, and Laloon Formations is very difficult to recognize in the field. Middle

text: Cambrian

text: is characterized by uplift and regression; however, a renewed progression at this time led to the deposition of Mila and

text: Kuhbonan

text: Formations, consisting of limestone, dolomite, and shale, over older units. These formations bear trilobites and brachiopods of Middle and Late Cambrian. In some areas, the Late Cambrian carbonate facies turns transitionally into Ordovician

text: graptolite

text: shales, known as Lashkarak Formation in

text: Alborz

text: , Shirgasht Formation in Central Iran and Ilbeyk and

text: Zardkuh

text: Formations in Zagros. In Kalmard area,

text: Ordovician

text: sediments are sitting on the Vendian sediments through an angular unconformity. In Late Ordovician, most parts of Iran were affected by epeirogenic movements; this coincides with

text: Caledonian orogeny

text: in Europe and some other parts of the earth. The

text: epeirogeny

text: caused a distinct hiatus at the

text: Ordovician

text: Silurian

text: boundary. Where present, the

text: Silurian

text: rocks in Iran consist mainly of limestone, sandstone, shale and volcanic materials, known as Niur Formation in Central Iran. The Lower Devonian rocks have been reported from several localities in Central Iran (e.g., Tabas, Sourian,

text: Kerman

text: , Zagros); however, they seem to be missing in Alborz and parts of Zagros. Upper

text: Devonian

text: is characterized by marine transgression, particularly in Alborz, that extends into Lower Carboniferous. With exception of

text: Tabas

text: area, no record of Middle

text: Carboniferous

text: marine deposits has yet been discovered in Iran. Upper Carboniferous deposits are not significantly present in Iran and have only been identified in several localities from index goniatites. After a general regression and a distinct hiatus in Upper Carboniferous,

text: Permian

text: marine transgression deposits cover most parts of Iran (e.g., Alborz, Zagros, Central Iran); The Permian sediments are represented by Dorood

text: sandstone

text: s, Ruteh and Nesen

text: limestone

text: s in Alborz.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005496

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Middle Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Middle Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Caledonian orogeny

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Late Cambrian carbonate

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Middle Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Graptolite shales

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Early Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: transition from Vendian to Lower Cambrian was a progressive one, without hiatuses

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The region is dominated by Mesozoic-to-Cretaceous aged rocks which make up an uplifted subduction zone accretionary wedge called the Franciscan Complex. This unit is made up of sandstones, shales, cherts, metagraywackes, melanges, as well as mafic volcanics, and is mostly metamorphosed to blueschist and eclogite facies.

text: The region is dominated by Mesozoic-to-Cretaceous aged rocks which make up an uplifted subduction zone

text: accretionary wedge

text: called the

text: Franciscan Complex

text: . This unit is made up of sandstones, shales, cherts, metagraywackes, melanges, as well as mafic volcanics, and is mostly metamorphosed to

text: blueschist

text: and

text: eclogite

text: facies.

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: blueschist

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shales

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: subduction zone accretionary wedge

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: eclogite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Franciscan Complex

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Mesozoic-to-Cretaceous

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: South of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, the zone of core mountains is present. The core is formed by the Tatric unit composed predominantly by Paleozoic metamorphic rock, younger plutonic rock, and Carboniferous to Mesozoic sedimentary cover. Basement rock was formed during the Hercynian orogeny when a strong regional metamorphism affected the area. Paragneisses and amphibolites are most abundant, but low grade metamorphic rock is also present. Later, at the end of Hercynian orogeny in the Carboniferous and Permian, the area was intruded by granitic rock and strongly affected by erosion, which affected even the deeply situated granites. The autochthonous Carboniferous, Permian and most commonly Mesozoic sediments are onlaping the crystalline basement. They are represented by greywackes, quartz sandstones, shales, limestones, and marls. Sedimentary cover of the Tatric unit is overridden by Mesozoic nappes. Nappes are large slabs of the Mesozoic carbonate rock with similar sedimentary sequence as present in the Tatric cover. There are two so-called Subtatric nappes: the lower called the Kížna nappe (or the Fatric) and the upper called Choč nappe (or the Hronic). The Fatric is characterised by the occurrence of thicker formations of the Carpathian Keuper. The Hronic is typical with the occurrence of Permian andesitic-basalts (so called Ipoltica Group) and a larger thickness of variable Triassic carbonate rock. Thrusting of the nappes took place in the Upper Cretaceous, probably during the Turonian. The whole area was not so rangy as it is today. Uplift of the mountains took place at the end of the Oligocene and in the Miocene. It caused the uplift of the horsts, usually asymmetric, on the South flank, steeply bounded by normal faults and slightly declining to the North flank. The crystalline basement is usually uncovered on the South flank of the horsts. The horsts form two rows of mountains. The northern (outer) row consists of the Malé Karpaty Mts. (Pezinok part and Hainburg Mts.), Považský Inovec Mts., Strážovské vrchy Mts., Malá Fatra Mts., and Tatra Mts. The Southern row of core mountains includes the Tríbeč Mts., Žiar Mts., Veľká Fatra Mts., Chočské vrchy Mts., The Eastern part of Nízke Tatry Mts. (so called Ďumbierske Tatry) and Branisko Mts..

text: South of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, the zone of core mountains is present. The core is formed by the

text: Tatric

text: unit composed predominantly by

text: Paleozoic

text: metamorphic rock, younger plutonic rock, and

text: Carboniferous

text: to

text: Mesozoic

text: sedimentary cover. Basement rock was formed during the

text: Hercynian orogeny

text: when a strong regional

text: metamorphism

text: affected the area.

text: Paragneiss

text: es and

text: amphibolite

text: s are most abundant, but low grade metamorphic rock is also present. Later, at the end of Hercynian orogeny in the Carboniferous and

text: Permian

text: , the area was intruded by

text: granitic rock

text: and strongly affected by

text: erosion

text: , which affected even the deeply situated granites. The

text: autochthon

text: ous Carboniferous, Permian and most commonly

text: Mesozoic

text: sediments are

text: onlap

text: ing the crystalline basement. They are represented by

text: greywacke

text: s, quartz

text: sandstone

text: s,

text: shale

text: s,

text: limestone

text: s, and

text: marl

text: s. Sedimentary cover of the Tatric unit is overridden by Mesozoic nappes. Nappes are large slabs of the Mesozoic carbonate rock with similar sedimentary sequence as present in the Tatric cover. There are two so-called

text: Subtatric nappes

text: : the lower called the

text: Kížna nappe

text: (or the

text: Fatric

text: ) and the upper called

text: Choč nappe

text: (or the

text: Hronic

text: ). The Fatric is characterised by the occurrence of thicker formations of the

text: Carpathian Keuper

text: . The Hronic is typical with the occurrence of Permian

text: andesitic

text: basalt

text: s (so called

text: Ipoltica Group

text: ) and a larger thickness of variable

text: Triassic

text: carbonate rock. Thrusting of the nappes took place in the

text: Upper Cretaceous

text: , probably during the

text: Turonian

text: . The whole area was not so rangy as it is today. Uplift of the mountains took place at the end of the

text: Oligocene

text: and in the

text: Miocene

text: . It caused the uplift of the

text: horsts

text: , usually asymmetric, on the South flank, steeply bounded by

text: normal fault

text: s and slightly declining to the North flank. The crystalline basement is usually uncovered on the South flank of the horsts. The horsts form two rows of mountains. The northern (outer) row consists of the

text: Malé Karpaty Mts.

text: Pezinok

text: part and

text: Hainburg Mts.

text: Považský Inovec Mts.

text: Strážovské vrchy Mts.

text: Malá Fatra Mts.

text: , and

text: Tatra Mts

text: . The Southern row of core mountains includes the

text: Tríbeč Mts.

text: Žiar Mts.

text: Veľká Fatra Mts.

text: Chočské vrchy Mts.

text: , The Eastern part of

text: Nízke Tatry Mts.

text: (so called Ďumbierske Tatry) and

text: Branisko Mts.

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answers: 3

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Thrusting of the nappes

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Carpathian Keuper

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: sedimentary cover

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Carpathian Keuper

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: quartz sandstones

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Carpathian Keuper

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: limestones

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Mesozoic sedimentary cover

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Medoc Mountain is not really a mountain at all; its highest point reaches an elevation of only  above sea level. It is, rather, the core of what was once a mighty range of mountains — Medoc Mountain is what remains after millions of years of erosion. The eroded peaks were formed by volcanic action during the Paleozoic Age, about 350 million years ago.

text: Medoc Mountain is not really a mountain at all; its highest point reaches an elevation of only  above sea level. It is, rather, the core of what was once a mighty range of mountains — Medoc Mountain is what remains after millions of years of erosion. The eroded peaks were formed by volcanic action during the Paleozoic Age, about 350 million years ago.

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answers: volcanic action

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answers: 350 million years

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answers: volcanic action

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answers: Paleozoic

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answers: Medoc Mountain

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: mountain

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The eroded peaks were formed by volcanic action

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A  extension of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains called the Uncompahgre Mountains were uplifted and the adjacent Paradox Basin subsided. Almost 4 mi. (6.4 km) of sediment from the mountains and evaporites from the sea were deposited (see geology of the Canyonlands area for detail).Most of the formations were deposited in warm shallow seas and near-shore environments (such as beaches and swamps) as the seashore repeatedly advanced and retreated over the edge of a proto-North America (for detail, see geology of the Grand Canyon area). The province was probably on a continental margin throughout the late Precambrian and most of the Paleozoic era. Igneous rocks injected millions of years later form a marbled network through parts of the Colorado Plateau's darker metamorphic basement. By 600 million years ago North America had been leveled off to a remarkably smooth surface.

text: A  extension of the

text: Ancestral Rocky Mountains

text: called the Uncompahgre Mountains were uplifted and the adjacent Paradox Basin subsided. Almost 4 mi. (6.4 km) of sediment from the mountains and

text: evaporite

text: s from the sea were deposited (see

text: geology of the Canyonlands area

text: for detail).Most of the

text: formations

text: were deposited in warm shallow seas and near-shore environments (such as

text: beach

text: es and

text: swamp

text: s) as the seashore repeatedly advanced and retreated over the edge of a proto-North America (for detail, see

text: geology of the Grand Canyon area

text: ). The province was probably on a

text: continental margin

text: throughout the late Precambrian and most of the

text: Paleozoic

text: era. Igneous rocks injected millions of years later form a marbled network through parts of the Colorado Plateau's darker metamorphic basement. By 600 million years ago North America had been leveled off to a remarkably smooth surface.

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answers: seashore repeatedly advanced and retreated

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answers: seashore repeatedly advanced

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answers: uplifted

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answers: Marbled network

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answers: Most of the formations were deposited in warm shallow seas

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answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Colorado Plateau's darker metamorphic basement

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Most of the formations were deposited in warm shallow seas and near-shore environments

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In Baltoscandia a Lower Cambrian transgression transformed large swathes of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain into a epicontinental sea.

text: In

text: Baltoscandia

text: a Lower Cambrian

text: transgression

text: transformed large swathes of the

text: Sub-Cambrian peneplain

text: into a

text: epicontinental sea

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Paleontology in Indiana refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Indiana. Indiana's fossil record stretches all the way back to the Precambrian, when the state was inhabited by microbes. More complex organisms came to inhabit the state during the early Paleozoic era. At that time the state was covered by a warm shallow sea that would come to be inhabited by creatures like  brachiopods, bryozoans, cephalopods, crinoids, and trilobites. During the Silurian period the state was home to significant reef systems. Indiana became a more terrestrial environment during the Carboniferous, as an expansive river system formed richly vegetated deltas where amphibians lived. There is a gap in the local rock record from the Permian through the Mesozoic. Likewise, little is known about the early to middle Cenozoic era. During the Ice Age however, the state was subject to glacial activity, and home to creatures like short-faced bears, camels, mammoths, and mastodons. After humans came to inhabit the state, Native Americans interpreted the fossil proboscidean remains preserved near Devil's Lake as the bones of water monsters. After the advent of formal scientific investigation one paleontological survey determined that the state was home to nearly 150 different kinds of prehistoric plants.

text: Paleontology in Indiana refers to

text: paleontological

text: research occurring within or conducted by people from the

text: U.S. state

text: of

text: Indiana

text: . Indiana's

text: fossil record

text: stretches all the way back to the

text: Precambrian

text: , when the state was inhabited by

text: microbes

text: . More complex organisms came to inhabit the state during the early

text: Paleozoic era

text: . At that time the state was covered by a warm shallow

text: sea

text: that would come to be inhabited by creatures like

text: brachiopod

text: s,

text: bryozoan

text: s,

text: cephalopod

text: s,

text: crinoid

text: s, and

text: trilobite

text: s. During the

text: Silurian

text: period the state was home to significant

text: reef

text: systems. Indiana became a more

text: terrestrial

text: environment during the

text: Carboniferous

text: , as an expansive

text: river

text: system formed richly vegetated

text: deltas

text: where

text: amphibian

text: s lived. There is a gap in the local

text: rock record

text: from the

text: Permian

text: through the

text: Mesozoic

text: . Likewise, little is known about the early to middle

text: Cenozoic era

text: . During the

text: Ice Age

text: however, the state was subject to glacial activity, and home to creatures like

text: short-faced bear

text: s,

text: camel

text: s,

text: mammoth

text: s, and

text: mastodon

text: s. After humans came to inhabit the state,

text: Native Americans

text: interpreted the fossil

text: proboscidean

text: remains preserved near Devil's Lake as the bones of water

text: monsters

text: . After the advent of formal scientific investigation one paleontological survey determined that the state was home to nearly 150 different kinds of prehistoric

text: plant

text: s.

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answers: there is a gap in the local rock record

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answers: little is known about the early to middle Cenozoic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Along the western part of the fault, the Harz was lifted by at least 5 to 7 km, which can be estimated from the thickness of the Mesozoic rocks deposited in the Harz Foreland and eroded Paleozoic rocks. The Harz was partly thrust over the layers of Mesozoic rock to the north. Here, the Mesozoic strata were tilted steeply (70-80 degrees) or even overturned. A good example is at the Langenberg Quarry, but there are also many other outcrops that show the steeply sloping strata. In these strata, rocks of the Jurassic are steeply inclined. Near Blankenburg and Ballenstedt there are rocks lying at steep angles from the Cretaceous, which form the so-called Devil's Wall or Teufelsmauer. They include, inter alia, rocks of Heidelberg Sandstone, a silicified quartz sandstone.

text: Along the western part of the fault, the Harz was lifted by at least 5 to 7 km, which can be estimated from the thickness of the

text: Mesozoic

text: rocks deposited in the Harz Foreland and

text: eroded

text: Paleozoic rocks. The Harz was partly thrust over the layers of Mesozoic rock to the north. Here, the Mesozoic strata were tilted steeply (70-80 degrees) or even overturned. A good example is at the Langenberg Quarry, but there are also many other outcrops that show the steeply sloping strata. In these strata, rocks of the

text: Jurassic

text: are steeply inclined. Near Blankenburg and Ballenstedt there are rocks lying at steep angles from the

text: Cretaceous

text: , which form the so-called Devil's Wall or

text: Teufelsmauer

text: . They include, inter alia, rocks of Heidelberg Sandstone, a

text: silicified

text: quartz sandstone.

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answers: rock of the Jurassic

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answers: The Harz was partly thrust over the layers of Mesozoic rock to the north

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A severe regression would have greatly reduced the continental shelf area, which is the most species-rich part of the sea, and therefore could have been enough to cause a marine mass extinction. However research concludes that this change would have been insufficient to cause the observed level of ammonite extinction. The regression would also have caused climate changes, partly by disrupting winds and ocean currents and partly by reducing the Earth's albedo and therefore increasing global temperatures.

text: A severe regression would have greatly reduced the

text: continental shelf

text: area, which is the most species-rich part of the sea, and therefore could have been enough to cause a marine mass extinction. However research concludes that this change would have been insufficient to cause the observed level of ammonite extinction. The regression would also have caused climate changes, partly by disrupting winds and ocean currents and partly by reducing the Earth's

text: albedo

text: and therefore increasing global temperatures.

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answers: albedo

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answers: continental shelf area

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answers: A severe regression would have greatly reduced the continental shelf area

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Los Angeles Times critic Randall Roberts called the song "a perfect pop confection" however noting it "presents an artist gunning for sly transgression but instead landing on tone-deaf, self-absorbed teen regression, with music to match the vibe." Writing for The Daily Beast, Kevin Fallon found "this new direction of her career is woefully depressing." While he admitted "Shake It Off" is "a great pop song", he said it is "the least musically interesting song that Swift has done" and "it's not personal, at least not in the ways we expect from a Taylor Swift song." Fallon deplored Swift's transition to pop in which he felt she "abandoned her sound" in the process. AllMusic music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine described it as "an ebullient dance-pop throwback".

text: The

text: Los Angeles Times

text: critic Randall Roberts called the song "a perfect pop confection" however noting it "presents an artist gunning for sly transgression but instead landing on tone-deaf, self-absorbed teen regression, with music to match the vibe." Writing for

text: The Daily Beast

text: , Kevin Fallon found "this new direction of her career is woefully depressing." While he admitted "Shake It Off" is "a great pop song", he said it is "the least musically interesting song that Swift has done" and "it's not personal, at least not in the ways we expect from a Taylor Swift song." Fallon deplored Swift's transition to pop in which he felt she "abandoned her sound" in the process.

text: AllMusic

text: music critic

text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine

text: described it as "an ebullient

text: dance-pop

text: throwback".

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Gestola () is a peak in the central part of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range in Svaneti, Georgia.  The elevation of the mountain is  above sea level.  The mountain is made up of paleozoic granites.  The slopes of Gistola are covered with ice.

text: Gestola () is a peak in the central part of the

text: Greater Caucasus Mountain Range

text: in

text: Svaneti

text: Georgia

text: .  The elevation of the mountain is  above sea level.  The mountain is made up of

text: paleozoic

text: granites.  The slopes of Gistola are covered with ice.

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answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Halite

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The elevation of the mountain is above sea level

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: granites

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: granites

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: paleozoic granites

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The break up of Pangea occurs during the Kimmerian tectonic phase for most of the Mesozoic, until the early-mid Cretaceous, this marks the start of creating the present position of our continents today. During the Jurassic, rifting activity reaches its maximum and North America starts to move apart from Eurasia following that event in the Cretaceous the southern part of North America starts to open up the Atlantic Ocean with the separation of South America and Africa. At the end of the Mesozoic the North Sea reached its final position where it lies in present day. Throughout the Cretaceous rifting eventually slowed down and came to a halt which later created the North Sea failed rift system because the regional stresses had shifted on to North America. The Jurassic is probably the most important geological time for hydrocarbon exploration in the North Sea. Many accumulations are in Jurassic reservoir, the Kimmeridge clay is considered the most important source rock and structures formed during rifting form excellent traps. In the first place rifting was responsible for the deposition of organic rich source rock due to anoxic conditions in the deep isolated rift basins. Possibly the most important phase to create structures and traps for the natural resources we try to collect today.

text: The break up of Pangea occurs during the Kimmerian tectonic phase for most of the

text: Mesozoic

text: , until the early-mid

text: Cretaceous

text: , this marks the start of creating the present position of our continents today. During the Jurassic, rifting activity reaches its maximum and North America starts to move apart from Eurasia following that event in the

text: Cretaceous

text: the southern part of North America starts to open up the Atlantic Ocean with the separation of South America and Africa. At the end of the Mesozoic the North Sea reached its final position where it lies in present day. Throughout the

text: Cretaceous

text: rifting eventually slowed down and came to a halt which later created the North Sea failed rift system because the regional stresses had shifted on to North America. The Jurassic is probably the most important geological time for hydrocarbon exploration in the North Sea. Many accumulations are in Jurassic reservoir, the Kimmeridge clay is considered the most important source rock and structures formed during rifting form excellent traps. In the first place rifting was responsible for the deposition of organic rich source rock due to anoxic conditions in the deep isolated rift basins. Possibly the most important phase to create structures and traps for the natural resources we try to collect today.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: During the Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: regional stresses

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Kimmeridge clay

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Kimmeridge clay

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The break up of Pangea

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: clay

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Kimmeridge clay

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: the Grand Canyon

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The sea floor contains Paleozoic and Mesozoic granite and metamorphic rocks. The abysses are caused by the formation of the Himalayas in the Cenozoic.

text: The sea floor contains

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: granite

text: and

text: metamorphic rock

text: s. The

text: abysses

text: are caused by the formation of the

text: Himalayas

text: in the

text: Cenozoic

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answers: 3

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answers: abysses

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Himalayas

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: abysses

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Himalayas

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Himalayas

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: The oldest rocks in Mississippi date back to the Late Devonian. At the time, the northeastern part of the state was covered in seawater. Some areas of this sea were quite deep and had very low levels of dissolved oxygen. Brachiopods, crinoids, molluscs, and trilobites lived there. Remains of contemporary local plants also ended up preserved in this environment. However, the sea withdrew from the state during the Late Carboniferous. A lush coastal plain habitat took its place. This plain was forested by early trees and plants that resembled ferns. However, for the remainder of the Paleozoic, local sediments were eroding rather than being deposited. This erosive spell continued into the Mesozoic. Sediment deposition did not resume until Pangaea began to break up. The shallow sea that formed in Mississippi at that time was home to a rich fauna of both invertebrates and vertebrates. Cretaceous marine invertebrate life of Mississippi included cephalopods, coccolithophores, coelenterates, gastropods, the tube-shaped trace fossils Halymenites major, oysters, and scaphopods. Local vertebrates included the Late Cretaceous mosasaur Platecarpus tympaniticus. Sharks also left behind many teeth to fossilize.

text: The oldest rocks in Mississippi date back to the

text: Late Devonian

text: . At the time, the northeastern part of the state was covered in seawater. Some areas of this sea were quite deep and had very low levels of dissolved oxygen.

text: Brachiopod

text: s,

text: crinoid

text: s,

text: mollusc

text: s, and

text: trilobite

text: s lived there. Remains of contemporary local plants also ended up preserved in this environment. However, the sea withdrew from the state during the

text: Late Carboniferous

text: . A lush

text: coastal plain

text: habitat took its place. This plain was forested by early trees and plants that resembled

text: fern

text: s. However, for the remainder of the

text: Paleozoic

text: , local sediments were eroding rather than being deposited. This erosive spell continued into the

text: Mesozoic

text: . Sediment deposition did not resume until

text: Pangaea

text: began to break up. The shallow sea that formed in Mississippi at that time was home to a rich fauna of both invertebrates and vertebrates.

text: Cretaceous

text: marine

text: invertebrate

text: life of Mississippi included

text: cephalopod

text: s,

text: coccolithophores

text: coelenterates

text: gastropod

text: s, the tube-shaped

text: trace fossil

text: s

text: Halymenites major

text: oyster

text: s, and

text: scaphopod

text: s. Local vertebrates included the

text: Late Cretaceous

text: mosasaur

text: Platecarpus tympaniticus

text: Shark

text: s also left behind many teeth to fossilize.

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answers: Late Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Pangaea

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Late Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Halymenites major

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Pangaea began to break up

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Late Devonian

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Sharks also left behind many teeth to fossilize

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Katyn-Tau ( ) is a summit in the central part of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range (Bezengi Wall). It lies on the border of Svaneti (Mestia Municipality, Georgia) and Kabardino-Balkaria (Russia). The elevation of the mountain is 4979 m (16,335 ft) above sea level. The mountain is made up of paleozoic granites. The slopes of summit are covered nival landscape.

text: Katyn-Tau ( ) is a

text: summit

text: in the central part of the

text: Greater Caucasus Mountain Range

text: Bezengi Wall

text: ). It lies on the border of

text: Svaneti

text: Mestia Municipality

text: , Georgia) and

text: Kabardino-Balkaria

text: (Russia). The elevation of the mountain is 4979 m (16,335 ft)

text: above sea level

text: . The mountain is made up of paleozoic granites. The slopes of summit are covered nival landscape.

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answers: The slopes of summit are covered nival

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: granites

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: The elevation of the mountain

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answers: nival

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answers: Paleozoic granites

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answers: Katyn-Tau

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: granites

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answers: paleozoic granites

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: paleozoic granites

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Caribbean's floor is composed of sub-oceanic sediments of deep red clay in the deep basins and troughs. On continental slopes and ridges calcareous silts are found. Clay minerals likely having been deposited by the mainland river Orinoco and the Magdalena River. Deposits on the bottom of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico have a thickness of about 1 km. Upper sedimentary layers relate to the period from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic (250 million years ago to present) and the lower layers from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic.

text: The Caribbean's floor is composed of sub-oceanic

text: sediments

text: of

text: deep red clay

text: in the deep basins and troughs. On continental slopes and ridges

text: calcareous

text: silt

text: s are found.

text: Clay minerals

text: likely having been deposited by the mainland river

text: Orinoco

text: and the

text: Magdalena River

text: . Deposits on the bottom of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico have a thickness of about 1 km. Upper sedimentary layers relate to the period from the

text: Mesozoic

text: to the

text: Cenozoic

text: (250 million years ago to present) and the lower layers from the

text: Paleozoic

text: to the

text: Mesozoic

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answers: Paleozoic

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answers: the period from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Upper sedimentary layers relate to the period from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Phanerozoic Eon, literally the "period of well-displayed life," marks the appearance in the fossil record of abundant, shell-forming and/or trace-making organisms. It is subdivided into three eras, the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, which are divided by major mass extinctions.

text: The

text: Phanerozoic

text: Eon, literally the "period of well-displayed life," marks the appearance in the fossil record of abundant, shell-forming and/or trace-making organisms. It is subdivided into three eras, the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: , which are divided by major

text: mass extinction

text: s.

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answers: major mass extinctions

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answers: major mass extinctions

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answers: major mass extinctions

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answers: fossil

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answers: major mass extinctions

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answers: major mass extinctions

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: This period consists of the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene Epochs. The end of the Paleocene (55.5/54.8 Mya) was marked by one of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, one of the most significant periods of global change during the Cenozoic, which upset oceanic and atmospheric circulation and led to the extinction of numerous deep-sea benthic foraminifera and on land, a major turnover in mammals. The terms 'Paleogene System' (formal) and 'lower Tertiary System' (informal) are applied to the rocks deposited during the 'Paleogene Period'.  The somewhat confusing terminology seems to be due to attempts to deal with the comparatively fine subdivisions of time possible in the relatively recent geologic past, for which more details are preserved.  By dividing the Tertiary Period into two periods instead of directly into five epochs, the periods are more closely comparable to the duration of 'periods' of the preceding Mesozoic and Paleozoic Eras.

text: This period consists of the

text: Paleocene

text: Eocene

text: , and

text: Oligocene

text: Epochs

text: . The end of the Paleocene (55.5/54.8 Mya) was marked by one of the

text: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

text: , one of the most significant periods of global change during the Cenozoic, which upset oceanic and atmospheric circulation and led to the extinction of numerous deep-sea benthic

text: foraminifera

text: and on land, a major turnover in mammals. The terms 'Paleogene System' (formal) and 'lower

text: Tertiary

text: System' (informal) are applied to the rocks deposited during the 'Paleogene Period'.  The somewhat confusing terminology seems to be due to attempts to deal with the comparatively fine subdivisions of time possible in the relatively recent geologic past, for which more details are preserved.  By dividing the

text: Tertiary

text: Period into two periods instead of directly into five epochs, the periods are more closely comparable to the duration of 'periods' of the preceding

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Paleozoic

text: Eras.

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answers: five

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answers: Paleogene System

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answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleogene System

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Paleogene System

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Grand Canyon Depot was declared a National Historic Landmark on May 28, 1987. It is also included in the Grand Canyon Village National Historic Landmark District.

text: The Grand Canyon Depot was declared a

text: National Historic Landmark

text: on May 28, 1987. It is also included in the

text: Grand Canyon Village National Historic Landmark District

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answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: The Grand Canyon Depot

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Grand Canyon Depot

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: During the marine regression of the Weichselian glaciation that ended about 12,000 years ago, in which the northwest German plain was not covered by ice, the rivers of the Cloppenburg Geest cut deeply into the valley sands. At that time the windborne and dune sands were formed especially as the area around the perimeter dried out.The climate of the post-glacial period was moister and warmer. The rise in sea level, the base level for river erosion, probably led to a rise in the water table in the geest depression (Roeschmann, 1971: 189). In the valleys vast fen peats formed, whilst on the valley edges and the larger basins raised bogs were formed (Hausfeld, 1983: 245).

text: During the

text: marine regression

text: of the

text: Weichselian glaciation

text: that ended about 12,000 years ago, in which the

text: northwest German plain

text: was not covered by ice, the rivers of the Cloppenburg Geest cut deeply into the valley sands. At that time the windborne and

text: dune

text: sands were formed especially as the area around the perimeter dried out.The climate of the post-glacial period was moister and warmer. The rise in

text: sea level

text: , the base level for river

text: erosion

text: , probably led to a rise in the

text: water table

text: in the geest depression (Roeschmann, 1971: 189). In the valleys vast

text: fen

text: peats formed, whilst on the valley edges and the larger basins

text: raised bog

text: s were formed (Hausfeld, 1983: 245).

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: glaciation that ended about 12,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 12,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: moister and warmer

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: valley sands

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Weichselian

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: raised bogs

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: dune sands

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: vast fen peats

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Early Paleozoic and the Middle to Late Mesozoic oceans were predominantly calcite seas, whereas the Middle Paleozoic through the Early Mesozoic and the Cenozoic (including today) are characterized by aragonite seas.

text: The Early

text: Paleozoic

text: and the Middle to Late

text: Mesozoic

text: oceans were predominantly calcite seas, whereas the Middle Paleozoic through the Early Mesozoic and the

text: Cenozoic

text: (including today) are characterized by aragonite seas.

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answers: calcite seas

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

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answers: calcite

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: aragonite

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: calcite

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: aragonite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: calcite seas

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: calcite seas

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: No Precambrian fossils are known from New Mexico, so the state's fossil record does not begin until the Paleozoic. During the Late Cambrian, the southern third of New Mexico was a marine environment. This habitat was home to a few kinds of brachiopods, a species of graptolite, and trilobites. Local trace fossils include bore marks left by ancient worms. The southern third of New Mexico remained submerged by the sea throughout the entire ensuing Ordovician. More than two hundred kinds of invertebrate lived in Ordovician New Mexico. Groups present included brachiopods, bryozoans, corals, gastropods, nautiloids, pelecypods, sponges, and trilobites. Algae made reefs up to three hundred feet high. Marine conditions in southern New Mexico persisted on through the Silurian. At least 66 kinds of invertebrates made their home here. Groups familiar from the Ordovician, including brachiopods, bryozoans, corals, gastropods, a nautiloid, and a pelecypod, were among them. Marine conditions were not as predominant in Devonian New Mexico, nevertheless the marine Sly Gap and Percha Formations of the state's southwest provide the best fossils of the age. Over two hundred kinds of Devonian marine life lived and died in the region. The familiar invertebrate groups including bryozoans, cephalopods, corals, gastropods, and pelecypods were all present. Notably these were joined by vertebrates, including placoderms from two different suborders, cartilaginous fishes and more. Although the Percha and Sly Gap are the same age, they don't share even a single individual species in common.

text: No

text: Precambrian

text: fossils are known from New Mexico, so the state's

text: fossil record

text: does not begin until the

text: Paleozoic

text: . During the

text: Late Cambrian

text: , the southern third of New Mexico was a

text: marine

text: environment. This habitat was home to a few kinds of brachiopods, a species of

text: graptolite

text: , and

text: trilobites

text: . Local

text: trace fossils

text: include bore marks left by ancient

text: worm

text: s. The southern third of New Mexico remained submerged by the sea throughout the entire ensuing

text: Ordovician

text: . More than two hundred kinds of invertebrate lived in Ordovician New Mexico. Groups present included brachiopods,

text: bryozoans

text: corals

text: gastropods

text: nautiloids

text: pelecypods

text: sponges

text: , and trilobites.

text: Algae

text: made reefs up to three hundred feet high. Marine conditions in southern New Mexico persisted on through the

text: Silurian

text: . At least 66 kinds of invertebrates made their home here. Groups familiar from the Ordovician, including brachiopods, bryozoans, corals, gastropods, a nautiloid, and a pelecypod, were among them. Marine conditions were not as predominant in

text: Devonian

text: New Mexico, nevertheless the marine

text: Sly Gap

text: and

text: Percha Formation

text: s of the state's southwest provide the best fossils of the age. Over two hundred kinds of Devonian marine life lived and died in the region. The familiar invertebrate groups including bryozoans, cephalopods, corals, gastropods, and pelecypods were all present. Notably these were joined by vertebrates, including

text: placoderms

text: from two different suborders,

text: cartilaginous fishes

text: and more. Although the Percha and Sly Gap are the same age, they don't share even a single individual species in common.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: NDQ_005491

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005494

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005497

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: During the Late Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Algae

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Sly Gap

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The southern third of New Mexico

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Percha Formations

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Percha Formations

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The southern third of New Mexico

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The term facies was introduced by the Swiss geologist Amanz Gressly in 1838 and was part of his significant contribution to the foundations of modern stratigraphy, which replaced the earlier notions of Neptunism.

text: The term facies was introduced by the Swiss

text: geologist

text: Amanz Gressly

text: in 1838 and was part of his significant contribution to the foundations of modern

text: stratigraphy

text: , which replaced the earlier notions of

text: Neptunism

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005500

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Neptunism

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answers: stratigraphy

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Neptunism

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Neptunism

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Neptunism

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: facies

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: modern stratigraphy

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Neptunism

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Regression methods continue to be an area of active research. In recent decades, new methods have been developed for robust regression, regression involving correlated responses such as time series and growth curves, regression in which the predictor (independent variable) or response variables are curves, images, graphs, or other complex data objects, regression methods accommodating various types of missing data, nonparametric regression, Bayesian methods for regression, regression in which the predictor variables are measured with error, regression with more predictor variables than observations, and causal inference with regression.

text: Regression methods continue to be an area of active research. In recent decades, new methods have been developed for

text: robust regression

text: , regression involving correlated responses such as

text: time series

text: and

text: growth curve

text: s, regression in which the predictor (independent variable) or response variables are curves, images, graphs, or other complex data objects, regression methods accommodating various types of missing data,

text: nonparametric regression

text: Bayesian

text: methods for regression, regression in which the predictor variables are measured with error, regression with more predictor variables than observations, and causal inference with regression.

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answers: regression in which the predictor variables are measured with error

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Bayesian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: growth curves

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: time series

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: regression with more predictor variables than observations

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Bayesian

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: time series

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: curves, images, graphs, or other complex data objects

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Mesozoic Marine Revolution was not the first bout of increased predation pressure; this also occurred around the end of the Ordovician.

text: The Mesozoic Marine Revolution was not the first bout of increased predation pressure; this also occurred around the end of the

text: Ordovician

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answers: increased predation pressure

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: increased predation pressure

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Marine Revolution

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Mesozoic Marine Revolution

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The volcano is located in part of the Anyuy area where a fault dating back possibly to the Paleozoic cuts the terrain. Paleozoic and possibly Proterozoic rocks crop out at the sides of the fault. A number of volcanic rocks, both effusive and intrusive ones, are associated with the fault and go as far back as the Devonian.

text: The volcano is located in part of the Anyuy area where a

text: fault

text: dating back possibly to the

text: Paleozoic

text: cuts the terrain. Paleozoic and possibly

text: Proterozoic

text: rocks crop out at the sides of the fault. A number of volcanic rocks, both effusive and intrusive ones, are associated with the fault and go as far back as the

text: Devonian

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answers: Devonian

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answers: Devonian

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answers: volcanic rocks

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answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Paleozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Grand Canyon, including its extensive system of tributary canyons, is valued for its combination of size, depth, and exposed layers of colorful rocks dating back to Precambrian times. The canyon itself was created by the incision of the Colorado River and its tributaries after the Colorado Plateau was uplifted, causing the Colorado River system to develop along its present path.

text: The Grand Canyon, including its extensive system of tributary canyons, is valued for its combination of size, depth, and exposed layers of colorful rocks dating back to

text: Precambrian

text: times. The canyon itself was created by the incision of the Colorado River and its tributaries after the

text: Colorado Plateau

text: was uplifted, causing the Colorado River system to develop along its present path.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: incision

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Colorado Plateau

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answers: Colorado River

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Colorado Plateau

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Colorado Plateau was uplifted

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Colorado Plateau

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: rocks dating back to Precambrian times

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The geology of Germany is heavily influenced by several phases of orogeny in the Paleozoic and the Cenozoic, by sedimentation in shelf seas and epicontinental seas and on plains in the Permian and Mesozoic as well as by the Quaternary glaciations.

text: The geology of Germany is heavily influenced by several phases of

text: orogeny

text: in the

text: Paleozoic

text: and the

text: Cenozoic

text: , by

text: sedimentation

text: in shelf seas and

text: epicontinental sea

text: s and on

text: plain

text: s in the

text: Permian

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: as well as by the

text: Quaternary glaciation

text: s.

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answers: several

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answers: glaciations

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answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Paleozoic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: This zone extends from Bandar Abbas in the south to Kermanshah in the northwest and continues through to Iraq. Zagros is in fact the northeastern edge of the Arabian plate. Some important features of Zagros include: Absence of magmatic and metamorphic events after Triassic, and low abundance of the outcrops of Paleozoic rocks. Structurally, it consists of large anticlines and small synclines and continuous marine sedimentation from the Carboniferous to the Miocene. On the whole, a sequence of Precambrian to Pliocene rocks about 8-10 kilometres in thickness has undergone folding from the Miocene to the Recent time in the Zagros Mountains. The Zagros fold and thrust belt was formed by the collision of two tectonic plates — the Iranian Plate and the Arabian Plate. This collision primarily happened during the Miocene and folded the entire rocks that had been deposited from the Carboniferous to the Miocene in the geosyncline in front of the Iranian Plate. The process of collision continues to the present and as the Arabian Plate is being pushed against the Iranian Plate, the Zagros Mountains and the Iranian Plateau are getting higher and higher. The Zagros mountain range, itself, has a totally sedimentary origin and is made primarily of limestone. In the Elevated Zagros or the Higher Zagros, the Paleozoic rocks could be found mainly in the upper and higher sections of the peaks of the Zagros Mountains along the Zagros main fault. On the both sides of this fault, there are Mesozoic rocks, a combination of Triassic and Jurassic rocks that are surrounded by Cretaceous rocks on the both sides. The Folded Zagros (the mountains south of the Elevated Zagros and almost parallel to the main Zagros fault) is formed mainly of Tertiary rocks, with the Paleogene rocks south of the Cretaceous rocks and then the Neogene rocks south of the Paleogene rocks.

text: This zone extends from

text: Bandar Abbas

text: in the south to

text: Kermanshah

text: in the northwest and continues through to

text: Iraq

text: . Zagros is in fact the northeastern edge of the Arabian plate. Some important features of Zagros include: Absence of magmatic and metamorphic events after Triassic, and low abundance of the outcrops of

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks. Structurally, it consists of large

text: anticline

text: s and small

text: syncline

text: s and continuous marine sedimentation from the

text: Carboniferous

text: to the

text: Miocene

text: . On the whole, a sequence of

text: Precambrian

text: to

text: Pliocene

text: rocks about 8-10 kilometres in thickness has undergone folding from the Miocene to the

text: Recent

text: time in the

text: Zagros Mountains

text: . The Zagros fold and thrust belt was formed by the collision of two tectonic plates — the

text: Iranian Plate

text: and the

text: Arabian Plate

text: . This collision primarily happened during the Miocene and folded the entire rocks that had been deposited from the Carboniferous to the Miocene in the

text: geosyncline

text: in front of the Iranian Plate. The process of collision continues to the present and as the Arabian Plate is being pushed against the Iranian Plate, the Zagros Mountains and the

text: Iranian Plateau

text: are getting higher and higher. The Zagros mountain range, itself, has a totally sedimentary origin and is made primarily of

text: limestone

text: . In the Elevated Zagros or the Higher Zagros, the Paleozoic rocks could be found mainly in the upper and higher sections of the peaks of the Zagros Mountains along the Zagros main fault. On the both sides of this fault, there are

text: Mesozoic

text: rocks, a combination of

text: Triassic

text: and

text: Jurassic

text: rocks that are surrounded by

text: Cretaceous

text: rocks on the both sides. The Folded Zagros (the mountains south of the Elevated Zagros and almost parallel to the main Zagros fault) is formed mainly of

text: Tertiary

text: rocks, with the

text: Paleogene

text: rocks south of the Cretaceous rocks and then the

text: Neogene

text: rocks south of the Paleogene rocks.

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answers: the Miocene

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Tertiary

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answers: collision of two tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Precambrian to Pliocene

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answers: Tertiary rocks

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answers: Cretaceous rocks

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Tertiary

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Carboniferous to the Miocene

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Zagros

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Low-grade greenschist facies rocks are underrepresented in the Massif Central and mainly occur along the periphery. Examples are the Génis Unit, the Thiviers-Payzac unit in the Bas Limousin, the Mazerolles Schists in the Haute Charente, the Brévenne Unit in the Lyonnais in the Northeast and the schists of the Albigeois in the South.

text: Low-grade greenschist facies rocks are underrepresented in the Massif Central and mainly occur along the periphery. Examples are the

text: Génis Unit

text: , the

text: Thiviers-Payzac

text: unit in the

text: Bas Limousin

text: , the

text: Mazerolles Schists

text: in the

text: Haute Charente

text: , the

text: Brévenne Unit

text: in the Lyonnais in the Northeast and the schists of the Albigeois in the South.

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answers: Low-grade greenschist facies

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Greenschist

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Greenschist facies rocks

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: greenschist

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: greenschist

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Low-grade greenschist facies rocks

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: greenschist

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Low-grade greenschist

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Low-grade greenschist facies rocks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Collagen is one of the long, fibrous structural proteins whose functions are quite different from those of globular proteins, such as enzymes. Tough bundles of collagen called collagen fibers are a major component of the extracellular matrix that supports most tissues and gives cells structure from the outside, but collagen is also found inside certain cells. Collagen has great tensile strength, and is the main component of fascia, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bone and skin. Along with elastin and soft keratin, it is responsible for skin strength and elasticity, and its degradation leads to wrinkles that accompany aging. It strengthens blood vessels and plays a role in tissue development. It is present in the cornea and lens of the eye in crystalline form. It may be one of the most abundant proteins in the fossil record, given that it appears to fossilize frequently, even in bones from the Mesozoic and Paleozoic.

text: Collagen is one of the long,

text: fibrous structural proteins

text: whose functions are quite different from those of

text: globular protein

text: s, such as

text: enzyme

text: s. Tough bundles of collagen called collagen fibers are a major component of the

text: extracellular matrix

text: that supports most tissues and gives cells structure from the outside, but collagen is also found inside certain cells. Collagen has great

text: tensile strength

text: , and is the main component of

text: fascia

text: cartilage

text: ligament

text: s,

text: tendon

text: s,

text: bone

text: and skin. Along with

text: elastin

text: and soft

text: keratin

text: , it is responsible for

text: skin

text: strength and elasticity, and its degradation leads to

text: wrinkle

text: s that accompany

text: aging

text: . It strengthens

text: blood vessel

text: s and plays a role in

text: tissue

text: development. It is present in the

text: cornea

text: and lens of the

text: eye

text: in

text: crystal

text: line form. It may be one of the most abundant proteins in the fossil record, given that it appears to fossilize frequently, even in bones from the

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Paleozoic

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Mesozoic and Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Collagen

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: It may be one of the most abundant proteins

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Bones

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Marine regression is a geological process occurring when areas of submerged seafloor are exposed above the sea level. The opposite event, marine transgression, occurs when flooding from the sea covers previously exposed land.

text: Marine regression is a

text: geological

text: process occurring when areas of submerged seafloor are exposed above the sea level. The opposite event,

text: marine transgression

text: , occurs when flooding from the sea covers previously exposed land.

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answers: flooding from the sea

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: flooding from the sea

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Marine regression

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: seafloor

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: marine transgression

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Mahantango represents a terrestrial to marine transition zone that went through many transgressive-regression sequences. The fine-grained rocks represent a shallow sea environment and accounts for many of the fossils. Coarser grained sediments represent near-shore environments, beaches, or possibly delta lobes. These environments were tide-dominated and often had violent storms. The Montebello Sandstone member is an example of a storm dominated rock unit. Brachiopod fossils are scattered in massive sandstone beds throughout the rock unit, while the Sherman Ridge member is more laminated with fossilized ripple marks often indicating tidal current directions.

text: The Mahantango represents a terrestrial to marine transition zone that went through many

text: transgressive-regression

text: sequences. The fine-grained rocks represent a shallow sea environment and accounts for many of the fossils. Coarser grained sediments represent near-shore environments, beaches, or possibly

text: delta

text: lobes. These environments were tide-dominated and often had violent storms. The Montebello Sandstone member is an example of a storm dominated rock unit.

text: Brachiopod

text: fossils are scattered in massive sandstone beds throughout the rock unit, while the Sherman Ridge member is more laminated with fossilized ripple marks often indicating tidal current directions.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: many

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: violent storms

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: The Mahantango

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Sandstone

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Mahantango

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Sandstone

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: tidal current directions

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: fossilized ripple marks

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The sequence is interpreted as a 1.8 billion year old shallow marine to coastal sequence which includes dunal deposits (aeolian), beach sands, offshore sand deposits and deeper water pelitic sediments. The alternation of quartzite-pelite successions was interpreted to record transgressive and regressive phases of a coastline along the southern margin of the Bangweulu Block.  The presence of these type of rocks is also seen in areas that have undergone marine transgression.

text: The sequence is interpreted as a 1.8 billion year old shallow marine to coastal sequence which includes dunal deposits (aeolian), beach sands, offshore sand deposits and deeper water pelitic sediments. The alternation of quartzite-pelite successions was interpreted to record transgressive and regressive phases of a coastline along the southern margin of the

text: Bangweulu Block

text: .  The presence of these type of rocks is also seen in areas that have undergone marine transgression.

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: shallow marine to coastal sequence

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 1.8 billion year

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: pelitic sediments

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: pelitic

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The alternation of quartzite-pelite successions

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: pelitic

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 1.8 billion year old

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: quartzite-pelite successions

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Paleontology in Iowa refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Iowa. The paleozoic fossil record of Iowa spans from the Cambrian to Mississippian. During the early Paleozoic Iowa was covered by a shallow sea that would later be home to creatures like brachiopods, bryozoans, cephalopods, corals, fishes, and trilobites. Later in the Paleozoic, this sea left the state, but a new one covered Iowa during the early Mesozoic. As this sea began to withdraw a new subtropical coastal plain environment which was home to duck-billed dinosaurs spread across the state. Later this plain was submerged by the rise of the Western Interior Seaway, where plesiosaurs lived. The early Cenozoic is missing from the local rock record, but during the Ice Age evidence indicates that glaciers entered the state, which was home to mammoths and mastodons.

text: Paleontology in Iowa refers to

text: paleontological

text: research occurring within or conducted by people from the

text: U.S.

text: state of

text: Iowa

text: . The paleozoic

text: fossil record

text: of Iowa spans from the

text: Cambrian

text: to

text: Mississippian

text: . During the early

text: Paleozoic

text: Iowa was covered by a shallow

text: sea

text: that would later be home to creatures like

text: brachiopods

text: bryozoans

text: cephalopods

text: corals

text: fishes

text: , and

text: trilobites

text: . Later in the Paleozoic, this sea left the state, but a new one covered Iowa during the early

text: Mesozoic

text: . As this sea began to withdraw a new

text: subtropical

text: coastal plain

text: environment which was home to

text: duck-billed

text: dinosaurs

text: spread across the state. Later this plain was submerged by the rise of the

text: Western Interior Seaway

text: , where

text: plesiosaurs

text: lived. The early

text: Cenozoic

text: is missing from the local rock record, but during the

text: Ice Age

text: evidence indicates that

text: glaciers

text: entered the state, which was home to

text: mammoths

text: and

text: mastodons

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answers: 4

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answers: 3

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: the early Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: the rise of the Western Interior Seaway

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Mississippian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The early Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers entered the state

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Iowa was covered by a shallow sea

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The early Cenozoic is missing from the local rock record

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Hạ Long Bay has experienced at least 500 million years in various geological states of orogeny, marine transgression and marine regression. During the Ordovician and Silurian periods (500-410 million years ago), Hạ Long Bay was deep sea. During the Carboniferous and Permian periods (340-250 million years ago), Hạ Long Bay was at shallow sea level.

text: Hạ Long Bay has experienced at least 500 million years in various geological states of

text: orogeny

text: marine transgression

text: and

text: marine regression

text: . During the

text: Ordovician

text: and

text: Silurian

text: periods (500-410 million years ago), Hạ Long Bay was deep sea. During the

text: Carboniferous

text: and

text: Permian

text: periods (340-250 million years ago), Hạ Long Bay was at shallow sea level.

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answers: 0

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answers: deep sea

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: at least 500 million years

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: H Long Bay

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: H Long Bay

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The New Caledonia Great Barrier Reef is the second largest barrier reef in the world. Amedee island is a special marine reserve of coral reef lagoon, Ilot aux Goelands is a tiny lagoon island surrounded by a large shallow reef flat.The reef has great species diversity with a high level of endemism. Many groups have been under sampled and insufficiently studied, especially when considering hard bottoms of the intermediate coral reefs and external slopes of the barrier reef. This diversity includes oceanic and continental reefs forming islands, atolls, uplifted reefs, immerged reefs, fringing reefs, barrier reefs, patch reefs and shallow or deep lagoons, is home to endangered dugongs (Dugong dugon) and is an important nesting site for green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas). New Caledonia has a remarkable marine fauna due to the abundance of relic organisms from the Mesozoic., for example some sponges of the Lithistideae and the Tetractinellideae which are considered living fossils due to their closeness to Cretaceous species. The endemic mollusc Nautilus macromphalus is one of only four Nautilus species known in the world, the only living group of cephalopods with an external shell.. This mollusc seems to be identical to its Paleozoic ancestor.  Cephalodiscus graptolitoides, described in 1993, is also considered a living fossil member of the graptolites, previously thought to be extinct for over 300 million years.

text: The

text: New Caledonia Great Barrier Reef

text: is the second largest barrier reef in the world. Amedee island is a special marine reserve of coral reef lagoon, Ilot aux Goelands is a tiny lagoon island surrounded by a large shallow reef flat.The reef has great species diversity with a high level of endemism. Many groups have been under sampled and insufficiently studied, especially when considering hard bottoms of the intermediate coral reefs and external slopes of the barrier reef. This diversity includes oceanic and continental reefs forming islands, atolls, uplifted reefs, immerged reefs, fringing reefs, barrier reefs, patch reefs and shallow or deep lagoons, is home to endangered

text: dugong

text: s (Dugong dugon) and is an important nesting site for

text: green sea turtle

text: (Chelonia mydas). New Caledonia has a remarkable marine fauna due to the abundance of relic organisms from the Mesozoic., for example some sponges of the

text: Lithistideae

text: and the

text: Tetractinellideae

text: which are considered

text: living fossils

text: due to their closeness to Cretaceous species. The endemic mollusc

text: Nautilus macromphalus

text: is one of only four Nautilus species known in the world, the only living group of cephalopods with an external shell.. This mollusc seems to be identical to its Paleozoic ancestor.

text: Cephalodiscus graptolitoides

text: , described in 1993, is also considered a living fossil member of the

text: graptolite

text: s, previously thought to be extinct for over 300 million years.

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answers: NDQ_005491

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answers: NDQ_005492

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Many groups have been under sampled and insufficiently studied

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 300 million years

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: uplifted reefs

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: reef flat

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: hard bottoms

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Cretaceous species

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Periods of greenhouse climate: Early Paleozoic, Mesozoic–early Cenozoic.

text: Periods of greenhouse climate: Early

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: –early

text: Cenozoic

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Periods of greenhouse climate

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: greenhouse climate

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Mesozoic–early Cenozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During Paleozoic to Mesozoic times, the Himalaya shows two major depositional strata, which are Tethyan Himalayan Strata and Lesser Himalayan Strata. Tethyan Himalayan Strata consists of well-defined marine succession from Upper Proterozoic to Cretaceous, and it is well-developed in many basins to the north of Great Himalaya. On the contrary, the Lesser Himalayan Strata in Paleozoic times has a quite different succession. Most parts of it are sparsely fossiliferous or even devoid of any well-defined fossils. Moreover, it consists of many varied litho-facies, making correlation work more difficult. This article describes the major formations of the Paleozoic - Mesozoic Lesser Himalayan Strata, including the Tal Formation, Gondwana Strata, Singtali Formation and Subathu Formation.

text: During

text: Paleozoic

text: to

text: Mesozoic

text: times, the

text: Himalaya

text: shows two major depositional

text: strata

text: , which are Tethyan Himalayan Strata and Lesser Himalayan Strata. Tethyan Himalayan Strata consists of well-defined marine succession from

text: Upper Proterozoic

text: to

text: Cretaceous

text: , and it is well-developed in many basins to the north of Great Himalaya. On the contrary, the Lesser Himalayan Strata in

text: Paleozoic

text: times has a quite different succession. Most parts of it are sparsely fossiliferous or even devoid of any well-defined

text: fossil

text: s. Moreover, it consists of many varied

text: litho-facies

text: , making correlation work more difficult. This article describes the major formations of the Paleozoic - Mesozoic Lesser Himalayan Strata, including the Tal Formation, Gondwana Strata, Singtali Formation and Subathu Formation.

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_005491

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Upper Proterozoic to Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Himalaya

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Tethyan

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Tethyan Himalayan Strata

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Most parts of it are sparsely fossiliferous

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Tal Formation

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: varied litho-facies

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Tethyan Himalayan Strata

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: This three-part series is a prequel to Walking with Dinosaurs, and its focus is life before the dinosaurs, in the Paleozoic Era.

text: This three-part series is a

text: prequel

text: to

text: Walking with Dinosaurs

text: , and its focus is life before the dinosaurs, in the

text: Paleozoic Era

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answers: dinosaurs

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Among the "1,000 places" in the book are historic ones such as Robert Louis Stevenson's home in Western Samoa and the trail of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the United States, cultural ones such as the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in the United States and La Scala in Italy, and natural ones such as the Grand Canyon in the United States and the Dead Sea in Israel. The book blends well-known places with rather unknown ones.

text: Among the "1,000 places" in the book are historic ones such as

text: Robert Louis Stevenson

text: 's home in

text: Western Samoa

text: and the trail of the

text: Lewis and Clark Expedition

text: in the United States, cultural ones such as the

text: Oregon Shakespeare Festival

text: in the United States and

text: La Scala

text: in Italy, and natural ones such as the

text: Grand Canyon

text: in the United States and the

text: Dead Sea

text: in

text: Israel

text: . The book blends well-known places with rather unknown ones.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The Grand Canyon (Hopi: Ongtupqa; , Navajo: Tsékooh Hatsoh, Spanish: Gran Cañón) is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in the state of Arizona in the United States. It is contained within and managed by Grand Canyon National Park, the Kaibab National Forest, Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument, the Hualapai Tribal Nation, the Havasupai people and the Navajo Nation. President Theodore Roosevelt was a major proponent of preservation of the Grand Canyon area, and visited it on numerous occasions to hunt and enjoy the scenery.

text: The Grand Canyon (

text: Hopi

text: : Ongtupqa; ,

text: Navajo

text: : Tsékooh Hatsoh,

text: Spanish

text: : Gran Cañón) is a steep-sided

text: canyon

text: carved by the

text: Colorado River

text: in the state of

text: Arizona

text: in the United States. It is contained within and managed by

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: , the

text: Kaibab National Forest

entity_name: Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument

text: Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument

text: , the

text: Hualapai

text: Tribal Nation, the

text: Havasupai

text: people and the

text: Navajo Nation

text: . President

text: Theodore Roosevelt

text: was a major proponent of preservation of the Grand Canyon area, and visited it on numerous occasions to hunt and enjoy the scenery.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The different metamorphic facies are defined by the mineralogical composition of a rock. When the temperature or pressure in a rock body change, the rock can cross into a different facies and some minerals become stable while others become unstable or metastable. Whether minerals really react depends on the reaction kinetics, the activation energy of the reaction and how much fluid is present in the rock.

text: The different metamorphic facies are defined by the mineralogical composition of a rock. When the temperature or pressure in a rock body change, the rock can cross into a different facies and some minerals become

text: stable

text: while others become unstable or

text: metastable

text: . Whether minerals really react depends on the

text: reaction kinetics

text: , the

text: activation energy

text: of the reaction and how much

text: fluid

text: is present in the rock.

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answers: rock can cross into a different facies

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: A marine transgression is a geologic event during which sea level rises relative to the land and the shoreline moves toward higher ground, resulting in flooding. Transgressions can be caused either by the land sinking or the ocean basins filling with water (or decreasing in capacity). Transgressions and regressions may be caused by tectonic events such as orogenies, severe climate change such as ice ages or isostatic adjustments following removal of ice or sediment load.

text: A marine transgression is a

text: geologic

text: event during which

text: sea level

text: rises relative to the land and the shoreline moves toward higher ground, resulting in flooding. Transgressions can be caused either by the land sinking or the ocean basins filling with water (or decreasing in capacity). Transgressions and

text: regressions

text: may be caused by

text: tectonic

text: events such as

text: orogenies

text: , severe

text: climate change

text: such as

text: ice age

text: s or

text: isostatic

text: adjustments following removal of ice or sediment load.

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answers: sea level rises relative to the land

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: tectonic events

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: isostatic adjustments

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: tectonic events

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: tectonic events

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Sharyn Canyon (also known as Charyn Canyon) is a canyon on the Sharyn River in Kazakhstan,  east of Almaty, close to the Chinese border. The canyon is  in length. It is within the Sharyn River valley and is part of the Sharyn National Park, which was established on 23 February 2004, and is located within the territory of the Uygur District, Raiymbek District and Enbekshikazakh District of the Almaty Province. Over several millennia of weathering action, the canyon has gained colorful formations of varying shapes and sizes. Though it is much smaller than the Grand Canyon, it has been described as being equally impressive.

text: Sharyn Canyon (also known as Charyn Canyon) is a

text: canyon

text: on the

text: Sharyn River

text: in

text: Kazakhstan

text: ,  east of

text: Almaty

text: , close to the Chinese border. The canyon is  in length. It is within the Sharyn River valley and is part of the

text: Sharyn National Park

text: , which was established on 23 February 2004, and is located within the territory of the

text: Uygur District

text: Raiymbek District

text: and

text: Enbekshikazakh District

text: of the

text: Almaty Province

text: . Over several millennia of weathering action, the canyon has gained colorful formations of varying shapes and sizes. Though it is much smaller than the

text: Grand Canyon

text: , it has been described as being equally impressive.

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answers: millennia

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answers: millennia

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Sharyn River

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Over several millennia of weathering action

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The lithostratigraphic approach uses typical sequences of sediment and rock strata to prove sea level fluctuations on the basis of an alternation of terrestrial and marine sediments or littoral and shallow marine sediments. Those strata show typical layers of transgressive and regressive patterns.  However, an unconformity in the sediment sequence might make this analysis difficult.

text: The

text: lithostratigraphic

text: approach uses typical sequences of

text: sediment

text: and

text: rock strata

text: to prove

text: sea level

text: fluctuations on the basis of an alternation of terrestrial and

text: marine sediments

text: or littoral and shallow marine sediments. Those strata show typical layers of transgressive and regressive patterns.  However, an

text: unconformity

text: in the sediment sequence might make this analysis difficult.

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answers: shallow marine sediments

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answers: shallow marine sediments

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answers: alternation of terrestrial and marine sediments

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answers: strata

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answers: Lithostratigraphic

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answers: unconformity in the sediment sequence

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: alternation of terrestrial and marine sediments

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: strata

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The spectacularly eroded walls of the canyon are formed mostly of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Exposures of the Kaibab Limestone, (the geologic formation found at the top of the Grand Canyon), and the Toroweap Formation are found only at the northern end of the canyon. The more predominant rock units exposed in the cliffs of southern Oak Creek Canyon are the buff to white colored, frequently cross-bedded Permian Coconino Sandstone and the red sandstones of the Permian Schnebly Hill Formation. Unlike all the other formations exposed in Oak Creek Canyon, the Schnebly Hill Formation is not present at the Grand Canyon. The youngest rocks exposed in the canyon are a series of basalt lava flows that form the east rim, the youngest of which is an estimated 6 million years old.

text: The spectacularly eroded walls of the canyon are formed mostly of

text: Paleozoic

text: sedimentary rock

text: s. Exposures of the

text: Kaibab Limestone

text: , (the

text: geologic formation

text: found at the top of the Grand Canyon), and the

text: Toroweap Formation

text: are found only at the northern end of the canyon. The more predominant rock units exposed in the cliffs of southern Oak Creek Canyon are the buff to white colored, frequently

text: cross-bedded

text: Permian

text: Coconino Sandstone

text: and the red

text: sandstone

text: s of the Permian

text: Schnebly Hill Formation

text: . Unlike all the other formations exposed in Oak Creek Canyon, the Schnebly Hill Formation is not present at the Grand Canyon. The youngest rocks exposed in the canyon are a series of

text: basalt

text: lava flow

text: s that form the east rim, the youngest of which is an estimated 6 million years old.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005500

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Kaibab Limestone

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Paleozoic sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Kaibab Limestone

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In Early Paleozoic, sandstone and conglomerate of Liantuo Formation experienced uplift. Then, Snowball Earth happened at 650 Ma deposited tillite. Afterward, Huangling Complex was a marine environment and formed dolomite and limestone until the end of Triassic. Then, the area switched from marine to continental facies, where terrigenous deposits such as sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone and mudstone overly on the top. Foreland basin and rift basin settings were found during Middle Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Zigui Basin and Danyang Basin, which are the two sedimentary basins lying on the western and eastern flank of Huangling dome, were formed during Late Triassic and Jurassic

text: In Early Paleozoic, sandstone and conglomerate of Liantuo Formation experienced uplift. Then, Snowball Earth happened at 650 Ma deposited tillite. Afterward, Huangling Complex was a marine environment and formed dolomite and limestone until the end of Triassic. Then, the area switched from marine to continental facies, where terrigenous deposits such as sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone and mudstone overly on the top. Foreland basin and rift basin settings were found during Middle Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Zigui Basin and Danyang Basin, which are the two sedimentary basins lying on the western and eastern flank of Huangling dome, were formed during Late Triassic and Jurassic

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answers: the area switched from marine to continental facies

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Triassic

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answers: Snowball Earth

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answers: terrigenous deposits

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answers: limestone

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answers: terrigenous deposits

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answers: Snowball Earth happened at 650 Ma deposited tillite

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Tapeats unit is the bottom member of the Tonto Group, a typical marine transgression series of sandstone-(conglomerate)-shale-limestone, all part of a paleo sea, initially adjacent to land, the source of the Tapeats rocks-(conglomerates) and sand; (a regressing sequence has the reverse order). The Tapeats Sea at the early Devonian ceased to deposit more Muav Limestone, and a period of erosion ensued, a deposition unconformity.

text: The Tapeats unit is the bottom member of the

text: Tonto Group

text: , a typical

text: marine transgression

text: series of sandstone-(conglomerate)-

text: shale

text: limestone

text: , all part of a paleo sea, initially adjacent to land, the source of the Tapeats rocks-(conglomerates) and sand; (a regressing sequence has the reverse order). The

text: Tapeats Sea

text: at the early

text: Devonian

text: ceased to deposit more Muav Limestone, and a period of erosion ensued, a deposition unconformity.

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answers: a paleo sea

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answers: limestone

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answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: a regressing sequence has the reverse order

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A theory for sea level fall in the Maastrichtian time period, the latest age of the late Cretaceous, has been proposed as evidence. It shows that sea level fell more at this time of the Cenozoic than any time during the Mesozoic. In rock layers at this time, the earliest layers represent sea beds, later layers represented shorelines, and the latest represented continental environments. The layers do not show distortion or tilting that is related to mountains, so sea level fall is most likely the cause. A massive fall in sea level would have greatly reduced the continental shelf margin which could have caused a mass extinction but for marine species only. This regression most likely would have caused a climate change by disrupting ocean currents and winds and therefore increased global temperatures. Other consequences include the loss of epeiric seas and the expansion of freshwater environments. Although the expansion of freshwater was beneficial to freshwater vertebrates, marine environment species still suffered.

text: A theory for

text: sea level

text: fall in the Maastrichtian time period, the latest age of the late Cretaceous, has been proposed as evidence. It shows that sea level fell more at this time of the Cenozoic than any time during the Mesozoic. In rock layers at this time, the earliest layers represent sea beds, later layers represented shorelines, and the latest represented continental environments. The layers do not show distortion or tilting that is related to mountains, so sea level fall is most likely the cause. A massive fall in sea level would have greatly reduced the continental shelf margin which could have caused a mass extinction but for marine species only. This regression most likely would have caused a climate change by disrupting ocean currents and winds and therefore increased global temperatures. Other consequences include the loss of

text: epeiric seas

text: and the expansion of freshwater environments. Although the expansion of freshwater was beneficial to freshwater vertebrates, marine environment species still suffered.

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answers: mass extinction but for marine species only

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: marine environment species still suffered

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answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the earliest layers represent sea beds

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: sea level fall is most likely the cause

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The situation in which coastlines move in the direction of the continent is called transgression. In the case of transgression, deeper marine facies are deposited over shallower facies, a succession called onlap. Regression is the situation in which a coastline moves in the direction of the sea. With regression, shallower facies are deposited on top of deeper facies, a situation called offlap.

text: The situation in which coastlines move in the direction of the continent is called

text: transgression

text: . In the case of transgression, deeper marine facies are deposited over shallower facies, a succession called

text: onlap

text: Regression

text: is the situation in which a coastline moves in the direction of the sea. With regression, shallower facies are deposited on top of deeper facies, a situation called

text: offlap

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answers: coastlines move in the direction of the continent

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answers: onlap

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answers: shallower

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answers: no

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answers: marine

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answers: shallower facies

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: shallower facies

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Formations totaling over  in thickness were deposited in the region in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic but were almost entirely removed from the Grand Canyon sequence by subsequent erosion. The geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area and the geology of the Bryce Canyon area records some of these formations. All these rock units together form a super sequence of rock known as the Grand Staircase.

text: Formations totaling over  in thickness were deposited in the region in the Mesozoic and

text: Cenozoic

text: but were almost entirely removed from the Grand Canyon sequence by subsequent erosion. The

entity_name: Geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area

text: geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area

text: and the

text: geology of the Bryce Canyon area

text: records some of these formations. All these rock units together form a super sequence of rock known as the

text: Grand Staircase

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Beat of the Mesozoic is the second EP by the American Avant-rock band Birdsongs of the Mesozoic, released in 1985 by Ace of Hearts Records.

text: Beat of the Mesozoic is the second

text: EP

text: by the American

text: Avant-rock

text: band

text: Birdsongs of the Mesozoic

text: , released in 1985 by

text: Ace of Hearts Records

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Both the Caledonian basement and the low grade cover rocks were deformed again during the Hercynian orogeny (about ). This phase of deformation created a large northeast-southwest oriented anticline that runs across the Belgian part of the Rhenish Massif (the Ardennes anticline). In the core of this anticline a number of massifs of early Paleozoic rocks crop out. The Stavelot Massif is one the larger, other Caledonian massifs are the Rocroi Massif, the Serpont Massif and the Givonne Massif.

text: Both the Caledonian

text: basement

text: and the low grade cover rocks were

text: deformed

text: again during the

text: Hercynian orogeny

text: (about ). This

text: phase

text: of deformation created a large northeast-southwest oriented

text: anticline

text: that runs across the Belgian part of the Rhenish Massif (the

text: Ardennes anticline

text: ). In the core of this anticline a number of massifs of early Paleozoic rocks crop out. The Stavelot Massif is one the larger, other Caledonian massifs are the

text: Rocroi Massif

text: , the

text: Serpont Massif

text: and the

text: Givonne Massif

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answers: basement

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answers: Caledonian

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answers: Stavelot Massif

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The coarse-grained or common facies takes up the largest surface area. Grain sizes vary in general between 2 and 6 millimeter with roughly isometric grains. The fresh rock has a grey colour; weathered outcrops can take on a brownish-reddish stain. It comprises the following minerals:

text: The coarse-grained or common facies takes up the largest surface area. Grain sizes vary in general between 2 and 6 millimeter with roughly isometric grains. The fresh rock has a grey colour; weathered outcrops can take on a brownish-reddish stain. It comprises the following minerals:

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answers: It comprises the following minerals:

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rock

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answers: common facies

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: coarse-grained or common

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: These are both idealized scenarios; in practice identifying transgression or regressions can be more complicated.  For instance, a regression may be indicated by a change from carbonates to shale only, or a transgression from sandstone to shale, and so on.  Lateral changes in facies are also important; a well-marked transgression sequence in an area where an epeiric sea was deep may be only partial farther away, where the water was shallow.  One should consider such factors when interpreting a specific sedimentary column.

text: These are both idealized scenarios; in practice identifying transgression or regressions can be more complicated.  For instance, a regression may be indicated by a change from carbonates to shale only, or a transgression from sandstone to shale, and so on.  Lateral changes in facies are also important; a well-marked transgression sequence in an area where an

text: epeiric sea

text: was deep may be only partial farther away, where the water was shallow.  One should consider such factors when interpreting a specific sedimentary column.

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answers: Lateral changes in facies

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answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: lateral changes in facies

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: well-marked transgression sequence

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Deposition resumed in the Cambrian period and continued through the Paleozoic era, creating nine major formations which together are 4,000 feet (1,200 m) thick (the only geologic period in the Paleozoic not represented is the Silurian). This unit was laid down in a shallow sea and later became a discontinuous mix of dolomite, limestone, sandstones, and shales. The layers of this unit are relatively undeformed for their age even though periodic upwarp exposed them to erosion, creating  uncomformities . Fossilized brachiopods, bryozoans, corals, and trilobites are found in the carbonate rock layers with the best examples found outside the park in the Alaska Basin. The most complete examples of this unit are found to the west, north, and south of park borders.

text: Deposition resumed in the

text: Cambrian

text: period and continued through the

text: Paleozoic

text: era, creating nine major

text: formation

text: s which together are 4,000 feet (1,200 m) thick (the only

text: geologic period

text: in the Paleozoic not represented is the

text: Silurian

text: ). This unit was laid down in a shallow

text: sea

text: and later became a discontinuous mix of

text: dolomite

text: , limestone, sandstones, and shales. The layers of this unit are relatively undeformed for their age even though periodic upwarp exposed them to

text: erosion

text: , creating  uncomformities . Fossilized

text: brachiopod

text: s,

text: bryozoan

text: s,

text: coral

text: s, and

text: trilobite

text: s are found in the

text: carbonate rock

text: layers with the best examples found outside the park in the Alaska Basin. The most complete examples of this unit are found to the west, north, and south of park borders.

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answers: Paleozoic

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answers: The layers of this unit are relatively undeformed for their age

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Following its retreat in the southwestern Landes, the sea began transgressing towards the north and the east during the Lower Miocene (Aquitanian). Marine, littoral, and lacustrine facies interchange. During a minor regression, a huge lake formed near Condom, the Lac de Saucats, in which grey lacustrine-limestones precipitated, the so-called Calcaire gris de l'Agenais. Shortly thereafter the sea attained its highstand. It was rimmed completely by continental deposits whose thickness increased towards the southeast. For the first time, the alluvial fans along the Pyrenean front receded, the reason being increased subsidence in front of the orogen; yet they still stretched as far north as the Agenais.

text: Following its retreat in the southwestern

text: Landes

text: , the sea began transgressing towards the north and the east during the

text: Lower Miocene

text: Aquitanian

text: ). Marine, littoral, and lacustrine facies interchange. During a minor regression, a huge lake formed near

text: Condom

text: , the Lac de Saucats, in which grey lacustrine-limestones precipitated, the so-called

text: Calcaire gris de l'Agenais

text: . Shortly thereafter the sea attained its highstand. It was rimmed completely by continental deposits whose thickness increased towards the southeast. For the first time, the alluvial fans along the Pyrenean front receded, the reason being increased subsidence in front of the orogen; yet they still stretched as far north as the Agenais.

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answers: limestones

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answers: Lacustrine-limestones

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answers: Lac de Saucats

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Red Rock district, centered on the town of Sedona, encompasses many of the famous red rock buttes and mesas, and canyons that have made Sedona famous as a resort town. Just north of Sedona is Oak Creek Canyon, one of the many large canyons located along the Mogollon Rim. Oak Creek Canyon is one of the most popular recreation destinations in the Coconino National Forest and along with Sedona is Arizona's second most popular tourist attraction, second only to the Grand Canyon. Oak Creek Canyon is also a popular leaf peeping area in the fall as it is one of the few areas in the forest where deciduous trees are the dominant vegetation type. This region is also home to Sycamore Canyon, the second largest canyon in Arizona. Elevations in this part of the forest are substantially lower (Sedona is at 4,500 feet (1,400 m) above sea level) than the rest of the forest resulting in higher temperatures year round.

text: The Red Rock district, centered on the town of

text: Sedona

text: , encompasses many of the famous red rock

text: butte

text: s and

text: mesa

text: s, and

text: canyon

text: s that have made Sedona famous as a resort town. Just north of Sedona is

text: Oak Creek Canyon

text: , one of the many large canyons located along the Mogollon Rim. Oak Creek Canyon is one of the most popular recreation destinations in the Coconino National Forest and along with Sedona is Arizona's second most popular tourist attraction, second only to the

text: Grand Canyon

text: . Oak Creek Canyon is also a popular

text: leaf peeping

text: area in the fall as it is one of the few areas in the forest where

text: deciduous

text: trees are the dominant vegetation type. This region is also home to

entity_name: Sycamore Canyon (Yavapai County, Arizona)

text: Sycamore Canyon

text: , the second largest canyon in Arizona. Elevations in this part of the forest are substantially lower (Sedona is at 4,500 feet (1,400 m) above sea level) than the rest of the forest resulting in higher temperatures year round.

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answers: Red Rock district

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answers: Sedona is Arizona's second most popular tourist attraction

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Paleozoic Era ended with the largest mass extinction in Earth's history, the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The effects of this catastrophe were so devastating that it took life on land 30 million years into the Mesozoic Era to recover. Recovery of life in the sea may have been much faster.

text: The Paleozoic Era ended with the largest

text: mass extinction

text: in

text: Earth's history

text: , the

text: Permian–Triassic extinction event

text: . The effects of this catastrophe were so devastating that it took life on land 30 million years into the Mesozoic Era to recover. Recovery of life in the sea may have been much faster.

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answers: 30 million years

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answers: sea

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Paleozoic Era

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Recovery of life in the sea may have been much faster

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic eras, South America and Africa were connected in a landmass called Gondwana, as part of the supercontinent Pangaea. In the Albian, around 110 Ma, South America and Africa began to diverge along the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, giving rise to a landmass of Antarctica and South America. During the late Eocene, around 35Ma, Antarctica and South America separated and South America became a massive, biologically rich island-continent. During approximately 30 million years, the biodiversity of South America was isolated from the rest of the world, leading to evolution of species within the continent.

text: In the

text: Paleozoic

text: and Early

text: Mesozoic

text: eras,

text: South America

text: and

text: Africa

text: were connected in a landmass called

text: Gondwana

text: , as part of the

text: supercontinent

text: Pangaea

text: . In the

text: Albian

text: , around 110

text: Ma

text: , South America and Africa began to diverge along the southern

text: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

text: , giving rise to a landmass of

text: Antarctica

text: and South America. During the late

text: Eocene

text: , around 35Ma, Antarctica and South America separated and South America became a massive, biologically rich island-continent. During approximately 30 million years, the

text: biodiversity

text: of South America was isolated from the rest of the world, leading to evolution of species within the continent.

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answers: Gondwana

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answers: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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answers: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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answers: Antarctica and South America

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answers: Antarctica and South America

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answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: South America and Africa began to diverge along the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As an alternative to the two conventional theories described above, Ketner proposed that (1) left-lateral strike-slip faulting along the western margin of the North American continent, rather than plate convergence, was the engine of Paleozoic tectonics in the region;  (2) the Roberts Mountains allochthon, as such, does not exist, and the Ordovician to Devonian western facies assemblage was deposited essentially in situ; and (3) blocks of shelf carbonate rocks earlier thought to be exposures of the shelf in windows of the Roberts Mountains allochthon are slide blocks from the carbonate shelf.  The slide blocks probably were dislodged by the Alamo impact event of Late Devonian age.  In this scheme, the deep-water aspects of the western facies assemblage are due to sea-level rise in the Cambrian rather than displacement from an ocean basin.

text: As an alternative to the two conventional theories described above, Ketner proposed that (1) left-lateral strike-slip faulting along the western margin of the North American continent, rather than plate convergence, was the engine of Paleozoic tectonics in the region;  (2) the Roberts Mountains allochthon, as such, does not exist, and the Ordovician to Devonian western facies assemblage was deposited essentially in situ; and (3) blocks of shelf carbonate rocks earlier thought to be exposures of the shelf in windows of the Roberts Mountains allochthon are slide blocks from the carbonate shelf.  The slide blocks probably were dislodged by the Alamo impact event of Late Devonian age.  In this scheme, the deep-water aspects of the western facies assemblage are due to sea-level rise in the Cambrian rather than displacement from an ocean basin.

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answers: Alamo impact event

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Devonian

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answers: left-lateral strike-slip faulting

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answers: deep-water

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answers: carbonate

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answers: conventional theories

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answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Ordovician to Devonian

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: left-lateral strike-slip faulting

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A geologic era is a subdivision of geologic time that divides an eon into smaller units of time. The Phanerozoic Eon is divided into three such time frames: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic represent the major stages in the macroscopic fossil record. These eras are separated by catastrophic extinction boundaries, the P-T boundary between the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic and the K-T boundary between the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. There is evidence that catastrophic meteorite impacts played a role in demarcating the differences between the eras.

text: A geologic era is a subdivision of

text: geologic time

text: that divides an

text: eon

text: into smaller units of time. The

text: Phanerozoic

text: Eon is divided into three such time frames: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Cenozoic

text: represent the major stages in the macroscopic

text: fossil record

text: . These eras are separated by catastrophic

text: extinction

text: boundaries, the

text: P-T boundary

text: between the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic and the

text: K-T boundary

text: between the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. There is evidence that catastrophic

text: meteorite impact

text: s played a role in demarcating the differences between the eras.

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answers: P-T boundary

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answers: catastrophic meteorite impacts

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answers: K-T boundary

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The Phanerozoic

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answers: catastrophic extinction boundaries

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossil

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: catastrophic meteorite impacts

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: No Precambrian fossils are known from Nebraska, and the state's fossil record begins in the Paleozoic. From the Cambrian through the Devonian, Nebraska was covered by a shallow sea. None of the rocks deposited in this environment are exposed at the surface, so its fossil record is poorly known. Nevertheless, the fossil record of nearby states suggests that Nebraska was probably home to brachiopods, corals, and trilobites. During the Carboniferous, the sea retreated westward and was replaced by large swamps growing in river deltas. During the Carboniferous Period, local invertebrates included cephalopods, coral, crinoids and fusulinids. On land, the local flora also left behind fossils. During the Permian, most of Nebraska was a terrestrial environment, but both brackish and freshwater habitats were present. The latter were home to aquatic plants, amphibians, and fishes.

text: No

text: Precambrian

text: fossils are known from Nebraska, and the state's fossil record begins in the

text: Paleozoic

text: . From the

text: Cambrian

text: through the

text: Devonian

text: , Nebraska was covered by a shallow sea. None of the rocks deposited in this environment are exposed at the surface, so its fossil record is poorly known. Nevertheless, the fossil record of nearby states suggests that Nebraska was probably home to

text: brachiopod

text: s,

text: coral

text: s, and

text: trilobite

text: s. During the

text: Carboniferous

text: , the sea retreated westward and was replaced by large swamps growing in river deltas. During the

text: Carboniferous

text: Period, local invertebrates included

text: cephalopod

text: s, coral,

text: crinoid

text: s and

text: fusulinid

text: s. On land, the local

text: flora

text: also left behind fossils. During the

text: Permian

text: , most of Nebraska was a terrestrial environment, but both brackish and freshwater habitats were present. The latter were home to aquatic plants, amphibians, and fishes.

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answers: the sea retreated westward

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: large swamps

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Carboniferous Period

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Carboniferous Period

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: fossil record of nearby states suggests that Nebraska was probably home to brachiopods, corals, and trilobites

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During the Mesozoic era (about 250 to 66 million years ago) a large ocean (Tethys Ocean), floored by oceanic lithosphere existed in-between the supercontinents of Gondwana and Laurasia (which lay to the south and north respectively; Robertson & Dixon, 2006). This large oceanic plate was consumed at subduction zones (see subduction zone). At the subduction trenches the sedimentary rock layers that were deposited within the prehistoric Tethys Ocean buckled, were folded, faulted and tectonically mixed with huge blocks of crystalline basement rocks of the oceanic lithosphere. These blocks form a very complex mixture or mélange of rocks that include mainly serpentinite, basalt, dolerite and chert (e.g. Bergougnan, 1975). The Eurasian margin, now preserved in the Pontides (the Pontic Mountains along the Black Sea coast), is thought to have been geologically similar to the Western Pacific region today (e.g. Rice et al., 2006). Volcanic arcs (see volcanic arc) and backarc basins (see back-arc basin) formed and were emplaced onto Eurasia as ophiolites (see ophiolite) as they collided with microcontinents (literally relatively small plates of continental lithosphere; e.g. Ustaomer and Robertson, 1997). These microcontinents had been pulled away from the Gondwanan continent further south. Turkey is therefore made up from several different prehistorical microcontinents.

text: During the

text: Mesozoic

text: era (about 250 to 66 million years ago) a large ocean (

text: Tethys Ocean

text: ), floored by oceanic

text: lithosphere

text: existed in-between the supercontinents of

text: Gondwana

text: and

text: Laurasia

text: (which lay to the south and north respectively; Robertson & Dixon, 2006). This large oceanic plate was consumed at subduction zones (see

text: subduction zone

text: ). At the subduction trenches the

text: sedimentary rock

text: layers that were deposited within the prehistoric

text: Tethys Ocean

text: buckled, were folded, faulted and tectonically mixed with huge blocks of crystalline basement rocks of the oceanic

text: lithosphere

text: . These blocks form a very complex mixture or

text: mélange

text: of rocks that include mainly

text: serpentinite

text: basalt

text: dolerite

text: and

text: chert

text: (e.g. Bergougnan, 1975). The Eurasian margin, now preserved in the Pontides (the

text: Pontic Mountains

text: along the

text: Black Sea

text: coast), is thought to have been geologically similar to the Western Pacific region today (e.g. Rice et al., 2006). Volcanic arcs (see

text: volcanic arc

text: ) and backarc basins (see

text: back-arc basin

text: ) formed and were emplaced onto

text: Eurasia

text: as ophiolites (see

text: ophiolite

text: ) as they collided with microcontinents (literally relatively small plates of continental

text: lithosphere

text: ; e.g. Ustaomer and Robertson, 1997). These microcontinents had been pulled away from the Gondwanan continent further south. Turkey is therefore made up from several different prehistorical microcontinents.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: subduction trenches

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Tethys Ocean

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: subduction trenches

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Tethys Ocean

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: subduction trenches

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: dolerite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Turkey is therefore made up from several different prehistorical microcontinents

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: subduction trenches

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Sea-level changes which correspond to the glacial periods also show up as extremely long-term rhythmites. As an example, the ice surge in the Quaternary resulted in changes in sea level of from 127 meters to 163 meters. The regression and transgression of the sea level from waxing and waning glaciers have been identified in the rhythmites of the Pennsylvanian and Permian periods.

text: Sea-level changes which correspond to the glacial periods also show up as extremely long-term rhythmites. As an example, the ice surge in the Quaternary resulted in changes in sea level of from 127 meters to 163 meters. The regression and transgression of the sea level from waxing and waning glaciers have been identified in the rhythmites of the

text: Pennsylvanian

text: and

text: Permian period

text: s.

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answers: changes in sea level

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: long-term rhythmites

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: ice surge

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: rhythmites

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Pennsylvanian

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: waxing and waning glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: rhythmites

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 127 meters to 163 meters

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are two principal facies of lower Paleozoic rocks in Nevada.  In the eastern part of the state, a north-trending fossil-rich carbonate shelf of Ordovician to Devonian age, termed the carbonate or eastern assemblage, gives way westward to a contemporaneous expanse of siliceous sedimentary deposits and minor mafic volcanic rocks termed the siliceous or western assemblage. Crafford assigned these two facies respectively to the shelf domain and the basin domain.  The dark color of the western assemblage, the scarcity of carbonate rocks, and a near absence of shelly fossils, are generally interpreted to indicate a relatively deep-water depositional environment.  The western assemblage also differs from the eastern assemblage in its components of bedded chert, basalt bodies, barite deposits, and sulfide deposits. The nature of the two assemblages and their relation to one another are critical for an understanding of the Antler orogeny.  The western facies assemblage is generally thought to be displaced from the west and to constitute the upper plate of an extensive thrust fault—the Roberts Mountains thrust.  The eastern facies assemblage is thought to extend westward under the thrust plate.  The basis for this belief is that the western facies domain is dotted with anomalous blocky exposures of contemporaneous eastern facies shelf strata, some of mountain size, surrounded by exposures of western facies rocks. These have been interpreted almost universally as exposures of the carbonate shelf facies in windows of the Roberts Mountains thrust sheet, and to prove the existence of that thrust sheet.

text: There are two principal

text: facies

text: of lower

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks in Nevada.  In the eastern part of the state, a north-trending fossil-rich carbonate shelf of

text: Ordovician

text: to

text: Devonian

text: age, termed the carbonate or eastern assemblage, gives way westward to a contemporaneous expanse of

text: siliceous

text: sedimentary deposits and minor

text: mafic

text: volcanic rock

text: s termed the siliceous or western assemblage. Crafford assigned these two facies respectively to the shelf domain and the basin domain.  The dark color of the western assemblage, the scarcity of

text: carbonate rock

text: s, and a near absence of shelly fossils, are generally interpreted to indicate a relatively deep-water depositional environment.  The western assemblage also differs from the eastern assemblage in its components of bedded

text: chert

text: basalt

text: bodies,

text: barite

text: deposits, and sulfide deposits. The nature of the two assemblages and their relation to one another are critical for an understanding of the Antler orogeny.  The western facies assemblage is generally thought to be displaced from the west and to constitute the upper plate of an extensive

text: thrust fault

text: —the

text: Roberts Mountains thrust

text: .  The eastern facies assemblage is thought to extend westward under the thrust plate.  The basis for this belief is that the western facies domain is dotted with anomalous blocky exposures of contemporaneous eastern facies shelf strata, some of mountain size, surrounded by exposures of western facies rocks. These have been interpreted almost universally as exposures of the carbonate shelf facies in

text: windows

text: of the

text: Roberts Mountains

text: thrust sheet, and to prove the existence of that thrust sheet.

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answers: relatively deep-water depositional environment

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: siliceous

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shelf

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: a relatively deep-water depositional environment

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: siliceous sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Antler orogeny

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: No Precambrian fossils are known from Missouri, so the state's fossil record does not begin until the Paleozoic. During the early Paleozoic, Missouri was covered by a shallow sea. During the Cambrian period Missouri was home to algae, which left behind spores, and linguloid brachiopods. Trilobites were also present but were less common. Missouri had a varied fauna during the ensuing Ordovician period. Ordovician life in the state included abundant branching bryozoans, tabulate corals, tetracorals, abundant crinoids, graptolites, abundant pelecypods, nautiloids (generally straight shelled, but sometimes coiled), Receptaculites, sponges (which left behind spicules), and trilobites (which were uncommon in the Early Ordovician). Graptolites were preserved in Jefferson and Pike counties, with the Jefferson County graptolites being the better preserved. Armored fish were among the vertebrates of Ordovician Missouri.

text: No Precambrian fossils are known from Missouri, so the state's

text: fossil record

text: does not begin until the

text: Paleozoic

text: . During the early Paleozoic, Missouri was covered by a shallow

text: sea

text: . During the

text: Cambrian

text: period Missouri was home to

text: algae

text: , which left behind

text: spores

text: , and

text: linguloid

text: brachiopods. Trilobites were also present but were less common. Missouri had a varied fauna during the ensuing

text: Ordovician

text: period.

text: Ordovician

text: life in the state included abundant branching

text: bryozoans

text: tabulate corals

text: tetracorals

text: , abundant crinoids,

text: graptolites

text: , abundant

text: pelecypods

text: nautiloids

text: (generally straight shelled, but sometimes coiled),

text: Receptaculites

text: sponges

text: (which left behind

text: spicule

text: s), and trilobites (which were uncommon in the

text: Early Ordovician

text: ). Graptolites were preserved in

text: Jefferson

text: and

text: Pike counties

text: , with the Jefferson County graptolites being the better preserved. Armored fish were among the vertebrates of Ordovician Missouri.

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answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Missouri was covered by a shallow sea

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: No Precambrian fossils are known from Missouri

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Parang Mountains consist predominantly of crystalline rocks, peripherally covered with patches of sediments from the Paleozoic, Mesozoic (massive limestone, conglomerates) and Cenozoic eras, mixed with large areas of granite outcrops.On the southern slope, sedimentary rocks from the Mesozoic era can be found, more exactly massive limestone from the Jurassic period. The newest rocks are found on the southern frame of the mountains and in the north-west, where it is bordered by the Petrosani Depression.The nature of the rocks favored the emergence of bulk, rounded ridges, separated by deep valleys. The mountains present an overall asymmetry, with the northern front more steepen, with short ridges, while the southern facade is less inclined and with longer ridge. Especially in the southern part, the slopes are composed of several steps.

text: The Parang Mountains consist predominantly of

text: crystal

text: line rocks, peripherally covered with patches of

text: sediments

text: from the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: (massive

text: limestone

text: conglomerates

text: ) and

text: Cenozoic

text: eras, mixed with large areas of

text: granite

text: outcrop

text: s.On the southern slope, sedimentary rocks from the Mesozoic era can be found, more exactly massive limestone from the

text: Jurassic

text: period. The newest rocks are found on the southern frame of the mountains and in the north-west, where it is bordered by the Petrosani Depression.The nature of the rocks favored the emergence of bulk, rounded

text: ridges

text: , separated by deep

text: valley

text: s. The mountains present an overall asymmetry, with the northern front more steepen, with short ridges, while the southern facade is less inclined and with longer ridge. Especially in the southern part, the slopes are composed of several steps.

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answers: Petrosani Depression

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answers: Jurassic

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answers: Petrosani Depression

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answers: massive limestone

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answers: sedimentary rocks

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answers: The Parang Mountains consist predominantly of crystalline rocks

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Jurassic period

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: massive limestone

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The channel through much of this region is bedded in a dike-like embankment lying above the floodplain over which the escaping water spills in time of flood. This natural dike cuts off the flow of the river to the remarkable low area in southern California known as the Salton Sink in the Coachella Valley, and the Imperial Valley. The Salton Sink and its Salton Sea are located below sea level; therefore, the descent from the river near Yuma is very much greater than the descent from Yuma to the Gulf of California. This geographical peculiarity is the result of the Colorado River Delta, formed over millions of years by over  of rock and sand eroded from the Grand Canyon and other canyons along the river's course. The delta eventually split the Gulf of California in two; the northern part in present-day California, cut off from the sea, eventually evaporated, creating a "sink" more than  below sea level.

text: The channel through much of this region is bedded in a dike-like embankment lying above the floodplain over which the escaping water spills in time of flood. This natural dike cuts off the flow of the river to the remarkable low area in southern California known as the

text: Salton Sink

text: in the

text: Coachella Valley

text: , and the Imperial Valley. The Salton Sink and its

text: Salton Sea

text: are located below sea level; therefore, the descent from the river near Yuma is very much greater than the descent from Yuma to the

text: Gulf of California

text: . This geographical peculiarity is the result of the

text: Colorado River Delta

text: , formed over millions of years by over  of rock and sand eroded from the Grand Canyon and other canyons along the river's course. The delta eventually split the Gulf of California in two; the northern part in present-day California, cut off from the sea, eventually evaporated, creating a "sink" more than  below sea level.

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answers: time of flood

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answers: millions

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answers: time of flood

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answers: Salton Sea

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answers: Salton Sea

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answers: Salton Sea

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answers: Salton Sea

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Colorado River Delta

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Salton Sink

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Marine regression also resulted in the loss of epeiric seas, such as the Western Interior Seaway of North America. The loss of these seas greatly altered habitats, removing coastal plains that ten million years before had been host to diverse communities such as are found in rocks of the Dinosaur Park Formation. Another consequence was an expansion of freshwater environments, since continental runoff now had longer distances to travel before reaching oceans. While this change was favorable to freshwater vertebrates, those that prefer marine environments, such as sharks, suffered.

text: Marine regression also resulted in the loss of

text: epeiric sea

text: s, such as the

text: Western Interior Seaway

text: of North America. The loss of these seas greatly altered habitats, removing

text: coastal plain

text: s that ten million years before had been host to diverse communities such as are found in rocks of the

text: Dinosaur Park Formation

text: . Another consequence was an expansion of

text: freshwater

text: environments, since continental runoff now had longer distances to travel before reaching oceans. While this change was favorable to

text: freshwater

text: vertebrates

text: , those that prefer

text: marine

text: environments, such as

text: shark

text: s, suffered.

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answers: loss of epeiric seas

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answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: continental runoff

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answers: Dinosaur Park

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Halite and sand

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answers: expansion of freshwater environments

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Dinosaur Park Formation

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The McMurray Formation was deposited by an extensive drainage system that flowed northward following a regional north-south depression. The depression was created by the dissolution of thick salt deposits in the Devonian Elk Point Group deep within the subsurface. The drainage system was encroached upon from the north by a rising sea, and as this marine transgression progressed, depositional environments changed from fluvial at the base (Lower Member), to estuarine (Middle Member), to shore-face at the top (Upper Member), and finally to open marine in the overlying Clearwater Formation.

text: The McMurray Formation was deposited by an extensive drainage system that flowed northward following a regional north-south depression. The depression was created by the dissolution of thick salt deposits in the Devonian

text: Elk Point Group

text: deep within the subsurface. The drainage system was encroached upon from the north by a rising sea, and as this

text: marine transgression

text: progressed, depositional environments changed from fluvial at the base (Lower Member), to estuarine (Middle Member), to shore-face at the top (Upper Member), and finally to open marine in the overlying

text: Clearwater Formation

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The Cretaceous-aged units are the most well-understood and the most productive units in the San Juan Basin. The Inner Cretaceous Seaway's western extent was along the San Juan Basin, and the three major transgressive-regressive episodes that occurred during this time are recorded in the mid- to upper-Cretaceous stratigraphy.

text: The Cretaceous-aged units are the most well-understood and the most productive units in the San Juan Basin. The Inner Cretaceous Seaway's western extent was along the San Juan Basin, and the three major transgressive-regressive episodes that occurred during this time are recorded in the mid- to upper-Cretaceous stratigraphy.

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text: On the morning of the accident Grand Canyon Airlines Canyon 6 took off from Grand Canyon National Park Airport at 8:55am for a sightseeing flight over Grand Canyon National Park with two pilots and 18 passengers on board; the pilots were operating their second scenic flight for the day. At 9:13am a Bell 206 call sign Tech 2 operated by Helitech took off from the company's heliport in Tusayan, Arizona for a 30-minute sightseeing flight. At approximately 9:33 at an altitude of approximately  the Bell 206 and DHC-6 collided, with the helicopter on the left of the Twin Otter and the two aircraft traveling at approximately right angles to each other. The helicopter's main rotor struck the nose landing gear and tail of the Twin Otter. The Bell 206's main rotor was torn off and disintegrated; and the Twin Otter's tail separated; causing both aircraft to crash. All 20 passengers and crew on Canyon 6, and the pilot and four passengers on the Bell 206, were killed in the accident.

text: On the morning of the accident Grand Canyon Airlines Canyon 6 took off from

text: Grand Canyon National Park Airport

text: at 8:55am for a sightseeing flight over

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: with two pilots and 18 passengers on board; the pilots were operating their second scenic flight for the day. At 9:13am a Bell 206 call sign Tech 2 operated by Helitech took off from the company's heliport in

text: Tusayan, Arizona

text: for a 30-minute sightseeing flight. At approximately 9:33 at an altitude of approximately  the Bell 206 and DHC-6 collided, with the helicopter on the left of the Twin Otter and the two aircraft traveling at approximately right angles to each other. The helicopter's main rotor struck the nose landing gear and tail of the Twin Otter. The Bell 206's main rotor was torn off and disintegrated; and the Twin Otter's tail separated; causing both aircraft to crash. All 20 passengers and crew on Canyon 6, and the pilot and four passengers on the Bell 206, were killed in the accident.

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answers: Grand Canyon National Park

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The 2013–14 Grand Canyon Antelopes women's basketball team represented Grand Canyon University during the 2013–14 college basketball season. It was head coach Trent May's seventh season at Grand Canyon. The Antelopes competed as new members of the Western Athletic Conference and played their home games at GCU Arena. This was year 1 of a 4-year transition period from D2 to D1. As a result, the Antelopes will be classified as a D2 team for the 2013–14 season. The Antelopes weren't be eligible to make the D1 or D2 Basketball Tournaments and will not participate in this seasons WAC Basketball Tournament. However the Antelopes can compete in the WNIT or WBI tournaments if they were invited. In this case the Antelopes finished the season third in the WAC and were invited to participate in the WBI.

text: The 2013–14

text: Grand Canyon Antelopes women's basketball

text: team represented

text: Grand Canyon University

text: during the

entity_name: 2013–14 NCAA Division I women's basketball season

text: college basketball

text: season. It was head coach

text: Trent May

text: 's seventh season at Grand Canyon. The Antelopes competed as new members of the

text: Western Athletic Conference

text: and played their home games at

text: GCU Arena

text: . This was year 1 of a 4-year transition period from D2 to D1. As a result, the Antelopes will be classified as a D2 team for the 2013–14 season. The Antelopes weren't be eligible to make the D1 or D2 Basketball Tournaments and will not participate in this seasons WAC Basketball Tournament. However the Antelopes can compete in the WNIT or WBI tournaments if they were invited. In this case the Antelopes finished the season third in the WAC and were invited to participate in the WBI.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Some cyclothems might have formed as a result of marine regressions and transgressions related to growth and decay of ice sheets, respectively, as the Carboniferous was a time of widespread glaciation in the southern hemisphere. A more general interpretation of sequences invokes Milankovitch cycles.

text: Some cyclothems might have formed as a result of marine regressions and

text: transgressions

text: related to growth and decay of

text: ice sheets

text: , respectively, as the Carboniferous was a time of widespread

text: glaciation

text: in the southern hemisphere. A more general interpretation of sequences invokes

text: Milankovitch cycles

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Cretaceous () had much of the same insect fauna as the Jurassic until much later on. During the Cretaceous, the late-Paleozoic-to-early-Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its tectonic breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the North American Cordillera, as the Nevadan orogeny was followed by the Sevier and Laramide orogenies. Though Gondwana was still intact in the beginning of the Cretaceous, it broke up as South America, Antarctica and Australia rifted away from Africa (though India and Madagascar remained attached to each other); thus, the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans were newly formed. Such active rifting lifted great undersea mountain chains along the welts, raising eustatic sea levels worldwide. To the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous transgression, one-third of Earth's present land area was submerged. The Berriasian epoch showed a cooling trend that had been seen in the last epoch of the Jurassic. There is evidence that snowfalls were common in the higher latitudes and the tropics became wetter than during the Triassic and Jurassic. Glaciation was however restricted to alpine glaciers on some high-latitude mountains, though seasonal snow may have existed farther south. Rafting by ice of stones into marine environments occurred during much of the Cretaceous but evidence of deposition directly from glaciers is limited to the Early Cretaceous of the Eromanga Basin in southern Australia.

text: The

text: Cretaceous

text: () had much of the same insect fauna as the Jurassic until much later on. During the Cretaceous, the late-

text: Paleozoic

text: -to-early-Mesozoic

text: supercontinent

text: of

text: Pangaea

text: completed its

text: tectonic

text: breakup into present day

text: continent

text: s, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: widened, the convergent-margin

text: orogenies

text: that had begun during the

text: Jurassic

text: continued in the

text: North American Cordillera

text: , as the

text: Nevadan orogeny

text: was followed by the

text: Sevier

text: and

text: Laramide orogenies

text: . Though

text: Gondwana

text: was still intact in the beginning of the Cretaceous, it broke up as

text: South America

text: Antarctica

text: and

text: Australia

text: rifted away from

text: Africa

text: (though

text: India

text: and

text: Madagascar

text: remained attached to each other); thus, the South Atlantic and

text: Indian Ocean

text: s were newly formed. Such active rifting lifted great undersea mountain chains along the welts, raising

text: eustatic sea levels

text: worldwide. To the north of Africa the

text: Tethys Sea

text: continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central

text: North America

text: (the

text: Western Interior Seaway

text: ) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between

text: coal

text: beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous

text: transgression

text: , one-third of Earth's present land area was submerged. The

text: Berriasian

text: epoch showed a cooling trend that had been seen in the last epoch of the Jurassic. There is evidence that snowfalls were common in the higher latitudes and the tropics became wetter than during the Triassic and Jurassic. Glaciation was however restricted to alpine

text: glacier

text: s on some high-

text: latitude

text: mountains, though seasonal snow may have existed farther south. Rafting by ice of stones into marine environments occurred during much of the Cretaceous but evidence of deposition directly from glaciers is limited to the Early Cretaceous of the Eromanga Basin in southern Australia.

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answers: The Cretaceous

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Because marine transgressions cover distances, over time, the coeval units are separated by distance, and type of deposition material; the local subsidence, or uplift, as well as glaciation, and sea level changes, can cause variations in the deposition sequences of transgression-regressions. The ocean was to the west of the proto-North American continent, but also northwest, or southwest.

text: Because

text: marine transgression

text: s cover distances, over time, the

text: coeval

text: units are separated by distance, and type of deposition material; the local subsidence, or uplift, as well as glaciation, and sea level changes, can cause variations in the deposition sequences of transgression-regressions. The ocean was to the west of the proto-North American continent, but also northwest, or southwest.

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answers: glaciation

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answers: local subsidence

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answers: local subsidence, or uplift, as well as glaciation, and sea level changes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: According to the opening credits, Grand Canyon is "a pictorial interpretation of Ferde Grofé's Grand Canyon Suite", much as the animated segments in Fantasia are pictorial representations of music, and the film is strongly related to its soundtrack.

text: According to the opening credits, Grand Canyon is "a pictorial interpretation of

text: Ferde Grofé's

text: Grand Canyon Suite

text: ", much as the animated segments in

text: Fantasia

text: are pictorial representations of music, and the film is strongly related to its soundtrack.

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answers: Grand Canyon

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answers: Grand Canyon

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Rhytidopilidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks from the Paleozoic Era.

text: Rhytidopilidae is an extinct

text: family

text: of

text: fossil

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s from the

text: Paleozoic Era

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answers: extinct

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: marine gastropod mollusks

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossil

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: fossil sea snails

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: During the Precambrian, the area of northeastern Utah now occupied by the Uinta Mountains was a shallow sea which was home to simple microorganisms. During the Paleozoic, most of Utah was covered by a shallow sea. The life of Utah during the Cambrian period included brachiopods and trilobites like Elrathia. Cambrian fossils are known from Antelope Springs, the House Range, Millard County in west central Utah. Other Paleozoic marine life included algae, brachiopods, corals, snails, sponges, and trilobites. Marine conditions continued into the Carboniferous. Almost every kind of marine invertebrate could be found in Utah at this time. Fish were also present. This age is the best documented among the state's fossil record. Later, during the Permian period, eastern Utah resembled the modern Sahara desert. Sediments deposited here are now known as the Cedar Mesa Formation. One spectacular fossil trackway from this formation documents a possible predation event that occurred hundreds of millions of years ago. One small trackway of the ichnogenus Stenichnus, left by an early reptile like a protorothyrid or a primitive amphibian like a microsaur, proceeds for a short distance before disappearing when its tracks meet a trackway left by a larger animal. These larger tracks of the ichnogenus Anomalopus were likely left by a predatory pelycosaur who may have eaten the Stenichnus trackmaker.

text: During the

text: Precambrian

text: , the area of northeastern Utah now occupied by the

text: Uinta Mountains

text: was a shallow

text: sea

text: which was home to simple

text: microorganisms

text: . During the

text: Paleozoic

text: , most of Utah was covered by a shallow sea. The life of Utah during the

text: Cambrian

text: period included

text: brachiopods

text: and

text: trilobites

text: like

text: Elrathia

text: . Cambrian fossils are known from Antelope Springs, the

text: House Range

text: Millard County

text: in west central Utah. Other Paleozoic marine life included

text: algae

text: , brachiopods,

text: coral

text: s,

text: snail

text: s,

text: sponge

text: s, and trilobites. Marine conditions continued into the

text: Carboniferous

text: . Almost every kind of marine invertebrate could be found in Utah at this time.

text: Fish

text: were also present. This age is the best documented among the state's fossil record. Later, during the

text: Permian

text: period, eastern Utah resembled the modern

text: Sahara desert

text: . Sediments deposited here are now known as the

text: Cedar Mesa Formation

text: . One spectacular

text: fossil trackway

text: from this formation documents a possible predation event that occurred hundreds of millions of years ago. One small trackway of the

text: ichnogenus

text: Stenichnus

text: , left by an early

text: reptile

text: like a

text: protorothyrid

text: or a primitive

text: amphibian

text: like a

text: microsaur

text: , proceeds for a short distance before disappearing when its tracks meet a trackway left by a larger animal. These larger tracks of the ichnogenus

text: Anomalopus

text: were likely left by a predatory

text: pelycosaur

text: who may have eaten the Stenichnus trackmaker.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: during the Permian period

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Uinta Mountains

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Cedar Mesa Formation

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Cedar Mesa Formation

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Salton Sea

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Cedar Mesa Formation

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Cedar Mesa Formation

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: This age is the best documented among the state's fossil record

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The sedimentary beds that form the basin are of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Paleogene age.  In the eastern part of the basin, the sedimentary section is capped by flows of basalt of Miocene age.  The basin is highly asymmetrical, the beds dipping more steeply on the west side than the east.

text: The sedimentary beds that form the basin are of

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Paleogene

text: age.  In the eastern part of the basin, the sedimentary section is capped by flows of

text: basalt

text: of

text: Miocene

text: age.  The basin is highly asymmetrical, the beds

text: dipping

text: more steeply on the west side than the east.

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answers: flows of basalt

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: sedimentary beds

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: flows of basalt

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: sedimentary beds

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Paleogene

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: sedimentary beds that form the basin

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Rocks in this region include sedimentary rocks from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic into which granite has intruded during the Cretaceous.The rocks have metamorphosed and are deeply eroded and faulted.The rocks exposed in the Reting Tsangpo canyon range in age from 400 Ma to 50 Ma.The result of faulting has been to often juxtapose relatively recent rocks with much older rocks.Some parts of the ocean floor were pushed up onto the Tibetan Plateau and formed marble or slate.Sea fossils from 400 Ma are found in the river's canyons, and houses are roofed with slate.

text: Rocks in this region include sedimentary rocks from the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: into which granite has intruded during the

text: Cretaceous

text: .The rocks have metamorphosed and are deeply eroded and faulted.The rocks exposed in the

text: Reting Tsangpo

text: canyon range in age from 400 Ma to 50 Ma.The result of faulting has been to often juxtapose relatively recent rocks with much older rocks.Some parts of the ocean floor were pushed up onto the

text: Tibetan Plateau

text: and formed marble or slate.Sea fossils from 400 Ma are found in the river's canyons, and houses are roofed with slate.

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answers: 3

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: granite has intruded

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 400 Ma

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: faulting

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: marble or slate

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: marble or slate

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The result of faulting

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: slate

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Sea fossils from 400 Ma are found in the river's canyons

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The great depth of the Grand Canyon and especially the height of its strata (most of which formed below sea level) can be attributed to  () of uplift of the Colorado Plateau, starting about 65 million years ago (during the Laramide Orogeny). This uplift has steepened the stream gradient of the Colorado River and its tributaries, which in turn has increased their speed and thus their ability to cut through rock (see the elevation summary of the Colorado River for present conditions).

text: The great depth of the Grand Canyon and especially the height of its strata (most of which formed below

text: sea level

text: ) can be attributed to  () of uplift of the Colorado Plateau, starting about 65 million years ago (during the

text: Laramide Orogeny

text: ). This uplift has steepened the

text: stream gradient

text: of the Colorado River and its tributaries, which in turn has increased their speed and thus their ability to cut through rock (see the

text: elevation summary

text: of the Colorado River for present conditions).

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answers: 3

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 65 million years

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: uplift of the Colorado Plateau

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Colorado Plateau

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Laramide Orogeny

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Laramide Orogeny

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Laramide Orogeny

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Devín Carpathians consist of Paleozoic era landforms (south-eastern part), Mesozoic era landforms, Cenozoic era landforms, the latter including Quaternary period landforms.

text: Devín Carpathians consist of

text: Paleozoic

text: era landforms (south-eastern part),

text: Mesozoic

text: era landforms,

text: Cenozoic

text: era landforms, the latter including

text: Quaternary

text: period landforms.

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answers: Quaternary

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answers: Paleozoic era

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answers: Quaternary period

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The rest of the island is composed of a great variety of Paleozoic rocks of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic origin. Along the west coast lie the Long Range Mountains, which are formed by an elongated block of the Earth's crust (a horst) which rises to about  above sea level. This part of the island was once part of the eastern margin of continental North America. The island's highest points, the Lewis Hills and  Gros Morne are located within this mountain range. To the east is a depression or graben about  wide, which is occupied by Deer Lake and Grand Lake. The main plateau of the central part of the island, which was once the sea bottom of the ancient Iapetus Ocean, has been heavily eroded by water and ice. Steep, solitary rock knobs, called "tolts" in Newfoundland (elsewhere known as inselbergs or monadnocks), which jut  or more above the generally flat terrain are the remnants of a former higher landscape level. Glaciers which helped shape these tolts left other evidence around Newfoundland. Large blocks of stone called glacial erratics have been left scattered across much of the landscape. The long narrow lakes of the west coast, notably those in Gros Morne National Park resulted from glacial erosion. The lack of good soil on most parts of the island is a result of the scouring effect of glaciers during the most recent ice age. Newfoundland's nickname, "The Rock", is partially a result of the ice ages.

text: The rest of the island is composed of a great variety of

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks of sedimentary, igneous and

text: metamorphic

text: origin. Along the west coast lie the

text: Long Range Mountains

text: , which are formed by an elongated block of the Earth's crust (a

text: horst

text: ) which rises to about  above sea level. This part of the island was once part of the eastern margin of continental North America. The island's highest points, the

text: Lewis Hills

text: and

text: Gros Morne

text: are located within this mountain range. To the east is a depression or

text: graben

text: about  wide, which is occupied by

text: Deer Lake

text: and

text: Grand Lake

text: . The main plateau of the central part of the island, which was once the sea bottom of the ancient

text: Iapetus Ocean

text: , has been heavily eroded by water and ice. Steep, solitary rock knobs, called "tolts" in Newfoundland (elsewhere known as

text: inselberg

text: s or

text: monadnock

text: s), which jut  or more above the generally flat terrain are the remnants of a former higher landscape level.

text: Glaciers

text: which helped shape these tolts left other evidence around Newfoundland. Large blocks of stone called

text: glacial erratic

text: s have been left scattered across much of the landscape. The long narrow lakes of the west coast, notably those in

text: Gros Morne National Park

text: resulted from glacial erosion. The lack of good soil on most parts of the island is a result of the scouring effect of glaciers during the most recent

text: ice age

text: . Newfoundland's nickname, "The Rock", is partially a result of the ice ages.

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answers: the ancient Iapetus Ocean

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Iapetus Ocean

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: a horst

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Iapetus Ocean

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Paleozoic rocks of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic origin

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The lack of good soil

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The main plateau of the central part of the island

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During the early Paleozoic, California was covered by a warm shallow sea inhabited by marine invertebrates such as ammonites, brachiopods, corals, and trilobites. During the Carboniferous and Permian swamps covered areas of the state no longer submerged by the sea. During the Mesozoic, California continued to comprise both marine and terrestrial habitats. Local marine life included ammonites, marine reptiles, and oysters. On land, dinosaurs roamed among cycads and conifers.

text: During the early

text: Paleozoic

text: , California was covered by a warm shallow

text: sea

text: inhabited by marine invertebrates such as

text: ammonite

text: s,

text: brachiopod

text: s,

text: coral

text: s, and

text: trilobite

text: s. During the

text: Carboniferous

text: and

text: Permian

text: swamp

text: s covered areas of the state no longer submerged by the sea. During the Mesozoic, California continued to comprise both marine and

text: terrestrial

text: habitats. Local marine life included ammonites,

text: marine reptile

text: s, and

text: oyster

text: s. On land,

text: dinosaur

text: s roamed among

text: cycad

text: s and

text: conifer

text: s.

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answers: dinosaurs roamed

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answers: Carboniferous

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answers: Carboniferous

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answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: California continued to comprise both marine and terrestrial habitats

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Carboniferous and Permian swamps

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Grand Canyon (Hebrew: גרנד קניון, literally "Grand Mall," a play on words with the actual Grand Canyon) is the largest shopping mall in northern Israel, located in the northern city of Haifa.

text: The Grand Canyon (

text: Hebrew

text: : גרנד קניון, literally "Grand Mall," a

text: play on words

text: with the actual

text: Grand Canyon

text: ) is the largest

text: shopping mall

text: in northern

text: Israel

text: , located in the northern city of

text: Haifa

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answers: Grand Canyon

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answers: The Grand Canyon

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Researched on the Kalinga-Tamil relationship was the beginning which became his passion for research into the Tamil history. His present research area is ‘Culture through Geography.Going beyond the emotional approach to the existence of Lemuria, Balasubramani , in addition to the study of literary references, conducts experiments on the Tamil coast making use of the traditional knowledge of the coastal community. He claims, which is important, that the traditional sailors and fishermen have a lot to contribute towards our knowledge of navigation , tsunamis and how transgression and regression in the Tamil Nadu coast had affected history, society and livelihoods.

text: Researched on the Kalinga-Tamil relationship was the beginning which became his passion for research into the Tamil history. His present research area is ‘Culture through Geography.Going beyond the emotional approach to the existence of Lemuria, Balasubramani , in addition to the study of literary references, conducts experiments on the Tamil coast making use of the traditional knowledge of the coastal community. He claims, which is important, that the traditional sailors and fishermen have a lot to contribute towards our knowledge of navigation , tsunamis and how transgression and regression in the Tamil Nadu coast had affected history, society and livelihoods.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Stockton Beds is a Mesozoic geologic formation in the northeastern United States. Fossil theropod tracks have been reported from the formation.

text: The Stockton Beds is a

text: Mesozoic

text: geologic

text: formation

text: in the northeastern

text: United States

text: . Fossil

text: theropod

text: tracks have been reported from the formation.

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answers: Beds

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Theropod tracks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The Grand Canyon is a river valley in the Colorado Plateau that exposes uplifted Proterozoic and Paleozoic strata, and is also one of the 19 distinct physiographic sections of the Colorado Plateau province. It is not the deepest canyon in the world (Kali Gandaki Gorge in Nepal is much deeper). However, the Grand Canyon is known for its visually overwhelming size and its intricate and colorful landscape. Geologically, it is significant because of the thick sequence of ancient rocks that are well preserved and exposed in the walls of the canyon. These rock layers record much of the early geologic history of the North American continent.

text: The Grand Canyon is a river valley in the

text: Colorado Plateau

text: that exposes uplifted

text: Proterozoic

text: and

text: Paleozoic

text: strata, and is also one of the 19 distinct physiographic sections of the Colorado Plateau province. It is not the deepest canyon in the world (

text: Kali Gandaki Gorge

text: in

text: Nepal

text: is much deeper). However, the Grand Canyon is known for its visually overwhelming size and its intricate and colorful landscape. Geologically, it is significant because of the thick sequence of ancient rocks that are well preserved and exposed in the walls of the canyon. These rock layers record much of the early geologic history of the North American continent.

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answers: rock layers record much of the early geologic history

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Robert Reisz was born August 27, 1947, in Oradea, Romania. He received his B.Sc. (1969), M.Sc. (1971) and Ph.D. (1975) from McGill University as Robert L. Carroll’s first doctoral graduate. After teaching as visiting lecturer at University of California, Los Angeles for a year, he accepted an appointment in the Biology Department at the University of Toronto’s Mississauga Campus in 1975 where he still maintains his research lab. His research has been funded continuously by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). He conducted field work in North America, Africa, and Europe, where he excavated fossils from the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. These excavations were frequently funded by the National Geographic Society.

text: Robert Reisz was born August 27, 1947, in

text: Oradea

text: , Romania. He received his B.Sc. (1969), M.Sc. (1971) and Ph.D. (1975) from

text: McGill University

text: as

text: Robert L. Carroll

text: ’s first doctoral graduate. After teaching as visiting lecturer at

text: University of California

text: , Los Angeles for a year, he accepted an appointment in the Biology Department at the

text: University of Toronto’s Mississauga Campus

text: in 1975 where he still maintains his research lab. His research has been funded continuously by the

entity_name: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council

text: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council

text: of Canada (NSERC). He conducted field work in North America, Africa, and Europe, where he excavated fossils from the late

text: Paleozoic

text: and early

text: Mesozoic

text: eras. These excavations were frequently funded by the

text: National Geographic Society

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answers: Paleozoic and early Mesozoic

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: fossils

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Mesozoic platform includes all virtually unfolded sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic (Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous), but also includes some Paleozoic deposits of the Lopingian epoch of the late Permian. In northern Germany, in principle, even the relatively unfolded or weakly folded post-Caledonian/pre-Permian sediments (including the Ruhr Carboniferous and its western continuation in the Aachen area) are included with the Mesozoic platform.

text: The Mesozoic platform includes all virtually unfolded sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic (

text: Triassic

text: Jurassic

text: and

text: Cretaceous

text: ), but also includes some Paleozoic deposits of the Lopingian

text: epoch

text: of the late Permian. In northern Germany, in principle, even the relatively unfolded or weakly folded post-Caledonian/pre-Permian sediments (including the

text: Ruhr

text: Carboniferous and its western continuation in the Aachen area) are included with the Mesozoic platform.

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answers: the Mesozoic platform

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answers: Lopingian

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Grand Staircase is an immense sequence of sedimentary rock layers that stretch south from Bryce Canyon National Park through Zion National Park and into the Grand Canyon. Within this sequence, the oldest exposed formation in the Zion and Kolob canyons area is the youngest exposed formation in the Grand Canyon—the Kaibab limestone. Bryce Canyon to the northeast continues where the Zion and Kolob areas end by presenting Cenozoic-aged rocks. In fact, the youngest formation seen in the Zion and Kolob area is the oldest exposed formation in Bryce Canyon—the Dakota Sandstone.

text: The Grand Staircase is an immense sequence of

text: sedimentary rock

text: layers that stretch south from

text: Bryce Canyon National Park

text: through Zion National Park and into the

text: Grand Canyon

text: . Within this sequence, the oldest exposed formation in the Zion and Kolob canyons area is the youngest

text: exposed formation in the Grand Canyon

text: —the Kaibab

text: limestone

text: . Bryce Canyon to the northeast continues where the Zion and Kolob areas end by presenting

text: Cenozoic

text: -aged rocks. In fact, the youngest formation seen in the Zion and Kolob area is the oldest

text: exposed formation in Bryce Canyon

text: —the Dakota Sandstone.

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answers: The Grand Staircase

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answers: Kaibab limestone

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Petrophonics is the fifth studio album by rock band Birdsongs of the Mesozoic. It was released on September 19, 2000 through Cuneiform Records.

text: Petrophonics is the fifth studio album by

text: rock

text: band

text: Birdsongs of the Mesozoic

text: . It was released on September 19, 2000 through

text: Cuneiform Records

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answers: fossils

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Paleozoic era began and ended with supercontinents and in between were the rise of mountains along the continental margins, and flooding and draining of shallow seas between. At its start, the supercontinent Pannotia broke up. Paleoclimatic studies and evidence of glaciers indicate that central Africa was most likely in the polar regions during the early Paleozoic. During the early Paleozoic, the huge continent Gondwanaland () formed or was forming. By mid-Paleozoic, the collision of North America and Europe produced the Acadian-Caledonian uplifts, and a subduction plate uplifted eastern Australia. By the late Paleozoic, continental collisions formed the supercontinent of Pangaea and resulted in some of the great mountain chains, including the Appalachians, Urals, and mountains of Tasmania.

text: The Paleozoic era began and ended with supercontinents and in between were the rise of mountains along the continental margins, and flooding and draining of shallow seas between. At its start, the supercontinent

text: Pannotia

text: broke up.

text: Paleoclimatic

text: studies and evidence of

text: glacier

text: s indicate that

text: central Africa

text: was most likely in the polar regions during the early Paleozoic. During the early Paleozoic, the huge continent

text: Gondwanaland

text: () formed or was forming. By mid-Paleozoic, the collision of North America and Europe produced the Acadian-Caledonian uplifts, and a subduction plate uplifted eastern

text: Australia

text: . By the late Paleozoic, continental collisions formed the supercontinent of

text: Pangaea

text: and resulted in some of the great mountain chains, including the Appalachians,

text: Urals

text: , and mountains of

text: Tasmania

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answers: NDQ_005494

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answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Paleoclimatic studies

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: There may have been effects from plague and volcanic eruption during this period as well as marine transgression into the Levels.

text: There may have been effects from

text: plague

text: and volcanic eruption during this period as well as marine transgression into the

text: Levels

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answers: NDQ_005491

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005494

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005497

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: into the Levels

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Levels

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: volcanic eruption

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Levels

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Levels

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Levels

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Levels

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: marine transgression

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In addition, any giant member of the Equisetopsida (horsetails and their prehistoric relatives) is liable to be called "giant horsetail" even though they are not true horsetails. Most often, the term "giant horsetail" in this somewhat inaccurate sense refers to Paleozoic Calamitaceae; in the Mesozoic, the term usually refers to the Equisetites assemblage.

text: In addition, any giant member of the

text: Equisetopsida

text: (horsetails and their

text: prehistoric

text: relatives) is liable to be called "giant horsetail" even though they are not true horsetails. Most often, the term "giant horsetail" in this somewhat inaccurate sense refers to

text: Paleozoic

text: Calamitaceae

text: ; in the

text: Mesozoic

text: , the term usually refers to the

text: Equisetites

text: assemblage.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: any giant member of the Equisetopsida

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Equisetopsida

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Equisetites

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Equisetites

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Equisetites

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Equisetites assemblage

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Since the Sevier and Laramide orogenies occurred at similar times and places,  they are sometimes confused.  In general the Sevier orogeny defines a more western compressional event that took advantage of weak bedding planes in overlying Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rock.   As the crust was shortened, pressure was transferred eastward along the weak sedimentary layers, producing “thin-skinned” thrust faults that generally get younger to the east. In contrast, the Laramide orogeny produced “basement-cored” uplifts that often took advantage of pre-existing faults that formed during rifting in the Late Precambrian during the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia or during the Ancestral Rocky Mountains orogeny.

text: Since the Sevier and Laramide orogenies occurred at similar times and places,  they are sometimes confused.  In general the Sevier orogeny defines a more western compressional event that took advantage of weak bedding planes in overlying

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: sedimentary rock.   As the crust was shortened, pressure was transferred eastward along the weak sedimentary layers, producing “

text: thin-skinned

text: thrust fault

text: s that generally get younger to the east. In contrast, the Laramide orogeny produced “basement-cored” uplifts that often took advantage of pre-existing faults that formed during

text: rifting

text: in the Late Precambrian during the breakup of the supercontinent

text: Rodinia

text: or during the

text: Ancestral Rocky Mountains

text: orogeny.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Laramide orogeny

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: basement-cored

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: As the crust was shortened, pressure was transferred eastward along the weak sedimentary layers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Laramide orogeny

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: the Laramide orogeny

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Following the Paleozoic, the Mesozoic extended roughly 186 million years, from  when the Cenozoic Era began. This time frame is separated into three geologic periods. From oldest to youngest:

text: Following the Paleozoic, the Mesozoic extended roughly 186 million years, from  when the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era began. This time frame is separated into three geologic

text: periods

text: . From oldest to youngest:

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answers: Paleozoic

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answers: three

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answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Mesozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Sedimentary sequences show carbonate platforms as old as the Precambrian, when they were formed by stromatolitic sequences. In the Cambrian carbonate platforms were built by archaeocyatha, metazoa similar to porifera. During Paleozoic brachiopod (richtofenida) and stromatoporoidea reefs were erected. At the middle of the Paleozoic era corals became important platforms builders, first with tabulata (from the Silurian) and then with rugosa (from the Devonian). Scleractinia become important reef builders beginning only in the Carnian (upper Triassic). One of the best examples of a carbonate platform is the Dolomites, deposited during the Triassic. This region of the Southern Alps contains many well preserved atolls, including the Sella, Gardenaccia, Sassolungo and Latemar, the latter being a backstepping type platform. The middle Liassic "bahamian type" carbonate platform of Morocco (Septfontaine, 1985) is characterised by the accumulation of autocyclic regressive cycles and spectacular supratidal (top of sequences) deposits and vadose diagenetic features with dinosaur tracks. The Tunisian coastal "chotts" and their cyclic muddy deposits represent a good recent equivalent (Davaud & Septfontaine, 1995). Such cycles were also observed on the mesozoic Arabic platform, Oman and Abu Dhabi (Septfontaine & De Matos, 1998) with the same microfauna of foraminifera in an almost identical biostratigraphic succession.

text: Sedimentary sequences show carbonate platforms as old as the

text: Precambrian

text: , when they were formed by

text: stromatolitic

text: sequences. In the

text: Cambrian

text: carbonate platforms were built by archaeocyatha,

text: metazoa

text: similar to

text: porifera

text: . During

text: Paleozoic

text: brachiopod

text: (richtofenida) and

text: stromatoporoidea

text: reefs were erected. At the middle of the Paleozoic era corals became important platforms builders, first with tabulata (from the

text: Silurian

text: ) and then with rugosa (from the

text: Devonian

text: ). Scleractinia become important reef builders beginning only in the

text: Carnian

text: (upper

text: Triassic

text: ). One of the best examples of a carbonate platform is the

text: Dolomites

text: , deposited during the Triassic. This region of the Southern

text: Alps

text: contains many well preserved atolls, including the

text: Sella

text: Gardenaccia

text: Sassolungo

text: and

text: Latemar

text: , the latter being a backstepping type platform. The middle

text: Liassic

text: "bahamian type" carbonate platform of Morocco (Septfontaine, 1985) is characterised by the accumulation of autocyclic regressive cycles and spectacular supratidal (top of sequences) deposits and

text: vadose

text: diagenetic

text: features with dinosaur tracks. The Tunisian coastal "chotts" and their cyclic muddy deposits represent a good recent equivalent (Davaud & Septfontaine, 1995). Such cycles were also observed on the mesozoic Arabic platform, Oman and Abu Dhabi (Septfontaine & De Matos, 1998) with the same microfauna of foraminifera in an almost identical biostratigraphic succession.

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answers: Such cycles were also observed on the mesozoic Arabic platform, Oman and Abu Dhabi

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answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Reting Tsangpo flows through the east central region of Tibet's Eocene block.The average elevation of the region is about .The Tsangpo Suture is to the south and the northwest extension of the Ailao Shan Fault is to the north.Rocks in this region include sedimentary rocks from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic into which granite has intruded during the Cretaceous.The rocks have metamorphosed and are deeply eroded and faulted.

text: The Reting Tsangpo flows through the east central region of Tibet's

text: Eocene

text: block.The average elevation of the region is about .The

text: Tsangpo Suture

text: is to the south and the northwest extension of the Ailao Shan Fault is to the north.Rocks in this region include sedimentary rocks from the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: into which granite has intruded during the

text: Cretaceous

text: .The rocks have metamorphosed and are deeply eroded and faulted.

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answers: rocks

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answers: Granite has intruded during the Cretaceous

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answers: rocks have metamorphosed and are deeply eroded and faulted

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: USS Grand Canyon (AD-28) was a  built at the tail end of World War II, and named for the Grand Canyon on the Colorado River.

text: USS Grand Canyon (AD-28) was a  built at the tail end of

text: World War II

text: , and named for the

text: Grand Canyon

text: on the

text: Colorado River

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Colorado River

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Grand Canyon on the Colorado River

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The geological history of Antarctica covers the geological development of the continent through the Proterozoic Eon, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.

text: The geological history of Antarctica covers the

text: geological

text: development of the continent through the

text: Proterozoic

text: Eon,

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: eras

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answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Paleozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Two thirds of the mountain belong to Albania. It is located in north-eastern Albania. The village of Krumë is positioned next to it. One third of the mountain is in Kosovo. It is located in south-western Kosovo. The village of Gjonaj is positioned next to the mountain. It was built from Paleozoic core, covered by Mesozoic limestone. Mostly under the vegetation's.

text: Two thirds of the mountain belong to Albania. It is located in north-eastern Albania. The village of

text: Krumë

text: is positioned next to it. One third of the mountain is in Kosovo. It is located in south-western Kosovo. The village of

text: Gjonaj

text: is positioned next to the mountain. It was built from

text: Paleozoic

text: core, covered by

text: Mesozoic

text: limestone. Mostly under the vegetation's.

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answers: The village of Gjonaj

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: mountain

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answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Paleozoic core

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1853 the Pacific Railroad Exploration survey became the first to write about Arizona's petrified forest. In 1873 the Smithsonian sent an expedition through Fort Wingate to the petrified forest to collect samples of the eponymous petrified wood. In 1900 the United States Geological Survey dedicated a report to the local petrified forest. The author expressed deep concern about the future prospects of the fossils because many people were taking specimens both small and large. The report encouraged swift action to preserve the spectacular fossils. In 1906, action was taken to declare Petrified Forest officially a national monument. In 1915, Charles Schuchert made a significant discovery of fossil footprints at the Grand Canyon. Charles W. Gilmore visited the Grand Canyon area during the 1920s to collect specimens of these footprints for the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian was also interested in acquiring Permian-aged footprints, which are abundant in the area. He also wanted to create an exhibit and interpretive center for Paleozoic tracks at Hermit Trail. Gilmore's fruitful research into the area's Paleozoic trace fossils resulted in many publications. In 1938, the fossil cast of a jellyfish was discovered in one of the Grand Canyon's Proterozoic rocks. This was the oldest known jellyfish fossil ever discovered. In 1957 Stokes described the ichnogenus Pteraichnus from the Morrison Formation of Arizona. These tracks were likely left by pterosaurs.

text: In 1853 the

text: Pacific Railroad Exploration

text: survey became the first to write about Arizona's

text: petrified forest

text: . In 1873 the

text: Smithsonian

text: sent an expedition through

text: Fort Wingate

text: to the petrified forest to collect samples of the

text: eponymous

text: petrified wood

text: . In 1900 the

text: United States Geological Survey

text: dedicated a report to the local petrified forest. The author expressed deep concern about the future prospects of the fossils because many people were taking specimens both small and large. The report encouraged swift action to preserve the spectacular fossils. In 1906, action was taken to declare Petrified Forest officially a

text: national monument

text: . In 1915,

text: Charles Schuchert

text: made a significant discovery of

text: fossil footprints

text: at the

text: Grand Canyon

text: Charles W. Gilmore

text: visited the Grand Canyon area during the 1920s to collect specimens of these footprints for the

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: . The Smithsonian was also interested in acquiring

text: Permian

text: -aged footprints, which are abundant in the area. He also wanted to create an exhibit and interpretive center for

text: Paleozoic

text: tracks at

text: Hermit Trail

text: . Gilmore's fruitful research into the area's Paleozoic trace fossils resulted in many

text: publications

text: . In 1938, the fossil cast of a

text: jellyfish

text: was discovered in one of the Grand Canyon's

text: Proterozoic

text: rocks. This was the oldest known jellyfish fossil ever discovered. In 1957 Stokes described the

text: ichnogenus

text: Pteraichnus

text: from the

text: Morrison Formation

text: of Arizona. These tracks were likely left by

text: pterosaurs

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answers: Pterosaurs

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answers: wood

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Morrison Formation

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: fossil footprints

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Nordfjord—Sogn Detachment (NSD) is a major extensional shear zone up to 6 km in thickness, which extends about 120 km along strike from Nordfjord to Sognefjord, bringing Devonian continental coarse clastic sedimentary rocks into close contact with eclogite facies metamorphic rocks of the Western Gneiss Region. It formed towards the end of the Caledonian Orogeny and was mainly active during the Devonian. It has an estimated displacement of at least 70 km and possible as much as 110 km. It was reactivated during the Mesozoic and may have influenced the development of fault structures in the North Sea rift basin.

text: The Nordfjord—Sogn Detachment (NSD) is a major extensional

text: shear zone

text: up to 6 km in thickness, which extends about 120 km along

text: strike

text: from

text: Nordfjord

text: to

text: Sognefjord

text: , bringing

text: Devonian

text: continental coarse clastic

text: sedimentary rock

text: s into close contact with

text: eclogite

text: facies

text: metamorphic rock

text: s of the

text: Western Gneiss Region

text: . It formed towards the end of the

text: Caledonian Orogeny

text: and was mainly active during the Devonian. It has an estimated displacement of at least 70 km and possible as much as 110 km. It was reactivated during the

text: Mesozoic

text: and may have influenced the development of fault structures in the

text: North Sea

text: rift

text: basin.

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answers: Devonian

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answers: fault structures

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answers: eclogite

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answers: Devonian

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answers: It was reactivated during the Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: eclogite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Devonian

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answers: It was reactivated during the Mesozoic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Donald is taking a tour of the Grand Canyon. Although he just wants to enjoy the whole exhibition, this is made all but impossible by constant admonishment from the rulebook-wielding tour guide: none other than Ranger J. Audubon Woodlore. Donald and Woodlore continue to irritate each other - Donald by innocently tripping over various regulations ("Don't drop rocks into the canyon; Don't bother the native Americans; Don't yell at Echo Cliff"; You can't be on the tour without a burro to ride"; et al.), and Woodlore by chastising him for it - until Woodlore himself disturbs Louie the Mountain Lion...the last cougar seen in these parts since the Civil War; Louie is, in fact, the same lion! Woodlore is caught in the middle as Louie chases Donald through the Canyon, which results in most of it being destroyed (notably, a number of natural rock formations are smashed). With all the other tourists having fled, Woodlore sternly - and rather insultingly - demands that both Donald and the lion produce another Grand Canyon to replace what they ruined; accordingly, he passes them a couple of shovels and yells at them to start digging. Feeling extremely remorseful, Donald and Louie are actually crazy enough to go along with this; they mopingly begin the ponderous task of restoring the Grand Canyon to its former glory.

text: Donald is taking a tour of the

text: Grand Canyon

text: . Although he just wants to enjoy the whole exhibition, this is made all but impossible by constant admonishment from the rulebook-wielding tour guide: none other than Ranger

text: J. Audubon Woodlore

text: . Donald and Woodlore continue to irritate each other - Donald by innocently tripping over various regulations ("Don't drop rocks into the canyon; Don't bother the native Americans; Don't yell at Echo Cliff"; You can't be on the tour without a burro to ride"; et al.), and Woodlore by chastising him for it - until Woodlore himself disturbs

text: Louie the Mountain Lion

text: ...the last cougar seen in these parts since the

text: Civil War

text: ; Louie is, in fact, the same lion! Woodlore is caught in the middle as Louie chases Donald through the Canyon, which results in most of it being destroyed (notably, a number of natural rock formations are smashed). With all the other tourists having fled, Woodlore sternly - and rather insultingly - demands that both Donald and the lion produce another Grand Canyon to replace what they ruined; accordingly, he passes them a couple of shovels and yells at them to start digging. Feeling extremely remorseful, Donald and Louie are actually crazy enough to go along with this; they mopingly begin the ponderous task of restoring the Grand Canyon to its former glory.

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answers: Don't drop rocks into the canyon

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: the Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Echo Cliff

answers: NDQ_005496

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answers: NDQ_005497

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: the Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: natural rock formations

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In Andean geology the basement refers to the Proterozoic, Paleozoic and early Mesozoic (Triassic to Jurassic) rock units as the basement to the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic Andean sequences developed following the onset of subduction along the western margin of the South American Plate.

text: In

text: Andean

text: geology the basement refers to the

text: Proterozoic

text: Paleozoic

text: and early

text: Mesozoic

text: Triassic

text: to

text: Jurassic

text: ) rock units as the basement to the late Mesozoic and

text: Cenozoic

text: Andean sequences developed following the onset of

text: subduction

text: along the western margin of the

text: South American Plate

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answer: No

answer: No

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answer: 1

text: The band signed with Island Records in March 2016 and released their first single "Grand Canyon" from their upcoming sophomore album, Happiness is Not a Place on May 13, 2016. The band premiered their official music video for "Grand Canyon" on American Songwriter on June 24, 2016.

text: The band signed with

text: Island Records

text: in March 2016 and released their first single "Grand Canyon" from their upcoming sophomore album, Happiness is Not a Place on May 13, 2016. The band premiered their official music video for "Grand Canyon" on

text: American Songwriter

text: on June 24, 2016.

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text: It rises in northwestern Emery County, approximately   southeast of Castle Dale, by the confluence of Cottonwood, Huntington, and Ferron creeks, which provide its headwaters in the Wasatch Plateau region.  It flows ESE along the north side of the Coal Cliffs and the prominent anticline called the San Rafael Swell, passing north of Window Butte (Window Blind Peak) and through two narrow slot canyons in Coconino Sandstone called the Upper and Lower Black Box.  This area is known as the San Rafael Gorge, sometimes called the "Little Grand Canyon".  (Actually, the "Little Grand Canyon" is a few miles upstream where the San Rafael passes between the Wedge on the north and Sid's Mountain and No Man's Mountain on the south).  After passing through the San Rafael Reef it enters the 15 mile (24 km) long San Rafael Valley, where it joins the Green River from the west, approximately   south of the town of Green River.  The San Rafael is the last major tributary of the Green before it joins the Colorado River in Canyonlands National Park.

text: It rises in northwestern

text: Emery County

text: , approximately   southeast of

text: Castle Dale

text: , by the confluence of Cottonwood, Huntington, and Ferron creeks, which provide its headwaters in the

text: Wasatch Plateau

text: region.  It flows ESE along the north side of the

text: Coal Cliffs

text: and the prominent

text: anticline

text: called the

text: San Rafael Swell

text: , passing north of Window Butte (Window Blind Peak) and through two narrow

text: slot canyon

text: s in

text: Coconino Sandstone

text: called the Upper and Lower Black Box.  This area is known as the San Rafael Gorge, sometimes called the "Little Grand Canyon".  (Actually, the "Little Grand Canyon" is a few miles upstream where the San Rafael passes between the Wedge on the north and Sid's Mountain and No Man's Mountain on the south).  After passing through the

text: San Rafael Reef

text: it enters the 15 mile (24 km) long

text: San Rafael Valley

text: , where it joins the

text: Green River

text: from the west, approximately   south of the town of

text: Green River

text: .  The San Rafael is the last major tributary of the Green before it joins the

text: Colorado River

text: in

text: Canyonlands National Park

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answer: No

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text: No Precambrian fossils are known from Colorado, so the state's fossil record does not begin until the Paleozoic. At the start of the Paleozoic, Colorado was located near the equator. The state was submerged under a warm shallow sea. At least part of Colorado was covered by shallow water during the Middle Ordovician. At the time, Colorado was home to invertebrates like articulated brachiopods, conodonts, gastropods, ostracods, pelecypods, sponges, trilobites, and worms (known from trace fossils). Contemporary vertebrates included armored jawless fish called ostracoderms. Sometime between the Silurian and early Devonian the sea withdrew from the state. While the sea was gone local sediments were eroded away rather than deposited. During the Carboniferous the absent sea returned, although some areas of the state remained dry land. Brachiopods, crinoids, sharks, and trilobites inhabited the sea. A rich variety of plants grew in Colorado's terrestrial environments. Examples include Calamites, conifers, and lycopods. Mountain ranges were being raised in the western part of the state by geologic forces. During the Carboniferous, footprints were laid down in Colorado by early tetrapods that would later fossilize. That being said, Colorado is not generally a good source of Carboniferous aged fossils. Western Colorado had a series of alluvial fans during the Permian when the Cutler Group was being deposited. Preserved in these sediments are tracks referred to the ichnospecies Limnopus cutlerensis, which may have been left by a temnospodyl amphibian. During the Permian the sea withdrew once more from the state. In its place were fields of sand dunes. Tracks left by ancient insects and reptiles were preserved in these dune deposits. Also like the Carboniferous, despite the presence of contemporary trace fossils, the fossil record of Permian life in Colorado is relatively poor compared to states like Kansas and Texas.

text: No

text: Precambrian

text: fossils are known from Colorado, so the state's fossil record does not begin until the

text: Paleozoic

text: . At the start of the Paleozoic, Colorado was located near the

text: equator

text: . The state was submerged under a warm shallow

text: sea

text: . At least part of Colorado was covered by shallow water during the

text: Middle Ordovician

text: . At the time, Colorado was home to invertebrates like

text: articulated brachiopods

text: conodonts

text: gastropods

text: ostracods

text: pelecypods

text: sponges

text: trilobites

text: , and

text: worm

text: s (known from trace fossils). Contemporary vertebrates included armored

text: jawless fish

text: called

text: ostracoderms

text: . Sometime between the

text: Silurian

text: and early

text: Devonian

text: the sea withdrew from the state. While the sea was gone local sediments were eroded away rather than deposited. During the

text: Carboniferous

text: the absent sea returned, although some areas of the state remained dry land. Brachiopods, crinoids, sharks, and trilobites inhabited the sea. A rich variety of plants grew in Colorado's terrestrial environments. Examples include

text: Calamites

text: conifers

text: , and

text: lycopods

text: Mountain ranges

text: were being raised in the western part of the state by geologic forces. During the

text: Carboniferous

text: footprints

text: were laid down in Colorado by early

text: tetrapods

text: that would later fossilize. That being said, Colorado is not generally a good source of Carboniferous aged fossils. Western Colorado had a series of

text: alluvial fans

text: during the

text: Permian

text: when the

text: Cutler Group

text: was being deposited. Preserved in these

text: sediments

text: are tracks referred to the

text: ichnospecies

text: Limnopus cutlerensis

text: , which may have been left by a

text: temnospodyl

text: amphibian

text: . During the Permian the sea withdrew once more from the state. In its place were fields of sand dunes. Tracks left by ancient insects and reptiles were preserved in these dune deposits. Also like the Carboniferous, despite the presence of contemporary trace fossils, the fossil record of Permian life in Colorado is relatively poor compared to states like

text: Kansas

text: and

text: Texas

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answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Sometime between the Silurian and early Devonian

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Cutler Group

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Sometime between the Silurian and early Devonian the sea withdrew from the state

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: a series of alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Carboniferous

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Lithostratigraphic units are recognized and defined on the basis of observable rock characteristics. The descriptions of strata based on physical appearance define facies. Lithostratigraphic units are only defined by lithic characteristics, and not by age.

text: Lithostratigraphic units are recognized and defined on the basis of observable rock characteristics. The descriptions of strata based on physical appearance define

text: facies

text: . Lithostratigraphic units are only defined by lithic characteristics, and not by age.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Lithostratigraphic units

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: lithic characteristics

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: observable rock characteristics

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: lithic characteristics

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: facies

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: lithic characteristics

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: During the ice ages of the Pleistocene, a clear correlation existed between marine regressions and episodes of glaciation; as the balance shifts between the global cryosphere and hydrosphere, more of the planet's water in ice sheets means less in the oceans. At the height of the last ice age, at around 18,000 years before the present, the global sea level was 120 to 130 m (390-425 ft) lower than today. A cold spell around 6 million years ago was linked to an advance in glaciation, a marine regression, and the start of the Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean basin. Some major regressions of the past, however, seem unrelated to glaciation episodes — the regression that accompanied the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period being one example.

text: During the

text: ice age

text: s of the

text: Pleistocene

text: , a clear correlation existed between marine regressions and episodes of

text: glaciation

text: ; as the balance shifts between the global

text: cryosphere

text: and

text: hydrosphere

text: , more of the planet's water in ice sheets means less in the oceans. At the height of the last ice age, at around 18,000 years before the present, the global sea level was 120 to 130 m (390-425 ft) lower than today. A cold spell around 6 million years ago was linked to an advance in glaciation, a marine regression, and the start of the

text: Messinian salinity crisis

text: in the

text: Mediterranean

text: basin. Some major regressions of the past, however, seem unrelated to glaciation episodes — the regression that accompanied the mass extinction at the end of the

text: Cretaceous Period

text: being one example.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: advance in glaciation

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Cretaceous Period

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: the balance shifts between the global cryosphere and hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Messinian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciation

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: glaciation

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: marine regressions

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: glaciation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the south west of the Sikkim are the Singalila Ridge, the western end of a group of uplands as in Nepal known as the Higher-Himalaya and Sub-Himalaya. Most of the Sub-Himalayas are in Nepal, a small range reaches into Sikkim, and a fragment comprises the southern half of the Bhutan. The Buxa range of Indo-Bhutan belongs to the ancient rocks of the Himalaya. The ancient folds mainly along east-west axes were worn down, during a long period of denudation lasting to cretaceous times, possibly a hundred million years. During this time the carboniferous and Permian rocks disappeared from the surface, except in the north near Hatisar in Bhutan and in the long trench extending from Jaldhaka River to Torsa River, where limestone and coal deposits are preserved in discontinuous basins. Limestones appear also in Bhutan on the southern flanks of lower Himalayas. The rocks of the highlands are mainly sandstones of the Devonian age, with limestones and shales of the same period in places. The core of the mountain is exposed across the centre, where Paleozoic rocks, mainly Cambrian and Silurian slates and Takhstasang gneiss, outcrop in the north-west and north-east, in the later extending into western region of Arunachal Pradesh. In the Mesozoic era the whole of the worn-down plateau was under sea. In this sea, which covered most of Assam, Bhutan, chalk was deposited as a result of oscillations between land and sea levels, during subsequent periods of the tertiary rocks were laid down. Paro metamorphic belt may be found overlying Chasilakha-Soraya gneiss in some places. Silurian metamorphics in others shows that there must be long denudation of the surface. This was the time of the Alpine mountain building, and much of the movement in the palaeozoic region was probably connected with it. The Chomolhari tourmaline granites of Bhutan stretching westwards from the Paro chu, but at a greater depth below the present surface belong to this period of uplift, fracture and subsidence.

text: In the south west of the

text: Sikkim

text: are the

text: Singalila Ridge

text: , the western end of a group of uplands as in Nepal known as the Higher-Himalaya and Sub-Himalaya. Most of the Sub-Himalayas are in

text: Nepal

text: , a small range reaches into Sikkim, and a fragment comprises the southern half of the

text: Bhutan

text: . The Buxa range of Indo-Bhutan belongs to the ancient rocks of the Himalaya. The ancient folds mainly along east-west axes were worn down, during a long period of

text: denudation

text: lasting to

text: cretaceous

text: times, possibly a hundred million years. During this time the

text: carboniferous

text: and

text: Permian

text: rocks disappeared from the surface, except in the north near Hatisar in Bhutan and in the long trench extending from

text: Jaldhaka River

text: to

text: Torsa River

text: , where

text: limestone

text: and

text: coal

text: deposits are preserved in discontinuous basins. Limestones appear also in Bhutan on the southern flanks of lower Himalayas. The rocks of the highlands are mainly

text: sandstones

text: of the

text: Devonian

text: age, with limestones and shales of the same period in places. The core of the mountain is exposed across the centre, where

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks, mainly

text: Cambrian

text: and

text: Silurian

text: slate

text: s and Takhstasang gneiss, outcrop in the north-west and north-east, in the later extending into western region of

text: Arunachal Pradesh

text: . In the

text: Mesozoic

text: era the whole of the worn-down plateau was under sea. In this sea, which covered most of

text: Assam

text: , Bhutan,

text: chalk

text: was deposited as a result of oscillations between land and sea levels, during subsequent periods of the tertiary rocks were laid down.

text: Paro

text: metamorphic belt may be found overlying Chasilakha-Soraya gneiss in some places. Silurian metamorphics in others shows that there must be long denudation of the surface. This was the time of the

text: Alpine

text: mountain building, and much of the movement in the

text: palaeozoic

text: region was probably connected with it. The Chomolhari tourmaline granites of Bhutan stretching westwards from the Paro chu, but at a greater depth below the present surface belong to this period of uplift, fracture and subsidence.

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: In the Mesozoic era

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: long period of denudation

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: the Singalila Ridge

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Silurian slates

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Assam

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Devonian age

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Silurian

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Phanerozoic is divided into three eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, which are further subdivided into 12 periods. The Paleozoic features the rise of fish, amphibians and reptiles. The Mesozoic is ruled by the reptiles, and features the evolution of mammals, birds and more famously, dinosaurs. The Cenozoic is the time of the mammals, and more recently, humans.

text: The Phanerozoic is divided into three

text: era

text: s: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Cenozoic

text: , which are further subdivided into 12 periods. The Paleozoic features the rise of fish, amphibians and reptiles. The Mesozoic is ruled by the reptiles, and features the evolution of mammals, birds and more famously, dinosaurs. The Cenozoic is the time of the mammals, and more recently, humans.

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answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: dinosaurs

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The geological age of the Caribbean Sea is estimated to be between 160 and 180 million years and was formed by a horizontal fracture that split the supercontinent called Pangea in the Mesozoic Era. It is assumed the proto-caribbean basin existed in the Devonian period. In the early Carboniferous movement of Gondwana to the north and its convergence with the Euramerica basin decreased in size. The next stage of the Caribbean Sea's formation began in the Triassic. Powerful rifting led to the formation of narrow troughs, stretching from modern Newfoundland to the west coast of the Gulf of Mexico which formed siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. In the early Jurassic due to powerful marine transgression, water broke into the present area of the Gulf of Mexico creating a vast shallow pool. The emergence of deep basins in the Caribbean occurred during the Middle Jurassic rifting. The emergence of these basins marked the beginning of the Atlantic Ocean and contributed to the destruction of Pangaea at the end of the late Jurassic. During the Cretaceous the Caribbean acquired the shape close to that seen today. In the early Paleogene due to Marine regression the Caribbean became separated from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean by the land of Cuba and Haiti. The Caribbean remained like this for most of the Cenozoic until the Holocene when rising water levels of the oceans restored communication with the Atlantic Ocean.

text: The geological age of the Caribbean Sea is estimated to be between 160 and 180 million years and was formed by a horizontal fracture that split the

text: supercontinent

text: called

text: Pangea

text: in the

text: Mesozoic Era

text: . It is assumed the proto-caribbean basin existed in the

text: Devonian

text: period. In the early

text: Carboniferous

text: movement of

text: Gondwana

text: to the north and its convergence with the

text: Euramerica

text: basin decreased in size. The next stage of the Caribbean Sea's formation began in the

text: Triassic

text: . Powerful

text: rifting

text: led to the formation of narrow troughs, stretching from modern

text: Newfoundland

text: to the west coast of the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: which formed

text: siliciclastic

text: sedimentary rocks

text: . In the early

text: Jurassic

text: due to powerful

text: marine transgression

text: , water broke into the present area of the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: creating a vast shallow pool. The emergence of deep basins in the Caribbean occurred during the

text: Middle Jurassic

text: rifting

text: . The emergence of these basins marked the beginning of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: and contributed to the destruction of

text: Pangaea

text: at the end of the late

text: Jurassic

text: . During the

text: Cretaceous

text: the Caribbean acquired the shape close to that seen today. In the early

text: Paleogene

text: due to

text: Marine regression

text: the Caribbean became separated from the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: and the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: by the land of

text: Cuba

text: and

text: Haiti

text: . The Caribbean remained like this for most of the

text: Cenozoic

text: until the

text: Holocene

text: when rising water levels of the oceans restored communication with the Atlantic Ocean.

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answers: a horizontal fracture

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answers: Middle Jurassic

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answers: siliciclastic sedimentary

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: siliciclastic sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The emergence of deep basins in the Caribbean occurred during the Middle Jurassic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A major regression could itself cause marine organisms in shallow seas to go extinct, but mass extinctions tend to involve both terrestrial and aquatic species, and it is harder to see how a marine regression could cause widespread extinctions of land animals. Regressions are, therefore, seen as correlates or symptoms of major extinctions, rather than primary causes. The Permian regression might have been related to the formation of Pangaea: the accumulation of all the major landmasses into one body could have facilitated a regression, by providing "a slight enlargement of the ocean basins as the great continents coalesced." However, that cause could not have applied in all, or even many, other cases.

text: A major regression could itself cause marine organisms in shallow seas to go extinct, but mass extinctions tend to involve both terrestrial and aquatic species, and it is harder to see how a marine regression could cause widespread extinctions of land animals. Regressions are, therefore, seen as correlates or symptoms of major extinctions, rather than primary causes. The Permian regression might have been related to the formation of

text: Pangaea

text: : the accumulation of all the major landmasses into one body could have facilitated a regression, by providing "a slight enlargement of the ocean basins as the great continents coalesced." However, that cause could not have applied in all, or even many, other cases.

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answers: shallow seas to go extinct

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answers: many

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answers: major extinctions

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answers: Permian

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answers: The Permian

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answers: It is harder to see how a marine regression could cause widespread extinctions of land animals

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Regressions are, therefore, seen as correlates or symptoms of major extinctions

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Few dinosaur remains have been found in Scandinavia. The mainland of western Denmark is an unlikely region to find dinosaur remains, since the Mesozoic sediments there are marine Maastrichtian chalk. Fossils of non-dinosaurian marine animals, including mosasaurs and plesiosaurs, have been found in these deposits. Mesozoic deposits in Scania, Sweden, are much richer in fossils, including those of dinosaurs. The Danish island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea was part of the same land mass as Scania (the Scandinavian-Russian continent), and has a similar geology. The southwestern part of the island is the only place in Denmark which has yielded dinosaur remains.

text: Few

text: dinosaur

text: remains have been found in

text: Scandinavia

text: . The mainland of western

text: Denmark

text: is an unlikely region to find dinosaur remains, since the Mesozoic sediments there are

text: marine

text: Maastrichtian

text: chalk

text: . Fossils of non-dinosaurian marine animals, including

text: mosasaurs

text: and

text: plesiosaurs

text: , have been found in these deposits. Mesozoic deposits in

text: Scania

text: Sweden

text: , are much richer in fossils, including those of dinosaurs. The Danish island of

text: Bornholm

text: in the

text: Baltic Sea

text: was part of the same land mass as Scania (the Scandinavian-Russian continent), and has a similar geology. The southwestern part of the island is the only place in Denmark which has yielded dinosaur remains.

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answers: Maastrichtian

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answers: marine Maastrichtian chalk

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answers: Maastrichtian

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answers: chalk

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answers: Scania, Sweden

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: chalk

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: marine Maastrichtian chalk

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: dinosaur remains

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Often, coarser-grained material can no longer be transported to an area because the transporting medium has insufficient energy to carry it to that location. In its place, the particles that settle from the transporting medium will be finer-grained, and there will be a lateral transition from coarser- to finer-grained material. The lateral variation in sediment within a stratum is known as sedimentary facies.

text: Often, coarser-grained material can no longer be transported to an area because the transporting medium has insufficient energy to carry it to that location. In its place, the particles that settle from the transporting medium will be finer-grained, and there will be a lateral transition from coarser- to finer-grained material. The lateral variation in sediment within a

text: stratum

text: is known as

text: sedimentary facies

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answers: sedimentary facies

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The Zagros Mountains have a totally sedimentary origin and are made primarily of limestone. In the Elevated Zagros or the Higher Zagros, the Paleozoic rocks could be found mainly in the upper and higher sections of the peaks of the Zagros Mountains along the Zagros main fault. On the both sides of this fault, there are Mesozoic rocks, a combination of Triassic and Jurassic rocks that are surrounded by Cretaceous rocks on the both sides. The Folded Zagros (the mountains south of the Elevated Zagros and almost parallel to the main Zagros fault) is formed mainly of Tertiary rocks, with the Paleogene rocks south of the Cretaceous rocks and then the Neogene rocks south of the Paleogene rocks.

text: The Zagros Mountains have a totally sedimentary origin and are made primarily of

text: limestone

text: . In the Elevated Zagros or the Higher Zagros, the

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks could be found mainly in the upper and higher sections of the peaks of the Zagros Mountains along the Zagros main fault. On the both sides of this fault, there are

text: Mesozoic

text: rocks, a combination of

text: Triassic

text: and

text: Jurassic

text: rocks that are surrounded by

text: Cretaceous

text: rocks on the both sides. The Folded Zagros (the mountains south of the Elevated Zagros and almost parallel to the main Zagros fault) is formed mainly of

text: Tertiary

text: rocks, with the

text: Paleogene

text: rocks south of the Cretaceous rocks and then the

text: Neogene

text: rocks south of the Paleogene rocks.

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answers: limestone

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answers: The Zagros Mountains have a totally sedimentary origin

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Prior to the Ediacaran the continent was assembled from several terranes.  In the early Paleozoic the environment was a continental slope.  In the later Paleozoic the area was a platform, and from the Mesozoic period till now it has been affected by the edge of the Pacific Ocean.

text: Prior to the Ediacaran the continent was assembled from several terranes.  In the early Paleozoic the environment was a continental slope.  In the later Paleozoic the area was a platform, and from the Mesozoic period till now it has been affected by the edge of the

text: Pacific Ocean

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answers: platform

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answers: platform

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answers: Paleozoic

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Before the formation of the basin, the area that encompasses the Los Angeles basin began above ground. A rapid transgression and regression of the shoreline moved the area to a shallow marine environment. Tectonic instability coupled with volcanic activity in rapidly subsiding areas during the Middle Miocene set the stage for the modern basin. The basin formed in a submarine environment and was later brought back above sea level when the rate of subsidence slowed. There is much discussion in the literature about the geologic time boundaries when each basin forming event took place. While exact ages may not be clear, Yerkes et al. (1965) provided a general timeline to categorize the sequence of depositional events in the LA Basin's evolution and they are as follows:

text: Before the formation of the basin, the area that encompasses the Los Angeles basin began above ground. A rapid transgression and regression of the shoreline moved the area to a shallow marine environment. Tectonic instability coupled with volcanic activity in rapidly subsiding areas during the Middle Miocene set the stage for the modern basin. The basin formed in a submarine environment and was later brought back above sea level when the rate of

text: subsidence

text: slowed. There is much discussion in the literature about the geologic time boundaries when each basin forming event took place. While exact ages may not be clear, Yerkes et al. (1965) provided a general timeline to categorize the sequence of depositional events in the LA Basin's evolution and they are as follows:

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answers: The basin formed in a submarine environment

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

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text: Marine regression also resulted in the reduction in area of epeiric seas, such as the Western Interior Seaway of North America. The reduction of these seas greatly altered habitats, removing coastal plains that ten million years before had been host to diverse communities such as are found in rocks of the Dinosaur Park Formation. Another consequence was an expansion of freshwater environments, since continental runoff now had longer distances to travel before reaching oceans. While this change was favorable to freshwater vertebrates, those that prefer marine environments, such as sharks, suffered.

text: Marine regression also resulted in the reduction in area of

text: epeiric sea

text: s, such as the

text: Western Interior Seaway

text: of North America. The reduction of these seas greatly altered habitats, removing

text: coastal plain

text: s that ten million years before had been host to diverse communities such as are found in rocks of the

text: Dinosaur Park Formation

text: . Another consequence was an expansion of

text: freshwater

text: environments, since continental runoff now had longer distances to travel before reaching oceans. While this change was favorable to

text: freshwater

text: vertebrates

text: , those that prefer

text: marine

text: environments, such as

text: shark

text: s, suffered.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: reduction in area

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: continental runoff

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Dinosaur Park

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Dinosaur Park Formation

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Continental runoff now had longer distances to travel before reaching oceans

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Dinosaur Park Formation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone is the first large canyon on the Yellowstone River downstream from Yellowstone Falls in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. The canyon is approximately  long, between  deep and from  wide.

text: The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone is the first large

text: canyon

text: on the

text: Yellowstone River

text: downstream from

text: Yellowstone Falls

text: in

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in

text: Wyoming

text: . The canyon is approximately  long, between  deep and from  wide.

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answers: Yellowstone River

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answers: Yellowstone River

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answers: Yellowstone River

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Yellowstone River

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Yellowstone River

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: A classic, well-documented example of a roof pendant is the strata that comprise Mount Morrison within the Sierra Nevada in Mono and Fresno counties, California. It lies midway between Mono Lake on the north and Bishop, California, on the south. Mount Morrison consists of a roof pendant that underlies an area of . This roof pendant consists of a  15,000 m- (50,000 ft-) thick sequence of complexly folded and faulted metasedimentary strata and metavolcanic strata. The eastern two-thirds of this roof pendant consists of Cambrian to Silurian and Pennsylvanian to Permian metasedimentary strata. Metavolcanic rocks of Mesozoic age comprise the western third of the roof pendant. Mesozoic granitic rocks enclose and intrude the pendant rocks. These granitic rocks consist predominantly of quartz monzonite and granodiorite with local, minor, scattered bodies of granite, aplite, diorite and gabbro. These pendants are part of a discontinuous, -long, northwest-trending belt of roof pendants that are preserved within the granitic plutons of Sierra Nevada.

text: A classic, well-documented example of a roof pendant is the strata that comprise

text: Mount Morrison

text: within the

text: Sierra Nevada

text: in

text: Mono

text: and

text: Fresno counties

text: , California. It lies midway between

text: Mono Lake

text: on the north and

text: Bishop, California

text: , on the south. Mount Morrison consists of a roof pendant that underlies an area of . This roof pendant consists of a  15,000 m- (50,000 ft-) thick sequence of complexly

text: folded

text: and

text: faulted

text: meta

text: sedimentary

text: strata

text: and meta

text: volcanic

text: strata. The eastern two-thirds of this roof pendant consists of

text: Cambrian

text: to

text: Silurian

text: and

text: Pennsylvanian

text: to

text: Permian

text: metasedimentary strata. Metavolcanic rocks of

text: Mesozoic

text: age comprise the western third of the roof pendant. Mesozoic

text: granitic

text: rocks enclose and intrude the pendant rocks. These granitic rocks consist predominantly of

text: quartz monzonite

text: and

text: granodiorite

text: with local, minor, scattered bodies of granite,

text: aplite

text: diorite

text: and

text: gabbro

text: . These pendants are part of a discontinuous, -long, northwest-trending belt of roof pendants that are preserved within the granitic plutons of Sierra Nevada.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Mono Lake

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: granitic plutons

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Mesozoic granitic

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Mesozoic granitic rocks

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: quartz monzonite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Mesozoic granitic rocks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Northern Limestone Alps represent a depositional environment that was probably located several hundred kilometres to the south, relative to the current position of the rocks. This is reflected in facies as well as in the fossil record: While in the Eastern Alps platform carbonates with tropical faunas were established during the late Middle Triassic, the contemporary, epicontinental, partly terrestrial sequences in Central Europe north of the Alps (see: Mesozoic platform) are rather dominated by siliciclastics and had rather warm temperate faunas. Therefore, especially with regard to the formation of Triassic rocks, a distinction is made between "Germanic facies" (Central Europe north of the Alps) and "Alpine facies" (Northern Limestone Alps). Starting from the Late Cretaceous, the Eastern Alps were affected by the Alpine Orogeny and the rocks of the Northern Limestone Alps were stacked and transported to the north, to their present position, overriding the Helvetic and Penninic domains.

text: The Northern Limestone Alps represent a depositional environment that was probably located several hundred kilometres to the south, relative to the current position of the rocks. This is reflected in

text: facies

text: as well as in the

text: fossil

text: record: While in the Eastern Alps platform carbonates with tropical faunas were established during the late

text: Middle Triassic

text: , the contemporary, epicontinental, partly terrestrial sequences in Central Europe north of the Alps (see:

text: Mesozoic platform

text: ) are rather dominated by siliciclastics and had rather warm temperate faunas. Therefore, especially with regard to the formation of Triassic rocks, a distinction is made between "

text: Germanic facies

text: " (Central Europe north of the Alps) and "Alpine facies" (Northern Limestone Alps). Starting from the Late Cretaceous, the Eastern Alps were affected by the Alpine Orogeny and the rocks of the Northern Limestone Alps were stacked and transported to the north, to their present position, overriding the Helvetic and Penninic domains.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Late Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Alpine Orogeny

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Alpine

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Limestone

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Alpine Orogeny

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: platform carbonates

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Northern Limestone Alps

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: fossil record

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Nik Wallenda originally secured permits to walk across "the Grand Canyon" in 2008, and planned to make the trip as early as 2009.  However, the walk was delayed due to substantial logistical hurdles.  His agent, Winston Simone, commented "There's no electricity [at the planned location], there's no hotels, and for the last half-hour there are no paved roads." Additionally, at a then-estimated distance of , the feat would be the longest walk of Wallenda's career by a significant margin. When the opportunity to cross Niagara Falls arose, the Grand Canyon walk was put on hold.  Shortly after crossing Niagara Falls, Wallenda said he would try to make the Grand Canyon crossing "within a year". In August 2012, he said that he was "98 percent" certain that the walk would take place in May or June 2013 and announced he would get "something in writing" that no safety harness would be required for the walk.

text: Nik Wallenda originally secured permits to walk across "the Grand Canyon" in 2008, and planned to make the trip as early as 2009.  However, the walk was delayed due to substantial logistical hurdles.  His agent, Winston Simone, commented "There's no electricity [at the planned location], there's no hotels, and for the last half-hour there are no paved roads." Additionally, at a then-estimated distance of , the feat would be the longest walk of Wallenda's career by a significant margin. When the opportunity to cross Niagara Falls arose, the Grand Canyon walk was put on hold.  Shortly after crossing Niagara Falls, Wallenda said he would try to make the Grand Canyon crossing "within a year". In August 2012, he said that he was "98 percent" certain that the walk would take place in May or June 2013 and announced he would get "something in writing" that no safety harness would be required for the walk.

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answers: 98

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answers: Grand Canyon

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answers: The Grand Canyon

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answers: Niagara Falls

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Grand Canyon

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The bedrock of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province consists of four large terranes, known as Stikinia, Cache Creek, Yukon-Tanana and Cassiar. Stikinia is a sequence of late Paleozoic and Mesozoic aged volcanic, plutonic and sedimentary rocks interpreted to have been created in an island arc environment that were later placed along a pre-existing continental margin. The Cache Creek Terrane is believed to have formed widely in a pre-existing oceanic basin. It comprises late Paleozoic to Mesozoic aged oceanic melange and abyssal peridotites intruded by younger granitic intrusions. The Yukon-Tanana and Cassiar terranes consist of shifted sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that were derived from the North American continent.

text: The bedrock of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province consists of four large

text: terrane

text: s, known as Stikinia,

text: Cache Creek

text: Yukon-Tanana

text: and

text: Cassiar

text: . Stikinia is a sequence of late Paleozoic and Mesozoic aged volcanic, plutonic and sedimentary rocks interpreted to have been created in an island arc environment that were later placed along a pre-existing

text: continental margin

text: . The Cache Creek Terrane is believed to have formed widely in a pre-existing

text: oceanic basin

text: . It comprises late Paleozoic to Mesozoic aged oceanic melange and abyssal peridotites intruded by younger granitic intrusions. The Yukon-Tanana and Cassiar terranes consist of shifted sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that were derived from the North American continent.

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answers: The Cache Creek Terrane is believed to have formed widely in a pre-existing oceanic basin

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Cache Creek Terrane

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Stikinia

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Cache Creek Terrane is believed to have formed widely in a pre-existing oceanic basin

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: peridotites

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Stikinia

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Stikinia

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The gap in the fossil record that began in the late Paleozoic spans the entire Triassic period of the ensuing Mesozoic era. However, during the ensuing Jurassic a sea once more intruded into the state. No fossils are known from sediments deposited by this sea. Minnesota played host to the northeastern corner of yet another sea during the ensuing Cretaceous period. Ammonites, clams, and oysters lived here. Ammonites and oysters were preserved in the Coleraine area. Contemporary gastropods and pelecypods left behind abundant fossils in what is now the Mesabi Range. Fish teeth and bones were preserved in Big Stone County. Sawfish lived in the state during the Cretaceous.

text: The gap in the fossil record that began in the late Paleozoic spans the entire

text: Triassic

text: period of the ensuing

text: Mesozoic

text: era. However, during the ensuing

text: Jurassic

text: a sea once more intruded into the state. No fossils are known from sediments deposited by this sea. Minnesota played host to the northeastern corner of yet another sea during the ensuing

text: Cretaceous

text: period.

text: Ammonites

text: clams

text: , and

text: oysters

text: lived here. Ammonites and oysters were preserved in the

text: Coleraine

text: area. Contemporary gastropods and

text: pelecypods

text: left behind abundant fossils in what is now the

text: Mesabi Range

text: . Fish teeth and bones were preserved in

text: Big Stone County

text: Sawfish

text: lived in the state during the Cretaceous.

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answers: Jurassic

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answers: Cretaceous

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answers: sediment deposited by this sea

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answers: Mesabi Range

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answers: The Mesabi Range

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answers: The gap in the fossil record

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: clams

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Mesabi Range

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Ammonites, clams, and oysters

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Geology of Kansas encompasses the geologic history of the US state of Kansas and the present-day rock and soil that is exposed there. Rock that crops out in Kansas was formed during the Phanerozoic eon, which consists of three geologic eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Paleozoic rocks at the surface in Kansas are primarily from the Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and Permian periods.

text: The Geology of Kansas encompasses the

text: geologic history

text: of the

text: US

text: state of Kansas and the present-day

text: rock

text: and

text: soil

text: that is exposed there. Rock that

text: crops out

text: in Kansas was formed during the

text: Phanerozoic eon

text: , which consists of three geologic

text: eras

text: : the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: . Paleozoic rocks at the surface in Kansas are primarily from the

text: Mississippian

text: Pennsylvanian

text: and

text: Permian

text: periods.

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answers: Mississippian

answers: NDQ_005496

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answers: Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and Permian

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answers: Pennsylvanian

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic rocks

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and Permian

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The canyon is immediately west of Jenny Lake. The Cascade Canyon Trail follows the length of the canyon and is one of the most heavily used hiking trails in the park. The canyon can be reached from the Jenny Lake campground after a level hike of  along the Jenny Lake Trail, or by way of a scenic boat ride from the campground to the west shore of Jenny Lake. At the foot of the canyon it is  to the junction of the north and south Cascade Canyon trails. From there, hikers have the option of heading north along the Lake Solitude Trail to Lake Solitude (another  or south via the South Fork Cascade Canyon Trail to Hurricane Pass (.  From Lake Solitude there are sweeping views of the Cathedral Group and Grand Teton. Just below Hurricane Pass, a small glacier known as Schoolroom Glacier can be reached via a short side trail. The canyon is situated between Grand Teton which is  high to the south and several peaks over  to the north. Steep cliffs descending from these peaks ensure that the high points to the north and south are not visible until one hikes considerable distance into the canyon.

text: The canyon is immediately west of Jenny Lake. The

text: Cascade Canyon Trail

text: follows the length of the canyon and is one of the most heavily used

text: hiking

text: trails in the park. The canyon can be reached from the Jenny Lake campground after a level hike of  along the

text: Jenny Lake Trail

text: , or by way of a scenic boat ride from the campground to the west shore of Jenny Lake. At the foot of the canyon it is  to the junction of the north and south Cascade Canyon trails. From there, hikers have the option of heading north along the

text: Lake Solitude Trail

text: to

text: Lake Solitude

text: (another  or south via the

text: South Fork Cascade Canyon Trail

text: to

text: Hurricane Pass

text: (.  From Lake Solitude there are sweeping views of the

text: Cathedral Group

text: and

text: Grand Teton

text: . Just below Hurricane Pass, a small glacier known as

text: Schoolroom Glacier

text: can be reached via a short side trail. The canyon is situated between Grand Teton which is  high to the south and several peaks over  to the north. Steep cliffs descending from these peaks ensure that the high points to the north and south are not visible until one hikes considerable distance into the canyon.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: boat ride

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Cascade

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Hurricane Pass

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Canyon

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Canyon

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Schoolroom Glacier

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Canyon

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Steep cliffs

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago.  In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during the Jurassic Period.  The Tethys was later squeezed between colliding plates causing the formation of mountain ranges called the Alpide belt, from Gibraltar through the Himalayas to Indonesia—a process that began at the end of the Mesozoic and continues into the present. The formation of the Alps was a segment of this orogenic process, caused by the collision between the African and the Eurasian plates that began in the late Cretaceous Period.

text: The formation of the Alps (the

text: Alpine orogeny

text: ) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago.  In the

text: Paleozoic

text: Era the

text: Pangaea

text: n

text: supercontinent

text: consisted of a single

text: tectonic plate

text: ; it broke into separate plates during the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era and the

text: Tethys

text: sea developed between

text: Laurasia

text: and

text: Gondwana

text: during the

text: Jurassic

text: Period.  The Tethys was later squeezed between colliding plates causing the formation of mountain ranges called the

text: Alpide belt

text: , from

text: Gibraltar

text: through the

text: Himalayas

text: to

text: Indonesia

text: —a process that began at the end of the

text: Mesozoic

text: and continues into the present. The formation of the Alps was a segment of this orogenic process, caused by the collision between the

text: African

text: and the

text: Eurasian

text: plates that began in the late

text: Cretaceous

text: Period.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: during the Jurassic Period

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: episodic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: colliding plates

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Tethys

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Tethys

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Tethys sea

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Alps

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: formation of mountain ranges

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Tethys sea

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 17 – 12 Mya and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts about 7.5 Mya. Contemporary uplift of the Carpathian Mountains severed water flow to the Black Sea and Pannonian Sea formed in the basin. Sediment were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the Pleistocene during uplift of the Transdanubian Mountains. Ultimately, up to  of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge.

text: The

text: Pannonian Basin

text: took shape through

text: Miocenian

text: thinning and

text: subsidence

text: of crust structures formed during Late

text: Paleozoic

text: Variscan orogeny

text: . The Paleozoic and

text: Mesozoic

text: structures are visible in

text: Papuk

text: and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to formation of a

text: stratovolcanic

text: chain in the basin 17 – 12

text: Mya

text: and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as

text: flood basalt

text: s about 7.5 Mya. Contemporary uplift of the

text: Carpathian Mountains

text: severed water flow to the

text: Black Sea

text: and

text: Pannonian Sea

text: formed in the basin. Sediment were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the

text: Pleistocene

text: during uplift of the

text: Transdanubian Mountains

text: . Ultimately, up to  of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the sea eventually drained through the

text: Iron Gate

text: gorge.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Miocenian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: stratovolcanic chain

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: flood basalts

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Miocenian thinning

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: basalts

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: a stratovolcanic chain

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Papuk and other Slavonian mountains

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The surface rock in the Anti-Apennines was deposited on the floor of Tethys Sea during the Jurassic and Cretaceous of the Mesozoic. This lighter calcareous rock rides over the front of the subduction zone, uplifted by compressional and isostatic forces. Just behind it is a zone of crustal thinning caused by extensional forces; i.e., the subduction and the rotation cause a wave of compression with a peak under the Anti-Apennines and a valley in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The result is a karst-graben or half-graben landform with the Volscian Mountains as karst and the coastal chain of Pontine marshes, South Pontine marsh, Terracina Basin, Gaeta Basin and Volturno Basin as graben.

text: The surface rock in the Anti-Apennines was deposited on the floor of

text: Tethys Sea

text: during the

text: Jurassic

text: and

text: Cretaceous

text: of the

text: Mesozoic

text: . This lighter calcareous rock rides over the front of the subduction zone, uplifted by compressional and

text: isostatic

text: forces. Just behind it is a zone of crustal thinning caused by extensional forces; i.e., the subduction and the rotation cause a wave of compression with a peak under the Anti-Apennines and a valley in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The result is a karst-graben or

text: half-graben

text: landform with the Volscian Mountains as karst and the coastal chain of

text: Pontine marshes

text: , South Pontine marsh,

text: Terracina

text: Basin,

text: Gaeta

text: Basin and

text: Volturno

text: Basin as graben.

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answers: 3

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: subduction and the rotation cause a wave of compression

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: subduction and the rotation cause a wave of compression

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: a karst-graben

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: subduction and the rotation cause a wave of compression

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Ironically, Ross' prima facie duties are neither prima facie nor duties. They are not prima facie (which means something like "appears to be at first glance") since Ross' prima facie duties are always and everywhere pro tanto reasons in favour of something's being a moral reason. They are not duties since duties are obligations that must be performed under any circumstances. Duties and obligations, strictly speaking, are never outweighed, but Ross' prima facie duties are often outweighed by other factors. This is why Kagan says that Ross was actually talking about pro tanto moral reasons, and not, strictly speaking, about prima facie duties.

text: Ironically, Ross' prima facie duties are neither prima facie nor duties. They are not prima facie (which means something like "appears to be at first glance") since Ross' prima facie duties are always and everywhere pro tanto reasons in favour of something's being a moral reason. They are not duties since duties are obligations that must be performed under any circumstances. Duties and obligations, strictly speaking, are never outweighed, but Ross' prima facie duties are often outweighed by other factors. This is why Kagan says that Ross was actually talking about pro tanto moral reasons, and not, strictly speaking, about prima facie duties.

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answers: that Ross was actually talking about pro tanto moral reasons

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Ross' prima facie duties

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: With a volume measure approximately 4 orders of magnitude greater than a Sydharb, the volume of the Grand Canyon may be used to visualize even larger things, like the magma chamber underneath Yellowstone and other things. According to the National Park Service, the volume of the Grand Canyon is  which is  ().

text: With a volume measure approximately 4 orders of magnitude greater than a Sydharb, the volume of the

text: Grand Canyon

text: may be used to visualize even larger things, like the magma chamber underneath Yellowstone and other things. According to the

text: National Park Service

text: , the volume of the Grand Canyon is  which is  ().

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The Galicia-Trás-os-Montes Zone is a bean-shaped tectonic unit in the northwest corner of Spain and northeast Portugal (Trás-os-Montes). It has also been called the allochthonous complexes. The zone consists of a nappe stack which is highly metamorphosed. It was formed by the collision of the Iberian Plate with a thinned piece of crust from another continent called the Meguma terrane. There are five units in the stack. At the lowest level are high pressure, low temperature metamorphosed rocks.  Second is an ophiolite.  Third is the lower part of a continental crust which has been metamorphosed to high temperature with high pressure. Fourth is a layer of sediments derived from weathering land with low-grade metamorphism. There is also an underlying Ediacaran and early Paleozoic layer called the autochthenous sequence. Metamorphism of the allochthenous nappe occurred 390–380 Ma in the Middle Devonian. This is possibly from the Rheic Ocean. Finally, above this are other schists called the schistose domain of Galacia-Trás-os-Montes or Para-autochthenon. There are five oval shaped masses of mafic to ultramafic rocks making up the ophiolite. These are the Cabo Ortegal, Ordenes, Lalin, Bragança and Morais Massifs. Each of these are in a syncline and are surrounded by Silurian metamorphic rocks with an inward-dipping thrust zone forming the boundary. The kinds of rock in the mafic massifs are schists, gneiss, amphibolite, metagabbro, granulite, eclogite, and serpentine. The Ordenes Massif dates from 380 to 390 Ma, and represents part of the Rheno-Hercynian Ocean as part of an accretionary wedge. It became joined to the European Hunic Terrane between the Channel Block and the allochthenous nappe. It has a corresponding block, the Lizard complex in southwest England. The Cabo Ortegal complex is dated around 345–340 Ma and is the remains of a Paleo-Tethys Ocean mid-oceanic ridge

text: The Galicia-Trás-os-Montes Zone is a bean-shaped tectonic unit in the northwest corner of Spain and northeast Portugal (

text: Trás-os-Montes

text: ). It has also been called the allochthonous complexes. The zone consists of a

text: nappe stack

text: which is highly metamorphosed. It was formed by the collision of the

text: Iberian Plate

text: with a thinned piece of crust from another continent called the

text: Meguma terrane

text: . There are five units in the stack. At the lowest level are high pressure, low temperature metamorphosed rocks.  Second is an

text: ophiolite

text: .  Third is the lower part of a continental crust which has been metamorphosed to high temperature with high pressure. Fourth is a layer of sediments derived from weathering land with low-grade metamorphism. There is also an underlying

text: Ediacaran

text: and early Paleozoic layer called the autochthenous sequence. Metamorphism of the allochthenous nappe occurred 390–380 Ma in the Middle Devonian. This is possibly from the Rheic Ocean. Finally, above this are other schists called the schistose domain of Galacia-Trás-os-Montes or Para-autochthenon. There are five oval shaped masses of mafic to ultramafic rocks making up the ophiolite. These are the Cabo Ortegal, Ordenes, Lalin, Bragança and

text: Morais

text: Massifs. Each of these are in a syncline and are surrounded by Silurian metamorphic rocks with an inward-dipping thrust zone forming the boundary. The kinds of rock in the mafic massifs are

text: schists

text: gneiss

text: amphibolite

text: metagabbro

text: granulite

text: eclogite

text: , and

text: serpentine

text: . The Ordenes Massif dates from 380 to 390 Ma, and represents part of the Rheno-Hercynian Ocean as part of an

text: accretionary wedge

text: . It became joined to the European Hunic Terrane between the Channel Block and the allochthenous nappe. It has a corresponding block, the

text: Lizard complex

text: in southwest England. The Cabo Ortegal complex is dated around 345–340 Ma and is the remains of a Paleo-

text: Tethys Ocean

text: mid-oceanic ridge

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Rheno-Hercynian Ocean

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Middle Devonian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: collision of the Iberian Plate

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: ophiolite

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Galicia-Trás-os-Montes

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Rheic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: serpentine

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: schists, gneiss

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Rheic Ocean

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Western Carpathians have a complicated geological structure, that has been formed since the Paleozoic era. The oldest Paleozoic rocks experienced the first stage of deformation during the Hercynian orogeny, but younger Alpine overprint is common. Alpine orogeny affected the area in several stages from Jurassic to Neogene. During this period, parts of Tethys Ocean were subducted under the African plate and Western Carpathian blocks were thrust over the margin of the Eurasian plate.

text: The Western Carpathians have a complicated geological structure, that has been formed since the

text: Paleozoic

text: era. The oldest Paleozoic

text: rocks

text: experienced the first stage of deformation during the

text: Hercynian orogeny

text: , but younger Alpine overprint is common.

text: Alpine orogeny

text: affected the area in several stages from

text: Jurassic

text: to

text: Neogene

text: . During this period, parts of

text: Tethys Ocean

text: were subducted under the

text: African plate

text: and Western Carpathian blocks were thrust over the margin of the

text: Eurasian plate

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answers: Alpine orogeny

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: several stages

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Alpine orogeny

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Alpine orogeny

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Alpine orogeny

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Alpine orogeny

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Alpine

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Alpine orogeny

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Alpine orogeny

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In its 30-year history, Air Grand Canyon has flown 77,000 flights and carried over 250,000 passengers. The carrier now operates a fleet of around 12 aircraft, including Cessna 207s and Cessna 182s making them the second largest fixed-wing air tour operator based around the Grand Canyon.

text: In its 30-year history, Air Grand Canyon has flown 77,000 flights and carried over 250,000 passengers. The carrier now operates a fleet of around 12 aircraft, including Cessna 207s and

text: Cessna 182

text: s making them the second largest fixed-wing air tour operator based around the Grand Canyon.

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answers: the Grand Canyon

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The geology of the Grand Canyon area includes one of the most complete and studied sequences of rock on Earth. The nearly 40 major sedimentary rock layers exposed in the Grand Canyon and in the Grand Canyon National Park area range in age from about 200 million to nearly 2 billion years old. Most were deposited in warm, shallow seas and near ancient, long-gone sea shores in western North America. Both marine and terrestrial sediments are represented, including fossilized sand dunes from an extinct desert. There are at least 14 known unconformities in the geologic record found in the Grand Canyon.

text: The geology of the Grand Canyon area includes one of the most complete and studied sequences of

text: rock

text: on Earth. The nearly 40 major

text: sedimentary rock

text: layers exposed in the

text: Grand Canyon

text: and in the

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: area range in age from about 200 million to nearly 2 billion years old. Most were deposited in warm, shallow seas and near ancient, long-gone sea shores in western

text: North America

text: . Both marine and terrestrial

text: sediment

text: s are represented, including fossilized

text: sand dune

text: s from an extinct desert. There are at least 14 known

text: unconformities

text: in the geologic record found in the Grand Canyon.

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answers: warm, shallow seas

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answers: sedimentary rock

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answers: marine and terrestrial sediments are represented

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answers: 14 known unconformities

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The range is typical of the Basin and Range Province with isolated high mountains surrounded by downfaulted basins filled with sediments. The rocks of the range include Paleozoic sedimentary and metamorphic rocks intruded by Mesozoic igneous rocks and covered by Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanic rocks.

text: The range is typical of the

text: Basin and Range Province

text: with isolated high mountains surrounded by downfaulted basins filled with sediments. The rocks of the range include

text: Paleozoic

text: sedimentary

text: and

text: metamorphic

text: rocks intruded by

text: Mesozoic

text: igneous rock

text: s and covered by Mesozoic and

text: Cenozoic

text: volcanic rock

text: s.

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answers: basins filled with sediments

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answers: sedimentary

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answers: Basin and Range Province

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answers: Mesozoic igneous rocks and covered by Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanic rocks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Scoliostomatidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks.

text: Scoliostomatidae is an

text: extinct

text: family

text: of

text: Paleozoic

text: fossil

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s.

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Plains make up much of the eastern portion of the West, underlain with sedimentary rock from the Upper Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. The Rocky Mountains expose igneous and metamorphic rock both from the Precambrian and from the Phanerozoic eon. The Inter-mountain States and Pacific Northwest have huge expanses of volcanic rock from the Cenozoic era. Salt flats and salt lakes reveal a time when the great inland seas covered much of what is now the West.

text: Plains make up much of the eastern portion of the West, underlain with sedimentary rock from the Upper

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Cenozoic

text: eras. The Rocky Mountains expose igneous and metamorphic rock both from the

text: Precambrian

text: and from the

text: Phanerozoic

text: eon. The Inter-mountain States and Pacific Northwest have huge expanses of volcanic rock from the Cenozoic era.

text: Salt flat

text: s and salt lakes reveal a time when the great inland seas covered much of what is now the West.

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answers: The Rocky Mountains expose igneous and metamorphic rock

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answers: Salt flats and salt lakes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Grand Canyon Power Plant was declared a National Historic Landmark on May 28, 1987. It is also included in the Grand Canyon Village National Historic Landmark District.

text: The Grand Canyon Power Plant was declared a

text: National Historic Landmark

text: on May 28, 1987. It is also included in the

text: Grand Canyon Village National Historic Landmark District

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Shortnose gar have a prehistoric-looking appearance.  Like many other "lie-in-wait" predators, they have an elongated, torpedo-like body with an elongated head containing one row of sharp, conical teeth.  Similar to many Paleozoic and Mesozoic actinopterygians, their bodies are covered in rows of interlocking, rhomboidal ganoid scales that create an exceptionally protective, yet flexible armor around the fish.  The dorsal fin is located posterior nearly directly above the anal fin and very near the large caudal fin.  Shortnose gar vary in color, changing from brown/olive green on the dorsal surface to yellow on the sides and white on the underbelly.  Shortnose gar can be discerned from other gar species in that they lack the upper jaw of the alligator gar, the long snout of the longnose gar, and the markings of the spotted gar. The shortnose gar reaches up to , but a more common length is .

text: Shortnose gar have a prehistoric-looking appearance.  Like many other "lie-in-wait" predators, they have an elongated, torpedo-like body with an elongated head containing one row of sharp,

text: conical

text: teeth.  Similar to many

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: actinopterygians

text: , their bodies are covered in rows of interlocking, rhomboidal

text: ganoid scale

text: s that create an exceptionally protective, yet flexible armor around the fish.  The

text: dorsal fin

text: is located posterior nearly directly above the

text: anal fin

text: and very near the large

text: caudal fin

text: .  Shortnose gar vary in color, changing from brown/olive green on the dorsal surface to yellow on the sides and white on the underbelly.  Shortnose gar can be discerned from other gar species in that they lack the upper jaw of the

text: alligator gar

text: , the long snout of the

text: longnose gar

text: , and the markings of the

text: spotted gar

text: . The shortnose gar reaches up to , but a more common length is .

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answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Palma Aquarium sometimes takes part in rescue and rehabilitation projects for marine animals. The research objectives are set out by collaboration agreements with universities and research centres in order to carry out recovery programmes with populations in regression or in danger of extinction.

text: Palma Aquarium sometimes takes part in rescue and rehabilitation projects for marine animals. The research objectives are set out by collaboration agreements with universities and research centres in order to carry out recovery programmes with populations in regression or in danger of extinction.

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answers: Palma Aquarium

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Paleontology in Wisconsin refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Wisconsin. Wisconsin has a relatively sparse fossil record. Fossils found in Wisconsin are generally very old, most ranging from 500 to 300 million years in age.During the early part of the Paleozoic era, Wisconsin was covered by a warm, shallow sea that would be home to creatures like brachiopods, bryozoans, cephalopods, corals, crinoids, and trilobites. During the Silurian, Wisconsin was home to massive reef system that formed one of the most biodiverse habitats in all of North America at the time. The interval spanning the Permian, Mesozoic, Paleogene and Neogene are missing from the local rock record. During the Ice Age the local climate became cold. Seals, walruses, and whales left behind fossil remains in the state near the Great Lakes. On land, hemlock and spruce trees formed forests inhabited by creatures like giant beavers, horses, and woolly mammoths. The first fossil reef systems ever scientifically documented in North America were discovered in the area around Milwaukee. The Silurian reefs of the Milwaukee area were also the first known fossil reefs from the Paleozoic era. Their associated fauna is one of the most diverse from the period ever documented in North America. The Ordovician to Silurian trilobite Calymene celebra is the Wisconsin state fossil.

text: Paleontology in Wisconsin refers to

text: paleontological

text: research occurring within or conducted by people from the

text: U.S. state

text: of

text: Wisconsin

text: . Wisconsin has a relatively sparse

text: fossil record

text: . Fossils found in Wisconsin are generally very old, most ranging from 500 to 300 million years in age.During the early part of the

text: Paleozoic era

text: , Wisconsin was covered by a warm, shallow

text: sea

text: that would be home to creatures like

text: brachiopods

text: bryozoans

text: cephalopod

text: s,

text: coral

text: s,

text: crinoid

text: s, and

text: trilobite

text: s. During the

text: Silurian

text: , Wisconsin was home to massive

text: reef

text: system that formed one of the most

text: biodiverse

text: habitats in all of North America at the time. The interval spanning the

text: Permian

text: Mesozoic

text: Paleogene

text: and

text: Neogene

text: are missing from the local

text: rock record

text: . During the

text: Ice Age

text: the local climate became cold.

text: Seals

text: walrus

text: es, and

text: whale

text: s left behind fossil remains in the state near the

text: Great Lakes

text: . On land,

text: hemlock

text: and

text: spruce

text: trees formed forests inhabited by creatures like

text: giant beavers

text: horse

text: s, and

text: woolly mammoth

text: s. The first fossil

text: reef

text: systems ever scientifically documented in North America were discovered in the area around

text: Milwaukee

text: . The

text: Silurian

text: reefs of the Milwaukee area were also the first known fossil reefs from the

text: Paleozoic era

text: . Their associated fauna is one of the most diverse from the period ever documented in North America. The

text: Ordovician

text: to

text: Silurian

text: trilobite

text: Calymene celebra

text: is the Wisconsin

text: state fossil

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answers: early part of the Paleozoic era

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Ordovician

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answers: warm, shallow sea

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Silurian

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answers: Silurian

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answers: During the Ice Age

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: The interval spanning the Permian

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Fossils found in Wisconsin are generally very old, most ranging from 500 to 300 million years in age

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Garden Park was formed by erosion of sedimentary rocks that have been distorted by uplift of the Rocky Mountains. The region is bisected by Four Mile Creek (also called Oil Creek), which has carved a canyon through the Mesozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. One of these Mesozoic strata is the Morrison Formation, which is exposed within the canyon. However, because the formation contains high amounts of swelling clays, large faulted blocks or slump-blocks of the formation are slowly moving towards the creek. The result is to make it difficult to correlate the various dinosaur quarries because exposures are limited and not continuous.

text: Garden Park was formed by erosion of sedimentary rocks that have been distorted by uplift of the

text: Rocky Mountains

text: . The region is bisected by Four Mile Creek (also called Oil Creek), which has carved a canyon through the Mesozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. One of these Mesozoic strata is the

text: Morrison Formation

text: , which is exposed within the canyon. However, because the formation contains high amounts of swelling clays, large faulted blocks or slump-blocks of the formation are slowly moving towards the creek. The result is to make it difficult to correlate the various dinosaur quarries because exposures are limited and not continuous.

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answers: 3

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answers: large faulted blocks or slump-blocks

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answers: dinosaur

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answers: uplift

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answers: Morrison Formation

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answers: swelling clays

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answers: the formation contains high amounts of swelling clays

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: clays

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Mesozoic and Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Morrison Formation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There is clear evidence that sea levels fell in the final stage of the Cretaceous by more than at any other time in the Mesozoic era. In some Maastrichtian stage rock layers from various parts of the world, the later layers are terrestrial; earlier layers represent shorelines and the earliest layers represent seabeds. These layers do not show the tilting and distortion associated with mountain building, therefore, the likeliest explanation is a "regression", that is, a drop in sea level. There is no direct evidence for the cause of the regression, but the explanation currently accepted as most likely is that the mid-ocean ridges became less active and therefore sank under their own weight.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Abrupt deep-sea warming at the end of the Cretaceous |journal=Geology |year=1998 |first1=Liangquan |last1=Li |first2=Gerta |last2=Keller |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=995–998 |url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/26/11/995 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026

text: There is clear evidence that sea levels fell in the final stage of the Cretaceous by more than at any other time in the

text: Mesozoic

text: era. In some

text: Maastrichtian

text: stage

text: rock layers from various parts of the world, the later layers are terrestrial; earlier layers represent shorelines and the earliest layers represent seabeds. These layers do not show the tilting and distortion associated with

text: mountain building

text: , therefore, the likeliest explanation is a "regression", that is, a drop in sea level. There is no direct evidence for the cause of the regression, but the explanation currently accepted as most likely is that the

text: mid-ocean ridges

text: became less active and therefore sank under their own weight.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Abrupt deep-sea warming at the end of the Cretaceous |journal=Geology |year=1998 |first1=Liangquan |last1=Li |first2=Gerta |last2=Keller |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=995–998 |url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/26/11/995 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026

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answers: 0

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answers: a drop in sea level

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: mountain building

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answers: Maastrichtian stage

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answers: Maastrichtian stage rock layers

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answers: no direct evidence

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answers: Maastrichtian stage

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The explanation currently accepted as most likely is that the mid-ocean ridges became less active and therefore sank under their own weight

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Grand Canyon is a 1958 short Walt Disney film in CinemaScope format directed by James Algar. It features color film footage of the Grand Canyon accompanied by the Grand Canyon Suite, though the order of the movements has been somewhat altered. In the manner of Fantasia, there is no story and no dialogue. The film won an Academy Award in 1959 for Best Short Subject.

text: Grand Canyon

text: is a

text: short

text: Walt Disney

text: film in

text: CinemaScope

text: format directed by

text: James Algar

text: . It features color film footage of the Grand Canyon accompanied by the Grand Canyon Suite, though the order of the movements has been somewhat altered. In the manner of

text: Fantasia

text: , there is no story and no dialogue. The film won an

text: Academy Award

text: in

text: for

entity_name: Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film

text: Best Short Subject

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answers: no story and no dialogue

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answers: color film footage

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Shimansky 1962 (in Kummel 1964) divided the Nautilida into five suborders, the mostly Paleozoic Centroceratina, Liroceratina, Rutoceratina, and Tainoceratina, and the Mesozoic to recent Nautilina. These include superfamilies which are different from those of Kummel (1964) and of less extent. The Centroceratina are comparable to the Trigonocerataceae, the Liroceratina to the Clydonautilaceae, and the Nautilina to the Nautilaceae. The main difference is that the Rutoceratidae are included with the Aipocerataceae of Kummel (1964) in the Rutoceratina. The remaining Tainocerataceae are the Tainoceratina.

text: Shimansky 1962 (in Kummel 1964) divided the Nautilida into five suborders, the mostly Paleozoic

text: Centroceratina

text: Liroceratina

text: Rutoceratina

text: , and

text: Tainoceratina

text: , and the Mesozoic to recent

text: Nautilina

text: . These include superfamilies which are different from those of Kummel (1964) and of less extent. The Centroceratina are comparable to the Trigonocerataceae, the Liroceratina to the Clydonautilaceae, and the Nautilina to the Nautilaceae. The main difference is that the Rutoceratidae are included with the Aipocerataceae of Kummel (1964) in the Rutoceratina. The remaining Tainocerataceae are the Tainoceratina.

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text: Dr. James Monger is an authority on Cordilleran geology. Monger concentrated his research on field studies and detailed geological mapping of upper Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic volcanic and sedimentary layers. He used this work to demonstrate that the Canadian Cordillera is a collage of displaced terranes that have been accreted to the western margin of North America.

text: Dr. James Monger is an authority on

text: Cordillera

text: n

text: geology

text: . Monger concentrated his research on field studies and detailed geological mapping of upper

text: Paleozoic

text: and lower

text: Mesozoic

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text: layers. He used this work to demonstrate that the Canadian Cordillera is a collage of displaced

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answer: No

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text: Cassiduloida is an order of sea urchins. The group was extremely diverse with many families and species during the Mesozoic, but today, only a few species survive.

text: Cassiduloida is an

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answer: No

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text: Individual dunes in ergs typically have widths, lengths, or both dimensions greater than . Both the regional extent of their sand cover and the complexity and great size of their dunes distinguish ergs from dune fields. The depth of sand in ergs varies widely around the world, ranging from only a few centimeters deep in the Selima Sand Sheet of Southern Egypt, to approximately  in the Simpson Desert, and  in the Sahara. This is far shallower than ergs in prehistoric times were. Evidence in the geological record indicates that some Mesozoic and Paleozoic ergs reached a mean depth of several hundred meters.

text: Individual dunes in ergs typically have widths, lengths, or both dimensions greater than . Both the regional extent of their sand cover and the complexity and great size of their dunes distinguish ergs from dune fields. The depth of sand in ergs varies widely around the world, ranging from only a few centimeters deep in the Selima Sand Sheet of Southern Egypt, to approximately  in the Simpson Desert, and  in the Sahara. This is far shallower than ergs in prehistoric times were. Evidence in the geological record indicates that some

text: Mesozoic

text: and

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: The order given by Richardson has been called a prima facie war crime. Under the conventions of war at sea ships, including submarines, engaged in rescue operations are held immune from attack.

text: The order given by Richardson has been called a

text: prima facie

text: war crime

text: . Under the conventions of war at sea ships, including submarines, engaged in rescue operations are held immune from attack.

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answers: war crime

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: at sea

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: war

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answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Halite

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Richardson

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: submarines

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the order given by Richardson

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Richardson

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone (TTZ), extending from Pomerania at the Baltic Sea to the Dobruja at the Black Sea, is primarily known from geophysical studies. Seismic data and gravity models suggest a strong contrast in crustal thickness, with 28–35 km down to the Moho to the west of the suture and 42–47 km to the east of it. The suture is believed to be buried under thick upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments, and located further west than indicated by historical surface observations.

text: The Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone (TTZ), extending from

text: Pomerania

text: at the

text: Baltic Sea

text: to the

text: Dobruja

text: at the

text: Black Sea

text: , is primarily known from geophysical studies. Seismic data and gravity models suggest a strong contrast in crustal thickness, with 28–35 km down to the

text: Moho

text: to the west of the suture and 42–47 km to the east of it. The suture is believed to be buried under thick upper

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: sediments, and located further west than indicated by historical surface observations.

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answers: Seismic

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: seismic data

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answers: upper Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Seismic data and gravity models suggest a strong contrast in crustal thickness

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Black Sea

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Seismic data and gravity models

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Clear evidence exists that sea levels fell in the final stage of the Cretaceous by more than at any other time in the Mesozoic era. In some Maastrichtian stage rock layers from various parts of the world, the later ones are terrestrial; earlier ones represent shorelines and the earliest represent seabeds. These layers do not show the tilting and distortion associated with mountain building; therefore, the likeliest explanation is a regression, that is, a buildout of sediment, but not necessarily a drop in sea level. No direct evidence exists for the cause of the regression, but the explanation which is currently accepted as the most likely is that the mid-ocean ridges became less active and therefore sank under their own weight as sediment from uplifted orogenic belts filled in structural basins.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Abrupt deep-sea warming at the end of the Cretaceous|journal=Geology|year=1998|first=L|last=Liangquan|author2=Keller, G|volume=26|issue=11|pages=995–998|id= |url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/26/11/995|format=|accessdate=2007-08-01|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026

text: Clear evidence exists that sea levels fell in the final stage of the Cretaceous by more than at any other time in the

text: Mesozoic

text: era. In some

text: Maastrichtian

text: stage

text: rock layers from various parts of the world, the later ones are terrestrial; earlier ones represent shorelines and the earliest represent seabeds. These layers do not show the tilting and distortion associated with

text: mountain building

text: ; therefore, the likeliest explanation is a

text: regression

text: , that is, a buildout of sediment, but not necessarily a drop in sea level. No direct evidence exists for the cause of the regression, but the explanation which is currently accepted as the most likely is that the

text: mid-ocean ridges

text: became less active and therefore sank under their own weight as sediment from uplifted orogenic belts filled in structural basins.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Abrupt deep-sea warming at the end of the Cretaceous|journal=Geology|year=1998|first=L|last=Liangquan|author2=Keller, G|volume=26|issue=11|pages=995–998|id= |url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/26/11/995|format=|accessdate=2007-08-01|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026

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answers: a buildout of sediment

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: mountain building

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Maastrichtian stage

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The likeliest explanation is a buildout of sediment

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: No direct evidence exists

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Maastrichtian stage rock layers

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: In some Maastrichtian stage rock layers

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian, (end of the Paleozoic Era), Supai Group, is a slope-forming section of red bed deposits found at the southwest-to-south Colorado Plateau. Cliff-forming interbeds (sandstone) are noticeable throughout the group, as well as the largest cliff-former the topmest member Esplanade Sandstone. The Supai Group is especially exposed throughout the Grand Canyon in northwest Arizona, as well as local regions of southwest Utah (Virgin River valley region). It outcrops southeastwards in Arizona at Chino Point (south Aubrey Valley), Sycamore Canyon, and famously at Sedona as parts of Oak Creek Canyon. In the Sedona region, it is overlain by the Hermit Formation, and the colorful Schnebly Hill Formation.

text: The

text: Pennsylvanian

text: to Lower

text: Permian

text: , (end of the

text: Paleozoic Era

text: ), Supai Group, is a

text: slope-forming

text: section of

text: red bed

text: deposits found at the southwest-to-south

text: Colorado Plateau

text: Cliff-forming

text: interbeds (

text: sandstone

text: ) are noticeable throughout the group, as well as the largest cliff-former the topmest member

text: Esplanade Sandstone

text: . The Supai Group is especially exposed throughout the

text: Grand Canyon

text: in northwest

text: Arizona

text: , as well as local regions of southwest

text: Utah

text: Virgin River

text: valley region). It outcrops southeastwards in Arizona at Chino Point (south

text: Aubrey Valley

text: Sycamore Canyon

text: , and famously at

text: Sedona

text: as parts of

text: Oak Creek Canyon

text: . In the Sedona region, it is overlain by the Hermit Formation, and the colorful

text: Schnebly Hill Formation

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answers: end of the Paleozoic Era

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Colorado Plateau

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Esplanade Sandstone

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Cliff-forming interbeds

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Paleozoic Era

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Supai Group

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Most of the basal part of the Mesozoic sequence consists of the more than  thick, soft, bright-red, and Triassic-aged rocks known as the Chugwater Formation. The distribution of Mud cracks, fossilized reptiles and amphibians suggest deposition in a tidal flat environment with a sea several kilometers southwest of Jackson Hole. Evaporite deposits of a few beds of white gypsum (calcium sulfate) were likely formed after shallow bodies of salt water were cut off from the sea. A small amount of iron oxide creates the red color and the formation erodes into colorful hills east and south of the park.

text: Most of the basal part of the Mesozoic sequence consists of the more than  thick, soft, bright-red, and Triassic-aged rocks known as the

text: Chugwater Formation

text: . The distribution of Mud cracks, fossilized reptiles and amphibians suggest deposition in a

text: tidal flat

text: environment with a sea several kilometers southwest of Jackson Hole. Evaporite deposits of a few beds of white

text: gypsum

text: calcium sulfate

text: ) were likely formed after shallow bodies of salt water were cut off from the sea. A small amount of

text: iron oxide

text: creates the red color and the formation erodes into colorful hills east and south of the park.

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answers: 3

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: shallow bodies of salt water were cut off from the sea

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Triassic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: shallow bodies of salt water

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Triassic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Evaporite

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answers: shallow bodies of salt water

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: gypsum

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: tidal flat environment

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Mud cracks

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A clear and certain understanding of major marine regressions has not yet been achieved; according to one hypothesis, regressions may be linked to a "slowdown in sea-floor spreading, leading to a generalized drop in sea level (as the mid-ocean ridges would take up less space)...." In that view, major marine regressions are one aspect of a normal variation in rates of plate tectonic activity, which lead to major episodes of global volcanism like the Siberian Traps and the Deccan Traps, which in turn cause large extinction events.

text: A clear and certain understanding of major marine regressions has not yet been achieved; according to one hypothesis, regressions may be linked to a "slowdown in sea-floor spreading, leading to a generalized drop in sea level (as the mid-ocean ridges would take up less space)...." In that view, major marine regressions are one aspect of a normal variation in rates of

text: plate tectonic

text: activity, which lead to major episodes of global

text: volcanism

text: like the

text: Siberian Traps

text: and the

text: Deccan Traps

text: , which in turn cause large

text: extinction event

text: s.

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answers: slowdown in sea-floor spreading

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: major marine regressions

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answers: rates of plate tectonic activity

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answers: mid-ocean ridges

answers: NDQ_005496

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: sea-floor

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: mid-ocean ridges

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Siberian Traps and the Deccan Traps

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Hunter-Bowen orogeny also known as the New England Orogen contains rocks from Late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic times.  It was formed as an arc-forearc zone as the Pacific Plate was subducted to the west.

text: The Hunter-Bowen orogeny also known as the New England Orogen contains rocks from Late

text: Paleozoic

text: to early

text: Mesozoic

text: times.  It was formed as an arc-forearc zone as the

text: Pacific Plate

text: was subducted to the west.

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answers: Pacific Plate was subducted

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Pacific Plate was subducted

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: New England Orogen

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Hunter-Bowen orogen

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Pacific Plate was subducted to the west

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Hunter-Bowen orogen

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The shark order Hexanchiformes (in a broad sense, not only comprising the cow sharks, but also including the frilled sharks, Chlamydoselachidae) is often considered the most primitive of extant sharks, since they share some features with Paleozoic and early-Mesozoic shark groups as the Cladoselachiformes. Thus, it is interesting to see how far back the fossil record of this order reaches.

text: The shark

text: order

text: Hexanchiformes

text: (in a broad sense, not only comprising the

text: cow sharks

text: , but also including the frilled sharks,

text: Chlamydoselachidae

text: ) is often considered the most primitive of extant sharks, since they share some features with

text: Paleozoic

text: and early-

text: Mesozoic

text: shark groups as the

text: Cladoselachiformes

text: . Thus, it is interesting to see how far back the

text: fossil record

text: of this order reaches.

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answers: extant

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

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answers: fossil record

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Paleozoic and early-Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossil

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: the fossil record of this order reaches

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The mountain was created by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate during the geologically recent Andean orogeny (mountain-building); but it is not a volcano. The geologic history of the Aconcagua area can be classified into three basic time periods: a base that developed before the Jurassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, the Mesozoic sequences, and coverings from the Cenozoic Era.

text: The mountain was created by the

text: subduction

text: of the

text: Nazca Plate

text: beneath the

text: South American Plate

text: during the geologically recent Andean

text: orogeny

text: (mountain-building); but it is not a volcano. The geologic history of the Aconcagua area can be classified into three basic time periods: a base that developed before the

text: Jurassic Period

text: of the

text: Mesozoic Era

text: , the

text: Mesozoic sequences

text: , and coverings from the

text: Cenozoic Era

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic sequences

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answers: Andean orogeny

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answers: Cenozoic Era

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answers: Cenozoic

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answers: the Mesozoic Era

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answers: Jurassic Period of the Mesozoic Era

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A majority of the rocks in Pennsylvania exposed at the surface are sedimentary and were deposited during the Paleozoic Era. Almost all of the metamorphic and igneous rocks are confined to the southeast portion of the state. A total of four orogenies have affected the rocks of the Commonwealth including the Grenville orogeny, the Taconic orogeny, the Acadian orogeny, and the Appalachian orogeny. The Appalachian event has left the most evidence and has continued to shape the landscape of the state. The Pennsylvania terrain has also been affected by continental rifting during the Mesozoic era.

text: A majority of the rocks in Pennsylvania exposed at the surface are

text: sedimentary

text: and were deposited during the

text: Paleozoic Era

text: . Almost all of the metamorphic and igneous rocks are confined to the southeast portion of the state. A total of four

text: orogenies

text: have affected the rocks of the Commonwealth including the

text: Grenville orogeny

text: , the

text: Taconic orogeny

text: , the

text: Acadian orogeny

text: , and the

text: Appalachian orogeny

text: . The Appalachian event has left the most evidence and has continued to shape the landscape of the state. The Pennsylvania terrain has also been affected by

text: continental rifting

text: during the

text: Mesozoic era

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answers: The Appalachian event

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The sequence of minerals that develop during progressive metamorphism (that is, metamorphism at progressively higher temperatures and/or pressures) define a facies series.

text: The sequence of minerals that develop during progressive

text: metamorphism

text: (that is, metamorphism at progressively higher temperatures and/or pressures) define a facies series.

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answers: progressively higher temperatures and/or pressures

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In 2011, Jerry Colangelo assisted in creating Grand Canyon University's Colangelo School of Sports Business and served as an advisor. On September 25, 2014 Grand Canyon University announced their college of business would be renamed Colangelo College of Business.

text: In 2011, Jerry Colangelo assisted in creating Grand Canyon University's Colangelo School of Sports Business and served as an advisor. On September 25, 2014 Grand Canyon University announced their college of business would be renamed Colangelo College of Business.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Guy Darrough, a paleontologist from St. Louis, Missouri currently working at the dig site, said it was "pretty much a miracle" that dinosaur bones were found in Missouri, because the state's soft soil has resulted in the deterioration of most prehistoric remains. However, some of the remains found have been damaged by erosion and other processes. While much of Missouri lies upon rocks from the Paleozoic or Precambrian eras, the Chronister site is situated over Mesozoic rock. Stewart, who found the bones after being assigned to study the origins of clay in the southeastern portion of the Ozarks, was able to conclude that part of the region lies upon deposits from the Upper Cretaceous period, although much of the sediment from that time period has eroded away.

text: Guy Darrough, a

text: paleontologist

text: from

text: St. Louis, Missouri

text: currently working at the dig site, said it was "pretty much a miracle" that dinosaur bones were found in Missouri, because the state's soft soil has resulted in the deterioration of most prehistoric remains. However, some of the remains found have been damaged by

text: erosion

text: and other processes. While much of Missouri lies upon rocks from the

text: Paleozoic

text: or

text: Precambrian

text: eras, the Chronister site is situated over

text: Mesozoic

text: rock. Stewart, who found the bones after being assigned to study the origins of clay in the southeastern portion of

text: the Ozarks

text: , was able to conclude that part of the region lies upon

text: deposits

text: from the Upper Cretaceous period, although much of the

text: sediment

text: from that time period has eroded away.

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answers: a marine transgression

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The middle sequence represents the formations deposited throughout the Cretaceous and early Paleocene. The oldest formations in this sequence are the Tambor and Los Santos formations of conglomerates and sandstones indicate a continental to fluvial depositional environment. In the early Cretaceous, the sea level began to rise and formed a shallow marine environment with siltstone and shale deposits in the Cumbre formation. The sea level continued to rise throughout the middle Cretaceous when the Tablazo and Salto limestones and Simiti shale were deposited. The La Luna formation represents the peak of the sea level with deep marine deposits of limestone, chert, and shale. The sea level then began to fall returning the environment to shallow marine with deposition of the Umir formation of shales and sandstones. Finally, the Paleocene saw the deposition of the Lisama formation of deltaic mudstones and sandstones. This entire middle sequence indicates a marine megacycle consisting of five transgressive-regressive cycles. The angular unconformity between the second and third sequences is a result of erosion from the accretion of the Western Cordillera.

text: The middle sequence represents the formations deposited throughout the

text: Cretaceous

text: and early

text: Paleocene

text: . The oldest formations in this sequence are the Tambor and Los Santos formations of conglomerates and sandstones indicate a continental to fluvial depositional environment. In the early

text: Cretaceous

text: , the sea level began to rise and formed a shallow marine environment with siltstone and shale deposits in the Cumbre formation. The sea level continued to rise throughout the middle

text: Cretaceous

text: when the Tablazo and Salto limestones and Simiti shale were deposited. The La Luna formation represents the peak of the sea level with deep marine deposits of limestone, chert, and shale. The sea level then began to fall returning the environment to shallow marine with deposition of the Umir formation of shales and sandstones. Finally, the

text: Paleocene

text: saw the deposition of the Lisama formation of deltaic mudstones and sandstones. This entire middle sequence indicates a marine megacycle consisting of five transgressive-regressive cycles. The angular unconformity between the second and third sequences is a result of erosion from the accretion of the

text: Western Cordillera

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On November 27, 2012, Grand Canyon University announced that it had accepted an invitation to join Division I's Western Athletic Conference, effective July 1, 2013. This move made Grand Canyon the only for-profit institution with a Division I athletic program.

text: On November 27, 2012, Grand Canyon University announced that it had accepted an invitation to join Division I's

text: Western Athletic Conference

text: , effective July 1, 2013. This move made Grand Canyon the only for-profit institution with a Division I athletic program.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: Around 250 million years ago, during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, the area that is today New Jersey bordered northern Africa as part of the supercontinent of Pangea. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains. Around 200 million years ago, Pangea began to break apart, separating the North American continent from the African continent. Around 18,000 years ago, the most recent ice age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as many rivers, swamps, and gorges.

text: Around 250 million years ago, during the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: eras, the area that is today New Jersey bordered northern Africa as part of the

text: supercontinent

text: of

text: Pangea

text: . The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the

text: Appalachian Mountains

text: . Around 200 million years ago, Pangea began to break apart, separating the North American continent from the African continent. Around 18,000 years ago, the

text: most recent ice age

text: resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind

text: Lake Passaic

text: , as well as many rivers, swamps, and gorges.

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answers: the Appalachian Mountains

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answers: The Appalachian Mountains

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: About a billion years ago, the Willow Creek Fault, north of the Jefferson River canyon, dropped down deeply and filled with seawater, stretching north to Alberta and British Columbia.  Eventually, the sea receded and erosion wore away intervening geologic history until about 530 million years ago, during the Cambrian Period of the Paleozoic Era.

text: About a billion years ago, the Willow Creek Fault, north of the Jefferson River canyon, dropped down deeply and filled with seawater, stretching north to Alberta and British Columbia.  Eventually, the sea receded and erosion wore away intervening geologic history until about 530 million years ago, during the

text: Cambrian Period

text: of the

text: Paleozoic Era

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answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

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text: The basement rocks have experienced metamorphism related to their original depth in the Earth's crust, but in the Austroalpine nappes Alpine metamorphism (i.e. metamorphism related to the formation of the Alps) is fairly low grade to non-existent. The basement rocks can be greenschist facies to amphibolite facies, depending on their original depth. They are Paleozoic schists and (para-)gneisses intruded by granites of Variscan and Tertiary age.

text: The basement rocks have experienced

text: metamorphism

text: related to their original depth in the Earth's

text: crust

text: , but in the Austroalpine nappes

text: Alpine

text: metamorphism (i.e. metamorphism related to the formation of the Alps) is fairly low grade to non-existent. The basement rocks can be

text: greenschist facies

text: to

text: amphibolite facies

text: , depending on their original depth. They are

text: Paleozoic

text: schist

text: s and (para-)

text: gneiss

text: es intruded by

text: granite

text: s of

text: Variscan

text: and

text: Tertiary

text: age.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: low grade to non-existent

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Tertiary

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: basement rocks

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: greenschist

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Greenschist

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The basement rocks can be greenschist facies to amphibolite facies, depending on their original depth

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: amphibolite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The basement rocks have experienced metamorphism related to their original depth in the Earth's crust

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Blueschists are typically found within orogenic belts as terranes of lithology in faulted contact with greenschist or rarely eclogite facies rocks.

text: Blueschists are typically found within

text: orogenic belts

text: as

text: terrane

text: s of lithology in faulted contact with

text: greenschist

text: or rarely

text: eclogite

text: facies rocks.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005492

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005496

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answers: NDQ_005498

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answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_005500

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: faulted contact

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: orogenic belts

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: faulted contact

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Blueschist

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Blueschist

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Blueschists

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: eclogite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: lithology

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Blueschists

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Though situated at the time near the equator (where high temperatures and arid conditions facilitated evaporation), the sea's inception likely stemmed from a marine transgression rooted in a phase of de-glaciation; the southern portion of Pangaea, the former (and future) Gondwanaland, supported ice sheets in the early Permian. The eventual disappearance of the Zechstein Sea was part of a general marine regression that preceded and accompanied the Permian-Triassic extinction.

text: Though situated at the time near the equator (where high temperatures and arid conditions facilitated evaporation), the sea's inception likely stemmed from a

text: marine transgression

text: rooted in a phase of de-glaciation; the southern portion of

text: Pangaea

text: , the former (and future)

text: Gondwanaland

text: , supported

text: ice sheet

text: s in the early Permian. The eventual disappearance of the Zechstein Sea was part of a general

text: marine regression

text: that preceded and accompanied the

text: Permian-Triassic extinction

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: de-glaciation

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: general marine regression

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: high temperatures

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: de-glaciation

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Gondwanaland

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: de-glaciation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The lower Dolores River may have once been the original course of the Colorado River, which flowed through the now dry Unaweep Canyon, currently occupied by West Creek, a small tributary of the Dolores. When the Uncompahgre Plateau was formed it diverted the larger Colorado northwards through what is now the Grand Valley, looping around through Westwater Canyon to the confluence with the Dolores in eastern Utah and leaving Unaweep Canyon as a huge dry gap across the plateau. However, some geologists contend that the Colorado never flowed through Unaweep and the lower Dolores River, as the erosive force of the river should have created a water gap here; instead, the canyon may have been formed by glaciation during the Paleozoic.

text: The lower Dolores River may have once been the original course of the Colorado River, which flowed through the now dry

text: Unaweep Canyon

text: , currently occupied by West Creek, a small tributary of the Dolores. When the

text: Uncompahgre Plateau

text: was formed it diverted the larger Colorado northwards through what is now the

text: Grand Valley

text: , looping around through

text: Westwater Canyon

text: to the confluence with the Dolores in eastern Utah and leaving Unaweep Canyon as a huge dry gap across the plateau. However, some geologists contend that the Colorado never flowed through Unaweep and the lower Dolores River, as the erosive force of the river should have created a

text: water gap

text: here; instead, the canyon may have been formed by

text: glaciation

text: during the

text: Paleozoic

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: erosive force

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Colorado River

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Unaweep Canyon

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciation

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: dry

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: dry gap across the plateau

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The geology of Eritrea in east Africa broadly consists of Precambrian rocks in the west, Paleozoic glacial sedimentary rocks in the South and Cenozoic sediments and volcanics along the coastal zone adjoining the Red Sea. The Precambrian rocks been involved with the orogeny process, which is when a section of the Earth's crust is deformed to form a mountain range. Mesozoic sediments in the Danakil and Aysha horsts, which are raised blocks of the Earth's crust that have been lifted, were deformed. The older rocks include meta-sediments and older gneissic basement belonging to different Proterozoic terranes. Mesozoic sediments of marine origin occur in the coastal area along the Red Sea. A number of thin Miocene age basalt flows occur within the sediments of this zone whilst the basalts of the Aden Series date from Pliocene to Holocene times, some being extruded at the time of a major phase of uplift and rifting during the Pleistocene.

text: The geology of Eritrea in east

text: Africa

text: broadly consists of

text: Precambrian

text: rocks in the west,

text: Paleozoic

text: glacial sedimentary rocks in the South and

text: Cenozoic

text: sediments

text: and

text: volcanics

text: along the coastal zone adjoining the

text: Red Sea

text: . The Precambrian rocks been involved with the orogeny process, which is when a section of the Earth's crust is deformed to form a mountain range. Mesozoic sediments in the Danakil and Aysha horsts, which are raised blocks of the Earth's crust that have been lifted, were deformed. The older rocks include

text: meta-sediments

text: and older

text: gneiss

text: ic

text: basement

text: belonging to different

text: Proterozoic

text: terrane

text: s.

text: Mesozoic

text: sediments of marine origin occur in the coastal area along the Red Sea. A number of thin

text: Miocene

text: age

text: basalt

text: flows occur within the sediments of this zone whilst the basalts of the

text: Aden Series

text: date from

text: Pliocene

text: to

text: Holocene

text: times, some being extruded at the time of a major phase of uplift and rifting during the

text: Pleistocene

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answers: during the Pleistocene

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answers: Miocene

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answers: volcanics

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answers: Aden Series

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answers: Red Sea

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answers: Basalts of the Aden Series

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: basalts

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answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: basalts of the Aden Series

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during the Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 12–17 Mya; intensified subsidence was observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts at about 7.5 Mya. The contemporary tectonic uplift of the Carpathian Mountains severed water flow to the Black Sea and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from the uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the Pleistocene epoch during the Transdanubian Mountains' formation. Ultimately, up to  of sediment was deposited in the basin, and the sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge.

text: The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and

text: subsidence

text: of crust structures formed during the Late

text: Paleozoic

text: Variscan orogeny

text: . The Paleozoic and

text: Mesozoic

text: structures are visible in

text: Papuk

text: and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a

text: stratovolcanic

text: chain in the basin 12–17

text: Mya

text: ; intensified subsidence was observed until 5 Mya as well as

text: flood basalt

text: s at about 7.5 Mya. The contemporary

text: tectonic uplift

text: of the

text: Carpathian Mountains

text: severed water flow to the

text: Black Sea

text: and the

text: Pannonian Sea

text: formed in the basin.

text: Sediments

text: were transported to the basin from the uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep

text: fluvial

text: sediments being deposited in the

text: Pleistocene

text: epoch during the

text: Transdanubian Mountains

text: ' formation. Ultimately, up to  of sediment was deposited in the basin, and the sea eventually drained through the

text: Iron Gate

text: gorge.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: the Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Miocenian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: tectonic uplift

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: flood basalts

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Pannonian Basin

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: basalts

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: a stratovolcanic chain

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Pannonian Basin

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Thalassinoides is an ichnogenus of trace fossil used to refer to "dichotomously or T-branched boxworks, mazes and shafts, unlined and unornamented". Facies of Thalassinoides increased suddenly in abundance at the beginning of the Mesozoic. Such burrows are made by a number of organisms, including the sea anemone Cerianthus, Balanoglossus and fishes, but are most closely associated with decapod crustaceans of the (former) infraorder Thalassinidea.

text: Thalassinoides is an

text: ichnogenus

text: of

text: trace fossil

text: used to refer to "dichotomously or T-branched boxworks, mazes and shafts, unlined and unornamented". Facies of Thalassinoides increased suddenly in abundance at the beginning of the

text: Mesozoic

text: . Such burrows are made by a number of organisms, including the

text: sea anemone

text: Cerianthus

text: Balanoglossus

text: and

text: fish

text: es, but are most closely associated with

text: decapod

text: crustacean

text: s of the (former) infraorder

text: Thalassinidea

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: unlined and unornamented

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Thalassinidea

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Thalassinoides increased suddenly in abundance at the beginning of the Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Thalassinoides

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Thalassinoides

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Thalassinoides

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: trace fossil

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Thalassinoides

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Pelagielloidea is an extinct superfamily of Paleozoic fossil molluscs of uncertain position, either (Gastropoda or Monoplacophora).

text: Pelagielloidea is an

text: extinct

text: superfamily of

text: Paleozoic

text: fossil

text: mollusc

text: s of uncertain position, either (

text: Gastropoda

text: or

text: Monoplacophora

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answers: NDQ_005495

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answers: Pelagielloidea

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answers: Pelagielloidea

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossil

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Pelagielloidea

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Grand Canyon Village is a census-designated place (CDP) located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, in Coconino County, Arizona, in the United States. Its population was 2,004 at the 2010 Census. Located in Grand Canyon National Park, it is wholly focused on accommodating tourists visiting the canyon. Its origins trace back to the railroad completed from Williams, Arizona, to the canyon's South Rim by the Santa Fe Railroad in 1901. Many of the structures in use today date from that period. The village contains numerous landmark buildings, and its historic core is a National Historic Landmark District, designated for its outstanding implementation of town design.

text: Grand Canyon Village is a

text: census-designated place

text: (CDP) located on the South Rim of the

text: Grand Canyon

text: , in

text: Coconino County

text: Arizona

text: , in the United States. Its population was 2,004 at the

text: 2010 Census

text: . Located in

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: , it is wholly focused on accommodating tourists visiting the canyon. Its origins trace back to the railroad completed from

text: Williams, Arizona

text: , to the canyon's South Rim by the

text: Santa Fe Railroad

text: in 1901. Many of the structures in use today date from that period. The village contains numerous landmark buildings, and its

text: historic core

text: is a

text: National Historic Landmark District

text: , designated for its outstanding implementation of town design.

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answers: it is wholly focused on accommodating tourists

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answers: many

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: the Grand Canyon

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answers: South Rim

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answers: Grand Canyon Village

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answers: Grand Canyon Village

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answers: Many of the structures in use today date from that period

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In volume two of Das Antlitz der Erde Suess set out his belief that across geologic time, the rise and fall of sea levels were mappable across the earth, that is, that the periods of ocean transgression and regression were correlatable from one continent to another. Suess postulated that as sediments filled the ocean basins the sea levels gradually rose, and periodically there were events of rapid ocean bottom subsidence that increased the ocean's capacity and caused the regressions. Chamberlin proposed that instead of a thermal contraction, diastrophic movement was caused by gravitational contraction. In the United States, it was not until the late 1960s that thermal convection replaced the shrinking Earth theories.

text: In volume two of Das Antlitz der Erde Suess set out his belief that across geologic time, the rise and fall of sea levels were mappable across the earth, that is, that the periods of

text: ocean transgression

text: and

text: regression

text: were correlatable from one continent to another. Suess postulated that as sediments filled the ocean basins the sea levels gradually rose, and periodically there were events of rapid ocean bottom subsidence that increased the ocean's capacity and caused the regressions. Chamberlin proposed that instead of a thermal contraction, diastrophic movement was caused by gravitational contraction. In the United States, it was not until the late 1960s that thermal convection replaced the shrinking Earth theories.

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answers: rapid ocean bottom subsidence

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answers: periodic

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answers: sediments fill the ocean basins

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answers: rapid ocean bottom subsidence

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answers: sediments

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answers: thermal convection

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answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the rise and fall of sea levels

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: the rise and fall of sea levels were mappable

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Oceanic anoxic events have had many important consequences. It is believed that they have been responsible for mass extinctions of marine organisms both in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. The early Toarcian and Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic events correlate with the Toarcian and Cenomanian-Turonian extinction events of mostly marine life forms. Apart from possible atmospheric effects, many deeper-dwelling marine organisms could not adapt to an ocean where oxygen penetrated only the surface layers.

text: Oceanic anoxic events have had many important consequences. It is believed that they have been responsible for mass

text: extinctions

text: of marine organisms both in the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: . The early Toarcian and

text: Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event

text: s correlate with the

text: Toarcian

text: and

text: Cenomanian-Turonian extinction event

text: s of mostly marine life forms. Apart from possible atmospheric effects, many deeper-dwelling marine organisms could not adapt to an ocean where oxygen penetrated only the surface layers.

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answers: Toarcian

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answers: shale

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answers: anoxic

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: oceanic anoxic events

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 2

text: In Paleozoic, 300–400 million years ago, the entire territory of the modern Gulf of Finland was covered by a sea. Modern relief was formed as a result of the glacier activities. Its retreat formed Littorina Sea, which water level was some 7–9 metres higher than the present level of the Baltic Sea. Some 4,000 years ago the sea receded and shoals in the gulf have become its islands. Later uplifting of the Baltic Shield skewed the surface of the gulf; for this reason, its northern shores are significantly higher than the southern ones.

text: In

text: Paleozoic

text: , 300–400 million years ago, the entire territory of the modern Gulf of Finland was covered by a sea. Modern relief was formed as a result of the glacier activities. Its retreat formed

text: Littorina Sea

text: , which water level was some 7–9 metres higher than the present level of the Baltic Sea. Some 4,000 years ago the sea receded and shoals in the gulf have become its islands. Later uplifting of the

text: Baltic Shield

text: skewed the surface of the gulf; for this reason, its northern shores are significantly higher than the southern ones.

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answers: Later uplifting

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answers: 400 million years ago

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answers: uplifting of the Baltic Shield

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answers: Baltic Shield

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answers: Baltic Shield

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answers: Its retreat formed Littorina Sea

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answers: Baltic Sea

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: modern relief was formed as a result of the glacier activities

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: glacier activities

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Urals are among the world's oldest extant mountain ranges. For its age of 250 to 300 million years, the elevation of the mountains is unusually high. They were formed during the Uralian orogeny due to the collision of the eastern edge of the supercontinent Laurussia with the young and rheologically weak continent of Kazakhstania, which now underlies much of Kazakhstan and West Siberia west of the Irtysh, and intervening island arcs. The collision lasted nearly 90 million years in the late Carboniferous – early Triassic. Unlike the other major orogens of the Paleozoic (Appalachians, Caledonides, Variscides), the Urals have not undergone post-orogenic extensional collapse and are unusually well preserved for their age, being underlaid by a pronounced crustal root. East and south of the Urals much of the orogen is buried beneath later Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments. The adjacent Pay-Khoy to the north is not a part of the Uralian orogen and formed later.

text: The Urals are among the world's oldest extant

text: mountain ranges

text: . For its age of 250 to 300 million years, the elevation of the mountains is unusually high. They were formed during the

text: Uralian orogeny

text: due to the

text: collision

text: of the

text: eastern edge

text: of the supercontinent

text: Laurussia

text: with the young and

text: rheologically

text: weak continent of

text: Kazakhstania

text: , which now underlies much of Kazakhstan and West Siberia west of the

text: Irtysh

text: , and intervening

text: island arc

text: s. The collision lasted nearly 90 million years in the late

text: Carboniferous

text: – early

text: Triassic

text: . Unlike the other major orogens of the

text: Paleozoic

text: Appalachians

text: Caledonides

text: Variscides

text: ), the Urals have not undergone

text: post-orogenic extensional collapse

text: and are unusually well preserved for their age, being underlaid by a pronounced crustal root. East and south of the Urals much of the orogen is buried beneath later

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: sediment

text: s. The adjacent

text: Pay-Khoy

text: to the north is not a part of the Uralian orogen and formed later.

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answers: late Carboniferous – early Triassic

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: post-orogenic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: collision of the eastern edge

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: pronounced crustal root

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The Urals

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: post-orogenic extensional collapse

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: a pronounced crustal root

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: the Urals have not undergone post-orogenic extensional collapse

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Tethyan Himalayan sequence is composed of mainly siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks from 1840 Ma to 40 Ma. These are inter-bedded with volcanic rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic. This sequence is divided into several sub-units and the change in lithofacies is a result of the Carboniferous to Jurassic rifting event that induced a change in the depositional environment. In particular, the rifting event corresponds to the opening of Tethys Ocean during which the Cimmerian Plate travelled north and moved away from Gondwana. The boundary and age between the several sub-units are poorly constraint, yet the whole sequence is generally considered to have first developed in Neoproterozoic . The 1840 Ma was determined by rubidium-strontium dating of the Baragoan gneiss, however some have allocated the gneiss into the Lesser Himalayan Sequence.

text: The Tethyan Himalayan sequence is composed of mainly

text: siliciclastic

text: and

text: carbonate sedimentary rocks

text: from 1840 Ma to 40 Ma. These are

text: inter-bedded

text: with

text: volcanic rocks

text: of

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: . This sequence is divided into several sub-units and the change in

text: lithofacies

text: is a result of the

text: Carboniferous

text: to

text: Jurassic

text: rifting event that induced a change in the depositional environment. In particular, the rifting event corresponds to the opening of

text: Tethys Ocean

text: during which the

text: Cimmerian Plate

text: travelled north and moved away from

text: Gondwana

text: . The boundary and age between the several sub-units are poorly constraint, yet the whole sequence is generally considered to have first developed in

text: Neoproterozoic

text: . The 1840 Ma was determined by

text: rubidium-strontium dating

text: of the Baragoan gneiss, however some have allocated the gneiss into the Lesser Himalayan Sequence.

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: the opening of Tethys Ocean

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Tethys Ocean

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: siliciclastic

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The boundary and age of the several sub-units are poorly constraint

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: The Tethyan Himalayan sequence

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The boundary and age between the several sub-units are poorly constraint

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Xenoliths, rock fragments that become enveloped in a larger igneous rock, are widespread in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. Xenoliths that originated in the Earth's crust include rich metamorphic rocks and felsic intrusive rocks. Granulite xenoliths exist mainly at the Fort Selkirk Volcanic Field in central Yukon, Prindle Volcano in easternmost Alaska and at Castle Rock and the Iskut River in northern British Columbia. Felsic intrusive xenoliths are a lot more common and usually originate from adjacent granitic intrusions, including those that form the Coast Mountains. More than 14 volcanic zones throughout the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province comprise xenoliths that originated from the Earth's mantle and are located mainly at the Yukon-Tanana Terrane, the Cache Creek Terrane and at volcanoes occupying the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Stikinia terrane. They consist of lherzolite, harzburgite, wehrlite, dunite, websterite and garnet composed pyroxenite. The highest and lowest temperatures recorded by mantle xenoliths increase to the south and decrease to the north. Mantle xenoliths at Prindle Volcano in easternmost Alaska record the minimum temperature of  and mantle xenoliths from the Fort Selkirk Volcanic Field in central Yukon record the minimum temperature range from . At Castle Rock in northern British Columbia, mantle xenoliths record the maximum temperature of , as well as the maximum temperature range from . The minimum xenolith temperatures indicate that the boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle is shallowest beneath the northern portion of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. Therefore, the temperature ranges for the northernmost xenolith series is about one-half the temperature range found in xenoliths at the southern portion of the volcanic province.

text: Xenolith

text: s, rock fragments that become enveloped in a larger

text: igneous rock

text: , are widespread in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. Xenoliths that originated in the Earth's crust include rich

text: metamorphic rock

text: s and felsic intrusive rocks.

text: Granulite

text: xenoliths exist mainly at the

text: Fort Selkirk Volcanic Field

text: in central Yukon,

text: Prindle Volcano

text: in easternmost Alaska and at

text: Castle Rock

text: and the

text: Iskut River

text: in northern British Columbia. Felsic intrusive xenoliths are a lot more common and usually originate from adjacent granitic intrusions, including those that form the Coast Mountains. More than 14 volcanic zones throughout the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province comprise xenoliths that originated from the Earth's mantle and are located mainly at the Yukon-Tanana Terrane, the Cache Creek Terrane and at volcanoes occupying the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: Stikinia

text: terrane. They consist of lherzolite,

text: harzburgite

text: wehrlite

text: dunite

text: websterite

text: and

text: garnet

text: composed

text: pyroxenite

text: . The highest and lowest temperatures recorded by mantle xenoliths increase to the south and decrease to the north. Mantle xenoliths at

text: Prindle Volcano

text: in easternmost Alaska record the minimum temperature of  and mantle xenoliths from the Fort Selkirk Volcanic Field in central Yukon record the minimum temperature range from . At Castle Rock in northern British Columbia, mantle xenoliths record the maximum temperature of , as well as the maximum temperature range from . The minimum xenolith temperatures indicate that the

text: boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle

text: is shallowest beneath the northern portion of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. Therefore, the temperature ranges for the northernmost xenolith series is about one-half the temperature range found in xenoliths at the southern portion of the volcanic province.

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answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Iskut River

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Stikinia terrane

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Iskut River

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: xenoliths

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: lherzolite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the northernmost xenolith series

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: xenoliths that originated in the Earth's crust

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Thus, a transgression reveals itself in the sedimentary column when there is a change from nearshore facies (such as sandstone) to offshore ones (such as marl), from the oldest to the youngest rocks.  A regression will feature the opposite pattern, with offshore facies changing to nearshore ones.  The strata represent regressions less clearly, as their upper layers are often marked by an erosional unconformity.

text: Thus, a transgression reveals itself in the sedimentary column when there is a change from nearshore facies (such as

text: sandstone

text: ) to offshore ones (such as

text: marl

text: ), from the oldest to the youngest rocks.  A regression will feature the opposite pattern, with offshore facies changing to nearshore ones.  The

text: strata

text: represent regressions less clearly, as their upper layers are often marked by an

text: erosional

text: unconformity

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005494

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: offshore ones (such as marl)

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: transgression

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: offshore ones

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: marl

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: marl

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: marl

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: nearshore

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: erosional unconformity

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A submerged forest is the in place (in situ) remains of trees (especially tree stumps) that lie submerged beneath a bay, sea, ocean, lake, or other body of water. A forest can become submerged as the result of a lake or sea level rise that results in a  lacustrine or marine transgression and in place drowning of the forest. A submerged forest that lies beneath a lake can also be formed by the blockage of a river valley by either a landslide or manmade dam. Examples can be found at low tide on the fringes of the submerged landmass known as Doggerland, around the coast of England and Wales, the Channel Islands, north-west France and Denmark.  These remains have usually been buried in mud, peat or sand for several thousand years before being uncovered by sea level change and erosion. In some places, such as Blackpool Sands, Dartmouth, the remains are normally covered by sand and only rarely exposed. During the storms of 1974 (see Penparcau)  and the Winter storms of 2013–14 in the United Kingdom extensive remains of submerged forests were revealed in a number places around the coast of Britain.

text: A submerged forest is the in place (

text: in situ

text: ) remains of trees (especially tree stumps) that lie submerged beneath a bay, sea, ocean, lake, or other body of water. A forest can become submerged as the result of a lake or

text: sea level rise

text: that results in a  lacustrine or

text: marine transgression

text: and in place drowning of the forest. A submerged forest that lies beneath a lake can also be formed by the blockage of a river valley by either a landslide or manmade dam. Examples can be found at low tide on the fringes of the submerged landmass known as

text: Doggerland

text: , around the coast of England and Wales, the

text: Channel Islands

text: , north-west France and Denmark.  These remains have usually been buried in mud, peat or sand for several thousand years before being uncovered by

text: sea level change

text: and

text: erosion

text: . In some places, such as

text: Blackpool Sands, Dartmouth

text: , the remains are normally covered by sand and only rarely exposed. During the storms of 1974 (see

text: Penparcau

text: )  and the

text: Winter storms of 2013–14 in the United Kingdom

text: extensive remains of submerged forests were revealed in a number places around the coast of Britain.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: a lake or sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: several thousand years

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: blockage of a river valley

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Blackpool Sands

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Blackpool Sands, Dartmouth

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: A forest can become submerged as the result of a lake

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: peat

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Blackpool Sands, Dartmouth

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: in place drowning of the forest

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Beginning with the 1st sequence, the lithologies are consistent with the formation of the basin along with the volcanic arc, the deposition of the volcanic arc sediments, and ultimate uplift of the basin region, which causes the erosional unconformity. The 2nd sequence stratigraphy displays a marine transgression, and ends with an erosional unconformity. This unconformity could be caused by subaerial erosion due to a regression following the transgression, but it is unknown because that stratigraphy has been eroded. The 3rd sequence shows a marine transgressive event following the previous unconformity, leading into the present day.

text: Beginning with the 1st sequence, the lithologies are consistent with the formation of the basin along with the volcanic arc, the deposition of the volcanic arc sediments, and ultimate uplift of the basin region, which causes the erosional unconformity. The 2nd sequence stratigraphy displays a

text: marine transgression

text: , and ends with an erosional unconformity. This unconformity could be caused by subaerial erosion due to a regression following the transgression, but it is unknown because that stratigraphy has been eroded. The 3rd sequence shows a marine transgressive event following the previous unconformity, leading into the present day.

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answers: 3

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: following the previous unconformity

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: volcanic arc

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: 3rd sequence

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: subaerial erosion

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: formation of the basin

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: that stratigraphy has been eroded

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The North Sea basin is located in NE Europe and lies between the United Kingdom, and Norway just north of The Netherlands and can be divided into many sub-basins. The Southern North Sea basin is the largest gas producing basin in the UK continental shelf, with production coming from the lower Permian sandstones which are sealed by the upper Zechstein salt. The evolution of the North Sea basin occurred through multiple stages throughout the geologic timeline. First the creation of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain, followed by the Caledonian Orogeny in the late Silurian and early Devonian. Rift phases occurred in the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic which allowed the opening of the NE Atlantic. Differential uplift occurred in the late Paleogene and Neogene. The geology of the Southern North Sea basin has a complex history of basinal subsidence that had occurred in the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Uplift events occurred which were then followed by crustal extension which allowed rocks to become folded and faulted late in the Paleozoic. Tectonic movements allowed for halokinesis to occur with more uplift in the Mesozoic followed by a major phase of inversion occurred in the Cenozoic affecting many basins in NW Europe. The overall saucer-shaped geometry of the southern North Sea Basin indicates that the major faults have not been actively controlling sediment distribution.

text: The North Sea basin is located in NE Europe and lies between the

text: United Kingdom

text: , and

text: Norway

text: just north of The

text: Netherlands

text: and can be divided into many sub-basins. The Southern North Sea basin is the largest gas producing basin in the UK continental shelf, with production coming from the lower

text: Permian

text: sandstones which are sealed by the upper

text: Zechstein

text: salt. The evolution of the North Sea basin occurred through multiple stages throughout the geologic timeline. First the creation of the

text: Sub-Cambrian peneplain

text: , followed by the

text: Caledonian Orogeny

text: in the late

text: Silurian

text: and early

text: Devonian

text: . Rift phases occurred in the late

text: Paleozoic

text: and early

text: Mesozoic

text: which allowed the opening of the NE Atlantic. Differential uplift occurred in the late

text: Paleogene

text: and

text: Neogene

text: . The geology of the Southern North Sea basin has a complex history of basinal subsidence that had occurred in the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and

text: Cenozoic

text: . Uplift events occurred which were then followed by crustal extension which allowed rocks to become folded and faulted late in the

text: Paleozoic

text: . Tectonic movements allowed for halokinesis to occur with more uplift in the

text: Mesozoic

text: followed by a major phase of inversion occurred in the

text: Cenozoic

text: affecting many basins in NW Europe. The overall saucer-shaped geometry of the southern North Sea Basin indicates that the major faults have not been actively controlling sediment distribution.

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answers: NDQ_005491

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answers: 4

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: basinal subsidence

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Rift

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Differential uplift

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: upper Zechstein salt

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: upper Zechstein salt

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Tectonic movements

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: that the major faults have not been actively controlling sediment distribution

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The geology of the Southern North Sea basin has a complex history of basinal subsidence that had occurred in the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: More recently, documentation of gravels characteristic of the Gunnison River and located at the western mouth of Unaweep Canyon provide evidence for occupation of the canyon by an ancestral Gunnison River  Hence, the ancestral Gunnison River may have carved the canyon. However, another hypothesis holds that the ancestral Gunnison River did not carve the canyon, but exhumed a pre-existing (paleo) canyon. This hypothesis of an ancient age for the inner gorge of Unaweep Canyon comes from dating of sediments recovered in a core through the canyon fill. This core proved the existence of a thick (>300 m) sediment fill in the canyon, an idea first proposed in the 1970s on the basis of a geophysical study. Related to the proposed ancient age for the canyon is the hypothesis that the canyon was glaciated during the Late Paleozoic, roughly 300 million years ago. The hypotheses of a Paleozoic age and glacial origin for the canyon, remain debated, like many other hypotheses for the origin of this scenic canyon.

text: More recently, documentation of gravels characteristic of the Gunnison River and located at the western mouth of Unaweep Canyon provide evidence for occupation of the canyon by an ancestral Gunnison River  Hence, the ancestral Gunnison River may have carved the canyon. However, another hypothesis holds that the ancestral Gunnison River did not carve the canyon, but exhumed a pre-existing (paleo) canyon. This hypothesis of an ancient age for the inner gorge of Unaweep Canyon comes from dating of sediments recovered in a core through the canyon fill. This core proved the existence of a thick (>300 m) sediment fill in the canyon, an idea first proposed in the 1970s on the basis of a geophysical study. Related to the proposed ancient age for the canyon is the hypothesis that the canyon was glaciated during the Late Paleozoic, roughly 300 million years ago. The hypotheses of a Paleozoic age and glacial origin for the canyon, remain debated, like many other hypotheses for the origin of this scenic canyon.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: occupation of the canyon

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Late Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Gunnison River

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: gravels

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: gravels

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glacial origin

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: gravels

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Gunnison River

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: the canyon was glaciated during the Late Paleozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A calcite sea is one in which low-magnesium calcite is the primary inorganic marine calcium carbonate precipitate.  An aragonite sea is the alternate seawater chemistry in which aragonite and high-magnesium calcite are the primary inorganic carbonate precipitates.  The Early Paleozoic and the Middle to Late Mesozoic oceans were predominantly calcite seas, whereas the Middle Paleozoic through the Early Mesozoic and the Cenozoic (including today) are characterized by aragonite seas (Wilkinson et al., 1985; Wilkinson and Given, 1986; Morse and Mackenzie, 1990; Lowenstein et al., 2001; Palmer and Wilson, 2004).

text: A calcite sea is one in which low-magnesium

text: calcite

text: is the primary inorganic marine

text: calcium carbonate

text: precipitate.  An

text: aragonite sea

text: is the alternate seawater chemistry in which

text: aragonite

text: and high-magnesium calcite are the primary inorganic carbonate precipitates.  The Early

text: Paleozoic

text: and the Middle to Late

text: Mesozoic

text: oceans were predominantly calcite seas, whereas the Middle Paleozoic through the Early Mesozoic and the

text: Cenozoic

text: (including today) are characterized by aragonite seas (Wilkinson et al., 1985; Wilkinson and Given, 1986; Morse and Mackenzie, 1990; Lowenstein et al., 2001; Palmer and Wilson, 2004).

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answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: low-magnesium calcite

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: calcite sea

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: aragonite

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: calcite

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: aragonite seas

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: aragonite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: calcite seas

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: aragonite

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Slavonia is entirely located in the Pannonian Basin, one of three major geomorphological parts of Croatia. The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 17 – 12 Mya (million years ago) and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts about 7.5 Mya. Contemporary uplift of the Carpathian Mountains prevented water flowing to the Black Sea, and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the Pleistocene during the uplift of the Transdanubian Mountains. Ultimately, up to  of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the Pannonian sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge. In the southern Pannonian Basin, the Neogene to Quaternary sediment depth is normally lower, averaging , except in central parts of depressions formed by subduction—around  in the Slavonia-Syrmia depression,  in the Sava depression and nearly  in the Drava depression, with the deepest sediment found between Virovitica and Slatina.

text: Slavonia is entirely located in the

text: Pannonian Basin

text: , one of three major

text: geomorphological

text: parts of Croatia. The Pannonian Basin took shape through

text: Miocenian

text: thinning and

text: subsidence

text: of crust structures formed during Late

text: Paleozoic

text: Variscan orogeny

text: . The Paleozoic and

text: Mesozoic

text: structures are visible in

text: Papuk

text: and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a

text: stratovolcanic

text: chain in the basin 17 – 12

text: Mya

text: (million years ago) and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as

text: flood basalt

text: s about 7.5 Mya. Contemporary uplift of the

text: Carpathian Mountains

text: prevented water flowing to the

text: Black Sea

text: , and the

text: Pannonian Sea

text: formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and

text: Dinaric mountains

text: , with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the

text: Pleistocene

text: during the uplift of the

text: Transdanubian Mountains

text: . Ultimately, up to  of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the Pannonian sea eventually drained through the

text: Iron Gate

text: gorge. In the southern Pannonian Basin, the

text: Neogene

text: to

text: Quaternary

text: sediment depth is normally lower, averaging , except in central parts of depressions formed by

text: subduction

text: —around  in the Slavonia-Syrmia depression,  in the Sava depression and nearly  in the Drava depression, with the deepest sediment found between Virovitica and Slatina.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: uplift

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Pannonian Basin

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Miocenian thinning

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Basalts

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Pannonian Basin

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Pannonian Basin

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Helvetic nappes consist of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks deposited on the former southern continental margin of the European plate. A narrow ocean, the Valais Ocean, existed south of Central Europe in the Mesozoic. This later developed into a convergent plate boundary where the European plate subducted beneath the Apulian plate. The sedimentary facies of the rocks from this age thus becomes deeper marine when the rocks were deposited further south. Therefore, the rocks of the Helvetic nappes have a shallower marine facies than the contemporary Bündner slates of the Penninic nappes; and a deeper facies than the rocks of the Infrahelvetic complex of Eastern Switzerland or contemporary sediments in the Jura Mountains north of the Alps.

text: The Helvetic nappes consist of Mesozoic

text: sedimentary rock

text: s deposited on the former southern continental margin of the European plate. A narrow ocean, the

text: Valais Ocean

text: , existed south of Central Europe in the Mesozoic. This later developed into a

text: convergent plate boundary

text: where the European plate

text: subducted

text: beneath the

text: Apulian plate

text: . The

text: sedimentary facies

text: of the rocks from this age thus becomes deeper marine when the rocks were deposited further south. Therefore, the rocks of the Helvetic nappes have a shallower marine facies than the contemporary

text: Bündner slate

text: s of the Penninic nappes; and a deeper facies than the rocks of the Infrahelvetic complex of Eastern Switzerland or contemporary sediments in the

text: Jura Mountains

text: north of the Alps.

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answers: deeper marine when the rocks were deposited further south

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: convergent plate boundary

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: deeper marine

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Mesozoic sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Helvetic nappes

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: slates

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: The sedimentary facies

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Deeper marine when the rocks were deposited further south

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: It was one of the top predators in the Paleozoic seas. It lived in shallow coastal areas, hunting fish, trilobites and other animals using stealth. It would have ambushed its prey by burying itself in sand. Then, when a fish or other unwitting animals came within range, Pterygotus would rise up and grab it with its claws.

text: It was one of the top predators in the Paleozoic seas. It lived in shallow coastal areas, hunting fish,

text: trilobite

text: s and other animals using stealth. It would have ambushed its prey by burying itself in sand. Then, when a fish or other unwitting animals came within range, Pterygotus would rise up and grab it with its claws.

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: ambushed its prey

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: fish, trilobites and other animals

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: rise up

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Pterygotus

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Pterygotus

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: In the Baltic the Litorina Sea had already established itself before the onset of the Subboreal. During the Older Subboreal the second Litorina transgression augmented the sea level to 1 Meter below the actual value. After an intermediate Post-litorine Regression the third Litorina transgression reached 60 centimeters below zero and later during the beginning Subatlantic already today's value.

text: In the

text: Baltic

text: the

text: Litorina Sea

text: had already established itself before the onset of the Subboreal. During the Older Subboreal the

text: second Litorina transgression

text: augmented the sea level to 1 Meter below the actual value. After an intermediate Post-litorine Regression the third Litorina transgression reached 60 centimeters below zero and later during the beginning Subatlantic already today's value.

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answers: a marine transgression

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: subboreal

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Subboreal

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Post-litorine

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Litorina

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sea

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Baltic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Subboreal

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Lees Ferry is located in northern Arizona, at the point where the Paria River joins the Colorado from the north. Lying in an open valley directly downstream from Glen Canyon and shortly above Marble Canyon (the uppermost section of the Grand Canyon), it is the only place in more than  where the Colorado is not hemmed in by sheer canyon walls. This made it an important crossing point before the construction of Navajo and Glen Canyon Bridges in the 20th century. Here, the Colorado River is also much smoother and calmer than the stretches that lie above and below.  In the past, another crossing was the former Glen Canyon reach, but it is now flooded under Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam  upstream. Lees Ferry is designated within the southwesternmost extreme of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and is considered the northernmost end of Grand Canyon National Park. It lies  upstream of the Colorado's mouth at the Gulf of California, at the approximate halfway mark of the river's length.

text: Lees Ferry is located in northern Arizona, at the point where the

text: Paria River

text: joins the Colorado from the north. Lying in an open valley directly downstream from

text: Glen Canyon

text: and shortly above

text: Marble Canyon

text: (the uppermost section of the

text: Grand Canyon

text: ), it is the only place in more than  where the Colorado is not hemmed in by sheer canyon walls. This made it an important crossing point before the construction of

text: Navajo

text: and

text: Glen Canyon

text: Bridges in the 20th century. Here, the Colorado River is also much smoother and calmer than the stretches that lie above and below.  In the past, another crossing was the former Glen Canyon reach, but it is now flooded under

text: Lake Powell

text: , formed by Glen Canyon Dam  upstream. Lees Ferry is designated within the southwesternmost extreme of

text: Glen Canyon National Recreation Area

text: and is considered the northernmost end of

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: . It lies  upstream of the Colorado's mouth at the

text: Gulf of California

text: , at the approximate halfway mark of the river's length.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Gulf of California

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Gulf of California

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Glen Canyon Dam

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Gulf of California

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: sheer

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Glen Canyon Dam

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Marble Canyon

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Marble Canyon

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Marble Canyon

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during the Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny. Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 12–17 Mya; intensified subsidence was observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts at about 7.5 Mya. The contemporary tectonic uplift of the Carpathian Mountains cut off the flow of water to the Black Sea, and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from the uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the Pleistocene epoch during the formation of the Transdanubian Mountains. Ultimately up to  of sediment was deposited in the basin, and the sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge. The result is large plains, particularly in river valleys, and especially along the Sava, Drava, and Kupa rivers. The plains are interspersed with horst and graben structures, believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea's surface as islands. The tallest among these landforms are  Ivanšćica and  Medvednica, north of Zagreb. Parts of  Moslavačka gora, along with igneous landforms on Papuk and Požeška gora mountains in Slavonia to the east, are possibly remnants of a volcanic arc from the same tectonic plate collision that caused the Dinaric Alps.

text: The Pannonian Basin took shape through

text: Miocenian

text: thinning and

text: subsidence

text: of crust structures formed during the Late

text: Paleozoic

text: Variscan orogeny

text: . Paleozoic and

text: Mesozoic

text: structures are visible in

text: Papuk

text: and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a

text: stratovolcanic

text: chain in the basin 12–17

text: Mya

text: ; intensified subsidence was observed until 5 Mya as well as

text: flood basalt

text: s at about 7.5 Mya. The contemporary

text: tectonic uplift

text: of the

text: Carpathian Mountains

text: cut off the flow of water to the

text: Black Sea

text: , and the

text: Pannonian Sea

text: formed in the basin.

text: Sediments

text: were transported to the basin from the uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep

text: fluvial

text: sediments being deposited in the

text: Pleistocene

text: epoch during the formation of the

text: Transdanubian Mountains

text: . Ultimately up to  of sediment was deposited in the basin, and the sea eventually drained through the

text: Iron Gate

text: gorge. The result is large plains, particularly in river valleys, and especially along the Sava,

text: Drava

text: , and

text: Kupa

text: rivers. The plains are interspersed with

text: horst

text: and

text: graben

text: structures, believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea's surface as

text: islands

text: . The tallest among these landforms are

text: Ivanšćica

text: and

text: Medvednica

text: , north of

text: Zagreb

text: . Parts of

text: Moslavačka gora

text: , along with

text: igneous

text: landforms

text: on

text: Papuk

text: and

text: Požeška gora

text: mountains in Slavonia to the east, are possibly remnants of a

text: volcanic arc

text: from the same

text: tectonic plate

text: collision that caused the Dinaric Alps.

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005497

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: volcanic arc

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Pannonian Basin

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Pannonian Basin

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: basalts

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The zone consists of Proterozoic orthogneisses and early Paleozoic volcanic (amphibolites with MORB-protoliths and tuffs) and sedimentary (pelites, calcareous schists and marbles) rocks that were metamorphosed at high grade during the Hercynian orogeny (up to amphibolite facies). These rocks were intruded by two generations of plutons: Silurian to Early Devonian (440-400 million years old) granitoids and middle Carboniferous (Hercynian, 340-325 million years old) granites.

text: The zone consists of

text: Proterozoic

text: orthogneiss

text: es and early Paleozoic

text: volcanic

text: amphibolite

text: s with

text: MORB

text: protolith

text: s and

text: tuff

text: s) and

text: sedimentary

text: pelite

text: s, calcareous

text: schist

text: s and

text: marble

text: s) rocks that were metamorphosed at high grade during the Hercynian orogeny (up to

text: amphibolite facies

text: ). These rocks were intruded by two generations of plutons:

text: Silurian

text: to

text: Early Devonian

text: (440-400 million years old)

text: granitoid

text: s and middle

text: Carboniferous

text: (Hercynian, 340-325 million years old)

text: granite

text: s.

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answers: These rocks were intruded by two generations of plutons

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: two generations

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answers: amphibolite

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answers: the Hercynian orogeny

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Amphibolites with MORB-protoliths and tuffs

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Lookout Studio, known also as The Lookout, is a stone building located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, within Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona.  It is part of the Grand Canyon Village Historic District, and is part of the Mary Jane Colter Buildings National Historic Landmark.  It currently operates as a gift shop and observation station for visitors, with telescopes on its outdoor terrace. Lookout Studio was constructed by the Santa Fe Railway in 1914 and was established as a photography studio to compete with Kolb Studio.  It is one of six buildings at the Grand Canyon that were designed by architect Mary Colter, along with Bright Angel Lodge, Hermit's Rest, Hopi House, Phantom Ranch, and Desert View Watchtower.  Lookout Studio employs her signature rustic style of using jagged native rocks to imitate indigenous structures of the region and to blend in with the environment.

text: Lookout Studio, known also as The Lookout, is a stone building located on the South Rim of the

text: Grand Canyon

text: , within

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: in

text: Arizona

text: .  It is part of the

text: Grand Canyon Village Historic District

text: , and is part of the

text: Mary Jane Colter Buildings National Historic Landmark

text: .  It currently operates as a

text: gift shop

text: and observation station for visitors, with

text: telescope

text: s on its outdoor terrace. Lookout Studio was constructed by the

text: Santa Fe Railway

text: in 1914 and was established as a photography studio to compete with

text: Kolb Studio

text: .  It is one of six buildings at the Grand Canyon that were designed by architect

text: Mary Colter

text: , along with

text: Bright Angel Lodge

text: Hermit's Rest

text: Hopi House

text: Phantom Ranch

text: , and

text: Desert View Watchtower

text: .  Lookout Studio employs her signature rustic style of using jagged native rocks to imitate

text: indigenous

text: structures of the region and to blend in with the environment.

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answers: to blend in with the environment

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answers: Hopi

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answers: Grand Canyon

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answers: jagged

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answers: Jagged native rocks

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answers: Jagged native rocks

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answers: stone

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: jagged native rocks

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: jagged native rocks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Wildfires during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic periods followed patterns similar to fires that occur in modern times. Surface fires driven by dry seasons are evident in Devonian and Carboniferous progymnosperm forests.  Lepidodendron forests dating to the Carboniferous period have charred peaks, evidence of crown fires. In Jurassic gymnosperm forests, there is evidence of high frequency, light surface fires. The increase of fire activity in the late Tertiary is possibly due to the increase of C-type grasses. As these grasses shifted to more mesic habitats, their high flammability increased fire frequency, promoting grasslands over woodlands. However, fire-prone habitats may have contributed to the prominence of trees such as those of the genera Eucalyptus, Pinus and Sequoia, which have thick bark to withstand fires and employ serotiny.

text: Wildfires during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic periods followed patterns similar to fires that occur in modern times. Surface fires driven by dry seasons are evident in Devonian and Carboniferous

text: progymnosperm

text: forests.

text: Lepidodendron

text: forests dating to the Carboniferous period have charred peaks, evidence of crown fires. In Jurassic

text: gymnosperm

text: forests, there is evidence of high frequency, light surface fires. The increase of fire activity in the late

text: Tertiary

text: is possibly due to the increase of

text: C

text: -type grasses. As these grasses shifted to more

text: mesic habitat

text: s, their high flammability increased fire frequency, promoting grasslands over woodlands. However, fire-prone habitats may have contributed to the prominence of trees such as those of the genera

text: Eucalyptus

text: , Pinus and

text: Sequoia

text: , which have thick bark to withstand fires and employ

text: serotiny

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answers: Devonian

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answers: Wildfires

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answers: Devonian

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answers: shale

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answers: C-type grasses

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answers: mesic

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Devonian

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answers: charred peaks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Rocks of Palaeogene age rest unconformably on the Upper Cretaceous sequence on the Isle of Wight. Most of the Palaeocene is missing, in common with all of onshore UK. The Palaeogene strata were deposited in a shallow water marine environment, which was affected by repeated changes in relative sea level, causing cycles of transgression and regression.

text: Rocks of Palaeogene age rest unconformably on the Upper Cretaceous sequence on the Isle of Wight. Most of the Palaeocene is missing, in common with all of onshore UK. The Palaeogene strata were deposited in a shallow water marine environment, which was affected by repeated changes in relative sea level, causing cycles of transgression and regression.

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answers: repeated changes in relative sea level

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answers: changes in relative sea level

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answers: Palaeogene

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answers: Palaeogene

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answers: Rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Upper Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: cycles of transgression and regression

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Smaller and localised sedimentary cycles are not related to worldwide (eustatic) sea level changes but more to the supply of sediment to the adjacent basins where these sediments are being supplied. For example, when the basinward (oceanward) shift with progradation of shorelines was occurring in the Book Cliffs area of Utah the shorelines were receding or transgressing northwards in Wyoming. These sedimentary cycles are representative of the amount of supply of sediment to the basin. In a transgression, less sediment is being supplied than the rate of increase in the depth of water, and thus the shoreline migrates landward. In a regression, if the water depth is decreasing, the shoreline migrates seaward (basinward) and the previous shoreline is eroded.  A regression of the shoreline also occurs if more sediment is being supplied than the shoreline can erode, causing the shoreline to migrate seaward.  The latter is called progradation.

text: Smaller and localised sedimentary cycles are not related to worldwide (eustatic) sea level changes but more to the supply of sediment to the adjacent

text: basins

text: where these sediments are being supplied. For example, when the basinward (oceanward) shift with progradation of shorelines was occurring in the

text: Book Cliffs

text: area of

text: Utah

text: the shorelines were receding or transgressing northwards in

text: Wyoming

text: . These sedimentary cycles are representative of the amount of supply of sediment to the basin. In a

text: transgression

text: , less sediment is being supplied than the rate of increase in the depth of water, and thus the shoreline migrates landward. In a

text: regression

text: , if the water depth is decreasing, the shoreline migrates seaward (basinward) and the previous shoreline is eroded.  A regression of the shoreline also occurs if more sediment is being supplied than the shoreline can erode, causing the shoreline to migrate seaward.  The latter is called progradation.

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answers: Smaller

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: supply of sediment to the adjacent basins

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Book Cliffs

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The latter is called progradation

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answers: The latter is called progradation

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: sedimentary cycles

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The latter is called progradation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Çöpler is an epithermal porphory copper-gold deposit which forms part of the Middle Eocene Çöpler–Kabataş magmatic complex in central-eastern Turkey which formed on the north-eastern margin of the Tauride-Anatolide microcontinent.  The intrusive rocks at Çöpler were emplaced into Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic metamorphosed sedimentary rocks.  Dating of igneous rocks indicate a brief magmatic and hydrothermal history at Çöpler less than a million year long about 43.8–44.6 Ma.  The composition of magma indicate it was generated in a convergent margin.  Çöpler is, however, located to far away from the Maden–Helete arc and therefore must have formed in a back-arc setting, similar to that in the Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah.

text: Çöpler is an

text: epithermal

text: porphory

text: copper-gold deposit which forms part of the Middle Eocene

text: Çöpler–Kabataş magmatic complex

text: in central-eastern Turkey which formed on the north-eastern margin of the

text: Tauride-Anatolide microcontinent

text: .  The intrusive rocks at Çöpler were emplaced into Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic metamorphosed sedimentary rocks.  Dating of igneous rocks indicate a brief magmatic and hydrothermal history at Çöpler less than a million year long about 43.8–44.6

text: Ma

text: .  The composition of magma indicate it was generated in a

text: convergent margin

text: .  Çöpler is, however, located to far away from the

text: Maden–Helete arc

text: and therefore must have formed in a

text: back-arc setting

text: , similar to that in the

text: Bingham Canyon Mine

text: , Utah.

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answers: porphory

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic metamorphosed sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The federal government administrators who manage park resources face many challenges. These include issues related to the recent reintroduction into the wild of the highly endangered California condor, air tour overflight noise levels, water rights disputes with various tribal reservations that border the park, and forest fire management. The Grand Canyon National Park superintendent is Steve Martin, appointed on February 5, 2007 to replace retiring superintendent Joe Alston. Martin was previously the National Park Service Deputy Director and superintendent of several other national parks, including Denali and Grand Teton. Federal officials started a flood in the Grand Canyon in hopes of restoring its ecosystem on March 5, 2008. The canyon's ecosystem was permanently changed after the construction of the Glen Canyon Dam in 1963.

text: The federal government administrators who manage park resources face many challenges. These include issues related to the recent reintroduction into the wild of the highly endangered

text: California condor

text: , air tour overflight noise levels, water rights disputes with various tribal reservations that border the park, and forest fire management. The

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: superintendent is Steve Martin, appointed on February 5, 2007 to replace retiring superintendent Joe Alston. Martin was previously the National Park Service Deputy Director and superintendent of several other national parks, including

text: Denali

text: and

text: Grand Teton

text: . Federal officials started a flood in the Grand Canyon in hopes of restoring its

text: ecosystem

text: on March 5, 2008. The canyon's ecosystem was permanently changed after the construction of the

text: Glen Canyon Dam

text: in 1963.

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answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the canyon's ecosystem was permanently changed

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answers: The canyon's ecosystem was permanently changed

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: By 1869 Americans were reading John Wesley Powell's reports of his explorations of the Colorado River. In 1901, the Santa Fe Railroad reached Grand Canyon's South Rim. With railroad, restaurant and hotel entrepreneur Fred Harvey leading the way, large-scale tourism began that has never abated. The Grand Canyon has become an iconic symbol of the West and the nation as a whole.

text: By 1869 Americans were reading

text: John Wesley Powell

text: 's reports of his explorations of the Colorado River. In 1901, the Santa Fe Railroad reached Grand Canyon's South Rim. With railroad, restaurant and hotel entrepreneur

text: Fred Harvey

text: leading the way, large-scale tourism began that has never abated. The Grand Canyon has become an iconic symbol of the West and the nation as a whole.

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answers: the Grand Canyon

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answers: Colorado River

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Paleontology in Pennsylvania refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The geologic column of Pennsylvania spans from the Precambrian to Quaternary.During the early part of the Paleozoic, Pennsylvania was submerged by a warm, shallow sea. This sea would come to be inhabited by creatures like brachiopods, bryozoans, crinoids, graptolites, and trilobites. The armored fish Palaeaspis appeared during the Silurian. By the Devonian the state was home to other kinds of fishes. On land, some of the world's oldest tetrapods left behind footprints that would later fossilize. Some of Pennsylvania's most important fossil finds were made in the state's Devonian rocks. Carboniferous Pennsylvania was a swampy environment covered by a wide variety of plants. The latter half of the period was called the Pennsylvanian in honor of the state's rich contemporary rock record. By the end of the Paleozoic the state was no longer so swampy. During the Mesozoic the state was home to dinosaurs and other kinds of reptiles, who left behind fossil footprints. Little is known about the early to mid Cenozoic of Pennsylvania, but during the Ice Age it seemed to have a tundra-like environment. Local Delaware people used to smoke mixtures of fossil bones and tobacco for good luck and to have wishes granted. By the late 1800s Pennsylvania was the site of formal scientific investigation of fossils. Around this time Hadrosaurus foulkii of neighboring New Jersey became the first mounted dinosaur skeleton exhibit at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. The Devonian trilobite Phacops rana is the Pennsylvania state fossil.

text: Paleontology in Pennsylvania refers to

text: paleontological

text: research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of

text: Pennsylvania

text: . The geologic column of Pennsylvania spans from the

text: Precambrian

text: to

text: Quaternary

text: .During the early part of the

text: Paleozoic

text: , Pennsylvania was submerged by a warm, shallow

text: sea

text: . This sea would come to be inhabited by creatures like

text: brachiopods

text: bryozoans

text: crinoids

text: graptolites

text: , and

text: trilobites

text: . The armored fish

text: Palaeaspis

text: appeared during the

text: Silurian

text: . By the

text: Devonian

text: the state was home to other kinds of fishes. On land, some of the world's oldest

text: tetrapods

text: left behind footprints that would later fossilize. Some of Pennsylvania's most important fossil finds were made in the state's

text: Devonian

text: rocks.

text: Carboniferous

text: Pennsylvania was a

text: swamp

text: y environment covered by a wide variety of

text: plants

text: . The latter half of the period was called the

text: Pennsylvanian

text: in honor of the state's rich contemporary

text: rock record

text: . By the end of the Paleozoic the state was no longer so swampy. During the

text: Mesozoic

text: the state was home to

text: dinosaurs

text: and other kinds of

text: reptiles

text: , who left behind

text: fossil footprints

text: . Little is known about the early to mid

text: Cenozoic

text: of Pennsylvania, but during the

text: Ice Age

text: it seemed to have a

text: tundra

text: -like environment. Local

text: Delaware people

text: used to

text: smoke

text: mixtures of fossil bones and

text: tobacco

text: for

text: good luck

text: and to have

text: wishes

text: granted. By the late 1800s Pennsylvania was the site of formal scientific investigation of fossils. Around this time

text: Hadrosaurus foulkii

text: of neighboring New Jersey became the first mounted dinosaur skeleton exhibit at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. The

text: Devonian

text: trilobite

text: Phacops rana

text: is the Pennsylvania

text: state fossil

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answers: the Silurian

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answers: Silurian

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answers: warm, shallow sea

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answers: Devonian

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answers: Shale

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answers: It seemed to have a tundra-like environment

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answers: rocks

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answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The armored fish Palaeaspis appeared during the Silurian

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Iron formations must be at least 15% iron in composition, just like ironstones and all iron-rich sedimentary rocks. However, iron formations are mainly Precambrian in age which means that they are 4600 to 590 million years old. They are much older than ironstones. They tend to be cherty, though chert can not be used as a way to classify iron formations because it is a common component in many types of rocks. They are well banded and the banding can be anywhere from a few millimeters to tens of meters thick. The layers have very distinct banded successions that are made up of iron rich layers that alternate with layers of chert. Iron formations are often associates with dolomite, quartz-rich sandstone, and black shale. They sometimes grade locally into chert or dolomite. They can have a many different textures that resemble limestone. Some of these textures are micritic, pelleted, intraclastic, peloidal, oolitic, pisolitic, and stromatolitic.  In low-grade iron formations, there are different dominant minerals dependent on the different types of facies. The dominant minerals in the oxide facies are magnetite and hematite. The dominant minerals in the silicate facies are greenalite, minnesotaite, and glauconite. The dominant mineral in the carbonate facies is siderite.  The dominant mineral in the sulfide facies is pyrite. Most iron formations are deformed or metamorphosed simply due to their incredibly old age, but they still retain their unique distinctive chemical composition; even at high metamorphic grades. The higher the grade, the more metamorphosed it is. Low grade rocks may only be compacted while high grade rocks often can not be identified. They often contain a mixture of banded iron formations and granular iron formations. Iron formations can be divided into subdivisions known as: banded iron formations (BIFs) and granular iron formations (GIFs).

text: Iron formations must be at least 15% iron in composition, just like ironstones and all iron-rich sedimentary rocks. However, iron formations are mainly Precambrian in age which means that they are 4600 to 590 million years old. They are much older than ironstones. They tend to be cherty, though

text: chert

text: can not be used as a way to classify iron formations because it is a common component in many types of rocks. They are well banded and the banding can be anywhere from a few millimeters to tens of meters thick. The layers have very distinct banded successions that are made up of iron rich layers that alternate with layers of chert. Iron formations are often associates with

text: dolomite

text: , quartz-rich sandstone, and

text: black shale

text: . They sometimes grade locally into chert or dolomite. They can have a many different textures that resemble limestone. Some of these textures are micritic, pelleted, intraclastic, peloidal,

text: oolitic

text: pisolitic

text: , and

text: stromatolitic

text: .  In low-grade iron formations, there are different dominant minerals dependent on the different types of

text: facies

text: . The dominant minerals in the oxide facies are magnetite and hematite. The dominant minerals in the silicate facies are

text: greenalite

text: minnesotaite

text: , and

text: glauconite

text: . The dominant mineral in the carbonate facies is siderite.  The dominant mineral in the sulfide facies is

text: pyrite

text: . Most iron formations are deformed or metamorphosed simply due to their incredibly old age, but they still retain their unique distinctive chemical composition; even at high metamorphic grades. The higher the grade, the more metamorphosed it is. Low grade rocks may only be compacted while high grade rocks often can not be identified. They often contain a mixture of

text: banded iron formation

text: s and granular iron formations. Iron formations can be divided into subdivisions known as: banded iron formations (BIFs) and granular iron formations (GIFs).

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Most iron formations are deformed or metamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: granular

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Iron formations

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: granular

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Black shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: banded successions

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: siderite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Iron formations

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Iron formations can be divided into subdivisions known

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Ouachita geosyncline was a major structural or sedimentary basin along southern North America.  It is mostly covered by sedimentary rocks from the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic, but rocks of the former basin outcrop in the Llano Uplift near the Austin region, spanning Oklahoma and Arkansas, where it forms the Ouachita Mountains.  The basin formed during the Paleozoic from the Ordovician through the Mississippian. The basin was involved in the Ouachita orogeny during the Pennsylvanian.

text: The Ouachita

text: geosyncline

text: was a major

text: structural

text: or

text: sedimentary basin

text: along southern North America.  It is mostly covered by

text: sedimentary rock

text: s from the late

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: , but rocks of the former basin outcrop in the

text: Llano Uplift

text: near the

text: Austin

text: region, spanning

text: Oklahoma

text: and

text: Arkansas

text: , where it forms the

text: Ouachita Mountains

text: .  The basin formed during the Paleozoic from the

text: Ordovician

text: through the

text: Mississippian

text: . The basin was involved in the

text: Ouachita orogeny

text: during the

text: Pennsylvanian

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answers: 3

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answers: during the Pennsylvanian

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mississippian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Llano Uplift

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Mississippian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The Ouachita geosyncline

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Ouachita geosyncline

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The basin was involved in the Ouachita orogeny

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Paleontology in Minnesota refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Minnesota. The geologic record of Minnesota spans from Precambrian to recent with the exceptions of major gaps including the Silurian period, the interval from the Middle to Upper Devonian to the Cretaceous, and the Cenozoic. During the Precambrian, Minnesota was covered by an ocean where local bacteria ended up forming banded iron formations and stromatolites. During the early part of the Paleozoic era southern Minnesota was covered by a shallow tropical sea that would come to be home to creatures like brachiopods, bryozoans, massive cephalopods, corals, crinoids, graptolites, and trilobites. The sea withdrew from the state during the Silurian, but returned during the Devonian. However, the rest of the Paleozoic is missing from the local rock record. The Triassic is also missing from the local rock record and Jurassic deposits, while present, lack fossils. Another sea entered the state during the Cretaceous period, this one inhabited by creatures like ammonites and sawfish. Duckbilled dinosaurs roamed the land. The Cenozoic period of the ensuing Cenozoic era is also missing from the local rock record, but during the Ice Age evidence points to glacial activity in the state. Woolly mammoths, mastodons, and musk oxen inhabited Minnesota at the time. Local Native Americans interpreted such remains as the bones of the water monster Unktehi. They also told myths about thunder birds that may have been based on Ice Age bird fossils. By the early 19th century, the state's fossil had already attracted the attention of formally trained scientists. Early research included the Cretaceous plant discoveries made by  Leo Lesquereux.

text: Paleontology in Minnesota refers to

text: paleontological

text: research occurring within or conducted by people from the

text: U.S.

text: state of

text: Minnesota

text: . The

text: geologic record

text: of Minnesota spans from

text: Precambrian

text: to recent with the exceptions of major gaps including the

text: Silurian period

text: , the interval from the

text: Middle

text: to

text: Upper Devonian

text: to the

text: Cretaceous

text: , and the

text: Cenozoic

text: . During the

text: Precambrian

text: , Minnesota was covered by an

text: ocean

text: where local

text: bacteria

text: ended up forming

text: banded iron formations

text: and

text: stromatolites

text: . During the early part of the

text: Paleozoic era

text: southern Minnesota was covered by a shallow

text: tropical

text: sea

text: that would come to be home to creatures like

text: brachiopod

text: s,

text: bryozoans

text: , massive

text: cephalopod

text: s,

text: coral

text: s,

text: crinoid

text: s,

text: graptolites

text: , and

text: trilobite

text: s. The sea withdrew from the state during the

text: Silurian

text: , but returned during the

text: Devonian

text: . However, the rest of the Paleozoic is missing from the local rock record. The

text: Triassic

text: is also missing from the local rock record and

text: Jurassic

text: deposits, while present, lack fossils. Another sea entered the state during the

text: Cretaceous

text: period, this one inhabited by creatures like

text: ammonites

text: and

text: sawfish

text: Duckbilled

text: dinosaurs

text: roamed the land. The

text: Cenozoic

text: period of the ensuing

text: Cenozoic

text: era is also missing from the local

text: rock record

text: , but during the

text: Ice Age

text: evidence points to

text: glacial

text: activity in the state.

text: Woolly mammoth

text: s,

text: mastodon

text: s, and

text: musk oxen

text: inhabited Minnesota at the time. Local

text: Native Americans

text: interpreted such remains as the bones of the water monster Unktehi. They also told myths about

text: thunder birds

text: that may have been based on

text: Ice Age

text: bird fossils. By the early 19th century, the state's fossil had already attracted the attention of formally trained scientists. Early research included the Cretaceous plant discoveries made by

text: Leo Lesquereux

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Silurian, but returned during the Devonian

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: glacial activity

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Cenozoic period

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Minnesota was covered by an ocean

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The rest of the Paleozoic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Rocks compositionally very similar (but texturally different) to the light grey facies can also be found in isolated kilometer-sized enclaves within the main granodiorite (near Saint-Barthélemy-de-Bussière and south of Marval. They show intrusive contact relationships with the main body.

text: Rocks compositionally very similar (but texturally different) to the light grey facies can also be found in isolated kilometer-sized enclaves within the main granodiorite (near

text: Saint-Barthélemy-de-Bussière

text: and south of

text: Marval

text: . They show intrusive contact relationships with the main body.

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answers: 3

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: intrusive contact relationships

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: marine transgressions

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answers: rocks

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answers: granodiorite

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answers: shale

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answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: light grey facies

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: intrusive contact relationships

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: They show intrusive contact relationships

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During the early Paleozoic, Missouri was covered by a warm shallow sea that would come to be home to creatures like Archimedes, brachiopods, shelled cephalopods, conodonts, corals, crinoids, armored fishes, and trilobites. During the Carboniferous a rich flora developed on land. Primitive tetrapods left behind footprints that would later fossilize. By the end of that period the sea had disappeared from the state. The Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic are missing from the local rock record. At that time southeastern Missouri was covered in seawater. On land, the state was home to dinosaurs. Missouri remained partially covered by seawater into the early Cenozoic while a great diversity of trees grew on land.

text: During the early

text: Paleozoic

text: , Missouri was covered by a warm shallow

text: sea

text: that would come to be home to creatures like

text: Archimedes

text: , brachiopods, shelled

text: cephalopod

text: s,

text: conodont

text: s,

text: coral

text: s,

text: crinoid

text: s, armored

text: fish

text: es, and

text: trilobite

text: s. During the

text: Carboniferous

text: a rich

text: flora

text: developed on land. Primitive

text: tetrapods

text: left behind

text: footprints

text: that would later fossilize. By the end of that period the sea had disappeared from the state. The Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic are missing from the local

text: rock record

text: . At that time southeastern Missouri was covered in seawater. On land, the state was home to

text: dinosaurs

text: . Missouri remained partially covered by seawater into the early

text: Cenozoic

text: while a great diversity of trees grew on land.

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answers: By the end of that period the sea had disappeared from the state

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: warm shallow sea

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Carboniferous

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answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Missouri was covered by a warm shallow sea

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossil

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Missouri was covered by a warm shallow sea

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: By the end of that period

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Kenton Grua was the first person in recorded history to walk the entire length of the Grand Canyon. The Colorado River forms the base of the canyon and he walked along or near it from the northern terminus at Lee's Ferry to the southern terminus at Grand Wash Cliffs. Grua first had the idea after reading Colin Fletcher's best-seller The Man Who Walked Through Time (1968) in which Fletcher hiked the length of the Canyon inside Grand Canyon National Park, the first person to do so. However, this was only about half the length of the canyon, because at the time Fletcher conducted his trip in 1963, the National Park did not include the entire length of the canyon (it was later expanded). Others had hiked large portions of the canyon in multiple sections over a number of years. Grua wanted to "do it right" by hiking the entire canyon in a single trip.

text: Kenton Grua was the first person in recorded history to walk the entire length of the Grand Canyon. The Colorado River forms the base of the canyon and he walked along or near it from the northern terminus at

text: Lee's Ferry

text: to the southern terminus at

text: Grand Wash Cliffs

text: . Grua first had the idea after reading

text: Colin Fletcher

text: 's best-seller

text: The Man Who Walked Through Time

text: (1968) in which Fletcher hiked the length of the Canyon inside

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: , the first person to do so. However, this was only about half the length of the canyon, because at the time Fletcher conducted his trip in 1963, the National Park did not include the entire length of the canyon (it was later expanded). Others had hiked large portions of the canyon in multiple sections over a number of years. Grua wanted to "do it right" by hiking the entire canyon in a single trip.

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answers: Lee's Ferry

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answers: hundreds

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Colorado River

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: the Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Grand Wash Cliffs

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Colorado River forms the base of the canyon

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Colorado River

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Grand Wash Cliffs

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Colorado River forms the base

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In the northeast Grand Canyon, the Tapeats is still the defining cliff unit at the Great Unconformity between the paleozoic Tapeats Sandstone and the basement geology below.  However, the entire east of the Kaibab Plateau is an uplifted side of the East Kaibab Monocline.  The down-dropped east side of the Kaibab Plateau is defined by the south-flowing Colorado River.

text: In the northeast Grand Canyon, the Tapeats is still the defining cliff unit at the Great Unconformity between the

text: paleozoic

text: Tapeats Sandstone and the basement geology below.  However, the entire east of the Kaibab Plateau is an uplifted side of the

text: East Kaibab Monocline

text: .  The down-dropped east side of the Kaibab Plateau is defined by the south-flowing Colorado River.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The edge, which is characterised as a steep rock face for much of its  length, runs from grid reference  just east of the village of Deepcar in a roughly southeasterly direction to grid reference  just east of Wharncliffe Side. Wharncliffe Crags stand on the eastern side of the upper River Don valley at around  above sea level, the highest spot height being . Although set in a pleasant situation, the northern end of the crags are never far away from the buzz of civilisation with the noise of the nearby Stocksbridge bypass and A6102 road ever-present; there are also two lines of electricity pylons, which converge at the northern end of the crags. The escarpment was formed 320 million years ago in the Paleozoic era.

text: The edge, which is characterised as a steep rock face for much of its  length, runs from grid reference  just east of the village of

text: Deepcar

text: in a roughly southeasterly direction to grid reference  just east of

text: Wharncliffe Side

text: . Wharncliffe Crags stand on the eastern side of the upper

text: River Don

text: valley at around  above sea level, the highest

text: spot height

text: being . Although set in a pleasant situation, the northern end of the crags are never far away from the buzz of civilisation with the noise of the nearby

text: Stocksbridge bypass

text: and A6102 road ever-present; there are also two lines of

text: electricity pylon

text: s, which converge at the northern end of the crags. The escarpment was formed 320 million years ago in the

text: Paleozoic

text: era.

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answers: the Paleozoic era

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answers: 320 million years ago

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: During the Mesozoic era (about 250 to 66 million years ago) a large ocean (Tethys Ocean), floored by oceanic lithosphere existed in-between the supercontinents of Gondwana and Laurasia (which lay to the south and north respectively). This large oceanic plate was consumed at subduction zones. At the subduction trenches the sedimentary rock layers that were deposited within the prehistoric Tethys Ocean buckled, were folded, faulted and tectonically mixed with huge blocks of crystalline basement rocks of the oceanic lithosphere. These blocks form a very complex mixture or mélange of rocks that include mainly serpentinite, basalt, dolerite, and chert. The Eurasian margin, now preserved in the Pontides (the Pontic Mountains along the Black Sea coast), is thought to have been geologically similar to the Western Pacific region today. Volcanic arcs and back-arc basins formed and were emplaced onto Eurasia as ophiolites as they collided with microcontinents (literally relatively small plates of continental lithosphere). These microcontinents had been pulled away from the Gondwanan continent further south. Turkey is therefore made up from several different prehistorical microcontinents.

text: During the

text: Mesozoic era

text: (about 250 to 66 million years ago) a large ocean (

text: Tethys Ocean

text: ), floored by oceanic lithosphere existed in-between the

text: supercontinent

text: s of

text: Gondwana

text: and

text: Laurasia

text: (which lay to the south and north respectively). This large oceanic plate was consumed at

text: subduction zone

text: s. At the subduction trenches the sedimentary rock layers that were deposited within the prehistoric Tethys Ocean buckled, were folded, faulted and tectonically mixed with huge blocks of crystalline basement rocks of the oceanic lithosphere. These blocks form a very complex mixture or

text: mélange

text: of rocks that include mainly

text: serpentinite

text: basalt

text: dolerite

text: , and

text: chert

text: . The Eurasian margin, now preserved in the Pontides (the

text: Pontic Mountains

text: along the Black Sea coast), is thought to have been geologically similar to the Western Pacific region today.

text: Volcanic arc

text: s and

text: back-arc basin

text: s formed and were emplaced onto Eurasia as

text: ophiolite

text: s as they collided with

text: microcontinent

text: s (literally relatively small plates of continental lithosphere). These microcontinents had been pulled away from the Gondwanan continent further south. Turkey is therefore made up from several different prehistorical microcontinents.

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answers: Turkey is therefore made up from several different prehistorical microcontinents

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answers: subduction trenches

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Man Who Walked Through Time (1968) is Colin Fletcher's chronicle of the first person to walk a continuous route through Grand Canyon National Park. When Fletcher conducted the trip in 1963, the park did not encompass the entire length of the canyon; it was later expanded so it did. Fletcher thus only walked about half of the physical canyon, though he was correct in saying he was the first to walk the section of the canyon designated as a national park. Kenton Grua, a professional river guide, was the first person to walk the entire length of the Grand Canyon, in 1977. He was inspired by Fletcher's book but set out to "do it right" by walking it from end to end, not just the section inside the park.

text: The Man Who Walked Through Time (1968) is

text: Colin Fletcher

text: 's chronicle of the first person to walk a continuous route through

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: . When Fletcher conducted the trip in 1963, the park did not encompass the entire length of the canyon; it was later expanded so it did. Fletcher thus only walked about half of the physical canyon, though he was correct in saying he was the first to walk the section of the canyon designated as a national park.

text: Kenton Grua

text: , a professional river guide, was the first person to walk the entire length of the Grand Canyon, in 1977. He was inspired by Fletcher's book but set out to "do it right" by walking it from end to end, not just the section inside the park.

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answers: Grand Canyon

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Ponto-Caspian seas are the remains of the Turgai Sea, an extension of the Paratethys which extended south and east of the Urals and covering much of today's West Siberian Plain in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.

text: The Ponto-Caspian seas are the remains of the

text: Turgai Sea

text: , an extension of the

text: Paratethys

text: which extended south and east of the Urals and covering much of today's

text: West Siberian Plain

text: in the

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

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text: In the North Sea region the Flandrian transgression of the Atlantic was followed by a slight regression or standstill at the beginning of the Subboreal.

text: In the

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text: Flandrian transgression

text: of the Atlantic was followed by a slight regression or standstill at the beginning of the Subboreal.

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text: Naturally, most finds are from comparatively recent times. More than 20 fossil species are known from the Cenozoic, three from the Mesozoic, and at least seven from the Paleozoic.

text: Naturally, most finds are from comparatively recent times. More than 20 fossil species are known from the

text: Cenozoic

text: , three from the

text: Mesozoic

text: , and at least seven from the

text: Paleozoic

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text: In 2006, Dr. Christopher R. Wolfe documented the history of the Society for Computers in Psychology in Behavior Research Methods:SCiP history may be divided into three eras: the Paleozoic (1971–1982), the Mesozoic (1982–1994), and the Cenozoic (1994–present). Following a list of Secretary–Treasurers, a list of all SCiP Presidents is provided in Table 1. Next I present personal highlights, including the first symposium on psychology and the World-Wide Web; David Rumelhart’s mathematical explanation of connectionism; and Stevan Harnad’s discussion of “freeing” the journal literature. I observe that a small conference is becoming more intimate and that much of our mission involves figuring out how to conduct high-quality scientific research with consumer-grade electronics. I argue that we are an increasingly international organization, that graduate students are welcome, and that we should become more inclusive in the areas of gender and ethnicity and should make membership more meaningful. I conclude by looking ahead and attempting to predict the future.

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text: Observations of the surfaces of many Solar System bodies reveals important clues about their evolution. For example, a lava flow that spreads out and fills a large impact crater is likely to be younger than the crater.  On the other hand, a small crater on top of the same lava flow is likely to be younger than both the lava and the larger crater since it can be surmised to have been the product of a later, unobserved, geological event.  This principle, called the law of superposition, and other principles of stratigraphy, first formulated by Nicholas Steno in the 17th century, allowed geologists of the 19th century to divide the history of the Earth into the familiar eras of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. The same methodology was later applied to the Moon and then to Mars.

text: Observations of the surfaces of many Solar System bodies reveals important clues about their evolution. For example, a lava flow that spreads out and fills a large impact crater is likely to be younger than the crater.  On the other hand, a small crater on top of the same lava flow is likely to be younger than both the lava and the larger crater since it can be surmised to have been the product of a later, unobserved, geological event.  This principle, called the

text: law of superposition

text: , and other principles of

text: stratigraphy

text: , first formulated by

text: Nicholas Steno

text: in the 17th century, allowed geologists of the 19th century to divide the history of the Earth into the familiar eras of

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Cenozoic

text: . The same methodology was later applied to the Moon and then to Mars.

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answers: unobserved, geological event

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answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: lava flow

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: unobserved, geological event

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: craters

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Observations of the surfaces of many Solar System bodies

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: South America is believed to have been joined with Africa from the late Paleozoic Era to the early Mesozoic Era, until the supercontinent Pangaea began to rift and break apart about 225 million years ago. Therefore, South America and Africa share similar fossils and rock layers.

text: South America is believed to have been joined with

text: Africa

text: from the late

text: Paleozoic Era

text: to the early

text: Mesozoic Era

text: , until the

text: supercontinent

text: Pangaea

text: began to rift and break apart about 225 million years ago. Therefore, South America and Africa share similar fossils and rock layers.

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answers: NDQ_005492

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: rift and break apart

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 225 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: rift and break apart

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: rift and break apart

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Halite

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: South America

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic Era

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: fossils and rock layers

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Part of the evidence for the first Laramide mountain building west of the Teton region is the several hundred cubic miles of quartzite boulders derived from the Targhee uplift, which was located north and west of the northern end of the present-day Teton Range. Streams carried boulders, sand, and clay from the uplift eastward and southeastward across what would become Jackson Hole. Flakes of gold and some mercury are in the resulting Harebell Formation. Two huge depositional troughs were formed in central and southern Wyoming from fine-grained debris carried farther east and southeast. Many of the larger boulders were derived from Precambrian and possibly lower Paleozoic quartzites, meaning that at least  of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rock must have been stripped from the Targhee uplift before the quartzites were exposed to erosion.

text: Part of the evidence for the first Laramide mountain building west of the Teton region is the several hundred cubic miles of

text: quartzite

text: boulders derived from the

text: Targhee uplift

text: , which was located north and west of the northern end of the present-day Teton Range. Streams carried boulders, sand, and clay from the uplift eastward and southeastward across what would become Jackson Hole. Flakes of

text: gold

text: and some

text: mercury

text: are in the resulting

text: Harebell Formation

text: . Two huge depositional troughs were formed in central and southern Wyoming from fine-grained debris carried farther east and southeast. Many of the larger boulders were derived from Precambrian and possibly lower Paleozoic quartzites, meaning that at least  of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rock must have been stripped from the Targhee uplift before the quartzites were exposed to erosion.

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: lower Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Targhee uplift

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Harebell Formation

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Clay

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Lower Paleozoic quartzites

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: quartzite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Harebell Formation

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: lower Paleozoic quartzites

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Shanley and McCabe (1991) described two major sequence boundaries, which separate the Calico Bed from the underlying shales and the Drip Tank Member from the top of the John Henry Member. In addition they describe two minor sequence boundaries, one within the Tibbet Canyon Member while the other above the A-sandstone within the John Henry Member. Work done by Allen and Johnson (2010a, b, 2011) in the Rogers Canyon area reassessed some of the interpretations made by Shanley and McCabe (1991) and found multiple retrogradationally stacked parasequences creating overall transgressive-regressive cycles.

text: Shanley and McCabe (1991) described two major sequence boundaries, which separate the Calico Bed from the underlying shales and the Drip Tank Member from the top of the John Henry Member. In addition they describe two minor sequence boundaries, one within the Tibbet Canyon Member while the other above the A-sandstone within the John Henry Member. Work done by Allen and Johnson (2010a, b, 2011) in the Rogers Canyon area reassessed some of the interpretations made by Shanley and McCabe (1991) and found multiple retrogradationally stacked parasequences creating overall transgressive-regressive cycles.

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answers: the Calico Bed from the underlying shales

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: overall

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: transgressive-regressive cycles

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: John Henry Member

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shales

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Allen and Johnson

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Calico Bed

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: transgressive-regressive cycles

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Shanley and McCabe (1991)

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Much of New York was covered in seawater during the early part of the Paleozoic era. This sea came to be inhabited by invertebrates like brachiopods, conodonts, eurypterids, jellyfish, and trilobites. Local marine vertebrates included arthrodires, chimaeroids, lobe-finned fishes, and lungfish. By the Devonian the state was home to some of the oldest known forests.

text: Much of New York was covered in seawater during the early part of the

text: Paleozoic era

text: . This

text: sea

text: came to be inhabited by invertebrates like

text: brachiopods

text: conodonts

text: eurypterids

text: jellyfish

text: , and

text: trilobites

text: . Local marine vertebrates included

text: arthrodires

text: chimaeroids

text: lobe-finned fishes

text: , and

text: lungfish

text: . By the

text: Devonian

text: the state was home to some of the oldest known

text: forests

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: much of New York was covered in seawater

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: forests

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Devonian

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The state was home to some of the oldest known forests

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The Alborz mountain range forms a barrier between the south Caspian and the Iranian plateau. This range is located in northern Iran, parallel to the southern margin of Caspian Sea. Alborz is characterized by the dominance of platform-type sediments, including limestone, dolostone, and clastic rocks. Rock units from Precambrian to Quaternary have been identified, with some hiatuses and unconformities in Paleozoic and Mesozoic. Unlike its northern and southern boundaries, (Caspian Sea and Central Iran, respectively) there is not a consensus regarding the eastern and the western limits of Alborz. The Binalud Mountains in the east, although the continuation of the Alborz, bear features comparable to those of Central Iran. The Alborz mountain range is only 60–130 km wide and consists of sedimentary series dating from Upper Devonian to Oligocene, prevalently Jurassic limestone over a granite core. Continental conditions regarding sedimentation are reflected by thick Devonian sandstones and by Jurassic shales containing coal seams. Marine conditions are reflected by Carboniferous and Permian strata that are composed mainly of limestones. In the Eastern Alborz Range, the far eastern section is formed by the Mesozoic (chiefly Triassic and Jurassic) rocks, while the western part of the Eastern Alborz Range is made primarily of the Paleozoic rocks. The Precambrian rocks can be found chiefly south of the city of Gorgan situated in the southeast of the Caspian Sea and in much smaller portions in the central and western parts of the Central Alborz Range. The central part of the Central Alborz Range is formed predominantly of the Triassic and Jurassic rocks, while the northwestern section of the range is made chiefly of Jurassic rocks. Very thick beds of the Tertiary (mostly of the Eocene) green volcanic tuffs and lavas are found mainly in the southwestern and south-central parts of the range. The far northwestern part of the Alborz that constitutes what is called the Western Alborz Range or the Talish Mountains is made mainly of the Upper Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary deposits with a strip of Paleozoic rocks and a band of Triassic and Jurassic rocks in the southern parts, both in a northwest-southeast direction. With the northward movement of Africa and the Arabian plate and with the closure of the Tethys Sea as the Arabian Plate collided with the Iranian Plate and was pushed against it, and with the clockwise movement of the Eurasian Plate towards the Iranian Plate and their final collision, the Iranian Plate was pressed from both sides. The collisions finally caused the folding of the Upper Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleogene rocks, and the Cenozoic (chiefly the Eocene) volcanism to form the Alborz Mountains mainly in the Miocene. The Alpine orogeny began, therefore, with Eocene volcanism in southwestern and south-central parts of the Alborz and continued with the uplift and folding of the older sedimentary rocks in the northwestern, central and eastern parts of the range during the orogenic phases of importance that date from the Miocene and the Pliocene epochs.

text: The

text: Alborz

text: mountain range forms a barrier between the south Caspian and the Iranian plateau. This range is located in northern Iran, parallel to the southern margin of

text: Caspian Sea

text: . Alborz is characterized by the dominance of platform-type sediments, including limestone, dolostone, and clastic rocks. Rock units from Precambrian to Quaternary have been identified, with some hiatuses and unconformities in Paleozoic and Mesozoic. Unlike its northern and southern boundaries, (Caspian Sea and Central Iran, respectively) there is not a consensus regarding the eastern and the western limits of Alborz. The

text: Binalud Mountains

text: in the east, although the continuation of the Alborz, bear features comparable to those of Central Iran. The Alborz mountain range is only 60–130 km wide and consists of sedimentary series dating from

text: Upper Devonian

text: to

text: Oligocene

text: , prevalently Jurassic limestone over a

text: granite

text: core. Continental conditions regarding sedimentation are reflected by thick

text: Devonian

text: sandstone

text: s and by Jurassic shales containing

text: coal

text: seams. Marine conditions are reflected by

text: Carboniferous

text: and

text: Permian

text: strata that are composed mainly of

text: limestone

text: s. In the Eastern Alborz Range, the far eastern section is formed by the

text: Mesozoic

text: (chiefly

text: Triassic

text: and

text: Jurassic

text: ) rocks, while the western part of the Eastern Alborz Range is made primarily of the

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks. The

text: Precambrian

text: rocks can be found chiefly south of the city of

text: Gorgan

text: situated in the southeast of the Caspian Sea and in much smaller portions in the central and western parts of the Central Alborz Range. The central part of the Central Alborz Range is formed predominantly of the Triassic and Jurassic rocks, while the northwestern section of the range is made chiefly of Jurassic rocks. Very thick beds of the Tertiary (mostly of the

text: Eocene

text: ) green volcanic

text: tuff

text: s and

text: lava

text: s are found mainly in the southwestern and south-central parts of the range. The far northwestern part of the Alborz that constitutes what is called the Western Alborz Range or the

text: Talish Mountains

text: is made mainly of the

text: Upper Cretaceous

text: volcano-sedimentary deposits with a strip of Paleozoic rocks and a band of Triassic and Jurassic rocks in the southern parts, both in a northwest-southeast direction. With the northward movement of Africa and the Arabian plate and with the closure of the

text: Tethys Sea

text: as the Arabian Plate collided with the Iranian Plate and was pushed against it, and with the clockwise movement of the Eurasian Plate towards the Iranian Plate and their final collision, the Iranian Plate was pressed from both sides. The collisions finally caused the folding of the Upper

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Paleogene

text: rocks, and the

text: Cenozoic

text: (chiefly the

text: Eocene

text: volcanism

text: to form the Alborz Mountains mainly in the Miocene. The

text: Alpine orogeny

text: began, therefore, with Eocene volcanism in southwestern and south-central parts of the Alborz and continued with the uplift and folding of the older sedimentary rocks in the northwestern, central and eastern parts of the range during the orogenic phases of importance that date from the

text: Miocene

text: and the

text: Pliocene

text: epochs.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: Carboniferous and Permian

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Carboniferous

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answers: Caspian Sea

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Jurassic shales

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Alborz mountain range

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Caspian

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The  vertebrae were complex and not particularly strong, consisting of numerous, often poorly ossified elements. The long bones of the limbs were short and broad and the ankle had limited mobility and the toes lacked claws, limiting the amount of traction the feet could produce. This would have made most labyrinthodonts slow and clumsy on land. In adulthood, most of the larger species were likely confined to water. Some late Paleozoic groups, particularly microsaurs and seymouriamorphs, were small to medium-sized and appear to have been competent terrestrial animals. The advanced diadectomorphs from the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian were fully terrestrial with stout skeletons, and were the heaviest land animals of their time. The Mesozoic labyrinthodonts were primarily aquatic with increasingly cartilaginous skeleton.

text: The

text: vertebrae

text: were complex and not particularly strong, consisting of numerous, often poorly ossified elements. The

text: long bones

text: of the limbs were short and broad and the ankle had limited mobility and the toes lacked

text: claw

text: s, limiting the amount of traction the feet could produce. This would have made most labyrinthodonts slow and clumsy on land. In adulthood, most of the larger species were likely confined to water. Some late Paleozoic groups, particularly

text: microsaurs

text: and

text: seymouriamorphs

text: , were small to medium-sized and appear to have been competent terrestrial animals. The advanced diadectomorphs from the

text: Late Carboniferous

text: and Early

text: Permian

text: were fully terrestrial with stout skeletons, and were the heaviest land animals of their time. The

text: Mesozoic

text: labyrinthodonts were primarily aquatic with increasingly cartilaginous skeleton.

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answers: adulthood

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Carboniferous

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answers: Late Carboniferous

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answers: shale

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answers: In adulthood, most of the larger species were likely confined to water

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Late Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: In adulthood, most of the larger species were likely confined to water

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Robert Lynn Carroll   (born May 5, 1938) is a vertebrate paleontologist who specialises in Paleozoic and Mesozoic amphibians and reptiles.

text: Robert Lynn Carroll   (born May 5, 1938) is a vertebrate

text: paleontologist

text: who specialises in

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: amphibian

text: s and

text: reptile

text: s.

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answers: Paleozoic

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Paleozoic

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Paleozoic

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answers: fossils

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Paleozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: No Precambrian fossils are known from Iowa, so the fossil record does not begin until the Paleozoic. During the early Paleozoic, most of Iowa was submerged by an ancient sea. The bottom of this sea was home to creatures like brachiopods, bryozoans, cephalopods, corals, molluscs, and trilobites. The life of Mississippian Iowa included blastoids, brachiopods, coral, crinoids, and starfish. Blastoids from this time period left behind remains in what is now the southeastern part of the state. Brachiopods from this time period left behind remains in what is now the southeastern Benton County and the southeastern part of the state. The Benton County brachiopods included Atrypa and Spirifer. Corals of Mississippian Iowa included the colonial Hexagonaria of southeastern Benton County. Crinoids left behind remains in what are now the Le Grand area and the southeastern part of the state. Some of the Le Grand crinoids are rare in other places. Some of the Le Grand starfishes are rare in other places. Vertebrate life included fishes. Fish teeth of this time period fossilized in the southeastern part of the state. As the Paleozoic drew to a close, Iowa's sea's dried up. For a significant length of time sediments were being eroded away from the state rather than deposited.

text: No

text: Precambrian

text: fossils are known from Iowa, so the fossil record does not begin until the

text: Paleozoic

text: . During the early Paleozoic, most of Iowa was submerged by an ancient

text: sea

text: . The bottom of this sea was home to creatures like

text: brachiopods

text: bryozoans

text: cephalopod

text: s,

text: coral

text: s,

text: mollusc

text: s, and

text: trilobite

text: s. The life of

text: Mississippian

text: Iowa included

text: blastoids

text: , brachiopods, coral, crinoids, and

text: starfish

text: . Blastoids from this time period left behind remains in what is now the southeastern part of the state. Brachiopods from this time period left behind remains in what is now the southeastern

text: Benton County

text: and the southeastern part of the state. The Benton County brachiopods included

text: Atrypa

text: and

text: Spirifer

text: . Corals of Mississippian Iowa included the colonial

text: Hexagonaria

text: of southeastern Benton County. Crinoids left behind remains in what are now the

text: Le Grand

text: area and the southeastern part of the state. Some of the Le Grand crinoids are rare in other places. Some of the Le Grand starfishes are rare in other places. Vertebrate life included

text: fishes

text: . Fish teeth of this time period fossilized in the southeastern part of the state. As the Paleozoic drew to a close, Iowa's sea's dried up. For a significant length of time sediments were being eroded away from the state rather than deposited.

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answers: most of Iowa was submerged by an ancient sea

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mississippian

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answers: sediments were being eroded away

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answers: Mississippian

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answers: shale

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answers: Iowa's sea's dried up

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answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Mississippian

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The bottom of this sea

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, the mostly low-lying Interior Plains region remained relatively unaffected by the mountain-building tectonic collisions occurring on margins of the continent. During much of the Mesozoic Era, the North American continental interior were mostly well above sea level, with two major exceptions. During part of the Jurassic, rising seas flooded the low-lying areas of the continent, forming the Sundance Sea; in the Cretaceous, much of the Interior Plains region lay submerged beneath the Western Interior Seaway.

text: Throughout the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: eras, the mostly low-lying Interior Plains region remained relatively unaffected by the

text: mountain-building

text: tectonic collisions occurring on margins of the continent. During much of the Mesozoic Era, the North American continental interior were mostly well above sea level, with two major exceptions. During part of the

text: Jurassic

text: , rising seas flooded the low-lying areas of the continent, forming the

text: Sundance Sea

text: ; in the

text: Cretaceous

text: , much of the Interior Plains region lay submerged beneath the

text: Western Interior Seaway

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answers: rising seas flooded the low-lying areas

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Jurassic

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answers: mountain-building tectonic collisions

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answers: Sundance Sea

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answers: The Sundance Sea

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answers: tectonic collisions occurring on margins of the continent

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answers: Seaway

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: tectonic collisions

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Evidence of marine regressions and transgressions occurs throughout the fossil record, and these fluctuations are thought to have caused or contributed to several mass extinctions, among them the Permian-Triassic extinction event (250 million years ago) and Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (66 Ma). At the time of the Permian-Triassic extinction, the largest extinction event in the Earth's history, global sea level fell 250 m (820 ft).

text: Evidence of marine regressions and transgressions occurs throughout the fossil record, and these fluctuations are thought to have caused or contributed to several

text: mass extinctions

text: , among them the

text: Permian-Triassic extinction event

text: (250 million years ago) and

text: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

text: Ma

text: ). At the time of the Permian-Triassic extinction, the largest extinction event in the Earth's history, global sea level fell 250 m (820 ft).

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answers: mass extinction

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answers: Permian–Triassic

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answers: mass extinctions

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answers: Permian–Triassic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: sea level fell 250 m

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answers: global sea level fell 250 m

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossil

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: marine regressions and transgressions

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: global sea level fell 250 m

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Sundance Sea did not occur at a single time; geological evidence suggests that the Sea was actually a series of five successive marine transgressions—each separated by an erosional hiatus—which advanced and receded from the middle Jurassic onward.  The terrestrial sediments of the Morrison Formation—eroded from rising highlands to the west—were deposited on top of the marine Sundance sediments as the sea regressed for the last time late in the Jurassic.

text: The Sundance Sea did not occur at a single time; geological evidence suggests that the Sea was actually a series of five successive

text: marine transgressions

text: —each separated by an

text: erosion

text: al

text: hiatus

text: —which advanced and receded from the middle

text: Jurassic

text: onward.  The terrestrial sediments of the

text: Morrison Formation

text: —eroded from rising highlands to the west—were deposited on top of the marine

text: Sundance sediments

text: as the sea regressed for the last time late in the Jurassic.

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answers: advanced and receded

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: five

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: rising highlands

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Morrison Formation

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The Morrison Formation

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: rising highlands to the west

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Morrison Formation

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: sediments of the Morrison Formation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As in the rest of South America, a combination of external and internal tectonic, volcanic, and glacial forces over the eons formed Colombia's present-day geology. Island-like outcrops of metamorphic rocks in the eastern Llanos are visible remnants of Precambrian times. During the 289-million-year-long Paleozoic Era, which  began 541 million years ago, the ocean invaded the area which is exposed in Colombia's Andean zone, as subterranean volcanic eruptions in the western part of the country spouted lava. In the Triassic Period of the 186-million-year-long Mesozoic Era, which began 252 million years ago, the sea that occupied the Andean zone separated into two parts after the Cordillera Central rose. Large layers of sedimentary rock were deposited during the Jurassic Period, which ended with great igneous activity. During the Cretaceous Period, the sea to the east of the Cordillera Central extended to Putumayo region in the south, while subterranean volcanic activity continued to the west of the Cordillera Central. During the Cenozoic Era, which began about 66 million years ago, the seas withdrew from most of Colombia's territory, and enormous granite masses formed along the Cordillera Occidental. The three cordilleras began to take shape 12 million years ago. The Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Central form the western and eastern sides of a massive crystalline arch, which extends from the Caribbean lowlands to the southern border of Ecuador. The Cordillera Oriental, however, is composed of folded stratified rocks overlying a crystalline core.

text: As in the rest of South America, a combination of external and internal tectonic, volcanic, and glacial forces over the eons formed Colombia's present-day geology. Island-like outcrops of

text: metamorphic rocks

text: in the eastern

text: Llanos

text: are visible remnants of

text: Precambrian

text: times. During the 289-million-year-long

text: Paleozoic Era

text: , which  began 541 million years ago, the ocean invaded the area which is exposed in Colombia's

text: Andean

text: zone, as subterranean

text: volcanic

text: eruptions in the western part of the country spouted lava. In the

text: Triassic Period

text: of the 186-million-year-long

text: Mesozoic Era

text: , which began 252 million years ago, the sea that occupied the Andean zone separated into two parts after the

text: Cordillera Central

text: rose. Large layers of

text: sedimentary rock

text: were deposited during the

text: Jurassic Period

text: , which ended with great

text: igneous

text: activity. During the

text: Cretaceous Period

text: , the sea to the east of the Cordillera Central extended to

text: Putumayo region

text: in the south, while subterranean volcanic activity continued to the west of the Cordillera Central. During the

text: Cenozoic Era

text: , which began about 66 million years ago, the seas withdrew from most of Colombia's territory, and enormous

text: granite

text: masses formed along the

text: Cordillera Occidental

text: . The three cordilleras began to take shape 12 million years ago. The Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Central form the western and eastern sides of a massive crystalline arch, which extends from the Caribbean lowlands to the southern border of Ecuador. The Cordillera Oriental, however, is composed of folded stratified rocks overlying a crystalline core.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: the ocean invaded the area

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 541 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: stratified rocks

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The Cordillera Oriental

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glacial forces

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: folded stratified rocks overlying a crystalline core

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The three cordilleras began to take shape 12 million years ago

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The first sequence in the Dogger (note: sequences are only distinguished in the eastern shelf-domain) starts transgressing in a restricted environment during the Bajocian with dolomites. In places, Aalenian is reworked. The Bathonian is calcareous in the northeast, whereas in the southeast it keeps its dolomitic character. The end of the sequence in the Lower Bathonian shows regressive tendencies with lignites, breccias, and lacustrine fossils in the Quercy. No ammonites are found in the eastern domain right up to the Kimmeridgian — a great handicap for correct dating purposes.

text: The first sequence in the Dogger (note: sequences are only distinguished in the eastern shelf-domain) starts transgressing in a restricted environment during the

text: Bajocian

text: with dolomites. In places, Aalenian is reworked. The

text: Bathonian

text: is calcareous in the northeast, whereas in the southeast it keeps its dolomitic character. The end of the sequence in the Lower Bathonian shows regressive tendencies with lignites,

text: breccia

text: s, and lacustrine fossils in the Quercy. No ammonites are found in the eastern domain right up to the Kimmeridgian — a great handicap for correct dating purposes.

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answers: regressive tendencies

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: the Bajocian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: a great handicap for correct dating purposes

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Lower Bathonian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shelf

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: No ammonites

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: lacustrine

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Bajocian

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: No ammonites are found in the eastern domain

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The valley is mostly underlain by Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks concealed by a thin layer of gravel laid down by glaciation during Pleistocene time. The underlying rocks are dipping slightly to the east. The eastern (and newer) side of the valley is underlain primarily by Pierre Shale laid down during Cretaceous time. The western (and older) side of the valley, on the west side of Red Hill, is underlain primarily by Permian and Pennsylvanian rocks. Red Hill runs through the center of the valley as a hogback ridge of tilted Cretaceous and Jurassic sedimentary rocks.

text: The valley is mostly underlain by

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: sedimentary rock

text: s concealed by a thin layer of

text: gravel

text: laid down by

text: glaciation

text: during

text: Pleistocene

text: time. The underlying rocks are

text: dipping

text: slightly to the east. The eastern (and newer) side of the valley is underlain primarily by

text: Pierre Shale

text: laid down during

text: Cretaceous

text: time. The western (and older) side of the valley, on the west side of Red Hill, is underlain primarily by

text: Permian

text: and

text: Pennsylvanian

text: rocks. Red Hill runs through the center of the valley as a

text: hogback

text: ridge of tilted Cretaceous and

text: Jurassic

text: sedimentary rocks.

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answers: 4

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answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: glaciation

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Pierre Shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciation

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Pierre Shale

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Red Hill runs through the center of the valley

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Arizona was covered by a shallow sea during the Precambrian. Stromatolites formed there. During the Proterozoic interval of Precambrian time, jellyfish lived in Arizona. Their fossils were preserved in what is now the Grand Canyon. Arizona was still covered by a shallow sea during the ensuing Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era. Brachiopods, trilobites and other contemporary marine life of Arizona left behind remains in the western region of the state. The sea withdrew from the state during the Ordovician and Silurian. Although some of the state's Ordovician sedimentary deposits have persisted to the present, all of the state's Silurian rocks have been eroded away. Accordingly, no contemporary fossils are known from the state. Deposition resumed during the Devonian when Arizona was once more submerged by the sea. Contemporary local marine life included brachiopods and corals. In the Devonian period, Arizona was home to primitive fishes. Local sea levels began to periodically rise and fall throughout the ensuing Carboniferous period. During periods of low water levels, much of the state was a coastal plain environment. Plants that grew in Arizona during the Mississippian left behind fossils. Near the end of the ensuing Permian period, Arizona was once more covered by sea water. Later plants from the Permian period did as well. A "great diversity" of plants composed the Permian flora of Arizona. They left fossils in the area now occupied by many of the trails leading down into the Grand Canyon.

text: Arizona was covered by a shallow sea during the

text: Precambrian

text: Stromatolites

text: formed there. During the

text: Proterozoic

text: interval of Precambrian time,

text: jellyfish

text: lived in Arizona. Their fossils were preserved in what is now the

text: Grand Canyon

text: . Arizona was still covered by a shallow sea during the ensuing

text: Cambrian

text: period of the

text: Paleozoic

text: era.

text: Brachiopod

text: s,

text: trilobite

text: s and other contemporary marine life of Arizona left behind remains in the western region of the state. The sea withdrew from the state during the

text: Ordovician

text: and

text: Silurian

text: . Although some of the state's Ordovician sedimentary deposits have persisted to the present, all of the state's Silurian rocks have been eroded away. Accordingly, no contemporary fossils are known from the state. Deposition resumed during the

text: Devonian

text: when Arizona was once more submerged by the sea. Contemporary local marine life included brachiopods and corals. In the Devonian period, Arizona was home to primitive fishes. Local sea levels began to periodically rise and fall throughout the ensuing Carboniferous period. During periods of low water levels, much of the state was a coastal plain environment. Plants that grew in Arizona during the

text: Mississippian

text: left behind fossils. Near the end of the ensuing

text: Permian

text: period, Arizona was once more covered by sea water. Later plants from the Permian period did as well. A "great diversity" of plants composed the Permian flora of Arizona. They left fossils in the area now occupied by many of the trails leading down into the Grand Canyon.

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answers: NDQ_005491

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: during the Devonian

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: low water levels

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Arizona was once more covered by the sea

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: no contemporary fossils are known from the state

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: rock formations

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Jellyfish lived in Arizona

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The valley floor is underlain by Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks that form a structural basin.  The stratigraphy is similar to that in adjacent basins such as the Green River Basin to the west and the Denver Basin to the east. Information provided on Fish and Wildlife Service plaques at an overlook southeast of Walden indicates that the area was formerly a shallow sea, and that fossilized shark teeth can be found in the area.

text: The valley floor is underlain by

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: sedimentary rocks that form a

text: structural basin

text: .  The stratigraphy is similar to that in adjacent basins such as the

text: Green River Basin

text: to the west and the

text: Denver Basin

text: to the east. Information provided on

text: Fish and Wildlife Service

text: plaques at an overlook southeast of

text: Walden

text: indicates that the area was formerly a shallow sea, and that fossilized shark teeth can be found in the area.

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answers: Paleozoic

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answers: that the area was formerly a shallow sea

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answers: the area was formerly a shallow sea

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The second sequence of the Malm starts in the Upper Kimmeridgian, only in places does it show regressive traits, nevertheless the sedimentary character changes. Laid down are breccias and the sediments also show synsedimentary reworkings; periodically interbedded limestones and marls carrying lignite horizons begin to form. The sediments can be dated by the ammonites Aulacostephanus and Aspidoceras orthocera. This strongly disturbed depositional environment with a coexistence of open marine facies and muds deposited under reducing conditions in a restrictive setting seems to coincide with a first sedimentary individualisation of the Pyrenean realm. The event has received its name Virgulian from the oyster Exogyra virgula. During the Tithonian, the shrinkage of the basin became even more evident, only to end in a nearly complete withdrawal of the sea from the Aquitaine Plateau before the close of the Tithonian (the south is not affected by this). During the Tithonian, iron-bearing calcareous oolites interbedded with marls, as well as dolostones and border facies deposits develop — dated by Gravesia portlandicum.

text: The second sequence of the Malm starts in the Upper Kimmeridgian, only in places does it show regressive traits, nevertheless the sedimentary character changes. Laid down are breccias and the sediments also show synsedimentary reworkings; periodically interbedded limestones and marls carrying lignite horizons begin to form. The sediments can be dated by the ammonites

text: Aulacostephanus

text: and

text: Aspidoceras orthocera

text: . This strongly disturbed depositional environment with a coexistence of open marine facies and muds deposited under reducing conditions in a restrictive setting seems to coincide with a first sedimentary individualisation of the Pyrenean realm. The event has received its name Virgulian from the oyster

text: Exogyra virgula

text: . During the Tithonian, the shrinkage of the basin became even more evident, only to end in a nearly complete withdrawal of the sea from the Aquitaine Plateau before the close of the Tithonian (the south is not affected by this). During the Tithonian, iron-bearing calcareous oolites interbedded with marls, as well as dolostones and border facies deposits develop — dated by

text: Gravesia portlandicum

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answers: The second sequence of the Malm starts in the Upper Kimmeridgian

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answers: Laid down are breccias

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The South Platte Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation. Fossil ankylosaur tracks have been reported from the formation.

text: The South Platte Formation is a

text: Mesozoic

text: geologic

text: formation

text: . Fossil

text: ankylosaur

text: tracks have been reported from the formation.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Magnetic Flip is the debut studio album of the American Avant-rock band Birdsongs of the Mesozoic, released in 1984 by Ace of Hearts Records.

text: Magnetic Flip is the debut

text: studio album

text: of the American

text: Avant-rock

text: band

text: Birdsongs of the Mesozoic

text: , released in 1984 by

text: Ace of Hearts Records

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: Blueschist mineralogy varies by rock composition, but the classic equilibrium assemblages of blueschist facies are:

text: Blueschist mineralogy varies by rock composition, but the classic equilibrium assemblages of blueschist facies are:

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answers: blueschist

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answers: blueschist

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answers: rock composition

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answers: Blueschist

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Blueschist

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: blueschist

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: blueschist

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: blueschist

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Transdanubian or the Bakony Belt principal tectonic unit called the Transdanubicum occurs in the Transdanubian Mountains (Bakony, Gerecse, Vértes, and Buda Mountains). It consists of the low grade metamorphic Paleozoic and Mesozoic rock and Cenozoic sedimentary cover.

text: The Transdanubian or the Bakony Belt principal tectonic unit called the

text: Transdanubicum

text: occurs in the

text: Transdanubian Mountains

text: Bakony

text: Gerecse

text: Vértes

text: , and

text: Buda Mountains

text: ). It consists of the low grade metamorphic Paleozoic and Mesozoic rock and

text: Cenozoic

text: sedimentary cover.

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answers: NDQ_005491

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic rock

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: tectonic

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Transdanubicum

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Set within the Noble Contrada of St. John houses artifacts of the era Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Neozoic.

text: Set within the Noble Contrada of St. John houses artifacts of the era Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Neozoic.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Set within the Noble Contrada

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Neozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: artifacts

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Neozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Neozoic

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: artifacts

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The rocks in the area are extremely diverse, with exposed (non-volcanic) layers ranging in age from Paleozoic to Holocene.  Marine deposits (carbonates) were deposited during repeated advances of late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic seas.  Folding and faulting of Lower Cretaceous layers occurred during the Laramide disturbance in the nearby East Potrillo Mountains. The area has been above sea level since the Cretaceous period. In the early to middle Tertiary, the Riley Cox andesitic pluton was emplaced.  This activity also seems to be associated with the intrusion of andesitic and quartz latite dikes in the East Potrillo range. During the middle Tertiary, high angle faulting and uplifting occurred in the East Potrillo range and began to form intermontane basins.  In the middle to late Quaternary, alkali olivine basalt was extruded from fissures in the Fitzgerald, Robledo, and Aden faults.  During the late Pleistocene to Holocene, movement occurred along the Fitzgerald and Robledo faults. Holocene deposits are mostly fine blown sand.

text: The rocks in the area are extremely diverse, with exposed (non-volcanic) layers ranging in age from

text: Paleozoic

text: to

text: Holocene

text: .  Marine deposits (carbonates) were deposited during repeated advances of late Paleozoic and early

text: Mesozoic

text: seas.  Folding and faulting of Lower

text: Cretaceous

text: layers occurred during the

text: Laramide disturbance

text: in the nearby

text: East Potrillo Mountains

text: . The area has been above sea level since the Cretaceous period. In the early to middle

text: Tertiary

text: , the Riley Cox andesitic pluton was emplaced.  This activity also seems to be associated with the intrusion of

text: andesitic

text: and quartz

text: latite

text: dikes in the East Potrillo range. During the middle Tertiary, high angle faulting and uplifting occurred in the East Potrillo range and began to form intermontane basins.  In the middle to late

text: Quaternary

text: , alkali

text: olivine

text: basalt

text: was extruded from fissures in the Fitzgerald, Robledo, and Aden faults.  During the late

text: Pleistocene

text: to Holocene, movement occurred along the Fitzgerald and Robledo faults. Holocene deposits are mostly

text: fine blown sand

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: tqa2:L_0262/T_1538/8e936777eff7b174c562d6f84487c4b3

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0262/T_1538/de1692ba7155bbf5710aaf4ed6e09ca4

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic seas

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: repeated advances

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: high angle faulting

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Carbonates

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: fine blown sand

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: marine deposits

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Laramide disturbance

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Marine deposits (carbonates)

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Drilling of Leduc No. 1 began November 20, 1946. Several drill stem tests down to depths of  showed only traces of oil and natural gas.  As drilling passed into Mesozoic depths, tests indicated large quantities of natural gas and some oil. It was a small find, and close to the limits of the Paleozoic Era, where conventional wisdom of the time held that oil was unlikely to be found.  Imperial was left to choose whether to begin production of this small find, or drill deeper and risk having the byproducts of drilling ruin the company's ability to complete a well at the depth of this find.  Imperial chose to continue drilling.  When drilling reached , into the Devonian Era, tests showed promising results.  On February 3, 1947, a test sent a geyser shooting out of the drilling hole and up half the height of the drilling derrick, covering a worker with oil.

text: Drilling of Leduc No. 1 began November 20, 1946. Several

text: drill stem test

text: s down to depths of  showed only traces of oil and natural gas.  As drilling passed into

text: Mesozoic

text: depths, tests indicated large quantities of natural gas and some oil. It was a small find, and close to the limits of the

text: Paleozoic Era

text: , where conventional wisdom of the time held that oil was unlikely to be found.  Imperial was left to choose whether to begin production of this small find, or drill deeper and risk having the byproducts of drilling ruin the company's ability to complete a well at the depth of this find.  Imperial chose to continue drilling.  When drilling reached , into the

text: Devonian Era

text: , tests showed promising results.  On February 3, 1947, a test sent a geyser shooting out of the drilling hole and up half the height of the drilling derrick, covering a worker with oil.

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answers: a test sent a geyser

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: drilling

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The Devonian Era

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: conventional wisdom of the time

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answers: geyser

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Paleozoic Era

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: geyser shooting out of the drilling hole

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: As a result of the Alpine orogeny the basin was squeezed between the basement to the north and the south, this resulted in the reactivation of the formerly normal faults into minor thrusts (as they had been during the Variscan Orogeny) and the formation of the Wealden Anticline. The region's two surface structural highs (areas of crust and rocks which are uplifted), the Wealden Anticline and the Channel High, are superimposed upon earlier, Mesozoic basins, (the Weald and Channel basins). This nearly exact superimposition of compressional features upon underlying formerly extensional features exemplifies perfectly the principles of structural inversion across a large and well defined geologic feature.The overall uplift produced by the Tertiary inversion in the eastern Wealden basin has been estimated to be as much as 1525 m; which as a result of the large amount of Mesozoic sediments does not reveal the underlying Paleozoic basement. Utilising estimations of the original thickness of Chalk (400–460 m) and other Mesozoic strata indicate a complex fold structure which, in the event it was not eroded during uplift, attained a crestal elevation of 1400 m over what is today Ashdown Forest. However it is likely that erosion kept pace with uplift, resulting in large quantities of sediment supply to the North Sea and the English Channel

text: As a result of the Alpine orogeny the basin was squeezed between the basement to

text: the north

text: and the south, this resulted in the

text: reactivation

text: of the formerly normal faults into minor thrusts (as they had been during the

text: Variscan Orogeny

text: ) and the formation of the

text: Wealden Anticline

text: . The region's two surface structural highs (areas of crust and rocks which are uplifted), the

text: Wealden Anticline

text: and the Channel High, are superimposed upon earlier, Mesozoic basins, (the Weald and Channel basins). This nearly exact superimposition of compressional features upon underlying formerly extensional features exemplifies perfectly the principles of structural inversion across a large and well defined geologic feature.The overall uplift produced by the

text: Tertiary

text: inversion

text: in the eastern Wealden basin has been estimated to be as much as 1525 m; which as a result of the large amount of

text: Mesozoic

text: sediments does not reveal the underlying

text: Paleozoic

text: basement. Utilising estimations of the original thickness of

text: Chalk

text: (400–460 m) and other Mesozoic strata indicate a complex fold structure which, in the event it was not eroded during uplift, attained a crestal elevation of 1400 m over what is today

text: Ashdown Forest

text: . However it is likely that erosion kept pace with uplift, resulting in large quantities of sediment supply to the North Sea and the English Channel

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answers: minor thrusts

answers: NDQ_005492

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answers: Chalk

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answers: Alpine orogeny

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Chalk

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: a complex fold structure

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Mesozoic strata

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Amphibolite facies equilibrium mineral assemblages of various protolith rock types consist of:

text: Amphibolite facies equilibrium mineral assemblages of various protolith rock types consist of:

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answers: Amphibolite

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: carbonate mud

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Amphibolite

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Amphibolite

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: One appealing aspect of a Marble Canyon damsite was the potential to develop the Grand Canyon's hydroelectric potential without building a dam or reservoir in Grand Canyon National Park by diverting about 90% of the Colorado River's waters at Marble Canyon into a  tunnel,  in diameter and capable of carrying about , to a site in the western part of the canyon in what was then Kaibab National Forest. The plan would provide about  of hydraulic head for power generation. The power plant would produce about 6.5 billion kilowatt hours (KWh) per year – almost twice that of Hoover Dam. The tunnel would allow the hydroelectric system to effectively bypass Grand Canyon National Park, avoiding the construction of more dams within the park between Marble and Bridge. A flow of  would be released from Marble Canyon at all times – a "scenic trickle" – for wildlife and recreational purposes in the Grand Canyon. This water would be released through a 22 megawatt power station at the base of the dam, with an annual energy production of 164 million kilowatt hours. Together, the two dams would utilize most of the  elevation drop between Lee's Ferry and Lake Mead, which represents one of the biggest untapped hydroelectric potentials in the United States.

text: One appealing aspect of a Marble Canyon damsite was the potential to develop the

text: Grand Canyon

text: 's hydroelectric potential without building a dam or reservoir in

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: by diverting about 90% of the Colorado River's waters at Marble Canyon into a  tunnel,  in diameter and capable of carrying about , to a site in the western part of the canyon in what was then

text: Kaibab National Forest

text: . The plan would provide about  of hydraulic head for power generation. The power plant would produce about 6.5 billion

text: kilowatt hour

text: s (KWh) per year – almost twice that of

text: Hoover Dam

text: . The tunnel would allow the hydroelectric system to effectively bypass

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: , avoiding the construction of more dams within the park between Marble and Bridge. A flow of  would be released from Marble Canyon at all times – a "scenic trickle" – for wildlife and recreational purposes in the Grand Canyon. This water would be released through a 22 megawatt power station at the base of the dam, with an annual energy production of 164 million kilowatt hours. Together, the two dams would utilize most of the  elevation drop between Lee's Ferry and

text: Lake Mead

text: , which represents one of the biggest untapped hydroelectric potentials in the United States.

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answers: about

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Colorado River

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Marble Canyon

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answers: Marble Canyon damsite

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Marble Canyon

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Marble Canyon

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Marble Canyon

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Helvetic nappes are thrusted over the "Infrahelvetic complex" in eastern Switzerland. The Infrahelvetic complex is composed of autochthonous Mesozoic sediments on top of Hercynian basement rock. The Mesozoic of this unit is contemporary with that of the Helvetic nappes, but deposited further north on the former continental slope and therefore shallower in sedimentary facies. The Infrahelvetic is internally deformed by thrusting and folding that continues into the Hercynian basement. Because basement and "cover" were not detached, geologists do not call the Infrahelvetic units "nappes".

text: The Helvetic nappes are thrusted over the "

text: Infrahelvetic complex

text: " in eastern Switzerland. The Infrahelvetic complex is composed of

text: autochthonous

text: Mesozoic sediments on top of

text: Hercynian

text: basement rock. The Mesozoic of this unit is contemporary with that of the Helvetic nappes, but deposited further north on the former

text: continental slope

text: and therefore shallower in

text: sedimentary facies

text: . The Infrahelvetic is internally

text: deformed

text: by thrusting and

text: fold

text: ing that continues into the Hercynian basement. Because basement and "cover" were not detached, geologists do not call the Infrahelvetic units "nappes".

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: thrusted

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: continental slope

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: The Helvetic nappes

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The Helvetic nappes

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Infrahelvetic

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: basement rock

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: sedimentary facies

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Mesozoic of this unit is contemporaneous with that of the Helvetic nappes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The hard outer layer of bones is composed of cortical bone also called compact bone. Cortical referring to the outer (cortex) layer. The hard outer layer gives bone its smooth, white, and solid appearance, and accounts for 80% of the total bone mass of an adult human skeleton. However, that proportion may be much lower, especially in marine mammals and marine turtles, or in various Mesozoic marine reptiles, such as ichthyosaurs, among others.

text: The hard outer layer of bones is composed of

text: cortical bone

text: also called compact bone. Cortical referring to the outer (cortex) layer. The hard outer layer gives bone its smooth, white, and solid appearance, and accounts for 80% of the total bone mass of an adult human

text: skeleton

text: . However, that proportion may be much lower, especially in

text: marine mammal

text: s and

text: marine turtles

text: , or in various

text: Mesozoic

text: marine reptile

text: s, such as

text: ichthyosaur

text: s, among others.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: that proportion may be much lower

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: marine mammals and marine turtles

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Mesozoic marine reptiles

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: compact bone

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Mesozoic marine reptiles

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The massif is composed of crystalline basement (metamorphic and igneous rocks) with Proterozoic to early Paleozoic ages. It was deformed and metamorphosed during the Cadomian orogeny (Ediacaran, about  ago) and Caledonian orogeny (Silurian, about ). This basement is almost everywhere overlain by younger sedimentary rocks, except for some places in the southwest of England and in Wales.

text: The massif is composed of

text: crystalline

text: basement

text: metamorphic

text: and

text: igneous rock

text: s) with

text: Proterozoic

text: to early

text: Paleozoic

text: ages. It was

text: deformed

text: and

text: metamorphosed

text: during the

text: Cadomian orogeny

text: Ediacaran

text: , about  ago) and

text: Caledonian orogeny

text: Silurian

text: , about ). This basement is almost everywhere overlain by younger

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, except for some places in the southwest of England and in Wales.

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answers: 2

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: orogeny

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Caledonian orogeny

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: younger sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Cadomian orogeny

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Tom O'Connor field was discovered in 1934 with the Quintana No. 1-A well, the location of which was based on a gravity survey and a trend of other fields to the southwest and northeast between the Vicksburg Fault Zone and the Frio Fault Zone.  The field is a structural trap formed by an anticline on the downthrown side of the Vicksburg Fault Zone.  The faulting is due to "large-scale gravity slumping", and these types of faults are referred to as growth faults, which are normal faults that occur simultaneously with sedimentation.  Most of the oil and half the gas is produced at depths between 4500–6000 feet, from 15 oil reservoirs and 4 gas reservoirs in the Oligocene Frio Formation sandstones deposited during Marine regression, notably the "5900 foot sand", the "5800 foot sand", the "5500 foot sand" and the "5200 foot sand".  Gas with some oil is found above these sandstones in the Oligocene Anahuac Formation, deposited in a Marine transgression, notably the "4400 foot Greta sand".  Dry gas is found in the Miocene-Pliocene Fleming sandstones deposited during marine regression, notably the "L-4 sand, which is overlain by 1400 feet of Pleistocene Lissie sandstones.

text: The Tom O'Connor field was discovered in 1934 with the Quintana No. 1-A well, the location of which was based on a gravity survey and a trend of other fields to the southwest and northeast between the Vicksburg Fault Zone and the Frio Fault Zone.  The field is a

text: structural trap

text: formed by an

text: anticline

text: on the downthrown side of the Vicksburg Fault Zone.  The faulting is due to "large-scale gravity slumping", and these types of faults are referred to as growth faults, which are

text: normal faults

text: that occur simultaneously with

text: sedimentation

text: .  Most of the oil and half the gas is produced at depths between 4500–6000 feet, from 15 oil reservoirs and 4 gas reservoirs in the

text: Oligocene

text: Frio Formation

text: sandstone

text: s deposited during

text: Marine regression

text: , notably the "5900 foot sand", the "5800 foot sand", the "5500 foot sand" and the "5200 foot sand".  Gas with some oil is found above these sandstones in the Oligocene Anahuac Formation, deposited in a

text: Marine transgression

text: , notably the "4400 foot Greta sand".

text: Dry gas

text: is found in the

text: Miocene

text: Pliocene

text: Fleming sandstones deposited during marine regression, notably the "L-4 sand, which is overlain by 1400 feet of

text: Pleistocene

text: Lissie sandstones.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Marine regression

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: marine regression

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: growth faults

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: 4400 foot Greta sand

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: sandstones

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: "large-scale gravity slumping"

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Oligocene Anahuac Formation

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 4400 foot Greta sand

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Alborz mountain range forms a barrier between the south Caspian and the Iranian plateau. It is only 60–130 km wide and consists of sedimentary series dating from Upper Devonian to Oligocene, prevalently Jurassic limestone over a granite core. Continental conditions regarding sedimentation are reflected by thick Devonian sandstones and by Jurassic shales containing coal seams. Marine conditions are reflected by Carboniferous and Permian strata that are composed mainly of limestones. In the Eastern Alborz Range, the far eastern section is formed by Mesozoic (chiefly Triassic and Jurassic) rocks, while the western part of the Eastern Alborz Range is made primarily of Paleozoic rocks. Precambrian rocks can be found chiefly south of the city of Gorgan situated in the southeast of the Caspian Sea and in much smaller portions in the central and western parts of the Central Alborz Range. The central part of the Central Alborz Range is formed mainly of the Triassic and Jurassic rocks, while the northwestern section of the range is made mainly of the Jurassic rocks. Very thick beds of the Tertiary (mostly of the Eocene) green volcanic tuffs and lavas are found mainly in the southwestern and south-central parts of the range. The far northwestern part of the Alborz that constitutes what is called the Western Alborz Range or the Talish Mountains is made mainly of the Upper Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary deposits with a strip of Paleozoic rocks and a band of Triassic and Jurassic rocks in the southern parts, both in a northwest-southeast direction. As the Tethys Sea was closed and the Arabian Plate collided with the Iranian Plate and was pushed against it, and with the clockwise movement of the Eurasian Plate towards the Iranian Plate and their final collision, the Iranian Plate was pressed from both sides. The collisions finally caused the folding of the Upper Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleogene rocks, and the Cenozoic (chiefly the Eocene) volcanism to form the Alborz Mountains mainly in the Miocene. The Alpine orogeny began, therefore, with Eocene volcanism in southwestern and south-central parts of the Alborz and continued with the uplift and folding of the older sedimentary rocks in the northwestern, central and eastern parts of the range during the orogenic phases of importance that date from the Miocene and the Pliocene epochs.

text: The Alborz mountain range forms a barrier between the south Caspian and the

text: Iranian plateau

text: . It is only 60–130 km wide and consists of sedimentary series dating from Upper

text: Devonian

text: to

text: Oligocene

text: , prevalently

text: Jurassic

text: limestone

text: over a

text: granite

text: core. Continental conditions regarding sedimentation are reflected by thick Devonian

text: sandstone

text: s and by Jurassic

text: shale

text: s containing coal seams. Marine conditions are reflected by

text: Carboniferous

text: and

text: Permian

text: strata that are composed mainly of limestones. In the Eastern Alborz Range, the far eastern section is formed by

text: Mesozoic

text: (chiefly Triassic and Jurassic) rocks, while the western part of the Eastern Alborz Range is made primarily of

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks.

text: Precambrian

text: rocks can be found chiefly south of the city of

text: Gorgan

text: situated in the southeast of the

text: Caspian Sea

text: and in much smaller portions in the central and western parts of the Central Alborz Range. The central part of the Central Alborz Range is formed mainly of the

text: Triassic

text: and

text: Jurassic

text: rocks, while the northwestern section of the range is made mainly of the Jurassic rocks. Very thick beds of the

text: Tertiary

text: (mostly of the

text: Eocene

text: ) green volcanic

text: tuff

text: s and

text: lava

text: s are found mainly in the southwestern and south-central parts of the range. The far northwestern part of the Alborz that constitutes what is called the Western Alborz Range or the

text: Talish Mountains

text: is made mainly of the

text: Upper Cretaceous

text: volcano-sedimentary deposits with a strip of Paleozoic rocks and a band of Triassic and Jurassic rocks in the southern parts, both in a northwest-southeast direction. As the

text: Tethys Sea

text: was closed and the

text: Arabian Plate

text: collided with the

text: Iranian Plate

text: and was pushed against it, and with the clockwise movement of the

text: Eurasian Plate

text: towards the Iranian Plate and their final collision, the Iranian Plate was pressed from both sides. The collisions finally caused the folding of the Upper Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and

text: Paleogene

text: rocks, and the

text: Cenozoic

text: (chiefly the

text: Eocene

text: volcanism

text: to form the Alborz Mountains mainly in the

text: Miocene

text: . The

text: Alpine orogeny

text: began, therefore, with Eocene volcanism in southwestern and south-central parts of the Alborz and continued with the uplift and folding of the older sedimentary rocks in the northwestern, central and eastern parts of the range during the orogenic phases of importance that date from the Miocene and the

text: Pliocene

text: epochs.

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answers: Paleozoic rocks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Mesozoic Gallery features skeletons and models of organisms that lived during the Mesozoic era. Along with the fossils of the dinosaurs, the Gallery is famous for its Plesiosaur fossil that was excavated in 2004 from Northeast Nebraska, which is known to be one of the longest marine fossil.  The Toren Gallery of Ancient Life includes models of organisms of the Paleozoic era.

text: The Mesozoic Gallery features skeletons and models of organisms that lived during the

text: Mesozoic

text: era. Along with the fossils of the dinosaurs, the Gallery is famous for its

text: Plesiosaur

text: fossil that was excavated in 2004 from Northeast Nebraska, which is known to be one of the longest marine fossil.  The Toren Gallery of Ancient Life includes models of organisms of the

text: Paleozoic

text: era.

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: marine fossil

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: fossils of the dinosaurs

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: From the end of the Paleozoic and during the Mesozoic (250 to 66 mya), the processes of erosion began to wear down the contours of the land. In this last period occurred a monumental departure from the ocean, which left subaquatic zones exposed on the surface (prior to this, it is likely that the sierra was not more than an islet raised slightly above the sea) and formed sinks of sediment that covered the plains with sediment and would give them their later calcareous character.

text: From the end of the Paleozoic and during the

text: Mesozoic

text: (250 to 66 mya), the processes of

text: erosion

text: began to wear down the contours of the land. In this last period occurred a monumental departure from the ocean, which left subaquatic zones exposed on the surface (prior to this, it is likely that the sierra was not more than an

text: islet

text: raised slightly above the sea) and formed sinks of sediment that covered the plains with sediment and would give them their later calcareous character.

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answers: monumental departure from the ocean

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: calcareous

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answers: calcareous

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answers: The processes of erosion began to wear down the contours of the land

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: a monumental departure from the ocean

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: subaquatic zones exposed on the surface

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Grand Canyon of northern Arizona in the United States, with an average depth of 1,600 m (one mile) and a volume of 4.17 trillion cubic metres, is one of the world's largest canyons. It was among the 28 finalists of the New7Wonders of Nature worldwide poll. (Some referred to it as one of the 7 natural wonders of the world.) Copper Canyon in Chihuahua, Mexico is deeper and longer than the Grand Canyon.

text: The

text: Grand Canyon

text: of northern

text: Arizona

text: in the United States, with an average depth of 1,600 m (one mile) and a volume of 4.17 trillion cubic metres, is one of the world's largest canyons. It was among the 28 finalists of the

text: New7Wonders of Nature

text: worldwide poll. (Some referred to it as one of the 7 natural wonders of the world.)

text: Copper Canyon

text: in

text: Chihuahua

text: Mexico

text: is deeper and longer than the Grand Canyon.

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answers: the Grand Canyon

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answers: Copper Canyon

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answers: The Grand Canyon

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answers: The Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Copper Canyon

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: The Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Grand Canyon

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The third of September 1957 found Grand Canyon underway with other units of the Atlantic Fleet, this time to participate in NATO fall exercises. By the 16th she had crossed the Arctic Circle operating west of Norway. After visits to Trosmo, Norway and the Isle of Portland, England Grand Canyon once again returned to Newport, arriving on 21 October. Grand Canyon continued her tender duties out of Fall River until 1 August 1958 when she sailed for Souda Bay on the Island of Crete to support the 6th Fleet in operations off Lebanon. For the next four months she supported destroyers and other types while helping to stabilize the situation and block aggression in Asia Minor. Besides Souda Bay, Grand Canyon visited Izmir, Turkey, Athens, Greece, Naples, Italy and Barcelona, Spain before returning home in December.

text: The third of September 1957 found Grand Canyon underway with other units of the

text: Atlantic Fleet

text: , this time to participate in

text: NATO

text: fall exercises. By the 16th she had crossed the

text: Arctic Circle

text: operating west of

text: Norway

text: . After visits to

text: Trosmo, Norway

text: and the

text: Isle of Portland

text: England

text: Grand Canyon once again returned to Newport, arriving on 21 October. Grand Canyon continued her tender duties out of Fall River until 1 August 1958 when she sailed for

text: Souda Bay

text: on the Island of

text: Crete

text: to support the 6th Fleet in operations off

text: Lebanon

text: . For the next four months she supported destroyers and other types while helping to stabilize the situation and block aggression in

text: Asia Minor

text: . Besides Souda Bay, Grand Canyon visited

text: Izmir, Turkey

text: Athens, Greece

text: Naples, Italy

text: and

text: Barcelona, Spain

text: before returning home in December.

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answers: Grand Canyon

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Considering geological and structural units of Iran, three main structural units or zones could be distinguished in Iran. These units or zones are separated from each other by ophiolite–bearing sutures. Other criteria such as structural style, crustal character and age of basement consolidation, age and intensity of deformation, age and nature of magmatism, are used to subdivide these major zones into smaller elements. The three major units and their main constituents could be defined as the southern, central and northern units. The southern unit has a crystalline basement consolidated in the Precambrian time and a platform–type Paleozoic development and comprises the Zagros folded belt, southern and southwestern parts of the Zagros. This section made a part of the Arabian Plate that was located on the margin of Rodinia and Pannotia in the Neoproterozoic, and of Gondwana in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. The central unit, which comprises the central Iran and the Alborz, is interpreted as an assemblage of fragments that were in the vicinity of the Arabian Plate and formed a marginal section of Rodinia and Pannotia in the Neoproterozoic and of Gondwana in the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian. These fragments were detached from Gondwana in the Carboniferous. They were submerged, moved northwards, and were finally attached to the Eurasian section of the northern supercontinent Laurasia in the Late Triassic. These fragments or microplates were fused together and made the Iranian Plate which was rejoined by Gondwanic Afro-Arabia in the Late Cretaceous. As Afro-Arabia moved northwards towards Eurasia, the Arabian Plate ultimately collided with the Iranian Plate in the Miocene. Finally there is the northern unit which is separated from the central unit by the North Iran Suture. It is characterized by continental crust including remnants of more or less cratonized former Paleozoic oceanic crust that seems to reflect the Paleotethys. The northern unit represents a marginal strip of the Hercynian realm of Central Asia- broadly overlapped by the Alpine realm. It was deformed and largely consolidated by the Early Cimmerian folding and the Late Alpine folding. The northern unit comprises the South Caspian Depression and the Kopet Dagh Range. These three main structural units are divided into some smaller geological and structural subdivisions which include the following zones:

text: Considering geological and structural units of Iran, three main structural units or zones could be distinguished in Iran. These units or zones are separated from each other by

text: ophiolite

text: –bearing sutures. Other criteria such as structural style, crustal character and age of basement consolidation, age and intensity of deformation, age and nature of magmatism, are used to subdivide these major zones into smaller elements. The three major units and their main constituents could be defined as the southern, central and northern units. The southern unit has a crystalline basement consolidated in the

text: Precambrian

text: time and a

text: platform

text: –type Paleozoic development and comprises the Zagros folded belt, southern and southwestern parts of the Zagros. This section made a part of the Arabian Plate that was located on the margin of

text: Rodinia

text: and

text: Pannotia

text: in the

text: Neoproterozoic

text: , and of

text: Gondwana

text: in the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: . The central unit, which comprises the central Iran and the Alborz, is interpreted as an assemblage of fragments that were in the vicinity of the Arabian Plate and formed a marginal section of Rodinia and Pannotia in the Neoproterozoic and of Gondwana in the

text: Cambrian

text: Ordovician

text: Silurian

text: and

text: Devonian

text: . These fragments were detached from Gondwana in the

text: Carboniferous

text: . They were submerged, moved northwards, and were finally attached to the Eurasian section of the northern supercontinent

text: Laurasia

text: in the

text: Late Triassic

text: . These fragments or microplates were fused together and made the

text: Iranian Plate

text: which was rejoined by Gondwanic Afro-Arabia in the

text: Late Cretaceous

text: . As Afro-Arabia moved northwards towards

text: Eurasia

text: , the

text: Arabian Plate

text: ultimately collided with the Iranian Plate in the

text: Miocene

text: . Finally there is the northern unit which is separated from the central unit by the North Iran Suture. It is characterized by continental crust including remnants of more or less cratonized former Paleozoic oceanic crust that seems to reflect the

text: Paleotethys

text: . The northern unit represents a marginal strip of the Hercynian realm of Central Asia- broadly overlapped by the Alpine realm. It was deformed and largely consolidated by the Early Cimmerian folding and the Late Alpine folding. The northern unit comprises the South Caspian Depression and the

text: Kopet Dagh

text: Range. These three main structural units are divided into some smaller geological and structural subdivisions which include the following zones:

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answers: Paleozoic

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answers: Gondwana

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answers: deformation

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answers: Paleozoic

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answers: Paleozoic

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answers: It is characterized by continental crust including remnants of more or less crat

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: ophiolite

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Gondwana

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The second facies are partially welded pyroclastic rocks with fiammes which form deposits  thick. There are vertical variations in the grade of welding, some are only barely distinguishable from a lava flow except by the presence of clear edges around some clasts. Fiammes have brighter colours than the underlying rock matrix. Scoria layers at Toro 1 have thicknesses of . A third facies is also present at Toro 1 and consists of tuffs with lapilli. These layers have red-orange-brown colours and contain some palagonite. These tuffs lie directly on the basement rocks. They appear to be of phreatomagmatic origin, or by the interaction between eruption processes and a river.

text: The second facies are partially welded

text: pyroclastic rock

text: s with

text: fiamme

text: s which form deposits  thick. There are vertical variations in the grade of welding, some are only barely distinguishable from a lava flow except by the presence of clear edges around some clasts. Fiammes have brighter colours than the underlying rock matrix. Scoria layers at Toro 1 have thicknesses of . A third facies is also present at Toro 1 and consists of

text: tuff

text: s with lapilli. These layers have red-orange-brown colours and contain some palagonite. These tuffs lie directly on the basement rocks. They appear to be of

text: phreatomagmatic

text: origin, or by the interaction between eruption processes and a river.

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answers: interaction between eruption processes and a river

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answers: a river

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: eruption processes

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: tuffs with lapilli

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: tuffs

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: These tuffs lie directly on the basement rocks

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: palagonite

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the interaction between eruption processes and a river

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: These tuffs lie directly on the basement rocks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Jing Chuan Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation in China. Fossil theropod tracks have been reported from the formation.

text: The Jing Chuan Formation is a

text: Mesozoic

text: geologic

text: formation

text: in

text: China

text: . Fossil

text: theropod

text: tracks have been reported from the formation.

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answers: theropod tracks

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Formation

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answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Fossil theropod tracks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The earliest marine reptiles arose in the Permian period during the Paleozoic era. During the Mesozoic era, many groups of reptiles became adapted to life in the seas, including such familiar clades as the ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs (these two orders were once thought united in the group "Enaliosauria," a classification now cladistically obsolete), mosasaurs, nothosaurs, placodonts, sea turtles, thalattosaurs and thalattosuchians. After the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period, marine reptiles were less numerous.

text: The earliest marine reptiles arose in the

text: Permian

text: period during the

text: Paleozoic

text: era. During the

text: Mesozoic

text: era, many groups of reptiles became adapted to life in the seas, including such familiar clades as the

text: ichthyosaur

text: s,

text: plesiosaur

text: s (these two orders were once thought united in the group "Enaliosauria," a classification now cladistically obsolete),

text: mosasaur

text: s,

text: nothosaur

text: s,

text: placodont

text: s,

text: sea turtle

text: s,

text: thalattosaur

text: s and

text: thalattosuchia

text: ns. After the

text: mass extinction

text: at the end of the

text: Cretaceous

text: period, marine reptiles were less numerous.

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answers: The earliest marine reptiles

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the eastern part of the Grand Canyon, the contact between the Hatakai Shale with underlying Bass Formation is typically gradational over an interval of a meter or so. For example, in Red Canyon, the contact consists of an interval in which stromatolitic limestone of the Bass Formation is intimately interbedded with coarse deposits of the overlying Hakatai Shale. In the eastern part of the Grand Canyon, the contact is sharp, but conformable.

text: In the eastern part of the Grand Canyon, the contact between the Hatakai Shale with underlying Bass Formation is typically gradational over an interval of a meter or so. For example, in Red Canyon, the contact consists of an interval in which

text: stromatolitic

text: limestone

text: of the Bass Formation is intimately interbedded with coarse deposits of the overlying Hakatai Shale. In the eastern part of the Grand Canyon, the contact is sharp, but conformable.

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answers: the contact is sharp, but conformable

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answers: Hakatai Shale

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answers: limestone

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answers: Bass Formation

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Lhasa terrane is separated from the Himalayas to the south by the Yarlung-Tsangpo suture, and from the Qiangtang terrane to the north by the Bangong-Nujiang suture.The Lhasa terrane has a Precambrian crystalline basement overlaid with sedimentary strata from the Paleozoic ( Ma) and Mesozoic ( Ma) and containing magmatic rocks from the Paleozoic to Cenozoic (66 Ma to the present). It is thought to be the last crustal block to accrete to the Eurasian plate before it collided with the Indian plate in the Cenozoic.

text: The Lhasa terrane is separated from the

text: Himalayas

text: to the south by the

text: Yarlung-Tsangpo suture

text: , and from the Qiangtang terrane to the north by the

text: Bangong-Nujiang suture

text: .The Lhasa terrane has a

text: Precambrian

text: crystalline basement overlaid with sedimentary strata from the

text: Paleozoic

text: ( Ma) and

text: Mesozoic

text: ( Ma) and containing magmatic rocks from the Paleozoic to

text: Cenozoic

text: (66 Ma to the present). It is thought to be the last crustal block to

text: accrete

text: to the Eurasian plate before it collided with the Indian plate in the Cenozoic.

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answers: sedimentary

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answers: the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Lhasa terrane

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: On August 16, 2009, Air Force One, carrying President Barack Obama landed at Grand Canyon Airport at about 10am local time, for a four-hour visit of the Canyon by the President and his family.

text: On August 16, 2009,

text: Air Force One

text: , carrying

text: President

text: Barack Obama

text: landed at Grand Canyon Airport at about 10am local time, for a four-hour visit of the

text: Canyon

text: by the President and his family.

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answers: four

answers: NDQ_005494

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answers: Canyon

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: He also is remembered for his studies of Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks of the Grand Canyon and as the first to prepare a detailed geologic map of a large part of Grand Canyon National Park. In addition, he engaged in a long-term investigation of a fifty-mile segment of the San Andreas fault. He was the first to cite evidence for many miles of horizontal displacement along this major structural feature of western North America.

text: He also is remembered for his studies of

text: Precambrian

text: and

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks of the

text: Grand Canyon

text: and as the first to prepare a detailed geologic map of a large part of

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: . In addition, he engaged in a long-term investigation of a fifty-mile segment of the

text: San Andreas fault

text: . He was the first to cite evidence for many miles of horizontal displacement along this major structural feature of western North America.

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answers: displacement

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: many miles

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: San Andreas fault

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: many miles of horizontal displacement

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Paleozoic rocks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Marine terraces often result from marine erosion along rocky coast lines in temperate regions due to wave attack and sediment carried in the waves. Erosion also takes place in connection with weathering and cavitation. The speed of erosion is highly dependent on the shoreline material (hardness of rock), the bathymetry, and the bedrock properties and can be between only a few millimeters per year for granitic rocks and more than  per year for volcanic ejecta. The retreat of the sea cliff generates a shore (wave-cut/abrasion-) platform through the process of abrasion. A relative change of the sea level leads to regressions or transgressions and eventually forms another terrace (marine-cut terrace) at a different altitude while notches in the cliff face indicate short stillstands.

text: Marine terraces often result from

text: marine erosion

text: along rocky coast lines in

text: temperate region

text: s due to wave attack and

text: sediment

text: carried in the waves.

text: Erosion

text: also takes place in connection with

text: weathering

text: and

text: cavitation

text: . The speed of erosion is highly dependent on the shoreline material (hardness of rock), the

text: bathymetry

text: , and the

text: bedrock

text: properties and can be between only a few millimeters per year for

text: granitic

text: rocks and more than  per year for

text: volcanic ejecta

text: . The retreat of the sea

text: cliff

text: generates a

text: shore (wave-cut/abrasion-) platform

text: through the process of

text: abrasion

text: . A relative change of the

text: sea level

text: leads to

text: regressions

text: or

text: transgressions

text: and eventually forms another terrace (marine-cut terrace) at a different altitude while notches in the cliff face indicate short stillstands.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: relative change of the sea level

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: long stillstands

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: marine-cut terrace

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Marine terraces

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: A relative change of the sea level

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Marine terraces

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: notches in the cliff face

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: After the large drop in sea level (marine regression) associated with deposition of the Woodbine during the Early Cenomanian, sea-level began to rise (marine transgression), allowing for the deposition of Lower Eagle Ford organic-rich marls in South Texas and limestones of the Terrell Member of the Boquillas Formation in West Texas starting at about 96 million years ago.  The rise in sea-level eventually drowned the East Texas Woodbine river deltas, initiating Eagle Ford deposition in East Texas.  The initial deposits, known as the Six Flags Limestone in Dallas and the Bluebonnet Limestone in Waco, are calcarenites predominantly composed of disaggregated prisms of Inoceramus clams and planktonic foraminifera tests.

text: After the large drop in

text: sea level

text: marine regression

text: ) associated with deposition of the

text: Woodbine

text: during the Early

text: Cenomanian

text: , sea-level began to rise (

text: marine transgression

text: ), allowing for the deposition of Lower Eagle Ford organic-rich

text: marl

text: s in

text: South Texas

text: and

text: limestone

text: s of the Terrell Member of the

text: Boquillas Formation

text: in

text: West Texas

text: starting at about 96 million years ago.  The rise in sea-level eventually drowned the

text: East Texas

text: Woodbine

text: river delta

text: s, initiating Eagle Ford deposition in

text: East Texas

text: .  The initial

text: deposit

text: s, known as the Six Flags Limestone in Dallas and the Bluebonnet Limestone in Waco, are

text: calcarenite

text: s predominantly composed of disaggregated prisms of

text: Inoceramus

text: clams and

text: planktonic

text: foraminifera

text: tests.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: rise in sea-level

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Lower Eagle Ford organic-rich marls

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: limestones

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: sea-level

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: calcarenites

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Terrell Member

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: sea-level began to rise

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Pyrenees are older than the Alps: their sediments were first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.  Between 100 and 150 million years ago, during the Lower Cretaceous Period, the Bay of Biscay fanned out, pushing present-day Spain against France and applying intense compressional pressure to large layers of sedimentary rock. The intense pressure and uplifting of the Earth's crust first affected the eastern part and moved progressively to the entire chain, culminating in the Eocene Epoch.

text: The Pyrenees are older than the

text: Alps

text: : their

text: sediment

text: s were first deposited in coastal basins during the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: eras.  Between 100 and 150 million years ago, during the Lower

text: Cretaceous

text: Period, the

text: Bay of Biscay

text: fanned out

text: , pushing present-day Spain against France and applying intense

text: compressional pressure

text: to large layers of

text: sedimentary rock

text: . The intense pressure and uplifting of the Earth's crust first affected the eastern part and moved progressively to the entire chain, culminating in the

text: Eocene

text: Epoch.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Bay of Biscay fanned out

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Bay of Biscay

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: the Earth's crust

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Lower Cretaceous Period

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The Bay of Biscay

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The intense pressure and uplifting of the Earth's crust

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Lower Cretaceous Period

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Bay of Biscay fanned out, pushing present-day Spain against France

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The largest part of the Tux Alps comprises low grade metamorphic rocks, that are classified as part of the Innsbruck quartz-phyllite complex (quartzitic phyllite slate). Next to this zone of Paleozoic rocks to the south there is a localised zone of various Mesozoic rocks, the so-called Tarntal Mesozoic. This complex zone belongs, like the quartz-phyllite zone, to the tectonic unit of the Lower Eastern Alps. Amongst the rocks of Tarntal Mesozoic may be found dolomite and limestones that are the basis of rock faces (Kalkwand and Torwand) in the area of the Wattentaler Lizum. On the other hand, there are also elements of the former ocean bed, in the shape of serpentinite that make up the Lizumer Reckner. The southern perimeter of the Tux Alps belongs to the tectonically deeper-lying Penninic Hohe Tauern window. Here in the Tux Alps these are mainly rocks of the Penninic Glockner Nappe (calc-schist envelope of the Tauern). The northeasternmost corner of the Tux Alps, from the area of Schwaz to Fügen im Zillertal, belongs to the Upper Eastern Alpine greywacke zone, which consists of Paleozoic rocks. Silver and copper were once extensively mined in this zone in the area around Schwaz.

text: The largest part of the Tux Alps comprises

text: low grade metamorphic

text: rocks, that are classified as part of the Innsbruck quartz-phyllite complex (quartzitic

text: phyllite

text: slate). Next to this zone of

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks to the south there is a localised zone of various

text: Mesozoic

text: rocks, the so-called Tarntal Mesozoic. This complex zone belongs, like the quartz-phyllite zone, to the tectonic unit of the Lower Eastern Alps. Amongst the rocks of Tarntal Mesozoic may be found

text: dolomite

text: and

text: limestone

text: s that are the basis of rock faces (Kalkwand and Torwand) in the area of the Wattentaler Lizum. On the other hand, there are also elements of the former ocean bed, in the shape of

text: serpentinite

text: that make up the Lizumer Reckner. The southern perimeter of the Tux Alps belongs to the tectonically deeper-lying

text: Penninic

text: Hohe Tauern window

text: . Here in the Tux Alps these are mainly rocks of the Penninic Glockner Nappe (calc-schist envelope of the Tauern). The northeasternmost corner of the Tux Alps, from the area of

text: Schwaz

text: to

text: Fügen im Zillertal

text: , belongs to the Upper Eastern Alpine

text: greywacke zone

text: , which consists of Paleozoic rocks.

text: Silver

text: and

text: copper

text: were once extensively mined in this zone in the area around Schwaz.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: elements of the former ocean bed

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: elements of the former ocean bed

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: serpentinite

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: greywacke

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Tarntal Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: low grade metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: serpentinite that make up the Lizumer Reckner

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Apulia Carbonate Platform in Apulia, Italy was a major palaeogeographic element of the southern margin of the Mesozoic Tethys Ocean. It is one of the so-called peri-Adriatic platforms, which are comparable to the Bahama Banks in their carbonate facies, shape, size, and subsidence rate and, also, in the internal architecture.

text: The Apulia

text: Carbonate Platform

text: in

text: Apulia

text: Italy

text: was a major

text: palaeogeographic

text: element of the southern margin of the

text: Mesozoic

text: Tethys Ocean

text: . It is one of the so-called peri-

text: Adriatic

text: platforms, which are comparable to the

text: Bahama Banks

text: in their carbonate

text: facies

text: , shape, size, and

text: subsidence

text: rate and, also, in the internal architecture.

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answers: 4

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: subsidence

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answers: Carbonate

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answers: Carbonate

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answers: The Apulia Carbonate Platform

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Carbonate Platform

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: carbonate facies

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The Apulia Carbonate Platform

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: The geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area includes nine known exposed formations, all visible in Zion National Park in the U.S. state of Utah. Together, these formations represent about 150 million years of mostly Mesozoic-aged sedimentation in that part of North America. Part of a super-sequence of rock units called the Grand Staircase, the formations exposed in the Zion and Kolob area were deposited in several different environments that range from the warm shallow seas of the Kaibab and Moenkopi formations, streams and lakes of the Chinle, Moenave, and Kayenta formations to the large deserts of the Navajo and Temple Cap formations and dry near shore environments of the Carmel Formation.

text: The geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area includes nine known exposed

text: formation

text: s, all visible in

text: Zion National Park

text: in the U.S. state of

text: Utah

text: . Together, these formations represent about 150 million years of mostly

text: Mesozoic

text: -aged

text: sedimentation

text: in that part of

text: North America

text: . Part of a super-sequence of rock units called the

text: Grand Staircase

text: , the formations exposed in the Zion and Kolob area were deposited in several different environments that range from the warm shallow seas of the Kaibab and Moenkopi formations,

text: stream

text: s and

text: lake

text: s of the Chinle, Moenave, and Kayenta formations to the large

text: desert

text: s of the Navajo and Temple Cap formations and dry near shore environments of the Carmel Formation.

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: shallow seas

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 150 million years

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: warm shallow seas

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Kaibab

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Zion and Kolob

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Carmel

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Grand Staircase

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Kaibab and Moenkopi formations

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Amminadav Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation in Israel. Pterosaur fossils have been recovered from the formation.

text: The Amminadav Formation is a

text: Mesozoic

text: geologic

text: formation

text: in

text: Israel

text: Pterosaur

text: fossils have been recovered from the formation.

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answers: 3

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Amminadav Formation

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Halite

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answers: Pterosaur

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Pterosaur

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the early Mesozoic Era, the main displacement of the African continent was from south to north, in the direction of Europe. The Atlantic Ocean was opening with high rates of expansion. This caused the uplift of the western part of Morocco, causing exposure of Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks, and prevented a continuous deposition of Mesozoic sediments in western Morocco. In the Jurassic Period, most of modern Morocco had already emerged. The first marine transgression is dated to the Early Barremian. During the Barremian-Aptian, two elongated marine gulfs extended northwards along the Middle-Atlas and from the western Essaouira basin. In the Early Cretaceous, Northern Africa was covered with deltaic and brackish environments. These deposits comprise the Kem Kem beds and thus the Aoufous Formation too.

text: In the early

text: Mesozoic

text: Era, the main displacement of the African continent was from south to north, in the direction of

text: Europe

text: . The

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: was opening with high rates of expansion. This caused the uplift of the western part of Morocco, causing exposure of

text: Precambrian

text: and

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks, and prevented a continuous deposition of Mesozoic sediments in western Morocco. In the

text: Jurassic Period

text: , most of modern Morocco had already emerged. The first

text: marine transgression

text: is dated to the Early

text: Barremian

text: . During the Barremian-Aptian, two elongated marine

text: gulf

text: s extended northwards along the Middle-Atlas and from the western Essaouira basin. In the

text: Early Cretaceous

text: , Northern Africa was covered with

text: delta

text: ic and

text: brackish

text: environments. These deposits comprise the Kem Kem beds and thus the Aoufous Formation too.

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answers: Early Barremian

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answers: Early Barremian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: high rates of expansion

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Aoufous Formation

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Kem Kem beds

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Two elongated marine gulfs extended northwards along the Middle-Atlas and from the western Essaouira basin

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Aoufous Formation

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: During the Barremian-Aptian

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: When discussing the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt of Mexico the basement include Proterozoic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic age rocks for the Oaxaquia, the Mixteco and the Guerrero terranes respectively.

text: When discussing the

text: Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt

text: of

text: Mexico

text: the basement include Proterozoic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic age rocks for the Oaxaquia, the Mixteco and the Guerrero

text: terrane

text: s respectively.

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Volcanic

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answers: Proterozoic

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: rocks

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answers: Proterozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Mesozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Geologists such as Adam Sedgwick, and Roderick Murchison continued, in the course of disputes such as The Great Devonian Controversy, to make advances in stratigraphy. They described new geological epochs such as the Cambrian, the Silurian, the Devonian, and the Permian. Increasingly, such progress in stratigraphy depended on the opinions of experts with specialized knowledge of particular types of fossils such as William Lonsdale (fossil corals), and John Lindley (fossil plants) who both played a role in the Devonian controversy and its resolution. By the early 1840s much of the geologic time scale had been developed. In 1841, John Phillips formally divided the geologic column into three major eras, the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, based on sharp breaks in the fossil record. He identified the three periods of the Mesozoic era and all the periods of the Paleozoic era except the Ordovician.  His definition of the geological time scale is still used today. It remained a relative time scale with no method of assigning any of the periods' absolute dates. It was understood that not only had there been an "age of reptiles" preceding the current "age of mammals", but there had been a time (during the Cambrian and the Silurian) when life had been restricted to the sea, and a time (prior to the Devonian) when invertebrates had been the largest and most complex forms of animal life.

text: Geologists such as

text: Adam Sedgwick

text: , and

text: Roderick Murchison

text: continued, in the course of disputes such as

text: The Great Devonian Controversy

text: , to make advances in stratigraphy. They described new geological epochs such as the

text: Cambrian

text: , the

text: Silurian

text: , the

text: Devonian

text: , and the

text: Permian

text: . Increasingly, such progress in stratigraphy depended on the opinions of experts with specialized knowledge of particular types of fossils such as

text: William Lonsdale

text: (fossil corals), and

text: John Lindley

text: (fossil plants) who both played a role in the Devonian controversy and its resolution. By the early 1840s much of the geologic time scale had been developed. In 1841,

text: John Phillips

text: formally divided the geologic column into three major eras, the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Cenozoic

text: , based on sharp breaks in the fossil record. He identified the three periods of the Mesozoic era and all the periods of the Paleozoic era except the

text: Ordovician

text: .  His definition of the geological time scale is still used today. It remained a relative time scale with no method of assigning any of the periods' absolute dates. It was understood that not only had there been an "age of reptiles" preceding the current "age of mammals", but there had been a time (during the Cambrian and the Silurian) when life had been restricted to the sea, and a time (prior to the Devonian) when invertebrates had been the largest and most complex forms of animal life.

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answers: NDQ_005491

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_005498

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answers: NDQ_005500

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: life had been restricted to the sea

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: sharp breaks in the fossil record

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The Great Devonian Controversy

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: fossil record

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The facies of all rocks of a certain age can be plotted on a map to give an overview of the palaeogeography. A sequence of maps for different ages can give an insight in the development of the regional geography.

text: The facies of all rocks of a certain age can be plotted on a map to give an overview of the

text: palaeogeography

text: . A sequence of maps for different ages can give an insight in the development of the regional geography.

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answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: a marine transgression

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: marine transgressions

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: a sequence

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Halite

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the development of the regional geography

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: palaeogeography

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In 1893 the lands surrounding the Hull property were designated the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve. At some point after 1893 Hull left the area, and the cabins became property of the Department of the Interior. The cabin site was located near the somewhat boundary between Grand Canyon National Monument and Coconino National Forest, and at various times was considered to be within either property. However, on February 21, 1907 the cabin and its dependencies were transferred to Coconino National Forest, becoming the Hull Tank Ranger Station. In 1910 the cabin became the Hull Tank Ranger Station, the headquarters for Tusayan National Forest, which was created from Coconino. The forest managed the Grand Canyon area until the creation of the national park in 1919, working from the Hull Cabin in summer and from Anita, Arizona in the winter. Tusayan was incorporated into Kaibab National Forest in 1934., and the cabin became the headquarters of the Tusayan District until 1940, when operations were moved to the Moqui Ranger Station near Tusayan. The cabin's rear extension was added at that time, and probably the stone living room chimney. A 1950 proposal was advanced to include the area around the Hull Cabin in Grand Canyon National Park, but the idea was never pursued.

text: In 1893 the lands surrounding the Hull property were designated the

text: Grand Canyon Forest Reserve

text: . At some point after 1893 Hull left the area, and the cabins became property of the

entity_name: United States Department of the Interior

text: Department of the Interior

text: . The cabin site was located near the somewhat boundary between

text: Grand Canyon National Monument

text: and

text: Coconino National Forest

text: , and at various times was considered to be within either property. However, on February 21, 1907 the cabin and its dependencies were transferred to Coconino National Forest, becoming the Hull Tank Ranger Station. In 1910 the cabin became the Hull Tank Ranger Station, the headquarters for

text: Tusayan National Forest

text: , which was created from Coconino. The forest managed the Grand Canyon area until the creation of the national park in 1919, working from the Hull Cabin in summer and from

text: Anita, Arizona

text: in the winter. Tusayan was incorporated into

text: Kaibab National Forest

text: in 1934., and the cabin became the headquarters of the Tusayan District until 1940, when operations were moved to the

text: Moqui Ranger Station

text: near

text: Tusayan

text: . The cabin's rear extension was added at that time, and probably the stone living room chimney. A 1950 proposal was advanced to include the area around the Hull Cabin in

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: , but the idea was never pursued.

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answers: four

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answers: Grand Canyon Forest Reserve

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answers: Grand Canyon

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answers: stone

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Hull property were designated the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Grand Canyon National Monument

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The NCVP is underlain by four large crustal fragments, namely Stikinia, Yukon-Tanana, Cassiar and Cache Creek. Stikinia comprises volcanic, plutonic and sedimentary rocks that were created in an island arc environment during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. Mélange and abyssal peridotites, formed largely in an ancient oceanic basin, are the primary rocks of the Cache Creek Terrane. These are also Paleozoic to Mesozoic in age and are intersected by younger granitic intrusions. Yukon-Tanana and Cassiar consist of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks derived from the North American continent. The rocks of these two terranes are displaced and autochthonous in nature.

text: The NCVP is underlain by four large

text: crustal fragments

text: , namely

text: Stikinia

text: Yukon-Tanana

text: Cassiar

text: and

text: Cache Creek

text: . Stikinia comprises

text: volcanic

text: plutonic

text: and

text: sedimentary

text: rocks that were created in an

text: island arc

text: environment during the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: eras

text: Mélange

text: and abyssal

text: peridotite

text: s, formed largely in an ancient

text: oceanic basin

text: , are the primary rocks of the Cache Creek Terrane. These are also Paleozoic to Mesozoic in age and are intersected by younger

text: granitic

text: intrusion

text: s. Yukon-Tanana and Cassiar consist of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks derived from the North American continent. The rocks of these two terranes are displaced and

text: autochthonous

text: in nature.

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answers: ancient oceanic basin

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answers: Cretaceous

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answers: peridotites

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answers: Stikinia

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answers: Mesozoic to Mesozoic

answer: No

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Located in northern Arizona, the Grand Canyon is a colorful, deep, steep-sided gorge, carved by the Colorado River. The canyon is one of the seven natural wonders of the world and is largely contained in the Grand Canyon National Park—one of the first national parks in the United States. President Theodore Roosevelt was a major proponent of designating the Grand Canyon area as a National Park, often visiting to hunt mountain lion and enjoy the scenery. The canyon was created by the Colorado River cutting a channel over millions of years, and is about  long, ranges in width from  and attains a depth of more than . Nearly two billion years of the Earth's history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut through layer after layer of sediment as the Colorado Plateau uplifted.

text: Located in northern Arizona, the

text: Grand Canyon

text: is a colorful, deep, steep-sided gorge, carved by the

text: Colorado River

text: . The canyon is one of the

text: seven natural wonders of the world

text: and is largely contained in the

text: Grand Canyon National Park

text: —one of the first national parks in the United States. President

text: Theodore Roosevelt

text: was a major proponent of designating the Grand Canyon area as a National Park, often visiting to hunt

text: mountain lion

text: and enjoy the scenery. The canyon was created by the Colorado River cutting a channel over millions of years, and is about  long, ranges in width from  and attains a depth of more than . Nearly two billion years of the

text: Earth

text: 's history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut through layer after layer of sediment as the Colorado Plateau uplifted.

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answers: Colorado Plateau uplift

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answers: Colorado Plateau

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answers: Colorado Plateau

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answers: Colorado Plateau uplifted

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answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Colorado Plateau uplifted

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: the Colorado River and its tributaries cut through layer after layer of sediment as the Colorado Plateau uplifted

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The largest island is George Land, which measures . Three additional islands exceed  in size: Wilczek Land, Graham Bell Island and Alexandra Land. Five more islands exceed : Hall Island, Salisbury Island, McClintock Island, Jackson Island and Hooker Island. The smallest 135 islands constitute 0.4 percent of the archipelago's area. The highest elevation is a peak on Wilczek Land, which rises  above mean sea level. Victoria Island, located  to the west of Alexandra Land, is administratively part of the archipelago, but the island is not geographically part of the island group and is closer to Svalbard, located  from Kvitøya.Geologically the archipelago is located on the northern edge of the Barents Sea Platform, within an area where Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are exposed. The area has four units separated by regional erosion surfaces. The Upper Paleozoic unit is poorly exposed and was created by folding during the Caledonian period. The Lower Mesozoic unit, consisting of coastal and marine sediments from the Upper Triassic period are present on most island and on the bottom of straights, and consist of limestones, shales, sandstones and conglomerate. The Upper Mesozoic unit dominates in the southern and western parts, consisting of massive effusive rocks made up of basaltic sheets separated by volcanic ashes and tuffs, mixed with terrigenous rocks with layers of coal. The Mesozoic-Tertiary unit remains mostly on the sea floor and consist of marine quartz sandstones and shales. Plate tectonics of the Arctic Ocean created basalt lavas and dolerite sheets and dykes in the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous periods. The land is rising by  per year, due to the melting of the Barents Sea Ice Sheet ca. 10,000 years ago.

text: The largest island is

text: George Land

text: , which measures . Three additional islands exceed  in size:

text: Wilczek Land

text: Graham Bell Island

text: and

text: Alexandra Land

text: . Five more islands exceed :

text: Hall Island

text: Salisbury Island

text: McClintock Island

text: Jackson Island

text: and

text: Hooker Island

text: . The smallest 135 islands constitute 0.4 percent of the archipelago's area. The highest elevation is a peak on Wilczek Land, which rises  above mean sea level.

text: Victoria Island

text: , located  to the west of Alexandra Land, is administratively part of the archipelago, but the island is not geographically part of the island group and is closer to Svalbard, located  from

text: Kvitøya

text: .Geologically the archipelago is located on the northern edge of the Barents Sea Platform, within an area where

text: Mesozoic

text: sedimentary

text: rocks are exposed. The area has four

text: units

text: separated by regional

text: erosion surface

text: s. The Upper

text: Paleozoic

text: unit is poorly exposed and was created by

text: folding

text: during the

text: Caledonian

text: period. The Lower Mesozoic unit, consisting of coastal and marine

text: sediment

text: s from the Upper

text: Triassic

text: period are present on most island and on the bottom of straights, and consist of

text: limestone

text: s,

text: shale

text: s,

text: sandstone

text: s and

text: conglomerate

text: . The Upper Mesozoic unit dominates in the southern and western parts, consisting of massive

text: effusive

text: rocks made up of

text: basalt

text: ic sheets separated by

text: volcanic ash

text: es and

text: tuff

text: s, mixed with

text: terrigenous

text: rocks with layers of coal. The Mesozoic-Tertiary unit remains mostly on the sea floor and consist of marine

text: quartz

text: sandstones and shales.

text: Plate tectonics

text: of the Arctic Ocean created basalt

text: lava

text: s and

text: dolerite

text: sheets and

text: dykes

text: in the Upper

text: Jurassic

text: and Lower

text: Cretaceous

text: periods. The land is rising by  per year, due to the melting of the Barents Sea Ice Sheet ca. 10,000 years ago.

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answers: The Lower Mesozoic unit

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The highest area, the  high Higher Bükk  bore Bükk Highlands begin at Lillafüred. This mostly consists of sea sediments (limestone, slate, dolomite) from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, and volcanic rocks like diabase and porphyry. Several caves can be found in the area. The city is also known for lowest measured temperature ever in Hungary with .

text: The highest area, the  high Higher Bükk  bore Bükk Highlands begin at Lillafüred. This mostly consists of sea sediments (limestone, slate, dolomite) from the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: , and volcanic rocks like

text: diabase

text: and

text: porphyry

text: . Several caves can be found in the area. The city is also known for lowest measured temperature ever in Hungary with .

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answers: limestone

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answers: limestone, slate, dolomite

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: A facies is usually further subdivided, for example, one might refer to a "tan, cross-bedded oolitic limestone facies" or a "shale facies". The characteristics of the rock unit come from the depositional environment and from the original composition. Sedimentary facies reflect their depositional environment, each facies being a distinct kind of sediment for that area or environment.

text: A facies is usually further subdivided, for example, one might refer to a "tan, cross-bedded oolitic

text: limestone

text: facies" or a "

text: shale

text: facies". The characteristics of the

text: rock

text: unit come from the

text: depositional environment

text: and from the original composition.

text: Sedimentary

text: facies reflect their depositional environment, each facies being a distinct kind of sediment for that area or environment.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: These types of rocks are commonly formed in marine environments and the horizontal layering and vertical variation indicates marine transgression/regression; with the slate representing the deep marine, slightly metamorphosed shales.

text: These types of rocks are commonly formed in marine environments and the horizontal layering and vertical variation indicates

text: marine transgression

text: regression

text: ; with the slate representing the deep marine, slightly

text: metamorphosed

text: shales

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answer: No

answer: No

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text: The reptiles appeared from labyrinthodonts in the subsequent Carboniferous period. The anapsid and synapsid reptiles were common during the late Paleozoic, while the diapsids became dominant during the Mesozoic. In the sea, the bony fishes became dominant.

text: The

text: reptiles

text: appeared from labyrinthodonts in the subsequent

text: Carboniferous

text: period. The

text: anapsid

text: and

text: synapsid

text: reptiles were common during the late

text: Paleozoic

text: , while the

text: diapsid

text: s became dominant during the

text: Mesozoic

text: . In the sea, the

text: bony fishes

text: became dominant.

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answers: the Bony fishes

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Carboniferous period

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answers: Carboniferous

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answers: Carboniferous

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answers: Mesozoic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In rocks in subduction zones, that are transported to great depths in relatively low temperatures, rare types of metamorphic zones can develop. Two facies series are the Franciscan and Sanbagawa types. The rocks are characterized by prehnite-pumpellyite, blueschist or eclogite facies minerals.

text: In rocks in

text: subduction zone

text: s, that are transported to great depths in relatively low temperatures, rare types of metamorphic zones can develop. Two facies series are the

text: Franciscan

text: and

text: Sanbagawa

text: types. The rocks are characterized by

text: prehnite-pumpellyite

text: blueschist

text: or

text: eclogite

text: facies

text: minerals.

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answers: blueschist

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answers: subduction zones

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: rocks in subduction zones

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In geology, a facies (pronounced variously as ,  or  ['faysheez', 'fayseez' or 'fash-eez']; plural also 'facies') is a body of rock with specified characteristics, which can be any observable attribute of rocks such as their overall appearance, composition, or condition of formation, and the changes that may occur in those attributes over a geographic area.

text: In

text: geology

text: , a facies (pronounced variously as ,  or  ['faysheez', 'fayseez' or 'fash-eez']; plural also 'facies') is a body of rock with specified characteristics, which can be any observable attribute of rocks such as their overall appearance, composition, or condition of formation, and the changes that may occur in those attributes over a geographic area.

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answers: Faysheez

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answers: Faysheez

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answers: In geology, a facies

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: formation

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: facies

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Walther's Law of Facies, or simply Walther's Law, named after the geologist Johannes Walther (1860-1937), states that the vertical succession of facies reflects lateral changes in environment. Conversely, it states that when a depositional environment "migrates" laterally, sediments of one depositional environment come to lie on top of another. In Russia the law is known as Golovkinsky-Walther's Law, honoring also Nikolai A. Golovkinsky(1834-1897). A classic example of this law is the vertical stratigraphic succession that typifies marine transgressions and regressions.

text: Walther's Law of Facies, or simply Walther's Law, named after the geologist

text: Johannes Walther

text: (1860-1937), states that the vertical succession of facies reflects lateral changes in environment. Conversely, it states that when a depositional environment "migrates" laterally, sediments of one depositional environment come to lie on top of another. In Russia the law is known as Golovkinsky-Walther's Law, honoring also

text: Nikolai A. Golovkinsky

text: (1834-1897). A classic example of this law is the vertical stratigraphic succession that typifies marine

text: transgressions

text: and

text: regressions

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answers: vertical stratigraphic succession

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answers: vertical

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answers: Walther's Law

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answers: Walther's Law

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: marine transgressions and regressions

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: vertical stratigraphic succession

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In German, "Gat" (as well as "Seegatt" and the diminutive "Gatje") can refer to an arm of the sea which is not necessarily subject to strong tidal currents; for instance, the Prerower Strom ("Prerow Stream"), which is a regressive delta, is a gat. Seegatt (also "Neues [Pillauer] Tief" [New {Pillau} Deep]) is the German proper name of the Strait of Baltiysk (Pillau) which connects the Vistula Lagoon to the Baltic Sea.

text: In German, "Gat" (as well as "Seegatt" and the diminutive "Gatje") can refer to an arm of the sea which is not necessarily subject to strong tidal currents; for instance, the

text: Prerower Strom

text: ("Prerow Stream"), which is a

text: regressive delta

text: , is a gat. Seegatt (also "Neues [Pillauer] Tief" [New {Pillau} Deep]) is the German proper name of the

text: Strait of Baltiysk

text: (Pillau) which connects the

text: Vistula Lagoon

text: to the

text: Baltic Sea

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answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Prerower Strom

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Pillau

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: regressive delta

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Prerower Strom ("Prerow Stream")

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: No Precambrian fossils are known from Illinois. As such, the state's fossil record does not begin until the Paleozoic. Illinois was covered by a sea during the Paleozoic. Over time this sea would be inhabited by animals like brachiopods, clams, corals, crinoids, snails, sponges, trilobites. 500 million years ago, during the Cambrian, the seas of Illinois resembled those of the modern Bahamas. At the time, Illinois was located near the equator. Illinois was home to trilobites. Cambrian trilobites left their remains in the state's north-central region. In other areas of Illinois Cambrian trilobite fossils have only been found in core samples drilled from deeply buried rocks.

text: No Precambrian fossils are known from Illinois. As such, the state's fossil record does not begin until the Paleozoic. Illinois was covered by a

text: sea

text: during the

text: Paleozoic

text: . Over time this sea would be inhabited by animals like

text: brachiopod

text: s,

text: clam

text: s,

text: coral

text: s,

text: crinoid

text: s,

text: snail

text: s,

text: sponge

text: s,

text: trilobite

text: s. 500 million years ago, during the

text: Cambrian

text: , the seas of Illinois resembled those of the modern

text: Bahamas

text: . At the time, Illinois was located near the

text: equator

text: . Illinois was home to

text: trilobites

text: . Cambrian trilobites left their remains in the state's north-central region. In other areas of Illinois Cambrian trilobite fossils have only been found in

text: core samples

text: drilled from deeply buried rocks.

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answers: Cambrian

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answers: shale

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answers: Illinois was covered by a sea

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: No Precambrian fossils are known from Illinois

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Most specimens of Gorgosaurus libratus have been recovered from the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta. This formation dates to the middle of the Campanian, between 76.5 and 74.8 million years ago, and Gorgosaurus libratus fossils are known specifically from the lower to middle section of the formation, between 76.6 and 75.1 million years ago. The Two Medicine Formation and Judith River Formation of Montana have also yielded possible Gorgosaurus remains. At this time, the area was a coastal plain along the western edge of the Western Interior Seaway, which divided North America in half. The Laramide Orogeny had begun uplifting the Rocky Mountains to the west, from which flowed great rivers that deposited eroded sediment in vast floodplains along the coast. The climate was subtropical with marked seasonality, and periodic droughts sometimes resulted in massive mortality among the great herds of dinosaurs, as represented in the numerous bonebed deposits preserved in the Dinosaur Park Formation. Conifers formed the forest canopy, while the understory plants consisted of ferns, tree ferns and angiosperms. Around 73 million years ago, the seaway began to expand, transgressing into areas formerly above sea level and drowning the Dinosaur Park ecosystem. This transgression, called the Bearpaw Sea, is recorded by the marine sediments of the massive Bearpaw Shale.

text: Most specimens of Gorgosaurus libratus have been recovered from the

text: Dinosaur Park Formation

text: in Alberta. This formation dates to the middle of the

text: Campanian

text: , between 76.5 and 74.8

text: million years ago

text: , and Gorgosaurus libratus fossils are known specifically from the lower to middle section of the formation, between 76.6 and 75.1 million years ago. The

text: Two Medicine Formation

text: and

text: Judith River Formation

text: of Montana have also yielded possible Gorgosaurus remains. At this time, the area was a coastal plain along the western edge of the

text: Western Interior Seaway

text: , which divided North America in half. The

text: Laramide Orogeny

text: had begun uplifting the

text: Rocky Mountains

text: to the west, from which flowed great rivers that deposited eroded sediment in vast

text: floodplain

text: s along the coast. The climate was

text: subtropical

text: with marked seasonality, and periodic droughts sometimes resulted in massive mortality among the great herds of dinosaurs, as represented in the numerous

text: bonebed

text: deposits preserved in the Dinosaur Park Formation.

text: Conifer

text: s formed the

text: forest canopy

text: , while the

text: understory

text: plants consisted of

text: fern

text: s,

text: tree fern

text: s and

text: angiosperm

text: s. Around 73 million years ago, the seaway began to expand,

text: transgressing

text: into areas formerly above sea level and drowning the Dinosaur Park ecosystem. This transgression, called the Bearpaw Sea, is recorded by the marine sediments of the massive

text: Bearpaw Shale

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: the seaway began to expand

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: periodic droughts

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Laramide Orogeny

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Bearpaw Shale

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Bearpaw Shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: periodic droughts

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Shale

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Bearpaw Shale

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Bearpaw Shale

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Scoyenia is an ichnogenus found in paleozoic-mesozoic strata in North America. It appears to be the preserved remains of animal burrows.

text: Scoyenia is an

text: ichnogenus

text: found in

text: paleozoic

text: mesozoic

text: strata

text: in

text: North America

text: . It appears to be the preserved remains of animal burrows.

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005500

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: animal burrows

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: animal burrows

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: paleozoic-mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: remains of animal burrows

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: 1

text: Cotahuasi Canyon near the city of Arequipa in Peru is the deepest canyon in the world. The canyon is an impressive chasm that the river has eroded between two enormous mountain massifs: the Coropuna ( ) and the Sulimana ( ). One extends from spurs of the snow-covered Sulimana to the confluence with the Ocoña river. Cotahuasi Canyon was cut by the Rio Cotahuasi, a tributary of the Rio Ocoña, to a depth of approximately 3354 meters - over twice the depth of the Grand Canyon.

text: Cotahuasi Canyon near the city of

text: Arequipa

text: in

text: Peru

text: is the deepest canyon in the world. The canyon is an impressive chasm that the river has eroded between two enormous mountain massifs: the

text: Coropuna

text: ( ) and the

text: Sulimana

text: ( ). One extends from spurs of the snow-covered Sulimana to the confluence with the Ocoña river. Cotahuasi Canyon was cut by the Rio Cotahuasi, a tributary of the Rio Ocoña, to a depth of approximately 3354 meters - over twice the depth of the Grand Canyon.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Rio Cotahuasi

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: two enormous mountain massifs

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Rio Oco a

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Sulimana

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Sulimana

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Sulimana

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Cotahuasi Canyon

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Cotahuasi Canyon

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Caja del Rio Canyon (known locally as Diablo Canyon), is a popular local rock climbing area on the northern section of Canada Ancha, near its confluence with the Rio Grande. This area can be accessed by Camino La Tierra and Old Buckman Road. Although the area is not marked, it has an undeveloped but very large parking area at its east end. The canyon walls include impressive trap rocks. The flat, sand bottom of the canyon is subject to spectacular flash floods during the summer monsoon season. The hike from Diablo Canyon to the Rio Grande is both scenic and easy White Rock Canyon. The wash is also popular with horse riders. After passing Diablo Canyon, Old Buckman Road continues to the site of Buckman, a former logging town and depot of the narrow gauge Chili Line. The Rio Grande can be forded in some seasons at Buckman. In fact, this crossing was a major transportation route between Santa Fe and the Pajarito Plateau.

text: Caja del Rio Canyon (known locally as Diablo Canyon), is a popular local rock climbing area on the northern section of Canada Ancha, near its confluence with the Rio Grande. This area can be accessed by Camino La Tierra and Old Buckman Road. Although the area is not marked, it has an undeveloped but very large parking area at its east end. The canyon walls include impressive

text: trap rock

text: s. The flat, sand bottom of the canyon is subject to spectacular flash floods during the summer

text: monsoon

text: season. The hike from Diablo Canyon to the Rio Grande is both scenic and easy

text: White Rock Canyon

text: . The wash is also popular with horse riders. After passing Diablo Canyon, Old Buckman Road continues to the site of Buckman, a former logging town and depot of the

text: narrow gauge

text: Chili Line

text: . The Rio Grande can be forded in some seasons at Buckman. In fact, this crossing was a major transportation route between Santa Fe and the Pajarito Plateau.

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answers: summer monsoon season

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Caja del Rio

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: flash floods

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: trap rocks

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: flash floods during the summer monsoon season

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: trap rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: The canyon walls include impressive trap rocks

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: trap rocks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: The Tejas sequence was the last major marine transgression across the North American craton.  Following the late Cretaceous regression that ended the Zuñi sequence, the oceans advanced again early in the Cenozoic, peaking during the Paleocene and Eocene epochs.  There were no dramatic epeiric seas in North America; indeed, the Atlantic coast advanced only as far as the Mississippi Embayment.  The Tejas was deeper in Eurasia and Africa, which experienced widespread carbonate deposition during the Eocene.  There was a final transgression before the end of the Oligocene, the end of which marked the end of the Tejas sequence.

text: The Tejas sequence was the last major marine

text: transgression

text: across the

text: North America

text: n

text: craton

text: .  Following the late

text: Cretaceous

text: regression that ended the

text: Zuñi sequence

text: , the oceans advanced again early in the

text: Cenozoic

text: , peaking during the

text: Paleocene

text: and

text: Eocene

text: epochs.  There were no dramatic

text: epeiric seas

text: in North America; indeed, the

text: Atlantic coast

text: advanced only as far as the

text: Mississippi Embayment

text: .  The Tejas was deeper in

text: Eurasia

text: and

text: Africa

text: , which experienced widespread

text: carbonate

text: deposition during the Eocene.  There was a final transgression before the end of the

text: Oligocene

text: , the end of which marked the end of the Tejas sequence.

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answers: oceans advanced again early in the Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: oceans advanced again early in the Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Tejas sequence

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The Tejas sequence

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answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Tejas

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: North American craton

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: There were no dramatic epeiric seas in North America

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Paintbrush Canyon is located in Grand Teton National Park, in the U. S. state of Wyoming. The canyon was formed by glaciers which retreated at the end of the last glacial maximum approximately 15,000 years ago. The canyon lies between Rockchuck Peak and Mount Saint John to the south and Mount Woodring to the north. Leigh Lake is at the base of the canyon to the east and the alpine Holly Lake is located mid canyon. Popular with hikers, the canyon is part of a popular circuit hike of  which is rated as very strenuous and includes a total elevation change of  due to the ascent to Paintbrush Divide . Views from Paintbrush Divide include Lake Solitude (which is also passed on the circuit hike) and of Mount Moran to the north and the Cathedral Group including Grand Teton to the south. An ice axe may be necessary for hikes in the early summer. The Paintbrush Canyon Trail is part of the Teton Crest Trail, which spans the southern section of the Teton Range from Teton Pass along Wyoming Highway 22 to String Lake, a total distance of .

text: Paintbrush Canyon is located in

text: Grand Teton National Park

text: , in the

text: U. S. state

text: of

text: Wyoming

text: . The canyon was formed by

text: glacier

text: s which retreated at the end of the

text: last glacial maximum

text: approximately 15,000 years ago. The canyon lies between

text: Rockchuck Peak

text: and

text: Mount Saint John

text: to the south and

text: Mount Woodring

text: to the north.

text: Leigh Lake

text: is at the base of the canyon to the east and the alpine

text: Holly Lake

text: is located mid canyon. Popular with

text: hikers

text: , the canyon is part of a popular circuit hike of  which is rated as very strenuous and includes a total elevation change of  due to the ascent to

text: Paintbrush Divide

text: . Views from Paintbrush Divide include

text: Lake Solitude

text: (which is also passed on the circuit hike) and of

text: Mount Moran

text: to the north and the

text: Cathedral Group

text: including

text: Grand Teton

text: to the south. An

text: ice axe

text: may be necessary for hikes in the early summer. The

text: Paintbrush Canyon Trail

text: is part of the

text: Teton Crest Trail

text: , which spans the southern section of the

text: Teton Range

text: from

text: Teton Pass

text: along

text: Wyoming Highway 22

text: to

text: String Lake

text: , a total distance of .

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answers: An ice axe may be necessary

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 15,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: the last glacial maximum

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Leigh Lake

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: The canyon was formed by glaciers

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The canyon was formed

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: The canyon was formed by glaciers

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: The canyon was formed by glaciers which retreated

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: Until recently the Paleozoic rocks that form a semicontinuous belt along its western margin (Stikine assemblage) were only recognized in a restricted area in northern British Columbia, between the Stikine and Taku river areas. In contrast, Mesozoic Stikinia rocks form an almost continuous belt that extends much farther to the north, leading some authors to question the nature of the unexposed Paleozoic basement north of the Taku River area.

text: Until recently the Paleozoic rocks that form a semicontinuous belt along its western margin (Stikine assemblage) were only recognized in a restricted area in northern British Columbia, between the Stikine and Taku river areas. In contrast, Mesozoic Stikinia rocks form an almost continuous belt that extends much farther to the north, leading some authors to question the nature of the unexposed Paleozoic basement north of the Taku River area.

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answers: NDQ_005498

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Taku River

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: semicontinuous

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Taku River

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Stikinia

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Stikine

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Stikinia rocks

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: semicontinuous belt

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Stikine assemblage

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Grand Canyon spent most of 1959 with tender duties at Newport except for duty at Charleston, South Carolina between 29 August 1959 and 11 January 1960. She cleared Charleston on 11 January 1960 to participate in Operation "Springboard", returning to Newport on 7 February; thence to Bermuda and New York before returning to Newport. Between October, 1960 and August, 1961 Grand Canyon tended ships at Newport, Boston, and Norfolk. After her ninth Mediterranean tour August 1961 to March 1962 Grand Canyon returned to Newport and again took up her duties there until the fall. She proceeded to San Juan, Puerto Rico, arriving 3 November 1962 to start tending ships of the South Atlantic Blockading Fleet during the Cuban Missile Crisis and subsequent quarantine. Grand Canyon again helped demonstrate the mobility and versatility of sea power. She returned to Newport on 5 December. Grand Canyon made her tenth deployment to the Mediterranean between 6 February and 27 June 1963. The ship entered Bethlehem Steel Yards in East Boston for modernization and refitting. With the completion of modernization on 3 January 1964, Grand Canyon sailed for Guantanamo Bay and San Juan on training cruises. Returning to Mayport, Florida on 11 May, she tended destroyers there until her departure for Newport on 20 June for similar duties at that station.

text: Grand Canyon spent most of 1959 with tender duties at Newport except for duty at

text: Charleston, South Carolina

text: between 29 August 1959 and 11 January 1960. She cleared Charleston on 11 January 1960 to participate in Operation "Springboard", returning to Newport on 7 February; thence to

text: Bermuda

text: and

text: New York

text: before returning to Newport. Between October, 1960 and August, 1961 Grand Canyon tended ships at Newport,

text: Boston

text: , and

text: Norfolk

text: . After her ninth Mediterranean tour August 1961 to March 1962 Grand Canyon returned to Newport and again took up her duties there until the fall. She proceeded to

text: San Juan, Puerto Rico

text: , arriving 3 November 1962 to start tending ships of the South Atlantic Blockading Fleet during the

text: Cuban Missile Crisis

text: and subsequent quarantine. Grand Canyon again helped demonstrate the mobility and versatility of sea power. She returned to Newport on 5 December. Grand Canyon made her tenth deployment to the Mediterranean between 6 February and 27 June 1963. The ship entered

text: Bethlehem Steel

text: Yards in East Boston for modernization and refitting. With the completion of modernization on 3 January 1964, Grand Canyon sailed for

text: Guantanamo Bay

text: and San Juan on training cruises. Returning to

text: Mayport, Florida

text: on 11 May, she tended destroyers there until her departure for Newport on 20 June for similar duties at that station.

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: Cuban Missile Crisis and subsequent quarantine

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Operation "Springboard

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Grand Canyon made her tenth deployment to the Mediterranean between 6 February and 27 June 1963

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Quarantine

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Rhode Island

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Grand Canyon helped demonstrate the mobility and versatility of sea power

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: There are many interesting geological features: Hronov-Porici fault, old mines and exposure of Permian-Mesozoic rocks. Malé Svatoňovice is starting point of many tourism trails.

text: There are many interesting geological features: Hronov-Porici fault, old

text: mine

text: s and exposure of

text: Permian

text: Mesozoic

text: rocks. Malé Svatoňovice is starting point of many tourism trails.

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answers: Permian

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answers: Permian

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answers: Permian

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answers: Permian

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answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Permian-Mesozoic

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In many cases facies changes and other lithological features in sequences of sedimentary rock have a cyclic nature. This cyclic nature was caused by cyclic changes in sediment supply and the sedimentary environment. Most of these cyclic changes are caused by astronomic cycles. Short astronomic cycles can be the difference between the tides or the spring tide every two weeks. On a larger time-scale, cyclic changes in climate and sea level are caused by Milankovitch cycles: cyclic changes in the orientation and/or position of the Earth's rotational axis and orbit around the Sun. There are a number of Milankovitch cycles known, lasting between 10,000 and 200,000 years.

text: In many cases facies changes and other lithological features in sequences of sedimentary rock have a cyclic nature. This cyclic nature was caused by cyclic changes in sediment supply and the sedimentary environment. Most of these cyclic changes are caused by

text: astronomic

text: cycles. Short astronomic cycles can be the difference between the

text: tide

text: s or the

text: spring tide

text: every two weeks. On a larger time-scale, cyclic changes in climate and sea level are caused by

text: Milankovitch cycles

text: : cyclic changes in the orientation and/or position of the Earth's rotational axis and orbit around the Sun. There are a number of Milankovitch cycles known, lasting between 10,000 and 200,000 years.

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answers: cyclic changes in climate and sea level

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: 10,000 and 200,000 years

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Milankovitch cycles

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Milankovitch cycles

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: cyclic nature

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: astronomic cycles

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The basal Hettangian-Sinemurian sequence is fully transgressive over basement rocks or Permo-Triassic sediments. At that time, the first open-marine sediments (yet rather poor in fossils) were being deposited in the Aquitaine Basin. The Lias Transgression, as it is also called, started to encroach on the entire Aquitaine during the Sinemurian, characterised by calcareous-dolomitic, partially oolitic sediments. Despite smaller regressions during the Pliensbachian towards the end of the Lias and at the beginning of the Dogger the sea had onlapped the basement rocks of the Massif Central and the western Vendée (reaching today's limits) by 30 km. On the Aquitaine Plateau in the north, an interior shelf was constructed as far south as the line La Rochelle-Angoulême-Périgueux-Figeac. On this shelf the generally detritic transgression sediments of the Hettangian normally comprise a base conglomerate, arkoses, and fairly thick layers of sand- and mud-stones rich in plant material. The rest of the Hettangian is made up of marine sediments deposited in a restricted environment (lagoonal) evolving towards a lacustrine facies (green shales, coloured marls, dolomitic limestones and platy limestones rich in dwarf fossils, and evaporitic interlayers). The sediments of the Sinemurian are again fully marine and carry a pelagic fauna (soft banded limestones and hard lithographic limestones). At the end of the Sinemurian, a sudden regression occurred, forming hardgrounds.

text: The basal

text: Hettangian

text: -Sinemurian sequence is fully

text: transgressive

text: over basement rocks or Permo-Triassic sediments. At that time, the first open-marine sediments (yet rather poor in fossils) were being deposited in the Aquitaine Basin. The Lias Transgression, as it is also called, started to encroach on the entire Aquitaine during the

text: Sinemurian

text: , characterised by calcareous-dolomitic, partially

text: oolitic

text: sediments. Despite smaller

text: regressions

text: during the

text: Pliensbachian

text: towards the end of the Lias and at the beginning of the Dogger the sea had onlapped the basement rocks of the Massif Central and the western Vendée (reaching today's limits) by 30 km. On the Aquitaine Plateau in the north, an interior

text: shelf

text: was constructed as far south as the line

text: La Rochelle

text: Angoulême

text: Périgueux

text: Figeac

text: . On this shelf the generally detritic transgression sediments of the Hettangian normally comprise a base

text: conglomerate

text: arkose

text: s, and fairly thick layers of sand- and mud-stones rich in plant material. The rest of the Hettangian is made up of marine sediments deposited in a restricted environment (

text: lagoon

text: al) evolving towards a lacustrine facies (green shales, coloured marls, dolomitic limestones and platy limestones rich in dwarf fossils, and evaporitic interlayers). The sediments of the Sinemurian are again fully marine and carry a pelagic fauna (soft banded limestones and hard lithographic limestones). At the end of the Sinemurian, a sudden regression occurred, forming

text: hardgrounds

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answers: fossils

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: At the end of the last glaciation Gotland was fully summerged in the waters of the proto-Baltic Sea. The Ancylus and Litorina transgressions left marks in form of beaches. These beaches are now located above current sea level due to post-glacial rebound and changes in sea level. Compared to the rest of Sweden Gotland host good examples of active coastal processes.

text: At the end of the last glaciation Gotland was fully summerged in the waters of the proto-Baltic Sea. The Ancylus and Litorina

text: transgressions

text: left marks in form of beaches. These beaches are now located above current sea level due to

text: post-glacial rebound

text: and changes in sea level. Compared to the rest of Sweden Gotland host good examples of active

text: coastal processes

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answers: post-glacial rebound

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The equilibrium mineral assemblage of rocks subjected to greenschist facies conditions depends on primary rock composition.

text: The equilibrium mineral assemblage of rocks subjected to greenschist facies conditions depends on primary rock composition.

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answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: In the southern Rocky Mountains, near present-day Colorado, these ancestral rocks were disturbed by mountain building approximately 300 Ma, during the Pennsylvanian. This mountain building produced the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. The uplift created two large mountainous islands, known to geologists as Frontrangia and Uncompahgria, located roughly in the current locations of the Front Range and the San Juan Mountains. They consisted largely of Precambrian metamorphic rock, forced upward through layers of the limestone laid down in the shallow sea. The mountains eroded throughout the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, leaving extensive deposits of sedimentary rock.

text: In the southern Rocky Mountains, near present-day

text: Colorado

text: , these ancestral rocks were disturbed by mountain building approximately 300 Ma, during the

text: Pennsylvanian

text: . This mountain building produced the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. The uplift created two large mountainous islands, known to

text: geologist

text: s as

text: Frontrangia

text: and

text: Uncompahgria

text: , located roughly in the current locations of the

text: Front Range

text: and the

text: San Juan Mountains

text: . They consisted largely of

text: Precambrian

text: metamorphic rock

text: , forced upward through layers of the

text: limestone

text: laid down in the shallow sea. The mountains eroded throughout the late Paleozoic and early

text: Mesozoic

text: , leaving extensive deposits of

text: sedimentary rock

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answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005499

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answers: limestone laid down in the shallow sea

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Before the Tertiary, when the sea level was much lower than at present, the Swan River curved around to the north of Rottnest Island, and disgorged itself into the Indian Ocean slightly to the north and west of Rottnest. In doing so, it carved a gorge about the size of the Grand Canyon. Now known as Perth Canyon, this feature still exists as a submarine canyon near the edge of the continental shelf.

text: Before the

text: Tertiary

text: , when the sea level was much lower than at present, the Swan River curved around to the north of

text: Rottnest Island

text: , and disgorged itself into the Indian Ocean slightly to the north and west of Rottnest. In doing so, it carved a gorge about the size of the

text: Grand Canyon

text: . Now known as

text: Perth Canyon

text: , this feature still exists as a

text: submarine canyon

text: near the edge of the

text: continental shelf

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answers: sea level was much lower than at present

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: submarine canyon

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Tertiary

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: gorge about the size of the Grand Canyon

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Dryolestoids are known from the Jurassic through Early Cretaceous of the northern hemisphere (North America, Eurasia, and North Africa) and from the Late Cretaceous through to the Miocene of South America.  Drylestoids are very rarely found in the Cenozoic, as are the few other Mesozoic mammals with later descendants, such as multituberculates, monotremes, and gondwanatheres.

text: Dryolestoids are known from the Jurassic through

text: Early Cretaceous

text: of the northern hemisphere (North America, Eurasia, and North Africa) and from the

text: Late Cretaceous

text: through to the

text: Miocene

text: of South America.  Drylestoids are very rarely found in the Cenozoic, as are the few other Mesozoic mammals with later descendants, such as

text: multituberculates

text: monotremes

text: , and

text: gondwanatheres

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answers: the Miocene

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answers: Mesozoic

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answers: Drylestoids

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answers: Cretaceous

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answers: Drylestoids

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answers: Drylestoids

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: drylestoids

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Dryolestoids

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Eroded sediment from a nearby mountain range later mixed with coastal dune and sand bar deposits. The end of the Paleozoic and the start of the Mesozoic saw the last seas start to leave the region for good. A subdued topography was dominated by flood plains and tidal flats.  Now much further inland, the Triassic climate in the region was dry. Vast deserts covered much of that part of North America, except for one period when streams for a time fought the sand dunes. Wetter times returned.

text: Eroded sediment from a nearby

text: mountain range

text: later mixed with coastal dune and sand bar deposits. The end of the Paleozoic and the start of the

text: Mesozoic

text: saw the last seas start to leave the region for good. A subdued topography was dominated by

text: flood plain

text: s and

text: tidal flats

text: .  Now much further inland, the

text: Triassic

text: climate in the region was dry. Vast

text: desert

text: s covered much of that part of

text: North America

text: , except for one period when streams for a time fought the sand dunes. Wetter times returned.

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answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005500

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: streams for a time

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: seas

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Eroded sediment

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: tidal flats

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: The end of the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: the Triassic

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: last seas start to leave the region for good

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: In the southern Rocky Mountains, near present-day Colorado, these ancestral rocks were disturbed by mountain building approximately 300 Ma, during the Pennsylvanian. This mountain building produced the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. They consisted largely of Precambrian metamorphic rock forced upward through layers of the limestone laid down in the shallow sea. The mountains eroded throughout the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, leaving extensive deposits of sedimentary rock.

text: In the southern Rocky Mountains, near present-day Colorado, these ancestral rocks were disturbed by mountain building approximately 300 Ma, during the

text: Pennsylvanian

text: . This mountain building produced the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. They consisted largely of Precambrian metamorphic rock forced upward through layers of the limestone laid down in the shallow sea. The mountains eroded throughout the late Paleozoic and early

text: Mesozoic

text: , leaving extensive deposits of

text: sedimentary rock

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answers: NDQ_005500

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answers: NDQ_005491

answers: shallow sea

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: mountain building

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: the shallow sea

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: limestone laid down in the shallow sea

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The Causey Pike Fault or Causey Pike Thrust is a major WSW-ENE trending fault within the Lower Paleozoic rocks of the English Lake District. It is named for Causey Pike, where the fault was first recognised.

text: The Causey Pike Fault or Causey Pike Thrust is a major WSW-ENE trending

text: fault

text: within the

text: Lower Paleozoic

text: rocks of the English

text: Lake District

text: . It is named for

text: Causey Pike

text: , where the fault was first recognised.

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answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: Lower

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: Causey Pike Fault

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Lower Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Lower Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: Lower Paleozoic rocks

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Lower Paleozoic rocks

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Lower Paleozoic rocks

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 0

text: It was not until the upheavals that coincided with the formation of the supercontinent Pangea began about 250 million years ago that deposits of marine sediment waned and terrestrial deposits dominate. In late Paleozoic and much of the Mesozoic era the region was affected by a series of orogenies (mountain-building events) that deformed western North America and caused a great deal of uplift. Eruptions from volcanic mountain ranges to the west buried vast regions beneath ashy debris. Short-lived rivers, lakes, and inland seas left sedimentary records of their passage. Streams, ponds and lakes created formations such as the Chinle, Moenave, and Kayenta in the Mesozoic era. Later a vast desert formed the Navajo and Temple Cap formations and dry near-shore environment formed the Carmel  (see geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area for details).

text: It was not until the upheavals that coincided with the formation of the supercontinent

text: Pangea

text: began about 250 million years ago that deposits of marine sediment waned and terrestrial deposits dominate. In late Paleozoic and much of the

text: Mesozoic

text: era the region was affected by a series of

text: orogenies

text: mountain

text: -building events) that deformed western North America and caused a great deal of uplift. Eruptions from volcanic mountain ranges to the west buried vast regions beneath ashy debris. Short-lived rivers, lakes, and inland seas left sedimentary records of their passage.

text: Stream

text: s,

text: pond

text: s and

text: lake

text: s created formations such as the Chinle, Moenave, and Kayenta in the Mesozoic era. Later a vast

text: desert

text: formed the Navajo and Temple Cap formations and dry near-shore environment formed the Carmel  (see

text: geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area

text: for details).

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answers: sedimentary records

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answers: a vast desert

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Streams, ponds and lakes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Paleontology in Illinois refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Illinois. Scientists have found that Illinois was covered by a sea during the Paleozoic Era. Over time this sea was inhabited by animals including brachiopods, clams, corals, crinoids, sea snails, sponges, and trilobites.

text: Paleontology in Illinois refers to

text: paleontological

text: research occurring within or conducted by people from the

text: U.S. state

text: of

text: Illinois

text: . Scientists have found that Illinois was covered by a

text: sea

text: during the

text: Paleozoic Era

text: . Over time this sea was inhabited by animals including

text: brachiopods

text: clam

text: s,

text: coral

text: s,

text: crinoid

text: s,

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: sponge

text: s, and

text: trilobite

text: s.

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answers: during the Paleozoic Era

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answers: Paleozoic Era

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answers: Over time this sea was inhabited by animals

answer: No

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Paleontology in Maryland refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Maryland. The invertebrate fossils of Maryland are similar to those of neighboring Delaware.For most of the early Paleozoic era, Maryland was covered by a shallow sea, although it was above sea level for portions of the Ordovician and Devonian. The ancient marine life of Maryland included brachiopods and bryozoans while horsetails and scale trees grew on land. By the end of the era, the sea had left the state completely. In the early Mesozoic, Pangaea was splitting up. The same geologic forces that divided the supercontinent formed massive lakes. Dinosaur footprints were preserved along their shores. During the Cretaceous, the state was home to dinosaurs. During the early part of the Cenozoic era, the state was alternatingly submerged by sea water or exposed. During the Ice Age, mastodons lived in the state.

text: Paleontology in Maryland refers to

text: paleontological

text: research occurring within or conducted by people from the

text: U.S.

text: state of

text: Maryland

text: . The

text: invertebrate

text: fossils of Maryland are similar to those of neighboring

text: Delaware

text: .For most of the early

text: Paleozoic era

text: , Maryland was covered by a shallow

text: sea

text: , although it was above sea level for portions of the

text: Ordovician

text: and

text: Devonian

text: . The ancient marine life of Maryland included

text: brachiopods

text: and

text: bryozoans

text: while

text: horsetails

text: and

text: scale trees

text: grew on land. By the end of the era, the sea had left the state completely. In the early

text: Mesozoic

text: Pangaea

text: was splitting up. The same geologic forces that divided the supercontinent formed massive

text: lake

text: s.

text: Dinosaur

text: footprints

text: were preserved along their shores. During the

text: Cretaceous

text: , the state was home to dinosaurs. During the early part of the

text: Cenozoic era

text: , the state was alternatingly submerged by sea water or exposed. During the

text: Ice Age

text: mastodons

text: lived in the state.

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answers: the state was alternatingly submerged by sea water or exposed

answers: NDQ_005492

answers: alternatingly submerged by sea water or exposed

answers: NDQ_005494

answers: geologic forces

answers: NDQ_005495

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005496

answers: Maryland

answers: NDQ_005497

answers: During the Ice Age, mastodons lived in the state

answers: NDQ_005498

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: Maryland was covered by a shallow sea

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Dinosaur footprints

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: Yes

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The thick sequences of volcano-sedimentary facies are present in North Wales (as the Arfon Group) and South Wales (as the Pebidian Supergroup) and are generally considered to be coeval but are geochemically distinct, showing acidic and basic qualities respectively. Both are cut by minor granitic intrusions.

text: The thick sequences of volcano-sedimentary

text: facies

text: are present in North Wales (as the Arfon Group) and South Wales (as the Pebidian Supergroup) and are generally considered to be coeval but are geochemically distinct, showing acidic and basic qualities respectively. Both are cut by minor granitic intrusions.

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answers: NDQ_005498

answers: Pebidian

answers: NDQ_005499

answers: volcano-sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005500

answers: Pebidian Supergroup

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Central to Alexander’s urbanism was the idea of teatro or urban theatre whereby his urban interventions became the grand settings or showpieces appropriate to the dignity of Rome and the Head of the Catholic Church. Therefore, and although the scales are vastly different, the small Santa Maria della Pace and its piazza are as much a teatro as the imposing monumental colonnade that forms Piazza San Pietro in front of St. Peter's Basilica.

text: Central to Alexander’s urbanism was the idea of teatro or urban theatre whereby his urban interventions became the grand settings or showpieces appropriate to the dignity of Rome and the Head of the Catholic Church. Therefore, and although the scales are vastly different, the small

text: Santa Maria della Pace

text: and its piazza are as much a teatro as the imposing monumental colonnade that forms

text: Piazza San Pietro

text: in front of

text: St. Peter's Basilica

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answers: The grand canyon

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: Typically this occurs as a result of a marine transgression or regression, or the progressive development of a delta. As the shoreline advances or retreats, a succession of continuous deposits representing different environments (for example beach, shallow water, deeper water) may be left behind. Although each type of deposit (facies) may be continuous over a wide area, its age varies according to the position of the shoreline through time.

text: Typically this occurs as a result of a

text: marine transgression

text: or regression, or the progressive development of a

text: delta

text: . As the shoreline advances or retreats, a succession of continuous deposits representing different environments (for example beach, shallow water, deeper water) may be left behind. Although each type of deposit (

text: facies

text: ) may be continuous over a wide area, its age varies according to the position of the shoreline through time.

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answers: advances or retreats

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answers: succession of continuous deposits representing different environments

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answers: As the shoreline advances or retreats, a succession of continuous deposits representing different environments

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: No

answer: 1

text: The wingspan is about 11 mm. The forewings are deep ochreous-yellow with dark fuscous markings. There is a dot beneath the base of the costa, and a mark on the base of the dorsum. Two transverse slightly incurved lines are found at about one-third and two-thirds. The first discal stigma is small, following the first line, the second is larger, preceding the second line. The hindwings are grey with the costal area (interrupted by a bar at two-thirds), an irregular apical patch, and an irregular terminal line pale yellowish. There is also a cloudy darker grey spot on the end of the cell.

text: The

text: wingspan

text: is about 11 mm. The forewings are deep ochreous-yellow with dark fuscous markings. There is a dot beneath the base of the costa, and a mark on the base of the dorsum. Two transverse slightly incurved lines are found at about one-third and two-thirds. The first discal stigma is small, following the first line, the second is larger, preceding the second line. The hindwings are grey with the costal area (interrupted by a bar at two-thirds), an irregular apical patch, and an irregular terminal line pale yellowish. There is also a cloudy darker grey spot on the end of the cell.

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